EKGTA]KM MD C@JD@CDVÌK LDGË@CGK DAÃG]VCGK, DADG]V×@CGK S

WCW]DLKW
DWGTDAK XVIEDWCI@KA MD C@JD@CDVÌK LDGË@CGK DAÃG]VCGK

ËVDK2 Gi`tria md Xrigdsis CC

]rkfkbi D`gkrjkmi
]DLK2 Gi`tria Kmkptcvi

MIGD@]D2
C`j. Lktdi Kamdbk`mri WKAC@KW LD@K

XVDWD@]KMI XIV2
FKAGI@K LKLK@C Jdrsi` D`ig ;47;=;
GI@MI
I@MIVC
VC @KVUK
KVUKDDR Lkc
Lkcni
niaa Sir
Sirmk
mk`
` ;4
;48
837
373
3
[TCWK@K UCAGK Od``ry ;4

Wdldstrd2 UCC

XT@I ‗ XDVÒ
68;?
 

GI@]D@CMI2

Gi`tria Kmkptcvi...................................
Kmkptcvi.........................................................
............................................
........................................................
....................................6
..6

;. ]cpis
]cpis md gi`tria
gi`tria Kmkptcvi..
Kmkptcvi......
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..............
...................
................6
......6

;.;. Gi`tria
Gi`tria Kmkptcvi
Kmkptcvi Xrijrkl
Xrijrklkmi
kmi (Jkc`
(Jkc` Wgodmuac`j
Wgodmuac`j).....
)..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
.............
.................6
.........6

;.6..
;.6 Gi`tri
Gi`triaa Kmkptcv
Kmkptcvi
i gi` Lim
Limdai
dai md Vdedrd`
Vdedrd`gck
gck LVKG
LVKG (Limda-V
(Limda-Vded
dedrd`
rd`gd
gd

Kmkptktcvd Gi`triaadr).......................................
Gi`triaadr).............................................................
............................................................7
......................................7

;.7. Gi`tria
Gi`tria Kmkptcvi
Kmkptcvi Kuti-Wc`ti
Kuti-Wc`ti`czkfa
`czkfadd W]G
W]G (Wdae-]u`c`
(Wdae-]u`c`j
j Gi`tri
Gi`triaadrs)....
aadrs)................=
............=

6. Cmd`tcecgkgc÷
Cmd`tcecgkgc÷`
` md prigdsi
prigdsis....
s.........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
................
..................
................4
.......4

6.;. Limdai
Limdai KV_
KV_ (kuti-rdjrdssc
(kuti-rdjrdsscvd
vd k`m dxijd`ius
dxijd`ius vkrckfad)...
vkrckfad)........
.............
.................
...................
...........4
.4

6.6. Lãtimi
Lãtimi md lì`cl
lì`clis
is gukmrkmis..
gukmrkmis.......
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
...........5
......5

6.7. Lì`clis
Lì`clis gukmrkmis
gukmrkmis rdgurscvi..
rdgurscvi.......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.......?
..?

7. Kpacgkgc÷`
Kpacgkgc÷` mda Gi`tria
Gi`tria Kmkptcvi..
Kmkptcvi.......
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...............
............;;
..;;

=. Dbdlpai2.....................................
Dbdlpai2............................................................
.............................................
............................................
..................................;;
............;;

=.;. Wiaugc÷`2.
Wiaugc÷`2......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.............
.................
..................
..............;;
.....;;

=.6. K`ëacscs
K`ëacscs md rdsuatk
rdsuatkmis2.
mis2......
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...............
............;7
..;7

4. Fcfacijrkeì
Fcfacijrkeìk2....
k2........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
................
...........;=
..;=

;
 

Gi`tria Kmkptcvi
Dstd
Dstd tcpi
tcpi md gi
gi`t
`tri
riaa ds u` scstd
scstdlk
lk qu
qud,
d, md ei
eirl
rlkk gi
gi`t
`tc`
c`uk
uk y ku
kuti
tilë
lëtcg
tcgk,
k, lcmd
lcmd ak
akss

gkrkgtdrìstcgks mc`ëlcgks md ak pak`tk, aks gilpkrk gi` aks gkrkgtdrìstcgks mdsdkmks y usk ak

mcedrd`gck d`trd daaks pkrk vkrckr ais pkrëldtris kbustkfads mda scstdlk, md limi qud sd

lk`td`
lk`td`jk
jk u` mdsdlp
mdsdlpdûi
dûi ÷ptcli
÷ptcli sc` sdr kedgtkm
kedgtkmi
i pir aks limcecg
limcecgkgci
kgci`ds
`ds dxtdr`
dxtdr`ks
ks ka

scstdlk, ds mdgcr, ds u` tcpi md gi`tria qud sd kmkptk aks vkrckgci`ds md ais pkrëldtris md ak

 pak`tk.

Ecjurk ;. Limdai md gi`tria kmkptcvi.

Eud`td2 ]dscs.  Clpadld`tkgc÷` md Faiquds md Wcluac`n
]dscs.  Clpadld`tkgc÷` Wcluac`n pkrk Gi`tria Kmkptktcvi m
mdd u`
 Litir md Girrcd`td Gi`tc`uk. Vimrcjudz,
Vimrcjudz, Mkvcm.

;. ]cpi
]cpiss md ggi`
i`tr
tria
ia K
Kmk
mkpt
ptcv
cvii

;.;. Gi`tria Kmkptcvi

Kmkptcvi Xrijrklkmi
Xrijrklkmi (Jkc` Wgodmuac`j)

Dstd tcpi md gi`tria kmkptcvi, fksk su dstrugturk d` ak prijrklkgc÷` prdvck k su usi,

td`cd`mi
td`cd`mi d` gud`tk
gud`tk ais gklfcis
gklfcis qud sd `dgdsctk rdkaczkr d` da gi`triakmir
gi`triakmir pkrk qud sd

kmkptd k aks c`stk`gcks d` aks qud vk k ipdrkr.

Mdfcmi k dsti, ds `dgdskrci gi`igdr da prigdsi, sd mdfd skfdr guk`tcecgkr da prigdsi md

gklfci md pkrëldtris mda gi`triakmir guk`mi oky gklfcis d` aks gkrkgtdrìstcgks mda

 prigdsi.

6
 

Ecjurk 6. Gi`tria Kmkptcvi Xrijrklkmi.

Eud`td2 Mcsdûi
Eud`td2 Mcsdûi d Clpadld`tkgc÷` md u` Gi`tria
Gi`tria Kmkptcvi. Xirtcaak, Edr`k`
Edr`k`mi
mi..

;.6. Gi`tria Kmkptcvi gi` Limdai md Vdedrd`gck LVKG (Limda-Vdedrd`

(Limda-Vdedrd`gd
gd Kmkptktcvd
Gi`triaadr)

Da limdai md rdedrd`gck ds ai qud okgd pkrtcguakr ka scstdlk LVKG. Dstd ds u`

limdai md akzi gdrrkmi y rdspi`md k ais gklfcis d` da pu`ti md gi`scj`k. Dsti pudmd

sdr2

 T`k trkydgtirck md rdedrd`gck.

 T` limdai mdtkaakmi md akzi gdrrkmi.

Da prij
prijrkl
rklkk md km
kmkp
kptk
tkgc
gc÷`
÷` pi
pirr ai jd
jd`d
`drk
rkaa ds u` ka
kaji
jirc
rctl
tli
i md ip
iptc
tclc
lczk
zkgc÷
gc÷`
` md

 pkrëldtris qud ai qud okgd ds lc`clczkr i lkxclczkr k ak eu`gc÷` ifbdtcvi.

Ecjurk 7. Gi`tria kmkptcvi gi` Limdai md Vdedrd`gck.

7
 

Eud`td2 Mcsdûi d Clpadld`tkgc÷` md u` Gi`tria Kmkptcvi. Xirtcaak, Edr`k`mi.

;.7. Gi`tria Kmkptcvi

Kmkptcvi Kuti-Wc`ti`czkfad W]G (Wdae-]u`c`j
(Wdae-]u`c`j Gi`triaadrs)
Gi`triaadrs)

D` dstd tcpi md gi`triakmirds sd tilk` vkairds gi`tc`ukld`td md aks vkrckfads md

d`trkmk y skacmk, y gi` dstis vkairds sd rdkaczk u`k dstclkgc÷` rdgurscvk md ais vkairds

md ais pkrëldtris md u` limdai ai lës pkrdgcmi ka scstdlk rdka.

Gi` dsti, ais gklfcis

gklfcis qud sd mk` d` da scstdlk rdka qud
qud `i ds ac`dka sd limdaczk`
limdaczk` gi`

 prigdsis ac`dkads y sus pkrëldtris gklfck` pkrk kbustkrsd ka scstdlk eìscgi rdka.

Dstd
Dstd limd
limdai
ai ac`d
ac`dka
ka sd utca
utcacz
czkk md lk`d
lk`drk
rk gi
gi`t
`tc`
c`uk
uk y gi
gilf
lfc`
c`ë`
ë`mi
misd
sd gi
gi`
` u`

 prigdmclcd`ti mdfcmkld`td dspdgcecgkmi md mcsdûi md gi`triakmirds y grdk ais

 pkrëldtris mda gi`triakmir qud sd uskrë` d` gkmk c`stk`td.

Sk qu
qudd ak kp
kprd
rdgc
gckgc
kgc÷`
÷` md limd
limdai
ai gu
guk`
k`tc
tcec
ecgk
gk ak ip
ipdr
drkgc
kgc÷`
÷` md
mdaa gi
gi`t
`tri
riak
akmi
mir,
r, ak

gkrkgtdrìstcgk lës clpirtk`td md dstd tcpi md gi`triakmirds ds qud pisdd u`k tãg`cgk

md dstclkgc÷` md pkrëldtris rifustk.

Dstd gi`triakmir sd kmkptk k u` klpaci rk`ji md dvd`tis, pdri pudmd sdr c`dstkfad sc

`i sd utcaczk ak limdaczkgc÷` kmdgukmk.

Ecjurk =. Gi`tria Kuti Wc`ti`czkfad.

Eud`td2 Mcsdûi md Wcstdlks md Gi`tria pir Gilputkmir.

=
 

6. Cmd
Cmd`tc
`tcecg
ecgkgc
kgc÷`
÷` md pri
prigds
gdsis
is

Ak cmd`tcecgkgc÷` y gi`tria md scstdlks pdrlctd ak piscfcacmkm md cmd`tcecgkr y limdakr 

lktdlëtcgkld`td scstdlks gi` da ec` md iftd`dr da gilpirtklcd`ti mdsdkmi d` daais, md

ak eirlk lës dxkgtk piscfad, jrkgcks k u` gi`triakmir qud sdrë da d`gkrjkmi md limcecgkr 
ak mc`ëlcgk mda gi`bu`ti.

K ak oirk md iftd`drsd dstd limdai lktdlëtcgi, oky mis ipgci`ds2

 Eudrk md aì`dk ‗ Wd iftcd`d u` limdai lktdlëtcgi gili primugti md tãg`cgks

md cm
cmd`
d`tc
tcec
ecgk
gkgc÷
gc÷`
` qu
qudd mk
mk`
` gi
gili
li rd
rdsu
suat
atkm
kmi
i da mc
mcsdû
sdûi
i md u` rdjua
rdjuakm
kmir
ir gi
gi`
`

 pkrëldtris ecbis, yk qud dstis pkrëldtris `i dstë` subdtis k rdstrcggci`ds

tdlpirkads. Dstd prigdsi mdfd sdr rdpdtcmi pkrk gi`sdjucr u` kbustd ai lës

dxkgti piscfad md dstis pkrëldtris.

  D` aì`dk ‗ Wd if
iftc
tcd`
d`dd u` limd
limdai
ai lktd
lktdlët
lëtcg
cgi
i rd
rdsu
suat
atkm
kmi
i md tã
tãg`
g`cgk
cgkss md

cmd`tcecgkgc÷` d` gkmk pdrcimi md ludstrdi, pir ai qud da rdsuatkmi ds da mcsdûi

md u` rdjuakmir, gi` u`k sdrcd md pkrëldtris qud pudmd` vkrckr d` da tcdlpi gi`

gkmk `udvi limdai lktdlëtcgi. Dstis limdais mdfd` kbustkrsd k u`k dstrugturk

mdec
mdec`c
`cmk
mk pr
prdv
dvck
ckld
ld`t
`td.
d. Ksì,
Ksì, gi`
gi` ds
dstk
tk ip
ipgc
gc÷`
÷`,, sd tcd`
tcd`dd ak pi
pisc
scfc
fcac
acmk
mkm
m md

clpadld`tkr Gi`triads Kmkptktcvis gkaguak`mi ais pkrëldtris md dstis d` gkmk

c`stk`td md ludstrdi.

6.;. Limdai KV_ (kuti-rdjrds

(kuti-rdjrdsscvd
scvd k`m dxijd`ius
dxijd`ius vkrckfad)
vkrckfad)

Dstd limdai 
limdai  ds da lës sclpad gi` da qud sd pudmd mdsgrcfcr da gilpirtklcd`ti

mc`ëlcgi md u` gi`bu`ti mcsgrdti md ldmcgci`ds md d`trkmk y skacmk tilkmks murk`td

u` gcdr
gcdrti
ti `òld
`òldri
ri md c`td
c`tdrv
rvka
kais
is md tcdl
tcdlpi
pi ] , rdp
rdprdsd
rdsd`tk
`tk`mi
`misd
sd gi` ak scjucd
scjucd`td
`td

dxprdsc÷`2

4
 

  (;)

mi`md d(n)
d(n)   ds u` rucmi fak`gi qud
qud d`trk gili drrir mcrdgti. Mdfcmi k qud ds u` drrir 

`i ldmcfad, su gëaguai, k pkrtcr mda limdai, pudmd sdrvcr gili u`k dstclkgc÷` md dstd.

D` lugois gksis ksulcr i `i dstd drrir, kadbk i kgdrgk k ak cmd`tcecgkgc÷` mda prigdsi

md ak rdkacmkm. Kûkmcã`miad sd ksuld` ekgtirds tkads gili aks `i ac`dkacmkmds i ak

clprdgcsc÷` d` aks ldmcgci`ds qud c`eauyd` sifrd ak skacmk. Ksì dstd drrir d`jaifk dstd

jrupi md gilpirtklcd`tis, kgdptk`mi qud ak pkrtd mdtdrlc`cstk mda limdai `i ds

dxkgtk.

Gi` dsti, da vdgtir md pkrëldtris kbustkfads mda limdai ο  ds2

(6)

Wc sd mdec`d` kmdlës ais piac`ilcis2

(7)

(=)

sd iftcd`d qud2

(4)

(5)

6.6. Lãtimi
Lãtimi md lì`clis gukmrkm
gukmrkmis
is

Da pcakr eu`mkld`tka md dstd lãtimi 

lãtimi   sd gd`trk d` da gi`gdpti md rdjrdsc÷` ac`dka, y

 pdrlctd ak cmd`tcecgkgc÷` d` tcdlpi rdka md limdais tk`ti ac`dkads gili `i ac`dkads,

scdlprd y guk`mi sus pkrëldtris sc ai sdk`.

Xkrk daai sd gi`scmdrk gili limdai pkrklãtrcgi, da limdai KV_ (kuti-rdjrdsscvd

k`m dxijd`ius vkrckfad) dxpacgkmi k`tdrcirld`td, pdri sc` td`dr d` gud`tk da rucmi

5
 

 fak`gi qud d`trk gili drrir mcrdgti. Wu dxprdsc÷` dsgrctk d` dgukgci`ds d` mcedrd`gcks

qudmk2

  (:)

Gi` ai qud sd mcspi`d md u` limdai mdtdrlc`cstk guyk eu`gc÷` md trk`sedrd`gck

girrdspi`md k ak scjucd`td dxprdsc÷`2

  (?)

Wd pudmd rddsgrcfcr ak dgukgc÷` (:) gili2

(3)

m÷`md2

 y(n)22 ds ak lkj`ctum ldmcfad.

 y(n)

υ 2 ds da
ds da vdgtir md rdjrdsir2

(;8)

ο2 ds da vdgtir md pkrëldtris2

  (;;)

Md dstk eirlk pkrk da vkair mda vdgtir ο  d` u` gcdrti c`stk`td n  sd
 sd primugd u` drrir md
 prdmcggc÷`2

 (;6)

Wd pudmd ifsdrvkr pir ak dxprdsc÷` (3)  qud da `òldri md c`g÷j`ctks qud sd tcd`d ds md

6`, pir ai qud k pkrtcr md dstd `òldri md ldmcmks sd pudmd mdtdrlc`kr da vkair rdka mda

vdgtir ο ka mcspi`drsd md aks 6`

6` dgukgci`ds `dgdskrcks. Wc` dlfkrji, mdfcmi ka odgoi

md qud da limdai qud sd c`td`tk dstclkr `i sudad gic`gcmcr gi` da scstdlk rdka, da

  pkrds ^ y ( n ) > υ ( n ) \, u` vkair luy supdrcir k

lãtimi md lì`clis gukmrkmis pkrtd md @  pkrds

6`, yk qud `i sd pudmd d`gi`trkr md eirlk jd`drka u` vdgtir md pkrëldtris qud

:
 

gi`scjk okgdr gdri da drrir, d` gklfci sì qud sd pudmd okaakr u` vdgtir qud lc`clcgd

da drrir, puds sd trktk md scstdlks md dgukgci`ds c`gilpktcfads. D` da gksi, pigi

 prifkfad, md qud gic`gcmk` prigdsi y limdai, sd tcd`d u` scstdlk sifrdmdtdrlc`kmi

gilpktcfad, ai qud mk gili rdsuatkmi u` drrir md prdmcggc÷` gdri k pkrtcr md ak

ludstrk 6`
6`.

Aks ldmcmks iftd`cmks mdsmd n <`, okstk n < @  sd

 sd kjrupk` md ak scjucd`td lk`drk2

(;7)

mi`md ais vdgtirds  D ( @ , ο ) d S ( @ ) tcd`d` ak scjucd`td gilpiscgc÷`2

(;=)

  (;4)

y dstk`mi gilpudstk ak lktrcz υ ( ` ) pir ais rdjrdsirds girrdspi`mcd`tds2

  (;5)

Md dstk lk`drk sd mdec`d da ì`mcgd md fi`mkm md kbustd gili2

  (;:)

qud sd pudmd rddsgrcfcr md ak eirlk2

  (;?)

mi`md da lì`cli vkair md B ( ο ) sd mk d` da vkair mda vdgtir md pkrëldtris qud gulpak2

  (;3)

iftd`cã`misd qud da vkair mda vdgtir md pkrëldtris, qud okgd lì`cli dstd ì`mcgd y pir 
ai tk`ti pdrtd`dgd ka limdai cmd`tcecgkmi, ds2

(68)

?
 

6.7. Lì`clis gukmrkmis rdgurscvi

Da lãtimi md Lì`clis Gukmrkmis Vdgurscvi pdrlctd dstclkr d` tcdlpi rdka ais

 pkrëldtris mda scstdlk, y pudsti qud mdrcvk mda lãtimi md lì`clis gukmrkmis, dstë

subdti k aks lcslks rdstrcggci`ds.

Ak dstclkgc÷` iftd`cmk d` da c`stk`td n  vcd`d

 vcd`d mkmk pir ak dxprdsc÷`2

(6;)

mi`md  X ( n ) ds ak lktrcz md givkrck`zk, md ak qud sd pudmd gilprifkr qud2

(66)

Xir itrk pkrtd sd pudmd iftd`dr2

  (67)

Gi` ai qud sc sd sustctuyd d` ak dxprdsc÷` (6;)  sd iftcd`d2

  (6=)

Md dstk eirlk sd ok dxprdskmi da vdgtir md pkrëldtris md u`k eirlk rdgurscvk. Wd

 pudmd` rddsgrcfcr aks dgukgci`ds 
dgukgci`ds pkrk
 pkrk qud qudmd` md ak scjucd`td lk`drk2

(64)

  (65)

  (6:)

  (6?)

Iftd
Iftd`c
`cmk
mkss ds
dstks
tks dx
dxpr
prdsc
dsci`
i`ds
ds,, ai
aiss pk
pksi
siss qu
qudd md
mdfd
fd sdjuc
sdjucrr da ka
kaji
jirc
rctl
tli
i md ei
eirl
rlkk

rdgurscvk si` ais scjucd`tds2

3
 

  y da vdgtir md pkrëldtris ο .
C`cgckaczkgc÷` md ak lktrcz md givkrck`zk X 
givkrck`zk X  y

 Gkaguai rdgurscvi. Xkrk gkmk c`stk`td n 2

 Iftd`dr vkairds  y ( n ) y u ( n )  md ak pak`tk (d`trkmk y skacmk md dstk).

 Eirlkr da vdgtir md rdjrdsc÷` υ ( n )2

  (63)

 Gkaguakr ak lktrcz md givkrck`zk  X ( n ) ldmck`td2

  (78)

 Gkaguakr  N ( n )  sdjò` ak dxprdsc÷`2

  (7;)

 Dstclkr da drrir gildtcmi d` da c`stk`td n 2

  (76)

 Gkaguakr ο ( n )2
P

(77)

Da dsqudlk md cmd`tcecgkgc÷` 
cmd`tcecgkgc÷`   pudmd rdprdsd`tkrsd gili sd ludstrk d` ak Ecjurk 4,

mi`md ak eu`gc÷` md lì`clis gukmrkmis, k pkrtcr mda rdjrdsir qud sd iftcd`d md aks
sdûkads md d`trkmk y skacmk md ak pak`tk, dstclk ais pkrëldtris md dstk, gildtcd`mi d`

ak ipdrkgc÷` u` drrir rdspdgti k ais rdkads qud mdfd lc`clczkrsd.

;8
 

Ecjurk 4. Dsqudlk md cmd`tcecgkgc÷` pir Lì`clis Gukmrkmis Vdgurscvis.

Eud`td2 ]dscs.
]dscs.  Clpadld`tkgc÷`
 Clpadld`tkgc÷` md Faiquds md Wcluac`n
Wcluac`n pkrk Gi`tria Kmkptktcvi m
mdd u`
 Litir md Girrcd`td Gi`tc`uk. Vimrcjudz,
Vimrcjudz, Mkvcm 

7. Kpa
Kpacgk
cgkgc÷
gc÷`
` md
mdaa Gi
Gi`tr
`tria
ia K
Kmkp
mkptcv
tcvii
Da gi`tria kmkptcvi sd pudmd dlpadkr d` mcstc`tis dsgd`krcis2

 Xkrk da kbustd kutilëtcgi mda kajirctli md gi`tria, krrk`gk`mi da scstdlk gi` da

rdjuakmir kmkptcvi pkrk qud u`k vdz qud da gilpirtklcd`ti sdk kmdgukmi sd

mdsgi`dgtd y qudmd` ecbis ais pkrëldtris mda rdjuakmir.

 Xkrkk rdkaczk
Xkr rdkaczkrr da trkfkb
trkfkbi
i prdvci
prdvci md iftd`g
iftd`gc÷`
c÷` md ais pkrëld
pkrëldtri
triss mda rdjuak
rdjuakmir 
mir 

kmdgukmis
kmdgukmis pkrk gkmk u`k md aks gi`mcgci`d
gi`mcgci`dss md eu`gci`klcd`ti
eu`gci`klcd`ti mda scstdlk k`tds

md kpacgkr da ‑Gi`tria pir kbustd md jk`k`gck“.

 Xkrk lk`td`dr kgtcvi c`mdec`cmkld`td da kajirctli md kbustd md ais pkrëldtris mda

gi`triakmir gi` da ifbdti md kpacgkrai k prigdsis qud vkrìk` gi` da tcdlpi.

]klfcã` sd pudmd` rdkaczkr gilfc`kgci`ds md aks kpacgkgci`ds k`tdrcirds.

=. Dbdlpai2
Mkmi da scstdlk mdec`cmi pir2

;;
 

]d`cd`mi d` gud`tk qud2

Mcsdûkr da scstdlk md gi`tria kmkptcvi, pir da lãtimi md lì`clis gukmrkmis.

=.;.. Wia
=.; Wiaugc
ugc÷`2
÷`2
D` da prijrklk
prijrklk md dstclkgc÷`
dstclkgc÷` sd c`sdrtkri`
c`sdrtkri` aks lktrcgds
lktrcgds K, F, G y M, pistdrcirld`td
pistdrcirld`td

sd mcsgr
mcsgrdt
dtcz
cz÷
÷ da sc
scstd
stdlk
lk y sd kscj`
kscj`÷
÷ u`
u`kk d`
d`trk
trkmk
mk ka
kadkt
dktir
irck
ck (u)
(u).. Gi
Gi`
` da limd
limdai
ai

mcsgrdtczkmi
mcsgrdtczkmi sd iftuvi ak eu`gc÷` md trk`sedrd`gck
trk`sedrd`gck y sd dvkau÷
dvkau÷ ak skacmk
skacmk (y)
(y)   pkrk ak

d`trkm
d`trkmkk kscj`km
kscj`kmk.
k. Gi` ais pkrds
pkrds (y, u) sd
u) sd rdkacz÷ ak dstclkgc÷` pir da prc`gcpci md

lì`cli
lì`cliss gukmrk
gukmrkmis
mis,, da kajirc
kajirctli
tli sd rdkacz÷
rdkacz÷ d` Lktakf
Lktakf®
® y prdsd`
prdsd`tk
tk ak scjucd
scjucd`td
`td

dstrugturk2

%prijrklk md dstclkgc÷` rdgurscvk md pkrëldtris

%ldmck`td da grctdrci md lì`clis gukmrkmis
K<^-= 8 8> 55.55 8 55.55> 8 -8.5555 -8.5555\>
F<^-=>8>8\>
G<^8 8 ;\>
M<^8\>
ts<8.8;>
scstdlk<ss(K,F,G,M)>
^Km,Fm,Gm,Mm\<g6ml(K,F,G,M,ts)
]E<te(scstdlk)>
^@ul,Md`\<temktk(scstdlk)
^@ulm, Md`m\<g6ml(@ul, Md`, ts)
scstdlkm<ss(Km,Fm,Gm,Mm,ts)>
%Eu`gc÷` md trk`sedrd`gck mcsgrdtk
]em<te(scstdlkm)>
n<zdris(5,;)>
 p<;d68*dyd(5)>
aklfmk<.34>
u<scj`(rk`m`(;88,;))>
%limdai d` da dspkgci md dstkmis
lim<cmss(]em)>
%vdgtir md rdspudstks mda limdai (vkair rdka)
;6
 

y<scl(lim,^u\)>
eir b<;2ad`jto(u)-;
y(b)<y(b+;)>
d`m
td<^8.; 8.; 8.; 8.; 8.; 8.;\'>
d<8>
eir @<=2ad`jto(u)-;
Ec<^-y(@-;) -y(@-6) -y(@-7) u(@)

u(@-;) u(@-6)\>
td<td+n*d>
%dstclkgc÷` md ais pkrëldtris
td;(@)<td(;)>td6(@)<td(6)>td7(@)<td(7)>
td=(@)<td(=)>td4(@)<td(4)>td5(@)<td(5)>
n<p*Ec'*c`v(aklfmk+Ec*p*Ec')>
 p<(;/aklfmk)*(p-n*Ec*p)>
Sdst<Ec*td>

%dstclkgc÷` mda drrir 

d<y(@)-Sdst>
drrir(@)<d>
Sd(@,;)<Sdst>
d`m

=.6. K`ëacscs
K`ëacscs md rdsuatkm
rdsuatkmis2
is2

Da scstdlk utcaczkmi pkrk kpacgkr da lãtimi md dstclkgc÷` tcd`d ak scjucd`td eu`gc÷` md

trk`sedrd`gck2

Kpacgk`mi da grctdrci md lì`clis gukmrkmis y scluak`mi da kajirctli pkrk ;is mktis,

iftd`dlis ais scjucd`tds rdsuatkmis2

Aks prdmcggci`ds td÷rcgks md gi`vdrjd`gck md pkrëldtris, mcgd` qud da `òldri md

ctdrkgci`ds i ludstrks kprixclkmi pkrk iftd`dr da vkair ec`ka md u` pkrëldtri ds md

;7
 

6n+;, mi`md n ds da irmd` mda scstdlk k`kaczkmi. Xkrk dstd gksi N<7, pir ai tk`ti da

`òldri md ctdrkgci`ds i ludstrks ds md :.

4. Fc
Fcfa
faci
cijjrkeì
rkeìk2
k2
^;\ Krturi
Krturi Vibks Lird`i.
Lird`i. Gi`tria Kvk`zkmi - Mcsdûi y kpacgkgci`ds d` tcdlpi rdka.
T`cvdrscmkm @kgci`ka md C`jd`cdrìk. Aclk 688;.
^6\
^6\ Gk`k
Gk`kad
adss Vucz
ucz V. Fkrkrrd
rdrk
rk V. V. ‑ K`ëacscs md Wcstdlks Mc`ëlcgis y Gi`tria 
 Kutilëtcgi“.. Dm. Aclusk. ;3::.
 Kutilëtcgi“
^7\ Nktsuocni Ijktk. Wcstdlks md Gi`tria d` ]cdlpi Mcsgrdti .Wdju`mk Dmcgc÷`. Xrd`tcgd
Dmcgc÷`.  Xrd`tcgd
Okaa. ;335

^=\ Vimrìjudz Vufci Erk`gcsgi, Lk`uda Bdsòs A÷pdz Wë`godz .Gi`tria

. Gi`tria Kmkptcvi y Vifusti
.Wdvcaak.;335.
^4\ Ld`mizk
Ld`mizk,, Zcasi`
Zcasi`.. ]dscs2 Mcsdûi d Clpadld`tkgc÷` md u` Gi`triakmir Kmkptktcvi
 Kutisc`ti`czkmi pkrk da Gi`tria md u` Xã`muai ]
]rcpad.
rcpad. T@K-Xu`i.
 T@K-Xu`i. 68;7
^5\ Jimiy, Bk`dto. Gi`tria Kmkptktcvi d` ]cdlpi Vdka . [ucti. 68;;.
^:\ Vimrcjudz, Mkvcm. Clpadld`tkgc÷`
Mkvcm. Clpadld`tkgc÷` md Faiquds md Wcluac`n
Wcluac`n pkrk Gi`tria Kmkptktcvi md
u` Litir md Girrcd`td Gi`tc`uk. Adjk`ãs,
Gi`tc`uk. Adjk`ãs, Lkmrcm. 68;6.
^?\ Vìis, Aucs. Dstclkgc÷`
Aucs. Dstclkgc÷` md Xkrëldtris d` Limdais Krlk pir da Grctdrci md Lì`clis
Gukmrkmis.. T`cvdrscmkm ]dg`ia÷jcgk md Xdrdcrk. 6885.
Gukmrkmis

;=