U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^
 

Dr. Hmgry Ounas Ara Uærmz

N@GT\AO@\ BMGM\AO DMO M^TAD@
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Dr. Omþgfdas ^agnhmz Jumgtms

BM\MGTM DM NAUANFTANFÞG

MOAL@\ANFÞG V ^F^TMKATFSA
^F^TMKATFSANFÞG3
NFÞG3

Dr. Jarfd \`cas Tudmoa

Ofn. Zënt`r Hub` Zásqumz Zfsnarra
K.^n. Bmrkág Huagna Ouga
Ofn. @snar Oufs ^mbura Butfærrmz

N@@\DFGANFÞG V DFAB\AKAN
DFAB\AKANFÞG3
FÞG3

Ofn. Mofas B. Kagzagmda Kakagf

\M^U@G^ALOM DM NAUANFTANFÞG ZF\T]AO
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@finfga Nmgtrao
Oa Uaz
Naoom N`oþg m Fgdalur` s/g
Tmoj.3=61
Jax3 =61<<<5558:1
122455
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Mo prmsmgtm tmxt` dm n`gsuota jum moal`rad` p`r pr`jmsf`gaoms

y mspmnfaofstas dm oa N@GT\AO@\ËA BMGM\AO DMO M^TAD@
„ NMGNAU (Nmgtr` dm Napanftanfþg), sus dmrmnh`s ombaoms
pmrtmgmnmg a oa fgstftunfþg. Mstá pr`hflfda su rmpr`dunnfþg p`r
nuaoqufmr kmdf` jësfn` (fkprms`) ` dfbftao, sfg pmrkfs` dm o`s
aut`rms.
 

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

N`gtmgfd`

1. M^T
M^TAD@,
AD@, ^@NFMDAD V MN@G@KËA
MN@G@KËA........................
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1.1. N`gnmpt` dm Mstad`

Mstad`.............................................................................................................6
.............................................................................................................6
1.<. Momkmgt`s n`gstftutfv`s dmo Mstad` ....................................................................................6
1.>. Jfgaofdad ` figms dmo Mstad` ................................................................................................6
1.4. Mo Mstad` Uourfganf`gao dm L`ofvfa
L`ofvfa.....................................................................................15
.....................................................................................15
1.=. Jfgms dmo Mstad` Uourfganf`gao ..........................................................................................15
1.:. Gfvmoms dm B`lfmrg` y Þrbag`s dmo Mstad`
Mstad` Uourfganf`gao ...............................................11
1.2. N`gsfdmranf`gms dmo Mstad`
Mstad` mg oa Mn`g`këa ....................................................................1<
1.8. N`gsfdmranf`gms n`gstftunf`gaoms
n`gstftunf`gaoms s`lrm oa `rbagfzanfþg mn`gþkfna dmo Mstad` ...........14

<. KA\N@ N@GNMUT]AO

N@GNMUT]AO DM OA^
OA^ U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^
UÓLOFNA^ ...........................
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.....12
12

<.1. Karn` n`gnmptuao dm U`oëtfnas Uólofnas ............................................................................12

<.<. Oa arbukmgtanfþg, dmlatm
dmlatm y partfnfpanfþg mg oas U`oëtfnas Uólofnas...............................16
Uólofnas...............................16
<.>. Tfp`s dm U`oëtfnas Uólofnas .................................................................................................16
<.4. Nfno` dm oas U`oëtfnas
U`oëtfnas Uólofnas ............................................................................................<>
<.=. O`s fgdfnad`rms mg oas U`oëtfnas Uólofnas ...........................................................................<2

>. KA\N@ G@\KA

G@\KATFZ@
TFZ@ DM OA^ U@OËTFNA^
U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^ ...........................................
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........ >1

>.1. Ombaofdad y Ombftfkfdad ....................................................................................................>1

>.<. Dmrmnh` m fgstftunf`gaofdad. .............................................................................................>1
>.>. N`gstftunfþg U`oëtfna dmo Mstad` .......................................................................................><
>.4. Omy Gµ 222 dmo ^fstmka dm Uoagffinanfþg Fgtmbrao
Fgtmbrao dmo Mstad` (^UFM) ................................>>
>.=. Omy Gµ 28: Uoag dm Dmsarr`oo` Mn`gþkfn` ^`nfao (UDM^) y oas U`oëtfnas Uólofnas - UDM^ >8
>.:. Omy Gµ 1128 dm Adkfgfstranfþg
Adkfgfstranfþg y N`gtr`o
N`gtr`o Bulmrgakmgtaoms..........................................45
Bulmrgakmgtaoms..........................................45
>.2. Mo N`gtr`o Bulmrgakmgtao y oa G`rka dm Audft`rëa @pmranf`gao s`lrm s`lrm oas p`oëtfnas
pólofnas y o`s poagms dmo ^UFM ............................................................................................>6

4. LFLOF@B\AJË
LFLOF@B\AJËA
A ...........................................
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    ë
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    U >
 

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

Fgtr`dunnfþg
Oa N`gstftunfþg U`oëtfna dmo Mstad` dm L`ofvfa hanm kmgnfþg, mg varfas partms, a oa
paoalra ‟p`oëtfnas‛ ` ‟p`oëtfnas pólofnas‛ ug nakp` dm mstudf` p`r kás fgtmrmsagtm y a
oa vmz n`kpomc` p`r sus narantmrëstfnas ya qum sm rmjfmrmg a oa j`rka mg qum sm dmjfgmg
 y n`gstruymg numstf`gms y pr`lomkas pólofn`s,
pólofn`s, taklfæg mstudfag nþk`, p`r
p`r quæ y para
quæ o`s b`lfmrg`s ad`ptag dmtmrkfgadas kmdfdas y antóag ` g` antóag. U`r mgdm, mo
NMGNAU ha fgnoufd` dmgtr` dm sus pr`brakas dm napanftanfþg mo tmka dm oas p`oëtfnas
pólofnas1  n`g mo `lcmtfv` dm
dm n`gtrflufr a su agáofsfs y n`gtmxtuaofzanfþg apr`xfkagd`
afkp`rtagnfa
oas y o`s partfnfpagtms a mstm
para mgn`gtrar nakp`rmspumstas
aobugas dm mstudf`a oa
qumannfþg
mg oa dm
antuao n`yugtura n`lra
oas fgstftunf`gms qum
j`rkag partm dmo Mstad` y su adkfgfstranfþg pólofna, kás aóg sf sm mcmrnm mo smrvfnf`
pólofn`.
Mo prmsmgtm tmxt` dm ap`y` ao pr`nms` dm mgsmñagza aprmgdfzacm dmo nurs` dm ‟U`oëtfnas
Uólofnas‛, mstá mstrunturad` mg trms partms9 mg oa prfkmra sm mstudfa o`s n`gnmpt`s lásfn`s
dmo Mstad` y su r`o mg oa mn`g`këa9 mg oa smbugda sm dmsarr`ooa mo karn` n`gnmptuao y
mo nfno` dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas y aobug`s fgdfnad`rms lásfn`s qum pmrkftmg mvaouar oa
annfþg mstatao9 jfgaokmgtm mg oa tmrnmra sm mstudfa mo karn` g`rkatfv` rmoanf`gad` a oas
p`oëtfnas pólofnas para su apofnanfþg mg mo smnt`r pólofn`.
N`gsfdmragd` qum mo mstudf` dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas ms ug tmka dm jumrtm
j umrtm rfbur`sfdad
anadækfna, mo mspërftu
bmgmrar mspanf`s dmo prmsmgtm
y pr`nms`s tmxt`dmlatm
dm agáofsfs, ms ap`rtar uga fgtr`dunnfþg
y rmjomxfþg mg oa antuaoa n`yugtura
mstm nakp`p`r
para
oa
qum mstá atravmsagd` mo paës.
Mstm tralac`, mg su tmrnmra vmrsfþg, ha sfd` p`sflom branfas a oa rmjomxfþg mgtrm mo
mqufp` qum n`gj`rka mo NMGNAU qum dmsdm oa bmstfþg <512 dmnfdfþ fgn`rp`rar mo
nurs` dm U`oëtfnas Uólofnas n`k` mvmgt` fgtr`dunt`rf` a o`s nurs`s dm oa Omy Gµ 1128 y
   s
\msp`gsalfofdad p`r oa Jugnfþg Uólofna.    a
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1 Mg tærkfg`s dm oa Omy Gµ 222 dmo ^UFM qum k`dfna mo artënuo` 12 dm oa Omy 1128, tmxtuaokmgtm smñaoa ‟Mo ^fstmka dm Uoagfnanfþg    t
    ë
Fgtmbrao dmo Mstad` „ ^UFM bmgmrará oas mstratmbfas y p`oëtfnas bulmrgakmgtaoms qum smrág mcmnutad`s kmdfagtm o`s sfstmkas dm     o
   ` =
adkfgfstranfþg y n`gtr`o rmbuoad`s p`r Omy‛     U
 

KÞD]O@
M^TAD@, ^@NFMDAD V MN@G@KËA

1
 

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^
 1. M^TAD
M^TAD@,
@, ^@NFMDAD V MN@G@KËA 
1.1. N`gnmpt` dm Mstad`
Mo Mstad` ms3 ‟(…) ms uga s`nfmdad hukaga, tmrrft`rfao y p`oëtfnakmgtm `rbagfzada
kmdfagtm uga aut`rfdad ` b`lfmrg` qum mkmrbm dmo mcmrnfnf` dm p`dmr p`oëtfn` y
qum rmbuoa dm k`d` dmtmrkfgad` oa n`gvfvmgnfa s`nfao, lusnagd` n`k` jfgaofdad mo
lfmgmstar dm sus kfmklr`s1‛ .

1.<. Momkmgt`s n`gstftutfv`s dmo Mstad`

Mo Mstad` mstá n`gstftufd` p`r o`s sfbufmgtms momkmgt`s3

1.>. Jfgaofdad ` gms dmo Mstad`

Mo Mstad` tfmgm n`k` g pr`pf` oa n`gstrunnfþg, n`gsmrvanfþg y kagtmgfkfmgt` dm oa
n`kugfdad p`oëtfna, ms dmnfr, pr`p`rnf`gar oas n`gdfnf`gms gmnmsarfas para qum pumda
darsm y sulsfstfr oa n`gvfvmgnfa hukaga.
Mg `tras paoalras, mo g pr`pf` y `lcmtfv` dmo Mstad` ms mo lfmg n`kóg, mst` ms, oa
satfsjannfþg dm oas aspfranf`gms m fgtmrmsms n`omntfv`s y pmrkagmgtms dm oa n`kugfdad.
Mo agtmrf`r poagtmakfmgt` parmnfmra tmgmr ug smgtfd` fdmaofsta p`r moo` halrá qum hanmr
h anmr
   s
uga rmvfsfþg dm narántmr hfstþrfn`, para mo nas` dm L`ofvfa y dmsdm ug pugt` dm vfst`    a
   n
   f
nrëtfn` y rmmxfv` agaofzar sf mo Mstad` l`ofvfag` sm halrëa nukpofd` ` apr`xfkad` a     o
    l
su gaofdad. Mo Mstad` tfmgm n`k` lasm a oa s`nfmdad hukaga, oa nuao k`dfna sus     ó
    U
rmoanf`gms n`g mo dmvmgfr dmo tfmkp` y tfmgmg mjmnt` s`lrm mo Mstad` n`k` tao, p`r    s
   a
mcmkpo`, mg mo nas` dm L`ofvfa sm pumdm fgdfnar a oa rmv`ounfþg ganf`gao dm oa dænada dmo    n
   f
   t
=5 ` o`s k`vfkfmgt`s s`nfaoms dm jmlrmr` y `ntulrm dm <55>.     ë
    o
   ` 6
1 Zaomgnfa Zmba,
Zmba, Aofpf`. Mdunanfþg K`rao, Nëvfna y U`oëtfna. Mdft`rfao Cuvmgtud. Oa Uaz. 162=.     U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^
 1.4. Mo Mstad` Uourfganf`gao dm L`ofvfa
Mo artënuo` 1 dm oa N`gstftunfþg U`oëtfna dmo Mstad` (NUM) mstalomnm qum3
‟L`ofvfa sm n`gstftuym mg ug Mstad` ]gftarf` ^`nfao dm Dmrmnh` Uourfganf`gao
N`kugftarf`, oflrm, fgdmpmgdfmgtm, s`lmrag`, dmk`nrátfn`, fgtmrnuoturao,
dmsnmgtraofzad` y n`g aut`g`këas. L`ofvfa sm jugda mg oa pouraofdad y mo pouraofsk`
 p`oëtfn`, mn`gþkfn`, curëdfn`,
curëdfn`, nuoturao y ofgbÿëstfn`,
ofgbÿëstfn`, dmgtr` dmo pr`nms` fgtmbrad`r
fgtmbrad`r dmo
 paës‛.
Dm o` nftad` agtmrf`rkmgtm sm pumdmg hanmr aobugas an`tanf`gms, p`r mcmkpo` sm
dmg`kfga ugftarf` p`rqum rmsbuarda oa fgtmbrfdad dmo tmrrft`rf` ganf`gao y baragtfza
oa ugfdad mgtrm o`s l`ofvfag`s. Ms n`kugftarf` p`rqum dmsdm mo Mstad` sm rmvao`rfza
oas dfvmrsas kagmras dm vfvfr mg n`kugfdad, sus j`rkas dm mn`g`këa, dm `rbagfzanfþg
s`nfao, p`oëtfna y oa nuotura, fgstftuym o`s prfgnfpf`s dm s`ofdarfdad, rmnfpr`nfdad,
n`kpomkmgtarfmdad y dm uga kmc`r dfstrflunfþg dm oa rfqumza n`g mqufdad y p`rqum
asukm y pr`kumvm n`k` prfgnfpf`s ætfn`s-k`raoms, aqumoo`s qum rfbmg oa vfda mg
n`kugfdad dm oas ganf`gms y pumlo`s fgdëbmgas `rfbfgarf`s nakpmsfg`s.
Ms pourfganf`gao p`rqum rmn`g`nm mo pouraofsk` p`oëtfn`, rmn`g`nm dfjmrmgtms j`rkas
dm dmk`nranfa, oa oflmrao y oa n`kugftarfa y oa n`kp`sfnfþg dm o`s þrbag`s dmo Mstad`
rmspmtagd` oa prmmxfstmgnfa dm oas ganf`gms y pumlo`s fgdëbmgas `rfbfgarf`s nakpmsfg`s.
Mo pouraofsk` mn`gþkfn` rmn`g`nm nuatr` j`rkas dm `rbagfzanfþg mn`gþkfna3 oa
n`kugftarfa, oa mstatao, oa prfvada y oa s`nfao n``pmratfva. Mo pouraofsk` fgstftunf`gao
rmn`g`nm uga mstruntura tmrrft`rfao d`gdm mxfstmg j`rkas dfjmrmgtms dm `rbagfzanfþg
fgstftunf`gao3 dmpartakmgt`s, rmbf`gms, kugfnfpf`s y tmrrft`rf`s fgdëbmga `rfbfgarf`s.
Qum mo Mstad` sma dmsnmgtraofzad` y n`g aut`g`këas sfbgfna qum oa `rbagfzanfþg
fgstftunf`gao dmo kfsk` t`ka mg numgta oa dfstrflunfþg dm p`dmr pólofn` a gfvmo
tmrrft`rfao. Mg mo nas` dm oas aut`g`këas, oas j`rkas dm `rbagfzanfþg tmrrft`rfao mcmrnmg
dmrmnh`s (atrflunf`gms y n`kpmtmgnfas) qum agtms pmrtmgmnëag ao gfvmo nmgtrao, dada oa
mxfstmgnfa prm-n`o`gfao dm oas ganf`gms y pumlo`s fgdëbmga `rfbfgarf` nakpmsfg`s y su
    U
    A
    N d`kfgf`
dm agnmstrao
oa ugfdad s`lrm sus
dmo Mstad`, qumtmrrft`rf`s9
n`gsfstm mgsmsubaragtfza
dmrmnh` su
a oaoflrm dmtmrkfganfþg
aut`g`këa, mg mo karn`a
ao aut`b`lfmrg`,
    G
    M su nuotura, ao rmn`g`nfkfmgt` dm sus fgstftunf`gms y a oa n`gs`ofdanfþg dm sus mgtfdadms
    N
  - tmrrft`rfaoms.
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1.=. Jfgms dmo Mstad` Uourfganf`gao
   n
   a Oa N`gstftunfþg U`oftfna dmo Mstad`, mg su artënuo` 6, mstalomnm qum3 ‟^`g gms y
   p
   a jugnf`gms msmgnfaoms dmo Mstad` Uourfganf`gao3
    N
   m
    d 1. N`gstftufr uga
uga s`nfmdad
s`nfmdad custa y ark`gf`sa,
ark`gf`sa, nfkmgtada mg oa dmsn`o`gfzanfþg,
   `
   r
   t sfg dfsnrfkfganfþg gf mxpo`tanfþg, n`g pomga custfnfa s`nfao, para n`gs`ofdar oas
   g
15    m fdmgtfdadms pourfganf`gaoms.
    N

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^
 <. Baragtfzar mo lfmgmstar, mo dmsarr`oo`, oa smburfdad y oa pr`tmnnfþg m fbuao
dfbgfdad dm oas pmrs`gas, oas ganf`gms, o`s pumlo`s y oas
o as n`kugfdadms, y j`kmgtar
mo rmspmt` kutu` y mo dfáo`b` fgtranuoturao, fgtmrnuoturao y pourfofgbÿm.
 >.  \majrkar y n`gs`ofdar oa ugfdad dmo paës, y prmsmrvar n`k`
n`k` patrfk`gf` hfstþrfn`
y hukag` oa dfvmrsfdad pourfganf`gao.

4. Baragtfzar
rmn`g`nfd`s ymon`gsabrad`s
nukpofkfmgt` dm o`s
mg msta prfgnfpf`s, vao`rms,
N`gstftunfþg. vao`rms, dmrmnh`s y dmlmrms
 =. Baragtfzar mo annms` dm oas pmrs`gas a oa mdunanfþg, a oa saoud y ao tralac`.
:.  Ur`k`vmr y baragtfzar mo apr`vmnhakfmgt` rmsp`gsalom y poagfjnad` dm o`s
rmnurs`s gaturaoms, m fkpuosar su fgdustrfaofzanfþg, a travæs dmo dmsarr`oo` y dmo
 j`rtaomnfkfmgt` dm oa lasm pr`duntfva
pr`duntfva mg sus dfjmrmgtms dfkmgsf`gms y gfvmoms, asë
n`k` oa n`gsmrvanfþg dmo kmdf` aklfmgtm, para mo lfmgmstar dm oas bmgmranf`gms
antuaoms y juturas.‛ 
1.:. Gfvmoms dm B`lfmrg` y Þrbag`s dmo Mstad` Uourfganf`gao
Dm anumrd` a o` mstalomnfd` mg mo tmxt` n`gstftunf`gao, sm mstalomnmg o`s sfbufmgtms
gfvmoms dm b`lfmrg`3
GFZMOM^ DM B@LFM\G@

   s
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a. Gfvmo nmgtrao
nmgtrao,, n`gj`rkad` p`r o`s þrbag`s dm p`dmr pólofn`3    f
    o
    l
    ó
• Þrbag` Mcmnutfv` (artënuo` 1:=, NUM)     U
   s
• Þrbag` Ombfsoatfv` (artënuo` 14=, NUM)    a
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   f
• Þrbag` Cudfnfao (artënuo` 126, NUM)    t
    ë
• Þrbag` Momnt`rao (artënuo` <5=, NUM)
    o
   ` 11
    U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^
  l. Gfvmo dmpartakmgtao, n`gj`rkad` p`r sus þrbag`s mcmnutfv` y ombfsoatfv`-
snaofzad`r-dmoflmratfv`3 B`lmrgad`ra ` B`lmrgad`r (artënuo` <26) y Asakloma
Dmpartakmgtao (artënuo` <28).
n. Gfvmo rmbf`gao,
rmbf`gao, n`gj`rkad` p`r sus þrbag`s mcmnutfv` y dmoflmratfv`-g`rkatfv`
adkfgfstratfv`-snaofzad`r3 mcmnutfv` rmbf`gao (artënuo` <81) y Asakloma \mbf`gao
(artënuo` <81).
d. Gfvmo kugfnfpao, n`gstftufd` p`r sus þrbag`s mcmnutfv` y dmoflmratfv`- snaofzad`r-
ombfsoatfv`3 Aonaodmsa ` Aonaodm (artënuo` <8>) y N`gnmc` Kugfnfpao (artënuo` <8>).
m. Gfvmo fgdëbmga `rfbfgarf` nakpmsfg`,
nakpmsfg`, n`gj`rkad` p`r g`rkas, fgstftunf`gms,
aut`rfdadms y pr`nmdfkfmgt`s pr`pf`s (artënuo` <65, parábraj` FF).
 Mcmkpo`3

Mo tmxt` n`gstftunf`gao mg su artënuo` >= s`lrm o`s gfvmoms dm b`lfmrg` y oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas mg mo
smnt`r saoud mstalomnm qum3
 F. Mo Mstad`, mg t`d`s sus gfvmoms, pr`tmbmrá mo dmrmnh` a oa saoud, pr`k`vfmgd` p`oëtfnas
 pólofnas `rfmgtadas a kmc`rar oa naofdad dm vfda, mo lfmgmstar n`omntfv` y mo annms` bratuft` dm oa
 p`loanfþg a o`s smrvfnf`s dm saoud.
sao ud.
°Quæ fkpofna oa pr`k`nfþg dm p`oëtfnas pólofnas mg mo smnt`r saoud y `tr`s smnt`rms qum hanmg ao
qum hanmr dm oas fgstftunf`gms dmo Mstad`0. Ms uga rmpumsta qum sm tratará dm rmsp`gdmr a travæs
dmo n`gtmgfd` dmo prmsmgtm nurs`.

1.2. N`gsfdmranf`gms dmo Mstad` mg oa Mn`g`këa

1.2.1. Tarmas dmo Mstad` jrmgtm a oa mn`g`këa pourao
Mo artënuo` >1: dm oa NUM mstalomnm n`k` jugnfþg dmo Mstad` mg oa mn`g`këa, mgtrm
`tr`s, o`s sfbufmgtms fgnfs`s3
    U
    A
    N
    G
1. N`gdunfr mo pr`nms` dm poagfjnanfþg mn`gþkfna y s`nfao, n`g partfnfpanfþg y
n`gsuota nfudadaga. Oa omy mstalomnmrá ug sfstmka dm poagfjnanfþg fgtmbrao
    M
    N
  -
mstatao, qum fgn`rp`rará a t`das oas mgtfdadms tmrrft`rfaoms.
   g
    þ
   f <. Mcmrnmr oa dfrmnnfþg y mo n`gtr`o dm o`s smnt`rms mstratæbfn`s dm oa mn`g`këa.
mn`g`këa.
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    N Mg mo smnt`r mgmrbætfn`, sm dmlm `rfmgtar y poagtmar n`k` `lcmtfv` bmgmrar kás rfqumza, mo
   m dmsarr`oo` fgtmrg` dm oa mn`g`këa, oa n`gvmrsfþg dmo paës mg ug nmgtr` mgmrbætfn` a travæs dmo bas,
    d
   ` oa momntrfnfdad y ah`ra n`g mo oftf` y bmgmrar vao`r abrmbad` dm mst`s mgmrbætfn`s, admkás, n`g oa
   r
   t napanfdad dm pr`k`vmr dmsarr`oo`s fgtmrg`s y s`nfaoms dm nada ug` dm o`s halftagtms dmo tmrrft`rf`.
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U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^
 Oa prmsmgnfa dmo Mstad` mg mo smnt`r pmtr`oëjmr`, p`rqum L`ofvfa mstá vfvfmgd` y va a vfvfr dm mstm
smnt`r, pmsm a untuanf`gms dmo prmnf`. Mo bas y sus dmrfvad`s fgdustrfaoms rmprmsmgtag oa nuarta
bmgmranfþg kás fkp`rtagtm dm rmpr`dunnfþg dmo mxnmdmgtm mn`gþkfn` dm L`ofvfa, prfkmr` jum oa
poata, oumb` oa qufga y oa b`ka y oumb` mo mstañ`.

O` agtmrf`r ms n`gn`rdagtm n`g mo tmxt` n`gstftunf`gao ao mstalomnmr qum oa dfrmnnfþg y

n`gtr`o s`lrm o`s rmnurs`s gaturaoms mstratæbfn`s, tfmgm qum smr prf`rfdad dmo Mstad`
para lmgmnfar a oas y o`s l`ofvfag`s.
1.2.<. Oa Mn`g`këa Uourao
Mo artënuo` >5: dm oa NUM mstalomnm qum3
 F. Mo k`dmo` mn`gþkfn` l`ofvfag`
l`ofvfag` ms pourao
pourao y mstá `rfmgtad` a kmc`rar oa naofdad dm
vfda y mo vfvfr lfmg dm t`das oas l`ofvfagas y o`s l`ofvfag`s.
 FF. Oa mn`g`këa pourao mstá n`gstftufda p`r oas j`rkas dm `rbagfzanfþg mn`gþkfna
n`kugftarfa, mstatao, prfvada y s`nfao n``pmratfva.
 FFF. Oa mn`g`këa pourao artfnuoa oas dfjmrmgtms j`rkas dm `rbagfzanfþg
mn`gþkfna s`lrm o`s prfgnfpf`s dm n`kpomkmgtarfmdad, rmnfpr`nfdad, s`ofdarfdad,
rmdfstrflunfþg, fbuaodad, smburfdad curëdfna, sustmgtalfofdad, mqufoflrf`, custfnfa
y tragsparmgnfa. Oa mn`g`këa s`nfao y n`kugftarfa n`kpomkmgtará mo fgtmræs
fgdfvfduao n`g mo vfvfr lfmg n`omntfv`.
Mg msm smgtfd`, oa Mn`g`këa pourao dmca a ug oad` mo nrftmrf` dm oa mn`g`këa kfxta qum
ms dm d`s, pólofn` y prfvad`9 mg mo antuao k`dmo` mn`gþkfn` rmn`g`nm `tras varfaloms,
dm ahë mo dmg`kfgatfv` dm pourao.
 ANT@\M^ DM OA MN@G@KËA UO]\AO

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   ` 1>
Jumgtm3 KMJU, \mvfsta dm Mn`g`kfa Uourao, añ` 1, Gr` 1, ^mptfmklrm     U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^
 1.8. N`gsfdmranf`gms n`gstftunf`gaoms
n`gstftunf`gaoms s`lrm oa `rbagfzanfþg
`rbagfzanfþg
mn`gþkfna dmo Mstad`
Mo artënuo` >58 dm oa NUM smñaoa qum3
‟Mo Mstad` rmn`g`nm, rmspmta y pr`tmbm oa fgfnfatfva prfvada para qum n`gtrfluya ao
dmsarr`oo` mn`gþkfn`, s`nfao y j`rtaomzna oa fgdmpmgdmgnfa mn`gþkfna dmo paës‛.
Mst` sm rmspaoda y tradunm mg mo oflrm mcmrnfnf` dm oas antfvfdadms mkprmsarfaoms y mg
oa nrmanfþg dm ug nofka jav`ralom para oas fgvmrsf`gms. Mst`s rmn`g`nfkfmgt`s mstág
fgnoufd`s mg oa N`gstftunfþg U`oëtfna dmo Mstad` (NUM).
 Asfkfsk`, mo artënuo` >5:, parábraj` Z dm oa NUM mstalomnm qum3
‟Mo Mstad` tfmgm n`k` káxfk` vao`r ao smr hukag` y asmburará mo dmsarr`oo` kmdfagtm
oa rmdfstrflunfþg mquftatfva dm o`s mxnmdmgtms mn`gþkfn`s mg p`oëtfnas s`nfaoms, dm
saoud, mdunanfþg, nuotura, y mg oa rmfgvmrsfþg mg dmsarr`oo` mn`gþkfn` pr`duntfv`‛.

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KÞD]O@ KA\N@ N@GNMUT]AO DM OA^

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

<
 

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

<. KA\N@ N@GNMUT]AO DM OA^ U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

 Mg mo agtmrf`r apartad` sm mstudfþ prfgnfpaokmgtm quæ ms mo Mstad`, sus momkmgt`s,
narantmrëstfnas, gaofdad y su fkp`rtagnfa mg oa mn`g`këa, asë kfsk` sm agaofzþ oa
rmoanfþg mgtrm mo Mstad` y oa s`nfmdad hukaga qum sm mgnumgtrag mg ug nakp` mg
pmrkagmgtm fgtmrannfþg. Ms mg msm nakp` d`gdm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas prmtmgdmg
n`gtrflufr ao Mstad` y oa s`nfmdad hukaga, vfsuaofzar y n`gstrufr naklf`s p`sftfv`s
para akl`s.
U`r moo` n`lrag rmomvagnfa oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas mg lasm ao karn` n`gstftunf`gao y
g`rkas qum rfbmg oa adkfgfstranfþg pólofna.

 A n`gtfguanfþg, sm rmvfsará o`s agtmnmdmgtms y aobug`s n`gnmpt`s para mgtmgdmr oas

p`oëtfnas pólofnas.
<.1. Karn` n`gnmptuao dm U`oëtfnas Uólofnas
Mstalomnmr ug n`gnmpt` n`kóg dm p`oëtfna pólofna g` ms ug tmka smgnfoo`, mg vfsta
dm qum mo tærkfg` mstá sucmt` a aobugas dfnuotadms smkágtfnas, a mst` sm suka mo
áklft` anadækfn` y dm fgvmstfbanfþg dm msta katmrfa, d`gdm taklfæg sumomg dfjmrfr
mg sus nrftmrf`s n`g rmspmnt` a su sfbgfnad`. Mg mstm pugt`, sm prmsmgtarág aobug`s
n`gnmpt`s qum fgtmgtmg mgbo`lar, mg nfmrta kmdfda, t`d`s o`s momkmgt`s n`gstftutfv`s
dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas.

Oa paoalra ‟p`oëtfna‛ n`gtfmgm uga fghmrmgtm dfnuotad smkágtfna mg gumstr` fdf`ka.

Mg oa kfska paoalra n`guymg d`s sfbgfnad`s dfstfgt`s, qum së sm dfjmrmgnfag mg mo
fdf`ka agbo`sacþg n`k` sm aprmnfa mg oa sfbufmgtm taloa3
^FBGFJFNAD@^ DM OA UAOAL\A U@OËTFNA

U`oftfns (Oa U`oëtfna) U`ofnfms (Oas p`oëtfnas)

Oa p`oëtfna sm pumdm fgtmrprmtar n`k` aqumoo`s jmgþkm- Oa p`oëtfna sm pumdm dmfigfr n`k` ug pr`braka ` nurs` dm
g`s dm ounha p`r mo p`dmr, n`k` mo n`gcugt` dm tántfnas, annfþg bulmrgakmgtao
bulmrgakmgtao..
pr`nms`s y antfvfdadms
(partfd`s p`oëtfn`s, qumdmoomvag
brup`s a nal`
fgtmræs, mtn.)dfstfgt`s ant`rmsy Dm
para aonagzar qummstas
hanmtrms n`gnmpnf`gms
rmjmrmgnfa dm oa p`oëtfna,
a oa p`oëtfna pólofnamo`tærkfg` p`ofnfms
a oas p`oëtfnas
n`gsmrvar mo p`dmr mstatao. pólofnas (p`ofnfms)

Jumgtm3 Moal`ranfþg pr`pfa

   s
Dm o`s agtmrf`rms sfbgfnad`s, mo tærkfg` p`ofny
 p`ofny hanm
 hanm rmjmrmgnfa a oa p`oëtfna pólofna ` a    a
   n
oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas ( p`ofnfms
 p`ofnfms).
).    f
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    U
U`r oa akpoftud dmo mstudf` dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas taklfæg sm hanm dfjënfo mgn`gtrar    s
   a
ug ógfn` n`gnmpt`, p`r o` qum a n`gtfguanfþg sm prmsmgtag aobug`s n`gnmpt`s para su    n
   f
   t
agáofsfs.     ë
    o
12
   `
    U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

A]T@\ AÑ@   DMJFGFNFÞG

 Hmno`
Hmno` y Rfo
Rfodav
davsiy
siy 16244
162 ‟An
Annfþ
nfþgg bulm
bulmrga
rgakmg
kmgtao
tao dfr
dfrfbf
fbfda
da han
hanfa
fa mo o`b
o`br`
r` dm `lc
`lcmtf
mtfv`s
v`s jum
jumra
ra dm moo
mooaa kfsk
kfska‛
a‛..

Fvms Th`mgfgb 166< ‟\msuotad

‟\msuotad`` dm oa
oa antfvfda
antfvfdadd dm aut`r
aut`rfdad
fdad n`g p`dmr
p`dmr pulof
pulofn`
n` y ombftf
ombftfkfda
kfdad‛.
d‛.

‟Ms oa g`rka ` n`gcugt` dm g`rkas qum mxfstmg s`lrm uga dmtmrkfgada pr`lomkátfna
C`ag ^ulfrats 1686 asë n`k` mo n`gcugt` dm pr`brakas u `lcmtfv`s qum tfmgm mo b`lfmrg` mg ug nakp`
n`gnrmt`‛.

‟Nurs`s dm annfþg y ﬌uc`s dm fgj`rkanfþg rmoanf`gad`s n`g ug `lcmtfv` pólofn` dmfigfd`

mg j`rka dmk`nrátfna9 o`s qum s`g dmsarr`ooad`s p`r mo smnt`r pólofn` y, jrmnumgtmkmgtm,
Mubmgf` Oahmra Uarada <55< n`g oa partfnfpanfþg dm oa n`kugfdad y mo smnt`r prfvad` (…) fgnoufrá `rfmgtanf`gms `
n`gtmgfd`s, fgstrukmgt`s ` kmnagfsk`s, dmfigfnf`gms ` k`dffinanf`gms fgstftunf`gaoms,
y oa prmvfsfþg dm sus rmsuotad`s‛.

‟Mg mjmnt`, uga p`oëtfna

p`oëtfna ms mg ug d`lom smgtfd` ug nurs` dm annfþg3 ms mo nurs` dm annfþg
Abufoar Zfooagumva <55> dmoflmradakmgtm dfsmñad` y mo nurs` dm annfþg mjmntfvakmgtm smbufd`. G` sþo` o` qum
mo b`lfmrg` dfnm y qufmrm hanmr. Taklfæg o` qum rmaokmgtm hanm y o`bra, p`r sf kfsk` `
mg fgtmrannfþg n`g ant`rms p`oëtfn`s y s`nfaoms‛.

‟]g nurs` dm annfþg mstalom dmfigfd` p`r mo b`lfmrg` para rms`ovmr ug árma rmomvagtm dm asugt`s
T`kassfgf <552 dm fgtmræs pólofn` mg nuya dmfigfnfþg mg oas antuaoms s`nfmdadms sumomg taklfæg partfnfpar ant`rms
dm `rfbmg prfvad`‛.

Jumgtm3 Moal`ranfþg pr`pfa

N`gsfdmragd` o`s agtmrf`rms n`gnmpt`s p`dmk`s dmnfr qum oa U`oëtfna Uólofna ms3

°Q]Æ M^ OA U@OËTFNA UÓLOFNA0

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U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

<.<. Oa arbukmgtanfþg,
arbukmgtanfþg, dmlatm y partfnfpanfþg mg oas U`oëtfnas
Uólofnas
 Oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas pmrkftmg qum sm dmsarr`oom mo dmlatm, dfsnusfþg y arbukmgtanfþg
mg ug mspanf` dmk`nrátfn`, dm msta kagmra sm smñaoa qum3

‟Oa arbukmgtanfþg ms ug pr`nms` noavm kmdfagtm mo nuao o`s nfudadag`s y o`s

moal`rad`rms
dfsnusfþg dm p`oëtfnas
pólofna k`vfofzaoombag a cufnf`s k`raoms
mo n`g`nfkfmgt`, y a oa momnnfþg
oa mxpmrfmgnfa dm p`oëtfnas.
y mo fgtmræs dm kunhaOa
bmgtm, y hanm qum n`gnmgtrmg su atmgnfþg mg ug n`gcugt` ofkftad` dm numstf`gms. Mg
oa dfsnusfþg nada partfnfpagtm ms anfnatmad` a acustar sus pugt`s dm vfsta n`g oa
rmaofdad y pumdm oombar hasta naklfar sus vao`ranf`gms n`k` rmsuotad` dmo pr`nms` dm
 pmrsuasfþg rmnëpr`na. Dm msta kagmra oa dfsnusfþg
dfsnusfþg pumdm pr`dunfr rmsuotad`s qum vag
kás aooá dm oa napanfdad dm o`s kæt`d`s aut`rftarf`s ` tmng`nrátfn`s dm moal`ranfþg
dm oas p`oëtfnas‛ < (Kac`gm nftad` p`r Abufoar Zfooagumva,
Zfoo agumva, <55>3:5).

Oa arbukmgtanfþg y oa dmoflmranfþg s`g j`rkas gmnmsarfas dm dmk`nranfa partfnfpatfva

 y s`g n`gsfdmrad`s momkmgt`s n`gstftutfv`s
n`gstftutfv`s dm ‟o` pólofn`‛.

G` ms p`sflom ‟o` pólofn`‛ sfg oa p`sflfofdad dm qum o`s smrms hukag`s dfao`bumg,
dmlatag, sm fgj`rkmg y sm n`gvmgzag o`s ug`s a o`s `tr`s dm sus arbukmgt`s.

^`lrm o` mxpumst` agtmrf`rkmgtm, nalm smñaoar qum oa dmk`nranfa partfnfpatfva sm

mgnumgtra mxprmsakmgtm mstalomnfda mg mo parábraj` F dmo artënuo` 11 dm oa N`gstftunfþg
U`oëtfna dmo Mstad`.

<.>. Tfp`s dm U`oëtfnas Uólofnas

Uara uga kmc`r n`kprmgsfþg dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas y a kagmra dm rmjmrmgnfa sm
pumdmg noasfnar a travæs dm nfmrt`s nrftmrf`s, mgtrm o`s qum sm dmstanag, p`r mcmkpo`,
oa aut`rfdad fgstftunf`gao, mo smnt`r dm fgtmrvmgnfþg, o`s dmstfgatarf`s ` mo brad` dm
fgg`vanfþg.

TFU@^ DM U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

N\FTM\F@ TFU@^ DM U@OËTFNA^

DM UÓLOFNA^   NA\ANTM\Ë^TFNA
NOA^FJFNANFÞG
   s
• U`oëtfna ganf`gao ^m mkftmg p`r fgstftunf`gms bulmrgakmgtaoms qum p`smmg oa    a
aut`rfdad ombëtfka mg ug tmrrft`rf` ` áklft` bm`bráfin` dmtmrkfgad`.
dmtmrkfgad`.    n
   f
Aut`rfdad • U`oëtfna rmbf`gao Dm mstm k`d`, dmpmgdfmgd` dm nuáo sma mo gfvmo dm b`lfmrg` qum     o
fgstftunf`gao • U`oëtfna kugfnfpao     l
fkpuosm oa p`oëtfna sm pumdmg dfjmrmgnfar mgtrm p`oëtfnas ganf`gaoms,     ó
• U`oftfnas TF@N p`oëtfnas rmbf`gaoms, p`oëtfnas o`naoms, p`oëtfnas mur`pmas, mtn.     U
   s
   a
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    ë
< Abufoar Zfooagumva, Oufs (mdft`r),
(mdft`r), Agt`o`bëas dm U`oëtfna Uólofna, T`k
T`k`
` 13 Mo mstudf` dm oa U`oëtfna
U`oëtfna Uólofna y T`k
T`k`
` >3 Ur`lomkas     o
   ` 16
pólofn`s y abmgda dm b`lfmrg`, Kæxfn`, U`rróa, 166:, <55>. Nfta dmo Aut`r dm Bfagd`kmgfn` Kac`gm. Kac`gm.     U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

N\FTM\F@
DM TFU@^ DM U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^   NA\ANTM\Ë^TFNA
NOA^FJFNANFÞG
 ^mnt`r dm • U`oëtfna dm mdunanfþg
fgtmrvmgnfþg • U`oëtfna fisnao
• U`oëtfna dm kmdf` aklfmgtm, mtn.
• U`oëtfna dm tmrnmra mdad
Dmstfgatarf`s • U`oëtfna dm cuvmgtud
• U`oëtfna para oas pmrs`gas n`g
dfsnapanfdad, mtn.
  • U`oëtfnass Bulmrgakmgtaoms
U`oëtfna
Tmkp`raofdad • U`oëtfnas dm Mstad`
Jumgtm3 Moal`ranfþg pr`pfa mg lasm a jumgtms smnugdarfas dm fgj`rkanfþg
Mstm nrftmrf` pmrkftm noasffinar oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas smbóg su
áklft` dm fgtmrvmgnfþg9 ms dmnfr, n`gj`rkm ao árma ` smnt`r ao
qum sm vfgnuoa mo pr`lomka qum sm fgtmgta s`ovmgtar.
Oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas taklfæg sm sumomg natao`bar mg jugnfþg
dm sus dmstfgatarf`s ` dm o`s brup`s dm sucmt`s s`lrm o`s qum
antóa.
^m ad`ptag mg ug pmrf`d` dm b`lfmrg`
Tragsnfmgdm a o`s b`lfmrg`s y tfmgm ug fgtmræs kás akpof`
rmspmnt` a oa pr`lomkatfna

<.>.1. Zarfaloms a n`gsfdmrar mg mo Nfno` dm oas U`oëtfnas

U`oëtfnas Uólofnas
Uólofnas
Mo nfno` dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas, n`k` k`dmo` agaoëtfn`, pmrkftm oa apofnanfþg dm
kóotfpoms varfaloms mxpofnatfvas mg mo pr`nms` smnumgnfao. Mg partfnuoar, mg mstm pugt`
sm agaofzag oas prfgnfpaoms varfaloms fgdmpmgdfmgtms (oas fgstftunf`gms, o`s ant`rms y o`s
rmnurs`s), qum ayudag a fgdabar mg aqumoo`s pr`dunt`s (Mc. poag dm annfþg, ant` dm
fkpomkmgtanfþg, mtn.) qum sm vfgnuoag a nada jasm dmo nfno` dm p`oëtfnas pólofnas.
a. Zarfalom dm oas Fgstftunf`gms
Oas fgstftunf`gms s`g oas ‟rmboas dmo cumb` dm uga s`nfmdad‛ >. Mg mo agáofsfs dm oas
p`oëtfnas pólofnas ‟oas fgstftunf`gms fkp`rtag‛ p`rqum ayudag a n`g`nmr, dmsdm ug
mgj`qum g`rkatfv`, nuáo ms mo karn` fgstftunf`gao qum rfbm y da sustmgt` ombao a oa
p`oëtfna pólofna y qum, p`r o` tagt`, n`gdfnf`ga mo n`kp`rtakfmgt` dm o`s dfjmrmgtms
ant`rms partfnfpagtms mg o`s pr`nms`s dm moal`ranfþg
m oal`ranfþg y dmsarr`oo` dm oa kfska.
Dm mstm k`d`, oas fgstftunf`gms sm narantmrfzag p`r nuatr` aspmnt`s prfgnfpaoms43
• Urfkmr` y kás fkp`rtagtm ms qum uga fgstftunfþg ms, dm aobuga kagmra, ug rasb`
    U mstrunturao dm oa s`nfmdad y/` j`rka dm b`lfmrg`. U`r tagt`, uga fgstftunfþg
    A
    N trasnfmgdm a o`s fgdfvfdu`s m fkpofna a brup`s dm fgdfvfdu`s a travæs dm nfmrt`
    G
    M n`gcugt` dm fgtmrannf`gms pautadas qum s`g prmdmnfloms, smbóg oas rmoanf`gms
    N
  - mspmnëjfnas qum mxfstmg mgtrm o`s ant`rms.
   g
    þ
   f
   n • ^mbugda narantmrëstfna ms qum oa fgstftunfþg kagtfmgm ug nfmrt` brad` dm mstalfofdad
   a
   t
   f a o` oarb` dmo tfmkp`.
   n
   a
   p
   a
• Tmrnmr rasb` ms qum oa fgstftunfþg ajmnta ao n`kp`rtakfmgt` fgdfvfduao, p`r o` qum
    N rmstrfgbm, dm kagmra j`rkao ` fgj`rkao, oas n`gduntas dm sus kfmklr`s, dm kagmra
   m
    d qum mxfstm uga dmpmgdmgnfa rmnëpr`na mgtrm fgstftunf`gms y ant`rms. Msta vfgnuoanfþg
   `
   r
   t > D`uboass N. G`rth (1665) Fgstftutf`gs, Fgstftutf`gao Nhagbm agd Mn`g`kfn Umrj`rkagnm Naklrfdbm ]gfv.]gfv. Urmss, 1665 Trad.
   g
<5    m Fgstftunf`gms, naklf` fgstftunf`gao y dmsmkpmñ` mn`gþkfn` JNM, 166>.
    N 4 L. Buy Umtmrs, Mo gumv` fgstftunf`gaofsk`. Zfsftar3 http3//www.rmdaoyn.`rb/artfnuo`
http3//www.rmdaoyn.`rb/artfnuo`.`a0fd;4<:4>6=><51<
.`a0fd;4<:4>6=><51<

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

fkpofna qum o`s n`kp`rtakfmgt`s dm o`s ant`rms fgstftunf`gaoms sm vmag ofkftad`s

p`r mo karn` fgstftunf`gao y qum, ao kfsk` tfmkp`, o`s ant`rms sm n`gvfmrtag mg
abmgtms dmo naklf`, qum fgjouyag mg oa mv`ounfþg fgstftunf`gao.
 • Nuart`, mgtrm o`s kfmklr`s dm uga fgstftunfþg dmlm halmr nfmrt` smgtfd` dm vao`rms
n`kpartfd`s, uga nuotura n`kóg.
Mg n`gsmnumgnfa, oas fgstftunf`gms, n`k` varfalom mxpofnatfva dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas,
ayudag a dar rmspumsta a aobugas numstf`gms, mgtrm `tras, oas sfbufmgtms3
• °Quæ tfp` dm oþbfna `rfmgta oas dmnfsf`gms dm o`s dfjmrmgtms ant`rms, oa oþbfna dm o`
admnuad`, p`rqum su n`gdunta sm acusta a oas rmboas dmo cumb` ` a o`s pr`nmdfkfmgt`s
mstalomnfd`s, ` oa oþbfna dm oa momnnfþg ranf`gao, p`rqum sus k`tfvanf`gms s`g
utfoftarfstas m fgtmgtag satfsjanmr sus fgtmrmsms partfnuoarms09
• °Nuáoms s`g oas rmstrfnnf`gms, oëkftms y n`gdfnf`gagtms qum fkp`gm mo karn`
fgstftunf`gao mg mo qum sm dmsarr`ooa oa p`oëtfna pólofna09
• °Quæ mspanf`s fgstftunf`gaoms sm nrmag para jav`rmnmr oa fgtmrannfþg dm o`s ant`rms
pólofn`s y prfvad`s mg mo pr`nms` dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas09
• °Quæ ant`rms prfvad`s pumdmg annmdmr a o`s þrbag`s dmnfs`rf`s dm oas p`oëtfnas
pólofnas09
• °Nuáoms s`g oas rmboas qum jfcag mo annms` a o`s rmnurs`s y a quæ tfp` dm ant`rms
 lmgmjfnfa ` pmrcudfna0.
 l. Ant`rms
Mg mo pr`nms` dm oa bmstanfþg m fkpomkmgtanfþg dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas, qum sm da
mg msnmgarf`s dmk`nrátfn`s, mxfstmg dfjmrmgtms ant`rms fgv`ounrad`s, mgtrm o`s qum sm
mgnumgtrag p`r mcmkpo`, o`s ant`rms mstataoms dm anumrd` a su `rbagfzanfþg
`rb agfzanfþg (prmsfdmgtms,
ombfsoad`rms, cumnms, b`lmrgad`rms, aonaodms, lurþnratas), oëdmrms dm partfd`s p`oëtfn`s,
asë n`k` brup`s prfvad`s, sfgdfnat`s, kmdf`s dm n`kugfnanfþg y `tr`s kfmklr`s dm oa
s`nfmdad nfvfo.
Mst`s ant`rms sm fgtmrrmoanf`gag mg dfvmrs`s mspanf`s, qum pumdmg smr j`rkaoms (n`k` mo
n`gbrms` ` mo balfgmtm), ` fgj`rkaoms (oa naoom). Msas fgtmrannf`gms oms dag oa n`kpomcfdad
 y oa dfgákfna a oas p`oëtfnas
p`oëtfnas pólofnas.
n. \mnurs`s    s
   a
   n
   f
    o
O`s rmnurs`s s`g aqumoo`s momkmgt`s qum ap`rtag vao`r a oas mtapas ` jasms dm oas     l
    ó
p`oëtfnas pólofnas, p`r o` qum rmjumrzag oa vfalfofdad dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas y, p`r o`     U
tagt`, n`gtrfluymg a qum æstas pumdag nukpofr sus `lcmtfv`s y aonagzar o`s rmsuotad`s    s
   a
   n
mspmrad`s. Mgtrm moo`s dmstanag o`s sfbufmgtms3 o`s rmnurs`s hukag`s, o`s rmnurs`s    f
   t
    ë
mn`gþkfn`s ` jfgagnfmr`s y oa fgj`rkanfþg.     o
   ` <1
    U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

•  O`s rmnurs`s mn`gþkfn`s

mn`gþkfn`s
^`g ug n`gdfnf`gagtm jugdakmgtao para qum sm pumdag oomvar a nal` oas annf`gms
pólofnas. Msta varfalom ms jánfokmgtm kmgsuralom dmlfd` a qum sm pumdm nuagtfjfnar
 kmdfagtm oa n`gsuota dm o`s prmsupumst`s aguaoms.
•  Oa fgj`rkanfþg
Ms ug rmnurs` mstratæbfn` jugdakmgtao, s`lrm t`d` p`rqum sm as`nfa ao n`g`nfkfmgt`.
Mo n`g`nfkfmgt` s`lrm o`s aspmnt`s `rbagfzatfv`s, prmsupumstarf`s, tængfn`s, cugt`
n`g t`d`s aqumoo`s as`nfad`s ao áklft` p`oëtfn`-adkfgfstratfv` (fgj`rkanfþg
fgtmrga) y/` mo n`g`nfkfmgt` s`lrm mo n`gtmxt` s`nf`p`oëtfn` y s`nf`mn`gþkfn` a
o`s qum sm vfgnuoa mo pr`lomka a s`ovmgtar (fgj`rkanfþg mxtmrga) d`ta a o`s ant`rms
pólofn`s ` prfvad`s dm uga napanfdad n`gsfdmralom dm fgjoumgnfa mg aobugas dm oas
jasms dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas. Urumla dm moo` ms qum mg oa jasm dm j`rkuoanfþg dm
uga p`oëtfna, admkás dm fgtmrvmgfr o`s p`oëtfn`s y o`s tængfn`s dm oa
o a adkfgfstranfþg,
a vmnms sm dmlm n`gtratar a ug abmgtm mxtmrg` (p. mc., uga n`g¬suot`rëa ` ug mxpmrt`
anadækfn`) para qum rmaofnm ug fgj`rkm s`lrm uga sftuanfþg dmtmrkfgada, nuya
fgj`rkanfþg ms prfk`rdfao para ad`ptar oa dmnfsfþg.
U`r `tr` oad`, mo kao us` dm mstm rmnurs` pumdm oomvar n`gsfb` qum sm pr`duznag
taklfæg uga smrfm dm dmsacustms mg mo pr`nms` dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas, jrut` dm
oa kagfpuoanfþg ` jfotranfþg fgtmgnf`gada dm oa fgj`rkanfþg p`r partm dm nfmrt`s
ant`rms pólofn`s y/` prfvad`s.
Oa varfalom fgj`rkanfþg mstá rmoanf`gada ao vmrtfbfg`s` avagnm dm oa tmng`o`bëa,
kfska qum ha n`lrad` rmomvagnfa dmsdm oa N`gstftunfþg U`oëtfna mo Mstad`, ya qum
mstalomnm qum3
‟Mo Mstad` asukfrá n`k` p`oëtfna oa fkpomkmgtanfþg dm mstratmbfas para
fgn`rp`rar mo n`g`nfkfmgt` y apofnanfþg dm gumvas tmng`o`bëas dm fgj`rkanfþg y
n`kugfnanfþg. (Uarábraj`
(Uarábraj` FF, Art. 15> NUM).
    U Mgt`gnms oas tmng`o`bëas dm oa fgj`rkanfþg y n`kugfnanfþg sm n`gstftuymg mg ug
    A
    N momkmgt` qum n`gtrfluym mo Mstad` a aonagzar su jfgaofdad.
    G
    M
    N  U`r mcmkpo`3
  -
   g
    þ
   f
   n Mg oa bmstfþg <512 sm mkftfþ mo Dmnrmt` ^uprmk` Gµ ><=1 qum tfmgm n`k` `lcmt` (Art. 1)3
   a
   t
   f a.  Apr`lar mo Uoag
Uoag dm Fkpomkmgtanfþg
Fkpomkmgtanfþg dm B`lfmrg` Momntrþgfn` (…)9
   n
   a
   p  l.  Apr`lar mo Uoag
Uoag dm Fkpomkmgtanfþg
Fkpomkmgtanfþg dm ^`jtwarm Oflrm y Mstágdarms Alfmrt`s (…)9
   a
    N
   m n. Mstalomnmr aspmnt`s n`kpomkmgtarf`s para oa fkpomkmgtanfþg dm akl`s poagms.
    d
   `
   r
   t
   g
<<    m
    N

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

Mst` fkpofna qum sm apofqumg oas Tmng`o`bëas dm oa Fgj`rkanfþg y N`kugfnanfþg

(TFN) para oa sfkpofjfnanfþg dm trákftms, mstalomnfkfmgt` dm sfstmkas dm fgj`rkanfþg
para mo Mstad` y oa p`loanfþg y oa smburfdad fgj`rkátfna.
U`r `tr` oad` oas TFN taklfæg pmrkftmg rmpoagtmar nfmrt`s n`gnmpt`s, n`k`
 antuaokmgtm sm haloa dm oa Mn`g`këa Dfbftao.
<.4. Nfno` dm oas U`oëtfnas Uólofnas
Mo dmsarr`oo` dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas fkpofna rmaofzar uga smrfm dm mtapas qum hanmg a
su nfno` dm kagmra fgtmrdmpmgdfmgtms, p`r o` qum oa rmdmjfnfþg dm aobuga dm oas mtapas
rmpmrnutm ` ajmnta a oas sfbufmgtms. Nalm smñaoar qum mo nfno` fkpofna ug pr`nms` dm
rmtr`aofkmgtanfþg3 Oa p`oëtfna pólofna
pólofna g` sm tmrkfga n`g oa mtapa dm mvaouanfþg dmo
n`gcugt` dm sus rmsuotad`s, sfg` qum æsta pumdm dar oubar a uga gumva rmdmjfgfnfþg
dmo pr`lomka pólofn`.
Oas prfgnfpaoms mtapas dmo nfno` dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas sm pumdmg aprmnfar mg mo
sfbufmgtm brájfn`.
MTAUA^ DM U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

Jumgtm3 Moal`ranfþg pr`pfa mg lasm a jumgtms dm fgj`rkanfþg smnugdarfa

 A n`gtfguanfþg sm dmsnrflmg
dmsnrflmg nada uga dm oas mtapas dmo nfno`
nfno` dm p`oëtfnas pólofnas.
pólofnas.
   s
a. J`rkanfþg dm oa Abmgda    a
   n
   f
    o
Fgfnfa n`g oa fdmgtfjfnanfþg dm pr`lomkas u `p`rtugfdadms dmo b`lfmrg` mg oa s`nfmdad     l
    ó
 y sm poagtma sf dmlm antuar ` g`. Msta jasm fgnouym mg prfkmr oubar, antfvfdadms dm     U
   s
dmtmnnfþg y smomnnfþg dm numstf`gms y mg smbugd` oubar oas antfvfdadms dm dmjfgfnfþg dm    a
   n
   f
pr`lomkas pólofn`s.    t
    ë
    o
   ` <>
    U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

•  Oa dmtmnnfþg y oa smomnnfþg dm numstf`gms

numstf`gms pólofnas
Oa abmgda mg oas s`nfmdadms, sumom mkmrbmr dm ug brag gókmr` dm numstf`gms qum
pr`vfmgmg dm dfstfgt`s smnt`rms, qum lusnag oa atmgnfþg dmo b`lfmrg`. Ah`ra lfmg,
g` t`das oas numstf`gms qum prm`nupag a oa s`nfmdad analag bmgmragd` oa j`rkanfþg
 dm uga p`oëtfna pólofna para s`ounf`garoas. Uara mstudfar mst`s pr`nms`s sm utfofza
mo n`gnmpt` dm abmgda, y sm sumom dfstfgbufr mgtrm abmgda sfstækfna, p`r uga partm,
 y abmgda p`oëtfna, fgstftunf`gao ` dm b`lfmrg`, p`r `tra. Oa abmgda sfstækfna mstá
j`rkada p`r
pmrnflmg mo n`gcugt`
n`k` dm numstf`gms
kmrmnmd`ras qum pólofna
dm atmgnfþg o`s kfmklr`s
y qum,dmadmkás,
uga n`kugfdad p`oëtfna
namg dmgtr` dmo
áklft` n`kpmtmgnfao dm oa aut`rfdad bulmrgakmgtao a oa qum sm dfrfbmg9 s`g oas
numstf`gms qum prm`nupag a oa s`nfmdad. Oa abmgda p`oëtfna, fgstftunf`gao ` dm
b`lfmrg` mstá j`rkada p`r mo n`gcugt` dm asugt`s mxpoënftakmgtm anmptad`s para
smr n`gsfdmrad`s smrfa y antfvakmgtm p`r o`s dmnfs`rms pólofn`s9 s`g oas numstf`gms
qum prm`nupag ao b`lfmrg`. Mg oëgmas bmgmraoms, oa abmgda dm b`lfmrg` sumom rmjomcar
oa mv`ounfþg dm oa abmgda sfstækfna.
•  Oa dmjfgfnfþg dm o`s pr`lomkas
pr`lomkas pólofn`s.
Mg prfkmr oubar, dmjfgfr ug pr`lomka sfbgfjfna qum, uga vmz rmn`g`nfd` n`k`
tao sma fgnoufd` mg oa abmgda dmo b`lfmrg`, mo pr`lomka ms pmrnflfd` p`r o`s
dfstfgt`s ant`rms
nuagtfjfnanfþg9 fgtmrmsad`s9
y, mg ms `lcmt`
aobug`s nas`s, pmr` g`dm
mg mxpo`ranfþg, artfnuoanfþg
t`d`s, sm da uga dmjfgfnfþgm`jfnfao,
fgnous``
ao kmg`s pr`vfsf`gaokmgtm anmptada, anmrna dm sus p`sfloms nausas, n`kp`gmgtms
 y n`gsmnumgnfas.
Mg smbugd` oubar, qum uga sftuanfþg n`gnrmta sm n`gvfmrta mg pr`lomka pólofn` g`
ms aob` qum sm lasm sþo` y ógfnakmgtm mg nfrnugstagnfas `lcmtfvas3 oa moal`ranfþg dm
uga sftuanfþg g` dmsmada n`k` pr`lomka pólofn` dmpmgdm mg brag kmdfda dm su
n`gmxfþg n`g o`s vao`rms d`kfgagtms mg msm k`kmgt` mg oa s`nfmdad dm qum sm tratm
 y dmo p`dmr dm
dm o`s ant`rms qum pr`kumvmg su fgn`rp`ranfþg a oa abmgda dm b`lfmrg`.
    U Mg tmrnmr oubar, oa dmjfgfnfþg dm o`s pr`lomkas pólofn`s poagtma gukmr`sas
    A
    N dfjfnuotadms p`rqum o`s pr`lomkas pólofn`s s`g n`kpofnad`s m fgædft`s3 g` tfmgmg
    G
    M
    N uga j`rkuoanfþg
oombad` dmjfgftfva9
a oa s`ounfþg9 g` sumom
oa s`ounfþg g` mshalmr
gugnanrftmrf`s qum`mstalomznag
vmrdadmra nuagd`
jaosa, sfg` lumga sm ha
` kaoa,
  -
   g  y narmnm, admkás, dm uga prumla
prumla fgkmdfata y rms`out`rfa.
    þ
   f
   n
   a
   t
   f
   n
 l. J`rkuoanfþg dm p`oëtfnas
p`oëtfnas pólofnas
   a
   p ]ga vmz qum mo b`lfmrg` n`g`nm oa mxfstmgnfa dm ug pr`lomka, o` dmjfgm y rmnhaza oa
   a
    N `pnfþg dm g` antuar s`lrm æo, n`kfmgza oa jasm dm j`rkuoanfþg dm p`oëtfnas, qum tfmgm
   m
    d qum vmr n`g mo dmsarr`oo` dm nurs`s dm annfþg (aotmrgatfvas, pr`pumstas, `pnf`gms)
   `
   r
   t anmptaloms y pmrtfgmgtms para mgjrmgtarsm a o`s pr`lomkas pólofn`s. Oas p`oëtfnas s`g
   g
<4    m
    N

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

n`gnmlfdas, p`r o` tagt`, n`k` s`ounf`gms a o`s pr`lomkas pólofn`s. Msta jasm fgnouym
oas sfbufmgtms antfvfdadms3
1) Mo mstalomnfkfmgt` dm kmtas y `lcmtfv`s a aonagzar
O`s `lcmtfv`s n`gstftuymg ug momkmgt` nmgtrao mg oa annfþg pólofna3 dag ug smgtfd` dm
 pr`pþsft` y dm dfrmnnfþg a uga `rbagfzanfþg y a sus p`oëtfnas y pr`brakas. Mg oa prántfna,
sfg mklarb`, surbmg gukmr`sas dfjfnuotadms a oa h`ra dm fdmgtfjfnar o`s `lcmtfv`s dm oas
`rbagfzanf`gms y pr`brakas mxfstmgtms y dm mspmnfjfnar o`s `lcmtfv`s para mo dmsarr`oo`
jutur` dm `rbagfzanf`gms y pr`brakas.
<) Oa dmtmnnfþg y bmgmranfþg dm aotmrgatfvas qum pmrkftag aonagzar o`s `lcmtfv`s
Mo pr`dunt` dm msta antfvfdad smrëa uga ofsta dm `pnf`gms dm p`oëtfna pólofna, mgtrm oas
qum sm pumdmg mgn`gtrar `pnf`gms ya n`g`nfdas ` qum numgtag n`g ap`y`s fgtmrg`s
(fdmgtfjfnanfþg) y `pnf`gms dmsn`g`nfdas ` qum narmnmg dm ap`y`s dmgtr` dm oa
`rbagfzanfþg (bmgmranfþg). Nada `pnfþg ` aotmrgatfva dmlm smr narantmrfzada dm j`rka
tag prmnfsa n`k` sma p`sflom.
 >) Oa vao`ranfþg
vao`ranfþg y n`kparanfþg dm oas aotmrgatfvas
]ga vmz qum sm hag pr`dunfd` y dmjfgfd` oas `pnf`gms, qum mstág noaras oas vmgtacas y
o`s fgn`gvmgfmgtms dm nada uga dm mooas vmgdrëa mo k`kmgt` dm utfofzar aobóg tfp` dm
tængfna qum pmrkfta rmaofzar mo pr`nms` dm momnnfþg. ]ga dm oas tængfnas kás n`g`nfdas ms
mo agáofsfs n`st`-lmgmjfnf`, qum n`gsfstm mg fdmgtfjfnar o`s n`st`s y lmgmjfnf`s as`nfad`s
n`g nada aotmrgatfva y mg oa nuagtfjfnanfþg mn`gþkfna dm o`s kfsk`s, n`g mo pr`pþsft`
dm janfoftar oa n`kparanfþg mgtrm oas dfstfgtas `pnf`gms.
4) Oa smomnnfþg dm uga `pnfþg ` n`klfganfþg dm mooas
Oas tængfnas kmgnf`gadas g` ad`ptag dmnfsf`gms. Oa dmnfsfþg mstá mg kag`s dmo dmnfs`r
pólofn`. Oas tængfnas pumdmg, mg mo kmc`r dm o`s nas`s, asfstfr a o`s
o `s dmnfs`rms pólofn`s y
qufzás pmrsuadfroms dm oa gmnmsfdad dm ad`ptar uga antftud kás sfstmkátfna rmspmnt` a
oa fdmgtfjfnanfþg dm nrftmrf`s y dat`s rmomvagtms, y rmspmnt` a oa prumla dm oas prmkfsas
s`lrm oas qum sm lasag o`s náonuo`s dm pr`lalfofdadms dm qum `nurrag nfmrt`s hmnh`s `

dm qum oas p`oëtfnas pr`duznag dmtmrkfgad`s fkpant`s.

O`s prfkmr`s agáofsfs dm p`oëtfnas pólofnas sm nmgtralag mg oa jasm dm j`rkuoanfþg dm
oas p`oëtfnas.
Oa ad`pnfþg dm oa dmnfsfþg, mstá mxnousfvakmgtm mg kag`s dm ug` ` varf`s dmnfs`rms    s
   a
   n
pólofn`s3 para qum uga p`oëtfna sma n`gsfdmrada pólofna æsta dmlm halmr sfd` bmgmrada    f
    o
    l
p`r kmdf`s bulmrgakmgtaoms, dmlm mkagar dm uga aut`rfdad pólofna. @tras jasms dmo     ó
    U
nfno` dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas (oa fkpoagtanfþg p`r mcmkpo`) pumdmg qumdar parnfaokmgtm    s
mg kag`s dm ant`rms, fgdfvfdu`s u `rbagfzanf`gms qum g` mstág fgvmstfd`s dm aut`rfdad    a
   n
   f
pólofna3 g` ms mo nas` dm oa jasm dm ad`pnfþg dm oa dmnfsfþg.    t
    ë
    o
   ` <=
    U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

n. Fkpoagtanfþg dm p`oëtfnas pólofnas

Msta jasm n`kfmgza uga vmz ad`ptada oa dmnfsfþg, y n`kprmgdm t`das oas antfvfdadms y
pr`nms`s dmsarr`ooad`s hasta qum aparmnmg o`s mjmnt`s as`nfad`s n`g oa fgtmrvmgnfþg
pólofna mg numstfþg. Mg mooa oas ugfdadms adkfgfstratfvas y `pmratfvas n`rrmsp`gdfmgtms
k`vfofzag rmnurs`s mn`gþkfn`s y hukag`s, s`lrm t`d`, para p`gmr mg prántfna oa
 p`oëtfna ad`ptada. ^m trata dm oa pumsta mg karnha ` mcmnunfþg dm oas p`oëtfnas.
Oa fkpoagtanfþg ms oa smnumgnfa pr`brakada dm annf`gms, dm oa qum j`rkag partm
kunh`s ant`rms y kunhas `pmranf`gms, dfrfbfda a pr`dunfr n`g ug`s kmdf`s mspmnëjfn`s
o`s rmsuotad`s mspmrad`s. Ms ug pr`nms` dm brag n`kpomcfdad p`rqum3 p`r uga partm,
fgtmrvfmgm uga kuotftud dm ant`rms, nada ug` dm o`s nuaoms tfmgm sus pr`pfas pmrspmntfvas,
antftudms m fgtmrmsms, y nuy` brad` dm n`kpr`kfs` n`g o`s `lcmtfv`s dmo pr`nms` pumdm
 varfar9 p`r `tra, hay uga kuotftud
kuotftud dm ‟pugt`s
‟pugt`s dm dmnfsfþg‛ (nada vmz qum sm rmqufmrm ug
ant` dm anumrd` para qum mo pr`braka sfba admoagtm) y dm ‟pugt`s kumrt`s‛ (nada vmz
qum sm rmqufmrm qum ug ant`r p`r smparad` dæ su apr`lanfþg).
Oa jasm dm fkpoagtanfþg ha sfd` n`gnmptuaofzada ad`ptagd` varfas pmrspmntfvas. Oa kás
jakfofar oa mqufpara a ug pr`nms` dmsnmgdmgtm, dm arrfla alac`9 mstudf`s p`stmrf`rms
p`gmg dm rmofmvm oa fkp`rtagnfa dm n`gnmlfroa taklfæg n`k` ug pr`nms` asnmgdmgtm, dm
alac` arrfla. Mo k`dmo` dm arrfla alac` n`gnflm mo dmsarr`oo` dm uga p`oëtfna n`k` ug

pr`nms` qumfgjmrf`rms
 cmrárqufnas jouym dmsdm oamonóspfdm
y mg dm oas `rbagfzanf`gms
qum mo pr`tab`gfsk` pólofnas
n`rrmsp`gdm a o`shanfa oas p`sfnf`gms
dmnfs`rms pólofn`s.
Mo k`dmo` dm alac` arrfla s`stfmgm qum taklfæg rmqufmrm fkp`rtagnfa mo jouc` dm
alac` arrfla qum pmrkftm adaptar oa sftuanfþg fgfnfao a oa kuotftud dm n`gtmxt`s dm
fkpoagtanfþg, y `t`rba mo pr`tab`gfsk` dmo pr`nms` a o`s fkpoagtad`rms.
d. Mvaouanfþg dm p`oëtfnas pólofnas
Mo pr`nms` dm mvaouanfþg dmtmrkfgará mg quæ kmdfda sm hag o`brad` o`s `lcmtfv`s dm
oa p`oëtfna pólofna mg numstfþg. Oa mvaouanfþg nfmrra mo nfno` dm oas p`oëtfnas, y pumdm
rmtr`aofkmgtar mo pr`nms` mg nuaoqufmra dm sus jasms.
    U
    A  Ah`ra lfmg, oa mvaouanfþg dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas mstá ofbada ao n`gnmpt` dm ‟vao`r
    N
    G pólofn`=‛ nrmad` p`r o`s bmst`rms pólofn`s a travæs, p`r mcmkpo`, dm oa naofdad dm o`s
    M
    N
  -
smrvfnf`s ` lfmgms qum mgtrmba a oa p`loanfþg.
   g
    þ
   f Mo Mstad` dmlm lusnar oa mgtmra satfsjannfþg dm sus nfudadag`s, sfmkprm a travæs, p`r
   n
   a
   t
mcmkpo`, dm p`oëtfnas dm lumg b`lfmrg` n`k` oa trasparmgnfa, o`s mcmrnfnf`s dm rmgdfnfþg
   f dm numgtas y ug `p`rtug` y mjfnfmgtm smrvfnf` ao nfudadag`.
   n
   a
   p
   a Dm msta j`rka, uga mjfnfmgtm bmstfþg pólofna dmlm mstar n``rdfgada y aofgmada para
    N
   m
    d
nukpofr bragdms `lcmtfv`s dm Mstad`, p`r o` nuao ms vftao para oas mgtfdadms n`g`nmr
   ` a sus pólofn`s `lcmtfv`, tmgmro`s natmb`rfzad`s m fdmgtfjfnad`s dm kagmra `p`rtuga.
   r
   t
   g
<:    m = Uara akpofar mo sfbgfnad` dmo n`gnmpt`, n`gsuotar mo oflr` 3BM^TFÞG M^T\ATÆBFNA
M^T\ATÆBFNAV N\MANFÞG DM ZAO@\
ZAO@\ MG MO ^MNT@\
    N UÓLOFN@. Kari H. K``rm. 166=.

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

Msta fgtmrannfþg n`g o`s brup`s dm fgtmræs ms fkp`rtagtm, ya qum ms a travæs dm su

partfnfpanfþg qum sm dag a n`g`nmr sus fgtmrmsms, prmjmrmgnfas y gmnmsfdadms rmaoms dm
oa p`loanfþg `lcmtfv` mg oa nuao mstá mgj`nada oa p`oëtfna pólofna.

<.=. O`s fgdfnad`rms mg oas U`oëtfnas Uólofnas

 O`s fgdfnad`rms s`g uga varfalom dm kmdfnfþg dmo `lcmtfv`, dm o` qum sm prmtmgdm o`brar,
qum pmrkftm k`strar o`s naklf`s mg mo tfmkp` dm uga sftuanfþg dmtmrkfgada. ^m om
asfbgag vao`rms dm anumrd` ao k`kmgt` mvaouatfv` mstalomnfd`3
K@KMGT@^ MZAO]ATFZ@^ DMO FGDFNAD@\ 

]g fgdfnad`r ms uga kabgftud as`nfada a uga antfvfdad qum pmrkftm, p`r n`kparanfþg
n`g o`s mstágdarms vao`rar pmrfþdfnakmgtm dfnhas antfvfdadms. O`s fgdfnad`rms tfmgmg
d`s jugnf`gms3 uga dmsnrfptfva (ap`rtar fgj`rkanfþg s`lrm uga sftuanfþg dmtmrkfgada
 y su mv`ounfþg mg mo tfmkp`) y `tra vao`ratfva (aprmnfar o`s mjmnt`s pr`v`nad`s p`r uga
antuanfþg).
 Aobug`s fgdfnad`rms qum sm pumdmg n`gsfdmrar mg mo tmka dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas
pumdmg smr o`s sfbufmgtms3

   s
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    ó
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    ë
    o
   ` <2
    U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

NA\ANTM\Ë^TFNA^
NA\ANTM\Ë^TFNA^ DM O@^ FGDFNAD@\M^ DM DM^MKUMÑ@ V OA^
FGTM\\@BAGTM^ A UOAGTMA\ 

FGDFNAD@\M^
FG^]K@^   U\@NM^@^   U\@D]NT@^ FKUANT@^
(FGU]T) (@]TU]T) (@]TN@KM)
 Nuagtffina o`s rmnurs`s tagt`
jësfn`s n`k` hukag`s, y/`
figagnfmr`s
pr`dunnfþg utfofzad`s mg oa
dm o`s lfmgmsy
smrvfnf`s. Mst`s fgdfnad`rms
bmgmraokmgtm mstág
dfkmgsf`gad`s mg tærkfg`s
dm bast`s asfbgad`s,
gókmr` dm pr`jmsf`gaoms,
nagtfdad dm h`ras dm
tralac` utfofzadas ` tmng`oþbfn`s (gókmr` dm
dfsp`gfloms para dmsarr`ooar
ug tralac`, dëas dm tralac`
n`gsukfd`s, mtn. Mst`s
fgdfnad`rms s`g kuy ótfoms
para dar numgta dm nuagt`s
rmnurs`s s`g gmnmsarf`s
para mo o`br` figao dm ug
pr`dunt` ` smrvfnf`, pmr`
p`r së s`o`s g` dag numgta
dm sf sm nukpom ` g` mo
`lcmtfv` figao.
°Nuágt`s rmnurs`s
fgvmrtfk`s, nuágt`
pmrs`gao tralacþ mg mo
pr`nms`0
  Jumgtm3 Adaptanfþg mg lasm ao Kaguao Fgdfnad`rms dm Dmsmkpmñ` mg mo ^mnt`r pólofn`,
^m rmfimrmg a aqumoo`s
fgdfnad`rms qum kfdmg mo
dmsmkpmñ` dm oasoaantfvfdadms
vfgnuoadas n`g mcmnunfþg
` j`rka mg qummo tralac` ms
rmaofzad` para pr`dunfr o`s
lfmgms y smrvfnf`s,
smrvfnf`s, taoms n`k`
n`k`
pr`nmdfkfmgt`s dm n`kpra
(dëas dm dmk`ra dmo pr`nms`
dm n`kpra) ` pr`nms`s
h`ras dm o`s sfstmkas sfg
oëgma atrflufloms ao mqufp` dm
s`p`rtm). Mst`s fgdfnad`rms
s`g ótfoms para oa mvaouanfþg
dmo dmsmkpmñ` mg áklft`s
d`gdm o`s pr`dunt`s `
rmsuotad`s s`g kás n`kpomc`s
dm kmdfr, n`k` p`r mcmkpo`
antfvfdadms dm fgvmstfbanfþg,
nuoturaoms, mtn.
°N`g quæ rapfdmz o` mstak`s
hanfmgd`0
°Nuágt` g`s numsta0
Kumstra o`s lfmgms y Kfdmg o`s rmsuotad`s a gfvmo
smrvfnf`s dm kagmra dmo fig óotfk` mspmrad` n`g
nuagtftatfva
y pr`vfst`s pr`dunfd`s
p`r ug oa mgtrmbaOadmfgj`rkanfþg
smrvfnf`s. o`s lfmgms yqum
`rbagfsk` pólofn` ` uga mgtrmba sm rmfimrm p`r
annfþg bulmrgakmgtao. mcmkpo` ao kmc`rakfmgt`
Ms mo rmsuotad` dm uga mg oas n`gdfnf`gms dm oa
n`klfganfþg mspmnëfina p`loanfþg `lcmtfv`, y qum s`g
dm fgsuk`s p`r o` nuao mxnousfvakmgtm atrflufloms a
dfnh`s pr`dunt`s mstág dfnh`s lfmgms.
dfrmntakmgtm rmoanf`gad`s
n`g moo`s. U`r së s`o` ug
fgdfnad`r dm pr`dunt`,
(p`r mcmkpo` gókmr` dm
vanuganf`gms rmaofzadas,
gókmr` dm vfvfmgdas
n`gstrufdas, gókmr` dm
fgspmnnf`gms, mtn.) g` da
numgta dmo o`br` dm o`s
`lcmtfv`s ` dm o`s rmnurs`s
fgvmrtfd`s mg oa bmgmranfþg
dm dfnh`s pr`dunt`s.
°Nuágtas ugfdadms dm °Nþk` mstág naklfagd` oas
pr`dunt`s y smrvfnf`s n`gdfnf`gms qum mstak`s
mstak`s bmgmragd`0 fgtmrvfgfmgd`0
NUAO, <55=. Uab. <2 .

    U
    A
    N
    G
    M
    N
  -
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<8    m
    N

 
KÞD]O@ KA\N@ G@\KATFZ@ DM OA^ 
> U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^
 

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

>. KA\N@ G@\KA

G@\KATFZ@
TFZ@ DM OA^ U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^
>.1. Ombaofdad y Ombftfkfdad
Oa annfþg pólofna dmo Mstad` pumdm vao`rarsm mg jugnfþg dm varf`s nrftmrf`s. Oa ombaofdad
omb aofdad
ms mo nrftmrf` nmgtrao para vao`rar oa annfþg pólofna mg ug mstad` dm dmrmnh`.
Mg rmsukfdas numgtas, pumdm halmr p`oëtfnas dmsarr`ooadas smbóg o`s pr`nmdfkfmgt`s
mstalomnfd`s mg oa N`gstftunfþg y oas omyms, nuya pumsta mg karnha sm haya rmaofzad` lac`
 rfbur`s`s
prmvfst`s, sfstmkas dm n`gtr`o
` mg oas qum dm bmstfþg,
oa kabgftud qum, sfgg`mklarb`,
dm o`s mjmnt`s dmsmad`sg` aonagnmg
`paqum o`s `lcmtfv`s
mo nukpofkfmgt`
dm o`s `lcmtfv`s. ^f lfmg oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas ap`yag ao Mstad` y sus aut`rfdadms mg
mo nukpofkfmgt` dm sus jfgms, ms fkp`rtagtm qum oa annfþg pólofna sm mgkarqum mg oa
n`gstftunfþg, oas omyms y g`rkas qum rfbmg oa adkfgfstranfþg pólofna, mg mo karn` dmo
Mstad` dm Dmrmnh`.

>.<. Dmrmnh` m fgstftunf`gaofdad.

^m haloa dm fgstftunf`gms nuagd` mg ug mspanf` pólofn` (rmbuoad` bmgmraokmgtm p`r
mo Dmrmnh`) sm bmgmrag n`gduntas rmftmradas, mstaloms, aprmnfadas, vaof`sas y mstaloms,
qum g`s pmrkftag pmrnflfr qum mxfstm uga `rbagfzanfþg y ug pr`nmdfkfmgt` ranf`gao y
ugfvmrsao (ms dmnfr qum sm apofqum sfg dfsnrfkfganfþg a t`d`s), mcmkpo` dmo smkáj`r`.
^f mgtmgdmk`s ao Mstad` n`k` uga s`nfmdad qum `rbagfza su p`dmr n`g `lcmt` dm
nukpofr jfgms dmtmrkfgad`s, oa fgstftunf`gaofdad ms mo kmdf`.
Dmsdm oa pmrspmntfva dm oa fgstftunf`gaofdad oas g`rkas tfmgdmg a smr bmgmraoms,
rmftmradas y mstaloms, y s`g aprmnfadas mg oa kmdfda „mspmnfaokmgtm mg dmk`nranfa- mg
qum smag ombëtfkas y mjmntfvas, rmjomcagd` oa rmaofdad s`nfao y sfmgd` anmptadas p`r o`s
qum sm s`kmtmg a mooas, ao smgtfrsm partënfpms mg su n`gjfburanfþg. Oa fgstftunf`gaofdad,
mg msm smgtfd` dmlm p`sflfoftar mo jouc` qum pmrkfta oa n`gstrunnfþg dm p`oëtfnas pólofnas,
mg oa kmdfda mg qum oa hmnhura dm p`oëtfnas pólofnas sup`gm ug pr`nms` y oa lósqumda
dm ug rmsuotad` a travæs dm o`s kmnagfsk`s fgstftunf`gaoms.
Mo Dmrmnh`, mg mstm smgtfd` tmgdmrá a nulrfr oas rmoanf`gms s`nfaoms rmomvagtms dm t`d`s
o`s smbkmgt`s dm oa s`nfmdad `lcmt` dm su rmbuoanfþg, p`r ug oad`, y p`r `tr`, ao smr uga
dm sus jugnf`gms oa `rbagfzanfþg dmo p`dmr p`oëtfn`, sm tragsj`rka mg mo n`gcugt` dm
g`rkas qum t`rgag mstalom y a oa vmz jomxflom oa dfvfsfþg dmo p`dmr p`oëtfn` adkfgfstratfv`,
   s
nuy` jfg, prmnfsakmgtm ms atmgdmr ` bmstf`gar o`s dfstfgt`s áklft`s dm rmoanf`gakfmgt`    a
   n
mgtrm Mstad` y s`nfmdad nfvfo a travæs dmo Dmrmnh` y oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas.    f
    o
    l
    ó
Oa n`hmrmgnfa ` fgtmbranfþg ms `tr` dm o`s kmdf`s qum dmg`ta uga kay`r     U
   s
fgstftunf`gaofzanfþg p`oëtfna.    a
   n
   f
   t
    ë
    o
   ` >1
    U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

‟]ga `rbagfzanfþg mjmntfva rmqufmrm p`r o` kmg`s ug n`gsmgs` sustagnfao mg nuagt`

a o`s oëkftms jugnf`gaoms dmo brup` y anmrna dm o`s pr`nmdfkfmgt`s qum sm susnftag
dmgtr` dm moo`s‛ (Hugtfgbt`g,16:83>1).
Mo Dmrmnh`, mg n`gsmnumgnfa, ms oa mxprmsfþg dm n`gsmgs`s lásfn`s s`lrm rmoanf`gms
s`nfaoms rmomvagtms ` qum kmrmnmg smr rmbuoadas hanfa oa lósqumda dm jfgms n`kugms9
p`r su partm, o`s pr`nmdfkfmgt`s tfmgdmg a s`ounf`gar o`s n`gjofnt`s dm fgtmrmsms mg
jugnfþg a pas`s qum sm dmlmg dar mg mcmrnfnf` dm oa jugnfþg dmo Dmrmnh` para dfrfkfr o`s
n`gjofnt`s dm fgtmrmsms y ms uga ms hmrrakfmgta jugdakmgtao p`rqum ms ug n`gcugt` dm
 g`rkas bmgmraoms, jomxfloms y qum mg dmk`nranfa tfmgdmg a smr ombëtfkas.
>.>. N`gstftunfþg U`oëtfna dmo Mstad`
\mspmnt` a oas U`oëtfnas Uólofnas y su n`gstrunnfþg, nalm dmstanar mo artënuo` <><
qum dfsp`gm o`s prfgnfpf`s qum rfbmg oa Adkfgfstranfþg Uólofna, æst`s sm tradunmg
mg o`s ofgmakfmgt`s, oas dfrmntrfnms qum mstalomnmg ug karn` qum n`kprmgdm g` sþo`
antfvfdadms dm oas y o`s smrvfd`rms pólofn`s, sfg` oa kagmra mg qum sm rmaofzag æstas. Mg
mjmnt`, mst`s prfgnfpf`s sm apofnag ao mcmrnfnf` dm oa jugnfþg pólofna, a oas antfvfdadms
qum æsta n`goomva y oa j`rka mg qum s`g oomvadas a nal` y s`g o`s sfbufmgtms3 ombftfkfdad,
ombaofdad, fkparnfaofdad, pulofnfdad, n`kpr`kfs` m fgtmræs s`nfao, ætfna, tragsparmgnfa,
tr agsparmgnfa,
fbuaodad, n`kpmtmgnfa, mjfnfmgnfa, naofdad, naofdmz, h`gmstfdad, rmsp`gsalfofdad y
rmsuotad`s.
Mg prfgnfpf`, mo n`gnmpt` dm adkfgfstranfþg hanm rmjmrmgnfa ao `rdmgakfmgt`, a oa
`rbagfzanfþg, a travæs dm ant`s y pr`nmdfkfmgt`s, dm o`s kmdf`s y rmnurs`s dfsp`gfloms
n`g mo jfg dm apr`vmnharo`s dm kagmra admnuada y mg n`rrmsp`gdmgnfa a oas gmnmsfdadms
mxfstmgtms. Mg mjmnt`, oa adkfgfstranfþg sm tradunm mg oas antfvfdadms dm mcmnunfþg,
poagfjfnanfþg y `rbagfzanfþg gmnmsarfas para kagtmgmr oas jugnf`gms y mo nukpofkfmgt`
dm `lcmtfv`s dm uga `rbagfzanfþg. U`r `tra partm, oa msjmra dm o` pólofn` sup`gm mo áklft`
pmrtmgmnfmgtm a oa n`omntfvfdad, n`k` sma qum æsta sma mgtmgdfda (ganfþg, n`kugfdad),
mg tagt` ms pmrnflfda n`k` tao p`r oa pr`pfa n`omntfvfdad (L`llf`, 1666). N`kprmgdm o`
    U n`kóg, o` qum ms dmo n`omntfv`.
    A
    N
    G Mg mstm mgtmgdfd`, adkfgfstrar o` pólofn`, oa Adkfgfstranfþg Uólofna, fkpofna `rbagfzar
    M  y mcmnutar o`s asugt`s pmrtmgmnfmgtms ao áklft` pólofn`, aqumoo`s rmoatfv`s ao fgtmræs
    N
  -
   g
n`omntfv`, su dfrmnnfþg ` bmstfþg.
    þ
   f
   n
   a
Oa Adkfgfstranfþg Uólofna, sfbufmgd` msta fdma, ms oa partm `rbágfna dmo Mstad`,
   t
   f mgnarbada dm rmaofzar oas antfvfdadms rmoanf`gadas a o`s fgtmrmsms n`omntfv`s, mg
   n
   a  vfgnuoanfþg ao Mstad`, mg mo karn` dmo `rdmg curëdfn` mstalomnfd`, qum n`gsfstmg mg oa
   p
   a nrmanfþg dm ant`s, tagt` curëdfn`s n`k` katmrfaoms, n`g mo jfg dm satfsjanmr gmnmsfdadms
    N
   m
    d
 y rmqumrfkfmgt`s dm oa s`nfmdad a oa qum sm dmlm.
   `
   r
   t Mst`s ant`s adkfgfstratfv`s sm tradunmg mg oa prmstanfþg dm smrvfnf`s pólofn`s y
   g
><    m antfvfdadms lur`nrátfn`-adkfgfstratfvas, n`k` oa `t`rbanfþg dm ofnmgnfas, n`gnmsf`gms
    N

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

moal`ranfþg dm g`rkatfvas, mgtrm `tras. Asfkfsk`, mst`s ant`s fkpofnag oa fgtmrvmgnfþg

dmo Mstad` mg o`s dfjmrmgtms smnt`rms y áklft`s, n`g mo pr`pþsft` dm k`dfjfnaro`s mg
 lmgmjfnf` dm oa n`omntfvfdad, n`k` oa nrmanfþg m fkpomkmgtanfþg dm p`oëtfnas pólofnas.
(Nalagmooas, T`k` F, 166:).
O`s ant`s a o`s qum sm hanm rmjmrmgnfa s`g mcmrnfd`s p`r o`s `rbagfsk`s dm p`dmr pólofn`,
rmn`g`nfd`s p`r mo tmxt` n`gstftunf`gao vfbmgtm y p`r oa ombfsoanfþg. Mgtrm æst`s pumdm
dmstanarsm a o`s nuatr` þrbag`s dm p`dmr pólofn`9 Mcmnutfv` (artënuo` 1:=), Ombfsoatfv`
(artënuo` 14=), Cudfnfao (artënuo` 126) y Momnt`rao (artënuo` <5=)9 oas mgtfdadms tmrrft`rfaoms
 autþg`kas y dmsnmgtraofzadas3
rmbf`gaoms (artënuo` b`lfmrg`s
<81) y kugfnfpaoms autþg`k`s
(artënuo` <8>),dmpartakmgtaoms (artënuo` <22),
o`s b`lfmrg`s dmpartakmgtaoms
dmsnmgtraofzad`s (artënuo` <24)9 admkás dm `tras fgstftunf`gms pólofnas n`k` mo
Trflugao N`gstftunf`gao Uourfganf`gao (artënuo` 16:), oa N`gtrao`rëa Bmgmrao dmo Mstad`
(artënuo` <1>), oa Dmjmgs`rëa dmo Uumlo` (artënuo` <18), mo Kfgfstmrf` Uólofn` (artënuo`
<<=), oa Ur`nuradurëa Bmgmrao dmo Mstad` (artënuo` <<6).

>.4. Omy Gµ 222 dmo ^fstmka dm Uoagfnanfþg Fgtmbrao dmo Mstad`

(^UFM)
Mstalomnm mo n`gcugt` dm poagms mg mo oarb` poaz`, kmdfag` y n`rt` poaz`, asë n`k`
mo rmbfstr` para oa t`ka dm dmnfsf`gms y oa rmgdfnfþg dm numgtas, t`kagd` mg numgta
nrftmrf`s jugnf`gaoms, fgstftunf`gaoms y tmrrft`rfaoms.
Dm anumrd` ao parábraj` FF dmo artënuo` < dm oa Omy gµ 222, mo ^fstmka dm Uoagfjfnanfþg
Fgtmbrao dmo Mstad`, mstá n`gj`rkad` p`r o`s sfbufmgtms sulsfstmkas3
• Uoagfjfnanfþg.
• Fgvmrsfþg Uólofna y Jfgagnfakfmgt` Mxtmrg` para mo Dmsarr`oo`
Dmsarr `oo` Fgtmbrao.
• ^mbufkfmgt` y Mvaouanfþg Fgtmbrao dm Uoagms.

>.4.1. ^ulsfstmka dm Uoagfnanfþg

>.4.1.1. N`gj`rkanfþg dmo ^ulsfstmka dm Uoagfnanfþg

Dm anumrd` ao parábraj` F, artënuo` 1>, dm oa Omy Gµ 222 mo ^ulsfstmka dm Uoagfjfnanfþg
mstá n`gj`rkad` p`r mo n`gcugt` dm poagms dm oarb`, kmdfag` y n`rt` poaz` dm t`d`s o`s    s
   a
gfvmoms dmo Mstad` Uourfganf`gao y mo kfsk` sm fkpomkmgta a travæs dm ofgmakfmgt`s,    n
   f
    o
pr`nmdfkfmgt`s, kmt`d`o`bëas m fgstrukmgt`s tængfn`s dm poagfjfnanfþg.     l
    ó
    U
a. Uoagms dm oarb` poaz`
poaz` „ <= añ`s    s
   a
   n
   f
   t
•  Uoag Bmgmrao dm Dmsarr`oo`
Dmsarr`oo` Mn`gþkfn` y ^`nfao
^`nfao para Zfvfr Lfmg (UBDM^).
(UBDM^).     ë
    o
   ` >>
    U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

Mo parábraj` ZFFF dmo artënuo` 1> dm oa Omy Gµ 222, mstalomnm qum mo UBDM^ sm n`gstf-
tuym mg mo Uoag dm kay`r cmrarquëa dm poagfjfnanfþg dmo Mstad`, qum sm fkpomkmgta
a travæs dmo UDM^, dmo nuao sm dmsprmgdmg t`d`s o`s poagms dm kmdfag` poaz` dmo
^UFM. O`s UTDF y UBTN tfmgmg sfkfoar cmrarquëa y sm artfnuoag n`g o`s U^DF, UMK
 y UKDF.
 l. Uoagms dm kmdfag`
kmdfag` poaz` „ = añ`s
añ`s
• Uoag dm Dmsarr`oo` Mn`gþkfn` y ^`nfao mg mo karn` dmo Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao para
 Zfvfr Lfmg (UDM^).
 • Uoagms ^mnt`rfaoms dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao para Zfvfr Lfmg (U^DF).
• Uoagms Tmrrft`rfaoms dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao para Zfvfr Lfmg (UTDF).
• Uoagms dm Bmstfþg Tmrrft`rfao N`kugftarfa para Zfvfr Lfmg (UBTN).

• Uoagms Mstratæbfn`s Fgstftunf`gaoms (UMF).

• Uoagms dm Mkprmsas Uólofnas.
• Mstratmbfas dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao (MDF) dm rmbf`gms, rmbf`gms kmtr`p`oftagas
 y kanr`rmbf`gms mstratæbfnas.

Dm j`rka n`kpomkmgtarfa y vfgnuoada a oa poagffinanfþg smnt`rfao, sm j`rkuoarág

o`s Uoagms Kuotfsmnt`rfaoms dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao para Zfvfr Lfmg (UKDF) y o`s
Uoagms Mstratæbfn`s Kfgfstmrfaoms
Kfgfstmrf aoms (UMK) mg o`s Kfgfstmrf`s n`g bmstfþg tragsvmrsao.

n. Uoagms dm n`rt` poaz`

• Uoagms @pmratfv`s Aguaoms (U@A) y o`s poagms aguaoms dm mcmnunfþg dm oas
mkprmsas pólofnas (1) añ`.
• Uoagms Fgkmdfat`s (<) añ`s.
    U
    A
    N >.4.1.<. Cmrarquëa y N`gtmgfd` dm o`s Uoagms
    G
    M
    N
  -
   g Dm
a oaanumrd` a oa
cmrarquëa Omyn`gtmgfd`3
y su Gµ 222, sm mstalomnmg o`s sfbufmgtms poagms, `rbagfzad`s mg jugnfþg
    þ
   f
   n
   a
   t a. UBDM^.
   f
   n
   a  l. UDM^.
   p
   a
    N n. Uoagms ^mnt`rfaoms dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao Uara Zfvfr Lfmg.
   m
    d
   ` d. Uoagms Tmrrft`rfaoms dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao
Fgtmbrao Uara Zfvfr Lfmg.
   r
   t
   g
>4    m
    N

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

m. Uoagms dm Bmstfþg Tmrrft`rfao N`kugftarfa para Zfvfr Lfmg dm oas Aut`g`këas

Fgdëbmga @rfbfgarfa Nakpmsfgas.
j. Uoagms Mstratæbfn`s Fgstftunf`gaoms.
b. Uoagms dm Mkprmsas Uólofnas.
h. Mstratmbfas dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao.
f. Uoagms Fgkmdfat`s.
 c. Uoagms @pmratfv`s Aguaoms.
 a. Uoag Bmgmrao
Bmgmrao dm Dmsarr`oo` Mn`gþkfn`
Mn`gþkfn` y ^`nfao - UBDM^

^mbóg mo artënuo` 14 dm oa Omy Gµ 222, mo UBDM^, n`gdunm oa poagfjfnanfþg fgtmbrao dm

oarb` poaz` dmo Mstad` Uourfganf`gao y mstalomnm oa vfsfþg p`oëtfna para oa n`gstrunnfþg
dmo h`rfz`gtm dmo Zfvfr Lfmg mg ark`gëa y mqufoflrf` n`g oa Kadrm Tfmrra.

 l. Uoag dm Dmsarr`oo` Mn`gþkfn` y ^`nfao

^`nfao - UDM^
^mbóg mo artënuo` 1= dm oa Omy Gµ 222, mo UDM^ mg mo karn` dmo Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao
Uara Zfvfr Lfmg, ms mo fgstrukmgt` a travæs dmo nuao sm nagaofza oa vfsfþg p`oëtfna qum sm
dmsprmgdm dmo UBDM^, katmrfaofzada mg oa poagfjfnanfþg dm kmdfag` poaz`.

Mo UDM^ n`gtfmgm momkmgt`s dmo `rdmgakfmgt` dmo tmrrft`rf`, s`lrm mo nuao mo Þrbag`
\mnt`r dmo ^UFM moal`ra mo karn` bmgmrao y mo Uoag Ganf`gao dm @rdmgakfmgt` Tmrrft`rfao,
n`g ug mgj`qum dm bmstfþg dm sfstmkas dm vfda, dm bmstfþg dm rfmsb`s y naklf` nofkátfn`,
mg n``rdfganfþg n`g oas mgtfdadms n`kpmtmgtms, qum dmlmrá smr n`gs`ofdad` dm j`rka
braduao mg ug pr`nms` dm poagfjfnanfþg tmrrft`rfao dm dmsarr`oo` fgtmbrao.
n. Uoagms ^mnt`rfaoms
^mnt`rfaoms dm Dmsarr`oo`
Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao
Fgtmbrao para Zfvfr Lfmg
^mbóg mo artënuo` 1:, o`s Uoagms ^mnt`rfaoms dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao para Zfvfr Lfmg (U^DF),
sm dmsprmgdmg dmo UDM^ y s`g poagms dm narántmr `pmratfv` qum pmrkftmg fgtmbrar mg
mo kmdfag` poaz` mo annf`gar dm o`s dfjmrmgtms smnt`rms, mstalomnfmgd` o`s ofgmakfmgt`s
para oa poagfjfnanfþg tmrrft`rfao y `rfmgtanf`gms para mo smnt`r prfvad`, `rbagfzanf`gms
n`kugftarfas, s`nfao n``pmratfvas, asë n`k` para mo n`gcugt` dm o`s ant`rms s`nfaoms.
d. Uoagms Tmrrft`rfaoms
Tmrrft`rfaoms dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao
Fgtmbrao para Zfvfr Lfmg
^mbóg mo artënuo` 12 dm oa Omy Gµ 222, o`s Uoagms Tmrrft`rfaoms dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao    s
   a
para Zfvfr Lfmg (UTDF) n`gstftuymg oa poagfjfnanfþg tmrrft`rfao dm dmsarr`oo` fgtmbrao dm    n
   f
    o
kmdfag` poaz` dm o`s b`lfmrg`s autþg`k`s dmpartakmgtaoms, rmbf`gaoms y kugfnfpaoms.     l
    ó
    U
O`s Uoagms Tmrrft`rfaoms dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao n`kprmgdmg3    s
   a
   n
   f
   t
• Uoagms dm b`lfmrg`s autþg`k`s dmpartakmgtaoms qum sm moal`rarág mg n`gn`r-     ë

dagnfa n`g mo UDM^ y mg artfnuoanfþg n`g o`s U^DF.

    o
   ` >=
    U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

• Uoagms dm b`lfmrg`s autþg`k`s rmbf`gaoms y kugfnfpaoms qum sm moal`rarág mg

n`gn`rdagnfa n`g mo UDM^ y mo UTDF dmo b`lfmrg` autþg`k` dmpartakmgtao qum
n`rrmsp`gda, mg artfnuoanfþg n`g o`s U^DF.
m. Uoagms Tmrrft`rfaoms
Tmrrft`rfaoms dm Dmsarr`oo`
Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao
Fgtmbrao para Zfvfr Lfmg
^mbóg mo artënuo` 18 dm oa Omy Gµ 222, o`s Uoagms dm Bmstfþg Tmrrft`rfao N`kugftarfa
para Zfvfr Lfmg dm oas Aut`g`këas Fgdëbmga @rfbfgarfa Nakpmsfgas (UBTN), mstág
`rfmgtad`s a j`rtaomnmr oa poagfjfnanfþg tmrrft`rfao dm dmsarr`oo` fgtmbrao dm kmdfag`
poaz` dm oas ganf`gms y pumlo`s qum oas n`kp`gmg, t`kagd` mg numgta sus pr`pfas vf-
sf`gms s`nfaoms, nuoturaoms, p`oëtfnas y mn`gþkfnas.
 j. Uoagms Mstratæbfn`s Fgstftunf`gaoms
^mbóg mo artënuo` 16 dm oa Omy Gµ 222, o`s Uoagms Mstratæbfn`s Fgstftunf`gaoms (UMF´s)
pmrkftmg a nada mgtfdad ` fgstftunfþg pólofna mstalomnmr, mg mo karn` dm sus atrflunf`-
gms, su n`gtrflunfþg dfrmnta a oa fkpomkmgtanfþg dmo UDM^, U^DF, UMK ` UTDF smbóg
n`rrmsp`gda, y sm moal`rarág dm j`rka sfkuotágma y n``rdfgada n`g o`s poagms dm km-
dfag` poaz`.
b. Uoagms dm Mkprmsas Uólofnas
Mo artënuo` <5 dm oa Omy Gµ 222 mstalomnm qum o`s Uoagms dm oas Mkprmsas Uólofnas
mstág artfnuoad`s ao U^DF. Oa poagfjfnanfþg mkprmsarfao pólofna n`gstftuym oa antfvfdad
jugdakmgtao qum dfrmnnf`ga y `rfmgta oa t`ka dm dmnfsf`gms mg oa mkprmsa para mo o`br`
dm oas kmtas, rmsuotad`s y annf`gms qum n`gtrfluymg ao nukpofkfmgt` dmo UDM^ y U^DF
dmo smnt`r ao qum pmrtmgmzna oa mkprmsa.
O`s Uoagms dm oas Mkprmsas Uólfnas, smrág j`rkuoad`s mg o`s poaz`s mstalomnfd`s para
o`s U^DF y sm moal`rarág dm j`rka artfnuoada y sfkuotágma n`g mo poag dm kmdfag` poaz`
dmo smnt`r qum n`rrmsp`gda.
Oa poagfjfnanfþg dm oas Mkprmsas Uólofnas mstá fgtmbrada
fgtmbr ada p`r3
    U
    A • Uoagms Mstratæbfn`s Mkprmsarfaoms
    N
    G
    M • Uoagms Mstratæbfn`s N`rp`ratfv`s
    N
  -
   g • Uoagms Aguaoms dm Mcmnunfþg.
    þ
   f
   n
   a
   t O`s agtmrf`rms poagms smrág moal`rad`s mg mo karn` dm oa Omy Gµ 222, oa Omy Gµ 4:: dm oa
   f
   n Mkprmsa Uólofna, y o`s ofgmakfmgt`s bmgmraoms para oa poagfjfnanfþg mkprmsarfao pólofna: 
   a
   p apr`lad`s p`r mo N`gsmc` ^upmrf`r Mstratæbfn` dm oa Mkprmsa Uólofna - N@^MMU.
   a
    N
   m
    d
   `
   r
   t : Mo Kfgfstmrf` dm Uoagfnanfþg
Uoagfnanfþg dmo Dmsarr`oo` mkftfþ o`s Ofgmakfmgt`s Tragsft`rf`
Tragsft`rf`ss para oa J`rkuoanfþg dm Uoagms dm oas
   g
>:    m Mkprmsas Uólofnas. ^mra mo N`gsmc` ^upmrf`r Mstratæbfn` dm oa Mkprmsa Uólofna oa fgstagnfa qum apr`lará o`s Ofgmakfmgt`s
    N para oa Uoagfnanfþg dm oas Mkprmsas Uólofnas.

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

h. Mstratmbfas dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao

Mo artënuo` <1 dm oa Omy Gµ 222, mstalomnm qum oas Mstratmbfas dm Dmsarr`oo` Fgtmbrao (MDF) 2 
n`gstftuymg oa poagfjfnanfþg a kmdfag` poaz` dm oas rmbf`gms, rmbf`gms kmtr`p`oftagas
 y kanr`rmbf`gms mstratæbfnas, artfnuoadas ao UDM^, a o`s UTDF dmpartakmgtaoms y
kugfnfpaoms qum n`rrmsp`gdag, y a o`s U^DF.
f. Uoagms Fgkmdfat`s
Mo artënuo` << dm oa Omy Gµ 222, mstalomnm qum o`s Uoagms Fgkmdfat`s s`g j`rkuoad`s

p`r mo Kfgfstmrf`
\mnt`r n`rrmsp`gdfmgtm
dmo ^UFM, n`g mg hasta
uga duranfþg dm mo karn`
d`sdmo
(<) UDM^ y n``rdfgad`soas
añ`s, n`gsfdmragd` p`r mo Þrbag`
gmnmsfdadms
 fgkmdfatas dm artfnuoanfþg dm pr`nms`s, kmdfdas, annf`gms y dmsarr`oo` dm napanfdadms
mn`gþkfnas, jfgagnfmras, s`nfaoms, aklfmgtaoms, nuoturaoms, y `tr`s qum rmsuotmg dm oas
prf`rfdadms dmo pr`nms` dm bmstfþg pólofna.
O`s Uoagms dm n`gtfgbmgnfa agtm mvmgt`s dm dmsastrms gaturaoms s`g n`gsfdmrad`s
Uoagms Fgkmdfat`s y sm j`rkuoag m fkpomkmgtag p`r o`s kfgfstmrf`s rmsp`gsaloms, mg
mo karn` dm oa g`rkatfva vfbmgtm, mg n``rdfganfþg n`g mo Þrbag` \mnt`r dmo ^fstmka dm
Uoagfjfnanfþg Fgtmbrao dmo Mstad`.
O`s Uoagms Fgkmdfat`s tmgdrág oa kfska mstruntura y n`gtmgfd` dm o`s U^DF.

 c. Uoagms @pmratfv`s Aguaoms

Mo artënuo` <> dm oa Omy Gµ 222 mstalomnm qum o`s Uoagms @pmratfv`s Aguaoms (U@A) s`g
oa pr`brakanfþg dm annf`gms dm n`rt` poaz` dm nada mgtfdad pólofna smñaoada mg mo
artënuo` 4 dm oa Omy 222, y s`g apr`lad`s p`r oa Káxfka Aut`rfdad Mcmnutfva (KAM)
n`rrmsp`gdfmgtm.
Mo Uoag @pmratfv` Aguao n`gtmkpoará oa mstfkanfþg dm tfmkp`s dm mcmnunfþg, o`s
rmnurs`s jfgagnfmr`s gmnmsarf`s, oa dmsfbganfþg dm rmsp`gsaloms, asë n`k` oas kmtas,
rmsuotad`s y annf`gms aguaoms.
Oas KAM dm oas mgtfdadms pólofnas smñaoadas mg mo artënuo` 4 dm oa Omy Gµ 222, p`drág
rmaofzar acustms ao U@A, para mo nukpofkfmgt` dm oas kmtas y rmsuotad`s dm bmstfþg,
n`gn`rdagtms n`g mo UMF y oa poagfjfnanfþg dm kmdfag` poaz`, n`gj`rkm a g`rkatfva
 vfbmgtm.
Oas mgtfdadms pólofnas p`drág j`rkuoar ug prmsupumst` pourfaguao dm kagmra artfnu-    s
oada a oa poagfjfnanfþg dm kmdfag` y n`rt` poaz`, dm anumrd` a g`rkatfva.    a
   n
   f
    o
    l
O`s U@A smrág fgtmbrad`s p`r oas mgtfdadms n`kpmtmgtms, mg oas Uoataj`rkas dmo ^UFM,     ó
    U
dm anumrd` a ofgmakfmgt`s dmo Þrbag` \mnt`r dmo ^UFM.    s
   a
   n
   f
   t
    ë
    o
   ` >2
2 Moal`rada p`r oa Mgtfdad Tmrrft`rfao Autþg`ka \mbf`gao.     U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

>.=. Omy Gµ 28: Uoag

Uoag dm Dmsarr`oo` Mn`gþkfn` ^`nfao (UDM^) y oas
U`oëtfnas Uólofnas - UDM^
Oa Omy Gµ 28: dmo 15 dm karz` dm <51:, aprumla mo Uoag Bmgmrao dm Dmsarr`oo`
Mn`gþkfn` ^`nfao qum mstalomnm mo karn` para oa poagfjfnanfþg dm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas.
Mo UDM^ sm n`gstftuym mg mo karn` mstratæbfn` y dm prf`rfzanfþg dm kmtas, rmsuotad`s
 y annf`gms, kfsk` qum sm moal`ra pmgsagd` ug tfmkp` oarb` oar b` dm dmsarr`oo` qum sm ha
dmg`kfgad` mg L`ofvfa oa Abmgda Uatrfþtfna <5<=. Oa fdma nmgtrao dm msta poagfjfnanfþg
kanr`, dm msta h`ca dm ruta dm L`ofvfa, ms oa dm oombar ao <5<= (lfnmgtmgarf` dm L`ofvfa)
n`g ug Mstad` l`ofvfag` mg dmsarr`oo` y pr`brms`.
Mo UDM^ ms mo rmsuotad` dm uga rmjomxfþg dm o`s óotfk`s añ`s dm b`lfmrg`, mspmnëjfnakmgtm
 dm o`s rmsuotad`s dmo pmrf`d` <55:-<51=, dm msta kagmra mo Uoag sm pr`p`gm smgtar oas
 lasms y buëas para mo dmsarr`oo` dm p`oëtfnas pólofnas duragtm oa bmstfþg <51:-<5<5.
Urmnfsakmgtm, mo Uoag prmsmgta uga mvaouanfþg dm o`s o`br`s y mstad` dm sftuanfþg dmo
Mstad` l`ofvfag` dm <55: a <514. Oumb` dmsarr`ooa n`k` mcm artfnuoad`r dm nada uga dm
oas partms dmo Uoag a oa g`nfþg dm vfvfr lfmg.
^f lfmg oa n`gnmpnfþg dm vfvfr lfmg ms akpofa, oa kfska dmlm smr fgtmrprmtada n`k` ug
kagdat` dm `ptfkfzanfþg, ms dmnfr n`k` uga kagmra p`sftfva y alfmrta dm o`brar o` kás
admnuad` a nada nas` n`gnrmt`.

Jfgaokmgtm, oa Omy Gµ 222 dmo ^UFM mg su Dfsp`sfnfþg Adfnf`gao smbugda párraj` FFF
mstalomnm qum3 ‟(…) k`dfjfna mo artënuo` 12 dm oa Omy G³ 1128 dm <5 dm cuof` dm 1665, dm
 Adkfgfstranfþg y N`gtr`o Bulmrgakmgtaoms, n`g oa sfbufmgtm rmdannfþg3
rmdannfþg3

‟artënuo` 12³.- Mo ^fstmka dm Uoagfjfnanfþg Fgtmbrao dmo Mstad` „ ^UFM, bmgmrará oas
mstratmbfas y p`oëtfnas bulmrgakmgtaoms qum smrág mcmnutadas kmdfagtm o`s sfstmkas
dm Adkfgfstranfþg y N`gtr`o rmbuoad`s p`r Omy.‛ 

>.:. Omy Gµ 1128 dm Adkfgfstranfþg y N`gtr`o Bulmrgakmgtaoms

    U
    A Oa Omy Gµ 1128 dm <5 dm cuof` dm 1665, ‟rmbuoa o`s sfstmkas dm adkfgfstranfþg y n`gtr`o
    N
    G dm o`s rmnurs`s dmo Mstad` y su rmoanfþg n`g mo ^fstmka dm Uoagfjfnanfþg Fgtmbrao dmo
    M
    N Mstad` n`g mo `lcmt` dm3
  -
   g
    þ
   f a. Ur`brakar, `rbagfzar, mcmnutar y n`gtr`oar oa naptanfþg y mo us` mjfnaz y mjfnfmgtm dm
   n
   a
   t
o`s rmnurs`s pólofn`s para mo nukpofkfmgt` y acustm `p`rtug` dm oas p`oëtfnas, o`s
   f
   n pr`brakas, oa prmstanfþg dm smrvfnf`s y o`s pr`ymnt`s dmo ^mnt`r Uólofn`.
   a
   p
   a  l. Dfsp`gmr dm fgj`rkanfþg
fgj`rkanfþg ótfo, `p`rtuga
`p`rtuga y n`gjfalom
n`gjfalom asmburagd` oa raz`galfofdad dm
    N
   m
    d
o`s fgj`rkms y mstad`s jfgagnfmr`s.
   `
   r
   t n. O`brar qum t`d` smrvfd`r pólofn`, sfg dfstfgnfþg
dfstfgnfþg dm cmrarquëa, asuka pomga
   g
>8    m rmsp`gsalfofdad p`r sus ant`s rfgdfmgd` numgta g` sþo` dm o`s `lcmtfv`s a qum sm
    N

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

dmstfgar`g o`s rmnurs`s pólofn`s qum om jumr`g n`gjfad`s, sfg` taklfæg dm oa j`rka
 y rmsuotad` dm su apofnanfþg.
d. Dmsarr`ooar oa napanfdad
napanfdad adkfgfstratfva
adkfgfstratfva para fkpmdfr
fkpmdfr ` fdmgtfjfnar y n`kpr`lar mo
kagmc` fgn`rrmnt` dm o`s rmnurs`s dmo Mstad`.

>.2. Mo N`gtr`o Bulmrgakmgtao y oa G`rka dm Audft`rëa

@pmranf`gao s`lrm oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas y o`s poagms dmo
^UFM
O`s kmnagfsk`s dm n`gtr`o bulmrgakmgtao prmtmgdmg asmburar oa ombaofdad dm oa annfþg
pólofna, augqum ms mspmnfaokmgtm fkp`rtagtm mg oa jasm dm fkpoagtanfþg dm oas p`oëtfnas
 pólofnas. Mo n`gtr`o sm `nupa dm oa mjfnfmgnfa fgtmrga.
N`gtr`o ms ‟vmrfjfnar sf t`d` sm da dm n`gj`rkfdad n`g mo pr`braka ad`ptad`,
oas þrdmgms dadas y o`s prfgnfpf`s adkftfd`s‛.

Mo artënuo` >1 dm oa Omy Gµ 222 dmo ^UFM mstalomnm rmspmnt` a oa Mvaouanfþg Fgtmbrao qum3
 F. Oa mvaouanfþg fgtmbrao dm o`s poagms dm oarb`,
oarb`, kmdfag` y n`rt` poaz`, sm rmaofzará
mg mo karn` dm uga vao`ranfþg nuagtftatfva y/` nuaoftatfva dm kmdf` tærkfg`,
rmspmnt` ao aonagnm dm oas kmtas, rmsuotad`s y annf`gms.

 FF. p`r
Oa mvaouanfþg fgtmbrao
mo Þrbag` \mnt`r dmodm^UFM,
kmdf`mgtærkfg` dmo UBDM^
n``rdfganfþg n`g oasy Káxfkas
UDM^ smrá mjmntuada
Aut`rfdadms
 Mcmnutfvas dm oas mgtfdadms pólofnas smñaoadas mg mo artënuo` 4 dm oa Omy Gµ 222,
smbóg n`rrmsp`gda.
 Oa mvaouanfþg fgtmbrao
f gtmbrao dmo UDM^ sm rmaofzará s`lrm oa lasm dm o`s rmp`rtms dm
smbufkfmgt` fgtmbrao dmo ^UFM y dm o`s fgj`rkms dm mvaouanfþg fgtmbrao dm o`s
 poagms, o`s nuaoms smrág n`kugfnad`s a oa N`gtrao`rëa Bmgmrao dmo Mstad` para
 jfgms prmvfst`s mg mo artënuo` 6 dm oa prmsmgtm Omy.
Oa mjfnanfa dm oa annfþg pólofna tfmgm qum vmr n`g mo o`br` dm o`s `lcmtfv`s mstalomnfd`s
prmvfakmgtm, mg oa jasm dm j`rkuoanfþg. Zao`rar oa mjfnanfa mxtmrga dm oa annfþg pólofna
ms uga prm`nupanfþg tëpfna dm oa jasm dm mvaouanfþg dm p`oëtfnas. ^m n`kparag o`s mjmnt`s
m jmnt`s
` fkpant`s `lsmrvad`s s`lrm mo tmrrmg` n`g o`s `lcmtfv`s dm oas p`oëtfnas. Oa fgmjfnanfa
mg oas p`oëtfnas pumdm dmlmrsm a uga ` varfas dm oas sfbufmgtms nausas3
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• U`rqum g` mrag admnuadas    a
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• U`rqum mrag fgsujfnfmgtms     ó
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• U`rqum mo n`kp`rtakfmgt` dm o`s ajmntad`s ` o`s mcmnut`rms g` mra
mr a mo admnuad`    a
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    ë
• U`rqum oas nfrnugstagnfas hag naklfad`     o
   ` >6
    U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

Mo dfsmñ` fgstftunf`gao fgnoufd` mg oa N`gstftunfþg U`oëtfna dmo Mstad` mstalomnm qum

mo Mstad` `rbagfza y mstruntura su p`dmr pólofn` a travæs dm o`s þrbag`s Ombfsoatfv`,
Mcmnutfv`, Cudfnfao y Momnt`rao (Artënuo`1< parábraj` F), pmr` taklfæg mstalom jugnf`gms
dm n`gtr`o, dmjmgsa dmo Mstad` y dm oa s`nfmdad mgtrm `tras. ^m tfmgm n`k` agtmnmdmgtm
dmgtr` dm oa jugnfþg dm n`gtr`o mg 188>, mo Trflugao Ganf`gao dm Numgtas, qum
p`stmrf`rkmgtm sm n`gvmrtfrëa mg oa antuao N`gtrao`rëa Bmgmrao dmo Mstad`, qum tfmgm
mo jfg dm mcmrnmr oa supmrvfsfþg y mo n`gtr`o mxtmrg` p`stmrf`r dm oas mgtfdadms pólofnas
 y dm aqumooas mg qum tmgba partfnfpanfþg
partfnfpanfþg ` fgtmræs mn`gþkfn` mo Mstad` (artënuo` <12).
Oa N`gtrao`rëa Bmgmrao dmo Mstad` ms uga fgstftunfþg dm narántmr tængfn`. Mst` sfbgfjfna
qum
mstaroadfrfbfda
antuanfþg
p`rdm
oa dfnha fgstftunfþg
napanfdad tængfnag` dmlmrëa mstar ofbada
y pr`jmsf`gaofsk`, mg moaokarn`
qumhanmr
dm oap`oëtfn` sfg`
aut`g`këa
jugnf`gao, jfgagnfmra, adkfgfstratfva y `rbagfzatfva.
 Mo narántmr tængfn` dm oa N`gtrao`rëa sm mgnumgtra rmoanf`gad` n`g qum mo n`gtr`o sm
rmaofza, jugdakmgtaokmgtm, a travæs dm oa ‟audft`rëa‛, qum n`gsfstm mg ug mxakmg rmboad`,
sfstmkátfn` y nrëtfn` dm dmtmrkfgad`s fgdfnad`rms qum mxfbm nuaofjfnanfþg m fd`gmfdad
pr`jmsf`gao dm qufmgms oa prantfnag para baragtfzar oa jfdmofdad m fkparnfaofdad dm sus
rmsuotad`s.
Oa jugnfþg prfgnfpao dm oa N`gtrao`rëa Bmgmrao dmo Mstad` ms mcmrnmr oa jugnfþg dm n`gtr`o
dm oa adkfgfstranfþg dm oas mgtfdadms pólofnas y aqumooas mg oas qum mo Mstad` tmgba
partfnfpanfþg ` fgtmræs mn`gþkfn`. Mo mstalomnfkfmgt` dm kmnagfsk`s qum n`gtr`omg mo
mcmrnfnf` dm oas mgtfdadms pólofnas ms lásfn` mg ug sfstmka p`oëtfn` dmk`nrátfn`, ya sma
a travæs dmo mstalomnfkfmgt` dm kmnagfsk`s fgtmrg`s ao jugnf`gakfmgt` mstatao, mg mo
qum ug þrbag` n`gtr`oa oa antuanfþg dm `tr`, ` n`g mo mstalomnfkfmgt` dm fgstftunf`gms
mspmnëjfnas dm n`gtr`o.
N`g mo fgnrmkmgt` dmo annf`gar mstatao, sm hag aukmgtad` pr`brmsfvakmgtm oas
rmsp`gsalfofdadms dm oa adkfgfstranfþg pólofna, y p`r o` tagt` sm ha n`gvmrtfd` mg
ug aspmnt` kmduoar tagt` mo n`gtr`o n`k` oa mvaouanfþg dm oa bmstfþg adkfgfstratfva,
msta ms kmduoarkmgtm oa ëgtfka rmoanfþg mgtrm oa N`gtrao`rëa y oas p`oëtfnas pólofnas.
    U
    A Mg tagt` mo Mstad`, a travæs dm o`s smrvfd`rms y jugnf`garf`s pólofn`s, adkfgfstrag
    N
    G  lfmgms y rmnurs`s pólofn`s, su antuanfþg ms dm fgtmræs s`nfao, y sm mxprmsa kmdfagtm oa
    M poagfjfnanfþg y mcmnunfþg dm pr`brakas y p`oëtfnas pólofnas.
    N
  -
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    þ
   f Ms p`r mstm k`tfv` qum oa antuanfþg dm oa adkfgfstranfþg pólofna dmlm smr n`gtr`oada,
   n
   a
ms dmnfr, s`kmtfda a `lsmrvanfþg y vfbfoagnfa mspmnëjfna. Mst` sm tradunm gmnmsarfakmgtm
   t
   f mg oa p`sflfofdad dm n`gtar n`g fgj`rkanfþg s`lrm oas `pmranf`gms dmo b`lfmrg`, qum
   n
   a
   p
sma ótfo mg oa t`ka dm dmnfsf`gms, mg oa t`ka dm annf`gms n`rrmntfvas y mg mo mcmrnfnf` dmo
   a
    N
n`gtr`o dfrmnt`.
   m
    d Mo artënuo` <1> dm oa NUM mstalomnm qum oa N`gtrao`rëa Bmgmrao dmo Mstad` mcmrnm oa
   `
   r
   t jugnfþg dm n`gtr`o dm oa adkfgfstranfþg dm oas mgtfdadms pólofnas y dm aqumooas mg oas
   g
45    m qum mo Mstad` tmgba partfnfpanfþg ` fgtmræs mn`gþkfn`. Mg msm karn`, oa N`gtrao`rëa
    N

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

tfmgm mo kagdat` dm mcmrnmr mo n`gtr`o s`lrm oa adkfgfstranfþg dm d`s tfp`s dm mgtfdadms3

oas mgtfdadms pólofnas y oas mgtfdadms mg oas qum mo Mstad` tmgba partfnfpanfþg ` fgtmræs
mn`gþkfn` n`k` oas mkprmsas pólofnas „qum s`g pr`pfmdad dmo Mstad`„ y s`lrm oas
mgtfdadms dm mn`g`këa kfxta (artënuo` >5:) mg oas qum uga dm oas partms sma mo Mstad`.
Umr` sm akpoëa mo kagdat`, mg tagt` g` sþo` fkpofna oa partfnfpanfþg dmo Mstad`, pums
sm pumdm dar mo nas` mg mo qum uga mgtfdad g` sma mstatao gf kfxta, pmr` su antfvfdad
fkpofqum mo fgtmræs mn`gþkfn` dmo Mstad`, p`r mcmkpo` p`r tratarsm dm ug smrvfnf`
mstratæbfn` (artënuo` <12) ` pr`dunt` dm uga n`gnmsfþg dm mxpo`tanfþg dm ug rmnurs`
gaturao mstratæbfn`, p`r o` qum smrëa dm fgtmræs pólofn` para mo dmsarr`oo` dmo paës
(artënuo` >48).
Mg mo mcmrnfnf` dm oa jugnfþg dmo N`gtr`o, sm om asfbga a oa N`gtrao`rëa Bmgmrao dmo Mstad`
oa januotad dm dmtmrkfgar fgdfnf`s dm rmsp`gsalfofdad adkfgfstratfva, mcmnutfva, nfvfo y
pmgao. Msta januotad fkpofna qum, sf mg mo mcmrnfnf` dmo n`gtr`o a oa bmstfþg adkfgfstratfva
 pólofna ` dm oas mgtfdadms mg oas qum mo Mstad` tmgba partfnfpanfþg ` fgtmræs mn`gþkfn`,
oa N`gtrao`rëa Bmgmrao dmo Mstad`, a travæs dm sus jugnf`garf`s, mgnumgtra fgdfnf`s dm
frrmbuoarfdadms, dmlm fgvmstfbaro`s y pr`p`gmr pr`nms`s adkfgfstratfv`s ` cudfnfaoms,
smbóg mo nas`, n`gtra oa pmrs`ga rmsp`gsalom dm æstas frrmbuoarfdadms.
Mg nas` dm qum oa frrmbuoarfdad sma pr`dunt` dm ug dmsnufd` ` gmbofbmgnfa, pumdm
pr`p`gmr qum sm t`kmg kmdfdas adkfgfstratfvas, mg naklf` mg nas` dm mgn`gtrarsm
fgdfnf`s dm v`ougtad, ms dmnfr dm jraudm ` n`rrupnfþg, dmlm pr`p`gmr mo fgfnf` dmo
pr`nms` pmgao n`rrmsp`gdfmgtm.
U`r mstm k`tfv`, mg nas` dm dmtmrkfgarsm o`s fgdfnf`s dm rmsp`gsalfofdad, oa N`gtrao`rëa
Bmgmrao dmo Mstad` dmlm p`gmr mg n`g`nfkfmgt` dm oa aut`rfdad n`kpmtmgtm mst`s
fgdfnf`s, para qum dfnha aut`rfdad, mg mcmrnfnf` dm su n`kpmtmgnfa, dmtmrkfgm oa
mxfstmgnfa ` g` dm uga annfþg sagnf`galom.
Oa p`sflfofdad dm fdmgtfjfnar rmsp`gsalfofdad mg oa antuanfþg dm o`s smrvfd`rms pólofn`s
ms nmgtrao mg tagt` oa Adkfgfstranfþg Uólofna sm rfbm, prmnfsakmgtm, p`r o`s prfgnfpf`s
dm tragsparmgnfa y rmsp`gsalfofdad, mgtrm `tr`s (artënuo` <><).
Mg mstm smgtfd` oa N`gstftunfþg U`oëtfna dmo Mstad` dmtmrkfga qum oa N`gtrao`rëa Bmgmrao
dmo Mstad` tfmgm aut`g`këa jugnf`gao, jfgagnfmra, adkfgfstratfva y `rbagfzatfva.

Oa fkp`rtagnfa Uólofna
 Adkfgfstranfþg dm qumtmgbag
ug smrvfd`r pólofn` lásfn`s
n`g`nfkfmgt`s ` nuaoqufmr pmrs`ga
dm Mstad`, qum n`gtratm
Dmrmnh` oa
y U`oëtfnas
Uólofnas pmrkftm, dmsdm gumstr` pugt` dm vfsta ug tralac` kás mjfnfmgtm, fgj`rkad` y    s
n`kpr`kmtfd` n`g oa fgstftunf`gaofdad y oa ombaofdad mstatao.    a
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Oa N`gtrao`rëa Bmgmrao dmo Mstad` prantfna varf`s tfp`s dm audft`rëa bulmrgakmgtao     ó
    U
n`k`3    s
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   ` 41
    U

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

•  Audft`rfa Jfgagnfmra
•  Audft`rfa Mspmnfao
•  Audft`rfa dm Ur`ymnt`s dm
dm Fgvmrsfþg Uólofna
•  Audft`rfa TFN
•  Audft`rfa Aklfmgtao
•  Audft`rëa @pmranf`gao

Oas audft`rëas qum rmaofza oa N`gtrao`rëa tfmgmg sus pr`pfas narantmrëstfnas, pmr` sf dm
uga p`dmk`s kmgnf`gar qum tfmgm uga mstrmnha rmoanfþg n`g o` qum sm mstudfþ mg mo
prmsmgtm tmxt` dm p`oëtfnas pólofnas, ms oa audft`rfa `pmranf`gao.
     U
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4<    m
    N

U@OËTFNA^ UÓLOFNA^

4. LFLOF@B\AJËA 
• N`gstftunfþg U`oëtfna dmo Mstad`.
• Omy Gµ :=5 dm oa Abmgda Uatrfþtfna dmo Lfnmgtmgarf`.
• Omy Gµ 222 dmo ^fstmka dm Uoagfjfnanfþg Fgtmbrao dmo Mstad`.
• Omy Gµ 26: Uoag dm Dmsarr`oo` Mn`gþkfn` ^`nfao y oas U`oëtfnas Uólofnas „ UDM^
• Fgtr`dunnfþg a oas U`oëtfnas Uólofnas. Mubmgf` Oahmra.
• Tm`rëa y Urántfna dm oas U`oëtfnas Uólofnas. Bmka Uast`r Aolaoadmc`. Mdft`rfao Tfragt
o` Loagnh, <514.
• Oas U`oëtfnas Uólofnas, Larnmo`ga, Arfmo, 166<.
•  Agt`o`bëas dm U`oëtfna Uólofna, T`k` 13 Mo mstudf` dm oa p`oëtfna Uólofna y T`k` >3
Ur`lomkas pólofn`s y abmgda dm b`lfmrg`, Kæxfn`, U`rróa, 166:, <55>.
• Tm`rëa dmo Mstad`, Jragnfsn` U`rróa Uærmz, Trfbæsfka g`vmga mdfnfþg, Mdft`rfao
U`rróa. Av. \mpólofna Arbmgtfga , 1=. Kæxfn`, <55=. F^LG 625-52-=28:-<.
Dfsp`gflom mg3 https3//ms.sofdmsharm.gmt/ofnsyovfaiarmoy/tm`rfa-dmomstad`jragnfsn`
p`rruapmrmzmgmspanf`dmoaugfdaddmfgvmstfbanf`g.

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   ` 4>
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