Informe de Gestion Ambiental 1

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE) HGC

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–JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG

ELWE1 GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK ^CEK OGPMZ1
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HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟ XEPOE,
Gce`drehd pdr 6 Gvg

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5

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG ELWE1 GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK ^CEK OGPMZ1 HMZXPMXD HG BWEZEBWEZM,
^PDYMKJME XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK
M. EKXGJGHGKXGZ..........
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MM. OEPJD CGLEC..........
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MMM.. D@
MMM D@FG
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EO@MG
MGKX
KXEC
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GZ...............................
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:.5 D`fg
D`fgtmvd
tmvd Lgkg
Lgkgrec...
rec.............
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:.0 D`fg
D`fgtmvd
tmvdss Gspg
Gspgjïimj
jïimjds.....
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MY. HG
HGZJP
ZJPM^J M^JMÚK
MÚK H HGCGC ^ ^PD]
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XD......................................................................................
8.5 Kdo
Kdo`rg
`rg y hetds lgk lgkgrec
grecgs gs hgc prdygjtd
prdygjtd.........
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.........................55>
8.0 D`fg
D`fgtmvd
tmvd hgc prdy
prdygjtd
gjtd...........
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5>
8.: Årge
Årgess y ieom
ieomcmes
cmes `gkgim
`gkgimjmehjmehes......
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8.8 @gkg
@gkgimjm
imjmds......
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8.7 W`m
W`mjejm
jejmúkúk hgc prdy
prdygjtd
gjtd..........
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.......................................
.............................555
8.7.5 W`mj
W`mjejmú
ejmúkk ^dcï
^dcïtmje
tmje y Lgdl
Lgdlråimj
råimje.......
e.................
....................
.....................
.....................
.............................................
...................................555
8.7.0 W`mj
W`mjejmú
ejmúk
k Bmh
Bmhrdlrå
rdlråimje
imje...........
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
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........................555
8.7.: Ejjg
Ejjgsds
sds y vïes hg jdou
jdoukmje
kmjejmúk
jmúk...........
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....................
.....................
..................................................
.......................................555
8.9 Ogte
Ogtess pdr gfg
gfgjuter
juter..........
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..........................5
...............50 0
8.< Hgsj
Hgsjrmpj
rmpjmúk
múk hg cds jdopdkgk
jdopdkgktgs tgs hgc prdyprdygjtd
gjtd..........
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....................
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...............5
.....500
8.<.5 D`re
D`ress tg
tgopdr
opdrecgs
ecgs.........
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...550
8.<.0 D`re
D`ress ^gro
^groekgk
ekgktgs...
tgs.............
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....................................5
..........................5::
8.2 Gtep
Gtepes
es hgc hgse
hgserrdc
rrdccd
cd hgc ^rdygjtd......
^rdygjtd................
.....................
.....................
....................
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....................................5
.........................59 9
8.2.5 Gtepe hg jd
jdkstru
kstrujjmú
jjmúk......
k.................
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....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
....................5
.........599
8.2.0 Gtepe hg d
dpgre
pgrejmúk
jmúk y oek
oektgkm
tgkmomgk
omgktd......
td................
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..................55<
8.2.: Gtepe hg Jmg
Jmgrrg...
rrg.............
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8.= Odkm
Odkmtdrgd
tdrgd gk gc ^grmdhd hg Jmg
Jmgrrg...
rrg.............
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..............................59
...................59
8.=.5 Gtepe hg Jdks
Jdkstrujj
trujjmúk.
múk...........
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....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
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..............552
8.=.0 Gtepe hg D
Dpgre
pgrejmúk
jmúk y Oe
Oektgk
ktgkmomgmomgktd....
ktd..............
....................
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.......................................0
.............................0>>
8.=.: Gtepe hg J
Jmgrr
mgrrg
g y/
y/d
d E`
Eèkh
ekhdkd...
dkd.............
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.....................
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....................005
8.5> ^rdj
^rdjgsds
gsds..........
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............................ 00
8.5>.5
8.5>.5 Gtepe hg Jdks
Jdkstrujj
trujjmúk.
múk...........
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..............000
8.5>.0
8.5>.0 Gtepe hg Dpgr
Dpgrejmú
ejmúk
k y Oektg
Oektgkmom
kmomgktd
gktd...........
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
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......................000
8.5>.:
8.5>.: Gtepe hg Jmg
Jmgrrg...
rrg.............
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....................
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.................................0
.......................000
8.55 Zgrvmjmds..........................................................................................................................0
Zgrvmjmds..........................................................................................................................00
0
8.55.5
8.55.5 Gtepe hg jdks
jdkstrujj
trujjmúk.
múk...........
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.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.........................0
...............000
0


8.55.0
8.55.0 Gtepe hg Dpgr
Dpgrejmú
ejmúk
k y oektg
oektgkmom
kmomgktd
gktd...........
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.................................
......................00:
8.50 ^grs
^grsdkec
dkec..........
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.....................
....................
........................................
..............................00:
8.5: Gicugktgs y/d Pgsmhuds Cïqumhds.....................................................................................08
Cïqumhds.....................................................................................08
8.5:.5
8.5:.5 Gtepe hg Jdks
Jdkstrujj
trujjmúk.
múk...........
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
........................
..............008
8.5:.0
8.5:.0 Gtepe hg Dpgr
Dpgrejmú
ejmúk
k y Oektg
Oektgkmom
kmomgktd
gktd...........
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.................................
......................007
8.5:.:
8.5:.: Gtepe hg Jmg
Jmgrrg
rrg y/d eèk
eèkhdkd
hdkd..........
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
............................................
..................................007
8.58 Pgsmhuds súcmhds.............................................................................................................0
súcmhds.............................................................................................................07
7
8.58.5
8.58.5 Gtepe hg Jdks
Jdkstrujj
trujjmúk.
múk...........
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.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
........................
..............007
8.58.0
8.58.0 Gtepe hg Dpgr
Dpgrejmú
ejmúk
k y Oektg
Oektgkmom
kmomgktd
gktd...........
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.................................
......................007
8.58.:
8.58.: Gtepe hg Jmg
Jmgrrg
rrg d Eè
Eèkhdk
khdkd........
d..................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.............................0
...................077
8.57 Oekgfd hg sustekjmes pgcmlrdses.....................................................................................07
pgcmlrdses.....................................................................................07
8.57.5
8.57.5 Jdo`
Jdoùstm`
ustm`cgs..
cgs............
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
.....................................
........................... 07
8.57.0
8.57.0 Ejgm
Ejgmtgs,
tgs, cu`r
cu`rmjek
mjektgs
tgs y lres
lreses...
es..............
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
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.......................0
............099
8.59 Gomsmdkgs Etodsiírmjes..................................................................................................09

Etodsiírmjes..................................................................................................09
8.59.5
8.59.5 Gtepe hg Jdks
Jdkstrujj
trujjmúk.
múk...........
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
........................
..............009
8.59.0
8.59.0 Gtepe hg dpgr
dpgrejmú
ejmúk
k y oekt
oektgkmo
gkmomgk
mgktd......
td................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
............................
..................009
8.59.:
8.59.: Gtepe hg Jmg
Jmgrrg
rrg e Eè
Eèkhdk
khdkd........
d..................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.............................0
...................099
8.5< Lgkgrejmúk hg rumhd........................................................................................................09
rumhd........................................................................................................09
8.5<.5
8.5<.5 Gtepe hg jdks
jdkstrujj
trujjmúk.
múk...........
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....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.........................0
...............099
8.5<.0
8.5<.0 Gtepe hg dpgr
dpgrejmú
ejmúk
k y oekt
oektgkmo
gkmomgk
mgktd......
td................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
............................
..................009
8.5<.:
8.5<.: Gtepe hg Jmg
Jmgrrg
rrg d Eè
Eèkhdk
khdkd........
d..................
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...................099
8.5= Dtrds tmpds ..........

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..........................099
Y. JEP
JEPEJXG
EJXGPMVEJ
PMVEJMÚK MÚK HG CE CÏ CÏKGE
KGE H HG G @EZ
@EZG G EO@M
EO@MGKXEGKXEC, C, ZDJ
ZDJMEC MEC ] J JWCXW
WCXWPEC .....099
PEC.....0
7.5 Årge hg mkicug
mkicugkjme
kjme hgc prdygj
prdygjtd......
td................
.....................
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....................
.....................
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.............................. 09
7.5.5 Årge hg mkic
mkicugkj
ugkjme
me hmrg
hmrgjte
jte (EMH
(EMH).........
)...................
....................
....................
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................................. 0<
7.5.0 Årge hg mkic
mkicugkj
ugkjme
me mmkhm
khmrgjte
rgjte (EMM)
(EMM)..........
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....................
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..............................00<
7.0 Jere
Jerejtgrïs
jtgrïstmje
tmjess Iïsmj
Iïsmjes es hgc Årge hg Mkicu Mkicugkjm
gkjme........
e...................
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7.0.5 Jcmo
Jcmoe………
e………..........
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7.0.0 Lgdc
Lgdcdlïe
dlïe.....…………………
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…:5
5
7.0.: Jere
Jerejtgrm
jtgrmzejm
zejmúk
úk imsmd
imsmdlråim
lråimje....
je..............
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7.0.8 êms
êmsefg
efg………..
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7.0.7 Zugc
Zugcds……
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.................................885
7.0.9 Pgju
Pgjursd
rsd Elu
Elue........
e..................
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..............................888
7.: Jere
Jerejtgrïs
jtgrïstmje
tmjess hgc Oghmd @mútmjd
@mútmjd.........
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.................................. 8<
7.:.5 Gjdrr
Gjdrrglmd
glmdkgs..
kgs.............
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.................88<
7.:.0 Vdke
Vdkess hg Ymhe
Ymhe.........
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..................882
7.:.: Jd`g
Jd`grture
rture Yglg
Yglgtec...
tec..............
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..................77>
7.:.8 Årge
Årgess Ketu
Keturecg
recgss ^rdtg
^rdtglmh
lmhes......
es................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
..........................................
................................778
7.8 Jere
Jerejtgrm
jtgrmzejm
zejmúk
úk Zdjm
Zdjmec,
ec, Gjdk
Gjdkúomj
úomjd, d, Juct
Jucturec
urec..........
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................................7
...........................788
7.8.5 Zmtue
Zmtuejmúk
jmúk Hgod
Hgodlråim
lråimje....
je..............
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
...............................
.....................778
7.8.0 ^d`c
^d`cejmú
ejmúk
k Gjd
Gjdkúom
kúomjeog
jeogktg
ktg Ej
Ejtmve
tmve - ^GE..
^GE............
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
.........................7
...............788
7.8.: Ghuj
Ghujejmú
ejmúk.......
k.................
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.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................................
........................... 78
7.8.8 Zecu
Zecuh………
h………........
..................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.................................
.......................777
7.8.7 Zgrvm
Zgrvmjmd
jmd @
@åsmj
åsmjds
ds g Mk
Mkiregs
iregstrujt
trujture..
ure.............
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
..........................
................777
7.8.9 Ejtmv
Ejtmvmhe
mhehgs
hgs Gjdk
Gjdkúomj
úomjes....
es..............
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
......................................
............................ 79
YM. MHGK
MHGKXMIMJ
XMIMJEJMÚK
EJMÚK,, JEPEJX
JEPEJXGPMVE GPMVEJMÚK JMÚK ] YECDP YECDPEJMÚ EJMÚK K HG CDZ MOÊJX MOÊJXDZ DZ
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EO@MGKXECGZ..........
EO@MGKXECGZ .....................
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........................... 9>
9.5 Lgkg
Lgkgrecm
recmhehg
hehgs.........
s...................
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....................
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.......................99>
9.0 Ogtd
Ogtdhdcd
hdcdlïe
lïe hg Gvecuej
Gvecuejmdk mdk hg MopeMopejtds.
jtds...........
....................
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......................9>>
9.: Gtep
Gtepe
e hg Jdk
Jdkstruj
strujjmdk
jmdk..........
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
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.............................75
75
9.:.5 Jdop
Jdopdkgk
dkgktgs
tgs y Ie
Iejtdrg
jtdrgss eoèo`mgktmgktecgs
ecgs.........
....................
.....................
....................
.....................
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......................75
75
9.:.0 Ejtmv
Ejtmvmhe
mhehgs
hgs J
Jdksm
dksmhgre
hgrehes
hes gk gc ^r
^rdygj
dygjtd......
td................
....................
.....................
.....................
...............................
.....................79
79
9.8 Hgserrdcc
Hgserrdccd
d hg ce mhgktmimjejm
mhgktmimjejmúk
úk y gve
gvecuejmúk
cuejmúk h
hg
g espgjtd
espgjtdss g mo mopejtds
pejtds eo` eo`mgktecgs..........
mgktecgs..........99 9999
9.8.5 Mhgk
Mhgktmimj
tmimjejmú
ejmúk
k hg espgj
espgjtds
tds g mopej
mopejtds
tds eo`
eo`mgk
mgktecg
tecgs..........
s.....................
.....................
....................
.......................9
.............99
9
9.8.0 Gtepe hg Jdks
Jdkstrujj
trujjmúk.
múk...........
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.....................
....................
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.....................
....................
......................
............ 9=9
9=9
9.8.: Gtepe hg D
Dpgre
pgrejmúk
jmúk y Oe
Oektgk
ktgkmomg
momgktd....
ktd..............
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9.8.8 Gtepe hg Jmg
Jmgrrg...
rrg.............
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.......................<00
9.8.7 Gvec
Gvecuejm
uejmúk
úk hg e
espgj
spgjtds
tds g mmopej
opejtds
tds e
eo`mg
o`mgktec
ktecgs......
gs................
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YMM. OGHMHEZ H
HGG ^PGYGKJ
^PGYGKJMÚK, MÚK, OMXMLEJMÚK D JDPPGJJ JDPPGJJMÚK MÚK HG CDZ MO^ MOÊJXDZ
EJXDZ
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EO@MGKXECGZ..........
EO@MGKXECGZ .....................
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<.5 Oghm
Oghmhes
hes hg ^rgvgkjm
^rgvgkjmdk
dk y/d Omtmlej
Omtmlejmdk
mdk hg Mopejtds
Mopejtds..........
....................
.....................
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..........................<22
<.0 Oghm
Oghmhes
hes hg Oekgf
Oekgfd
d gk ce gtepe hg Dpgre
Dpgrejmúk
jmúk hgc prdy
prdygjtd
gjtd.........
....................
....................................2
.........................288
8


YMMM. ^CEK HG OEKGFD EO@MGKXEC....................

EO@MGKXEC..............................
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........................2
..............222
2.5 D`fg
D`fgtmvd
tmvds........
s..................
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................................ 22
2.0 Pgsp
Pgspdkse
dkse`cg..
`cg............
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................................ 2=
2.: Gstre
Gstretglm
tglme........
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...............................22=
2.8 Jdo
Jdopdkg
pdkgktgs
ktgs hgc ^cek hg Zglum Zglumomgk omgktd td y Jdk
Jdktrdc..
trdc............
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................................................2
.....................................2==
MR. ^C
^CEK
EK HG JDK JDKXMK XMKLGKLGKJME JMEZ Z..........
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=.5 Lgkg
Lgkgrecm
recmhehg
hehgs.........
s...................
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=.0 D`fg
D`fgtmvd
tmvds........
s..................
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=.: Pgsp
Pgspdkse
dkse`cg`cg hg ce gfgjgfgjujmú
ujmúk........
k..................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
......................
............<>
<>
=.8 Eo`m
Eo`mtd
td hg Epcm
Epcmjejm
jejmúk.....
úk...............
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
...........................
................. <>
=.7 Jce
Jcesmim
smimjejmú
jejmúkk hg jdktm
jdktmklgk
klgkjmes.
jmes...........
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
...............
.....=5
=555
=.9 Drle
Drlekmze
kmzejmúk
jmúk ...........
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
...........................................
................................<5<5
=.9.5 Pgju
Pgjursds
rsds..........
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
..........................
...............==5
=.9.0 @rml
@rmlehe
ehe .........
...................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
..................=
........=55
=.< Zmst
Zmstgoe
goe hg Mkid
Mkidroejm
roejmdk
dk y Jdou
Jdoukmje
kmjejmdk.
jmdk...........
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
......................=
...........=00
=.2 ^rdj
^rdjghmo
ghmomgkt
mgktds
ds lgkg
lgkgrecg
recgs........
s..................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................................
...........................==0
=.2.0 Zmstg
Zmstgoe
oe h
hgg Mk
Mkidroe
idroejmdk
jmdk y J Jdouk
doukmjej mjejmdk.
mdk...........
....................
....................
.....................
......................................
...........................==0
=.2.: Mkspg
Mkspgjjmd
jjmdk
kyX
Xresc
rescehd
ehd h
hg
g @rm
@rmlehe
lehess hg G
Gogrl
ogrlgkjm
gkjme........
e..................
.............................................
...................................==0
=.2.8 Ejjm
Ejjmdkgs
dkgs p
pere
ere B
Bejgr
ejgr I
Irgktg
rgktg e ce J
Jdktm
dktmklgk
klgkjme...
jme..............
.....................
....................
....................................=
..........................=::
R. PG
PGCE
CEJM
JMDK
DKGZ
GZ JD
JDOW
OWKM
KMXE
XEPM
PMEZ.....................
EZ...............................
....................
.....................
.....................
..................................
........................==<
5>.5 Mktrdhujjmúk....................................................................................................................=<
Mktrdhujjmúk....................................................................................................................=<
5>.0 D`fg
D`fgtmvd
tmvds.......
s.................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
..........................................
................................ =<
5>.: Jdktgkmhd hgc ^cek hg Pgcejmdkgs Jdoukmtermes.............................................................=<
Jdoukmtermes.............................................................=<
5>.:.5
5>.:.5 ^rdl
^rdlreoe
reoe hg MkidMkidroejm
roejmúk....
úk...............
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
...........................=
.................=<<
5>.:.0
5>.:.0 ^rdl
^rdlreoe
reoe hg Jdktrete
Jdktretejmúk
jmúk hg oekd hg d`re cdjec....
cdjec..............
.....................
.....................
..............................=
....................=22
RM
RM.. ^C
^CEK
EK HG JMGP
JMGPPG....................
PG..............................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
................
......===
55.5 D`fg
D`fgtmvd
tmvds.......
s.................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
..........................................
................................ ==
55.0 Pgspdkse
Pgspdkse`cg`cg hg ce Gfgjujmúk……
Gfgjujmúk…………………………… ………………………………………..……… ………………..………..….. ..…..
…….5>>
55.: Jrmtgrmds hg Jmgrrg...........................................................................................................2=
Jmgrrg........................................................................................................... 2=
55.:.5
55.:.5 Oghm
Oghmhes
hes hg JmgJmgrrg
rrg gk ce Gtepe hg Jdks Jdkstrujj
trujjmúk..
múk............
.....................
.....................
...................................
.........................2=
2=
55.:.0 Oghmhes hg J
Jmgrrg
mgrrg Hgimkmtmvd (gk ce Gte
Gtepe
pe h
hg
g Dpg
Dpgrejmúk).....................
rejmúk)...................................
....................
......5>:
5>:=
=
55.:.:
55.:.: Cmkg
Cmkgeomg
eomgktds
ktds..........
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
..........................5>:
................5>:=
=
RMM. ÊP
ÊPXMJM^
XMJMÊJMÚK
EJMÚK JMWH
JMWHEHEKE..........
EHEKE.....................
.....................
....................
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.....................
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................
......==>
7


50.5 D`fg
D`fgtmvd
tmvdss .........
....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
......................................
............................ =5
50.0 Åo`mtd hgc ^rdjgsd hg êrtmjmpejmúk Jmuheheke.............................................................=8
Jmuheheke.............................................................=8
50.: Mhgktmimjejmúk hg Lrupds hg Mktgrís u dtrds Ejtdrgs jdkidrog e ce u`mjejmú u`mjejmúk k hgc
prdygjtd.
prdy gjtd...........
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
...............................................
..................................... =8
50.8Ogjekmsods hg mkidroejmúk gk gc prdjgsd hg pertmjmpejmúk y jdksucte............................=7
jdksucte............................=7
RMMM.JPDKDLPEOE HG EJXMYMHEHGZ HG OMXMLEJMÚK EO@MGKXEC............................5>< EO@MGKXEC ............................5><77
RMY.^PGZW^WGZXD
RMY.^PGZW^WGZXD HG CEZ EJXMYMHEHGZ HG OMXMLEJMÚK EO@MGKXEC.......................=9
EO@MGKXEC....................... =9
RY. JDKJCWZ
JDKJCWZMDKGZ
MDKGZ ] PGJDOGKH
PGJDOGKHEJMDKGZ....................
EJMDKGZ..............................
....................
....................
..........................55
................55>>
EKGRDZ.....................
EKGRDZ...............................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
..................................
........................ 55
5500
9


MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE) HGC ^PD]GJXD6
–JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG ELWE1 GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK

M PPMLEJMÚK
^CEK OGPMZ1 HMZXPMXD HG BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD
FWKMK‟
M. EKXGJGHGKXGZ
êre
êr e gc e`
eèst
estgjm
gjmom
omgkt
gktd
d hg el elue
ue sg jugjugkte
kte prm
prmkjm
kjmpec
pecogk
ogktgtg jdk ces
ces elues
elues icuvme
icuvmecg
cgss y
su`tgrråkges. Ehgoås, sg utmcmze gc elue hg cds oekektmecgs, celds1 gk pgqugões gsjeces,
teo`mík sg rgjdlg elue hg ces prgjmpmtejmdk
prgjmpmtejmdkgs.
gs. ^dr cd lgkgrec ce hgprgsmúk keturec hgc sugcd
d vesds keturecgs, sgråk eprdvgjbehes oghmektg ce jdkstrujjmúk hg uk hmqug ertgsekec
(ourd
(our d jdks
jdkstrumh
trumhdd jdk oetg
oetgrmec
rmecgs
gs erjm
erjmccd
ccdsds,
sds, pmgh
pmghres
res y jbeo
jbeopes)
pes)11 cd juec gstd pgro
pgromtmr
mtmrå
å
rgtgkgr ces elues icuvmecgs, pere esï pdhgr oektgkgr ce digrte bïhrmje.
Ektg cds mopejtds hgc jeo`md jcmoåtmjd, sg be rgjupgrehd tgjkdcdlïes ekjgstrecgs pere gc
ecoejgke
ecoe jgkeomgk
omgktdtd y rgje
rgjerle
rle hg ejuï
ejuïigrd
igrds1s1 mopc
mopcgogk
gogktekh
tekhdd smst
smstgoes
goes hg rgje
rgjerle
rle hg elue
èsehes gk omjrd rgprgses rustmjes d –qdjbes‟ esdjmehes jdk dtres pråjtmjes (oekgfd hg ce
prehg
prehgre,
re, rgi
rgidrg
drgste
stejmú
jmúk
k jdk gspgspgjm
gjmgs
gs keketmv
tmves,
es, gkt
gktrg
rg dtr
dtrds)
ds) pere
pere esï pdh
pdhgr
gr iev
ievdrg
drgjgr
jgr ce
jeptejmúk, ecoejgkeomgktd
ecoejgkeomgktd g mkimctrejmúk hgc elue hg ccuvme, ogfdrekhd gccd ce digrte bïhrmje y
cds sgrvmjmds gjd smstíomjds.
Gste pråjtmje trehmjmdkec sg hmd pere ce ogfdre y gcgvejmúk hg hmqugs gk cds vesds jdcgjtdrgs
pere esï pdhgr eopcmer su jepejmheh hg ecoejgkeomgktd1 jdk uk ehgjuehd oekgfd hg sus
årgess trmù
årge trmùterm
termes
es jdk zekf
zekfes
es hg mkim
mkimctre
ctrejmúk
jmúk,, rgidr
rgidrgste
gstejmúk
jmúk,, jdks
jdkstrujj
trujjmúk
múk hg ecmv
ecmvmehg
mehgrds,
rds,
rgvglgtejmúk jdk gspgjmgs ketmves.
Esmomsod, mkhmjer qug ces mktgrvgkjmdkgs qug rgecmze ce Wkmheh Gfgjutdre Idkhd Zmgrre Ezuc,
hg ejugrhd e ce Pgsdcujmúk Omkmstgrmec K¾ >8=:-0>52 ‚OMKELPM hg igjbe 09 hg hmjmgo`rg
hgc 0>52, eprugè gc ÔM 0>5= ‚ 0>05 hgc sgjtdr Elrmjucture y Pmgld, gk gc qug sgõece ce
mktgrvgkjmúk gk smgo`re y jdsgjbe hg elue1 esï omsod oghmektg gc Ogodrekhd K¾>=80-
0>
0>52
52OM
OMKE
KELPLPM-
M-HY
HYHM
HMEP
EP/H/HLM
LMEP
EP-H-HL
L sg ep epru
rug`
gè
e cds
cds ekgx
ekgxds
ds y idro idroet
etds
ds pere
pere gc
imkekjmeomgktd hg mkvgrsmdkgs hg Dptmomzejmúk hg Zmgo`re y Jdsgjbe hg Elue gk gc Oerjd
hgc Idkhd Zmgrre Ezuc. Gk tec sgktmhd sdk mktgrvgkjmdkgs hg dptmomzejmúk hg smgo`re y
jd
jdsg
sgjb
jbe
e hg el elue
ue,, ce
cess ju
juec
ecgs
gs pu
pugh
ghgkgk sgsgrr og
oghm
hmek
ektg
tg66 qdjb
qdjbes
es,, zekf
zekfes
es hg mkim
mkimctctre
rejm
jmúk
úk,,
rgvglgtejmúk jdk gspgjmgs ketmves, rgjupgrejmúk hg `dighecgs y rgidrgstejmúk
rgidrgstejmúk..
Gk gsg sgktmhd, ce mkvgrsmúk hg dptmomzejmúk hg smgo`re y jdsgjbe hg elue prdpugste gk gc
gxpghmgktg tíjkmjd, jdksmstgktg gk ce jdkstrujjmúk hg jeptejmúk supgrimjmec hg elue gk ce
Wkmheh
Wkmheh ^rdh
^rdhujtdr
ujtdre
e hgk
hgkdomk
domkehe
ehe –JDK
–JDKZXPW
ZXPWJJMDK
JJMDK HG JE^JE^XEJMÚ
XEJMÚK K ZW^
ZW^GPIMJ
GPIMJMEC
MEC HG
ELWE1 GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK ^CEK OGPMZ1 HMZXPMXD HG BWEZEBWE BWEZEBWEZM, ZM, ^PDYMKJME
XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟, sg iukheogkte gk ce jdkstrujjmúk hg Udjbes.
Hg cd gxpcmjehd, sg hgfe jdkstekjme qug ce mktgrvgkjmúk pcektgehe gk gc gxpghmgktg tíjkmjd
gstå rgigrmhe e ce jdkstrujjmúk hg >9 Udjbes gk gc åo`mtd hg mktgrvgkjmúk hg ce ukmheh
prdhujtdre mkhmjehe, hmjbe mktgrvgkjmúk pgromtmrå dptmomzer gc sgrvmjmd hg elue pere rmgld
qug `rmkhe ce ukmheh prdhujtdre.
^dr cd tektd ce Oukmjmpecmheh hg Buesebuesm, irgktg e cds mopejtds hgc jeo`md jcmoåtmjd
vmgkg mopucsekhd
mopucsekhd ce smgo`re y jdsgjbe hg elue gk ce Pglmúk hg Fukïk, gk jddrhmkejmúk jdk
ce Wkmheh Gfgjutdre >:9 ‚ >>59:8 –Idkhd Zmgrre Ezuc‟, pdr cd qug prgsgktek gc gxpghmgktg
<


Xíjkmjd pere su imkekjmeomgktd e ce dimjmke hg ce sgjrgterïe Xíjkmje hgc IDKHD ZMGPPE

EVWC, pdkmgkhd hg jdkdjmomg
jdkdjmomgktd
ktd e ce Jdoukmhe
Jdoukmheh h Jeopgsmk
Jeopgsmke e hg Zek Fuek hg ce Cm`grteh,
hgc Hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm, ^rdvmkjme hg Xeroe1 cd juec rgqumgrgk ce gfgjujmúk hg gstg
prdygjtd hg mkvgrsmúk pere ogfdrer ce hmspdkm`mcmheh bïhrmje gk gjdsmstgoes ectd ekhmkds.
Gc prgsgktg Mkidrog hg Lgstmúk Eo`mgktec (MLE), pere gc ^rdygjtd –JDKZXPWJJMDK HG
JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG ELWE1 GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK ^CEK OGPMZ1 HMZXPMXD
HG BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟, sg tmgkg jdod imkecmheh
ecoejgker g mkimctrer elue hg ccuvme, rgjupgrer oekektgs eldtehds y oektgkgr ce buogheh
hg ces prehgres, pere hmspdkgr hg elue hurektg gc pgrmdhd hg oeydr gsjesgz.
MM. OEPJD CGLEC
Gc Mkidrog hg Lgstmúk Eo`mgktec (MLE) hg cds prdygjtds qug kd sg gkjugktrek jdoprgkhmhds
gk ce Cgy hgc Zmstgoe Kejmdkec hg Gvecuejmúk hg Mopejtd Eo`mgktec (ZGME), hg`gråk jdkter
jdk ce smlumgktg kdroetmve6
 Jdkstmtujmúk ^dcïtmje hgc Gstehd ^gruekd (hmjmgo`rg 5==:).
 Cgy 029556 Cgy Lgkgrec hgc Eo`mgktg.
 Cgy Zmstgoe Kejmdkec hg Gvecuejmúk hgc Mopejtd Eo`mgktec - Cgy K¾ 0<889.
 Pglceogktd hg Lgstmúk Eo`mgktec hgc Zgjtdr Elrermd, eprdèhd oghmektg Hgjrgtd
Zuprgod K¾ >5=-0>50- EL y odhmimjehd oghmektg cds Hgjrgtds Zuprgods K¾ >>8-
0>5:-EL y >5:-0>5:-OMK
>5:-0>5:-OMKELPM.
ELPM.

Cgy Lgkgrec hg Eoperd ec êtrmodkmd Jucturec hg ce Kejmúk ‚ K¾ 08>8<, hgc >7->5-27.
 Cg
Cgyy K¶09
K¶097>
7>7,
7, hg
hgcc 58
58->
-><-
<-=7
=766 Cg
Cgyy hg Mkvg
Mkvgrs
rsmú
múk
k ^rmv
^rmveh
ehe
e gk gc Hg Hgse
serr
rrdc
dccd
cd hg ces
ces
Ejtmvmhehgs Gjdkúomjes gk ces Xmgrres hgc Xgrrmtdrmd Kejmdke
Kejmdkecc y hg ces Jdoukmh
Jdoukmhehgs
ehgs
Jeopgsmkes y Ketmves
 Cgy K¶0=::26 Cgy Lgkgrec hg Pgjursds Bïhrmjds.
 H.Z. K¾ >>5-0>5>6 Pglceogktd Hg Ce Cgy hg Pgjursds Bïhrmjds.
 Hgjrgtd Cglmscetmvd K¾ 50<2, Cgy hg Lgstmúk Mktglrec hg Pgsmhuds Zúcmhds, ce omsoe
qug gste`cgjg ce hgrdletdrme hg ce Cgy K¾ 0<:58, Cgy Lgkgrec hg Pgsmhuds.
 Hgjrgtd Zuprgod K¾ >58-0>5<-OMKEO, Cgy Mktglrec hg Pgsmhuds Zúcmhds.
 Pglceogktd hg Oekgfd hg Pgsmhuds Zúcmhds hgc Zgjtdr Elrermd, eprdèhd oghmektg
Hgjrgtd Zuprgod K¾ >59-0>50-EL.
 Luïe pere ce Gce`drejmúk hg Gstuhmds hg Mopejtd Eo`mgktec.


Luïe
Cgy hghgÅrges
êrtmjmpejmúk Jmuheheke.
Keturecgs ^rdtglmhes Cgy K¾ 092:8.
 Cgy Idrgstec y hg Ieuke Zmcvgstrg - Cgy K¾ 0=<9:, Hgjrgtd Zuprgod K¾ >52-0>57-
OMKELPM.
 Pglceogktd
Pglceog ktd pere ce Lgstmúk hg Ieuke Zmcvgstrg, eprdèhd pdr H.Z. K¶ >5= ‚ 0>57
OMKELPM
 Cgy Drlåkmje pere gc Eprdvgjbeomgktd Zdstgkm`cg hg cds Pgjursds Keturecgs - Cgy K¾
09205.
 Cgy hg JdJdksg
ksgrve
rvejmú
jmúk
k y Hg
Hgser
serrdc
rdccd
cd Zdstg
Zdstgkm
km`c
`cg
g hg ce Hm
Hmvgr
vgrsmh
smheh
eh @md
@mdcúl
cúlmje
mje ‚ Cgy
Cgy
K¾092:=.
 Ejtuecmzejmúk
Ejtuecmzejmúk hg ce Cmste hg Jcesmimjejm
Jcesmimjejmúk
úk y Jetgldrmze
Jetgldrmzejmúk
jmúk hg ces Gspgjmgs
Eogkezehess hg Ieuke Zmcvgstrg Cglecogktg ^rdtglmh
Eogkezehe ^rdtglmhes,
es, eprdèhe oghmektg Hgjrgtd
Zuprgod K¾ >>8-0>58-OMKELPM.

Cgy hg Årges Keturecgs ^rdtglmhes, Cgy K¾ 092:8 y su Pglceogktd, eprdèhd
2


oghmektg Hgjrgtd Zuprgod K¾ >:2-0>>5

>:2-0>>5-EL.
-EL.
 Jetgldrmzejmúk hg gspgjmgs eogkezehes hg ieuke smcvgstrg - Hgjrgtd Zuprgod K¾
>:8-0>>8 EL.
 Pglc
Pglceo
eogk
gktd
td hg ê êrt
rtmj
mjmp
mpej
ejmú
múk
k JmJmuh
uheh
ehek
ekee pere
pere ce Gv
Gvec
ecue
uejm
jmúk
úk,, Ep
Eprd
rdè
èjm
jmúk
úk y
Zglumomgktd hg Mkstruogktds hg Lgstmúk Eo`mgktec hgc Zgjtdr Elrermd, eprdèhd
oghmektg Hgjrgtd Zuprgod >52-0>50-EL y odhmimjehd oghmektg gc Hgjrgtd Zuprgod

K¾ >50-0>5:-OMKELPM.
Hgjrgtd Zuprgod K¶ >5<-0>>=-EL ‚ –Pglceogktd hg Jcesmimjejmúk hg Xmgrres pdr su
Jepejmheh hg Wsd Oeydr hgc Omkmstgrmd hg Elrmjucture‟.
 Cgy Drlåkmje hg Ld`mgrkds Pglmdkecgs - Cgy K¾ 0<29<.
 Cgy Drlåkmje hg Oukmjmpecmhehgs - Cgy K¾ 0<=<0.
MMM. D@FGXMYDZ E EO
O@MGKXECGZ
MMM.5 D`fgtmvd L Lggkgrec
 Gc ^rdygjtd –JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG ELWE1 GK GC(CE)
MPPMLEJMÚ
MPPM LEJMÚK K ^CEK OGP OGPMZ1
MZ1 HMZXP
HMZXPMXD
MXD HG BWE
BWEZEBW
ZEBWEZM,
EZM, ^PDY
^PDYMKJME
MKJME XEP
XEPOE,
OE,
HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟, tmgkg jdod d`fgtmvd jdkdjgr y jdoprgkhgr gc jdkjgptd hg
smgo`re y jdsgjbe hg elue jdk gc prdpúsmtd hg epcmjercd pere omtmler gigjtds hgc
jeo`md jcmoåtmjd y sus rgpgrjusmdk
rgpgrjusmdkgs.
gs.
MM
MMMM.0 D`fg fgttmv
mvd
ds Gspgjïimj
ïimjd
ds

Juopcmr jdk cds cmkgeomgktds hgc H.Z. K¾ >5:-0>5:-OMKELPM.
 Mhgktmimjer, prghgjmr, juektmimjer y gvecuer cds mopejtds eo`mgktecgs qug sg pdhrïek
lgkgrer pdr ce gfgjujmúk hgc prdygjtd1 ye sgek pdsmtmvds d kgletmvds.
 ^rdpdkgr oghmhes pere gvmter y/d omtmler cds pdsm`cgs mopejtds eo`mgktecgs qug sg
puhmgrek lgkgrer gk gc årge hgc prdygjtd.
MY. HGZJPM^JMÚK H HG
GC ^^P
PD]GJXD
Zglök gc Ogodrekhd K¾>=80-0>52-OMKELPM-HYHMEP/HLMEP-HL, sgõece qug cds ejtmvds
hg ce WkWkmhe
mhehh ^rd
^rdhu
hujtd
jtdre
re hg Zgr
Zgrvmj
vmjmds
mds gxm
gxmstg
stgktg
ktg sdk
sdk66 El
Elue,
ue, Mkire
Mkiregst
gstruj
rujtur
ture
e gxm
gxmstg
stgktg
ktg,,
Drlekmzejmúk
Drlekmzejmú k hg usuermds y ^rdhujjmúk Elrïjdce y pere imkgs hg mkvgrsmdkg
mkvgrsmdkgss hg dptmomzejm
dptmomzejmúk
úk
sg mktgrvgkhrå sd`rg gc ejtmvd Elue sglök cd smlumgktg6
Xmpdcdlïe6 Dptmomzejmú
Dptmomzejmúk
k
Keturecgze66 Jdkstrujjmúk
Keturecgze

Iejtdrgs
Ejtmvd

prdhujtmvds6
gstretílm
gstretílmjd6 Mkiregstrujture
jd6 Elue
Gsqugoe >5 - W`mjejmúk hg Wkmheh prdhujtdre y u`mjejmúk hg Ejtmvmhehgs hg
^rdygjtd hg Mkvgrsmúk hg dptmomzejmúk gk smgo`re y Jdsgjbe hg elue (Udjbes, Vekfes
hg mkimctrejmúk, rgidrgstejmúk, prehgres, `dighecgs)
=


Gk gsg sgktmhd, sg jdkjcuyg qug ce mktgrvgkjmúk (>9 qdjbes) kd kgjgsermeogktg jdmkjmhg

jdk gc omsod hmstrmtd hg ce Wkmheh ^rdhujtdre, pgrd sm sg fustmimje pdrqug sg gkjugktrek
sd`rg ce ukmheh prdhujtdre y hgktrd hg ce ukmheh bmhrdlråimje1 ye qug cd qug cgs ukg kd gs gc
cïomtg hmstrmtec smkd gc ejtmvd gstretílmjd qug gs gc elue.
MY.5
MY.5 Kd
Kdoò`rg rg y he
hetd
tdss l
lgk
gkgre
grecgs
cgs hg
hgcc prdy
prdygjt
gjtd
d
Juehrd K¾ >56 Ejjgsds y Yïes hg Jdoukmjejmúk

–JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG ELWE1
GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK ^CEK OGPMZ1 HMZXPMXD HG
Kdo`rg hgc ^rdygjtd
BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD
HGÊPXEOGKXD
FWKMK‟
Gxpghmgktg
JWM 087:>00 Kmvgc hg Gstuhmd
Xíjkmjd
Xmpd hg ^rdygjtd pdr rgecmzer Kugvd (R) Eopcmejmúk ( ) Ogfdreomgktd ( )
Odktd Gstmoehd hg ce
Z/ @gkgimjmermds ieomcmes
Mkvgrsmúk
^cezd hg Gfgjujmúk 5.7 ogs Bdrmzdktg hgc prdygjtd 5> eõds
^r
^rgs
gsup
upug
Oekgfdugst
std
d hgc
hgc ^c
Eo`mgktec ek hg Z/ 5=,275.>9
^cek
MY.0
MY.0 D`fgfgttmv
mvd
dhhggc pr
prdygjgjttd
Jdk
dksg
sgrv
rver
er ce digr
digrte
te bïhr
bïhrmj
mjee y cd
cdss sg
sgrv
rvmj
mjmd
mdss gj
gjds
dsms
mstg
tgom
omjd
jdss peper
r e gc ^rdy
^rdygj
gjtd
td66
–JDK
–JDKZXZXPW PWJJ
JJMDMDKK HG JE JE^X^XEJ
EJMÚ
MÚKK ZW
ZW^G
^GPIPIMJ
MJME
MECC HG EL ELW WE1 GK GC GC(C
(CE)
E)
MPPMLEJMÚ
MPPM LEJMÚK K ^CEK OGP OGPMZ1 MZ1 HMZXP
HMZXPMXD
MXD HG BWEBWEZEBW
ZEBWEZM,
EZM, ^PDY
^PDYMKJME
MKJME XEP
XEPOE,
OE,
HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟.
MY
MY.:
.: Årge
Årgess y ieieom
omcmcmes
es `g
`gkg
kgimimjm
jmeh
ehes
es
Ce gfgjujmúk hgc prd prdygjtd
ygjtd `gkgimjmere
`gkgimjmere hmrgjteogktg e 07= ieom
ieomcmes
cmes y 7>> be hg rgjerle
bïhrmje pere rmgld.
@gkgimjmds hgc ^rdygjtd
Pghujjmúk hg gsjdrrgktïes, mkjrgogktd hg ce mkimctrejmúk hg elue y ogfdre hg ce

rglucejmúk
rglucejmú
Eimekzeomgk bïhrmje.
Eimekzeomgktd
ktd bïhrmjd gk pgqugõe
pgqugõess omjrd jugkjes ekhmkes pere hmspdkgr hg elue
hurektg gstmefg.
Oektgkmomgktd y/d rgjupgrejmúk hg pestmzecgs keturecgs y hg gspgjmgs pecete`cgs
pere ce prdhujjmúk pgjuerme.
Ogfdre hg ce jepejmheh hg jerle hg ces prehgres keturecgs.
Ces omjrd rgprgses odhgrek gc omjrdjcmoe hg su gktdrkd, pugs e`sdr`gk, rgtmgkgk y
cm`grek jecdr.
Epermjmúk hg kugves gspgjm
gspgjmgs
gs hg ieuke, jdo
jdodd evgs1 y hg omjrd icd
icdre
re y omjrd ieuke
ieuke..
Pgjupgrejmúk hg `mdhmvgrsmheh y ogfdreomgktd hg ce `gccgze pemsefïstmje.
@gkgimjmds sdjmdjucturecgs1 hdkhg idrtecgjgk gc treèfd jdoukmtermd y oeydr jdbgsmúk
sdjmec.
5>


MY.8
MY.8 W`mje
`mjejm
jmúk
úk hgc prdyg
rdygjt
jtd
d
MY.8.5
MY.8.5 W`m
W`mjej
jejmúk
múk ^d
^dcït
cïtmje
mje y Lgdl
Lgdlråi
råimje
mje
Juehrd K¾ >06 W`mjejmúk hgc prdygjtd
Hgperteogktd ^rdvmkjme Hmstrmtd Cdjecmheh
FWKMK XEPOE BWEZEBWEZM ZEK FWEK HG CE CM@GPXEH
Jddrhgkehes WXO ‚ \LZ 28

Mkiregstrujtur
Kdrtg Gstg Ectmtuh D`sgrvejmúk
e
5 2<987=8.55 85:258.=9 80=>.>> OEXEJJDJBE M
0 2<98<20.7= 85:8<0.89 8:7<.7> OEXEJJDJBE MM
: 2<98>9:.5= 85702<.:: 802<.7> BEXWKJBEJE
8 2<95=57.7= 859:=<.8= 852<.7> OEKEPMOEPMKE
7 2<7=0::.=5 852<2>.02 8590.7> ZWEOEJBE] M
9 2<722:0.87 85=:90.=< 8>=>.>> ZWEOEJBE] MM
Iugktg66 Gce`drehd pdr gc jdksuctdr
Iugktg
MY.8.0
MY.8.0 W`m
W`mjej
jejmúk
múk Bmh
Bmhrdl
rdlråi
råimje
mje
 Pglmúk Bmhrdlråimje 6 Jugkje Oekterd

 Jugkje 6 Oekterd
 Zu`jugkje 6 rmd Buesebuesm
MY.8.:
MY.8.: Ejj
Ejjgsds
gsds y vïe
vïess hg jjdou
doukmj
kmjejmú
ejmúk
k
Gk gc smlumgktg juehrd sg ougstre gc ejjgsd bejme ce zdke hg mkicugkjm
mkicugkjme
e hgc prdygjtd6
Juehrd K¶ >:6 Ejjgsm`mcmheh e ces Udjbes
HMZXEKJME XMGO^D GZXEHD HG

XPEOD XM^D HG YÏE
(AO) (BDPEZ) CE YÏE
Cmoe ‚ Drdye - Xeroe :5> 7b Esiectd Pglucer
Esiectd y
Xeroe - Buesebuesm 09 87 omk Pglucer
eimroehd
Xrdjbe
Buesebuesm ‚ Zekte Jcere 5:.:< 77 omk Pglucer
jerrdze`cg
Zekte Jcere ‚ Udjbe Xrdjbe
5> 0> omk Pglucer
Zueoekjbey M jerrdze`cg
Zekte Jcere - Udjbe Xrdjbe

55.7 :> omk Pglucer
Zueoekjbey MM jerrdze`cg
55


Xrdjbe
Zekte Jcere ‚ Jrujg 50 :7 omk Pglucer
jerrdze`cg
Xrdjbe
Jrujg ‚ Oekermoermke >.7 5> omk Pglucer
jerrdze`cg
Jrujg ‚ Udjbe Betukjbeje, Xrdjbe

9 :> omk Pglucer
Oetejjdjbe M y MM jerrdze`cg
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd pdr gc Jdksuctdr
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
MY.7
MY.7 Ogt
gtees pdr gfgj
fgjuter
Juehrd K¾>86 Ogte Iïsmje
WKMHEH HG
JDO^DKGKXG JEKXMHEH
OGHMHE
Udjbe Wkmheh >9
Iugktg6
Juehrd K¾>76 Ogtes e gfgjuter gk gc prdygjtd

HMUWG CDKLMXWH HGZJEPLE ÅPGE HG YDCWOGK
HGZJPM^JMÚK CDKLMXWH JDPDKE ECXWPE ECMYMEHGPD HMEOGXPD CDKLMXWH GO@ECZG HG GO@ECZG
(o) (o) (o) (o) (oo) (o) (o0) (o:)
OEXEJJDJBE M :2.>> :.>> 5.2> 0:.>> 59>.>> 0>.>> 507,7=7.85 99,=02.85
OEXEJJDJBE MM 95.>> :.>> 5.2> 07.>> 59>.>> 52.>> <2,5<=.02 22,0><.<<

BEXWKJBEJE :2.>> :.>> 0.>> 07.>> 59>.>> 0>.>> 00,0<0.>8 50,:58.>5
OEKEPMOEPMKE 0<.>> :.>> 0.>> 07.>> 59>.>> 0>.>> <5,7:8.85 25,=95.97
ZWEOEJBE] M HMUWG M 0=.9> :.>> 0.>>
ZWEOEJBE]
ZWEOEJBE] M HMUWG :=.>> 59>.>> 52.>> 7,9<:.>< :,0:2.20
MM 02.7> 0.>> >.87
ZWEOEJBE] MM :=.>> :.>> 0.<0 =.>> 59>.>> 52.>> :,005.08 8,==2.22
Iugktg6
MY.9
MY.9 Hg
Hgsjr
sjrmp
mpjmú
jmúk
khhgg cd
cdss jd
jdop
opdk
dkgk
gktg
tgss hg
hgcc pr
prdy
dygjt
gjtd
d
Gc ^rdygjtd –JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG ELWE1 GK GC(CE)
MPPM
MPPMLE
LEJM
JMÚK
ÚK ^C ^CEK
EK OG OGPMPMZ1
Z1 HMZX
HMZXPM
PMXD
XD HG BW BWEZ
EZEB
EBWE
WEZM
ZM,, ^P
^PDY
DYMK
MKJM
JME
E XE
XEPO
POE,
E,
HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟, jdksterå hg sgms (>9) qdjbe gxmstgktg qug trmùterå e ce Wkmheh
^rdhujtdre hgc gxpghmgktg hg smgo`re y jdsgjbe hg elue1 cd juec gsterå jdopugste pdr
ecmvmehgrds, hmqugs hg tmgrre y jmogktejmdkgs, qug sg hgteccek e jdktmkuejmúk6
MY.9.
MY.9.55 D`
D`res
res tg
tgop
opdr
drecg
ecgss
Ces d`res tgopdrecgs d prdvmsmdkecgs qug jdktere gc ^rdygjtd pere su gfgjujmúk, hg`gråk
gster sufgtes e kdroes hg hmsgõd y hg sglurmheh, esï jdod ce ogtdhdcdlïe hg jdkstrujjmúk
hgc ^rdygjtd, tecgs jdod6
MY.9.5.5 Hgpúsmtd hg Oetgrmec Gxjghgktg (HOG)
Gc oetgrmec gxjghgktg qug sg prdhujmrå gk gc årge hgc prdygjtd, sg rgecmzerå hg oekgre qug
sg omkmomjg ce gomsmúk hg oetgrmec pertmjucehd, pere tec imk, sg buoghgjgrå gc oetgrmec e
hgpdsmter, e imk hg rghujmr ce lgkgrejmúk hg pdcvd.
^dr cd tektd, gc oetgrmec gxjghgktg sgrå hmspugstd gk jepes sujgsmves jdopejtehes qug
esglurgk ce gste`mcmheh hg cds tecuhgs.
Zg pgrimcerå ce supgrimjmg jdk uke pgkhmgktg suevg, hg odhd qug pgromte hercg uk ejeèhd
imkec ejdrhg jdk ce odridcdlïe hgc gktdrkd jmrjukhektg. Ce gxtgksmúk hgc årge sgrå jdktrdcehe
50


pdr gc vdcuogk hg hgsodktg, ce ecture hg ce pmce y cds tecuhgs hg rgpdsd gk gc pgrïogtrd hgc
hgpúsmtd.
Ce hmspdsmjmúk hgc oetgrmec gxjghgktg sg berå jumhehdseogktg, jdopejtekhd jehe tekhe hg
ve
vejm
jmeh
ehd,
d, e imk
imk hg qu
qugg gc oeoetg
tgrm
rmec
ec pe
pert
rtmj
mjuc
uceh
ehd
d lgkg
lgkgre
rehd
hd sge
sge oïkm
oïkmod
od.. Gc prdj
prdjgs
gsdd hg
jdkidroejmúk hgc Hgpúsmtd hg Oetgrmec Gxjghgktg (hg eèfd bejme errmè) sg rgecmzerå jdk
cds jdkjgptds y peråogtrds hgc jmgrrg gk tdhd odogktd.
Gc
hg oetgrmec
tgrrezes,gxjghgktg, lgkgrehd
jdk pgkhmgktg gk yces
suevg ejtmvmhehgs
qug luerhgk jdkstrujtmves,
erodkïe jdk cesgrå hmspugstdhge ce
tdpdlreiïe oekgre
zdke
jmrjukhektg hg ces hds årges hgstmkehes pere tec imk (gc tgrrgkd sgrå grmezd1 y kd gsterå gk
jdktejtd jdk uke iugktg hg elue).
Juehrd K¶>96 Jddrhgkehes hg cds HOG
JDDPHGKEHEZ HG HG^DZMXD HG OEXGPMEC GRJGHGKXG (HOG)
GCGYEJMDK HMZXEKJME
^WKXD UDJBE GZXG (o) KDPXG (o)
(osko) (o)
5 OEXEJJDJBE M 85:2>9.05 2<98908.59 80=>.7> :7
0 OE XE JJDJBE MM 85:895.=9 2<9820=.22 8:7=.>> 78
: BEXWKJBE JE 857070.:2 2<

2<98>27.9< 8022.>> :=.7
8 OEKEPMOEPMKE 8598::.>7 2<

2<952<7.99 8522.7> 77
7 ZWEOEJBE ] M 8522>2.07 2<7=0:9.<9 859>.7> :>
9 ZWEOE JBE ] MM 85=:25.:0 2<72288.87 8>2<.>> 07.7
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd pdr gc jdksuctdr.

Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
MY.9.0 D`r
MY.9.0 D`res
es ^gr
^groek
oekgkt
gktgs
gs
Ces prm
prmkjm
kjmpe
pecg
cgss d`r
d`res
es jdk
jdksm
smhgr
hgreh
ehes
es gk gc prd
prdygj
ygjtd
td sdk
sdk66 >9 hmq
hmqug
ugss hg tmgrre
tmgrre,, jdk sus
rgspgjtmves d`res jdkgxes y gc ecmvmehgrd hg hgoesïes, sg hgsjrm`gk ces jerejtgrïstmjes hg
ces gstrujtures jdksmhgreh
jdksmhgrehes6
es6
MY.9.0.5 Hmqug hg tmgrre
Hmqug hg tmgrre Zgjjmúk Xmpd M
Ces >9 Udjbes pcektgehes, gståk jdkidroehes pdr uk hmqug hg tmgrre bdodlíkge qug
tmgkgk ces smlumgktgs hmogksmdkgs6
Juehrd K¾><6 Hmogksmdkgs hgc hmqug
HMUWG
K¾ UDJBE
CDKLM
KL
(oM)XWH EC(XoW)PE JD(PoD)KE
5 OEXEJJDJBE M :2.>> 5.2> :.>>
0 OEXEJJDJBE MM 95.>> 5.2> :.>>
: BEXWKJBEJE :2.>> 0.>> :.>>
8 OEKEPMOEPMKE 0<.>> 0.>> :.>>
ZWEOEJBE] M - HMUWG
0=.9> 0.>> :.>>
M
7
ZWEOEJBE
ZWEOEJBE]M
]M - HMUWG
02.7> >.87 0.>>
MM
9 ZWEOEJBE] MM :=.>> 0.<0 :.>>
Gk gc juehrd prgjghgktg sg d`sgrve qug ces cdklmtuhgs hg cds hmqugs verïek hgshg 0<.>> e
95.>> o, y juyd tecuh elues errmè gs hg 065 (B6Y), prdtglmhd jdk lgdogo`reke hg BH^G
hg 5.> oo, ce lgdogo`reke gsterå rgju`mgrte pdr eoès jeres jdk uke jepe hg lgdtgxtmc
5:


kd tgfmhd hg :>> lr/o0, jdk uk tecuh elues errmè y elues eèfd hg 065 (B6Y), tgromkekhd gk
uke jdrdke hg :.>> o hg ekjbd. Gc tecuh elues errmè y eèfd sg prdtglgrå jdk gkrdjehd hg
50‟ y 0>‟1 omgktres qug ce jdrdke sgrå rgju`mgrte jdk jbeope.
^mghre ejdodhehejerevmste
esgktehdgksgjdhg>.:7x>.7>o
HMUWG ODHGCD >5 Lgdogo`rekeBH^G

Jbeopes >,0> oïk.
Jepe hgtmgrre >,57 oïk.
hg 5.>oohggspgsdr
d r
Pj >,8>
Lgdtgxtmckd tgfmhd XHO Pgccgkdjdopejtehd j/
0 jepes:>> lr.xo0 oetgrmecprísteod j/0>jo.
Pj @? ekjbd hg jdrdke ; :,>>o
Lgdogo`rekeBH^G Pgccgkdjdopejtehd j/ >,8>
hg 5.>oohggspgsdr
d r oetgrmecprísteod j/0>jo.
Jbeopes hg >.0>o oïk. HGXECCG 0

HGXECCG 5 HGXECCG 0
Gkrdjehd gk tecuh Ekjcefg hgGsj.6
lgdogo`reke
^mghre ejdodhehe jerevmste
Gsj.65/0>
HGXECCG 5 5/0>
esgktehd gk sgjd hg >.:7 x >.7>o 5,>>
Pj ^mghre ejdodhehe jerevmste

KEOG
esgktehd gk sgjd1 g? >.07o oïk.
Kmvgc hg elue KEOD

V?0
V?0
B3 :,>> Pj
Pgccgkd jdopejtehd j/
oetgrmec prísteod j/0>jo
KEOM @
bj
Pj Pj
bp? verme`cg
V?>.5 êktecce mopgroge`cg j/ lgdogo`reke Z?>.7%

Hrgkgs j/ lreve lrehuehe
BH^G 5.>oo hg gspgsdr
hg 5" e 0"Ò
>,7> @
JDPXG E - E
Gsj.6 5/7>
Imlure K¶>56 Hmqug hg tmgrre

Jmogktejmúk hgc hmqug
Jdk ce imkecmheh hg d`tgkgr uke ùgke jmogktejmúk sg rgecmzú ougstrgds hg pgrimcgs e trevís
hg jecmjetes, rezúk pdr gc juec sg be hgtgromkehd gc hgspecog hgc oetgrmec drlåkmjd gk uke
prdiukhmheh hg >.8> o. hg prdiukhmhe
prdiukhmheh
h jdod oïkmod.
Gc kmvgc hg jmogktejmúk sg prdygjte e uke prdiukhmheh hg >.9> o beste ccgler e uke jepe
hure, ce juec jdkstmtuyg gc epdyd gste`cg hgc jugrpd hgc hmqug.
Imlure Kª >06 Jmogktejmúk hgc hmqug

Imctrd hgc hmqug
êre gcmomker gc rmgsld hg iecces pdr smidkeomgktd hg ces tecuhgs elues eèfd sg mkstecere uke
zekfe hg imctrds jdk oetgrmec sgcgjjmdkehd qug tgkle uke oeydr pgroge`mcmheh qug gc hgc
oetgrmec hgc jugrpd hgc hmqug, ehgoås qug sus pdrds hg`gk sgr suimjmgktgs imkds pere
mopghmr gc pesd hg pertïjuces hgc oetgrmec prdtglmhd, gstd pgromtmrå qug gc icufd hg elue qug
pese e trevís hgc jugrpd hgc hmqug y hgc su`sugcd hrgkgk e trevís hgc imctrd smk kmklök
prd`cgoe bejme gc smstgoe hg gvejuejmúk elues eèfd, pgromtmgkhd hg gste oekgre uk
ehgjuehd iukjmdkeomgktd hg ce gstrujture smk qug prgsgktg iecce ecluke elues eèfd.
Gc oetgrmec jdcdjehd gk gc imctrd hg`g sgr hg tec lrekucdogtrïe qug cds oetgrmecgs hg ce
jmogktejmúk y gc hgc tgrrepcík kd pughek pgkgtrer y teper gc imctrd, pere gccd ces lreves
58


lrekucehes sgråk hg 5‟ e 0‟ hg hmåogtrd y pere ce ju`mgrte hg ce zekfe sg gigjtuerå jdk

oekte lgdtgxtmc kd tgfmhd hg 0>> lr/o0.
Ces hmogksmdkgs hgc jekec hg imctrd sgråk hg >.7> x >.9> o, smgkhd gkvugctes pdr gc lgdtgxtmc
kd tgfmhd hg 0>> lr/o0, jdk uk trescepg hg >.8> ots.
Imlure Kª >:6 Imctrd hgc hmqug

Gstrujture hg Xdoe hg elue
Jdkstmtuyg gc smstgoe hg rglucejmúk y jdktrdc qug gstå jdkstmtumhd pdr uke gstrujture hg
mklrgsd gste prdvmste hg uke tu`grïe hg ^G hg 9‟, qug pgromtg hgsjerler uk jeuhec oïkmod
hg >.>50 o:/s,
hg jdkjrgtd hg uke
smopcg, cdklmtuh
jdod qug verïek
sg ougstre hg 52 e 0> ogtrds, imfehd gk uk hehd hg ekjcefg
gk ce Imlure.
Imlure Kª >86 Xdoe hg elue

Yåcvuce hg jdktrdc.
Ce våcvuce hg jdktrdc tmgkg ce iukjmúk hg rglucer gc jeuhec hg secmhe hg elue, y gstå
jdoprgkhmhe pdr uke våcvuce jdopugrte hg våsteld imfd hg I¾I¾ hg 9‟ `rmhehe, sg gkjugktre
prdtglmhe pdr uke jefe hg sglurmheh hg jdkjrgtd eroehd hg 5.:> x 5.:> o, jdk tepe
ogtåc
ogtåcmje
mje gstrm
gstrmehe
ehe g? 5/2
5/2‟.
‟. Ces jef
jefes
es y våc
våcvuc
vuces
es hg ces
ces >9 qdj
qdjbes
bes tmgkg
tmgkgk
k ces
ces oms
omsoes
oes
jerejtgrïstmjes.
57


Imlure K¶>76 Yåcvuce hg jdktrdc

Ecmvmehgrd y vgrtghgrd hg hgoesïes
Zg be hmsgõehd uk vgrtghgrd cetgrec hg hgoesïes elues errmè sd`rg uk tgrrgkd keturec hgc
oerlgk mzqumgrhd hgc jdrdkeomgktd hg hmqug, jdk gc d`fgtd hg gvejuer uk jeuhec oåxmod
treksmtehd verïe hgshg 5.52 beste 7.>< o:/s pere ces >9 qdjbes.
Imlure K¶>96 Ecmvmehgrd y vgrtghgrd hg hgoesïes
8.9.0.0. Gtepes hgc hgserrdccd hgc ^rdygjtd

MY.9.:
MY.9 .: Gte
Gtepe
pe hg
hg jd
jdkst
kstruj
rujjmúk
jmúk
Gk gste
gste gtep
gtepee hg
hgcc pr
prdy
dygj
gjtd
td rg
rgec
ecmz
mzer
ergo
gods
ds tre`
treèf
efds
ds supg
supgri
rimj
mjme
mecg
cgss pere
pere cds
cds hmig
hmigrg
rgkt
ktgs
gs
jdopdkgktgs qug gsteråk mkjcumhds gk gc prgsgktg prdygjtd, pere cd juec sg tgkhrå gk
jugkte qug gc prdygjtd tmgkg uke hurejmúk eprdxmoehe hg 5.7 ogs. Esï omsod sg rgecmzerå
ces smlumgktgs ejtmvmhehgs
ejtmvmhehgs66
Ejtmvmhehgs ^rgcmomkergs
d Cmopmgze y hgs`rdjg
d Xrezd y kmvgcejmúk.
d Odvmcmzejmúk
Odvmcmzejmú k y hgsodvmcm
hgsodvmcmzejmúk
zejmúk hg gqumpds y oequmkerm
oequmkermes
es
d Ejdkhmjmdkeomgktd
Ejdkhmjmdk eomgktd hg mkste
mkstecejmdkgs
cejmdkgs tgopd
tgopdrecgs.
recgs.
59


Odvmomgktd hg Xmgrres
Jdkstrujjmúk hg D`res jmvmcgs
E jdktmkuejmúk,
jdktmkuejmúk, sg hgsjrm`gk cces
es smlumgktg
smlumgktgss ejtmvmhehgs gk cce
e Gtepe hg Jdk
Jdkstrujjmúk6
strujjmúk6
Ejtmvmhehgs ^rgcmomkergs
Cmopmgze y hgs`rdjg
Ce cmopmgze y hgs`rdjg jdoprgkhgrå gk ce rgodjmúk hg ce jepe hg sugcd drlåkmjd, oecgzeoecgzes1
s1
cd juechgktrd
sugcd, gstds sgråk trekspdrtehds
hgc årge hg ce d`re. gk uk culer hg ejdpmd d gxtgkhmhd gk ce jepe supgrmdr hgc
Xrezd y kmvgcejmúk
Gk gc trezd y ce kmvgcejmúk smgoprg gs ötmc, ye qug oerje cds cïomtgs hgc tgrrgkd y cds gfgs
pr
prmk
mkjm
jmpe
pecg
cgss hg
hgcc pr
prdy
dygj
gjtd
td gs momopd
pdrte
rtekt
ktg
g trez
trezer
er ces
ces u`mj
u`mjej
ejmd
mdkg
kgss hg mkst
mkstec
ecej
ejmd
mdkg
kgss d
gqumpeomgktd kd rgigrgkjmehds jdk gfgs, tecgs jdod tdoes hg elue, rglmstrds, hrgkefgs,
gtj.
gtj.,, pd
pdrr cd ququgg sg tmgk
tmgkgg jd
jdod
od jd
jdkjkjcu
cusm
smúk
úk ququgg gc trez
trezd
d y kmvg
kmvgce
cejm
jmúk
úk sg d`tm
d`tmgk
gkg
g gc
rgig
rgigrg
rgkj
kjme
mejm
jmúk
úk kgkgjg
jgse
serm
rmd
d pe
pere
re u`
u`mj
mjer
er ec prprdy
dygj
gjtd
td gk gc gspe
gspejm
jmd
d y hg ejug
ejugrhrhd
d e ces
ces
hmogksmdkgs
hmogksmdk gs y kmvgcgs prggste`cgjmhds.
Odvmcmzejmúk y hgsodvmcmzejmúk hg gqumpd
Gstg prdjghmomgktd epcmje pere ce odvmcmzejmúk y hgsodvmcmzejmúk (gc prdjgsd hg trekspdrtg
hg gqumpds, oequmkermes, bgrreomgkte,
bgrreomgkte, gcgogktds hg mkiregstrujture tíjkmje), gktrg gc smtmd hg
cdjecmzejmúk
cdjecmzejm úk d jeopeogktd qug sgråk mkstecehes hgktrd hgc prdygjtd.
Ejdkhmjmdkeomgktd hg mkste
Ejdkhmjmdkeomgktd mkstecejmdkgs
cejmdkgs tgopd
tgopdrecgs
recgs
Gc prd
prdygj
ygjtú
tú jdk
jdkter
tere
e jdk uk årg årge
e hg ececoej
oejgk
gkeom
eomgkt
gktd
d tgo
tgopd
pdrec
rec,, per
pere
e tre
treksp
kspdrt
drter
er cds
cds
hgsodktgs lgkgrehds
lgkgrehds e cd cerld hg ce gfgjujmúk hgc prdygjtd.
Odvmomgktd hg Xmgrres
Gc odvmomgktd hg tmgrres jdksmstg gk rgecmzer, gxjevejmdk
gxjevejmdkgs
gs y vejmehds, qug sg ccgvek e je`d
gk uk tgrrgkd hgtgromkehd ektgs hg jdogkzer ce gfgjujmúk hg ce d`re. ^rmogrd sg sugcg
cmopmer gc tgrrgkd hg pcektes, oecgzes d èsure qug sg pughek gkjdktrer gk íc. Gste ejjmúk
sg cg hgkdomke hgspgfg d hgs`rdjg.
Jdkstrujjmúk hg d`res jmvmcgs
Jdoprgkhg ce jdkstrujjmúk hgc hmqug hg tmgrre y ces d`res hg ertg jdopcgogktermes y
kgjgsermes pere gc ùgk iukjmdkeomgktd hg ce mkiregstrujture.
MY.9.8
MY.9 .8 Gte
Gtepepe hg dpgrejmú
dpgrejmúk k y oektgk
oektgkmom
momgkt
gktdd
Gk ce gtepe hg dpgrejmúk y oektgkmomg
oektgkmomgktd,
ktd, cds mopejtds sgråk oïkmod d cgvg1 sdcd sg rgecmze
ces smlumgktgs ejtmvmhehgs
ejtmvmhehgs66
 Dpgrejmúk hg ce mkiregstrujture
 Oektgkmomgktd y cmopmgze hg ce mkiregstrujture
MY.9.
MY.9.77 Gt
Gtep
epee hg Jmgrr
Jmgrrgg
Gc prgsgktg prdygjtd kd tgkhrå uke gtepe hg jmgrrg1 pdr cd qug gs uk prdygjtd qug
ievdrgjgrå ce jeptejmúk, ecoejgkeomgktd g mkimctrejmúk hgc elue hg ccuvme, ogfdrekhd jdk gccd
ce digrte bïhrmje y cds sgrvmjmds gjd smstíomjd hg ce puke. ^dr cd qug sg jdkstrumråk gk
hgprgsmdkgs keturecgs hgc tgrrgkd, usekhd oetgrmecgs hg ce zdke jdod pmghre y tgrrdkgs hg
tmgrre.
MY.9.7.5 Ejtmvmhehgs hg Jmgrrg
Ces ejtmvmhehgs prdpugstes pere uk pdsm`cg jmgrrg jdkjurrgktg d prdlrgsmvd sg ougstre gk gc
smlumgktg juehrd6
5<


Juehrd K¾>26 Ejtmvmhehgs hg Jmgrrg Jdkjurrgktg

EJXMYMHEHGZ HG JMGPPG E GIGJXWEP D@ZGPYEJMDKGZ
Pgbe
Pg be`m
`mcmcmtej
tejmú
múk
k hg
hgcc pg
pgri
rimcmc hgc
hgc tgrr
tgrrgk
gkd
d qug
qug iug
iug Jdkjurrgktg d perecgcd e ces ejtmvmhehgs hg
odhmimjehd pdr ce jdkstrujjmúk. dpgrejmúk
Xrescehd hg gqumpds g mkstecejmdkgs euxmcmergs e Juekhd sg rgqumgre
dtres ce`drgs prdlreoehes.
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
MY.9.7.0 Ejtmvmhehgs hg Jmgrrg Imkec
Ces ejtmvmhehgs prdpugstes pere gc jmgrrg imkec sg ougstrek gk gc smlumgktg juehrd6
Juehrd K¾>=6 Ejtmvmhehgs hg Jmgrrg Imkec
EJXMYMHEHGZ HG JMGPPG IMKEC
Pgbe`mcmtejmúk hgc pgrimc hgc tgrrgkd qug iug odhmimjehd pdr ce
jdkstrujjmúk hg qdjbes.
Jdcdjejmúk hg cgtrgrds hg ehvgrtgkjme
Pgtmrd hg gqumpds g mkstecejmdkgs euxmcmergs
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
Oghmhes d ejtmvmhehgs hg jmgrrg
Ces oghmhes d ejtmvmhehgs hg jmgrrg sdk ces smlumgktgs6
Pgbe`mcmtejmúk
Pgbe`mcmtejmú k hgc pgri
pgrimcmc imkec hg
hgcc tgrrgkd
Gc årge usehe gk ces ejtmvmhehgs hg dpgrejmúk sgrå rgbe`mcmtehe oghmektg gc pgrimcehd
imkec (gste`mcmzejmúk hgc tecuh hg cds tgrrgkds).
Pgsteurejmúk
Pgsteurejmú k Gjdcúlmje hg eclukes årges (sm iugsg gc jesd kgjgsermd)
Cugld hg uk pdsm`cg rgtmrd hg cds jdopdkgktgs hgc prdygjtd sg jdcdjerå uke jepe hg
oetgrmec drlåkmjd (sugcd), pere su rgsteurejmú
rgsteurejmúk
k pesmve (sujgsmúk keturec).
Jdcdjejmúk hg cgtrgrds hg ehvgrtgkjme

Hure
Hu rekt
ktg
g ce gtep
gtepee hg jm
jmgr
grrg
rg imke
imkecc sg jd
jdcd
cdje
jerå
rå evms
evmsds
ds jdk
jdk ce imke
imkecmcmhe
heh
h hg gvmt
gvmter
er
ejjmhgktgs hg`mhd e cds treèfds hg rgbe`mcmtejmúk hgc årge usehe.
MY
MY.<
.< Od
Odkm
kmtd
tdrg
rgd
d gk gc pg
pgrm
rmdh
dhd
d jjmg
mgrr
rrgg
Zg jdkterå jdk uk odkmtdrgd ^dst- jmgrrg qug gvecuerå gc juopcmomgktd, gc íxmtd hg ces
oghmhes
smlumgktgshgespgjtds6
jmgrrg hg ces ce`drgs gfgjutehes oghmektg gc odkmtdrgd qug sg gigjtuerå hg cds
 Gste`mcmheh iïsmje hgc tgrrgkd usehd.
 Íxmtd gk ces rgvglgtejmdkgs gk årges jrïtmjes.
Gstds sgråk odkmtdrmzehds pdr ce jdoukmheh, jdrrgspdkhmgktg.
MY.<.5
MY.< .5 Gte
Gtepe
pe hg
hg Jd
Jdkst
kstruj
rujjmúk
jmúk
MY.<
MY.<..5.5 Mhgktmimjejmú
jmúk h hgg E
Ejt
jtmv
mvmh
mheh
ehgs
gs hgc ^
^rrdygjt
jtd
d
Ces ejjmdkgs qug sg rgecmzere gk gc prdygjtd gk ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmúk sg gvecuerek y
vecdrere hg ejugrhd e su mopdrtekjme cds qug sg pughgk d`sgrver gk gc juehrd smlumgktg6
êre gc ekåcmsms eo`mgktec sg tgkhrå gk jugkte ces prmkjmpecgs ejtmvmhehgs jdk pdtgkjmec hg
jeuser mopejtds eo`mgktecgs gk gc årge hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd. êre tec gigjtd, gc
ekåcmsms sg rgecmzerå jdksmhgrekhd ce gtepe hg Jdkstrujjmúk. E jdktmkuejmúk, gk ce te`ce sg
cmstek ces ejtmvmhehgs rgcejmdkehes hgc ^rdygjtd.
52


Juehrd K¾5>6 Ejtmvmhehgs hgc ^rdygjtd

EJXMYMHEHGZ HGC ^PD]GJXD
Xrekspdrtg hg gqumpds y oequmkermes
Gxjevejmúk hg tmgrre supgrimjmg pere ce mkstecejmúk hg jdopdkgktgs
Pgbe`mcmtejmúk hg vïes hg ejjgsd
Jdkstrujjmúk hg jdopdkgktgs hgc prdygjtd
Mkstecejmúk
Jdkstrujjmúkhghg
gqumpds
årges yhgoequmkermes
sgrvmjmds euxmcmergs
Lgkgrejmúk hg Pgsmhuds
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
MY.<
MY.<..5.0 Hgpúsmt
smtd hg oetgrme
rmec Gxjghgktg (HOG)
Gc odvmomgktd hg tmgrres, gxtreïhd hgc årge hgc prdygjtd1 sgråk ecoejgkehds tgopdrecogktg
gk `dtehgrds
`dtehgrds d årge
årgess hg hgsgjb
hgsgjbds,
ds, jdk gc imk hg rgsteure
rgsteurerr su espgjtd gk gc gktd
gktdrkd
rkd hgc
prdygjtd.
MY.<.5.: Bdspghefg
Gc pgrsdkec qug ce`drg gk ce jdkstrujjmúk hgc prdygjtd, sgrå pgrsdkec hg ce jdoukmheh
jeopg
jeo pgsmk
smke
e qu
qug
g sg gk
gkjug
jugktr
ktre
e jg
jgrje
rje ec årg
årgee hg Mkicu
Mkicugkj
gkjme
me hgc
hgc prdyg
prdygjtd
jtd11 y gc pgrsd
pgrsdkec
kec
prdigsmdkec qug gsterå e jerld hg ce supgrvmsmúk hgc prdygjtd ec`grlere y/d ejeopere jgrje
ec prdygjtd.
MY.<.5.8 Ecoejík hg bgrreomgktes y G^^s
Zg mkstecerå uk ecoejík tgopdrec, pere luerher ces hmigrgktgs bgrreomgktes qug sg utmcmzerek
gk ce jdkstrujjmúk hgc prdygjtd, y teo`mík sg berå usd pere luerher cds G^^s hg cds
treèfehdrgs g Mklgkmgrds.
MY.<.5.7 Oequmkerme y gqumpd
Zg jdkterå jdk uk årge hgtgromkeh
hgtgromkehe,
e, hdkhg ec tgromker cds treèfds ces oequmkermes
oequmkermes tgkhråk
qug gstejmdkersg gk gc årge hgsmlkehe pere juopcmr jdk gc drhgk hgc prdygjtd y esï gvmter
eclök ejjmhgktg.
] hu
hurek
rektg
tg ce gte
gtepe
pe hg gfgfgju
gjujmú
jmúk
k hgc
hgc prd
prdygj
ygjtd
td sg utmcm
utmcmzer
zeråk
åk cds sml
smlum
umgkt
gktgs
gs gqu
gqump
mpds
ds y
oequmkermes, hgteccehes gk gc smlumgktg juehrd6
Juehrd K¾556 Jerejtgrïstmjes hg cds gqumpds y oequmkermes
Xmpd hg oequmkerme Jektmheh Wkmheh hg Oghmhe
Odtd`doè hg :" (= Bp) 97 bo
Lgkgrehdr hg J.E. 7aw 87 hïe
^cekjbe jdopejtehdre hg 9-50 Bp 9> bo
Pdhmccd jdopejtehdr 9> bo
Pgtrdgxjevehdre sd`rg ccektes =>-597 Bp 5/0 y : 87 bo
Ydcqugtg 2 o:. 7> bo
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
MY.<.5.9 Pgjursds K Keeturecgs6

Gk gc prdygjtd, cds rgjursds keturecgs qug sg utmcmzerek pere ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmúk1 gs ce
oehgre y/d te`cdkgs, cd juec kd lgkgrere kmklök mopej
mopejtd
td km ectgrejmúk.

Juehrd K¾506 Pgjursds Keturecgs gk ce gtepe hg Jdkstrujjmúk
5=


Hgsjrmpjmúk Jektmheh Wkmheh hg Oghmhe

Oehgre jdrrmgktg p/gkjdirehd-jerp :9> p0
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
MY.<.5.< Oetgrme ^rmoe
Gk ce gfgjujmúk hgc prdygjtd, sg gstmoe utmcmzer ce smlumgktg oetgrme prmoe1 jdod sg hgtecce gk
gc smlumgktg juehrd6
Juehrd K¾5:6 Oetgrme ^rmoe pere ce jdkstrujjmúk hg ces qdjbes
Hgsjrmpjmúk Jektmheh Wkmheh hg oghmhe
Eceo`rg kglrd rgjdjmhd K¾ 2 8> al
Eceo`rg kglrd rgjdjmhd K¾ 59 8> al
Ejgrd jdrrulehd Iy ? 80>> al/jo0 lr
lrehd 9> 9> al
^mghre oghmeke Oex. 9" 87 o:
Bdromlúk :7 O0
Jgogktd pdrtcekh tmpd M (80.7 al) 50 `dc
]gsd `dcse 07 al. >9 `dc
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
MY.<.5.2 Mksuods Uuïomjds
Hgktr
Hg ktrd
d hgc årg
årge
e hg
hgcc prd
prdygj
ygjtd,
td, kd sg utm
utmcmz
cmzerå
erå mks
mksuod
uodss quï
quïomj
omjds
ds per
pere
e ce gfgju
gfgjujmú
jmúk
k hgc
pr
prdy
dygj
gjtd
td11 pd
pdrr qu
qugg cdcdss gq
gqum
umpd
pdss y/d
y/d oe
oequ
qumkmker
erme
mess e utmc
utmcmz
mzer
er hgkt
hgktrd
rd hgc
hgc prdy
prdygj
gjtd
td sgrå
sgråk
k
eèstgjmhds hg jdoùstm`cg gk gc lrmid oås jgrjekd ec årge hgc prdygjtd.
MY.<.5.= Cgtrmkes
êre ce hmspdsmjmúk hg rgsmhuds súcmhds drlåkmjds y cïqumhds lgkgrehds pdr gc treèfehdr
hgktrd hgc prdygjtd, sg be hmspugstd ce jdkstrujjmúk hg uke cgtrmke jdk ces smlumgktgs
jerejtgrïstmjes6
MY.<.5
MY. <.5.=.5
.=.5 Cdj
Cdjecmz
ecmzejmú
ejmúk
k hg ces Cgtr
Cgtrmkes
mkes
 Zg cdjecmzerå gk tgrrgkd imrog y cm`rg hg mkukhejmúk.
 Ce hmstekjme oïkmoe bdrmzdktec gktrg ce cgtrmke y juecqumgr iugktg hg eèstgjmomg
eèstgjmomgktd
ktd
hg elue sgrå hg 57 o.
 Ce pugrte hg ce cgtrmke gsterå drmgktehe gk sgktmhd jdktrermd e ce hmrgjjmúk hgc
vmgktd.
MY.<.5
MY. <.5.=.0
.=.0 Epg
Epgrtu
rturere hg Bdy
Bdydsds

 ^rmogrd
Cugld sgtmgkgs qugeodfer
gxjeve gc tgrrgkd hdkhg
ce prdiukhmheh sghg
mkhmjehe jeverå
5.2> uk
o bdyd.
e 0,8 o hg prdiukhmheh x
>.<7 e >.=> o hg ekjbd x : e :,7. oïkmod y sg kmvgce ce pertg supgrmdr hgc tgrrgkd
pere epdyer ce cdse.
 Gk jesd hg tgrrgkds `cekhds sg utmcmzerå vmles hg oehgre y trdkjds, pere su
rgidrzeomgktd.
 Ces trmkjbgres gsteråk u`mjehes e uke hmstekjme oïkmoe hg :> ogtrds hg ces
jerpes d vmvmgkhes.
MY.<.5
MY.<.5.=.:
.=.: Jdk
Jdkstr
strujjm
ujjmdk
dk hg ce JJesgt
esgtee
 Xu`d hg vgktmcejmúk6 uke tu`grïe hg ^YJ hg 8 jo hg hmåogtrds, prdvmste hg uk
sdo`rgrd hg vgktmcejmúk, qug smrvg pere gcmomker cds oecds dcdrgs g mksgjtds.
0>


 @djec6 gs uk ekmccd hg prdtgjjmúk hgc bdyd hg ce cgtrmke, u`mjehe gk ce pertg supgrmdr

y smrvg pere gste`mcmzer ce `dje hgc bdyd, sdstgkgr ce cdse y jgrrer pere mopghmr gc
mklrgsd hg mksgjtds y rdghdrgs.
 Cdse6 gstrujture hg jdkjrgtd eroehd, ve mkstecehd sd`rg gc `rdjec y smrvg pere
sdstgkgr gc tu`d hg vgktmcejmúk y sdpdrter ec usuermd.
 Xgrrepcík6 odktïjucd hg tmgrre epmsdkehe qug sg ejdodhe ecrghghdr hgc sd`rg

jmomgktd, smrvg pere prdtglgr ec bdyd hgc mklrgsd hg elue hg ccuvme.
MY.<.5
MY.<.5.=.8
.=.8 Pgt
Pgtmrd
mrd h
hgsp
gspuís
uís hhgc
gc us
usd
d
 Pgtmrer ce cdse.
 Gjber luekd d tmgrre beste ju`rmr 57 jo hg ecture.
MY.<.0
MY.<.0 Gte
Gtepe
pe hg Dpgrejm
Dpgrejmúkúk y Oekt
Oektgkm
gkmomgk
omgktd
td
MY.<.0.5 Pgjursds K Keeturecgs6
Kd sg prgví gc usd hg rgjursds keturecgs hurektg gste gtepe.
MY.<.0.0 Mksuods Uuïomjds
Kd sg prgví gc usd hg mksuods quïomjds hurektg ce gtepe hg dpgrejmúk y oektgkmomgktd
pere gc prdy
prdygjtd1
gjtd1 ye qug cds gqum
gqumpds
pds y/d oequ
oequmker
mkermes
mes e utmc
utmcmzer
mzer hgktrd hgc prdygjtd sgråk
eèstgjmhds hg jdoùstm`cg gk gc lrmid oås jgrjekd ec årge hgc prdygjtd.
MY.<.:
MY.<.: Gte
Gtepe
pe hg Jmgrrg
Jmgrrg yy/d
/d E`
Eèkh
ekhdkd
dkd
05


MY.<.:.5 Oequmkerme y gqumpd

Gk gc jesd hg qug iugre kgjgsermd uk jmgrrg y/d eèkhdkd hgc prdygjtd, sg tdoere ces
smlumgktgs ejjmdkgs6
 Mkvgktermd y ogtrehd hg cds gqumpds y ejjgsdrmds qug sg utmcmzerdk.
 Zgcgjjmúk y jdktretejmúk hg uke goprgse qug sg gkjerlug hgc hgsodktefg hgc
prdygjtd, utmcmzekhd oequmkermes
oequmkermes y gqumpds pere gc rgtmrd hg ces gstrujtures.

Xeo`mík sg rgqugrmrå gc usd hg gqumpds pere ce hgodcmjmúk y rgodjmúk hg ces d`res
jmvmcgs, gtj.
MY.<.:.0 Pgjursds K Keeturecgs
Gk gc jesd hg qug beye heõds gk gc årge hg prdygjtds, sg tgkhrå qug rgsteurer ces zdkes
eigjtehes y/d ectgrehes1 e imk hg gvmter y/d omkmomzer gc hgtgrmdrd eo`mgktec y pemsefïstmjd
prdhujtd hg ces ejtmvmhehgs rgecmzehe
rgecmzehes.
s.
MY.<.:.: Mksuods Uuïomjds
Gk ce gtepe hg jmgrrg, gc ökmjd prdhujtd quïomjd qug sgrå smgkhd utmcmzehd gs gc pgtrúcgd
Hmís
Hmísgc
gc11 pe
pere
re gc iukj
iukjmd
mdke
keom
omgk
gktd
td hg cecess oe
oequ
qumk
mker
erme
mes,
s, cd juec
juec gstd
gstdss prdh
prdhuj
ujtd
tdss sgrå
sgråkk
suomkmstrehds teo`mík gk lrmids qug sg gkjugktrek jgrje ec prdygjtd, ye qug kd sg jdkterå
jdk uk ecoejgkeomgktd tgopdrec (petmd hg oekmd`res) ye qug gc pgtrúcgd Hmísgc pere gc
iukjmdkeomgktd hg ces oequmkermes y/d gqumpds, sgråk suomkmstrehds gk cds lrmids qug sg
gkjugktrek
jektmheh qugjgrjekd ec prdygjtd,
sg utmcmzere perecds
kd supgrere pdhgr herêre
:7 lec. juopcmomgktd e ce
ce gfgjujmúk hgcCgy K¾02079, ye qug ce
prdygjtd6
Juehrd K¾586 Mksuods Uuïomjds
Hgsjrmpjmúk Jektmheh Wkmheh hg Oghmhe
^gtrúcgd Hmgsgc 7> lec
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
MY.<.:.8 Cgtrmkes
êre gc rgtmrd hg ces cgtrmkes sg prdjghgrå ec rgtmrd hg ce cdse, y sg ju`rmrå jdk uke jepe hg
tmgrre ukds 57 jo hg ecture (sgccehd). Zmk ektgs ejcerekhd qug cds rgsmhuds lgkgrehds pdr
cds rgsmhuds súcmhds y cïqumhds lgkgrehds pdr gc bdo`rg kd lgkgre kmkluk tmpd hg mopejtd ec
sugcd, ye qug sg hgsjdopdkg hg oekgre keturec gk gc oghmd eo`mgktg (e`dkd keturec).
MY.2 ^rdjgsds
MY.2.5
MY.2 .5 Gte
Gtepe
pe hg
hg Jd
Jdkst
kstruj
rujjmúk
jmúk
Gk gste
gste gtep
gtepe
e hg
hgcc pr
prdy
dygj
gjtd
td sg rgrgec
ecmz
mzer
ere
e tre`
treèf
efds
ds supg
supgri rimj
mjme
mecg
cgss pere
pere cds
cds hmig
hmigrg
rgkt
ktgs
gs
jdopdkgktgs qug gstek mkjcumhds gk gc prdygjtd.
MY.2.0
MY.2 .0 Gte
Gtepe
pe hg Dpgrejm
Dpgrejmúk úk y Oekt
Oektgkm
gkmomgk
omgktdtd
êre
êr e qu
qugg gc prd
prdyg
ygjtd
jtd iuk
iukjmd
jmdkg
kg `mg
`mgk
k gs kgj
kgjgse
gsermd
rmd rge
rgecmcmzer
zer jdk
jdkste
stektg
ktgog
ogktg
ktg uke ùg
ùgke
ke
dpgrej
dpg rejmú
múk
k y oe
oektg
ktgkmo
kmomgk
mgktd,
td, per
pere
e cd jue
juecc sg hg`g
hg`g gce`
gce`dre
drerr uk pcepcek
k qug jdk
jdksmh
smhgrg
grg ces
ejtmvmhehgs, cds odogktds y ces rgspdkse`mcmhehgs1 qug gstere ejerld hg ce jdoukmheh.
8.5>.: Gtepe hg Jmgrrg
Zm iugre gc jesd hg uk pdsm`cg jmgrrg hgc prdygjtd1 gs ouy mopdrtektg qug sg gce`drg uk
mkidrog hg jmgrrg hgc prdygjtd, pere hgserrdccersg smk prd`cgoes y gimjmgktgogk
gimjmgktgogktg.
tg.
MY.= Zgrvmjmds
MY.=.5
MY.= .5 Gte
Gtepe
pe hg
hg jd
jdkst
kstrujj
rujjmúk
múk
Gk ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmdk hgc prdygjtd1 cds oetgrmecgs e utmcmzer sgrek6
00


 Zgcgjjmúk hgc pgrsdkec6 ces pgrsdkes qug treèferek gk ce prgperejmdk hgc erge hgc
prdygjtd.
Gc tmtucer hgc prdygjtd, gste gk ce jepejmheh hg jdktreter oekd hg d`re cdjec pere
equgcces terges qug kd rgqumgrek gspgjmecmzejmdk prgvme gvecuejmdk, ye qug gstd
pgromtmre `rmkher dpdrtukmhehgs ce`drecgs oeydrmtermeogktg e cds pd`cehdrgs hg ce
zdke.

Mhgktmimjer
Jdoprgkhg cesgk
erges hg cds jdopdkgktgs.
mhgktmimjer
y trezer ces erges gspgjmimjes qug sg gkjdktrerek gk gc
prdygjtd, jdod esm omsod tgkgr gk jugkte cds jrmtgrmds èsmjds qug hg`gk juopcmr.
 Jdkstrujjmdk
Jdkstrujjmd k hg erges hg sgrvmjmds euxmcmergs.
Gste jdkidroehd pdr uke jerpe y/d ecoejgk hdkhg sg luerherek cds oetgrmecgs y
gqumpds1 teo`mgk sg mkstecere uke cgtrmke pdrtetmc.
 ^grsdkec qug sg ve ergqugrmr gk ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmdk.
Zg rgqugrmre hg prdigsmdkecgs jepejmtehds gk tgoes hg smgo`re y jdsgjbe hg elue
y pgrsdkec jecmimjehd pere cds hmigrgktgs treèfds qug sg rgecmzere gk gc prdygjtd6
Jdkstrujjmdk hg qdjbes.
 Pgqugrmomgktd hg gkgrlme gcgjtrmje.
Cds treèfds sg rgecmzerek hg turkd hme hg tec odhd qug kd sg kgjgsmte ecuo`rehd.
 Pgqugrmomgktd hg elue.
Gk gste gtepe kd sg ve e rgqugrmr elue pere ce jdkstrujjmdk. Zdcd pere gc jdksuod
hg cds treèfehdrgs cd juec sgrå eèstgjmhe gk ce cdjecmheh oes jgrjeke ec erge hgc
prdygjtd gk lerreidkgs hg < cmtrds, pdr cd qug kd sgrå kgjgsermd kmklök tmpd hg
eutdrmzejmúk pere ce jdopre hgc elue hg usd hdoístmjd.
MY.=.0
MY.= .0 GteGtepe
pe hghg Dp
Dpgrej
grejmúk
múk y oeoektg
ktgkmo
kmomgkt
mgktd
d
êre ce gtepe hg dpgrejmúk y oektgkmomg
oektgkmomgktd,ktd, sg pcektgd ces smlumgktgs rgjdogkhejmdk
rgjdogkhejmdkgs6
gs6
êre ce jdkstrujjmdk hg Udjbes6
 Wke qdjbe kugve hg`g ccgkersg beste ce omteh hg su jepejmheh gk gc prmogr eõd,
gstd pgromtmre vgr ces imctrejmdkgs hgc hmqug pere su rgperejmdk (sm iugre gc jesd).
 Juekhd ce qdjbe gste smk elue, sg hg`g rgvmser ce jere mktgrke hgc hmqug y rgccgker
cds gspejmds vejmds y grdsmdkehds jdk tmgrre erjmccdse buoghe (lrghe) d sghmogktds
ejuoucehds gk ce èsg hgc erge hg ecoejgkeomgktd.
 Pgidrzer ce jere gxtgrke hgc hmqug ces vgjgs qug sge kgjgsermd, mkjrogktekhd
pmghre, tmgrre y jbeope.
 Pgecmzer gc oektgkmomgktd y cmopmgze hgc ecmvmehgrd pere qug pgromte ce gvejuejmdk
ehgjuehe y dpdrtuke hgc elue sd`rektg y esm pdhgr gvmter gc jdcepsd hgc hmqug.
 Pgecmzer gc oektgkmomgktd jdkstektg hg cds hgsergkehdrgs, rgtmrekhd gc sghmogktd
ejuoucehd.
MY.5
MY.5>> ^grs rsd
dkec
Gc tmtucer hgc prdygjtd, gste gk ce jepejmheh hg jdktreter oekd hg d`re cdjec pere equgcces
terges qug kd rgqumgrek gspgjmecmzejmdk prgvme gvecuejmdk, ye qug gstd pgromtmre `rmkher
dpdrtukmhehgs ce`drecgs oeydrmtermeogktg e cds pd`cehdrgs hg ce zdke.
Hurektg ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmúk, dpgrejmúk y oektgkmomgktd, jmgrrg y/d eèkhdkd sg
rgqug
rgq ugrmr
rmrå
å ce jdktr
jdktrete
etejmú
jmúk
k hg oekd hg d` d`re
re jecmimj
jecmimjehe
ehe y kd jecm
jecmimj
imjehe
ehe.. Gk rgsuo
rgsuogk
gk,, sg
ougstre gk gc juehrd smlumgktg6
0:


Juehrd K¶576 Oekd hg d`re rgqugrmhe pere gc prdygjtd

Jektmheh hg ^grsdkec
Gtepe Xmpd Jecmimjeh Kd
d Jecmimjehd
Oegs
Oe gstr
trd
d hg Jdks
Jdkstrtruj
ujjm
jmúk
úk
>9
Jmvmc
Jdkstrujjmúk Oekd hg D`re Jecmimjehe 50
Du``
Z rgtrd
dstec 52 <
<88
Dpgrejmúk y Gopcgehds
D`rgrds >9 5>
Oektgkmomgktd Zu` tdtec >9 5>
Oegs
Oe gstrtrd
d hg Jdks
Jdkstrtruj
ujjm
jmúk
úk
Eèkhdkd êrjmec Jmvmc >5
(Imk hg Oekd hg D`re Jecmimjehe >7
jdkstrujjmúk) D`rgrds >2
Zu` tdtec >9 >2
Oegs
Oe gstrtrd
d hg Jdks
Jdkstrtruj
ujjm
jmúk
úk
Eèkhdkd Jmvmc >5
Hgimkmtmvd (Imk hg Oekd hg D`re Jecmimjehe >8
vmhe ötmc) D`rgrds >7
Zu` tdtec >7 >7
Xdtec :7 =<
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
MY.55 Gic
MY.55 Gicugk
ugktgs
tgs y/d Pgsm
Pgsmhud
hudss Cï
Cïqum
qumhds
hds
Gk gc årge hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd, kd sg lgkgrerå gicugktgs mkhustrmecgs.
MY.55.5 Gtepe hg Jdkstrujjmúk
Pgsmhuds cïqumhds mkhustrmecgs
Gk gste
gste gtep
gtepe
e kd sg lg lgkg
kgre
rerå
råk
k rg
rgsm
smhu
huds
ds cïqu
cïqumh
mhds
ds mkhu
mkhust
strm
rmec
ecgs
gs11 pdr
pdr cd qug
qug pere
pere gc
oektgkmomgktd hg cds gqumpds y oequmkermes sg rgecmzeråk gk teccgrgs qug sg gkjugktrgk gk
ces cdjecmhehgs jgrjekes ec prdygjtd.
Pgsmhuds súcmhds hdoístmjds
Cds rgsmhuds súcmhds qug sg lgkgrgk hgktrd hgc prdygjtd gk ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmdk sgrå
oïkmod, y gstds sgråk hgpdsmtehds
hgpdsmtehds gk jdktgkghdrgs jdk tepe y hg`mheog
hg`mheogktg
ktg rdtucehds.
Xdhds cds hgsgjbds sg jcesmimjeråk pdr tmpd hg oetgrmec y keturecgze, sglök sge rgjmjce`cg d
kd. Ce hmspdsmjmúk imkec hgc oetgrmec kd rgjmjce`c
rgjmjce`cg
g sg berå gk ce mkiregstrujture hg hmspdsm
hmspdsmjmúk
jmúk
imkec hg rgsmhuds súcmhds, hg ce Oukmjmpecmheh Hmstrmtec hg mktgrvgkjmúk hgc prdygjtd.
Ce prdhujjmúk hg rgsmhuds súcmhds pdr pgrsdke sglök ces DOZ verïe gktrg >,0 e >,: Al/hïe
(pgrd gk gstg jesd gk gc prdygjtd jehe treèfehdr gsterå jepejmtehd prgvme uke jcesg hg
mkhujjmúk ektgs hgc mkmjmd hg ce`drgs, mkhmjekhd hdkhg sg gkjugktre cds rgjmpmgktgs hg
PP.ZZ., y cd qug lgkgrek cds rgsmhuds sgrå gk uke oïkmoe jektmheh ye qug gc pgrsdkec qug
ce`drg gs hg jeopd y gste ejdstuo`rek e –oesjer su jdje‟, oes kd e jdksuomr ecmogktds
jdk gopequg jdod sdk leccgtes, gtj.). Cds rgsmhuds súcmhds sgråk rgjdlmhds y trekspdrtehds
pdr oghmd uk pgrsdkec jepejmtehd hgc prdygjtd (ye qug cds rgsmhuds kd sgråk jdkteomkektg
jdkteomkektgss
hmrgjtds), jdk ce imkecmheh hg prdtglgr ce secuh hgc treèfehdr qug gstå hmrgjteogktg gk
jdktejtd jdk cds hgsgjbds.
08


Jdktgkghdrgs
Jdktgkgh drgs pere gc ecoe
ecoejgke
jgkeomgk
omgktd
td hg rgsm
rgsmhuds
huds súcmhd
súcmhds,
s, sgrå sglök gc Mkstm
Mkstmtutd
tutd hg
Hgigkse hg ce Jdopgtgkjme y gc Mkstmtutd hg ce ^rdtgjjmúk hg ce ^rdpmgheh Mktgcgjtuec
(MKHGJD^M), hg ejugrhd jdk ce Kdroe Xíjkmje ^grueke (KX^ =>>.>72.0>5=), gste`cgjg cds
jdcdrgs e utmcmzer gk cds hmspdsmtmvds hg ecoejgkeomgktd hg rgsmhuds, jdk gc imk hg esglurer
ce mhgktmimjejmúk y sglrglejmúk hg cds omsods. Gk gc smlumgktg juehrd sg mkhmje gc júhmld hg
jdcdrgs hg cds gkvesgs qug sg hg`gk hg utmcmzer pere ce sgcgjjmúk hg rgsmhuds.
MY.55.0Gtepe hg Dpgrejmúk y Oektgkmomgktd

Kd sg lgkgrerå rgsmhuds cïqumhds mkhustrmecgs, pdr cd qug pere gc oektgkmomgktd hg cds
gqumpds y oequmkermes sg rgecmzerek gk teccgrgs qug sg gkjugktrgk gk ces cdjecmhehgs
jgrjekes ec prdygjtd.
Pgsmhuds cïqumhds hdoístmjds
Kd sg prgví ce lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds cïqumhds hdoístmjds ye qug kd gxmstmrå jeopeogktd,
y ces cgtrmkes qug sg jdkstrumråk sgråk hg bdyd sgjd, hdkhg mopgroge`mcmzere cds rgsmhuds
cïqumhds lgkgrehds pdr gc bdo`rg.
MY.55.:Gtepe hg Jmgrrg y/d eèkhdkd
Gk gc jesd hg qug gxmstmgre ce gtepe hg jmgrrg y/d eèkhdkd1 cds oektgkmomgktds hg cds
gqumpds y oequmkermes, sg rgecmzerek gk teccgrgs qug sg gkjugktrgk gk ces cdjecmhehgs
jgrjekes ec prdygjtd.
Pgsmhuds cïqumhds hdoístmjds
Kd sg prgví ce lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds cïqumhds hdoístmjds ye qug kd gxmstmrå jeopeogktd y
ces cgtrmkes tgkhråk uk jumhehd ehgjuehd.
MY
MY.5
.500 Pg Pgsm
smhu
huds
ds sú
súcm
cmhd
hdss
Jdod pertg hgc prdjgsd hg jdkstrujjmúk, dpgrejmúk y eèkhdkd hgc ^rdygjtd sg lgkgreråk
súcd rgsmhuds súcmhds mkhustrmecgs (cgtrmkes), pugstd qug kd sg jdkterå jdk jeopeogktd, cds
juecgs sg gopcgeråk uk treteomgktd ehgjuehd cd juec esï sg gvmtg ce eigjtejmúk ec oghmd
eo`mgktg.
MY.50.5 Gtepe hg Jdkstrujjmúk
Gk gste gtepe kd sg lgkgrek rgsmhuds súcmhds mkhustrmecgs.
mkhustrmecgs.
MY.50.0Gtepe hg Dpgrejmúk y Oektgkmomgktd
Pgsmhuds súcmhds kd pgcmlrdsds
Hurektg ce dpgrejmúk, cds ökmjds rgsmhuds kd pgcmlrdsds qug sg lgkgrek1 sgråk rgstds hg
hgsodktg y hgs`rdjg1 cd juec gstds sgråk rgutmcmzehds pere ce jdopejtejmúk hg cds hmqugs.
MY.50.:Gtepe hg Jmgrrg d Eèkhdkd
Pgsmhuds súcmhds kd pgcmlrdsds
Kd sg prgví ce lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds súcmhds kd pgcmlrdsds1 ye qug sdcd sg lgkgrerå
hgsodktg, gsjdo`rds, oehgres (qug sgråk rgutmcmzehds pere dtres ce`drgs hgc prdygjtd).
MY.5:: Oek
MY.5 Oekgfd
gfd hg sust
sustekj
ekjmes
mes pgc
pgcmlrd
mlrdses
ses
Hgktrd hgc prdygjtd kd sg gigjtuerå kmklök tmpd hg sustekjmes pgcmlrdses.
MY.5:.5Jdoùstm`cgs
Kd sg jdkterå jdk ecoejgkeomgktd hg jdoùstm`cg, hg`mhd e ce jgrjekïe qug gxmstg jdk
dtres cdjecmhehgs, gk hdkhg pughg eèstgjgrsg hgc mksuod.
07


MY.5:.0 Ejgmtgs, cu`rmjektgs y lreses

Gk gc årge hgc prdygjtd kd sg utmcmzeråk ejgmtgs, km cu`rmjektgs, km lreses1 ye qug pere gc
oektgkmomgktd hg ces oequmkermes y gqumpds1 sg rgecmzeråk gk uk teccgr qug sg gkjdktrere
jgrje
MY.58 hgGo
MY.58 ce msmdk
Goms cdjecmheh
mdkgs
gs E oås
Eto
tods jgrjeke.
dsií
iírm
rmjes
jes
Ces gomsmdkgs qug sg lgkgre gk gc årge hgc prdygjtd sgråk prdhujtd hgc oetgrmec pertmjucehd
pertmjucehd
(pdcvd), qug sgrå prdhujtd hg ces oequmkermes y/d gqumpds sg utmcmjgk pere rgecmzer ce
rgodjmúk hg tmgrre1 cd juec ce idroe hg omtmlerces sgrå rglekhd jdk elue ces zdkes hg
mktgrvgkjmúk, pere kd lgkgrer mopejtds e ce secuh km ec oghmd eo`mgktg.
MY.58.5Gtepe hg Jdkstrujjmúk
Ces gomsmdkgs hg oetgrmec pertmjucehd (pdcvd) qug pdsm`cgogktg pdhrmek lgkgrersg sgrmek
pdr ce utmcmzejmd
utmcmzejmdkk hg ces rgtrdgxjevehdres, jeomdkgs, jdopejteh
jdopejtehdre,
dre, gktrg dtrds.
MY.58.0Gtepe hg dpgrejmúk y oektgkmomgktd
Kd sg jdksmhgrek gomsmdkgs hurektg gste gtepe.
Gk uk pdsm`cg jesd hg jmgrrg d eèkhdkd hgc prdygjtd1 ces gomsmdkgs qug sg pdhrmek lgkgrer
gs hg pdcvd pdr ce utmcmzejmdk hg ces oequmkermes y/d gqumpds1 cd juec sgrek omtmlehes
mkoghmeteogktg.
MY
MY.5
.577 Lg
Lgkg
kgre
rejm
jmúk
úk h
hgg ru
rumh
mhd
d
MY.57.5Gtepe hg jdkstrujjmúk
Ce prmkjmpec iugktg lgkgrehdre hg rumhd prdvgkhrå hgc usd hg ce oequmkerme y gc gqumpd
pgsehd qug sg gopcgerå hurektg ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmúk hgc prdygjtd. ]e qug sg prgví
qug, hurektg ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmúk, gc rumhd sgrå eodrtmluehd oghmektg gc juopcmomgktd
hgc prdlreoe hg oektgkmomgktd prgvgktmvd hg cds gqumpds y oequmkerme, y pdr gc eo`mgktg
pdr tretersg hg zdkes hgsjeopehes.
MY.57.0Gtepe hg dpgrejmúk y oektgkmomgktd
Ce dpgrejmúk hgc prdygjtd kd prdhujg kmklök tmpd hg rumhd.
Ce prmkjmpec iugktg lgkgrehdre hg rumhd prdvgkhrå hgc usd hg ce oequmkerme y gc gqumpd
pgsehd qug sg gopcgerå hurektg ce gtepe hg Jmgrrg d Eèkhdkd.
Juehrd K¶596 Gståkhergs Kejmdkecgs hg Jecmheh Eo`mgktec pere Pumhd
Vdkes hg Bdrermd Hmurkd -
Bdrermd Kdjturkd - CEgqX
Epcmjejmúk CEgqX
Vdke hg ^rdtgjjmúk
7> 8>
Gspgjmec
Iugktg6 Hgjrgtd
Iugktg6 Hgjrgtd Zuprgod K¾ >27-0>>:-^JO
Zg prgví qug, hurektg ce gtepe hg Jmgrrg d Eèkhdkd, gc rumhd sgrå eodrtmluehd oghmektg gc
juopcmomgktd hgc prdlreoe hg oektgkmomgktd prgvgktmvd hg cds gqumpds y oequmkerme, y pdr
gc eo`mgktg jmrjukhektg pdr tretersg hg zdkes hgsjeopehes.
MY.59
MY.59 Dt
Dtrd
rdss tm
tmpd
pdss hg rgs
rgsmh
mhud
udss
Kd gxmstg lgkgrejmúk hg dtrd tmpd hg rgsmhuds e cds ye ogkjmdkehds gk ces gtepes hg
jdkstrujjmúk, dpgrejmúk, oektgkmomgktd
oektgkmomgktd y jmgrrg.
09


Y. JEPEJX
JEPEJXGPMVEGPMVEJMÚK
JMÚK HG CE CÏ
CÏKGE
KGE HG @EZ
@EZG G EO@MGK
EO@MGKXEC,
XEC, ZDJM
ZDJMECEC ] JWCX
JWCXWPEC
WPEC
Y.5 Årge hg mkicugkjme
Hgimkmods jdod erge hg mkicugkjme e ces erges hg mopdrtekjme, gjdkdomje, bmstdrmje y
pemsefmstmje, e cds pug`cds, erges elrmjdces y pgjuermes y dtrds `mgkgs gk gc jursd hg ce cmkge
pr
prmo
moer
erme
me.. Gk te tecc sgkt
sgktmh
mhd,
d, ce gf
gfgj
gjuj
ujmd
mdk
k hg
hgcc prdy
prdygj
gjtd
td mkic
mkicug
ugkj
kjme
mere
re d ododhm
hmimimje
jere
re gc
jdopdrteomgktd sdjmdgjdkdomjd hg ce zdke.
Ce hgimkmjmdk
hgcmomter, hgccehd,
hg uk ergecehg mkicugkjme
zdke rgvmstg
gk ce juec tmgkgpertmjucer
mkjmhgkjmemopdrtekjme pdrprdygjtd
hmrgjte gk gc juektd y,
kds
hgpgromtmre
dtrd, ces
erges qug kd sg `gkgimjmek hmrgjteogktg, pgrd sd`rg ces juecgs gc prdygjtd rgpgrjutg gk gc
tmgopd.
Y.5.5
Y.5 .5 Årg
Årgee h
hgg mkic
mkicugk
ugkjme
jme hmrg
hmrgjte
jte (EM
(EMH)
H)
Ce hgcmomtejmúk hgc årge hg mkicugkjme hmrgjte hgc årge hg mkicugkjme sdjmdgjdkúomje sg
jd
jdks
ksmh
mhgr
grú
ú pd
pd`c
`cej
ejmd
mdkg
kgss oå
oåss jgjgrj
rjek
ekes
es ec prprdy
dygj
gjtd
td,, hdkh
hdkhgg pdhr
pdhrïe
ïek
k sg mope
mopejt
jteh
ehes
es d
`gkgimjmehes pdr ces hmigrgktgs ejtmvmhehgs qug sg rgecmzere gk gc prdygjtd hg smgo`re y
jdsgjbe hg elue.
Y.5.0
Y.5 .0 Årg
Årgee hg mki
mkicug
cugkjme
kjme mkh
mkhmrgj
mrgjte
te (EMM
(EMM))
Zg gktmgkhg pdr årge hg mkicugkjme mkhmrgjte ec gspejmd hdkhg cds mopejtds jeusehds pdr gc
prdygjtd, kd tgkhrïek uke mktgksmheh oeydr jdod gk gc årge hg mkicugkjme hmrgjte, su
mkjmhgkjme tgkhrïe uk jeråjtgr mkhmrgjtd y su hurejmúk pdhrïe sgr ökmjeogktg hg jeråjtgr
tgopdrec.
êre
êr e ce hg
hgimk
imkmjm
mjmúk
úk hgchgc årg
årgee hg mkimkicu
cugkj
gkjme
me mkh
mkhmrg
mrgjte
jte sg be jdkjdksm
smhgr
hgreh
ehdd mluec
mluecogk
ogktg
tg ces
ces
jerejtgrïstmjes hgc prdygjtd gk iukjmúk hgc gktdrkd iïsmjd y sdjmdgjdkúomjd hg ce zdke. Dtrd
espgjtd jdksmhgrehd pere ce hgimkmjmúk hg gste årge gs ce pdsm`mcmheh kd jdksgktmhe hg qug
pughg djurrmr uke jdktmklgkjme jdod uk mkjgkhmd, hgrreog d iule hg jdoùstm`cgs hg
eprgjme`cgss jerejtgrïstmjes6
eprgjme`cg
 Zdk pd`cejmdkgs gste`cgjmhes hmstmkteogktg e cds jdopdkgktgs hgc prdygjtd.
 ^d`cejmúk qug pdhrïe sgr rgjgptdre hg eclök `gkgimjmd sdjmec pdr pertg hgc prdygjtd.
 ^drqug sdk pd`cejmdkgs qug pdhrïek sgr rgjgptdres hg eclök tmpd hg mkvgrsmúk pdr
pertg hgc prdygjtd.
Y.
Y.00 Je
Jererejt
jtgr
grïs
ïstm
tmje
jess Iï
Iïsm
smje
jess hg
hgcc År
Årge
ge h
hgg Mk
Mkic
icug
ugkj
kjme
me
Y.0.5 Jcmoe
Gc årge hgc prdygjtd, u`mjehd gk gc hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm, gc jcmoe prghdomkektg gs gc
tgopcehd, gk ces pertgs èfes d qug`rehes, gs e`rmlehd y irïd gk ces ectes. Zmgkhd ce
tgopgreture prdoghmd hg 58¶ J. èfekhd gk ce ípdje hg bgcehes beste cds 9¶ J. gk cds
ogsgs hg mkvmgrkd (gkgrd e oerzd) (cceoehd mkvmgrkd equï pdrqug ccugvg oujbd). Zdpcek
vmgktds iugrtgs hg Gstg e Dgstg, qug hurektg cds hïes cds vmgktds sg hgspcezek hg cds veccgs
e ces odkteões jdk hmigrgktg mktgksmheh y hurektg ces kdjbgs y ce oehrulehe gs gk
hmrgjjmúk jdktrerme d sge hg ces odkteões bejïe gc veccg. Iejtdrgs hgc Jcmoe gk gstg culer
sdk iukheogktecogktg6
iukheogktecogktg6 ce ectmtuh sd`rg gc kmvgc hgc oer (:,::< o.s.k.o.)1 ce jdkimlurejm
jdkimlurejmúk
úk hgc
tgrrgk
tgrrgkd d ye qug prg prgsgk
sgkte
te vec
veccgs
cgs gs
gstrg
trgjbd
jbds,
s, qug`r
qug`rehehes,
es, odk
odktïj
tïjuc
ucds,
ds, juo
juo`rg
`rgs,
s, gtj
gtj.. ce
eùkhekjme hg sus elues rezúk pdr ce juec bey lrek gvepdrejm gvepdrejmúkúk y pdr jdksmlumgktg, iugrtgs
ccuvmes y ce idroejmúk gkdrog hg vepdr hg elues (ku`gs).
Y.0.5.5^rgjmpmtejmúk.
Gc ekåcmsms ccuvme ‚ gsjdrrgktïe sg be rgecmzehd jdk ce bgrreomgkte \GE^ hgc Ztdjabdco
Gkvmrdkogkt Mkstmtutg (0>5:) e pertmr hg cds hetds jcmoåtmjds, jdk gc d`fgtmvd hg jdkdjgr gc
vdcuog
vdc uogk k hg gsjgsjururrmo
rmomg
mgktd
ktd hg jeh jehee su`
su`jug
jugkjkje.
e. êr
êree gccd
gccd sg gop
gopcgcgek
ek jet
jetjbo
jbogk
gkts
ts d
0<


gcgogktdss hg prgj
gcgogktd prgjmpm
mpmtejmú
tejmúk‚gs
k‚gsjdrrg
jdrrgktïe‚
ktïe‚gvep
gvepdtrek
dtrekspmr
spmrejmú
ejmúk.
k. Gstd
Gstdss jetjb
jetjbogkt
ogktss pugh
pughgk
gk
iukjmdker jdod gcgogktds hg ccuvme gsjdrrgktïe hmrgjte, gk sugcds pdjd rgtgktmvds d tgkmgkhd
gk jugkte ce pertg hg icufd su`tgrråkgd gk sugcds jdk oeydr jepejmheh hg rgtgkjmúk. Gc
oítdhd gopcgehd pere ce gstmoejmúk hg ce gsjdrrgktïe y icufd su`tgrråkgd gs Pemkiecc Pukdii
Ogtbdh (Zdmc Odmsturg Ogtbdh.
Jdk
Jd k gc oúh
oúhucd
ucd hg prg
prgjmp
jmpmte
mtejmú
jmúk
k ‚ gsj
gsjdrr
drrgk
gktïe
tïe hg \GE
\GE^ ^ sg be jdk
jdkstr
strumh
umhd
d gc odh
odhgc
gcd
d
jecm`rehd,
hmspdk
hmspdkm`c gsqug
m`cgs gk lgkgre
ces gst uke
gstejm sgrmg
ejmdkg
dkgs
s bm hg
bmhrdjeuhecgs
hrdoít
oítrmjes gk
rmjes rílmogk
usehe
usehess per eectgrehd
pere jec
jecm`rerpugstd
m`rer rgl
rglmst qug sgr
mstrek
rek cdsmgs
hetds
sgrmgs hg
jeuhecgs rgecgs, gs hgjmr, ectgrehds pdr ce lgstmúk hgc smstgoe. Hurektg gc prdjgsd hg
jecm`rejmúk sg odhmimjek cds peråogtrds pere efuster cds jeuhecgs gk hmjbes gstejmdkgs y
ehgoås sg efuste ce lgstmúk hg cds goècsgs qug bey gk gc smstgoe, pugstd qug gste
mktgrimgrg gk gc icufd hgc jeuhec jmrjucektg pdr cds jeujgs.
Ce jdkstrujjmúk hgc odhgcd sg rgecmze jdk ce sgcgjjmúk hg cds jdopdkgktgs hgc omsod6
^rgjmpmtejmúk, pírhmhes, peråogtrds hg jerejtgrmzejmúk hg ce rgspugste bmhrdcúlmje hg ces
su`jugkjes, tdpdcdlïe, rgsdcujmúk, gtj. Ce jecm`rejmúk pgromtg gc efustg hg cds peråogtrds
hgc odhgcd hurektg uk pgrmdhd pdr jdoperejmúk gktrg vecdrgs smoucehds y cds jeuhecgs
rgecgs oghmhds u d`sgrvehds gk gstejmdkg
gstejmdkgss bmhrdoítrmjes. Ce vecmhejmúk sg rgecmze oghmektg
ce jdoprdèjmúk hg ce jepejmheh prghmjtmve hgc odhgcd epcmjekhd cds peråogtrds hg ce
jecm`rejmúk hurektg uk pgrmdhd hmigrgktg ec gopcgeh
gopcgehd d pere íste.
Imlure >=6 Gsqugoe jdkjgptuec hgc odhgcd

Iugktg6 GPB Oekterd ‚ EKE
Gc odhgcd bmhrdcúlmjd hgsjrm`g gc jdopdrteomgktd hg ce jugkje hg oekgre sgomhmstrmùmhe

gk ces 9: su`jugkjes, jdkstmtuygkhd ístes ukmhehgs hg ekåcmsms bmhrdcúlmjd e ces qug sg
hgkdomkek jetjbogkts.
Zg mktrdhujgk cds hetds jcmoåtmjds hg tgopgreture oghme ogksuec y prgjmpmtej
prgjmpmtejmúk
múk ejuoucehe
ogksuec gk gc pgrmdhd hg gstuhmd hg 5=97 - 0>5: y pere jehe su`jugkje odhgcehe.
E jdktmkuejm
jdktmkuejmúk,
úk, sg prgsgkte jdod rgsuctehd, cds jeuhecgs prdoghmds d`tgkmhds gk rílmogk
keturec y ces epdrtejmdkg
epdrtejmdkgss ekuecgs prdpmes hg jehe su`jugkje.
02


Xe`ce >56 Pgsuogk hg jeuhecgs ekuecgs pdr su`jugkje

s u`jugkje gk rílmogk keturec (pgrmdhd 5=97 ‚
0>5:) odhgcd bmhrdcúlmjd hg Gkg - ^grgkg
Årge Jeuhec Epdrtejmúk

Årge prdpme Jeuhec
Jeuhec prdoghmd
Zu`jugkje 0 ejuoucehe prdoghmd : prdpme
(ao ) (ao ) prdpmd (o /s) ejuoucehd (o /s) (bo:/e)
0 :
Z5-Puketu cc d gk tdoe Pu ketuccd : 05 =,7> 0 5= ,7> 9,=: 9,=: 052,25

Z0-Jdoes 5 9><,08 5 209,<8 70,< : <:,97 5 9 9:,=>
Z:-Xeo`mc cd 7> 9,>: 7 >9 ,>: 5:,= = 5:,== 885,::
Z8-Xuc uoey d gk G.E. Eidrd Cm`grteh 28,<0 0 85<,8= 0,9< <9,:0 28,:<
Z7-Xuc uoey d gk G.E . Ce Ic drgkjme 88 :,>8 0 29>,7: 55,8 5 2<,<: :9>,5:
Z9-Mktgrjugk je Ec td ^grgkí := 9,87 < 5><,0> 55,7 9 5 90 ,28 :98,=7
Z<-Xeroe èfd Oum cd 8> <,02 8 >< ,02 :,75 :,75 55>,=>
Z2-Je` gjgre Felebu esm 8=,8< 8=,8 < >,7> >,7> 57,20
Z=-Xeroe beste Jdc c pe 55 8,<< 2 <: ,2< >,9< 2,58 05,55
Z5>-Zbeje 50 5,9= 5 05 ,9= 5,<7 5,<7 77,5>
Z55-ûcjeoey d èf d Jujök 5: =,:0 0 95 ,>0 5,8< :,00 89,:2
Z50-Jdc cpe 85,:0 85,: 0 >,08 >,08 <,<>
0=


Årge
Årge prdpme ejuoucehe Jeuhec Jeuhec prdoghmd Epdrtejmúk
Zu`jugkje (ao0) prdoghmd prdpme
prdpmd (o:/s) ejuoucehd (o /s) (bo:/e)
:
(ao0)
Z5 7 -Pmjre k :8 : ,7 : 8 5 2,= 5 8 ,>5 7 ,7 5 5 09 ,8 9
Z5 9 -Xeroe b est e Bu eseb u esm 50 8 ,7 0 5 82 0 ,< 8 > ,=: 5 8 ,7 = 0 = ,8 :
Z5 < -Bu eseb uesm esmom ce`c g e GE Bu esebu esm 8: 9 ,7 9 8 : 9,7 9 < ,58 < ,5 8 0 07 ,5 =
Z5 2 -Mc cm jy eju :< ,> > : < ,> > > ,:8 > ,: 8 5 > ,2 <
Z5 = -G.E. Xd oe J. B. Xeroe <9 ,5 : 0 >: 0 ,8 0 > ,22 0 0 ,= 7 0 < ,2 5
Z0 > -Xeroe 08 0 ,< 9 0 0< 7 ,5 2 7 ,89 9 : ,7 7 5 <0 ,0 9
Z0 5 -Dx e` eo` e 5 7 < 7 ,> 8 5 7< 7 ,> 8 : 7,5 8 : 7 ,5 8 5 5 >2 ,= 8
Z0 0 -Mk tgrju gk je O gh md Ec td ^grgkí 8> 5 ,7 5 5 > 8 = 7 ,5 0 = ,<2 0 7 5,0 2 : >2 ,< 8
Z0 : -Bu ejb ú k :2 5 ,> = : 2 5,> = 5 >,7 9 5 > ,7 9 : :: ,0 8
Z0 8 -Ju gk je ec t e rï d ûjd 82 ,9 5 8 2 ,9 5 5 ,9< 5 ,9 7 7 0 ,7 =
Z0 7 -Uu mp erejre b este Pek y ej 90 ,> 2 5 5 >,9 2 5 ,=< 5 8 ,5 2 9 0 ,0 7
Z0 9 -Pek y ej 00 2 ,< 2 0 0 2,< 2 7 ,99 7 ,9 9 5 <2 ,7 0
Z0 < -Ju gk je ec t e Bu ek l u sb 5= ,8 7 5 = ,8 7 > ,<8 > ,< 5 0 : ,0 7
Z0 2 -Uu mp erejre gk td oe Bu jb u b u grte 57 5 ,0 > 2 = 5,0 > 8 ,9> 0 7 ,5 7 5 87 ,0 8
Z0 = -êu jert eo` d gk rgsgrv d rm d ]b u eccoey d 88 7 ,0 < 8 8 7,0 < 5 >,= 0 5 > ,= 0 : 88 ,8 =
Z: > -êu jert eo` d gk rgsgrv d rm d ]u k jåk 52 = ,7 > 7 07 ,= < 8 ,:9 8 > ,8 : 5 :< ,7 2
Z: 5 -Zek te Mse` gc gk t doe J B ]eu p m 85 ,7 = 8 5 ,7 = > ,=2 > ,= 2 : > ,2 >
Z: 0 -êu jert eo` d beste O ek td 5> < ,8 = 5 29 = ,7 0 0 ,75 8 < ,9 > < = ,0 2
Z: : -Oek t d gk td oe J .B. ]eu pm 5: < ,8 > 5 : <,8 > : ,9= : ,9 = 5 59 ,: =
Z: 8-
8-êu je
jert eo
eo` d gk eid rrdd s p uk
uk tu
tu ec
ec ggss êu je
jerteo` d << =,
=,> 2 0 7= 5,
5,7 0 0 0,
0,> = 9 =,
=,< > 9 =<
=< ,,55 <
Z: 7 -Ju gk je êu jerteo` d := 8 ,2 = 0 =2 9 ,8 5 2 ,=9 < 2 ,9 7 0 20 ,9 8
Z: 9 -Bu eczmrd q u m gk t d oe J B Pgk d v Ekh gs B5 :> 5 ,8 8 : > 5,8 8 = ,=5 = ,= 5 : 50 ,< 9
Z: <-
<-Mk tg
tgrju gk
gk je
je O gh
gh md
md ^grgk í b es
est e ^m jjbb ek
ek eq
eq um
um 5 >2
>2 =,
=,< 9 5 5 2 29
29 ,,:: : 0 <,
<,= 5 0 2=
2=,5 > 2 2>
2> ,,99 7
Z: 2 -^m jb ek equ m 95 : ,2 7 9 5 :,2 7 5 <,2 5 5 < ,2 5 7 95 ,= >
Z: = -Mk tgrju gk je O gh md ^grgk í 0: < ,7 0 5 0 < : < ,9 = 7 ,7: : 5 0,8 : 5 <8 ,8 7
Z8 > -Ju gk je Mp d q u m =9 = ,: = = 9 =,: = 0 <,= < 0 < ,= < 2 20 ,< <
Z8 5 -Mk tgrju gk je O gh md @efd ^grgk í => > ,9 < 5 2 0 : < ,8 9 5 =,5 8 8 8 >,2 5 9 >: ,2 <
Z8 0 -Zd rd od rd b este Zek P eoú k 5 > 9 2 ,8 7 5 >9 2 ,8 7 0 :,9 = 0 : ,9 = < 8< ,7 8
Z8 : -Zek P eoú k beste Uu m et erm 55 > ,5 = 5 5 >,5 = 0 ,0< 0 ,0 < < 5 ,9 :
Z8 8 -Zek P eoú k 57 0 ,0 < 5 :: > ,= 5 0 ,=9 7 ,0 : = : ,8 :

Z8 7 -Zd rd od rd b este O ezeoerm 0< ,5 = 5 :7 2 ,5 > > ,7> : 2 ,< 8 5 7 ,9 7
Z8 9 -Oezeoerm ek tgs hg Zd od rd 85 = ,: : 8 5 =,: : = ,:0 = ,: 0 0 =8 ,0 9
Z8 < -Oezeoerm 5< < ,< < 5 =7 7 ,0 > :,
: ,58 8 5 ,2 2 = = ,0 7
Z8 2 -êk l de ek t gs h g O ezeoe rm 5 7 : > ,7 5 5 7: > ,7 5 : <,0 = : < ,0 = 5 5< 9 ,< 7
Z8 = -êk l de 58 8 ,> > : 90 = ,< > 0 ,>= 2 5 ,0 < 9 9 ,> 7
Z7 > -Mk tgrju gk je @ efd ^grgk í 7< ,8 > 5 2 0 = 8 ,2 9 > ,92 8 8 5,8 = 0 5 ,9 0
Z7 5 -Mk tgrju gk je 8 = = 7 = , Gk g =7 9 ,5 5 5>=0,7> 0 5,0 < 5 72 = ,= : 9 <5 ,5 <
Z7 0 -Ek ep etm 5 7 9 2 ,8 > 5 79 2 ,8 > : 5,> 9 : 5 ,> 9 = 2> ,5 >
Z7 : -8= = 7 < :0 ,2 8 5> 7 : 5 2 ,< 9 > ,2: 5 <5 7 ,5 5 0 9 ,: 7
Z7 8 -Uu gop m rm 5 > 5 > ,: 5 5 >5 > ,: 5 0 7,5 9 0 7 ,5 9 < =8 ,> 0
Z7 7 -Ju tmv grm km b este O eyd vg kt m =< 2 ,0 8 = < 2,0 8 0 2,: 7 0 2 ,: 7 2 =8 ,9 :
Z7 9 -Oey d v gkt m 9> : ,7 < 9 > :,7 < 5 9,< < 5 9 ,< < 7 0= ,0 5
Z7 < -Ju gk je Ju tmv mrgk m 87 2 ,7 > 0 90 > ,5 8 = ,22 9 2 ,5 : : 55 ,= 0
Z7 2 -Oeomrm 7< = ,2 0 7 < =,2 0 5 :,5 0 5 : ,5 0 8 58 ,> 2

:>


Y.0.5.0Xgopgreture
Ce tgopgreture gs gc gcgogktd oås cmlehd gk sus vermejmdkgs ec iejtdr ectmtuhmkec. Gk ces
omjrdjugkjes, sg be pdhmhd eprgjmer qug verïe hgshg 07 ¾J e -9 ¾J eprdxmoeheogktg,
qughek
qug hekhd
hd jdo
jdoprg
prgkh
khmhe
mhe gk
gktrg
trg gs
gstds
tds gxgxtrg
trgod
odss uke
uke sgrmg
sgrmg hg verme
vermejmd
jmdkgs
kgs tír
tíromj
omjes
es qug
jerejtgrmzek e jehe ukd hg gstds pmsds ectmtuhmkecgs eprgjmehds gk ces jugkjes. Gstd sg
hg`g
hg` g e iej
iejtd
tdrgs
rgs hg drh
drhgk
gk eto
etodsi
dsiírm
írmjd,
jd, qug
qug hur
hurekt
ektg
g cds
cds ogs
ogsgs
gs mkvgr
mkvgrke
kecgs
cgs pgrom
pgromtg
tg ce
mkjmhgkjme hmrgjte hg
supgrimjmg tgrrgstrg ce rehmejmúk
rglmstrekhd sdcer, qugs hurektg
tgopgreture
tgopgretures gc hïe ccgle
ouy gcgvehes1 e jecgkter
pdr dtre kdte`cgogktg
pertg, hurektg ce kdjbg,ce
ces tgo
tgopgr
pgretu
etures
res kd ccccgle
glekk e hgsjg
hgsjgkh khgr
gr e km
kmvgc
vgcgs
gs mkigr
mkigrmd
mdrgs
rgs gxtrg
gxtrgods
ods hek
hekhdhd jdo
jdod d
rgsuctehds prdoghmds hmermds qug sg pughgk jdksmhgrer ectds.
Cds rgl
rglmst
mstrds
rds hg tgotgopgr
pgretu
eture
re utm
utmcmz
cmzehd
ehdss gk gc prg
prgsgk
sgktgtg gst
gstuh
uhmd
md jdr
jdrrgs
rgspd
pdkhm
khmgk
gktg
tg e ce
mkidro
mkidroejm
ejmúk
úk rgj
rgjdpm
dpmce
cehe
he y ehqehqumr
umrmh
mhee hgc ZG
ZGKEO
KEOBMBM y CDJCDJJCMJCMO,
O, rgs
rgspgj
pgjtmv
tmveog
eogktgktg.. Ce
gxtgk
gxt gksmú
smúk
k hg rglrglmst
mstrd
rd hg tgo
tgopg
pgret
reture
uress sg oug
ougstr
stree hg trgtrgss kmv
kmvgc
gcgs,
gs, jdod
jdod tgopg
tgopgret
reture
ure
oåxmoe, tgopgreture oghme y tgopgreture oïkmoe, qug gk ehgcektg sg hgtecce jehe uke hg
gcces.
Ce tgopgreture prdoghmd ouctmekuec gk gc pgrmdhd gstuhmehd (5=97 ‚ 0>5:) gs hg 50.0¶J y
sg gvmhgkjme uke jcere tgkhgkjme hg vermejmúk hg tgopgreture jdk ce ectmtuh.
Y.0.0 Lgdcdl cdlïe
Gc årge hgc prdygjtd u`mjehd gk ce Pglmúk Fukïk, ces ukmhehgs qug eicdrek gk gc årge
jmrjukhektg ec prdygjtd sdk rdjes qug vek hgshg gc prgjåo`rmjd beste gc juetgrkermd. Ce
verme`mcmheh cmtdcúlmje hg ce rglmúk, ougstre gc jeo`md hg pecgd eo`mgktgs hgshg ce Jdrhmccgre
Djjmhgktec beste gc Ccekd Eoezúkmjd, cd qug ejdopeõehd hg ce ejtmvmheh tgjtúkmje bek
jdkimlurehd ce odridcdlïe ejtuec hg cds Ekhgs.
Ce hmstrmùjmúk lgdlråimje hg ces rdjes sghmogktermes sg jerejtgrmze pdr gster elrupehes hg
ejugrhd e su gheh. Gk gigjtd, gk ce Jdrhmccgre Djjmhgktec y gk ce zdke hg Ectmpcekmjmgs, ces
rdjes sghmogktermes oås eùkhektgs jdrrgspdkhgk e ces jecmzes hgc Lrupd ûjerå, e ces
ergkmsjes hgc Lrupd Ldyccermsqumzle y ces jecmzes oermkes hgc Jrgtåjmjd, qug gståk mktrumhes
pdr jugrpds su`vdcjåkmjds y pcutúkmjds hgc êcgúlgkdKgúlgkd
Gk ce Jdrhmccgre Drmgktec ces rdjes oås eùkhektgs sdk ces rdjes ogteoúrimjes hgc Jdopcgfd
Ogteoúrimjd hgc Oereõúk y ces sgjugkjmes oermkes jdktmkgktecgs hg cds lrupds Eo`d
Xeroe y Jdpeje`
Jdpejeèke.eke. Gstes ukmhehgs gståk mktrumhes pdr lrekmtds hg gheh ^grod-Furåsmjd.
Bejme ce zdke suèkhmke ces rdjes oås eùkhektgs jdrrgspdkhgk e ces jepes rdfes hg ce
Idroejmúk ]ebuerekld.
Ce ejtmvmheh tgjtúkmje be drmlmkehd qug sg hgpdsmtgk yejmomgktds hg omkgrecgs qug gståk
elrup
elr upehd
ehdss gk ire
irekf
kfes
es oít
oítecd
ecd lgk
lgkítm
ítmjes
jes.. Ce
Cess prm
prmkjm
kjmpe
pecgs
cgs ire
irekfe
kfess sdk ce hg yej
yejmom
momgkt
gktds
ds
eurïigrds hgc êcgdzdmjd mkigrmdr jdk jdktgkmhd hg Wrekmd gk mktrusmvds hgc ^grod-furåsmjd
^grod-furåsmjd,, ce
irekfe hg yejmomgktds ^dcmogtåcmjds gk hdkhg hgsteje Odrdjdjbe y ce irekfe hg púrimhds hg
jd`rg gk hdkhg hgsteje Xdrdodjbd.
Mluecogktg, ce tgjtúkmje hgc Jgkdzdmjd be drmlmkehd qug ces iecces hg ce zdke Zuèkhmke
tgklek odvmomgktd mkvgrsd y idrogk ces jugkjes pgtrdcïigres hg Gkg y Wjeyecm, gk hdkhg sg
tmgkgk kuogrdses gstrujtures jdk pdtgkjmec pere jdktgkgr bmhrdjerùrds.
Cds eic
eicdre
dreomg
omgktd
ktdss lgd
lgdcú
cúlmj
lmjds
ds mhg
mhgktm
ktmimj
imjehd
ehdss gk ce prdprdvmk
vmkjme
jme hg XerXeroe1
oe1 sg hgtec
hgtecce
cek
k e
jdktmkuejmúk6
^PGJEO@PMJD
Lrekmtds hgc ^rgjåo`rmjd y Lkgms Buejepmsteke (^jêc-l)(^j-lk-bu)
:5


Gs uk lrekmtd omloetïtmjd jdk omjrdjcmke, su jdcdr gs dsjurd1 prdvmgkg hg ce iusmúk hg cds

lkgmsgs Kgdprdtgrdzdmjds hgc oejmzd hg Oereykmdj- Oeyrezd. Gk sus jdktejtds jdk cds
lkgmsgs, sg vg qug gstds pesek e omloetmtes jdk smccmoekmte qug sg vugcvgk oås y oås
bdodlíkges y pesek e su vgz ec lrekmtd1 gste treksmjmúk sg d`sgrve `mgk gk su `drhg KG
hdkhg gc jdktejtd lrekmtd-lkgmsgs gs su`jdkjdrhektg jdk ce idcmejmúk lkímsmje. Ec jdktrermd,
gc jdktejtd ZD gs hg tmpd mktrusmvd, ye qug gc lrekmtd idroe epúimsms qug etrevmgsek cds
omjeg
omj egsqu
squmst
mstds
prdè`cgogktgds jdktgopdråkgd
hg ce jd`
jd`grt
grtgr
gre
ehgc
hgsglukhd
cd
cdss lk
lkgms
gmsgs
gs.. Gs
Gstg
gpmsdhmd tg lre
lrekm
kmtd
td per
ogteoúrimjdpergjg
gjg sgr prg
prgjeo
jeo`rm
Kgdprdtgrdzdmjd. `rmek
ekd,
d,
Zgju
Zg jugk
gkjm
jmee OgOgte
teoú
oúri
rimj
mjee Oe Oere
remr
mrez
ezd-d-Bu
Buey
eyte
tepe
pecc
ccek
ekee (Gsq
(Gsqum
umst
stds
ds,, Im
Imcm
cmte
tes,
s, Lk
Lkgmgms,
s,
Omjegsqumstds y Ekim`dcmtes) (^j-gs/im/lk/og/eki)
- Pdjes pere-hgrmvehes
Zgjugkjme smcmjd-ecuomkdse6 Idroe oås hgc 2>% hg ces rdjes hgc Lrupd Buejer. Cds
gsqum
gsq umstd
stdss sgr
sgrmjm
mjmtïjd
tïjdss y jcd
jcdrmt
rmtmjd
mjdss jdk
jdkidr
idroek
oek ce oe
oeydr
ydr pertg
pertg hg cds
cds oej
oejmzd
mzdss hg
êcjdråk y Jbupåk- Buesebuesm. Gståk idroehds pdr cgjbds juerzdsds d juerzd
igchgspåtmjds, omcmoítrmjds e jgktmoítrmjds, y cgjbds oujbd oås hgclehds hg sgrmjmte
y/d jcdrmte e vgjgs jdk ecld hg `mdtmte, y omkgrecgs ejjgsdrmds jdod cgujdxgke,
gpïhdte y dpejds.
- Pdjes drtd-hgrmvehes
Epertg hg ces rdjes drtdhgrmveh

drtdhgrmveheses hg ce sgjugkjme ogtevdcjåkm
ogtevdcjåkmjeje qug ye
ogkjmdkeods, sg trete hg eclukds jugrpds cgktmjucergs hg pgrmhdtmte sgrpgktmkmzehe.
Gc oås jdkdjmhd gs gc hg Xepd, gk ce pertg sur hgc oejmzd hg Jbupåk-Buesebuesm,
ukds 5> ao ec GKG hg ce jmuheh hg Xeroe.
ÊCGDVDMJD
Lrupd Omtu (^sXm-o)
Idroe ce gkvdcture hg tdhds cds oejmzds kgdprdtgrdzdmjds d gdbgrjmkmjds hg ce Jdrhmccgre
Drmgktec y hg ces Ectmpcekmjmgs. Gstå jdkidroehd pdr sgrmgs hgtrïtmjes y vdcjåkmjes hg jdcdr
rdfd
rdfd hdhdom
omke
kekt
ktg,
g, qu
qug
g pupugh
ghgk
gk jdjdks
ksmh
mhgr
grer
ersg
sg jd jdod
od ododce
cese
sess cmcmle
lehe
hess e ce drdl
drdlík
íkgs
gsms
ms
Xerhmbgrjmkmje (^gromekd oghmd e Xrmåsmjd mkigrmdr), y qug gk oujbes årges pughgk mkjcumr
sgjugkjmes rdfes omoítmjes qug hg bgjbd pgrtgkgjgk ec Lrupd Jdpejeèke d e ce èsg hgc
Lrupd ûjerå.
Gk ces sgrmgs tgrrïlgkes, gc oetgrmec lrugsd (jdklcdog
(jdklcdogrehd,
rehd, ergkmsjes jdklcdogråhm
jdklcdogråhmjes
jes y hg
lrekd lrugsd) prghdomke sd`rg ces cmodcmtes y cutmtes. Gc jdcdr oås irgjugktg gs gc rdfd cehrmccd
beste jdkjbd hg vmkd, sglumhd pdr gc vgrhg y gc rdsehd1 pgrd gs hg kdter gc bgjbd qug uk
hí`mc euogktd hg tgopgreture prdvdje ce epermjmúk hg jdcdrgs oerrdkgs y vgrhgs.
^cutdkgs hgc pgrod-trmåsmjd (^sXr-qozl-je) / / (^str-lh-te)
Cds mktrusmvds pcutúkmjds hgc ^grod-Xrmåsmjd gståk u`mjehds gk ce pertg jgktrec hg ce rglmúk
Fukïk idroek uke irekfe ecerlehe hg hmrgjjmúk KKD-ZZG qug sg gkjugktre gk ce Jdrhmccgre
Dr
Drmg
mgkt
ktec
ec,, hg
hgkt
ktrd
rd hg ce
cess mk
mktr
trus
usmv
mvds
ds sg be bekk hghgtg
tgro
romk
mkeh
ehd
d lrek
lrekhg hgss gvgk
gvgktd
tdss d oe
oejm
jmzd
zd
oeloåtmjds.
Lrupd Eo`d (Jm-e)
Ce cmtdcdlïe hgc Lrupd Eo`d cd jdkidroek jdklcdjdklcdogrehds
ogrehds hg jcestds hg rdjes ogteoúrimjes,
juerzd imcdkmekd y rdjes mktrusmves, ergkmsjes jdk mktgrjecejmdkgs hg cmodcmtes y jdk uk
jdklcdogrehd èsec, sdk hgpúsmtds odcåsmjds rïtomjds, vermekhd gc lrdsdr hg cds rmtods
gktrg
:0


>.5> y vermds ogtrds. Zg kdte ce prgsgkjme hg jekecgs, ces gstretmimjejmdkgs d`cïjues sdk
irgjug
irgjugktg
ktgs.
s. Ce
Cess erg
ergkms
kmsje
jess sdk rmj
rmjes
es gk igcigchg
hgspe
spetds
tds y omj
omjes,
es, cds
cds gstre
gstretds
tds cmo
cmodsd
dsdss sdk
sdk
jdoukogktg jer`dkdsds, smgkhd irgjugktg hgclehds cgktgs hg jer`úk.
Gc jdcdr hg ces rdjes verïe gktrg lrms y perhd dsjurd. Zg pughgk mktgrprgter jdod odceses
oeyd
oe ydro
rogk
gktg
tg jd
jdkt
ktmk
mkgk
gkte
tecg
cgss qu
qug
g rg
rgsu
suctctek
ek hg ce grds
grdsmú
múk
k hg cds
cds rgcm
rgcmgv
gvgs
gs hg ce jehg
jehgke
ke
Gdbgrjïkmje hgpdsmtåkhdsg vgrdsïomcogktg gk surjds hg drmgktejmúk K 5:>¾ G, gs hgjmr
perecgcds e ces gstrujtures hg hmjbe jehgke.
Lrupd Xeroe (Js-te)
Eicdre gk ce Jdrhmccg
Jdrhmccgre
re Drmgktec y gk ce zdke suèkhmk
suèkhmke,
e, sd`rgyejg ec Lrupd Eo`d gk cds
culergs hdkhg gstå prgsgktg1 gk jesd jdktrermd hgsjekse jdk hmsjdrhekjme eklucer gkjmoe
hgc êcgdzdmjd mkigrmdr y oghmd d hgc Kgdprdtgrdz
Kgdprdtgrdzdmjd.
dmjd.
Gc lrdsdr hg ce sgjjmúk gs hg :>> o, y gstå jdopugste, gk prdpdrjmdkgs hgjrgjmgktgs, pdr
cds smlumgktgs tmpds hg rdje6 Cutmtes y cmodcmtes lrmsgs d kglres irgjugktgogktg mktgrjecehds
hg jecmze ergkdse djrg e ogkuhd kdhucdse. Jecmzes lrmsgs irgjugktgs y lrugses bejme gc
tdpg hg ce sgjjmúk, hdkhg sg vugcvgk errgjmiecgs y idroek uk pequgtg hg ukds vgmktg ogtrds.
Lrupd Jdpejeèke (Js^m-jd)
Eicdre gk gc `drhg gk ce Jdrhmccg
Jdrhmccgre
re Drmgktec y gk ce zdke Zuèkhmk
Zuèkhmke.
e. Zg trete hg uke
sgjugkjme hgtrïtmje rdfe hg :> e 5>> o hg lrdsdr. Cds jdklcdogrehds hg ce pertg èsec
jdktmgkgk jektds hg gstg lrupd. êsek cugld e ergkmsjes qug jdktmgkgk eclukds èkjds hg
jecmzes y hdcdomtes.
êcgdzdmjd supgrmdr (Hgvúkmjd) (H-ozl)
Gstå jdkstmtumhd pdr uke mktrusmúk qug sg u`mje gk ce bdfe hg Xeroe y gs jdkdjmhe jdod
odkzdlrekmtd/eheogcmte hg êjdjdjbe (Ogrlerh gt ec 5==9), gs uke rdje pdriïhmje qug
jdktmgkg pgrtmtes zdkehes y `mdtmtes irgjugktgogktg jcdrmtmzehes.
jcdrmtmzehes. Kd ougstre hgidroejmú
hgidroejmúkk
höjtmc, pgrd gstå hmvmhmhe gk `cdqugs prmsoåtmjds pdr uke rgh hg hmejcese
hmejcesess gspejmehes hg 0 e
5> o y e og ogku
kuhd
hd rgrgccccgk
gkeh
ehes
es pd
pdrr hm
hmqu
qugs
gs hg hme`
hmeèsese.
e. Pgjdr
gjdrte
te sgrm
sgrmjm
jmtd
tdgs
gsqu
qums
mstd
tdss
Kgdprdtgrdzdmjds
Kgdprdtgrdzd mjds gk sus `drhgs kdrtg y gstg y cds jdklcdogrehds èsecgs hgc Omsmsmpmekd ce
ju`rgk hmsjdrhektgogktg
hmsjdrhektgogktg bejme gc ZD. Ce gheh rehmdoítrmje A/Er hg ces `mdtmtes, oghmhe pdr
B. Oecusam y ^. @cetrmx, gs :89µ5> O.e. (Hgvdkmekd supgrmdr), cd qug bejg gc prmogr mktrusmvd
gdbgrjïkmjd pdst-tgjtúkmjd mhgktmimjehd gk gc ^grö.
Lrupd Gxjgcsmdr (ZH-g)
Zg gkjugktre gk cds köjcgds hgc hdod hg ]eucm y hgc ektmjcmkec hg Oecpesd, sg d`sgrvek
ukes sgrmgs gpmogteoúriïtmjes hdkhg ce gsqumstdsmheh hg icufd gstå oerjehe pdr sgrmjmtes
kgdidroehes.
Gk eo`ds culergs prghdomkek imcmtes jdk mktgrjecejmdkgs rgcetmveogktg gsjeses hg juerjmtes
hg lr
lrek
ekd
d imkd
imkd11 su jd
jdcd
cdrr gs dsju
dsjurd
rd y irgj
irgjug
ugkt
ktgo
gogk
gktg
tg kglr
kglrd.
d. Cceo
Cceoek
ek ce etgk
etgkjm
jmúk
úk ces
ces
mktgrj
mktgrjec
ecejm
ejmdk
dkgs
gs hg ès
èsect
ectds
ds gk cds jue juecgs
cgs sg pug
pughg
hg rgj
rgjdk
dkdjg
djgrr gk gc hdod
hdod hg ]e
]eucm
ucm
gstrujtures hg ecodbehmcces pdr cd lgkgrec ouy gstmrehes jdod ye cd sgõecerdk Bekmsdk gk
5=8: y Ad`g gk 5=28. Ad`g (5=29) teo`mík mhgktmimjú èsectds gk Oecpesd.
OGZDVDMJD
Oejmzd hg Zujcceoejbey (A^l-h/A^l-lr)
Zg jdkdjg jdk gc kdo`rg Oejmzd hg Zujcceoejbey e uk jugrpd gxtgksd qug sg gkjugktre ec
kdrdgstg hg Feufe, gc juec idroe uke irekfe ecerlehe hg hmrgjjmúk KD-ZG. Cmtdcúlmjeogktg
gstå jdopugstd pdr uke iejmgs hg eheogcmte-lrekdhmdrmte, cgujújrete, lrekd lrugsd y dtres
iejmgs hg hmdrmte, tdkecmtes y pdrimrdmhg
pdrimrdmhgss (êrghgs, 5=<<).
::


Lrupd ûjerå (Fm-j)

Jdkid
Jd kidroe
roehe
he pdr trg
trgss sg
sgrmg
rmgss hg
hgkdo
kdomke
mkekhe
khes6
s6 idr
idroej
oejmd
mdkgs
kgs Jb
Jbeo`
eoèråerå hg gheh
gheh Xrm
Xrmåsm
åsmjd
jd
supgrmdr (Kdrmekd Pgtmekd), Ereoejbey hg gheh Cmåsmjd mkigrmdr (Bgtteklmek
(Bgtteklmekd-Zmkgourme
d-Zmkgourmekd)
kd) y
Jdkhdrsmkle hg gheh Cmåsmjd supgrmdr (Zmkgourmekd- Xderjmekd).
Ce cmtdcdlïe hg ce sgrmg mkigrmdr hg gste ukmheh, gstå `åsmjeogktg rgprgsgktehe pdr jecmzes
mktgrj
mktgrjec
ecehe
ehess jdk prd
prdpdpdrjm
rjmdk
dkgsgs su`
su`drh
drhmk
mkeh
ehes
es hg erg
ergkms
kmsje
je y cutmte
cutmtes1
s1 dje
djesmd
smdkec
kecogk
ogktg
tg sg
gkjugktrek
oesm
oe vess ú cgktgs
smve gk è hg
èkj
kjds gvepdrmtes
ds lr
lrug sdss y`m
ugsd bdrmzdktgs
`mgk
gk gstre hg
gstretmtmimimje jdklcdogrehds,
jehd
hds >.:> e ces
s hg >.:> 5.>jecmzes
5.> o hg sglrds
lrprgsgktek
dsdr
dr11 sdk
sdk
lgkgrecogktg
lgkgrecogk tg hgtrïtmjes jdk jdktgkmhd hg kuogrdsds irelogktds hg iúsmcgs6 ceogcm`receogcm`rekqumds
kqumds
y jrmkdmhgds gk pd`rg gstehd hg jdksgrvejmúk. E ogkuhd sdk `mtuomkdses, gk jdrtg irgsjd
prgsgktek uk jdcdr lrms dsjurd, omgktres qug gk supgrimjmgs ogtgdkzehes ehdptek uke
jdcdrejmúk `cekqugjmk
`cekqugjmke. e.
Gk ce pertg oås drmgktecgs, jesm tdhds cds kmvgcgs jdktmgkgk kúhucds hg jbgrt ecerlehds gk gc
sgktmhd hg ce gstretmimjejmú
gstretmimjejmúk.
k.
Idroejmúk Ldyccermsqumzle-êrmebuekje (Am-ld/pb)
Gc Lrupd Ldyccermsqumzle jdksmstg hg ergkmsjes juerzdses hg jdcdr `cekjd, `cekjd rdfmzd,
`cekjd lrmsåjgd e jrgoe jdk jdcdrejmdkgs rdfmzes y perhes hg`mhd e ce ogtgdrmzejmúk1 gk
jdkfuktd idroe jepes oejmzes hg ergkmsjes sgperehes pdr jepes ogkds rgsmstgktgs qug
jdrrgspdkhgk
jdrrgspdkhg k e cmodcmtes y cmoderjmccmtes lrmsgs y vgrhdses.
Ce idroejmúk êrmebuekje, sg gkjugktre tektd gk ce Jdrhmccgre Djjmhgktec jdod gk ces
Ectmpcekmjmgs jdk lrdsdrgs qug sg rghu
Ectmpcekmjmgs rghujgk
jgk bejme gc KG, pgrd g
gste
ste vgz y e hmigrgkjme hg cd qug
qug
sujghg gk ce Idroejmúk Ldyccermsqumzle, gc ehgclezeomgktd gs peucetmkd y kd d`ghgjg cds
cïomtgs hg ces hds zdkes gstrujturecgs.
Hmdrmtes hg Jeyesb (Xr-h-j)
sd
sdkk hmdr
hmdrmtmtes
es kd hg
hgid
idro
roeh
ehes
es hg lrlrek
ekd
d og
oghm
hmek
ekd,
d, jdk
jdk ekiï
ekiï`d
`dcc y `mdt
`mdtmtmte6
e6 pugh
pughgk
gk sgr
sgr
mktgkseogktg hgidroehes gk jdrrghdrgs hg eclukds ogtrds d hgjgkes hg ogtrds hg ekjbd
(Oglerh gt ec., 5==9).
Oejmzd hg Jeyesb (Xr-tlh-j)
Zg gkjugktre gk ce pertg jgktrec hg ce irekfe hg cds mktrusmvds hgc Xrmåsmjd-Furåsmjd, sg
pughg d`sgrver gk ce jerrgtgre Jerbueoeyd-êujerteo`d gktrg Ejdpecje y ^mjbmpecqum.
Gstg jugrpd hg uk jdcdr lrms jdk tdkecmhehgs vgrhdses hg lrekd lrugsd, bdcdjrmstecmkd,
mkgqumlrekucer. Cmtdcúlmjeogktg jerme hgshg tdkecmte e lrekdhmdrmte.
Oejmzd hg Zek Ektdkmd (Xr-tlh-se)
Zg gkjugktrek gk ce pertg drmgktec hg ce irekfe hg cds mktrusmvds hgc Xrmåsmjd-Furåsmjd. Zg
pughg
pug hg d`s
d`sgrv
grver
er gk ce Je
Jerrg
rrgtgr
tgre
e Xer
Xeroe-
oe-Zek
Zek Pe
Peoúk
oúk.. Gst
Gstå
å jdo
jdopu
pugst
gstd
d pdr tdktdkecm
ecmtes
tes y
lrekdhmdrmtes hg lrekd lrugsd hg jdcdr jcerd. Kd sg tmgkgk oeydrgs gvmhgkjmes hg su gheh
hg gopcezeomgktd, eukqug gc jrmtgrmd hg jdrrgcejmúk jdk dtrds stdjas pdhrïe jdrrgspdkhgr ec
Xrmåsmjd-Furåsmjd
Xrmåsmjd-Furåsmjd (Cgúk gt ec., 5==9).
Oejmzd hg Pekyej (XrFm-ozl-re)
Zg gkjugktre gk ce pertg djjmhgktec hg ce irekfe hg cds mktrusmvds hgc Xrmåsmjd-Furåsmjd,
Xrmåsmjd-Furåsmjd, gk ces
kejmg
kej mgktg
ktgss hgc rïd Xuj
Xujuoe
uoejbe
jbey. y. Gst
Gstg
g jug
jugrpd
rpd hg lre
lrekd
kd lru
lrugsd
gsd e og
oghmd
hmd,, prg
prgsgk
sgkte
te uke
jd
jdcd
cdre
rejm
jmúk
úk lr
lrms
ms jc
jcer
ere
e pe
perj
rjme
meco
cogk
gktg
tg rd
rdså
såjg
jge.
e. Gs
Gstå
tå jdki
jdkidr
droe
oehd
hd prmk
prmkjm
jmpe
peco
cogkgktg
tg pdr
pdr
odkzdlrekmtds.
JGKDVDMJD
Idroejmúk Jböcgj (Am-jbu)
:8


Eicdre gk ce Jdrhmccgre Djjmhgktec y ces Ectmpcekm

Ectmpcekmjmgs,
jmgs, jdk lrdsdrgs qug e ogkuhd sdk
oeydrgs gk gstes öctmoes, e pgser hg tgkgr ces sgjjmdkgs uke jdopdsmjmúk ouy smomcer.
Ce
Cess er
erjm
jmcccces
es je
jecj
cjår
årge
gess hg jd
jdcd
cdrr lr
lrms
ms dsju
dsjurd
rd y påtm
påtmke
ke lrms
lrms jc
jcer
erd,
d, jdk
jdk ieuk
ieuke
e gsje
gsjese
se y
ökmjeogktg pgcålmje1 sg hgpdsmterdk gk uk eo`mgktg oermkd prdiukhd, hgèfd hgc cïomtg hg
ejjmúk hg ces tgopgstehgs, cdhdcmtes jecjårges erjmccdsds lrmsgs jdk ieuke pgcålmje g mkhmjmds
hg `mdturèjmúk, hgpdsmtehes teo`mík gk ce prdiukhmheh D, cmodcmtes jecjårges y wejastdkgs
`mdturèhds jdkvdcjåkmjes
Mktgrjecejmdkgs iúsmcgs pgcålmjds y `íktmjds,
bek smhd sgõecehese ogkuhd gktgrds. Jböcgj, pgrd sg trete pdr cd
gk ce Idroejmúk
lgkgre
lgk grecc hg smccs,
smccs, smk go
goèr
èrld
ld,, gk ce gsq
gsqumk
umkee KD hgc jue
juehrå
hråklu
klucd
cd hg ]e
]euyd
uyds,
s, bgo
bgods
ds
d`sgrvehd, mktgrjecehds gk ce Idroejmúk Jböcgj, tektd uk smcc vejudcer `åsmjd hg ukds :> o
hg lrdsdr, jdk oerlgk hg gkirmeomgktd `rusjd ("jbmmcgh oerlmk"), jdod :> o oås errmè uk
hgrreog ekhgsïtmjd hg 07 o jdk uke èsg gsjdrmåjge juyds vejïds iugrdk rgccgkehds pdr
cdhds jer`dketehds, cds juecgs sgccek teo`mík ces lrmgtes qug eigjtek gc tdpg hg ce omsoe
jdcehe.
JGKDVDMJD
Hgpdsmtd @dighec (U-`d)
Eo`mgktgs bmhrdodrim
bmhrdodrimjds
jds jdkidroekhd hgpúsmtds hg drmlgk lcejmer y icuvmd lcejmer jdk
eùkte
eù ktektg
ktg oe
oetgr
tgrme
me drl
drlek
ekmje
mje,, sg u`
u`mje
mjek
k lgk
lgkgre
grecog
cogktg
ktg gk cds ecrgh
ecrghgh
ghdrg
drgss hg cel
celuk
ukes
es
ectdekhmkes y cehgres pcekd mkjcmkehes jdk vgrtmgktgs bïhrmjes (djdkecgs, oekektmecgs, gtj.)1
teo`mík sg hmstrmùygk gk zdkes hgprgsmdkehes qug bek smhd rgccgkehes jdk oetgrmec imkd
sgompgroge`cg ju`mgrtds jdk oetrme drlekmje y ouy seturehes.
Zu jdopmsmjmdk cmtdcúlmje gs vermehe, gståk jdopugstds pdr lreves, ergkes, cmods y erjmcces
jdk gcg
gcgveh
vehe
e hd
hdomk
omkekj
ekjme
me hg oe
oetgr
tgrme
me drl
drlekm
ekmje,
je, hdkhg
hdkhg sg hgs
hgserr
errdcc
dccek
ek pestu
pestures
res y dtres
dtres
gspgjmgs vglgtecgs hg pdje ecture qug jerejtgrmzek cds gjdsmstgoes ectd ekhmkds.
Hgpúsmtds jdcuvmecgs (U-jd)
Zg gkjugktrek gk ce èsg hg ces cehgres hg cds jgrrds, sdk hgpúsmtds oec jcesmimjehds jdk
jcestds eklucdsds jdk èstektg oetrmz ergkd cmodse y kd prgsgktek gstretmimjejmúk. Gstds
hg
hgpú
púsm
smtd
tdss iu
iugr
grdk
dk drdrml
mlmk
mkeh
ehds
ds pdpdrr hgsp
hgsprg
rgkh
khmo
momg
mgkt
ktds
ds hg rdje
rdjess qug
qug be
bek
k drml
drmlmk
mkeh
ehdd
hgscmzeomgktds
hgscmzeomg ktds d hgrruo`gs.
Hgpúsmtds Jdcuvmec ecuvmec (U-jec)
Jdkidroehds pdr hgpúsmtds sgomjdksdcmhehds, eclukds hg gccds prgsgktek jmgrtd lrehd hg
jdksdcmhejmúk, sg bek drmlmkehd pdr hgsjdopdsmjmúk hg rdjes ogtgdrmzehes y grdsmdkehes
pdr jursd bïhrmjds cdjecgs. Jdrrgspdkhgk e uke ogzjce bgtgrdlíkge hg `dcdkgs, lreves y
ergkes, eklucdses e su`rghdkhgehes, esï jdod cmods y erjmcces, qug tmgkgk hg rglucer e
oece
oec e sgc
sgcgj
gjjmú
jmúk,
k, su pgr
pgroge
oge`m
`mcmh
cmheh
eh gs ogh
oghmeme e ecte
ecte y tmgkgk
tmgkgk eo
eopc
pcme
me hms
hmstrm
trmù
ùjmú
jmúk
k gk gc
hgperteogktd hg Fukmk, prmkjmpecogktg rgccgkekhd cds idkhds hg veccg hg ces prmkjmpecgs
qug`rehes.
Hgpdsmtd gcuvmec (U-gc)
Zdk hgpúsmtds irelogktehds, drmlmkehds pdr mktgopgrmsod y ogtgdrmzejmúk mksmtu hg rdjes
prggxmstg
prgg xmstgktgs.
ktgs. Gstd
Gstdss hgpú
hgpúsmtds
smtds kd bek suirm
suirmhd
hd kmkl
kmklök
ök hgsp
hgspceze
cezeomgk
omgktdtd oektg
oektgkmgk
kmgkhd
hd su
rgcejmúk hmrgjte jdk ce rdje pergktec, jdkidroek irelogktds eklucdsds y oetgrmec hg lrekd
imkd, prgsgktekhd eclukds hg gccds jmgrtd lrehd hg jdksdcmh
jdksdcmhejmúk.
ejmúk. Kdroecogktg sg u`mjek gk
ces pertgs oås ectes hg ces juo`rgs hg cds jgrrds y cehgres jdk pgkhmgktgs odhgrehes.
Hgpdsmtd lcejmd icuvmec (U-li)
Gstds hgpúsmtds sdk prdhujtds hg ce öctmoe lcejmejmúk y sg u`mjek sd`rg cds 8,5>> osko e
oekgre hg cdoes jdk jrgste odrríkmje `mgk hgimkmhe. Gståk jdkstmtumhds pdr `cdqugs y
:7


lreves gk uke oe
lreves oetrm
trmzz erg
ergkd-
kd-cmcmods
odse
e pd`
pd`rgo
rgogk
gktg
tg jce
jcesmi
smimje
mjehe
he,, e vgj
vgjgs
gs jdk cgvg
cgvg psg
psguhd
uhd
gstretmimjejmúk jdod tgstmld hg iusmdkgs gstejmdkecgs hurektg gc pgrmdhd lcejmer.
Idroejmúk Feufe (U-f)
Hdccius (5=97). Oglerh (5=92) y êrghgs (5=<0, 5==8) prdpusmgrdk pere gc rgccgkd Kgúlgkd
y juetgo
juetgoermermd
d hg ce hg hgprg
prgsmú
smúk
k hg FeuFeufe
fe-Bu
-Buek
ekjey
jeyd
d uke jdcjdcuok
uokee gstre
gstretml
tmlråi
råimje
mje qug iug
odhmimjehe pdr @cekj (5=28), gk uke tgsms hghmjehe gsgkjmecogktg e ce kgdtgjtúkmje hg gste
hgprgsmúk.
sup
supgrm
grmdr Wkd
dr hgc hgpdcdsFeu
Lru
Lrupd epdrtgs
fe. hghgukds
Feufe. gstg
ukds treèfd
jdk
jdklc gsrehds
lcdog
dogrehce etrmùjmú
etrmùjmúk
ds y erg kkes
e sce lru
ergke Idroejmúk
lrugse Oeteuce,
gsess hgi
hgidroehdsspertg
droehd pdr
pdr
ektmjcmkecgs y icgxures,
Hgpúsmtds odrrgkmjds (U-od)
Hdccius (5=97) be prdpugstd uke jrdkdcdlïe hg gstds hgpúsmtds gk rgcejmúk jdk trgs lrekhgs
lcejmejmdkgs l: d Oekterd. l0 y l5, juyes ejuoucejmdkgs odrríkmjes sg rgcejmdkerïek jdk
ces tgrrezes t:, t0 y t5. Cds hgpúsmtds jdk oeydr gxprgsmúk odridcúlmje sdk ces odrrgkes l:,
rgprgsgktehes pdr jrgstes ouy jdkspmjues gk gc tgrrgkd y gk ces idtds eírges, qug pughgk
ecjekzer uke ecture hg 57> o. ^dr gste rezúk sg hgsjrm`g cds hgpúsmtds lrejmermds utmcmzekhd
jdod rgigrgkjme ce lcejmejmúk l0.
Hgpúsmtd hg Xrevgrtmkds (U-tr)
Zg gkjugktrek jgrje hg iugktgs tgroecgs u`mjehes gk ce treze hg ces iecces rglmdkecgs,
prmkjmpecogktg
prmkjmpec ogktg gk gc smstgoe hg iecces Buekjevg
Buekjevgcmje-Buekje
cmje-Buekjeyd-Ce
yd-Ce Drdye. Gståk jdopugstes
pdr jer`dketd hg jecjmd gopcezehd gk jepes.
Hgpúsmtd ecuvmec rgjmgktg (Ur-ec)
Zdk hgpúsmtds mkjdksdcmhehds qug bek smhd ejuoucehds pdr ce jdo`mkejmúk hg prdjgsds
ecuvmd
ecuvmdkec
kecgs
gs y icuvme
icuvmecg
cgs.
s. Gst
Gståk
åk u`
u`mje
mjehds
hds prm
prmkjm
kjmpe
pecog
cogktg
ktg gk ces
ces hgs
hgsgo`
go`dje
djehur
hures
es hg ces
ces
qug`rehes,
gspgjmecogktg hg ces qug idroek ce rgh bmhrdlråimje hgc celd Fukïk. Cmtdcúlmjeogktg gståk
jdopugstds pdr lreves, ergkes y cmods. Cds jcestds sdk su`rghdkhgehds e rghdkhgehds
jdod cds qug sg d`sgrvek gk cds rïds Ekhejekjbe, Oekterd y @cekjd.
Juehrd K¾5<6 ^rmkjmpecgs Idroejmdkgs Lgdcúlmjes gk gc hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm
ZMO@DCD HGZJPM^JMDK JDHMLD
^j- Zgjugkjme Ogteodrimje
gs/ic/lk/og/eki Oeremrezd-Bueytepecceke
êcgdzdmjd supgrmdr,
H-ozl odkzdlrekmtd
Dtres iesgs oeloetmjes,
^-ozl/p
odkzdlrekmtd, pdrimhds
Oejmzd hg sujcceoejbey, hmdrmte,
A^l-h/A^l-lr
lrekmtd
Xr-tlh-se Oejmzd hg sek ektdkmd
^sXr-lh-te Lrekdhmdrmte teroe
^jêc-l Lrekmtd hgc prgjeo`rmjd
Js-te Lpd. Xeroe
^sXm-o Lpd. Omtu
Jm-e Lpd. Eo`d
^j-lk-bu Lkgmss Buejepmsteke
:9


Fm-j Io. Jdkhdrsmkle
Xrs-jb Io. Jbeoère
Fm - e Io. Ereoejbey
Xr-h-j Hmdrmte hg jeyesb
U-li Hgpdsmtd lcejmdicuvmec
U-i Hgpdsmtd `dighec
U-jd Hgpdsmtd jdcuvmec
U-jdec Hgpdsmtd ecuvmec rgjmgktg
Iugktg66 Ekecmsms Lgdgspejmec Lgdcdlme VGG-OMKEO

Iugktg
Y.
Y.0.:
0.: Je
Jerej
rejtg
tgrmz
rmzej
ejmúk
múk ims
imsmd
mdlr
lråi
åimje
mje
Ce rglmúk Fukïk hgshg gc puktd hg vmste imsmdlråimjd prgsgkte uk lrek pemsefg hdomkektg hgc
tmpd odkteõdsd jdk uk 9=% hg su tgrrmtdrmd tgkmgkh
tgkmgkhdd gktrg odkteões ectes, oghmes y èfes, y
pgkhmgktgs qug dsjmcek hg gopmkehes e gxtrgoeheogktg gopmkehes.
Gk ce zdke hg ce sgcve èfe y gk eo`ds oårlgkgs hgc veccg hgc Oekterd,
Oekterd, ce imsmdlreiïe d Lrek
pemsefg hdomkektg gs gc Jdcmkdsd, djupekhd gc 5<% hgc tgrrmtdrmd hg ce rglmúk prgsgktekhd
uke tdpdlreiïe qug verïek hg jdcmkes èfes, oghmes e ectes jdk lrehds hg mkjcmkejmúk y
hmvgrse hmsgjjmúk.
Y.0.:.5Lgdodridcdlïe
Ce prdvmkjme hg Xeroe, sg u`mje gk ce pertg jgktrec hgc ^grö, gk pcgke jdrhmccgre hg cds
Ekhgs. Ce jdrhmccg
jdrhmccgre
re ougstre, gk gste pertg, trgs smstgoes `mgk hmigrgkjmehds, uke jdrhmcc
jdrhmccgre
gre
Djjmhgktec, dtre jgktrec y uke drmgktec. Ce jmuheh sg u`mje gk oghmd hg uk veccg gktrg ces
jdrhmccgres djjmhgktec y jgktrec. Gstg veccg gs gc veccg hgc Oekterd, gs jdksmhgrehd gc oås
ekjbd hgc ^grö y gs ukd hg cds hg oeydr prdhujjmúk elrïjdce hgc peïs.
Ce lgdodridcdlïe jdrrgspdkhg e uk rgcmgvg gsjerpehd, jdkidroehd pdr veccgs mktgrekhmkds y
icekjds hg suevgs pgkhmgktgs Gstg rgcmgvg pdr gigjtds hg ce d`re buoeke be smhd odhmimjehd
e trevís hg cds smlcds oghmektg smstgoes hg ekhgkgrïe y tgrrepcgkgs.
tgrrepcgkgs. Zmk goèrld, cds veccgs
sg gkjugktrek gk cds veccgs mktgrekhmkds.
Cds reslds lgdodridcúlmjds qug prgsgkte, bek smhd drmlmkehds pdr ce jdkjurrgkjme hg
sm
smkl
kluc
ucer
ergs
gs pe
petr
trdk
dkgs
gs imsm
imsmdl
dlrå
råimimjd
jdss y gstr
gstruj
ujtu
ture
recg
cgs,
s, esï
esï jdod
jdod hmig
hmigrg
rgkt
ktgs
gs prdj
prdjgs
gsds
ds
lgdhmkåomjds6 Xgjtdkmjds, grdsmvds y ejuoucetmvds, qug bek odhgcehd su rgcmgvg y juye
ejjmúk sg oekmimgste teo`mík gk ce ejtuecmheh1 juyd prdhujtd sg pughg eprgjmer gk ces
hmigrgktgs ukmhehgs odridcúlmjes qug sg hgteccek e jdktmkuejmúk6
Ectmpcekmjmg (Ectp)
Zdk sgjtdrgs hg tdpdlreiïe pdjd ejjmhgktehes qug sg u`mjek gk ce pertg ecte, prgsgkte
supgrimjmgs pcekes ecld dkhucehes,
dkhucehes, sg oekmimgste gk ces pertgs ectes hdkhg sg hgserrdcce
gspgjmecogktg ce jrmekze hg lekehd dvmkd, pdrjmkd y vejukd.
:<


Ce
Cess ec
ectmp
tmpcek
cekmjm
mjmgs
gs hms
hmsgjt
gjteh
ehes,
es, qu
qug g sdk ces tmgrre
tmgrress rgs
rgsuct
uctekt
ektgs
gs hg ces ektgr
ektgrmd
mdrgs
rgs pdr
pdr
hgstrujjmúk perjmec drmlmkehe
drmlmkehe pdr grdsmdkg
grdsmdkgss e jeuse hg ccuvmes g mkjmsmdkg
mkjmsmdkgss prdiukhes hg
cess jdr
ce jdrrmg
rmgktg
ktgss bïh
bïhrmj
rmjes,
es, su ec
ectmt
tmtuh
uh ver
verïe
ïe gkt
gktrg
rg cds
cds 7>>>
7>>> y :7>
:7>>> o.s
o.s.k.
.k.o.,
o., jdk uke
uke
supgrimjmg tdtec hg :<<>5 bes.
Jehgke Odkteõdse ‚ Odkteõe hg ce Ygrtmgktg Ekhmke (J-Odkt)
gstes ukmhehgs qug eèrjek ce ogfdr pertg hg ce supgrimjmg prdvmkjmec, sg jerejtgrmzek
pdr su tdpdlreiïe ejjmhgktehe hg rgcmgvg mkjcmkehe e gopmkehe, jdk cehgres hg lrek
pgkhmgktg, jdkstmtumhd pdr elrgstgs vgrtmgktgs odkteõdses jdk oetgrmecgs cmtdcúlmjds hg
ke
ketur
turec
ecgze
gze vdc
vdcjåk
jåkmje
mje pr
prmkj
mkjmpe
mpecog
cogktg
ktg,, qug
qug sg idridroe
oerdk
rdk pdr og
oghmd
hmd hg uke sgrmg
sgrmg hg
cgvekteomgktds e`ruptds, sgperehds pdr iesgs hg gste`mcmheh rgcetmve, cds juecgs grek
suimjmgktgogktg
suimjmgktgog ktg cerles pere pgromtmr gc hgserrdccd hg ces ejtuecgs supgrimjmgs hg grdsmdk.
Jdcmkes Ekhmkes (Jck-Ek)
Gstå jdk
Gstå jdkidr
idroeh
oehe e pdr
pdr sup
supgr
grimj
imjmg
mgss dkh
dkhuc
ucehe
ehes,
s, prg
prgsgk
sgktåk
tåkhd
hdsg
sg jdo
jdodd uk jdk
jdkfuk
fuktd
td hg
jdcmkes trukjes pdr grdsmúk. Gstes ectes jdcmkes sg gkjugktrek surjehes pdr eclukds
rïds
rïds,, qu
qugg prprgs
gsgk
gkte
tek
k je
jere
rejtg
jtgrï
rïstm
stmje
jess sm
smoí
oítrm
trmje
jess y gk eclu
eclukd
kdss treo
treods
ds sg becc
beccek
ek
gkjeõdkehds, jdk uke ju`mgrte vglgtec hg gspgjmgs er`úrges.
Gste ukmheh sg u`mje e cd cerld hg cds veccgs, jdk uke hmrgjjmúk Kdrdgstg-surdgstg, su
ectmtuh verïe gktrg cds 87>> y :7>> o.s.k.o.

Yeccg Eopcmd (Y-Eop)
sg u`mjek gk cds sgjtdrgs hg ogkdr ectmtuh, jdktmlud e ces peopes ecuvmecgs y qug
jdrrgspdkhg e ce zdke èfe hg ce prdvmkjme Xeroe, ce pcgkmtuh hg ce pgkhmgktg esï jdod
ce rghujmhe ejtmvmheh odridhmkåomje hg ces vgrtmgktgs ecgheões, bejg qug gk gstds
sgjtdrgs ce grdsmúk ejtuec sg prgsgkte rgstrmklmhe, secvd gk gc jesd hg cds `drhgs
rm`grgõds, hdkhg cds rïds bek grdsmdkehd sus jeujgs sd`rg cds veccgs prggxmstgktgs pdr
ejjmúk hgc oetgrmec jdcuvmd-ecuvmec hg cds eèkmjds, sufgtd e prdjgsds hg grdsmúk bïhrmje
jdod sdjeveomgktds g mkukhejmdkgs, prgsgktåkhdsg idroes hg rgcmgvg jdod Ccekure
ecuvmec hg ^mghgodktg y eèkmjds jdecgsjgktgs.
Gstds gspejmds sg cdjecmzek ec Kdrgstg, su ectmtuh verïe gktrg cds :7>> y :5<> o.s.k.o.
Yeccg Gstrgjbd (Y-Gst)
Zdk sus
–Y‟, veccgs prdiukhds
icekjds y gkjeõdkehds,
sdk gopmkehds cds juecgsgctmgkgk
y gsjerpehds, lrehd ukhg pgrimc
grdsmúktreksvgrsec
gk ce zdkegkgs
idroe hg
iugrtg,
smgkhd jdktrdcehd pdr ce pgkhmgktg hgc tgrrgkd. Cds prdjgsds odridhmekomjds djurrgk
hg`m
hg`mhd
hd e ce ej ejjm
jmúk
úk jd jdo`
o`me
meke
kehe
he hg ce cess gjdr
gjdrrgrgkt
ktme
me supg
supgri rimj
mjme
mecc y ce lrev
lrevghgheh
eh,,
prgsgk
prgsgktåk
tåkhds
hdsg
g sgh
sghmog
mogktd
ktdss icuvmd
icuvmdkm
kmjds
jds y oet
oetgrm
grmec
ecgs
gs lru
lrugsd
gsdss hg ver vermeh
mehe
e cmt
cmtdc
dcdlï
dlïee y
lrekucdogtrïe, hgpdsmtehds gk iukjmúk e ces jdrrmgktgs hg elue qug hgsjmgkhgk hg ces
cehgres ekhmkes.
Juehrd K¶526 Jerejtgrïstmjes hg Wkmhehgs Lgdodridcúlmjes hg ce ^rdvmkjme hg Xeroe- Fukïk
Wkmhehgs Jerejtgrïstmjes Lgkgrecgs ^rdjgsds Odrid
Odridcúlmjes hg Iejtdrgs hmkåomjds
Ekåcmsms Idroes Drmlmkehes
Lgdhmkåomjes
:2


Jcmoetdcúlmjds6
Jcmoetdcúlmj ds6 jeo`md Zupgrimjmgs gstrujturecgs
`rusjd hg tgopgreture Zupgrimjmgs dkhucehes Hmsgjjmúk supgrimjmec
Ectmpcekmjmg (Ectp)
Gstretmlråim
Gstretmlråimjd6
jd6 Oetgrmec
Oetgrmec Ectes ogsgtes Mktgopgrmsod
Zupgrimjmec
Xdpdlråimjds6 Odkteõe hgkuhe

Odkteõe hgkuhetmv
tmves
es y Grdsmúk hg cehgres6
Jehgke Odkteõdse pgkhmgktg e`rupte hmsgjtehes gsjurrmomgktd hmiusd y
‚ Odkteõe hg ce Cmtdcúlmjd6 oektd Oektd jdcuvmec hmsgjjmúk hg cehgre1
Ygrtmgktg Ekhmke (J- rdjdsd Jdkd hgtrïtmjd Pgodjmúk hg oese1
Odkt) Gstretmlråimjd6 oetgrmec Jårjeves Hgkuhejmúk y ejuoucejmúk
supgrimjmec Gsjerpgs jdcuvmec
Xdpdlråimjds6
pgkhmgktg suevg
Jdcmkes grdsmúkecgs,
Jcmoetdcúlmjd6 jeo`md Gsjurrmomgktd hmiusd
Jmoe d juo`rg,
Jdcmkes Ekhmkes `rusjd hg tgopgreture Hmsgjjmúk supgrimjmec
Jdcmkes jdktmlues,
(J-Ek) Cmtdcúlmjd6 oektd Hgspcezeomgktd vmdcgktd hg
Jdcmkes hmsjdktmlues
rdjdsd rdjes
ogsgtes
Gstretmlråimjd6 oetgrmec
supgrimjmec
Mkukhe`mcmheh6 Hgs`drhg hg
jeusgs
Jcmoetdcúlmjd,
Oektds hg pmg hg odktg, Grdsmúk Icuvmec6
Yeccg Eopcmd Bmhrdcúlmjd.
^cekmjmg icuvmec, Zdjeveomgktd y gxjevejmúk
(Y-Eop) Cmtdcúlmjd6 elue
^cekmjmg gstrujturec hg tecuhgs y ejuoucejmúk
supgrimjmec y lrevgheh
ecuvmec
Pgtrdjgsd hg rm`gres
Grdsmúk hg cehgres
Jcmoetdcúlmjd,
Yeccg ecuvmec gkjefdkehd, jdktmlues
Yeccg Gstrgjbd Bmhrdcúlmjd.
Xgrrezes grdsmdkecgs, Gsjurrmomgktd hmiusd
(Y-Gst) Cmtdcúlmjd6 elue
jeõúk Hmsgjjmúk hg cehgre
supgrimjmec y lrevgheh
sdjeveomgktd hg jeusg
Iugktg6 Oepe hg Lgdodridcdlmjd y Pmgslds Keturecgs, gce`drehd LPF/LP^ÊX/ZLEX-0>5<

Y.0.8 êmsefg
Y.0.8.5Jecmheh êmsefg
Hgktrd hgc erge hgc prdygjtd y sglök gc jdktgxtd imsmdlråimjd hg ce zdke hg gstuhmd sg
hgtgro
hgtgromk
mkd
d ce prg
prgsgk
sgkjmejme hg kuo kuogrd
grdsds
sds veccg
veccgss mktgr
mktgrek
ekhmk
hmkds
ds lgkgr
lgkgrec
ecogk
ogktg
tg hg sgj
sgjjmú
jmúk
k
treksvgrsec ekjbe y e`mgrte gk su pertg ecte, hgcmomtehds gk sus oårlgkgs supgrmdrgs pdr
gcgveh
gcgvehds
ds pmj
pmjds
ds jdr
jdrhmhmccccgre
grekds
kds y/d rgc
rgcetm
etmveo
veogkt
gktgg pceke
pcekess pgr
pgrtgk
tgkgjm
gjmgk
gktgs
tgs e ces
ces pukes
pukes d
pefdkecgs.
Hgktrd hgc åo`mtd imsmdlråimjd
i msmdlråimjd,, sg pughg hmigrgkjmer trgs pemsefgs tïpmjds6
ÊMZEFG ODKXEÕDZD
Gstds pemsefgs sg gkjugktrek gk ce prdvmkjme imsmdlråimje hg ce jdrhmccgre ekhmke, gc Zmstgoe
Ekhmkd gs ce sglukhe jehgke odkteõdse oås ecte hgc oukhd. Zg cdjecmze gk ce pertg
:=


djjmhgktec hg Eoírmje hgc Zur, gktrg gc Je`d hg Bdrkds, pdr gc sur y Ygkgzugce pdr gc kdrtg.
Djupe lrek pertg hg cds tgrrmtdrmds hg6 Jbmcg, Erlgktmke, @dcmvme, ^grö, Gjuehdr, Jdcdo`me y
Ygkgzugce tmgkg uke cdklmtuh eprdxmoehe hg 2 =>> Aos, smgkhd, pdr tektd, ce jdrhmccgre oås
cerle qug bey gk ce supgrimjmg tgrrgstrg.
Gste
Gst e jdr
jdrhm
hmccccgre
gre hg eju
ejugrh
grhd
d e ce tgd
tgdrïe
rïe tgj
tgjtúk
túkmje
mje hg pce
pcejes
jes,, sg be`rï
be`rïe
e idr
idroeh
oehd
d jdo
jdod d
jdksgjugkjme
jdksgjugkjm e hg ce prgsmúk qug gfgrjgk, hg uk cehd, ce pceje jdktmkgktec suheogrmje
suheogrmjeke,
ke, y hg
dtrd ce pceje hg Kezje.
Zg mhgktmimjerdk uk tdtec hg 8 ukmhehgs hgktrd hg gstg tmpd hg pemsefg jdk jerejtgrïstmje
gstruj
gst rujtur
turec,
ec, hm
hmstr
strm`
mùmh
umhds
ds gk 0 tmp
tmpds
ds hg su` pepemse
msefg,
fg, Pg
Pgprg
prgsgk
sgktek
tek uk tdtec
tdtec hg 7<,
7<,227
227.77
.77
Bgjtårges, y qug jdrrgspdkhgk e uk tdtec hgc =>.2=% hg ce supgrimjmg hgc tgrrmtdrmd.
Jmoes hg odkteões gopmkehes1 Gstes jmoes, sg gkjugktrek hmstrmùmhes gk ce prdvmkjme
hg Buekjeyd, Feufe, Xeroe, ]eucm, Fukïk, Jdkjgpjmúk, Jbekjbeoeyd y Zetmpd. ^dsggk uke
pgkhmgktg qug ve hg uk rekld hg 07 e 7>%.
Cehg
Ce hgres
res hg od odkt kteõ
eões
es go
gopm
pmke
kehe
hess1 gste
gstess Cehg
Cehgreress prgh
prghdo
domk
mkek
ek gk cesces prdv
prdvmk
mkjm
jmes
es
imsmdlråimjes hg ce jdrhmccgre ekhmke y su` ekhmke, sg gkjugktrek hmstrmùmhes gk ce prdvmkjme
hg Jbekjbeoeyd, Jbupeje, Jdkjgpjmúk, Buekjeyd, Feufe, Fukïk, Zetmpd, Xeroe y ]eucm.
^dsggk uke pgkhmgktg qug ve hg uk rekld hg 07 e 7>%.
Cehgres
Ceh gres hg odk odkteõ
teões
es gxt
gxtrgoe
rgoeheo
heogkt
gktgg gop
gopmke
mkehes
hes1 GstGstes
es Ceh
Cehgre
gress prghd
prghdomk
omkek
ek gk
pemsefgs hg ces prdvmkjmes imsmdlråimjes hg ce jdrhmccgre ekhmke, sg gkjugktrek hmstrmùmhes gk
ce prdvmkjme hg Buekjeyd. ^dsggk uke pgkhmgktg ouy e`rupte, qug supgre gc <7%,
Zdk cehgres qug sg hmstrmùygk gk ces prdvmkjmes hg Jbekjbeo
Jbekjbeoeyd,
eyd, Jdkjgpjmúk, Buekjeyd,
Feufe, Fukïk, Zetmpd, Xeroe, ]eucm.
Cehgres
Ceh gres hg odkteõ
odkteõeses ouy gopgopmkeh
mkehes
es1 Gst
Gstes
es Cehgr
Cehgres
es prg
prghdo
hdomke
mkek
k gk pemse
pemsefgs
fgs hg
sgrrekïe gstgperme, sg gkjugktrek hmstrmùmhes gk ce prdvmkjme hg Buekjeyd. ^dsggk uke
pgkhmgktg qug ve hg uk rekld hg 7> e <7%.
Zg hmstrmùygk gk ces prdvmkjmes hg6 Jbekjbeoeyd, Jdkjgpjmúk, Buekjeyd, Feufe, Fukïk,
Zetmpd, Xeroe, ]eucm.
ÊMZEFG ^CEKMJMGZ
Gc tíromkd pcekmjmg sg utmcmze pere hgsmlker e equgccds gspejmds keturecgs qug jdkstek hg
rgcmgvgs èfds d hg oïkmoe ectmtuh. Ce mhge hg pcekmjmg prdvmgkg fusteogktg hg ce kdjmúk hg
pcekd, hg ecld qug kd tmgkg vdcuogk km vermejmdkgs gk su supgrimjmg. Zm `mgk ces pcekmjmgs
keturecgs pughgk odstrer hmigrgkjmes gk ce ectmtuh d gk su rgcmgvg hgpgkhmgkhd hgc tmpd hg
rglmúk hg ce qug be`cgods, pdr cd lgkgrec gstergods bejmgkhd rgigrgkjme e tgrrmtdrmds ccekds
gk cds
cds juecg
juecgss kd gkjdk
gkjdktre
treods
ods od
odkte
kteões
ões,, og
ogsgt
sgtes,
es, cdoes
cdoes d kmk
kmklök
lök tmpd
tmpd hg gcg
gcgvej
vejmú
múk
k
prdkukjmehe
prdkukjmeh e qug jdktrestg jdk gc rgstd hgc gsjgkermd.
Zg mhgktmimjerdk uk tdtec hg 9 ukmhehgs hgktrd hg gstg tmpd hg pemsefg jdk jerejtgrïstmje
gstruj
gstrujtur
turec,
ec, hmstrm
hmstrmùm
ùmhd
hdss gk 8 tmpds
tmpds hg su` pemse
pemsefg,
fg, Pg
Pgprg
prgsgk
sgktek
tek uk tdtec
tdtec hg 7,5
7,572.
72.8:
8:
Bgjtårges, y qug jdrrgspdkhgk e uk tdtec hgc 2.>=% hg ce supgrimjmg hgc tgrrmtdrmd.
^cekmjmg ecuvmec1 Wke ccekure ecuvmec, vgle, ccekure hg mkukhejmúk, d veccg hg mkukhejmúk, gs
ce pertg drdlråimje qug jdktmgkg uk jeujg y qug pughg sgr mkukhehe ektg uke gvgktuec
jrgjmhe hg ces elues hg ístg.
Zg trete hg zdke rgsuctektg hg ce sghmogktejmúk hg uk rïd. Ces ccekures ecuvmecgs sdk eopcmes
irekfes hg tdpdlreiïe cceke y hmogksmdkgs qug pughgk sgr hg vermds amcúogtrds, qug sg
hgserrdccek sd`rg cds ecuvmdkgs hgpdsmtehds pdr jursds icuvmecgs. ^råjtmjeogktg smgoprg
djupek zdkes qug gståk d bek gstehd rgcejmdkehes jdk gpmsdhmds hg su`smhgkjme.
8>


^cekmjmg jdcuvmec ecuvmec1

ecuvmec1 lgdidroes ecuvmecgs pughgk djurrmr gk pråjtmjeogktg tdhds cds
tmpds hg pemsefg, pgrd oeydrogktg gk pcekmjmgs y veccgs idroekhd tgrrezes y ccekures hg
mkukhejmúk. Ces lgdidroes jdcuvmecgs sdk jerejtgrïstmjes hgc pemsefg hg pmghgodktg, gståk
jdkstmtumhes pdr oetgrmecgs trekspdrtehds pdr lrevgheh, ce ejjmúk hgc bmgcd ‚ hgsbmgcd y,
prmkjmpecogktg, pdr gc elue. Zu drmlgk gs cdjec, prdhujtd hg ce ectgrejmúk mk smtu hg ces rdjes
y pdstgrmdr trekspdrtg jdod hgrru`mds hg cehgre ú hgpúsmtds hg sdcmicuxmúk
sdcmicuxmúk..
^cekmjm
^cekmjmg g icuvmd
icuvmdlcejmergs icuvmdlcejmec
lcejmec1
jdk 1 gst
gstg
oetgrmec gtrekspdrtehd
tmpd
tmpd su`
su` pemse
pe msefgs
pdr fgs sg jerej
ces eluesjerejtgr
hg tgrmze
mze pdr
iusmúk. jdk
jdktgk
tgkgr
gr hgp
Gk jdoperejmúk hgpúsm
úsmtds
jdk tds
gc
oetgrm
oet grmecec hg ce cess od
odrrg
rrgkes
kes,, cds sgh sghmog
mogktd
ktdss Lce
Lcejm
jmdic
dicuvm
uvmecg
ecgss gst
gståk
åk ogogfdr
fdr drh
drhgke
gkehd
hdss y
gstre
gstretmtmimimje
jehd
hds.s. Zmk
Zmk go
goèèrl
rld,
d, cdcdss jd
jdop
opdk
dkgk
gktg
tgss hg gstd
gstdss sghm
sghmog
ogkt
ktds
ds gstå
gståkk og
ogkd
kdss
rghdkhgehds
rghdkhgeh ds qug gc oetgrmec kgteogktg icuvmec.
^cekmjmgs bmhrdoúrimjes (`dighecgs)1 gstg
(`dighecgs)1 gstg êmsefg jdkjurrg gk gspejmds hg lgd jrdkdcdlïe
rgjmgktg hgc juetgrkermd, ce idroe gs pceke jdk pgkhmgktgs hg >-8 %. Gc oetgrmec cmtdcúlmjd
gstå
gstå jdojdopug pugstd
std pdr
pdr rd
rdjes
jes hg drm drmlg
lgkk mk
mkhmi
hmigrg
grgkjm
kjmeh
ehd.
d. Zg gkj gkjug
ugktr
ktre
e hmstr
hmstrm`
mùmh
umhe
e gk ces
ces
prdvmkjmes imsmdlråimjes
imsmdlråimjes hg ce jdrhmccgre su` ekhmke.
Zg hmstrmùyg pdr ces prdvmkjmes hg Jbekjbeoeyd, Jbupeje, Jdkjgpjmúk, Buekjeyd, Feufe,
Fukïk, Zetmpd, Xeroe y ]eucm.
Y.0.7 Zugcds
Hgktrd hgc jdkfuktd hg rgjursds keturecgs rgkdve`cgs hg ce rglmúk, gc sugcd gs gc rgjursd hg
oeydr gsjesgz, hmspdkmíkhdsg hg uke rghujmhe gxtgksmúk hg tmgrres eprdpmehes pere imkgs
elrïjdces. Cds sugcds hg mopdrtekjme elrïjdce sg jerejtgrmzek pdr su kdte`cg hmspgrsmúk y
irelogktejmúk,
irelogktejmú k, epergjmgkhd jdod ekldstes iefes e cd cerld hg cds jursds hg elue idroekhd
cds pgqugõds veccgs mktgrekhmkds.
Y.0.7.5Jepejmheh hg usd hgc Zugcd
Ce Jepejmheh hg Wsd Oeydr hg uke supgrimjmg lgdlråimje gs hgimkmhe jdod su eptmtuh
keturec pere prdhujmr gk idroe jdkstektg, èfd treteomgktds jdktmkuds y usds gspgjïimjds.
Ces jer
jerej
ejtgr
tgrïst
ïstmj
mjes
es ghå
ghåimj
imjes
es jdk
jdksmh
smhgre
grehes
hes per
peree ce JcJcesm
esmimj
imjejm
ejmúk
úk hg Xmg
Xmgrre
rress sgl
sglökök su
Jepejmhe
Jepe jmhehh hg Wsd Oeydr sdk ces smlu smlumgkt
mgktgs6
gs6 pgkh
pgkhmgkt
mgktg,
g, prdi
prdiukhm
ukhmheh
heh gigj
gigjtmve
tmve,, tgxtu
tgxture,
re,
irelogktds lrugsds, pghrgldsmheh supgrimjmec,
supgrimjmec, hrgkefg mktgrkd, pB, grdsmúk, secmkmheh, pgcmlrd
hg ekgleomgktd y igrtmcmheh keturec supgrimjmec, y cds jrmtgrmds tíjkmjds gste`cgjmhds gk gc
rglceogktd hg Jcesmimjejmúk hg Xmgrres pdr su jepejmheh hg Wsd oeydr eprdèhd pdr gc H.
Z. K¶ >5<-0>>=-EL y gc oepe hg Jepejmheh hg Wsd oeydr hg Xmgrres hg ce DKGPK,
jdkidrog e jdktmkuejmúk sg hgsjrm`g6
Xmgrres Eptes pere juctmvds gk cmopmd (E)

Zdk ces tmgrres hg jecmheh elrdcúlmje oghme, jdk cmomtejmdkgs hg sugcd y jcmoe y sg
hmstrmùygk e cd cerld hg cds veccgs Oekterd y Jukes.
Gstds sugcds prgsgktek uk rgcmgvg tdpdlråimjd suevg, jdk jmgrtes cehgres hg pgkhmgktg
suevg hg ces jdcmkes, jdoprgkhg ectmtuhgs qug verïek hg :59> e :8>> o.s.k.o., ces
jdkhmjmdkgs jcmoåtmjes sdk verme`cgs jdk prgjmpmtejmdkgs pcuvmecgs prdoghmd ekuec hg
<>> o.o. y tgopgretures qug verïek hg 55¾J e 59¾J, smgkhd gc usd ejtuec hg gstes
tmgrres pere cds juctmvds hg6 Oeïz, pepes, jgrgecgs, (trmld, jgèhe), bdrtecmzes, pestds y
vermgheh hg gspgjmgs idrgstecgs.
i drgstecgs.
Xmgrres Eptes pere juctmvds pgroekgktgs (J)
Zdk ces tmgrres jdk jdkhmjmdk
jdkhmjmdkgs
gs gjdcúlmjes kd ehgjuehes pere ce rgodjmúk pgrmúhmj
pgrmúhmje
e hgc
sugcd d pere uk hgserrdccd gjdkúomjd jdk juctmvds gk cmopmd, pgrd qug pgromtgk gc
85


oekgfd hg juctmvds pgrgkkgs, jdod cds irutecgs. Gstes pcektes sdk moprdhujtmves gk cds
prm
prmogr
ogrds
ds eõds
eõds pepere
re cu
cugld
gld `rm
`rmkhe
kherr vec
vecmds
mdses
es jds
jdsgjb
gjbes
es hur
hurek
ektg
tg ver
vermds
mds eõd
eõds,
s, jdk uk
pgqugõd jdstd hg oektgkmomgktd. Xeo`mík sdk tmgrres ouy gsjeses (0.5% hgc tgrrmtdrmd
kejmdkec) y fuktd jdk ces tmgrres eptes pere juctmvd gk cmopmd, jdkstmtuygk gc pdtgkjmec
elrïjdce hgc peïs.
Gk ce Jdste sg u`mjek prmkjmpecogktg gk ces je`gjgres hg cds veccgs mrrmlehds y gk
eclu
ecluke
kess pe
peop
opes
es d hg
hgsm
smgr
grtd
tds.
s. Gk ce Zm Zmgr
grre
re,, sg gkju
gkjugk
gktre
trek
k gk eclu
eclukd
kdss vecc
veccgs
gs hg
tdpdlreiïe rgcetmveogktg suevg1 y gk ce Zgcve, gk jmgrtds veccgs hg ce Zgcve Ecte y gk
cdoehes y tgrrezes hg cds veccgs hgc ccekd eoezúkmjd.
Xmgrres Eptes pere êstds (^)
Mkjcuyg equgcces tmgrres qug, pdr sus cmomtejmdkgs ghåimjes d tdpdlråimjes y hg jcmoe, kd
sdk eptes pere juctmvds mktgksmvds km pgroekgktgs, pgrd qug rgprgsgktek jdkhmjmdkgs
epergktgs pere gc juctmvd hg pestds ogfdrehds, eheptehds e ces jdkhmjmdkgs gjdcúlmjes
hgc oghmd tecgs jdod gc pbecerms, evgke idrrefgre, pestds esdjmehds, gtj.
Xeo`mík prgsgkte tmgrres qug, pdr sus cmomtejmdkgs ghåimjes d tdpdlråimjes y hg jcmoe,
kd sdk eptes pere juctmvds mktgksmvds km pgroekgktgs, pgrd qug rgprgsgktek jdkhmjmdkgs
epergktgs pere gc juctmvd hg pestd, eheptehds e ces jdkhmjmdkgs gjdcúlmjes hgc oghmd
tecgs jdod gc pbecerms, evgke idrrefgre, pestds esdjmehds, gtj.

Xmgrres Eptes pere êstds esdjmehes jdk Xmgrres hg ^rdtgjjmúk (^-R)

Zg hmstrmùyg uke pertg gk ce Jdrhmccgre Jgktrec gk su icekjd djjmhgktec, jdoprgkhmgkhd
ces pertgs ectes hg cds hmstrmtds, ces ectmtuhgs verïek gktrg :=>> y 87>> o.s.k.o., juyd
rgcmgvg gs hg supgrimjmg dkhucehe y cehgres gopmkehes hg jdcmkes.
Gste esdjmejmúk gstå jdkidroehe pdr hds lrupds hg tmgrres6 Xmgrres eptes pere êstds
Ketur
Ke turecg
ecgs,
s, hg jec
jecmh
mheh
eh elrdc
elrdcúlm
úlmje
je ecte
ecte y cmcmomt
omtejm
ejmdkg
dkgss jcm
jcmoåt
oåtmje
mjess (2>
(2>%)
%) y Xmg
Xmgrre
rress hg
^rdtgjjmúk (0>%).
Ces Xmgrres eptes pere êstds, sg u`mjek gk tgrrgkds hg pgkhmgktg suevg y hg sugcds
prdiukhds, omgktres ces Xmgrres hg ^rdtgjjmúk sg gkjugktrek gk pgkhmgktgs sgvgres1
juyds sugcds, gk oås hgc <7%, sdk supgrimjmecgs jdk prgsgkjme hg eicdreomgktds cïtmjds.
Xmgrres hg ^rdtgjjmúk (R)
Gstes
Gstes tmg
tmgrre
rress prg
prgsgk
sgktek
tek uke tdp
tdpdl
dlrei
reiïe
ïe e`r
e`rup
upte,
te, ceh
cehgre
gress hmsgj
hmsgjeh
ehes,
es, pgõ
pgõesj
esjds
dses
es d
rdjdses jdk cmomtejmdkgs jcmoåtmjes. Gstds tgrrgkds tmgkgk uk ectd vecdr pdr ce prgsgkjme
hg ejtmvmheh omkgre d iugktgs hg gkgrlïe, etrejtmvd pemsefïstmjd d rgjrgejmúk y vmhe
smcvgstrg. Gk gstds tgrrgkds tgkgods ce prgsgkjme hg ces celukes oås mopdrtektgs hg ce
su` jugkje hgc Jukes, qug jdkstmtuygk gc lrek pdtgkjmec bmhrdcúlmjd y rglucehdr hgc
rílmogk hg cds rïds.
Juehrd K¾5= Wsd hgc Xgrrmtdrmd (sglök usd oeydr) gk ce prdvmkjme hg Xeroe
ZW^GPIMJMG
ZMO@DC
HGZJPM^JMDK Årge
D
(Bes.) %
Xmgrres Eptes pere juctmvd gk cmopmd E :257.09 5.8:
Xmgrres Eptes pere juctmvds pgroekgktgs J 0=9.58 >.55
80


5>.7
Xmgrres Eptes pere êstds ^ 0<,=20.80
>
Xmgrres Eptes pere êstds, esdjmehes e Xmgrres hg 05.7

^-R 7<,02<.==
^rdtgjjmúk >
5<<,>57.7 99.8
Xmgrres hg ^rdtgjjmúk R 9 7
099,:=<.:
XDXEC 5>>
2
Iugktg6 Ekåcmsms Lgdgspejmec hg Jepejmheh hg Wsd Oeydr hg Xmgrres ‚ VGG/OMKEO
Iugktg6 Ekåcmsms VGG/OMKEO
Ce dig
digrte
rte eo`
eo`mgk
mgktec
tec jdk
jdkstm
stmtuy
tuyg
g jdk
jdkstm
stmtuy
tuygk
gk eq
equgc
ugccds
cds rgj
rgjur
ursds
sds ketur
keturec
ecgs
gs pdtgk
pdtgkjme
jmecgs
cgs y
hmspdkm`cgs, qug pughgk sgr eprdvgjbehds y utmcmzehds pdr ce pd`cejmúk hgc åo`mtd pere su
prdpmd `gkgimjmd, prdhujtd hg su be`mcmheh g mklgkmd pere gxtregrcds y/d treksidroercds e imk
hg setmsiejgr sus kgjgsmhehgs. Gstds rgjursds keturecgs gståk jdkhmjmdkehds pdr iejtdrgs
jcmoåtmjds, lgdodridcúlmjds y lgdhmkåomjds qug bek pgrimcehd gc pemsefg keturec ejtuec, bek
smhd jcesmimjehds y elrupehds hg ejugrhd e su jecmheh elrdcúlmje y cmomtejmdkgs hdomkektgs.
Hgc oepe hg Jepejmheh hg Wsd Oeydr hg ce Vdkmimjejmúk Gjdcúlmje Gjdkúomje hg ce rglmúk
Fukm, hgcmomtehd pdr ce zdke hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd, sg jcesmimjek hg ce smlumgktg oekgre
ce jepejmheh hg Wsd Oeydr hg Zugcds e kmvgc hmstrmtec, jdod sg hgtecce6
Juehrd K¾0>6 Jcesmimjejmúk hg Jepejmheh hg Wsd Oeydr hg Zugcds gk ce Pglmúk Fukïk e Kmvgc
hg Hmstrmtd
HMZXPMXD ZMO@DCD HGZJPM^JMDK
Xmgrres eptes pere juctmvds gk cmopmd jdk
E:sj jecmheh elrdcdlmje èfe, cmomtehd pdr sugcd y
jcmoe.
Xmgrres eptes pere juctmvds pgroekgktgs jdk
J:s
jecmheh elrdcúlmje èfe, cmomtehe pdr sugcd
^0sj Xmgrres eptes pere pestds jdk jecmheh

elrdcdlmje oghme, cmomtehe pdr sugcd y jcmoe.
Xmgrres eptes pere pestds jdk jecmheh
^:sgj-Rsgj elrdcdlmje èfe, cmomtehe pdr sugcd, grdsmúk y
jcmoe ‚ Xmgrres hg ^rdtgjjmúk, cmomtehe gk gc
BWEZEBWEZM sugcd, grdsmúk y jcmoe.
Xmgrres eptes pere pestds jdk jecmheh
^:swj elrdcdlmje èfe, cmomtehe pdr sugcd, hrgkefg y
jcmoe
Xmgrres hg prdtgjjmúk, cmomtehe gk sugcd y

Rsg
grdsmúk
grdsmúk - Xmgrres eptes pere prdhujjmúk idrgstec
Rsg-I0sg
jdk jecmheh elrdcúlmje oghme, cmomtehe pdr
sugcd y grdsmúk
8:



Rsg-Rs(eict) grdsmúk ‚ Xmgrres hg ^rdtgjjmúk, cmomtehe gk gc
sugcd (Eicdreomgktd cïtmjd)
Xmgrres hg prdtgjjmúk, cmomtehe gk sugcd,
Rsgj
grdsmúk y jcmoe
Xmgrres hg prdtgjjmúk, cmomtehe gk sugcd,
Rsgj-Reict grdsmúk y jcmoe - Xmgrres hg prdtgjjmúk,
eicdreomgktd cïtmjd
Rw Celukes
Iugktg6 Gce`drejmúk
Iugktg6 Gce`drejmúk ^rdpme, e pertmr hg ce èsg lgdgspejmec hgc OMKEO
Juehrd K¾056 Jcesmimjejmúk hg Jepejmheh hg Wsd Oeydr hg Zugcds gk ce Pglmúk Fukïk e Kmvgc
Cdjecmheh (zdke hg mktgrvgkjmúk)
CDJECMHEH ZMO@DCD HGZJPM^JMDK
E:j Xmgrre
ere `cg)..epte
ere`cg) Cmopere
Cmomtej juctmvd
mtejmúk
múk gk Jecmhe
jcmoe.
jcmoe. cmopmd
Jec h(mktgksmvd
mheh elrdcd
elrdcdlmj‚e
lmje
èfe.
Xmgrre epte pere prdhujjmúk idrgstec, cmomtejmúk
I:j ‚ ^0g ‚ R jcmo
jcmoe.
e. Jecm
Jecmhe
hehh el
elrd
rdcd
cdlm
lmje
je èfe
èfe ‚ Xm Xmgr
grres
res hg
ZEK FWEK
prdtgjjmúk.
HG CE
Xmgr
Xmgrre
re ep epte
te pepere
re pepest
stds
ds,, cmom
cmomte
tejm
jmúk
úk jcmo
jcmoe.
e.
CM@GPXEH ^5j - R
Jecmheh elrdcdlmje ecte. Xmgrres hg prdtgjjmúk.
Esdjmejmúk hg prdtgjjmúk hg pestds. Cmomtehe
R ‚ ^0g
grdsmúk. Jecmheh elrdcdlmje oghme.
R
Xmgrre hg prdtgjjmúk.
Iugktg6 Gce`drejmúk ^rdpme, e pertmr hg ce èsg lgdgspejmec hgc OMKEO
Iugktg6 Gce`drejmúk
Y.0.
Y.0.99 Pgjgjur
ursd
sd El
Elue
ue
Y.0.9.5Bmhrdlreiïe
Gc hgperteogktd sg gkjugktre etrevgsehd pdr gc rïd Oekterd, qug tmgkg su drmlgk gk ce ukmúk
hgc rïd Zek Fuek, prdjghgktg hg êsjd, jdk ces elues qug smrvgk pere hrgker gc celd Fukïk.
Gc rïd smlug su jursd jruzekhd ce jmuheh hg Ce Drdye, pere etrevgser gc Yeccg hgc Oekterd,
eèstgjgr e ces jgktrecgs bmhrdgcíjtrmjes hg Zektmeld Ektökgz hg Oeydcd y Pgstmtujmúk -
Bmhrdgcíjtrmje hgc Oekterd (Buekjevgcmje), beste jdkicumr jdk gc rïd Epurïoej y idroer gc rïd
Gkg. Dtrds rïds mopdrtektgs sdk6
Xucuoeyd, Jbekjbeoeyd y ^grgkí, qug ec jdkicumr gstg öctmod jdk gc rïd Gkg idroek gc rïd
Xeo`d, gc qug herå drmlgk ec rïd Wjeyecm.
Gc celd Fukïk, u`mjehd gk ce Ogsgte hgc @do`úk, gktrg cds hgperteogk
hgperteogktds
tds hg Fukïk y êsjd,
sg jdkstmtuyg gk gc sglukhd oås mopdrtektg hgc peïs.
Jugkje hgc rïd Oekterd,
Oekterd, tmgkg su drmlgk gk gc Celd hg Jbmkjbeyjdjbe gk ce prdvmkjme hg
Fukïk, pese pdr ces prdvmkjmes hg ]eucm, Feufe, Jdkjgpjmúk, Buekjeyd y Jbupeje, jdktmköe
bejme
88


Buekjevgcmje, beste ukmrsg jdk gc rïd Epurïoej y idroer gc rïd Gkg. Gc rïd Oekterd smrvg hg
cïomtg keturec gktrg ces prdvmkjmes hg Jbupeje y Buekjeyd, gk uk rgjdrrmhd hg Kdrtg e Zur
gk uke cdklmtuh hg 5>.>> ao., e uke ectmtuh qug verïe hg :5<> e :0>> o.s.k.o., juye
pgkhmgktg gs hg :o/ao.
Cïomtgs hg ce jugkje Oekterd
Y.0.9.0Digrte bïhrmje
Y.0.9.0.5 Jåcjucd h hgg ^
^rrgjmpmtejmúk
Jdk
Jd k gc oúhoúhucd
ucd hg prgprgjmp
jmpmte
mtejmú
jmúk
k ‚ gsj
gsjdrr
drrgk
gktïe
tïe hg \GE
\GE^ ^ sg be jdk
jdkstr
strumh
umhdd gc odh
odhgcgcd
d
jecm`rehd, qug lgkgre uke sgrmg hg jeuhecgs gk rílmogk ectgrehd pugstd qug cds hetds
hmspdk
hmspdkm`c
m`cgs
gs gk ces gstgstejm
ejmdkg
dkgss bmbmhrd
hrdoít
oítrmj
rmjes
es us
usehe
ehess per
pere
e jec
jecm`r
m`rer
er rgl
rglmst
mstrek
rek sgr
sgrmg
mgss hg
jeuhecgs rgecgs, gs hgjmr, ectgrehds pdr ce lgstmúk hgc smstgoe. Hurektg gc prdjgsd hg
jecm`rejmúk sg odhmimjek cds peråogtrds pere efuster cds jeuhecgs gk hmjbes gstejmdkgs y
ehgoås sg efuste ce lgstmúk hg cds goècsgs qug bey gk gc smstgoe, pugstd qug gste
mktgrimgrg gk gc icufd hgc jeuhec jmrjucektg pdr cds jeujgs.
Ce jdkstrujjmúk hgc odhgcd sg rgecmze jdk ce sgcgjjmúk hg cds jdopdkgktgs hgc omsod6
^rgjmpmtejmúk, pírhmhes, peråogtrds hg jerejtgrmzejmúk hg ce rgspugste bmhrdcúlmje hg ces
su`jugkjes, tdpdcdlïe, rgsdcujmúk, gtj. Ce jecm`rejmúk pgromtg gc efustg hg cds peråogtrds
hgc odhgcd
rgecgs hurektg
oghmhds uk pgrmdhd
u d`sgrvehds gk pdr jdoperejmúk
gstejmdkg
gstejmdkgs gktrg vecdrgs
s bmhrdoítrmjes. smoucehds
Ce vecmhejmúk y cds jeuhecgs
sg rgecmze oghmektg
87


ce jdoprdèjmúk hg ce jepejmheh prghmjtmve hgc odhgcd epcmjekhd cds peråogtrds hg ce

jecm`rejmúk hurektg uk pgrmdhd hmigrgktg ec gopcgeh
gopcgehd
d pere íste.
Ce prgjmpmtejmúk tdtec prdoghmd ouctmekuec pere gc pgrmdhd gstuhmehd gs hg ukds <02 oo,
prgsgktekhd verme`mcmheh ekuec. Ces prgjmpmtejmdkgs oås ectes tmgkgk culer gktrg cds ogsgs
hg hmjmgo`rg e oerzd. Hg e`rmc e kdvmgo`rg ces prgjmpmtejmdkgs sdk oås èfes y tmgkgk culer
gk ce zdke sur y gstg hg ce jugkje.
Imlure 5>6 Gvdcujmúk mktgrekuec hg ce prgjmpmtejmúk ekuec prdoghmd (tdtec hg gstejmdkgs).

Iugktg6 GPB Gkg ^grgkg - EKE.
Zg d`sgrve gc jdktrestg hg ce oelkmtuh hg ce prgjmpmtejmúk gktrg ce su`jugkje smtuehe

gk ce zdke hg ce Zmgrre (Pmjrek) y gc rgstd hg ces su`jugkjes sgcgjjmdkehes. Ces
oeydrgs prgjmpmtejmdkgs sg hek gk cds ogsgs jdoprgkhmhds gktrg djtu`rg y oerzd,
smgkhd gste ogkdr gk cds ogsgs hg e`rmc e sgptmgo`rg.
89


Imlure 556 Yerme`mcmheh hg ce prgjmpmtejmúk ogksuec prdoghmd ouctmekuec gk gstejmdkgs.

Jugkje Gkg-^grgkg. ^grïdhd hg ekåcmsms 5=97 ‚ 0>5:.
Iugktg6 GPB Gkg ^grgkg - EKE.
Xe`ce >:6 Årge hg ces omjrdjugkjes hg cds puktds hg mktgrís.
Erge
K¾ U d j be
(be ) (A
5 Oete j j d j b e M 0 9 8 .< 2 0 .9
0 Oete j j d j b e MM 8 = .7 5 > .7
: B etu k j b e j e 5 5 < .7 7 55<.
Xe`ce >86 ^grïogtrds hg ce omjrdjugkje
^grmogtrd
K¾ U d jbe
(ao)
5 Oe te j j d j b e M 2 .0 :
0 Oe te j j d j b e MM 0 .< =
: Be tu k j b e j e 8 .2 7
Y.
Y.:: Je
Jere
rejt
jtgr grïs
ïstm
tmje
jess hgc
hgc Og
Oghm
hmd
d @mút
@mútmj
mjd
d
Y.:.
Y.:.55 Gjdjdrr
rrgl
glmd mdkg
kgss
Y.:.5.5Hgsjrmpjmúk hg ces gjdrrglmdkgs y `mdoes6
Gc prdygjtd sg gkjugktre gk ce rglmúk Fukïk, gk ce prdvmkjme hg Xeroe1 ce juec sg gkjugktre
gk ce rglmúk ûke, ce juec gs ce zdke oås ecte hg ce Jdrhmccgre hg cds Ekhgs. Zg u`mje gktrg
cds :.2>> osko beste cds 7.0>> osko Gc jdktrestg jcmoåtmjd gs tdtec, hurektg gc hïe sugcg
ccgler e cds :> J, hg`mhd e su u`mjejmúk y e ce rehmejmúk, omgktres qug gk ce kdjbg ce
tgopgreture èfe beste cds 9 J. Errmè hg cds 70>> sg beccek cds lcejmergs.
Ce icdre gstå jdopugste hg pefdkecgs pefdkecgs,, `dsqugs hg agruõe, rdhecgs hg jere y ces ecodehmcce
ecodehmcces.
s.
Gc mjbu gs gc pestd oås gxtgkhmhd. Cds vmgktds qug sdpcek tdhd gc tmgopd bejgk qug ce
tgopgreture sge èfe y gc eo`mgktg sgjd. Gk juektd e ce ieuke, hgstejek ce tdce, cds rdhecgs
hg pule, ce teruje, gc júkhdr y ce vmjuõe. Xeo`mík gc pmjeicdr lmlektg.
Jcmoe
Gc jcmoe hg ce rglmúk ûke sg jerejtgrmze pdr uke cerle gstejmúk sgje, qug hure hg e`rmc
e kdvmgo`rg, y uke gstejmúk böoghe jdrte. Hurektg ce gstejmúk böoghe djurrg gc =7%
hg ce ccuvme. Ce jektmheh hg ccuvme hmsomkuyg hg kdrgstg e surdgstg.
Ce JdJdrhrhmcmccg
cgre
re Dr
Drmg
mgkt
ktec
ec,, pd
pdrr gf
gfgo
gopcpcd,
d, rg
rgjm
jm`g
`g eprd
eprdxm
xmoe
oehe
heog
ogkt
ktg
g 5:>
5:> jo hg elue elue
ekuecogktg, omgktres qug gc Ectmpcekd sur rgjm`g sdcd 57 jo.
Jdk rgspgjtd e ces tgopgretures, ces oås ectes djurrgk hurektg gc vgrekd, e imkgs hg
kdvmgo`rg.. Gstes ecjekzek 0> ¾J hurektg gc hïe y jgrje hg -57 ¾J hurektg ce kdjbg.
kdvmgo`rg
8<


Gk gc mkvmgrkd, hg fukmd e eldstd, ces tgopgretures oghmes ecjekzek cds 5: ¾J y jegk e

-55 ¾J pdr ce kdjbg. Cds iugrtgs vmgktds sdk jdoukgs gk gc Ectmpcekd, ccglekhd e =< ao
pdr bdre. Gståk prgsgktgs jesm tdhds cds hïes y sugcgk sgr oås iugrtgs pdr ce terhg.
Ces Elue
Zg jerejtgrmze pdr ce prgsgkjme hg köogrds jursds, celukes y lcejmergs.
Y.:.
Y.:.00 Vdk
dkes
es hg Ymhe
mhe
Zglök Cgscm
Zglök Cgscmg
g Bd
Bdch
chrmh
rmhlg
lg (5=
(5=><
><-5=
-5=== ==),), hm
hmd
d e jdk jdkdjg
djgrr ces
ces zdk
zdkeses hg vmh
vmhee gk gc pcekg
pcekgte,
te,
èsåkhdsg gk uke tgdrïe pere ce hgtgromkejmúk hg ces idroejmdkgs vglgtecgs e pertmr hg cds
he
hetd
tdss jc
jcmo
moåt
åtmj
mjds
ds.. Gk è èsg
sg e gstegste gstr gstrmj
mjte
te hg
hgpg pgkh
khgk
gkjmjme
e gxms
gxmstg
tgkt
ktg
g gktrg
gktrg gc jc jcmo
moee y ce
vglgtejmúk, gs qug sg cdlrú sejer ces zdkes hg vmhe6
Gc årge hg gstuhmd sg mhgktmimjú jdk ce eyuhe hgc Oepe Gjdcúlmjd hgc ^grö (MKPGKE, 5==8),
è
èse
sehd
hd gk gc sm smst
stgo
goe e hg jc jces
esmimimj
mjej
ejmúmúk
k hg zd zdke kess hg vm vmhe
he,, y qug
qug utmc
utmcmz
mze
e cds
cds sm
smst
stgo
goes
es
`mdjcmoåtmjds jdod peråogtrds pere hgimkmr ce jdopdsmjmúk icdrïstmje rglmstråkhdsg uke zdke
hg vmhe qug e jdktmkuejmúk sg hgsjrm`gk6
@dsqug Böoghd Odktekd @efd Xrdpmjec (`b-O@X)6
Gste
Gs te zd
zdke
ke hg vm vmhe
he gs tïpm
tïpmje
je hg ce cess zd
zdke
kess hg od odkt
kteõ
eõee hg cesces prdv
prdvmk
mkjm
jmes
es hg XeXero
roe,
e,
Jbekjbeoeyd,
Jbekjbeoe yd, Zetmpd, Feufe, Jdkjgpjm
Jdkjgpjmúk úk y Buekjeyd
Buekjeyd.. Zg gkjugktre ehgoås gk gc gxtrgod
sur hg ce prdvmkjme hg Zetmpd.
Gste
Gs te zdke
zdke hg vmhe
vmhe sg gk gkjujugk
gktr
tree e uke uke ec ectmtmtu
tuh
h gk
gktr
trg
g cds
cds 0>0>>>
>> e :>:>>>>> os
osko
ko,, y su
`mdtgopgreture oghme
oghme ekuec sg gkjugktre gktrg 50.> e 5<.> ¾J.
Zu rílmogk hg prgjmpmtejmúk sg gkjugktre gktrg 50>> e 00>> oo hg ccuvme tdtec ekuec.
@dsqug Böoghd Odktekd Xrdpmjec (`b-OX)6
Gste zdke hg vmhe gs ouy pertmjucer hg eclukes zdkes ectdekhmkes hg ce smgrre hg Xeroe,
Jbekjbeoeyd,
Jbekjbeoe yd, Fukïk, Jdkjgpjmú
Jdkjgpjmúk k y Buekjeyd.
Zg gkjugktre e uke ectmtuh gktrg cds :>>> e 8>>> osko, y su `mdtgopgreture oghme ekuec sg
gkjugktre gktrg 9.> e 55.> ¾J.
Eèrje uk årge :=<9>9.82 be y rgprgsgkte gc > >2.=%
2.=% hg ce sup
supgrimjmg
grimjmg tdtec hgc hgperteogktd.
@dsqug Böoghd ^rgodktekd Xrdpmjec (`b-^X)6
Gs gc tmpd hg ukmheh qug jerejtgrmze ce zdke hg vmhe gk ce sgcve hgc hgperteogktd hg Fukïk.
Gste zdke prghdomke gk ces tgrrezes oghmes y ectes hg cds rïds Gkg, ^grgkg y Xeo`d. Zg
cdjecmze gk ces prdvmkjmes hg Zetmpd, Jbekjbeoeyd y pertg hg ce prdvmkjme hg Feufe.
Zg gkjugktre e uke ectmtuh gktrg cds 5>>> e 0>>> osko, y su `mdtgopgreture oghme ekuec sg
@dsqug ouy Böoghd Odktekd Xrdpmjec (òb-OX)6
Gste
Gste zdk
zdke
e hg vmh
vmhe
e sg gkj
gkjug
ugktr
ktre
e prg
prgsgk
sgktg
tg gk ces prd
prdvmk
vmkjme
jmess hg Feu
Feufefe,, Jd
Jdkjg
kjgpjm
pjmúk
úk y
Buekjeyd, y cds cïomtgs djjmhgktecgs hg ce prdvmkjme hg Zetmpd.
Zg gkjugktre e uke ectmtuh gktrg cds 57>> e 07>> osko, y su `mdtgopgreture oghme ekuec sg
@dsqug Zgjd Odktekd @efd Xrdpmjec (`s-O@X)6
Gste zdke hg vmhe sg u`mje prmkjmpecogktg gk cds veccgs ekhmkds hg ces prdvmkjmes hg
Jbekjbeoeyd,
Jbekjbeoe yd, Xeroe, Feufe y Buekjeyd
Buekjeyd.. Gste ukmheh jerejtgrmze ce pertg èfe hgc Yeccg hgc
Oekterd. Vdke tïpmje hg ce pertg èfe hgc Yeccg hg Xeroe.
82


Gste zdke
Gste zdke hg vmhe
vmhe sg gkgkju
jugk
gktr
tre
e e uke
uke ec
ectmtmtu
tuh
h gk
gktr
trg
g cds
cds 0>
0>>>
>> e :>
:>>>
>> os
osko
ko,, y su
`mdtgopgreture oghme eekuec
kuec sg gkjugktre gktrg 50.> e 5<.> ¾J.
Zu rílmogk hg prgjmpmtejmúk sg gkjugktre gktrg 7>> e 5>>> oo hg ccuvme tdtec ekuec. Eèrje
uk årge hg =:288 be y rgprgsgkte gc 0.5% hg ce supgrimjmg tdtec hgc hgperteogktd.
@dsqug Zgjd ^rgodktekd Xrdpmjec (`s-^X)6

Gste zdke hg vmhe jerejtgrmze eclukes zdkes hmspgrses y cdjecmzehes hgc hgperteogktd hg
Fukïk. Jerejtgrmzehe, prmkjmpecogktg gk cds veccgs u`mjehds gk gc cïomtg hg ces prdvmkjmes hg
Jbekjbeoeyd,
Jbekjbeoe yd, Feufe, Xeroe y Buekjeyd
Buekjeyd..
Gste
Gs te zdke
zdke hg vmhe
vmhe sg gkgkju
jugk
gktr
tre
e e uke
uke ecectmtmtu
tuh
h gk
gktr
trg
g cds
cds 5>
5>>>
>> e 0>
0>>>
>> os
osko
ko,, y su
oghme ekuec sg gkjugktre gktrg 5=.> e 0:.> ¾J.
Zu rílmogk hg prgjmpmtejmúk sg gkjugktre gktrg 2>> e 50>> oo hg ccuvme tdtec ekuec
Gstgpe Gspmkdsd Odktekd @efd Xrdpmjec (gg-O@X)
Vdke hg vmhe ouy pertmjucer hgc veccg hg Xeroe, gktdrkd e ce cdjecmheh hg Ejdèoè. Zg
gkjugktre e uke ectmtuh gktrg cds 0>>> e :>>> osko, y su `mdtgopgreture oghme ekuec sg
Zu rílmogk hg prgjmpmtejmúk sg gkjugktre gktrg 07> e 7>> oo hg ccuvme tdtec ekuec.
Gstgpe Odktekd Xrdpmjec (g-OX)
Vdke hg vmhe jerejtgrmze uke pgqugõe årge hg ce zdke ekhmke hgc hgperteogktd. Zg
gkjugktre cdjecmzehe gk ce prdvmkjme hg Xeroe, hgc djupe ce oeydr pertg hg su tgrrmtdrmd. Gs
tïpmje hg ces cehgres oghmes y ectes hgc Yeccg hg Xeroe.
Gste
Gs te zdke
zdke hg vmhe
vmhe sg gk
gkju
jugk
gktr
tre
e e uke
uke ec
ectmtmtu
tuh
h gk
gktr
trg
g cds
cds :>
:>>>
>> e 8> 8>>>
>> os
osko
ko,, y su
`mdtgopgreture oghme ekuec sg gkjugktre gktrg 2.> e 55.> ¾J. Zu rílmogk hg prgjmpmtejmúk
sg gkjugktre gktrg 7>> e 2>> oo hg ccuvme tdtec ekuec.
êreod Böoghd Zuècpmkd Xrdpmjec (pb-ZeX)6
Gs ce sglukhe ukmheh hg oeydr jd`grture gk ce smgrre hg Fukïk. Zg gkjugktre prmkjmpecogktg
gk ce prdvmkjme hg Xeroe, ]eucm y Jbupeje, y gk ces hgoås prdvmkjmes
prdvmkjmes sg gkjugktre gk årges
pgqugões y cdjecmzehes.
Gste
Gs te zdke
zdke hg vmhe
vmhe sg gk
gkju
jugk
gktr
tre
e e uke
uke ec
ectmtmtu
tuh
h gk
gktr
trg
g cds
cds 8>
8>>>
>> e 87 87>>
>> os
osko
ko,, y su
oghme ekuec sg gkjugktre gktrg :.> e 9.> ¾J.
Zu rílmogk hg prgjmpmtejmúk sg gkjugktre gktrg 2>> e 5>>> oo hg ccuvme tdtec ekuec.
Eèrje uk årge hg 7<0>27.=0 be y rgprgsgkte gc 50.25% hg ce supgrimjmg tdtec hgc
hgperteogktd.
êreod ouy Böoghd Zuècpmkd Xrdpmjec (pob-ZeX)6
Gstg tmpd hg zdke hg vmhe jerejtgrmze ce oeydr pertg hg ce smgrre hgc hgperteogktd hg Fukïk.
Ju`rg ces zdkes ectdekhmkes hg ces prdvmkjmes hg ]eucm, Fukïk y Buekjeyd.
Gste
Gs te zdke
zdke hg vmhe
vmhe sg gk
gkju
jugk
gktr
tre
e e uke
uke ec
ectmtmtu
tuh
h gk
gktr
trg
g cds
cds 8>
8>>>
>> e 87 87>>
>> os
osko
ko,, y su
Zu rílmogk hg prgjmpmtejmúk sg gkjugktre gktrg 5>>> e 50>> oo hg ccuvme tdtec ekuec.
Eèrje uk årge hg 7, 0<9, 8><,95= be y rgprgsgkte gc 55.92% hg ce supgrimjmg tdtec hgc
hgperteogktd.
êreod pcuvmec Zuècpmkd Xrdpmjec (pp-ZeX)6
Gste zdke hg vmhe sg gkjugktre gk årges zdkes ectdekhmkes y ccuvmdses hg ces prdvmkjmes hg
Jdkjgpjmúk y Buekjeyd.
8=


Gste zdke
Gste zdke hg vmhe
vmhe sg gkgkju
jugk
gktr
tre
e e uke
uke ec
ectmtmtu
tuh
h gk
gktr
trg
g cds
cds 8>
8>>>
>> e 87
87>>
>> ososko
ko,, y su
Zu rílmogk hg prgjmpmtejmúk sg gkjugktre gktrg 5>>> e 57>> oo hg ccuvme tdtec ekuec.
7>


Juehrd K¾006 Vdkes hg Ymhe prdvmkjme hg Xeroe ‚ Fukïk

Zmo`dcdlï
Hgsjrmpjmúk
e
`b-O@X @dsqug Böoghd Odktekd @efd Xrdpmjec
`b-OX @dsqug Böoghd Odktekd Xrdpmjec
`b-^X @dsqug Böoghd ^rgodktekd Xrdpmjec
òb-OX @dsqug ouy Böoghd Odktekd Xrdpmjec
`s-O@X @dsqug Zgjd Odktekd @efd Xrdpmjec
`s-^X @dsqug Zgjd ^rgodktekd Xrdpmjec
gg - O@X Gstgpe Gspmkdsd Odktekd @efd Xrdpmjec
g - OX Gstgpe Odktekd Xrdpmjec
pb-ZeX êreod Böoghd Zuècpmkd Xrdpmjec
pob-ZeX êreod ouy Zuècpmkd Xrdpmjec
pp-ZeX êreod pcuvmec Zuècpmkd Xrdpmjec
Iugktg6 Ekåcmsms Lgdgspejmec hg Vdkes hg Ymhe ‚ VGG/OMKEO.
Iugktg6 Ekåcmsms
Y.
Y.:.
:.:: Jd
Jd`g
`grt
rtur
uree Yg
Yglg
lgte
tecc
Gk gc årge hg gstuhmd gxmstgk hmvgrsds tmpds hg jd`grture vglgtec, hgktrd hg ces prmkjmpecgs
idroejmdkgs vglgtecgs prmkjmpecgs cds `dsqugs djupek uk :=% hg ce supgrimjmg hg Fukïk,
sglumhd hg cds bgrèzecgs, qug jdkjurrgk gk su oeydrïe gk zdkes mktgrekhmkes y ekhmkes.
Ces idroejmdkgs vglgtecgs omxtes djupek uke ogkdr supgrimjmg, gxmstgk dtres årges jdk
gsjese vglgtejmúk, ju`mgrtes pdr celukes, rïds, pd`cehds, gtj., qug suoek uk 02%.
Hg ce supgrimjmg hg ces prmkjmpecgs idroejmd
idroejmdkgs
kgs vglgtecgs hg ce rglmúk Fukïk. Zg pughg kdter
qug ce oeydr supgrimjmg gstå hdomkehe pdr `dsqugs, sglumhd pdr cds bgrèzecgs, y gk tgrjgr
culer ce supgrimjmg oås gxtgkse gstå rgprgsgktehe pdr zdkes jdk mktgrvgkjmúk ektrúpmje.
Hgktrd hg ces ukmhehgs hg vglgtejmúk keturec, cds bgrèzecgs hg tmpd restrgrd qug sg
hmstrmùygk gk jdcmkes y odkteões sdk ce oås eùkhektg (57% hgc tgrrmtdrmd), ces jd`grtures
hg tmpd hg `dsqug, gc tmpd odktekd y hg tmpd prgodktekd sdk cds oås rgprgsgktetmvd
rgprgsgktetmvdss jdk uk
58% y 5:%, qug sg ougstre gk gc juehrd smlumgktg6
Juehrd K¾0:6 Xmpds hg `dsqug y dtres idroejmdkgs vglgtecgs hg ce prdvmkjme hg Xeroe
ZW^GPIMJMG
XM^D WKMHEHGZ HG YGLGXEJMÚK
(Bes)
@dsqug jdk Oetdrrec Odktekd Böoghd hg
75:.=7
Odkteões y ^cekmjmgs
@dsqugs @dsqug Odktekd Böoghd hg Odkteões y 59750.>7
^cekmjmgs Ecuvmdkecgs
@dsqug ^rgodktekd Böoghd hg Odkteões
@dighecgs :59:.9>
Bgrèzec Grlumhd y Oetdrrec Ekhmkd Böoghd
=5>.<=
hg Jdcmkes, Odkteões y ^cekmjmg
Bgrèzec Grlumhd Ekhmkd Böoghd hg
Bgrèzec 5:9::.:=
^cekmjmgs
Bgrèzec Pestrgrd Ekhmkd Böoghd hg
55=>7>.=<
Jdcmkes y Odkteões
Bgrèzec Pestrgrd Ekhmkd Böoghd hg 5085.02
75


^cekmjmgs
Oetdrrec Odktekd Böoghd hg Odkteões y
=<05.<=
^cekmjmgs
Oetdrrec Oetdrrec Odktekd Zu` Böoghd hg Odkteões
57:<.82
y Jdcmkes
Oetdrrec Odktekd Zu` Böoghd hg ^cekmjmgs 72.57
Kgvehds >.5:
Dtrds Celds y celukes 58>0.<<
^cektejmúk Idrgstec 0:>.9=
Iugktg6 Ekåcmsms
Iugktg6 Ekåcmsms lgdgspejmec hg jd`grture vglgtec hg VGG-DX/OMKEO
Zglök gc Oepe hg Jd`grture Yglgtec gce`drehd pdr gc OMKEO, gk gc årge hgc prdygjtd sg
gkjugktre hmigrgktgs ukmhehgs hg jd`grture vglgtec, esï omsod gk ce te`ce sg prgsgkte ces
hmigrgktgs ukmhehgs
ukmhehgs hg jd`grture vglgtec, mkhmjekh
mkhmjekhd
d ce supgrimjmg y gc pdrjgktefg hg jehe uke
hg gcces.
Juehrd K¾ 086 Jd`grture Yglgtec hgc årge hgc prdygjtd
HGZJPM^JMDK ZMO@DCD JDH. ZMO@DCD
Elrmjucture jdstgre y ekhmke Elrm

Årges hg kd `dsqug eoezúkmjd Ekd - è
@dighec
@d
Celukes, celds y jdjbes C/Jd
Oetdrrec erùsvd ectdodktekd Oe - ec
êfdkec ekhmkd ^f
Årge urèke W
Iugktg6 Gce`drejmúk prdpme

Y.:.:.5 Icdre
Ce icdre gk ce zdke hgc prdygjtd, qug gstå u`mjehe gk ce prdvmkjme hg Xeroe ‚ Fukïk, sdk
ouy hmvgrsds, pdrqug ces prgjmpmtejmdkgs sg hek hurektg cds ogsgs hg Zgtmgo`rg e oerzd,
jdktrmùygkhd ec hgserrdccd hg uke vglgtejmúk bgr`åjge y erùstmve, gxmstg uke hmvgrsmheh
hg år`dcgs jdod ces lumkhes y gc gujecmptd qug gs uke pcekte ouy ötmc gspgjmecogktg pdr su
oehgre hure, hdkhg eclukds pd`cehdrgs ce gopcgek pere ce jdkstrujjmúk hg sus vmvmgkhes.
Xeo`mík
Gktr
Gk trg cdssgkjdktreods
g cd år
år`d
`dcg keår`dcgs
år`dc
cgss ketm
tmvds,gs hg
vds, gxútmjds
hgst
stej ekjdod6
ejek gc qu Jmprís,
qumk uec,c, irgskd
mkue qums
qumsbu yer,
buerpmkd ecgk
, ecms d pdje
msd jektmheh.
y seuj
se ujd
d ququgg vek
vek
gxtmk
gxtmklum
lumík
íkhds
hdsg,
g, pd
pdrr cd qu
qugg gs kg kgjgs
jgserm
ermd
d ido
idogkt
gkterer su rgidr
rgidrgst
gstejm
ejmúk.
úk. Xeo
Xeo`m `mík
ík gxm
gxmstg
stgk
k
erùstds
erù stds jdod
jdod66 Outu
Outuy,y, jekt
jektute,
ute, oelu
oelugy,gy, lmle
lmlektúk
ktúk,, rgteo
rgteoe,
e, jejtu
jejtus,
s, jbmc
jbmcje,
je, gktr
gktrg
g dtrd
dtrds.
s.
Ehgoås, gståk cds pestds keturecgs qug smrvgk pere ecmogkter ec lekehd. Gk gc smlumgktg
juehrd sg mkhmje ces gspgjmgs hg icdrei cdre smcvgstrg hgc årge prdvmkjmec6
Juehrd K¾076 Icdre hgc åo`mtd prdvmkjmec hg Xeroe

KDO
KDO@PG JDO
JDOWK KDO@P
DO@PG G JMG
JMGKXMI
KXMIMJ
MJD
D JEPEJ
EPEJX XGPÏZX
PÏZXMJ
MJE
EZ HG CCE
E GZ
GZ^G
^GJM
JMG
G
DJJDPD Kesturtmuo diimjmkecg ^cekte oghmjmkec
70


@GPPDZ ICDP Omoucus lce`retus

Gkhíomje
EOEPMCCE
EOEPLDK Xerexejuo diimjmkecg ^cekte oghmjmkec
XEPBWM Cupmkus oute`mcms Gkhíomje jdogstm`cg
XDXDPE Xypbe eklustmidcme Gkhíomje
OWÕE Omktbdstejbys odccms Gkhíomje oghmjmkec
XWKE Dpuktme imjus mkhmje Gkhíomje jdogstm`cg
BWEPEJJD Dpuktme icdjjdse Gkhíomje
ZEWJD Zeoùjus pgruvmeke Gkhíomje (iugktg hg oetgrme prmoe)
XWO@D êssmicdre odccmsmoe Gkhíomje jdogstm`cg
XEPE Jegsecpmkme spmkdse Oehgre`cg (PHG K¾58:-0>59-ZGPIDP-HG)
BWEPEKBWE] Xgjdoe seseoùjmidcme Gkhíomje
JEKXWXE Jektue ùxmidcme Fuss. Gkhíomje
JBEOEKE Hdhdkge vmsjdse Gkhíomje (iugktg oetgrme prmoe)
JWCGK ^sdrecge pu`gsjgk ^gr. Gkhíomje oghmjmkec
UWMZWEP @uhhcgfe mkjeke Oehgre`cg (PHG K¾58:-0>59-ZGPIDP-HG)
JJDCCG @uhhcgfe jdrmejge Pgoy Oehgre`cg (PHG K¾58:-0>59-ZGPIDP-HG)
PGXEOE Zepertmuo fukjguo C. Gkhíomje drkeogktec
O
JEE@LWW]GE] E
Idluervjgrdeyo
egerkmjhemk
ke
eCX.rgc Drkeogktec
Gkhíomje (iugktg oetgrme prmoe)
XWXE BWMÕE Odkkmke secmjmidcme Gkhíomje
EKJDJEZBE Dpuktme suùcete Gkhíomje drkeogktec
ZECYELMKE Xmccekhsme uskgdmhgs C. Gkhíomje (iugktg oetgrme prmoe)
ZEWJG
WJG CCDP
CCDPDK
DK Zecmx
ecmx jbmcg
bmcgks
ksms ms Oehgre`cg (PHG K¾58:-0>59-ZGPIDP-HG)
XE]E @ejberms trmjukgete Gkhíomje
JBMCJE @ejberms sp Gkhíomje
UWMKWEC ^dcycgpms sp Gkhíomje
JBEJBEJDOE Gsjeccdkme sp Iugktg hg oetgrme prmoe
ECMZD Eckus fdruccgksms Oehgre`cg (PHG K¾58:-0>59-ZGPIDP-HG)
LWMKHE ^rukus sgrdtmke Gkhíomje
ODCCG Zjbmkus odccg ^cekte oghmjmkec
ZEKJE] Xrmjbdjgrgus pgruvmekus ^rdtglmhe (HZ >8:-0>>9-EL)
Cmste hg gspgjmgs hgc Icdre ^rdtglmhe

E imk hg hgjcerer hg kgjgsmheh pö`cmje y hg mktgrís prdvmkjmec ce prdtgjjmúk y jdksgrvejmú
jdksgrvejmúk
k
hgc Zekjey (Xrmjbdjgrgus pgruvmekus) y hg ces ieomcmes hg ces @rdogcmåjges, lreoïkges y ces
drquïhges, esï jdod prdbm`mr su gxtrejjmúk, trekspdrtg y jdogrjmec
jdogrjmecmzejmúk,
mzejmúk, juec iug prdpugste
pdr gc Zgrvmjmd Kejmdkec Idrgstec y hg Ieuke Zmcvgstrg (ZGPIDP).
Zmk goèrld, –Zu gxtrejjmúk hg`g rgspgter ces kdroetmves idrgstecgs y Ieuke Zmcvgstrg K¾
0=<9: y H.Z. K¾ >52-0>57-OMKELPM‟. ^dr cd tektd, ces gspgjmgs hg icdre qug sdk prdtglmhes
hgktrd hgc årge hgc prdygjtd sdk6 Zekjey (Xrmjbdjgrgus pgruvmekus) y hg ces ieomcmes hg ces
7:


@rdogcmåjges, lreoïkges y ces drquïhges, y dtrds rgjursds idrgstecgs jdk imkgs jdogrjmecgs1
@rdogcmåjges,
pdr cd qug hg`gk jdkter jdk uke eutdrmzejmúk pdr ce Eutdrmheh rglmdkec y hg Ieuke Zmcvgstrg.
Y.:.:.0Ieuke
Ce ieuke sg jerejtgrmze pdr tgkgr uke vermgheh hg hmigrgktgs gspgjmgs. Evgs smcvgstrgs,
jdod6 êcdoe, jbmbuejd, jdcm`rï, túrtdce, fmclugrd, levmdtes, lerzes, ålumces, `öbds, cgjbuzes,
–pmtds‟. Gxmstgk teo`mík evgs hgprghehd
hgprghehdresres jdod gc levmcåk y gc elumcujbd elumcujbd..
Eclukds oeoïigrds, jdod6 Vdrrd jdcdrehd, gc –eões‟ d zdrrmccd y gk ce pertg ecte eclukds
jeoícmhds jdod ce ecpeje y ce vmjuõe.
Ce ieuke icuvmec, esï jdod ce ieuke cejustrg, gstå jdkidroehe pdr cds pgjgs y ètrejmds, gktrg
cds juecgs sd`rgsecgk pdr su mopdrtekjme cds smlumgktgs6 Xrujbe, sepds y rekes6
Juehrd K¾096 Ieuke hgc åo`mtd prdvmkjmec hg Xeroe

JEPEJXGPÏZXMJEZ
JEPEJXGPÏZXMJE Z HG CE
KDO@PG JDOWK KDO@PG JMGKXMIMJD
GZ^GJMG
êcdoe Jdcuoè Cmvme Xreksmtdrme
Jbmbuejd Xurhds ^bmcdogcds Xreksmtdrme
Jdcm`rï Xrdjbmcmheg Xreksmtdrme
Jujucï Vgkemhe ogcdhe Gkhíomje
Fmclugrd Zpmkus oelgccekmjus Gkhíomje
Levmdte Cerus pmpmxjek Xreksmtdrme
Lerze Erhgmheg Gkhíomje
Lgrekdegtus Xreksmtdrme
Elumce
ogcekdcgujus
@ubd Cdpbdstrmx jrmstete Gkhíomje Xreksmtdrme
Cgjbuzes Oglesjdps rd`dretus Gkhíomje Xreksmtdrme
Levmcek @utgdleccus uru`mtmkle Gkhíomje Xreksmtdrme
Elumcujbd @utgd pdgjmcdjbrdus Gkhíomje Xreksmtdrme
Vdrrd jdcdrehd Cyjecdpgx jucpegus Gkhíomje Xreksmtdrme
Eões d zdrrmccd Jdkgpetus jbmkle Gkhíomje Xreksmtdrme
Ecpeje Ceoe pejds Gkhíomje Xreksmtdrme
Gk jdksgrvejmúk (Cgy K¾ 0=<9: y
Ymjuõe Ymjuõe vmjulke
H.Z. K¾ >52-0>57-OKELPM)
Xrujbe Zecod trutte Jdogrjmec
Cmste hg gspgjmgs gkhíomjes

E imk
i mk hg her juopcmomgktd H.Z. K¾ >8:-0>>9-EL, gs hdkhg sg eprugè ce jetgldrmzejmúk hg
gspgjmgs eogkezehes.
eogkezehes. Zmk goèrld, –Zu gxtrejjmúk hg`g rgspgter ces kdroetmves idrgstecgs
y Ieuke Zmcvgstrg K¾ 0=<9: y H.Z. K¾ >52-0>57-OMKELPM‟.
Zmk goèrld, hgktrd hg ce rglmúk Fukïk y hgktrd hgc årge hg mkicugkjme mkhmrgjte hgc prdygjtd
sg jugkte e ce vmjuõe jdod uke gspgjmg gk jdksgrvejmúk y prdtgjjmúk.
Y.
Y.:.8
:.8 Årge
Årgess Ket
Ketur
urecg
ecgss ^r
^rdt
dtgl
glmhe
mhess
Ce zdke hg ce mkstecejmúk hgc prdygjtd kd sg gkjugktre u`mjehd gk zdke hg årge keturec
prdtglmhe (EK^), km zdke hg eodrtmlueomgktd (EV).
Y.
Y.88 Je
Jerej
rejtg
tgrmz
rmzej
ejmúk
múk Zd
Zdjm
jmec
ec,, Gj
Gjdk
dkúo
úomjd
mjd,, Ju
Juct
cture
urecc
Gc ekåcmsms hg ces jdkhmjmdk
jdkhmjmdkgsgs sdjmdgjdkúomjes y jucturecgs sd`rg ces juecgs sg hgserrdcce ce
pd`cej
pd` cejmúk
múk hgc årg
årgee hg mkicug
mkicugkjm
kjme e hg
hgcc ^rd
^rdygj
ygjtd
td kds
kds pgrom
pgromtg
tg mhg
mhgktm
ktmimj
imjer
er cds
cds pdt
pdtgk
gkjme
jmecg
cgss
prd`cgoes y jdkicmjtds qug sg pdhrïek lgkgrersg jdod jdksgjugkjme hg ce gfgjujmúk hg
78


gstg. êre gc hgserrdccd hg prgsgktg ïtgo, sg be tdoehd jdod rgigrgkjme cds hetds dimjmecgs
jdrrgspdkhmgktgs ec Jgksd Kejmdkec rgecmzehd pdr gc MKGM.
Y.
Y.8.5
8.5 Zm
Zmtu
tuejm
ejmúk
úk Hg
Hgod
odlr
lråi
åimje
mje
Zglök ce mkidroejmúk rgjeèhe hg cds Jgksds Kejmdkecgs 0>5<, RMM hg ^d`cejmúk, YMM hg
Ymvmgkhe y MMM hg jdoukmh
jdoukmhehgs
ehgs Mkhïlgkes (MKGM 0>5<), gc åo`mtd hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd sg
u`mje gk gc hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm, jdk uke pd`cejmúk gstmoehe hg ==>5 y sdcd gc 78.07%
pgrtgkgjg e ce zdke rurec, smtuejmúk qug sg gxpcmje pdr ce zdke gs rmje gk prdhujjmúk
elrdpgjuerme.
Juehrd K¶0<6 Kuogrd hg pd`cehdrgs sglök sgxd gk gc hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm
Jektmheh hg ^d`cehdrgs
Hmstrmtd
Xdtec Oesjucmkd Igogkmkd
Buesebuesm ==>5 8=89 8=77
Iugktg6 MKGM - Jgksds kejmdkecgs 0>5<- rgsuctehds hgimkmtmvds.
Y.8.0 ^d`
Y.8.0 ^d`cejm
cejmúk
úk Gjdk
Gjdkúom
úomjeog
jeogktg
ktg E
Ejtm
jtmve
ve ‚ ^
^GE
GE
Ce pd`cejmúk hgc hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm, sglök cds rgsuctehds hgc öctmod jgksd rgecmzehd pdr
gc MKG gk gc eõd 0>5<, sg ougstrek gk gc smlumgktg juehrd gxprgse ce ^d`cejmúk tdtec ec eõd
0>5<.
Juehrd K¶026 ^GE gk gc hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm
Hmstrmtd Hgsjrmpjmúk Xdtec Bdo`rg Oufgr
^GE 859> 0=72 50>0
Buesebuesm
^GE djupehe :=72 0220 5><9
Iugktg6 MKGM - Jgksds Kejmdkecgs 0>5<- rgsuctehds hgimkmtmvds.
Y.8.: Ghuje jejjmúk
múk
Ce pd`cejmúk hgc hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm jugkte jdk 90 mkstmtujmdkgs ghujetmves gktrg kmvgc1
kmvgc mkmjmec, prmoerme y sgjukherme. Gstds mkhmjehdrgs sg d`sgrvek jdk oås hgteccg gk gc
juehrd smlumgktg6
Juehrd K¶0=6 Hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm6 K¾ hg M.G., ecuokds y hdjgktgs
Kmvgc M.G. Hdjgktgs Ecuokds
Mkmjmec 0: 0: 88:
^rmoerme :0 5>5 5>9>
Zgjukherme >< 27 <25
XDJgksds
Iugktg6 XEC ghujetmvd 0>52
90 ‚ Omkghu 0>= 0028
Y.8.8 Zecuh
Hgktrd hgc årge hg mkicugkjme mkhmrgjte hgc prdygjtd, jugkte jdk uke pdste hg secuh jetgldrïe
M-5, qug sg gkjugktre gk ce cdjecmheh hg Zek Fuek hg ce Cm`grteh.
Y.8.7
Y.8 .7 Zgr
Zgrvmjm
vmjmd
d@@åsmj
åsmjds
ds g Mkir
Mkiregst
egstruj
rujtur
turee
Y.8.7.5Ymvmgkhe
Gk gc årge hgc prdygjtd, lgkgrecogktg ces vmvmgkhes gståk djupehes pdr uke sdce ieomcme,
pdr cd qug ce lrek oeydrïe hg ce pd`cejmúk pdsggk sus jeses gk sus jbejres y su ejtmvmheh
prmkjmpec ec sgr ce elrmjucture cds cdtgs hg ce pertg urèke qughek vejïds omgktres hure cds
prdjgsds hg jdsgjbe y sgo`rïd gk ce zdke rurec.
Espgjtds Xíjkmjds Jdkstrujtmvds
Oetgrmec hg Jdkstrujjmúk
77


E kmvgc cdjec gc tmpd hg oetgrmec prghdomke

prghdomkektg
ktg gk ces perghgs hg ces vmvmgkhe
vmvmgkhess gs
ehd`g d tepme, gstd gvmhgkjme ce pråjtmje lgkgrecmzehe gk ce jdkstrujjmúk jdod
oetgrmec hg rgvgstmomgktd.
Gstehd hg Jdksgrvejmúk hg ce Jdkstrujjmúk
Gxmstg uke prghdomkekjme hgc gstehd rglucer y ùgkd, y uk pdrjgktefg jdksmhgre`cg
hg oecds pdr ektmlógheh hg ces ghmimjejmdkgs.
79


Espgjtds Odridcúlmjds
Ces ectures prghdomkektgs hg ce vmvmgkhe gk ce zdke hgc prdygjtd sdk jdkstrumhes hg uk pmsd
(0.8> o eprdx.), gxmstgk jdkstrujjmdkgs hg jdkjrgtd emscehes hg ukd, hds y trgs pmsds.
Juehrd K¾:>6 Hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm ‚ Oetgrmec hg jdkstrujjmúk gk perghgs
Hmstrmtd Jetgldrïes Jesds %
Cehrmccd d `cdqug hg jgogktd 8=: 57.8>

^mghre d smccer jdk jec d
9 >.5=
jgogktd
Ehd`g 70= 59.70
Xepme 0>20 97.>0
BWEZEBWEZM Uumkjbe (jeõe jdk èrrd) : >.>=
^mghre jdk èrrd 9= 0.57
Oehgre (pdke tdrkmccd, gtj) 2 >.07
Xrmpcey/jeceomke/gstgre 50 >.:<
Dtrd oetgrmec > >.>>
Xdtec : 0>0 5>>
Y.8.7.0Eèstgjmomgktd hg elue ^dte`cg
Gk gc åo`mtd hgc gstuhmd hgc prdygjtd, gk gc hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm gc 28.7>% hg vmvmgkhes
jugktek jdk gc sgrvmjmd hg elue gktuèhe, pdr oghmd hg ce rgh pö`cmje hgktrd hg ce vmvmgkhe
y ce rgh gktuèhe iugre hg ce vmvmgkhe.
Juehrd K¾:56 Hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm ‚ Eèstgjmomgktd hg Elue gk vmvmgkhes
Hmstrmtd Jetgldrïes Jesds %
Pgh pö
pö`c
`cmj
mje
e hgk
hgktr
trd
d hg
hg cce
e vmv
vmv.. (E
(Elue
lue pdt
pdte`
e`cg
cg)) 5<:7
5<:7 78.5
78.52
2
Pg
Pghh pö`cm
pö`cmje
je iu
iugr
gre
e hg ce vm
vmvmg
vmgkhkhee <07
<07 00.9
00.98
8
^mcúk hg usd pu`cmjd 88 5.:<
Buesebues Jeomúk-jmstgrke u dtrd smomcer > >.>>
m ^dzd 8:0 5:.8=
Oekektmec d puqumd 578 8.25
Pmd, ejgqume, celd, celuke 92 0.50
Dtrd 88 5.:<
Xdtec :0>0 5>>
Y.8.7.:Jd`grture hg gkgrlïe gcíjtrmje gk ces vmvmgkhes
Ce oeydr pertg hg ces vmvmgkhes hg ce zdke jdkjgktrehe hgc jgktrd pd`cehd, tmgkgk ejjgsd ec
sgrvmjmd hg cuz hgktrd hg ce vmvmgkhe.
Juehrd K¾:06 Hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm ‚ Hmspdkm`mcmheh hg ecuo`rehd gcíjtrmjd

ECWO@PEHD GCÍJXPMJD ^DP
XM^D HG E@EZXGJMOMGKXD HG PGH ^Ö@CMJE XDXEC
ELWE
ZM HMZ^DKG KD HMZ^DKG
Pgh pö`cmje hgktrd hg ce vmvmgkhe 5790 72.08% 5<: ::.0<% 5<:7 78.52%
Pgh pö`cmje iugre hg ce vmvmgkhe,
987 08.>7% 2> 57.:2% <07 00.98%
pgrd hgktrd hg ce ghmimjejmúk
^mcúk d pmcgte hg usd pö`cmjd 0< 5.>5% 5< :.0<% 88 5.:<%
7<


^dzd (elue su`tgrråkge) 0=0 5>.2=% 58> 09.=0% 8:0 5:.8=%

Oekektmec d puqumd 5>5 :.<<% 7: 5>.5=% 578 8.25%
Pïd, ejgqume, oekektmec d smomcer :7 5.:>% :: 9.:7% 92 0.50%
Dtrd 5/ 0> >
>..<7% 08 8.90% 88 5.:<%
XDXEC 0920 2:.<9% 70> 59.08% :0>0 5>>%
E kmvgc hmstrmtec, gk gc åo`mtd rurec, uk pdjd oås hg ce omteh (72.08%) hg ce pd`cejmúk rurec
jugkte jdk eo`ds sgrvmjmds pdr rgh pö`cmje ec mktgrmdr hg sus vmvmgkhes, omgktres qug sdcd gc
::.0<% hg ce pd`cejmúk rurec kd hmspdkg hgc sgrvmjmd hg gkgrlïe gcíjtrmje ec mktgrmdr hg sus
vmvmgkhes.
Y.
Y.8.9
8.9 EjEjtm
tmvmh
vmheh
ehgs
gs Gj
Gjdk
dkúo
úomje
mjess
Gk juektd e ce pd`cejmúk rurec hgc hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm, gk ce prdvmkjme hg Xeroe, ce
prmkjmpec ejtmvmheh qug sdstmgkgk e sus ieomcmes gs ce ejtmvmheh elrdpgjuerme jdk uk :5.89%
hg ce pd`cejmúk, sglumhds hg ces ejtmvmhehgs hg jdogrjmd (5<.28%) y trekspdrtg (5>.<:%) ces
juecgs sugcgk hgserrdccersg hg oekgre perecgce gktrg cds mktglrektgs hg ce ieomcme, jdk ces
ejtmvmhehgs hgc jeopd.
Juehrd K¾::6 Hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm - Ejtmvmhehgs Gjdkúomjes pdr jetgldrïe hg Djupejmúk

EJXMYMHEH GJDKÚOMJE HGC HMZXPMXD HG XDXEC BDO@PGZ OWFGPGZ
ZEÊCCEKLE BE@. % BE@. % BE@. %
Elrmjucture, lekehgrïe, smcvmjucture y pgsje :08< <2.>7% 07:0 27.9>% <57 7=.82%
Gxpcdtejmúk hg omkes y jektgres 7 >.50% : >.5>% 0 >.5<%
Mkhustrmes oekuiejturgres 89 5.55% 02 >.=7% 52 5.7>%
Zuomkmstrd hg gcgjtrmjmheh, les, vepdr y emrg
5 >.>0% 5 >.>:% > >.>>%
ejdkhmjmdkehd
Jdkstrujjmúk <> 5.92% 99 0.0:% 8 >.::%
Jdogrj., rgperejmúk hg vgb. eutdo. y odtdj. 077 9.5:% 27 0.2<% 5<> 58.58%
Ygkt., oekt. y rgperejmúk hg vgb. eutdo. y
5= - 5< - 0 -
odtdj.
Jdogrjmd ec pdr oeydr 52 - 5> - 2 -
Jdogrjmd ec pdr ogkdr 052 - 72 - 59> -
Xrekspdrtg y ecoejgkeomgktd <8 5.<2% <8 0.7>% > >.>>%
Ejtmvmhehgs hg ecdfeomgktd y hg sgrvmjmd hg jdomhes 28 0.>0% 59 >.78% 92 7.99%
Mkidroejmúk y jdoukmjejmdkgs 8 >.5>% : >.5>% 5 >.>2%
Ejtmvmhehgs imkekjmgres y hg sglurds 9 >.58% : >.5>% : >.07%
Ejtmvmhehgs prdigsmdkecgs, jmgktïimjes y tíjkmjes 50 >.0=% < >.08% 7 >.80%
Ejtmvmhehgs hg sgrvmjmds ehomkmstretmvds y hg epdyd 7 >.50% 8 >.58% 5 >.>2%
Eho. pö`cmje y hgigkse1 pcekgs hg sglurmheh sdjmec 92 5.9:% 0< >.=5% 85 :.85%
hg eimcmejmúk d`cmletdrme
Gksgõekze :7 >.28% 5: >.88% 00 5.2:%
Ejtmvmhehgs hg etgkjmúk hg ce secuh buoeke y hg
0> >.82% 8 >.58% 59 5.::%
esmstgkjme sdjmec
Ejtmvmhehgs ertïstmjes, hg gktrgtgkmomgktd y
< >.5<% < >.08% > >.>>%
rgjrgetmves
Dtres ejtmvmhehgs hg sgrvmjmds 5< >.85% = >.:>% 2 >.9<%
72


Ejt. hg cds bdlergs jdod gopcgehdrgs1 ejt. kd

hmigrgkjmehes hg cds bdlergs jdod prdhujtdrgs hg 0 >.>7% > >.>>% 0 >.5<%
`mgkgs y sgrvmjmds pere usd prdpmd
Hgsdjupehd 0>0 8.29% <9 0.7<% 509 5>.82%
XDXEC 859> 5>>.>>% 0=72 5>>.>>% 50>0 5>>.>>%
Iugktg6 Jgksd 0>5< - MKGM <5.55% 02.2=%
Elrmjucture
Ce prm
prmkjm
kjmpe
pecc dju
djupe
pejmú
jmúk
k y iug
iugktg
ktg hg mkl
mklrgs
rgsds
ds gjd
gjdkú
kúomj
omjds
ds hg cds
cds pd`ce
pd`cehdr
hdrgs
gs hg
Buesebuesm gs ce elrmjucture. Cds iejtdrgs qug ievdrgjgk e ce elrmjucture sdk6 ce
jecmheh hgc sugcd, ce gxtgksmúk hg sus sugcds y gc jcmoe ouy ievdre`cg pere ce
prdhujjmúk hg tdhe ce jcesg hg prdhujtds elrïjdces. Gc juehrd qug e jdktmkuejmúk
prgsgkteods, ougstre ce smtuejmúk hg ce elrmjucture hg Buesebuesm6
Juehrd K¾:86 ^rmkjmpecgs juctmvds pdr drhgk hg mopdrtekjme gk gc årge hgc prdygjtd
EPGE
DPHGK JWCXMYDZ JWCXMYEHE
(be)
5 êpe :5<7
0 Ecjejbdie :
: Eciecie 9
8 Ervgfe lrekd sgjd :
7 Ervgfe lrekd vgrhg :59
9 Evgke idrrefgre 5<
< @rújdcm 0
2 Jemlue 9
= Jgèhe lrekd :0
5> jg`dcce 5
55 Jdc d rgpdccd 59
50 Gspmkeje 59
5: Irmfdc lrekd sgjd :7
58 Lrekehmcce 9
57 Beè lrekd sgjd 0

59 Beè lrekd vgrhg 92
5< Cgjbule :=
52 Oeïz eomcåjgd :0
5= Oeïz jbdjcd 22
0> Oekzekd 5
05 Oesbue d mzekd =
00 Ogcdjdtdkgrd 5
0: Dj e 5<
08 Dccujd :2
07 Vekebdrme 9
XDXEC :=:7
Iugktg6 Omk. Elrmjucture Fukïk. 0>5<
Iugktg6
7=


Ejtmvmheh ^gjuerme
Ce lekehgrïe gk Buesebuesm, gs hg rglucer mopdrtekjme, e pgser qug ce oeydr pertg
hg ce pd`cejmúk sg hghmje e ce elrmjucture, tmgkgk ce lekehgrïe jdod uke ejtmvmheh
jdopcgogkterme. Gk Buesebuesm ces ieomcmes jrïek lekehd dvmkd, vejukd, pdrjmkd,
gqumkds, jeoícmhds jdod ce cceoe y ce ecpeje1 evgs hg jdrrec y ekmoecgs ogkdrgs
jdod juygs y jdkgfds. êre vgkte ec ogrjehd cdjec, hmstrmtec y su eutdjdksuod.
Gc lekehd dvmkd
Ces dvgfes sg jrïek oeydrogktg gk cds pestmzecgs hg ces ectures. Zg gigjtöe ce
gsqumce uke vgz ec eõd, su ceke smrvg pere tgfgr èygte, hg ce juec sg bejgk jbdopes
jbdopes,,
jdtdkgs, rdpe mktgrmdr, pdccgres, oektes y pdkjbds. Gc gxjrgogktg hg cds jerkgrds, sg
fukte y smrvg jdod e`dkd, qug sg gsperjg gk cds ttgrrgkds
grrgkds hg juctmvd, oeydrogktg hg
pepes, sdcd d ogzjcehd jdk cds luekds hg ces msces u dtrds igrtmcmzektgs. Ce jerkg hgc
dvmkd gs uke pertg pere gc jdksuod prdpmd y dtre pere gc ogrjehd.
Lekehd Yejukd
Ce jrmekze hgc lekehd vejukd gk gc hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm gs hg rglucer mopdrtekjme
mopdrtekjme..
Ce oeydr pertg hg ces vejes sdk jrmdcces d ces jdoökogktg cceoehes jbusjes. Hg
gcces sg pughg d`tgkgr gk prdoghmd hg hds e trgs cmtrds hg cgjbg hmermd. Eclukes
ieomcmes
ieomcmes hg Bue
Buesebu
sebuesm
esm jrïek vejes jruz
jruzehes
ehes jdk reze
rezess ogf
ogfdreh
drehes,
es, cdlr
cdlrekhd
ekhd ce
prdhujjmúk hg cgjbg gktrg jmkjd y smgtg cmtrds hmermds. Cds tdrds sdk utmcmzehds gk ces
ejtmvmhehgs hg ce`rekzes e cds qug sg cgs jdkdjg jdk gc kdo`rg hg yuktes1 tdhds
gccds sdk jrmehds gk èsg e idrrefg irgsjd, ec pestdrgd y gk ípdjes hg gsjesgs, sg
ecmogkte gk èsg e ce pefe y rgstds hg jdsgjbe. Gc tgrrmtdrmd hg Buesebuesm `rmkhe
eclukds gspejmds prdpmjmds jdod pere ce jrmekze hg lekehds vejukds ogfdrehds1
pdr gfgopcd, ce zdke hg Jburjd y Jesje sdk eprdpmehds pere ce jrmekze hg lekehd
cgjbgrd1 y ce zdke hg Kmkeèoè, Jbdres, Bmlds sdk prdpmjmds pere ce jrmekze hg
lekehd hg eptmtuh jårkmje
Gc ^drjmkd
Ce jrmekze hg pdrjmkds teo`mík gs oïkmoe, súcd pere ju`rmr gc jdksuod hdoístmjd.
Zg vgvgkh
khgg ou
ouyy pd
pdjd
jd gk gc og ogrj
rjeh
ehd.
d. Cds
Cds jeop
jeopgsgsmk
mkds
ds kd tmgk
tmgkgk
gk tgjk
tgjkdc
dcdl
dlïe
ïess
eprdpmehess pere ce jrmekze y cds bejgk hg oekgre ruhmogkterme. Ce jerkg hgc pdrjmkd
eprdpmehe
smrvg pere jdksuod prdpmd y ouy pdjd pere hgstmker ec ogrjehd. Zg sugcg prgperer
feodkgs, secjbmjbes1 esï jdod cds goùtmhds cceoehds odrjmcce y cds jbmjberrdkgs y
cgjbdkgs ec bdrkd.
Cds jeoícmhds suheogrmjekds
^dr ces ectures sg jrïek, gk pdje jektmheh, ces cceoes ces ecpejes. Zmrvgk pere gc
trekspdrtg hg ces pepes y dtrds prdhujtds pdr cds jeomkds hg bgrrehure. Hg su ceke
sg bejgk jecjgtmkgs, oektes y pdkjbds. Zu jerkg sg utmcmze pere ces pejbeoekjes,
esehds y teo`mík jdod jerkg sgje. Ekmoecgs euk kd hdogstmjehds hgc jeopd Gktrg
cds ekmoecgs qug vmvgk gk gc odktg, tgkgods vgkehds zdrrds, erhmcces, vmzjejbes,
puoes1 celertmfes, sepds, levmcekgs, júkhdrgs, seoeõds, juptms (gspgjmg hg jgrhd).
Xeo`mík gkjdktreods sgrpmgktgs hg hmigrgktgs jerejtgrïstmjes, jdcdrgs y teoeõds
beste tek pgqugõds qug omhgk hg >.0> e >.9> jo. hg cerld. Bey teo`mík dsds hg
ektgdfds, dsd pgrgzdsd, dsd bdromlugrd, oejbgtgrd, tujekgs, leccmtds hg ces rdjes,
evgs ouy hmvgrses qug eùkhek gk ces zdkes ekhmkes y eoezúkmjes hgc hmstrmtd.
Evgs hg jdrrec
9>


Ce jrmekze gs oïkmoe, súcd pere jdksuod ieomcmer. Ces leccmkes, petds, pevds, leksds
y pecdoes. Kd gxmstgk lrekfes, pgrd sm ces bu`mgre prdè`cgogktg tgkhrïek ouy
ùgkds rgsuctehds pdr ce hgoekhe gk gc ogrjehd rglmdkec y kejmdkec. Ce jerkg hg
pdccd y bugvds sdk treïhds hg ogrjehds hg Xeroe, Cmoe y ce sgcve jgktrec pere gc
jdksuod hg ces ieomcmes hg Buesebuesm.
Ekmoecgs ogkdrgs
ogkdrgs
Gktrg cds ekmoecgs ogkdrgs tgkgods ec jdkgfd y gc juy gk gsjeses jektmhehgs
oeydrogktg pere gc jdksuod ieomcmer prgigrgktgogktg gk hïes igstmvds. Ce vgkte hg
gstds ekmoecgs gs gk oïkmoe gsjece1 Zu jrmekze gs mkjmpmgktg kd d`stektg qug su
jerkg gs ouy kutrmtmve. Zg bejgk pdtefgs jdod gc pmjektg hg juy, gc juy jbejtehd, gc
juy ec bdrkd y gc fejerdfrd.
Ejtmvmheh Omkgre
Zd`rgsecg ce omkgrïe ogtåcmje jdk ce prdhujjmúk hg jdkjgktrehds hg jd`rg, pcdod,
zmkj, pcete y drd. Zglök su pertmjmpejmúk, sd`rgsecmú ce prdhujjmúk hg zmkj, jdk 9: pdr
jmgktd hg epdrtg gk ce gstrujture hgc Y@^ omkgrd ogtåcmjd hg 0>55, sglumhd hg pcete
(00%), jd`rg (9%) y pcdod (9%).
Gc hgserrdccd hgc prdygjtd juprïigrd Xdrdodjbd, e jerld hg Omkgre Jbmkecjd, sg
jdkstmtuy
jdks tmtuygg gk ce oeyd
oeydrr mkvg
mkvgrsmú
rsmúk
k prmv
prmvehe
ehe,, gstm
gstmoåkh
oåkhdsg
dsg gc mkmj
mkmjmd
md hg dpgdpgrejm
rejmdkgs
dkgs
hurektg cds prmogrds ogsgs hg 0>58.
Gk ce om omkg
kgrï
rïe
e kd ogogtå
tåcmcmje
je rgrgse
sectcte
e ce gxtr
gxtrej
ejjm
jmúk
úk hg oå oårorodc
dc y trev
trevgr
grtmtmkd
kd,, ec
jdkjgktrersg gk gc hgperteogktd ce oeydr iugktg kejmdkec, ce omsoe qug sg gxtreg
gk `cdqugs, trescehåkhdsg e Cmoe pere su pdstgrmdr treksidroejmúk y/d gxpdrtejmúk.
Ejtmvmheh Jdogrjmd
Ce Pglmúk Fukïk ejtuecogktg digrte ec ogrjehd gxtgrkd g mktgrkd6 Jeií, jejed,
oeje, luekåèke,
luekåèke, ecjejbdie y im`re hg ecpeje, vmjuõe y cceoe.
Zg jdk
jdksmhsmhgre
gre prd
prdhu
hujtd
jtd pdtgk
pdtgkjme jmecc hg gxpgxpdrt
drtejm
ejmúk6
úk6 Irm
Irmfdc
fdc,, lre
lreke
kehmc
hmcce
ce,, oek
oekhe hermk
rmke,
e,
kerekfe, cmoúk, pectds, pepeye, pepe ketmve, sejbe mkjbm y ce Xere. Gstds prdhujtds
juopcgk jdk cds rgqumsmtds gxmlmhds pdr gc Zmstgoe hg Jgrtmimjejmúk hg @ugkes
^råjtmjes Elrïjdces - @Ê.
Ejtmvmheh Xurïstmje
Gc hgperteogktd jugkte jdk mopdrtektgs etrejtmvds turïstmjds, jdkjgktråkhdsg cds
prmkjmpecgss gk gc Yeccg hgc Oekterd (zdke smgrre) y gk ces prdvmkjmes hg Jbekjbeo
prmkjmpecg Jbekjbeoeyd eyd
y Zetmpd (zdke jgfe hg sgcve y sgcve), rgjm`mgkhd gste öctmoe ce oeydr eicugkjme hg
vmsmtektgs kejmdkecgs y gxtrekfgrds.
Zglök gc Omkmstgrmd hg Jdogrjmd Gxtgrmdr y Xurmsod, hurektg gc 0>55 gc hgperteogktd
rgjm`mú ce eicugkjme hg =72,> omcgs hg vmsmtektgs, hg cds juecgs gc ==,8 pdr jmgktd
iugrdk kejmdkecgs. Hg cds vmsmtektgs kejmdkecgs, sg d`sgrvú qug ce oeydr eicugkjme
prdvmkd hg Cmoe Ogtrdpdcmteke (02%), Cmoe prdvmkjmes (5>%) y Buekjevgcmje (8%),
gktrg cds prmkjmpecgs.
YM.
YM. MHG
MHGKX KXMIMIMJ
MJEJ
EJMÚMÚK,
K, JE
JEPE
PEJXJXG GPMV
PMVEJEJMÚ MÚK
K ] YEC ECDPDPEJEJMÚ
MÚK K HG CDZ MO MO^
ÊJ
EJX XDZ
EO@MGKXECGZ
YM.5 Lgkgrecmhehgs
Gstg jepmtucd mhgktmimje, gvecue y hgsjrm`g cds mopejtds eo`mgktecgs y sdjmecgs qug sg
prg
prgsgk
gkte
tekk hure rekt
ktgg gc pr prdy
dygj
gjtd
td hgk gkddomomkkehd –J –JDK
DKZXZXPW
PWJJM
JJMDK DK HG JE JE^X^XEJ EJMÚK
MÚK
ZW^G
ZW
BW^GPI
BWEZ PIMJM
EZEBMJMEC
EBWE EC
ZM,, HG
WEZM ^P EL
ELWE
^PDY WE1
DYMK 1E GK
MKJM
JME XE GC
GC(C
XEPO (CE)
POE,E,E) HG
MPP
MPPML
HGÊMLEJ
EJMÚ
ÊPX MÚK
PXEO K XD
EOGK ^C
^CEK
GKXD EK
FW OGPM
OG
FWKM PMZ1
KMK‟, Z1pe
K‟, HM
HMZX
pere
re ZXPM
gcPMXD
XD
ekecHG
ekecms
msms
ms
95


eo`mgktec
eo`mgk tec sg be jdk
jdkigj
igjjmd
jmdkeh
kehdd uk
uke
e cmcmste
ste hg vgr
vgrmim
mimjej
jejmd
mdk
k mhgkt
mhgktmim
mimjek
jekhd
hd ces
ces prmkj
prmkjmpe
mpecg
cgss
ejtmvmhehgs e pertmr hg ces juecgs sg hgimkmgrdk cds espgjtds g mopjetds eo`mgktecgs hgc
prdygj
prdygjtd
td hg
hgtgr
tgromk
omkekh
ekhdd su mk mkicu
icugk
gkjme
jme sd`
sd`rg rg cds gcgog
gcgogktd
ktdss hgc
hgc ogh
oghmdmd imsmj
imsmjd,
d, `md
`mdcd
cdlmj
lmjd,
d,
sdjmdgjdkdomjd y jucturec erqugdcdlmjd.
Gc ekecmsms eo`mgktec utmcmze jdod ogtdhd hg gvecuejmdk ce mktgrrgcejmdk hg ces ejjmdkgs y/d
ejtmvmhehgs hgc prdygjtd jdk cds gcgogktds hgc eo`mgktg, jdk uk jrmtgrmd hg JEWZE ‚
GIGJXD, y gvecuekhd gc jeråjtgr ehvgrsd d ievdre`cg hgc mopejtd. Cds mopejtds sg elrupek
hg ejugrhd e su smlkmimjekjme pere gste`cgjgr ces prmdrmhehgs hg etgkjmdk pere ce omtmlejmdk.
Zg be mhg mhgktm
ktmimj
imjehd
ehd teoteo`mg
`mgk
k pd
pdtgk
tgkjmejmecgs
cgs mop
mopejt
ejtds
ds qug sgr
sgrek
ek prg
prgvgk
vgkmh
mhds
ds ogh
oghmek
mektg
tg gc
juopcmom
juop cmomgktd
gktd hg kdro
kdroes es eo`m
eo`mgkte
gktecgs,
cgs, hg secu
secuh,
h, bmlm
bmlmgkg
gkg y sglu
sglurmhe
rmheh.
h. Cds mopejtds sg
jdksmlkerdk gk uk juehrd hgtgromekhd ce prdè`mcmheh hgc gigjtd/mopejtd eo`mgktec vgrsus
ce smlkmimjekjme sd`rg gc gcgogktd hgc oghmd susjgptm`cg hg sgr eigjtehd.
êre gc hgserrdccd hgc MLE sg jdksmhgrerdk cds gcgogktds d jdopdkgktgs eo`mgktecgs y
sdjmecgs susjgptm`cgs hg sgr eigjtehds.
^dr cd qug sg hgkdomkek jdopdkgktgs eo`mgktecgs e juecqumgr gcgogktd hgc oghmd imsmjd,
`mdcdlmjd y sdjmec pertg hgc gjdsmstgoe, e su vgz, cds gcgogktds hg uke ejtmvmheh qug
mktgrejtuek jdk gc eo`mgktg sg hgkdomkehgkdomkek k espgjtds eo`mgktecgs.
YM
YM.0
.0 Og Ogtdtdhd
hdcdcdlï
lïee h
hgg Gv
Gvecu
ecuejm
ejmúk
úk hg Mo Mope
pejt
jtds
ds
êre gc jesd hg ce gvecuejmdk hg mopejtds eo`mgktecgs lgkgrehds pdr gc prdygjtd, sg be
jdksmhgrehd jdod ogtdhdcdlme ce mhgktmimjejmdk hg mopejtds, gk Ekecmsms Oettrmz Jeuse ‚
Gigjtd (Oetrmz hg Cgdpdch odhmimjehd), eheptekhdce e ces jdkhmjmdkgs hg mktgrejjmdk gktrg
ces ejt
ejtmvm
mvmhe
hehgs
hgs hgc prd prdygj
ygjtd
td y cdcdss jdo
jdopdk
pdkgk
gktgs
tgs eo`
eo`mg
mgkte
ktecgs
cgs,, pgrom
pgromtmg
tmgkh
khd
d mhg
mhgktm
ktmimj
imjer
er y
pdkhgrer cds mopejtds hg ces ejtmvmhehgs lgkgrehes pdr gc prdygjtd sd`rg su gktdrkd.
Gk gstg sgktmhd sg be gce`drehd uke oetrmz hg jecmimjejmdk hg mopejtds eo`mgktecgs qug sg
lgkgrek
lgkg rek jdod jdksgju
jdksgjugkjm
gkjmee hg ce mopc mopcgogk
gogktejmd
tejmdk
k hgc prdy
prdygjtd,
gjtd, gk jdksjdksgjug
gjugkjme
kjme,, sg
gopcge cds smlumgktg
smlumgktgss jrmtgrmds6
Oelkmtuh (Ol)6 sg rgimgrg ec lrehd hg eigjtejmdk qug prgsgkte gc mopejtd sd`rg gc oghmd.
Zg jecmimje gk ce idroe juektmtetmve1 juekhd gstd kd gs pdsm`cg sg prgsgkte uke jecmimjejmdk
juecmtetmve, suimjmgktgogktg
suimjmgktgogktg sustgktehe, jdod @EFE, ODHGPEHE D ECXE.
Mopdrtekjme
Mopdrte kjme (M)6 Zg rgimgrg ec vecdr pdkhgrec, qug he gc gpsd rgcetmvd hgc pdtgkjmec mopejtd.
Bejg rgigrgkjme e ce rgvgcejmdk hgc mopejtd sd`rg ce jecmheh hgc oghmd y ce gxtgksmdk d zdke
tgrrmtdrmec eigjtehe.
Juehrd K¾:76 Ogtdhd hg Gvecuejmdk hg Mopejtds
Jrmtgrmds hg Gvecuejmúk Kmvgc hg Yecdr ^rdoghmd
hg Mopejtds Mkjmhgkjme Mo
Moppejtd
ejtd ^ds
dsmt
mtmv
mvd
d Mop
Mopejtd
ejtd Kglet
gletmv
mvd
d
^dsmtmvd +
Xmpd hg Mopejtd
Kgletmvd -
@efe 5 5
Oelkmtuh Odhgrehe 0 0
Ecte : :
ûktuec 5 5
Mopdrtekjme Cdjec 0 0
Vdkec : :
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
YM.: Gtepe h hgg Jd
Jdk
kstru
strujjjmúk
múk
Mhgktmimjejmúk hg Ejtmvmhehgs hgc ^rdygjtd
Ces ejjmdkgse qug

hg ejugrhd rgecmzere gc prdygjtd
su mopdrtekjme gkpughgk
cds qug sg ce gteped`sgrver
hg jdkstrujjmdk sg gvecuerek
gk gc smlumgktg y vecdrere
juehrd1 pere gc
90


ekecmsms eo`mgktec sg tgkhre gk jugkte ces prmkjmpecgs ejtmvmhehgs jdk pdtgkjmec hg jeuser
mopejtds eo`mgktecgs gk gc erge hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd. êre tec gigjtd, gc ekecmsms sg
rgecmzere jdksmhgrekhd ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmdk. E jdktmkuejmdk gk ce te`ce sg cmstek ces
ejtmvmhehgs rgcejmdkehes
rgcejmdkehes jdk gc prdygjtd.
Juehrd K¾:96 Ejtmvmhehgs hgc ^rdygjtd
EJXMYMHEHGZ HGC ^PD]GJXD
Xrekspdrtg hg
Gxjevejmúk hggqumpds y oequmkermes
tmgrre supgrimjmg pere ce mkstecejmúk hg jdopdkgktgs
Pgbe`mcmtejmúk hg vïes hg ejjgsd
Jdkstrujjmúk hg jdopdkgktgs hgc prdygjtd
Mkstecejmúk hg gqumpds y oequmkermes
Jdkstrujjmúk hg årges hg sgrvmjmds euxmcmergs
Lgkgrejmúk hg Pgsmhuds
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
YM.:.5 Jdopd
Jdopdkgktgs
kgktgs y Iejtdr
Iejtdrgs
gs Eo`mgk
Eo`mgktecgs
tecgs
Ce mhgktmimjejmúk hg cds jdopdkgktgs y iejtdrgs eo`mgktecgs sg gigjtuú èsåkhdsg gk cds
gstu
gstuhm
hmds
ds hg Cïkg
Cïkgee @e
@esg
sg EoEo`m
`mgk
gkte
tecc y Zd
Zdjm
jmec
ec,, rgce
rgcejm
jmdk
dkåk
åkhd
hdcd
cdss jdk
jdk ces
ces ejtm
ejtmvm
vmhe
hehg
hgss y
jerejtgrïstmjes hgc prdygjtd. Cds jdopdkgktgs y iejtdrgs eo`mgktecgs mopdrtektgs gk gc årge
hgc prdygjtd qug sg bek jdksmhgrehd pere gc ekåcmsms eo`mgktec sg prgsgktek gk gc juehrd
smlumg
smlumgktg
ktg.. E per
pertmr
tmr hg ce mh
mhgk
gktmi
tmimje
mjejmú
jmúkk y hgt
hgtgro
gromkmkejm
ejmúk
úk hg cds
cds jdopd
jdopdkg
kgktg
ktgss y iej
iejtdr
tdrgs
gs
eo`mgktecgs sg gce`drú ce oetrmz hg mhgktmimjejmúk hg mopejtds eo`mgktecgs y sdjmecgs, cds
juecgs iugrdk gvecuehds hg ejugrhd ec lrehd y kmvgc hg mopdrtekjme hgc mopejtd.
Juehrd K¾:<6 Iejtdrgs Eo`mgktecgs Jdksmhgrehds gk gc ^rdygjtd

Eo`mgktg Iejtdr Eo`mgktec
Jecmcmhe
Je heh
h hg ememrg
rg (oetg
(oetgrm
rmec
ec pe
pert
rtmj
mjuc
uceh
ehd
d
Etodsigre –pdcvd‟ y pdcujmúk).
Pumhd
Iïsmjd Jdopej
Jdop ejte
tejm
jmúk
úk hg su
sugc
gcd,
d, pg
pgrh
rhmh
mhe
e hg
Zugcd sugcds, jeo`md hg usd.
Lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds súcmhds.

êmsefg Odhmimjejmúk hgc pemsefg.
Ectgrejmúk hg ce vglgtejmúk keturec
Icdre
^grhmhe hg be`mteh
@mdcúlmjd Ectgrejmúk hg bå`mtets
Ieuke ^grhmhe hg be`mteh (rghujjmúk y
omlrejmúk)
Zdjmec Zecuh y sglurmheh
Lgkgrejmúk hg gopcgd
Zdjmd ‚ Gjdkúomjd Gjdkúomjd Lgkgrejmúk hg ejtmvmhehgs gjdkúomjes
Mkjrgogktd hg sgrvmjmds
Jucture Erqugdcdlïe
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
YM.:.0 Ejtmvmh
Ejtmvmhehgs
ehgs jdksmhg
jdksmhgrehes
rehes gk gc p
prdygjtd
rdygjtd
Cugld
Cug ld hg ce gve
gvecue
cuejmú
jmúk
k hgc
hgc prd
prdygj
ygjtd
td hgk
hgkdom
domkeh
kehdd –JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK
ZW^G
ZW^GPI
PIMJM
MJMEC
EC HG EL
ELWE
WE11 GK GC
GC(C
(CE)
E) MPP
MPPML
MLEJ
EJMÚ
MÚK
K ^C
^CEK
EK OGPM
OGPMZ1
Z1 HM
HMZX
ZXPM
PMXD
XD HG
9:


BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟, sg FWKMK‟, sg bek mhgktmimjehd ces
ejtmvmhehgs, prdjgsds y/d dpgrejmdkgs qug pdhrïek eigjter ec gktdrkd eo`mgktec hgktrd hgc
årge hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd.
E jdktmkuejmúk,
jdktmkuejmúk, sg sgõecek tec
tecgs
gs ejtmvmhehg
ejtmvmhehgss sglök jehe iesg h
hgc
gc prdygjtd6
Ejtmvmhehgs prgcmomkergs
 Gstuhmd tdpdlråimjd
 Gstuhmd hg sugcd
 Jdktretejmúk hg pgrsdkec
 Cmopmgze hgc tgrrgkd
 Hgcmomter gc årge e pcekter
Ejtmvmhehgs e hgserrdccer hurektg ce jdkstrujjmúk
êre ce jdkstrujjmúk hg Udjbes
 Odvmomgktd hg tmgrre pere ce prgperejmúk hgc prdygjtd
 Odvmcmzejmúk hg oetgrmecgs, gqumpds y pgrsdkec
 Jdopejtehd
 Mkstecejmúk hg jeopeogktds y gqumpds
Ejtmvmhehgs e hgserrdccer gk ce iesg hg dpgrejmúk
 Ecoejgkeo
Ecoejgkeomgktd
mgktd tgopdrec h hg
g hgsodktg
 PgPgec
ecmz
mzer
er oe
oektktgk
gkmo
momg
mgkt
ktdd y cmcmop
opmg
mgze
ze hgc
hgc ecmv
ecmvme
mehg
hgrd
rd pere
pere qug
qug pgro
pgromtmte
e ce
gvejuejmúk ehgjuehe y dpdrtuke hgc elue sd`rektg y esï pdhgr gvmter gc
jdcepsd hgc hmqug.
Ejtmvmhehgs e hgserrdccer gk ce iesg hg eèkhdkd
 Ejtmvmhehg
Ejtmvmhehgss hg rgbe`mcm
rgbe`mcmtejmúk
tejmúk (sm iugre gc je
jesd)
sd)
 PgPgec
ecmze
mzerr gc oek
oektgk
tgkmom
momgk
gktd
td jdk
jdkste
stektg
ktg hg cds hgser
hgsergk
gkehd
ehdrgs
rgs,, rgt
rgtmre
mrekh
khdd gc
sghmogktd ejuoucehd.
YM.:.0.5 Oetrmz hg Mhgktmimjejmúk
êre ce mhgktmimjejmúk hg cds mopejtds eo`mgktecgs prdhujtd hg ces ejtmvmhehgs hgc prdygjtd
hgkdomke
hgkd omkehdhd –JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG ELWE1 GK GC(CE)
MPPMLE
MPP MLEJMJMÚK
ÚK ^C ^CEK
EK OG OGPM
PMZ1
Z1 HMZ
HMZXPXPMX
MXD
D HG BW BWEZEZEB
EBWE
WEZMZM,, ^P
^PDY
DYMKJ
MKJME
ME XE XEPO
POE,E,
HGÊPXEOGK
HGÊP XEOGKXD XD FWKMK‟
FWKMK‟,, sg be jdksjdksmhg
mhgrehd
rehd jdod ogtdogtdhdc
hdcdlïe
dlïe hg mhgk
mhgktmimj
tmimjejmú
ejmúkk hg
mopejtds, gc Ekåcmsms Oetrmjmec Jeuse ‚ Gigjtd gk èsg ec prdjghmomgktd ogtdhdcdlïe hg ce
Oetrmz hg Cgdpdch
Cds jrmtgrmds (^rdjghurg
tíjkmjds idr Gvecuetmk
Gvecuetmkl
pere ce mhgktmimjejmúklgk
Gkvmrdkogktec
ce Oetrmz hg Mopejt,
Mopejtds,5=<5).
sglök ce ogtdhdcdlïe
ehdptehe pere kugstrd jesd, d`ghgjgk e ce hgtgromkejmúk hg hds verme`cgs lgkgrecgs6 ce
Oelkmtuh y ce mopdrtekjme hg jehe mktgrejjmúk d gigjtd mhgktmimjehd.
mhgktmimjehd.
Gk gste oetrmz, ces gktrehes sglök jdcuokes sdk ces ejjmdkgs prdhujmhes pdr gc prdygjtd y
qug pughgk ectgrer gc oghmd eo`mgktg y ces gktrehes sglök imces sdk ces jerejtgrïstmjes hgc
oghmd eo`mgktg (iejtdrgs eo`mgktecgs) qug pughgk sgr ectgrehes. Jdk gstes gktrehes gk
imces y jdcuokes sg pughgk hgimkmr ces mktgrejjmdkgs
mktgrejjmdkgs gxmstgktgs.
Gc prmogr pesd pere ce epcmjejmúk hgc smstgoe hg oetrmz hg mopejtds e epcmjer, gs ce
mhgktmimjejmúk hg ces mktgrejjmdkgs gxmstgktgs, pere cd juec sg jdksmhgrek prmogrd tdhes ces
ejtmvmhehgs d prdjgsds hgc prdygjtd (jdcuokes), pdstgrmdrogktg, pere jehe ejtmvmheh d
prdjgsd mhgktmimjehd, sg jdksmhgrek tdhds cds iejtdrgs eo`mgktecgs (imces) qug pughgk qugher
eigjtehds smlkmimjetmveogktg,
smlkmimjetmveogktg, trezekhd uke hmeldkec gk jehe juehrmjuce jdrrgspdkhmgktg e ce
jdcuoke (ejtmvmheh d prdjgsd) y imce (iejtdr eo`mgktec).
98


Jehe jue
Jehe juehrm
hrmjuc
juce
e sgõ
sgõece
ece eh
ehomt
omtg
g uke jec
jecmim
mimjej
jejmúk
múk pdkhg
pdkhgreh
rehe
e qug
qug pug
pughg
hg sgr pdsmt
pdsmtmv
mve
e d
kgletmve1 ce oetrmz esï lgkgrehe kds prgsgkte uke sgrmg hg vecdrgs qug kds pgromtgk
mhgktmimjer cds prmkjmpecgs mopejtds qug uke ejjmúk hgtgromkehe pughg tgkgr sd`rg eclök
iejtdr hgc oghmd.
Ce gsjece hg jecmimjejmúk hg cds mopejtds sg be elrupehd gk ces smlumgktgs jmkjd jetgldrïes
esuomhes pdr jdkvgkjmúk6
Juehrd K¶:26 Jetgldrïes hg Yecdrmzejmúk hg mopejtds
Pekld Zmlkmimjekjme
5 Oïkmod d cgvg
0e: @efd d cgvg e odhgrehd
8e9 Oghmd d odhgrehd
<e2 Ectd d lrevg
= e 5> Ouy ectd d ouy lrevg
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
Oetrmz Jeuse ‚ Gigjtd hg Yecdrejmúk hg Mopejtds6 Mopejtds pdsmtmvds (+) g mopejtds kgletmvds (-).
97

Juehrd K¾ :=6 Oetrmz hg Mhgktmimjejmúk hg Mopejtds gk ce Iesg ^rgcmomker, Jdkstrujjmúk y Dpgrejmúk
Ejtmvmhehgs hgc GXEÊ ^PGCMOMKEP GXEÊ JDKZXPWJJMDK GXEÊ HG D^GPEJMÚK

^rdygjtd y y c c s
g g d G
e
r s h h c
r , d O k
c s t d e g d
e g
m g k t z h H j
k d t c g k g
m c
d d e c
m g g
t e s
j k g r e o m p r g e
m d
c s g h e k d u p
i
g
r r g k
t o o
m e
å p
r u
g
^
r
g
d
t e d
s
d
h
p m
k
c t
s
q o
m
l Z X k o r e o g y k o h e
d g c g g t e t d g
t b
p g h m g p j j k d
t s j
h g h y e e j d d y
d k h o
m g k t c
X d ú v k s p h o g
m d
t k
m m e e
g r
d h j z d ú
m d o s y o k g
m h r
m g p d g m g
m g
h u
t e
t m O j m h k o d m
u p e u J k e e t t
t s e
r z q d g
t o
m k ,
s G t o m
c m h
m k e
m m g j k k g g r
m
G k C e v e j e g j
c t h
Jdopdkgktg Eo`mgktec J
d b
j d
O t
e e
p
e O k
e e
o m
o
k m
g
d s c g p
q k J d
r O t
M E k
e g
IMZMJD

M) EXODZIGPE
Je
Jecmcmhe
hehh hg Em
Emrg
rg (oet
(oetgr
grme
mecc
pe
pert
rtïjïjuc
uceh
ehd
d gk susp
suspgk
gksm
smúk
úk,, -5 -5 -5 -8 -8 -8 -0 -: -0 -: -0 -5
pdcujmúk)
-: -: -0 -:
Lgkgrejmúk hg rumhds -5 -5 -5 -: -: -8 -0 -:
e) ZWGCD
Jdopejtejmúk hg sugcd -5 -0 -: -: -: -: -: -5 -0 -: -: -5
Grdsmúk hg sugcd y pgrhmhes -5 -5 -: -: -: -5 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0

Pmg
Pmgsld
sld hg jdkteo
jdkteomke
mkejmú
jmúk
k hg
-5 -0 -8 -8 -: -: -: -: -: -: -:
sugcd
Lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds sdcmhds -5 -5 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0
99

JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG ELWE1 GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK ^CEK OGPMZ1 HMZXPMXD HG BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK
`) ÊMZEFG
Odhmimjejmúk hgc pemsefg -0 -0 -5 -8 -0 -8 -5 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0
MM) @MDCDLMJD
j) ICDPE
Ectgrejmúk hg ce vglgtejmúk
-5 -0 -: -: -: -: -: -5 -5 -5 -5 -5
keturec
^grhmhe hg be`mteh -5 -: -: -: -: -: -5 -5 -5 -5 -5
h) IEWKE
Ectgrejmúk hg be`mteh -5 -0 -: -: -: -: -: -5 -5 -5 -5 -5
^grhmhe hg be`mteh (rghujjmúk y
-5 -: -: -: -: -: -5 -5 -5 -5 -5
omlrejmúk)
MMM) ZDJMD ‚ GJDKDOMJD ] JWCXWPEC
g) ZDJMEC
Zecuh y sglurmheh -5 -5 -: -0 -: -: -: -: -: -: -: -: -:
Jdkicmjtds sdjmecgs - - - - - - - - - - - - -
i) GJDKDOMJDZ
Lgkgrejmúk hg gopcgd 0 0 7 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Lg
Lgkg
kgre
rejm
jmúk
úk hg ej
ejtm
tmvm
vmhe
hehg
hgss
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
gjdkúomjes
Mkjrgogktd hg sgrvmjmds : : : : : : : : : 8
l) JWCXWPEC
9<

Erqugdcdlïe > > > > > > > > > > > > >
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
92

Juehrd K¾8>6 Oetrmz hg Mhgktmimjejmúk hg Mopejtd Eo`mgktec gk ce Gtepe hg Eèkhdkd

GXEÊ HG E@EKHDKD
Ejtmvmhehgs hgc
^rdygjtd c
g d k
h t
j k g
k g ú h
r
m
ú y
m j d
j d
r e
t y
e p
t g e
m
c c l z
m g g g
` h v m
e g p
b e
g g
r P o
m
Jdopdkgktg Eo`mgktec P å C
M) IMZMJD
e) EXOD
EXODZIZIGP
GPEE
Jecmheh hg emrg (oetgrmec pertmjucehd,
-5 :
pdcujmúk)
Lgkgrejmúk hg rumhds -5
`) ZWGC
ZWGCDD
Jecmheh hg sugcd 0 0 0
j) ÊMZEFG
Pgjupgrejmúk hgc pemsefg cdjec 5 5 5
MM)
MM) @MDC
@MDCDL
DLMJ
MJD
D
e) ICDPE
Ectgrejmúk hg ce vglgtejmúk keturec
^grhmhe hg be`mteh 5
`) IEWKE
Ectgrejmúk hg be`mteh
^grh
^grhmh
mhee hg be`m
be`mte
teh
h (r
(rgh
ghuj
ujjm
jmúk
úk y
0
omlrejmúk)
MMM) ZDJMD ‚ GJDKDOMJD

GJDKDOMJD ] JWCXWPEC
e) ZDJMEC
Zecuh y sglurmheh -5 -5 -0
Jdkicmjtds sdjmecgs -5
`) GJDKDOMJ MJD
DZ
Lgkgrejmúk hg gopcgd 5 5 5
Lgkgrejmúk hg ejtmvmhehgs
5 5 5
gjdkúomjes
Mkjrgogktd hg sgrvmjmds 5 5 5
j) JWCXWPEC
Erqugdcdlïe > > >
J dksuctdr
9=

YM.8
YM.8 Hg
Hgse
serr
rrdc
dccd
cd hg ce mhgk
mhgkttmi
mimj
mjej
ejmú
múk
k y gvgvec
ecu
uejmú
ejmúkk hg es
espg
pgjt
jtds
ds g mo
mop
pej
ejtd
tdss
eo`mgktecgs
YM.8.5 Mhgkt
Mhgktmimjejmú
mimjejmúkk hg esp
espgjtds
gjtds g mopejtd
mopejtdss eo`mgk
eo`mgktecgs
tecgs
Gk gc prgsgktg ïtgo sg mhgktmimje, gvecöe y hgsjrm`g cds mopejtds eo`mgktecgs y sdjmecgs qug
sg prgsgkterek hurektg gc prdygjtd –JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG
ELWE1 GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK ^CEK OGPMZ1 HMZXPMXD HG BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME
XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟.
êre gc ekåcmsms eo`mgktec sg be jdkigjjmdkehd uke cmste hg vgrmimjejmúk mhgktmimjekhd ces
prm
prmkjm
kjmpe
pecgs
cgs ej
ejtmv
tmvmhe
mhehg
hgss e pertm
pertmrr hg ces jue
juecgs
cgs sg hgi
hgimkm
mkmgrd
grdkk cds esp
espgjt
gjtds
ds g mop
mopejt
ejtds
ds
eo`mgktecgs hgc prdygjtd hgtgromkekhd su mkicugkjme sd`rg cds gcgogktds hg oghmd iïsmjd,
`mdcúlmjd, sdjmdgjdkúomjd y jucturec erqugdcúlmjd.
Gk iukjmúk e ce oetrmz hg mhgktmimjejmúk hg mopejtds, sg gce`drú ce oetrmz hg vecdrmzejmúk hg
cds prmkjmpecgs mopejtds eo`mgktecgs qug pughek sgr lgkgrehds pdr ces ejtmvmhehgs hgc
pr
prdy
dygj td –JD
gjtd –JDKZX
KZXPWJPWJJMD
JMDK K HG JE^ JE^XEJ
XEJMÚK
MÚK ZW^
ZW^GPI
GPIMJM
MJMEC
EC HG ELW ELWE1
E1 GK GC(GC(CE)
CE)
MPPMLE
MPP MLEJM
JMÚK
ÚK ^C ^CEK
EK OGOGPM PMZ1
Z1 HMZ HMZXP
XPMX
MXD
D HG BW BWEZ
EZEB
EBWE WEZM
ZM,, ^P
^PDY
DYMKJ
MKJMEME XE
XEPO
POE,
E,
HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟.
Gk tíromkds lgkgrecgs gc oítdhd jdksmhgre ce hgsjrmpjmúk hg jehe gigjtd mhgktmimjehd, hg
ejugrhd jdk cds smlumgktg
smlumgktgss peråogtrds hg vecdrmzejmúk
vecdrmzejmúk d jecmimjejmúk
jecmimjejmúk..
E. Yer
Yermejm
mejmúk
úk hg
hg ce Je
Jecmhe
cmhehh Eo`
Eo`mgktmgktec
ec
Gstg peråogtrd hg vecdrejmúk gstå rgigrmhd e ce jdkhmjmúk pdsmtmve d kgletmve hg jehe
ukd hg cds mopejtds pdsm`cgs1 gs pdsmtmvd sm ogfdre ce jecmheh hg uk jdopdkgktg
eo`mgktec y gs kgletmvd sm rghujg ce jecmheh hgc omsod.
@. Pg
Pgcej
cejmú
múkk Jeu
Jeusese ‚ Gi
Gigj
gjtd
td
Hgtgr
Hg tgromk
omkeh
ehee pdr gc lrelrehd
hd hg rgcrgcejm
ejmúk
úk hgc
hgc mop
mopejt
ejtd
d prd
prdhu
hujmh
jmhd
d jdk ce ejt
ejtmvm
mvmheh
heh
lgkgrehdre hgc omsod, ce juec pughg tgkgr uke rgcejmúk hmrgjte sm gc mopejtd gs
jdksgjugkjme
jdksgjugkj me hmrgjte hg ce ejtmvmheh hgc prdygjtd, esdjmehe sm gc mopejtd surlg jdod
jdksgjugkjme hg ejtmvmhehgs rgcejmdkehes ec prdygjtd g mkhmrgjte juekhd gc mopejtd
gs drm
drmlmk
lmkeh
ehdd pdr cds giggigjtd
jtdss hg uk mopmopejt
ejtd
d lgk
lgkgre
grehd
hd pdr
pdr ecluk
ecluke
e ejtmv
ejtmvmhe
mheh
h hgc
hgc
prdygjtd.
J. Mkt
Mktgks
gksmheh
mheh ((lre
lrehd
hd hg hg
hgstr
strujjm
ujjmúk)
úk)
Gste jerejtgrïstmje gstå rgigrmhe ec lrehd hg mkjmhgkjme hg ce ejtmvmheh sd`rg uk
hgtgromkehd jdopdkgktg eo`mgktec, gk gc åo`mtd hg gxtgksmúk gspgjïimje gk qug
ejtöe. Gs ce hmogksmúk hgc mopejtd1 gs hgjmr, ce oghmhe hgc jeo`md juektmtetmvd d
juecmtetmvd hg uk peråogtrd eo`mgktec, prdvdjehd pdr uke ejjmúk.
H. Gxt
xtgk
gksm
smúk
úk
Zg rgimgrg
åo`mtd hg emkicugkjme
ces årgeshgd supgrimjmgs
sus gigjtds,eigjtehes,
puhmgkhdjecmimjekhd gc (cds
sgr6 puktuec mopejtd
qug hg ejugrhd
djurrgk gk ec
gc
omsod puktd hg lgkgrejmúk), cdjec (hgktrd hg cds cïomtgs hgc prdygjtd) y rglmdkec (gk
gc årge hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd).
G. ^rd
^rdè`
è`mcmh
mcmheh
eh hg dju
djurrgk
rrgkjme
jme
êråogtrd rgigrmhd e ce prdè`mcmheh hg qug sg lgkgrg gc mopejtd sd`rg gc oghmd
eo`mgktg hg`mhd e uke ejtmvmheh gspgjïimje. Gstd pughg sgr jmgrtd juekhd sg prgví
qug gs mk mkgvm
gvmte`
te`cg
cg su dju
djurrg
rrgkjm
kjme1
e1 prd
prdè`
è`cg,
cg, jue
juekh
khdd gxm
gxmstg
stg ce pdsm`
pdsm`mcm
mcmheh
heh rge
rgecc hg
<>

djurrgkjme hg`mhd ec iejtdr rmgsld cetgktg1 y pdjd prdè`cgs, juekhd kd sg prgví su

djurrgkjme hg`mhd ec èfd rmgsld qug rgprgsgktek hmjbe ejtmvmheh.
I. ^grsm
grsmststgk
gkjm
jmee
Zg rgimgrg ec pgrmdhd hg tmgopd, qug sg supdkg eigjtere gc mopejtd. Cds mopejtds
ejjmhgkt
ejjmhgktecgs
ecgs jdod su kdo`
kdo`rgrg cd mkh
mkhmje
mje sdk cds djesmdk
djesmdkehds
ehds ejjm
ejjmhgkte
hgktecogk
cogktg
tg y
pgroekgjgk ejtmvds gk uk pgrmdhd mkoghmetd d hg jdrte hurejmúk.
Cds mopejtds tgopdrecgs sdk cds qug pgroekgjgk pdr uk pgrmdhd hg tmgopd rglucer
qug gstå gk iukjmúk hg ce ejtmvmheh lgkgrehdre y hgsepergjgk juekhd tgromke
hmjbes ejtmvmhehgs hg ce pcekte y cds mopejtds pgroekgktgs sdk equgccds qug sg hek
gk ididro
roee jd
jdktktmk
mkue
ue hu
hure
rekt
ktg
g ce dpdpgr
grej
ejmú
múk
k hgc
hgc prdy
prdygjtd –JDKZ
gjtd –JDKZXPWJJM
XPWJJMDKDK HG
JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG ELWE1 GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK ^CEK OGPMZ1
HMZXPMXD HG BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟.
L. Gstg
Jep
Jepejmh
ejmheh
eh h
hgg pere
mkhmjehdr rgj
rgjupg
upgrejm
cdsrejmúk
úk kgletmvds, sg rgimgrg ec lrehd hg rgjupgre`mcmheh hgc
gigjtds
iejtdr eo`mgktec mopejtehd, ye sge hg`mhd e elgktgs keturecgs d pdr mktgroghmd hg
ejjmdkgs hg jdrrgjjmúk d omtmlejmúk qug sg tgklek qug gigjtuer jdk gc d`fgtmvd hg
omtmler gc pdsm`cg mopejtd, ce gsjece hg rgvgrsm`mcmheh ve hgshg gc gigjtd iulez
juekhd gc iejtdr eo`mgktec eigjtehd gs råpmheogktg rgjupgrehd, rgjupgre`cg
rgjupgre`cg juekhd
gc iejtdr eo`mgktec eigjtehd gs pdsm`cg hg sgr rgvgrtmhd e sus jdkhmjmdkgs keturecgs
ye sge jdk ejj ejjmdk
mdkgs
gs ketur
keturec
ecgs
gs d ogh
oghme
mektg
ktg ce mktgr
mktgrvgk
vgkjmú
jmúk
k hg ectgr
ectgrke
ketmv
tmves
es hg
omtmlejmúk y/ rgoghmejmúk1 y pdr öctmod gc gigjtd mrrgjupgre`cg gs juekhd gc iejtdr
mopejt
mop ejtd
d kd gs pdspdsm`c
m`cg
g qu
qug
g sge rgv
rgvgr
grtmh
tmhd
d e sus jdk
jdkhmj
hmjmdk
mdkgs
gs ketur
keturec
ecgs
gs mkjcu
mkjcusd
sd
oghmektg ce epcmjejmúk hg oghmhes hg omtmlejmúk y/d rgoghmejmúk.
B. Mkt
Mktgrej
grejjmúk
jmúk h
hgg ejjm
ejjmdkg
dkgss y/d gi
gigjtd
gjtdss
Gstg peråogtrd gstå rgigrmhd ec lrehd hg mktgrejjmúk qug pughg prgsgktersg gktrg cds
gigjt
gigjtds
juekhdds gc
lgkg
lgkgrehd
rehdss kd
mopejtd pdrmktgrejtöe
cds mope
mopejtds
jtds mhgk
mhgktmimj
tmimjehd
jdk kmklök ehds,
s,Ejuoucetmvd
dtrd. prgs
prgsgktåk
gktåkhdsg
hdsg hgsh
hgshg
juekhd g smop
hds smopcgs
cgs
d oås
mopejtds qug eigjtek uk iejtdr hgtgromkehd pughgk ejuoucer sus gigjtds mopcmjekhd
uk hgtgrmdrd oeydr sd`rg gc jmtehd iejtdr eo`mgktec y smkírlmjd juekhd hds d oås
mopejtds qug eigjtek e uk iejtdr eo`mgktec hgtgromkehd, mktgrejtöek gktrg sï pere
djesmdker dtrd mopejtd hg kugves jerejtgrïstmjes y/d eigjtejmúk.
M. ^grmdhmjmheh
Gste rgigrmhd e ce irgjugkjme hg epermjmúk hgc mopejtd mhgktmimjehd, puhmgkhd tgkgr uk
jeråjtgr ökmjd u djesmdkec juekhd djurrg uke sdce vgz d ouy gvgktuecogktg gk gc
treksjursd hg ce vmhe ötmc hgc prdygjtd, pgrmúhmjd juekhd sg prgsgktek jdk jmgrte
irgjugkjme jïjcmje hg ejugrhd e hgtgromkehe ejtmvmheh hgc prdjgsd prdhujtmvd hgc
prd
rdyygjtd –J
jtd –JDK
DKZX
ZXPW
PWJJM
JJMDK
DK HG JE JE^X
^XEJM
EJMÚKÚK ZW ZW^G
^GPI
PIMJ
MJMEC
MEC HG EL
ELWEWE11 GK
GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK ^CEK OGPMZ1 HMZXPMXD HG BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME
XEPOE, HG^
XEPOE, HGÊPXEPXEOG
EOGKXD
KXD FWKFWKMK‟
MK‟.. ] jdktmköd juekhd gc mopejtd sg prgsgkte
hurektg tdhe ce vmhe ötmc hgc prdygjtd.
Gk gc juehrd smlumgktg sg ougstrek ce gsjece hg vecdrejmúk d jecmimjejmúk pere jehe
ukd hg cds peråogtrds hgsjrmtds ektgrmdrogktg, mkhmjekhd esmomsod gc júhmld jdk gc
qug mhgktmimjere ce oetrmz hg vecdrejmúk hg mopejtd.
<5

Juehrd K¾856 Gsjece hg Jecmimjejmúk hg Mopejtds Eo`mgktecgs

Júhmld êråogtrds hg vecdrejmúk Jetgldrïes Jecmimjejmúk
Yermejmúk hg ce jecmheh ^dsmtmvd +
E
eo`mgktec Kgletmvd -
Mkhmrgjtd d sgjukhermd 5
@ Pgcejmúk jeuse ‚ gigjtd Esdjmehd 0
Hmrgjtd :
Mktgksmheh (lrehd hg Oïkmod d èfd 5
J hgstrujjmúk) Oghmd d ectd 0
Kdte`cg d ouy ectd :
ûktuec 5
H Gxtgksmúk Cdjec 0
Pglmdkec :
^djd prdè`cg 5
G ^rdè`mcmheh hg djurrgkjme ^rdè`cg 0
Jmgrtd :
Ejjmhgktec 5
I ^grsmstgkjme Xgopdrec 0
^groekgktg :
Iulez 5
L Jepejmheh hg rgjupgrejmúk Pgvgrsm`cg
Mrrgjupgre`cg 0:
Mkt
Mktgre
grejjm
jjmúk
úk hg ejjmdkgs y/d Zmopcg
ejjmdkgs 5
B Ejuoucetmvd 0
gigjtds Zmkírlmjd :
Ökmjd 5
M ^grmdhmjmheh ^grmúhmjd 0
jdktmkud :
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
YM.8.0
YM.8.0 Gte
Gtepe
pe hg
hg Jd
Jdkst
kstrujj
rujjmúk
múk
êre ce jec
êre jecmim
mimjej
jejmúk
múk hg
hgcc vec
vecdr
dr mktglr
mktglrec
ec hg cdcdss mop
mopejt
ejtds
ds mhgkt
mhgktmim
mimjeh
jehds
ds iug
iugrdk
rdk jec
jecmim
mimjeh
jehds
ds
gopcgekhd uk ïkhmjg d vecdr kuoírmjd mktglrec pere jehe mopejtd, hgktrd hg uke gsjece hg
djbd (>2) e vgmktmjuetrd (08), cds juecgs gståk gk iukjmúk hg ce jecmimjejmúk hg jehe ukd hg
cds peråogtrds hg vecdrejmúk sgõecehds ektgrmdrogktg.
Gc vecdr kuoírmjd sg d`tuvd oghmektg ce iúrouce
i úrouce smlumgk
smlumgktg6
tg6
Yecdr Mktglrec hgc Mopejtd ? MEM + M@M + MJM + MHM + MGM + MIM + MLM + MBM + MMM
Cds vecdrgs kuoírmjds d`tgkmhd pgromtgk elruper cds mopejtds hg ejugrhd ec rekld hg
smlkmimjekjme `gkgimjmdse d ehvgrse jdod sg prgsgkte gk gc juehrd smlumgktg6
Juehrd K¾806 Zmlkmimjekjme
<0

Pekld Zmlkmimjekjme
0> ‚ 08 Ectd d lrevg
57 ‚ 5= Oghme d odhgrehe
>2 - 58 @efe d cgvg
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
Juehrd K¾8:6 Oetrmz hg Jecmimjejmúk hg Mopejtds

M opejtds Eo`mgktecgs ‚ Gtepe ^rgcmomker, Jdkstrujjmúk
y Dpgrejmúk
Yecdr
Jdopdkgktg êråogtrds hg Yecdrejmúk
Mopejtd Mktglrec
Eo`mgktec
E @ J H G I L B M
Gtepe ^rgcmomker
Jecmheh hg emrg (pertïjuces
- 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 -2
Emrg gk suspgksmúk, pdcujmúk)
Lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 -2
Jdopejtejmúk hg sugcd - 5 0 5 5 5 0 5 5 -5>
Grdsmúk hg sugcd y pgrhmhe
- 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 -55
hgc hmqug, jeo`md hg usd
Zugcd Pmgsld
Pmg sld hg jdkteo
jdkteomke
mkejmú
jmúk
k
- 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 -55
hg sugcd
Lgkg
Lg kgrej
rejmú
múk
k hg rgsmh
rgsmhud
udss
- 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 -55
sdcmhds
êmsefg Odhmimjejmúk hgc pemsefg - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 -2
- : 5 5 5 0 0 5 5 -50
Icdre keturec
^grhmhe hg bå`mtets - 5 5 5 5 5 0 5 5 -=
Ectgrejmúk hg bå`mtets - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 -2
Ieuke ^grhmhe hg be`mtes
- 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 -2
(rghujjmúk y hg
Lgkgrejmúk omlrejmúk)
pugstds hg
Gopcgd + 0 5 0 5 0 - 5 5 5>
treèfd
Mkjrgogktd hg
Pmgsld hg ejjmhgktgs - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 -2
sgrvmjmds
Zecuh y sglurmheh Pmgsld hg ejjmhgktgs - 5 5 5 5 5 0 5 5 -=
Lgkgrejmúk hg
Euogktd hgc odvmomgktd
ejtmvmhehgs + 5 5 5 0 0 - 0 5 5>
jdogrjmec
gjdkúomjes
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
Yecdr
Mopejtd Mktglrec
Eo`mgktec
E @ J H G I L B M
Gtepe Jdkstrujjmúk
- 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 0 -50
Lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds - 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 0 -50
Zugcd Jdopejtejmúk hg sugcd - 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 -50
- 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 -55
Pmgsld
Pmg sld hg jdkteo
jdkteomke
mkejmú
jmúk
k - 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 -55
hg sugcd
<:

Lgkgrej
Lgkg rejmú
múk
k hg rgsmh
rgsmhud
udss
- 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 -55
sdcmhds
êmsefg Odhmimjejmúk hgc pemsefg - : 5 0 0 : 0 5 : -5<
- : 5 5 5 0 0 5 5 -50
Icdre keturec
^grhmhe hg bå`mtets - 5 5 5 5 5 0 5 5 -=
Ectgrejmúk hg bå`mtets - 5 5 5 5 5 0 5 5 -=
- 5 5 5 5 5 0 5 5 -=
(rghujjmúk y omlrejmúk)
Lgkgrejmúk hg pugstds hg
Gopcgd + 0 0 0 : : - 0 0 59
treèfd
Mkjrgogktd hg
Pmgsld hg ejjmhgktgs - 0 5 0 5 5 : 0 5 -5:
sgrvmjmds
Zecuh y sglurmheh Pmgsld hg ejjmhgktgs - 0 5 : 5 5 : 0 : -59
Lgkgrejmúk
ejtmvmhehgshg Euogktd hgc odvmomgktd + 5 5 0 0 0 - 0 5 55
jdogrjmec
gjdkúomjes
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
Yecdr
Mopejtd Mktglrec
Eo`mgktec
E @ J H G I L B M
Gtepe Dpgrejmúk
- 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 : -5:
Lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds - 5 5 0 : 0 5 0 : -57
Jdopejtejmúk hg sugcd - 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 -5:
- 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 -5:
Zugcd Pmgsld hg jdkteo
Pmgsld jdkteomke
mkejmú
jmúk
k
- 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 -50
hg sugcd
Lgkg
Lg kgrej
rejmú
múk
k hg rgsmh
rgsmhud
udss
- 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 -55
sdcmhds
êmsefg Odhmimjejmúk hgc pemsefg - : 5 0 0 : 0 5 : -5<
- : 5 5 5 0 0 5 5 -50
Icdre keturec
^grhmhe hg bå`mtets - : 5 5 5 0 0 5 5 -50
Ectgrejmúk hg bå`mtets - : 5 5 5 0 0 5 5 -50
- : 5 5 5 0 0 5 5 -50
Gopcgd + 5 0 0 : : - 0 0 57
treèfd
Mkjrgogktd hg
Pmgsld hg ejjmhgktgs - 0 5 0 5 5 : 0 5 -5:
sgrvmjmds
Zecuh y sglurmheh Pmgsld hg ejjmhgktgs - 5 5 : 5 5 : 0 : -57
Lgkgrejmúk hg
Euogktd hgc odvmomgktd
ejtmvmhehgs + 5 5 0 0 0 - 0 5 55
jdogrjmec
gjdkúomjes
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
<8

Juehrd K¾886 Oetrmz hg Jecmimjejmúk hg Mopejtds Eo`mgktecgs ‚ Gtepe hg Eèkhdkd

Yecdr
Mopejtd Mktglrec
Eo`mgktec
E @ J H G I L B M
Gtepe hg Eèkhdkd
Pgvg
Pg vglg
lgte
tejm
jmúk
úk hg årgeårgess
Icdre hmsturèhes. + 0 0 0 0 : : 5 57
Pgjupgrej
Pgjupg rejmúk
múk hgc pemsef
pemsefg
g
Imsmdlreiïe hg ce
cdjec. + : 0 0 0 : 0 5 57
zdke
Pgju
Pgjupg
pgre
rejm
jmúk
úk hg årge
årgess
Zugcd + 0 0 0 5 : 0 : 57
hmsturèhes.
Pgj
Pgjupg
upgrej
rejmúk
múk hg bå`mte
bå`mtets
ts
Ieuke + 0 0 0 5 : - : : 59
hg ieuke smcvgstrg.
Gopcgd - 0 5 5 0 5 0 5 5 -55
treèfd.
Zecuh hg cds Pmgsld hg eigjtejmúk e ce
- 0 5 5 0 5 0 5 5 -55
treèfehdrgs secuh hg cds treèfehdrgs.
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
YM.8.:
YM.8.: Gte
Gtepe
pe hg Dpgrejmú
Dpgrejmúk
k y Oek
Oektgk
tgkmomg
momgktd
ktd
Kd sg be jdksmhgrehd ce lgkgrejmúk hg mopejtds smlkmimjetmvds hurektg gc hgserrdccd hg gste

gtepe.
YM
YM.8.
.8.88 Gt
Gtep
epee hg J
Jmg
mgrrg
rrg
Gk ce gtepe hg jmgrrg hg ce gtepe jdkstrujtmve d jmgrrg hgimkmtmvd hg ce vmhe ötmc hgc prdygjtd,
sg bek jdksmhgrehd tdhes ces ejtmvmhehgs hg oeydr mopejtd ec eo`mgktg qug sg tmgkgk
prgvmstes uke vgz qug imkecmjgk ces ce`drgs hg ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmúk, d juekhd gc prdygjtd
jucomkg su vmhe ötmc qug sdk 5> eõds y tgkle qug sgr rgtmrehd.
YM.8.7 Gvecue
Gvecuejmúk
jmúk hhgg esp
espgjtds
gjtds g mopejt
mopejtds
ds eo`
eo`mgktecg
mgktecgss
E jdktmkuejmúk, sg hgsjrm`gk gk rgsuogk cds mopejtds oås smlkmimjetmvds

smlkmimjetmvds sd`rg jehe ukd hg
cds jdo
jdopdk
pdkgk
gktgs
tgs eo`
eo`mgk
mgktec
tecgs
gs jdk
jdksmh
smhgre
grehds
hds,, e lgkgr
lgkgrers
ersg
g pdr jehjehee ejt
ejtmvm
mvmheh
heh gk ces
ces
hmigrgktgs gtepes hgc prdygjtd.
<7

Juehrd K¶876 Ekåcmsms hg ce Oetrmz hg Jecmimjejmúk hg Mopejtds Eo`mgktecgs ‚ Gtepe hg Jdkstrujjmúk
Ekåcmsms hg ce Oetrmz hg Jecmimjejmúk hg Mopejtds Eo`mgktecgs

Gtepe hg Jdkstrujjmúk
Iejtdrgs Eo`mgktecgs Jecmimjejmúk Xmpd hg Mopejtd Hgsjrmpjmúk
Iïsmjd
Epergjg jdod jdksgjugkjme hgc gopcgd hg oequmkerme y gqumpds
odtdrmzehds gk ces ejtmvmhehgs hg dpgrejmúk hgc prdygjtd. Zmk goèrld,
Mkjrgogktd hg oetgrmec pertmjucehd gs prgjmsd sgõecer qug hg`mhd e ce pdje oelkmtuh hg ces ukmhehgs
-50 Kgletmvd
(pdcvd) odtdrmzehe
odtdr mzehess e gopcger,
gopcger, gc mopej
mopejtd
td e lgkgrersg
lgkgrersg tmgkg uke oelkmtuh
oelkmtuh
rghujmhe y idjecmzehe ec gktdrkd mkoghmetd hg ce zdke hg treèfd hg tecgs
Emrg gqumpds.
Gs djesmdkehd pdr gc trescehd g mkstecejmúk hg cds gqumpds y oequmkermes
gk ces ejtmvmhehgs hg jdkstrujjmúk hgc prdygjtd. Zg gstmoe qug cds kmvgcgs
Lgkgrejmúk hg rumhd -50 Kgletmvd hg rumhd lgkgrehds ecjekzerek kmvgcgs odcgstds e pdje hmstekjme hg cds
puktds hg lgkgrejmúk, hmsomkuygkhd jdksmhgre`cgogktg su mktgksmheh
jdkidrog sg ecgfe hgc puktd hg lgkgrejmúk.
Jdopejtejmúk hg sugcd -50 Kgletmvd
Grdsmúk hg sugcd y pgrhmhe hgc hmqug, Zg jdksmhgre qug cds gigjtds qug sg lgkgrg gk gc sugcd, djesmdkehd pdr
-55 Kgletmvd gc ^rdy
^rdygjtd
gjtd –JDKZ
–JDKZXPWJ
XPWJJMDK
JMDK HG JE^XE
JE^XEJMÚK
JMÚK ZW^G
ZW^GPIMJM
PIMJMEC
EC HG
Zugcd jeo`md hg usd ELWE
ELWE11 GK GC(CGC(CE)
E) MPPM
MPPMLE
LEJMJMÚK
ÚK ^CEK
^CEK OGOGPMPMZ1
Z1 HMZX
HMZXPM
PMXD
XD HG
Pmgsld hg jdkteomkejmúk hg sugcd -55 Kgletmvd BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟, FWKMK‟, sdk
Lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds sdcmhds -55 Kgletmvd hg pgqugõe e oghmeke oelkmtuh.
êmsefg Odhm
Odhmimimje
jejm
jmúk
úk hgc
hgc êms
êmsef
efg
g -5
-5<
< Kgle
Kgletm
tmvd
vd Kd be
be`r
`rå
å odhm
odhmimimje
jejm
jmúk
úk hg
hgcc pe
pems
msef
efg
g ke
ketu
ture
rec,
c, ye qu
qug
g gc pr
prdy
dygj
gjtd
td jd
jdkt
ktgo
gopc
pcer
eråå
mkstecejmúk hg qdjbes1 esï gstd ogfdrerå ce hmspdkm`mcmheh hgc rgjursd
bïhr
bïhrmj
mjd
d gk cesces rgrglm
lmdk
dkgs
gs y kd rg rgec
ecmz
mzer
erå å uk mope
mopejtjtd
d vmsu
vmsuec
ec gk cds
cds
gjdsmstgoes keturecgs. Xeopdjd sg rgecmzerå ectgrejmúk ec pemsefg pdr ce
jdkstrujjm
jdkst rujjmúk
úk hg ces jerrgtgres,
jerrgtgres, ye qug gc prdygjtd
prdygjtd ebï prgsgkjme
prgsgkjme hg
<9

trdjbes jerrdze`cgs, hdkhg cds pd`cehdrgs treksmtek pere sus hmigrgktgs

ejtmvmhehgs.
@mdcúlmjd
Ectgrejmúk hg ce vglgtejmúk keturec -50 Kgletmvd Gs djesmdkehd pdr ce gcmomkejmúk hg ce Jd`grture Yglgtec1 pgrd gk ce
Icdre
^grhmhe hg bå`mtets -= Kgletmvd mkstecejmúk hgc prgsgktg prdygjtd su smlkmimjekjme sgrå kgletmve.
Ectgrejmúk hg Bå`mtets -= Kgletmvd Gs djesmdkehd pdr hgs`rdjg hg ces årges y qug smlkmimjere ce gcmomkejmúk
Ieuke ^grhmhe hg bå`mtets (rghujjmúk y hg bå`
bå`mte
mtets
ts hg gsp
gspgjm
gjmgs
gs prdpme
prdpmess hgc årg
årge
e hg mki
mkicug
cugkjm
kjme
e hmr
hmrgjt
gjte
e hgc
-= Kgletmvd prdygjtd. ] teo`mík tgkhrå hg smlkmimjekjme kgletmve.
omlrejmúk)
Zdjmd Gjdkúomjd
Ce jdkstrujjmúk y/d mkstecejmúk hg ces qdjbes1 mopcmjere ce rgstrmjjmúk hg
Jeo`md hg usd hg sugcd -59 Kgletmvd jmgrtds usds kd jdopetm`cgs jdk gc d`fgtmvd hg sglurmheh, tecgs jdod ce
Zdjmec jdkstrujjmúk
Gste rgigrmhd hg
ec vmvmgkhes
rmgsld hg yeigjtejmúk
juecqumgr hg
mkiregstrujture.
ce secuh hgc pgrsdkec e jdktreter
Pmgsld hg eigjtejmúk e ce secuh y
pere ce gfgjujmúk hg ces ejtmvmhehgs hgc prdygjtd. Gc rmgld prmkjmpec gstå
sglurmheh hg cds treèfehdrgs y -59 Kgletmvd
rgcejmdkehe jdk ce gxpdsmjmúk hgc treèfehdr e cds pdsm`cgs ejjmhgktgs
pd`cejmúk
djupejmdkecgs prdpmds hg treèfds.
Gste rgigrmhd e ce jdktretejmúk hgc pgrsdkec pere ce oekd hg d`re kd
Lgkgrejmúk hg pugstd hg treèfd 59 ^dsmtmvd
jecmimjehe, hg ces cdjecmhehgs oås jgrjekes ec prdygjtd.
Gjdkúom Zg rgimgrg ec mkjrgogktd hgc odvmomgktd jdogrjmec djesmdkehd pdr ces
jd ejtmvmhehgs hgc prdygjtd, qug mopcmjere ce ehqumsmjmúk hg sgrvmjmds pdr
Mkjrgogktd hg ce ejtmvmheh jdogrjmec 55 ^dsmtmvd
pertg hg ce goprgse1 esï jdod ce jdopre hg hmvgrsds prdhujtds gk
pgqugõe gsjece pdr pertg hgc pgrsdkec gk ces pd`cejmdkgs jgrjekes.
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
<<

Juehrd K¶896 Ekåcmsms hg ce Oetrmz hg Jecmimjejmúk hg Mopejtds ‚ Gtepe hg Dpgrejmúk

Gtepe hg Dpgrejmúk
Jecmimjejmú
Iejtdrgs Eo`mgktecgs Xmpd hg Mopejtd Hgsjrmpjmúk
k
Iïsmjd
Epergjg jdod jdksgjugkjme hgc gopcgd hg oequmkerme y gqumpds
odtdrmzehds gk ces ejtmvmhehgs hg dpgrejmúk hgc prdygjtd. Zmk goèrld,
Mkjrgogktd hg oetgrmec gs prgjmsd sgõecer qug hg`mhd e ce pdje oelkmtuh hg ces ukmhehgs
-5: Kgletmvd
pertmjucehd (pdcvd) odtdrmzehes e gopcger, gc mopejtd e lgkgrersg tmgkg uke oelkmtuh
rghujmhe y idjecmzehe ec gktdrkd mkoghmetd hg ce zdke hg treèfd hg tecgs
Emrg gqumpds.
Gs djesmdkehd pdr gc trescehd g mkstecejmúk hg cds gqumpds y oequmkermes
gk ces ejtmvmhehgs hg jdkstrujjmúk hgc prdygjtd. Zg gstmoe qug cds
Lgkgrejmúk hg rumhd -57 Kgletmvd kmv
kmvgcg
gcgss hg rumhd
rumhd lgk
lgkgre
grehds
hds ecj
ecjekz
ekzere
erek
k kmv
kmvgcg
gcgss odcgst
odcgstds
ds e pdj
pdjee
hmstekjme hg cds puktds hg lgkgrejmúk, hmsomkuygkhd jdksmhgre`cgogktg
su mktgksmheh jdkidrog sg ecgfe hgc puktd hg lgkgrejmúk.
Jdopejtejmúk hg sugcd -5: Kgletmvd
Grdsmúk hg sugcd y pgrhmhes Zg jdksmhgre qug cds gigjtds qug sg lgkgrg gk gc sugcd, djesmdkehd pdr
-5: Kgletmvd gc ^rdygjtd –JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG
hg hmqug, jeo`md hg usd
Zugcd Pmgsld hg jdkteomkejmúk hg ELWE1
ELW E1 GK GC(
GC(CE)
CE) MPPMLE
MPPMLEJMÚ
JMÚK
K ^CE
^CEK
K OGP
OGPMZ1MZ1 HMZXPM
HMZXPMXD
XD HG
sugcd -50 Kgletmvd BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟, FWKMK‟, sdk
Lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds hg pgqugõe e oghmeke oelkmtuh.
-55 Kgletmvd
sdcmhds
Kd be`
be`rå
rå odhmim
odhmimjej
jejmúk
múk hgc pem
pemsef
sefg
g ket
keture
urec,c, ye qug gc prd
prdygj
ygjtd
td hg
jdk
jdktgk
tgkhrå
hrå ce mks
mkstec
tecejm
ejmúk
úk hg qdj
qdjbes
bes11 y gstd
gstd eyueyuher
here
e e ogfdre
ogfdrerr ce
êmsefg Odhmimjejmúk hgc êmsefg -5< Kgletmvd
hmspdkm`mcmheh hgc rgjursd bïhrmjd gk ces rglmdkgs y kd rgecmzere uk
mopejtd vmsuec gk cds gjdsmstgoes keturecgs.
@mdcúlmjd
Icdre Ectgrejmúk hg ce vglgtejmúk
úk -50 Kgletmvd Gs ddjjesmdkehd ppd
dr ce
ce g
gccmomkejmúk h
hg
g cce
e J
Jd
d`grture Y
Yg
glgtec1 pg
pgrd g
gk
k cce
e
keturec mkstecejmúk hgc prgsgktg prdygjtd su smlkmimjekjme sgrå kgletmve.
<2

^grhmhe hg bå`mtets -50 Kgletmvd

Ectgrejmúk hg Bå`mtets -50 Kgletmvd Gs djesmdkehd pdr hgs`rdjg hg ces årges y qug smlkmimjere ce gcmomkejmúk
Ieuke ^grhmhe hg bå`mtets hg bå`mtets hg gspgjmgs prdpmes hgc årge hg mkicugkjme hmrgjte hgc
-50 Kgletmvd prdygjtd. ] teo`mík tgkhrå hg smlkmimjekjme kgletmve.
Zdjmd Gjdkúomjd
Ce jdkstrujjmúk y/d mkstecejmúk hg qdjbes1 mopcmjere ce rgstrmjjmúk hg
Jeo`md hg usd hg sugcd -59 Kgletmvd jmgrtds usds kd jdopetm`cgs jdk gc d`fgtmvd hg sglurmheh, tecgs jdod ce
jdkstrujjmúk hg vmvmgkhes y juecqumgr mkiregstrujture.
Zdjmec Gste rgigrmhd ec rmgsld hg eigjtejmúk hg ce secuh hgc pgrsdkec e jdktreter
Pmgsld hg eigjtejmúk e ce
pere ce gfgjujmúk hg ces ejtmvmhehgs hgc prdygjtd. Gc rmgld prmkjmpec gstå
secuh y sglurmheh hg cds -57 Kgletmvd
rgcejmdkehe jdk ce gxpdsmjmúk hgc treèfehdr e cds pdsm`cgs ejjmhgktgs
treèfehdrgs y pd`cejmúk
djupejmdkecgs prdpmds hg treèfds.
Lgkgrejmúk hg pugstd hg 57 ^dsmtmvd Gste rgigrmhd e ce jdktretejmúk hgc pgrsdkec pere ce oekd hg d`re kd
treèfd jecmimjehe, hg ces cdjecmhehgs oås jgrjekes ec prdygjtd.
Zg rgimgrg ec mkjrgogktd hgc odvmomgktd jdogrjmec djesmdkehd pdr ces
Gjdkúomjd
Mkjrgogktd hg ce ejtmvmheh ejtmvmhehgs hgc prdygjtd, qug mopcmjere ce ehqumsmjmúk hg sgrvmjmds pdr
55 ^dsmtmvd
jdogrjmec pertg hg ce goprgse1 esï jdod ce jdopre hg hmvgrsds prdhujtds gk
pgqugõe gsjece pdr pertg hgc pgrsdkec gk ces pd`cejmdkgs jgrjekes.
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
<=

Juehrd K¾8<6 Ekåcmsms hg ce Oetrmz hg Jecmimjejmúk hg Mopejtds ‚ Gtepe hg Eèkhdkd

Gtepe hg Eèkhdkd
Iejtdrgs Eo`mgktecgs Jecmimjejmúk Xmpd hg Mopejtd Hgsjrmpjmúk
Iïsmjd
Pgjupgrejmúk hg årges hmsturèhes 57 ^dsmtmvd
Zugcd
Kmvgcejmúk hg årges hmsturèhes 57 ^dsmtmvd
Zg jdksmhgrek ces ejjmdkgs e ccgversg e je`d cugld hg
imk
imkecm
ecmzeh
zehes
es tdhes
tdhes ces ejtmvm
ejtmvmheh
hehgs
gs hgc prd
prdygj
ygjtd.
td. Cds
@mdcúlmjd jdopdkgkt
jdopd kgktgs
gs sufgtds
sufgtds ec jmgrrg
jmgrrg gsteråk
gsteråk jdkstmtumh
jdkstmtumhds
ds pdr
Pgvglgtejmúk hg ces årges qdjbes1 y gstd eyuhere y ce vïe hg ejjgsd y gstrujtures
Icdre 57 ^dsmtmvd ejjgsdrmes (jeomkds). Gc rgspdkse`cg hg ce gfgjujmúk hgc
hmsturèhes
pce
pcekk sgr
sgrå
å gc rgp
rgprgs
rgsgkt
gktekt
ektg
g hgc prdyg
prdygjtd
jtd fuktd jdk ce
jdoukmheh,
jdouk mheh, pere cd juec cds rgjursds
rgjursds e utmcmzer
utmcmzer sgråk
Pgjupgrejmúk hg bå`mtets hg ieuke pgrsdkec, oequmkerme y gqumpds. Gc tmgopd hg gfgjujmúk
Ieuke 59 ^dsmtmvd
smcvgstrg
sgr
sgrå
å gc hgs
hmrgjtmveshgstmk
hgctmkehd
ehd pdr gc tmtuce
rgprgsgktektg. tmtucerr hg eju
ejugrh
grhd
d jdk ces
Zdjmd Gjdkúomjd
Pmgsld hg eigjtejmúk e ce secuh hg
Zdjmec -55 Kgletmvd
cds treèfehdrgs
Lgkgrejmúk hg pugstd hg treèfd 55 ^dsmtmvd
Gjdkúomjd
Mkjrgogktd hg ce ejtmvmheh jdogrjmec 55 ^dsmtmvd
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
2>

YM
YMM.
M. OG
OGHM
HMHEHEZ
Z HG ^P
^PGY
GYGK
GKJMÚ
JMÚK,K, OM
OMXM
XMLE
LEJM
JMÚK
ÚK D JDJDPPPPGJGJJM
JMÚK
ÚK HG CD CDZZ MO^
MOÊJEJXD
XDZZ
EO@MGKXECGZ
Jdktm
Jd ktmgkg
gkg ce cess ogh
oghmh
mhes
es jdk
jdkvg
vgkmg
kmgktg
ktgss pe
pere
re gcm
gcmomk
omker,
er, rgh
rghujm
ujmrr d jdo
jdopgpgkse
kserr cds
cds mopej
mopejtds
tds
kg
kgle
letmtmvd
vdss hg ejug
ejugrh
rhd
d e ce ke
ketu
ture
recg
cgze
ze hg cd
cdss omso
omsodsds,, y gk iukj
iukjmú
múk
k hg cds
cds mope
mopejt
jtds
ds
mhgktm
mhgktmimj
imjehd
ehdss gk gc prgprgsgk
sgktg
tg prd
prdygj
ygjtd,
td, sg prd
prdpdk
pdkhrå
hråk
k ces
ces ejj
ejjmd
mdkgs
kgs kgjgs
kgjgserm
ermes
es pere
pere
jdrrglmrcds d omtmlercds. Gstes oghmhes sgråk rgjdogkhehes pere jehe peråogtrd eo`mgktec
eigjtehd.
YMM.5
YMM.5 Ogh
Oghmhes
mhes hg ^
^rgvg
rgvgkjmú
kjmúk
k y/
y/d
dOOmtm
mtmlejm
lejmúk
úk h
hgg Mo
Mopej
pejtds
tds
Gtepe hg Jdkstrujjmúk
Ectgrejmúk hg ce icdre smcvgstrg
Ce pírhmhe hg ce jd`grture vglgtec, sdcd sgrå eprgjmehe gk ces zdkes hg ejtmvmheh
ektrúpmje jdod gk ce be`mcmtejmúk hgc hmqug y årges hg usd tgopdrec. Gc tmpd hg
vglgtejmúk gk gstds jesds gs recd, kd be`míkhdsg mhgktmimjehd prgsgkjme hg gspgjmgs
hg pcektes gkhíomjes gk gstehd hg jdksgrvejmúk d hg mopdrtekjme cdjec.
Ectgrejmúk hg ce ieuke smcvgstrg
Ce pgrturèjmúk tgopdrec hg ce ieuke smcvgstrg pdr odvmcmzejmúk hg oequmkermes y

pgrsdkec gk d`re1 gs jdksmhgrehd uk mopejtd hg ogkdr rgcgvekjme1 pugstd qug ce
prgsgkjme hg gstds gk gc åo`mtd hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd gs ouy gsjeze, smgkhd cds
prmkjmpecgss lrupds evmstehds1 cds hg ces evgs1 hg oekgre treksmtdrme.
prmkjmpecg
Jdktrdc hg ce eigjtejmúk e ce jecmheh hg emrg
êre gc jdktrdc hg ces gomsmdkgs hg pdcvd y pertïjuces gk suspgksmúk, drmlmkes pdr gc
trekspdrtg hg oetgrmecgs y gqumpds hgc prdygjtd1 sg rdsgerå elue pdr ce zdke hdkhg
sg mkstecerå ce hgs odktgre, pere gvmter qug sg lgkgrg pdcvd.
Jdktrdc hg lgkgrejmúk hg rumhds
êre gvmter cds rumhds prdhujmhds pdr ce oequmkerme y vgbïjucds hurektg ce gfgjujmúk
hgc prdygjtd, sg rgjdomgkhe jumher gc gstehd hg cds smcgkjme
smcgkjmehdrgs
hdrgs hg hmjbds gqumpds,
pere omtmler cds rumhds y qug kd pesgk cds cïomtgs oåxmods gste`cgjmhds.
Ectgrejmúk hgc sugcd
êre gvmter ce grdsmúk g mkgste`mcm
mkgste`mcmheh
heh hg cds sugcds hurektg cds jdrtgs, sg rgjdomgkhe
gc ehgjuehd hmsgõd hg gccds, hg oekgre qug cds tecuhgs rgsuctektgs kd prgsgktgk
prd`cgoes pdstgrmdrgs.
pdstgrmdrgs. Ec rgspgjtd, sg rgjdomgkhe ces smlumgktgs ejjmdkgs6
 Gvmter gc usd hg oequmkerme pgsehe pere uke oïkmoe jdopejtejmúk.
Hgpúsmtd hg oetgrmec gxjghgktg (HOG)
Jdk rgspgjtd e ce tmgrre qug sgrå rgodvmhe, gste sgrå prmdrmtermeogktg gopcgehe gk
zdkes gk ces qug sg kgjgsmtg rgccgker.
êmsefg
25


Gc pemsefg KD sgrå ectgrehd pdr ce jdkstrujjmúk hgc prdygjtd y sus jdopdkgktgs. Zmk
goèrld, tgkhrå uke ectgrejmúk oïkmoe qug kd sgrå `rusje.
Hmspdsmjmúk imkec hg cds rgsmhuds sdcmhds
Gc prdlreoe hg oekgfd hg rgsmhuds súcmhds mkjcuyg gc oekgfd, ecoejgkeomgktd y ce
hmspdsmjmúk imkec hg cds rgsmhuds súcmhds hdoístmjds g mkhustrmecgs hurektg ces gtepes
hg jdkstrujjmúk, dpgrejmúk y jmgrrg hgc prdygjtd.
Gc pcek hg oekgfd hg rgsmhuds súcmhds sgrå epcmjehd pere ces gtepes hgc prdygjtd1
èsehd gk gc juopcmomgktd hg ce Cgy Lgkgrec hg Pgsmhuds Zúcmhds H.Z. K¾ >58-0>5<-
OMKEO.
YMM.5.55 Gstretg
YMM.5. Gstretglmes
lmes hg ^rgvgkjm
^rgvgkjmúk
úk y/d omtmlejmú
omtmlejmúk
k hg Mopejtds
Zg mkjcuygk cds smlumgktgs Zu`prdlreoes6
 Zu`prdlreoe hg oekgfd hg rgsmhuds súcmhds, cïqumhds y gicugktgs.
 Zu`prdlreoe hg sgõecmzejmúk, sglurmheh eo`mgktec.
Juehrd K¾876 Zu`prdlreoe hg jepejmtejmúk y ghujejmúk eo`mgktec pere prdtgjjmúk hg icdre y
ieuke
GXEÊ HGC
OGHMHE HG HGZJPM^JMÚK HG CE
MOÊJXD XM^D HG EO@MXD HG ^PD]GJXD
OEKGFD OGHMHE
MHGKXMIMJEHD OGHMHE E^CMJEJMÚK
EO@MGKXEC ^PD^WGZXE ^ J
Ectgrejmúk hg su Pgstrmjjmúk ec
bå`mtet y gstrís pgrsdkec sd`rg gc
ejjgsd y/d
Eigjtejmúk tgopdrec
eigjtejmúk hg
hg ce jd`g `grrture
årges kd
vglgt
glgtec ec rerecce pdr
pdr
eutdrmzehes
usd hg årgesJe
Jepepejm
jmte
tejm
jmúk
úk y
tgopdrecgs ghujejmúk Zg
Zgks
ksm`m`mcmcmz
mzej
ejmú
múk
k ec
eo`mgktec pgrsdkec hg d`re
Ebuygkteomgktd ^rgv
^rgvgkt
gktmv
mve
e y
Zglumomgktd sd`rg prdtgjjmúk
prdtgjjmúk Gk d`re R R
tgopdrec
smcvgstrg hg ieuke pdr pere hg jdktrdc hg gspgjmgs
odvm
od vmcmcmze
zejm
jmúk
úk y/d prdtgjjmúk hg
y/d gkhío
khíommjes hg
dpgrejmúk hg icdre y ieuke icdre y ieuke
gqumpds y ^rdbm`mjmúk hg
oequmkermes jeptu
epture re d je jezze
hg gs gspgpgjm
jmgs
gs hg
icdre y ieuke
smcvgstrg
20


Juehrd K¾826 Zu`prdlreoe hg Oekgfd hg Pgsmhuds y Gicugktgs

GXEÊ HGC
OGHMHE
EO@MGKXEC MOÊJXD
MHGKXMIMJEHD OGHMHE ^PD^WGZXE ^PD].
J D
Zg mksteceråk cgtrmkes hg bdyds sgjds, hdkhg su mopejtd gk cds
sugcds
sug cds keturec
keturecgs,gs, pdr su jepejm
jepejmheh
heh hg hglrehej
hglrehejmúk múk hg
oetgrme drlåkmje (gxjrgtes y drmkes).
Ce be
be`m
`mcmcmtej
tejmú
múk k hg ce cgtrm
cgtrmke
ke hg bd bdyd
yd sg
sgjd
jd jd
jdks
ksms
mstgtg gk ce
gxjevejmúk hgc pdzd, gc juec sg rgccgkerå jdk uke jepe
hgcl
hgclehehe e (5>j
(5>jo) o) hg ergkergke e sgsgje
je y dt
dtre
re hg pmgh
pmghre ress hg
oghmekd teoeõd (5>-57jo), gste sglukhe jepe tmgkg gc
x x
d`fgtmvd hg rghujmr gc jdktejtd gktrg ces drmkes y ce oetgrme
igjec, eyuhekhd e su hgsgjejmúk y e ce hmsomkujmúk hg
dcdrgs qug pdhrïek lgkgrersg. ] tdhd gc pgrsdkec tgkhrå
 Ectgrejmúk hg uke mkhujjmúk hg 7 omk ektgs hgc mkmjmd hg ces ce`drgs
ce jecmhe
jecmheh
h hgc hdkhg sg cg gxpcmjere gc jumhehd y oekgfd ehgjuehd hg ces
Oekgfd y jdktrdc hg
sugcd. cgtrmkes y gsterå e jerld hg uk pgrsdkec hgsmlkehd gk gc
vgrtmomgktds hg
 Ectgrejmúk hg årge hgc prdygjtd (jepejmtehd rgspgjtmveogktg).
gicugktgs ce jecmhe
jecmheh
h hgcKd sg pg pgro
romtmtmr
mrå
å gc vgrt
vgrtmo
momg
mgkt
ktd
d hg sdsd`r
`rek
ektg
tgs,
s, tec
tecgsgs jdjdod
od
elue.
pmktur
pmk tures,
es, sdcvgk
sdcvgktgs,
tgs, ehmtmv
ehmtmvds
ds pere
pere jdkjrg
jdkjrgtd,
td, pglekt
pglektgs, gs,
rgsmkes y gk lgkgrec, juecqumgr prdhujtd qug pdr su jecmheh
d jdopdsmjmúk rgsuctgk kgjgsermeogktg túxmjds y heõmkds
pere gc eo`mgktg.
Zm bu`mgsg gc jesd hg lgkgrer rgsmhuds pgcmlrdsds, gstds sg
hg`gråk ecoejgker gk jmcmkhrds jdk tepe pere su pdstgrmdr
treteom
treteomgkt gktd
d jdodjdod rgsmhud
rgsmhud pgcmlr
pgcmlrdsd
dsd y sgr treksp
trekspdrtedrtehds
hds
per
pere su hmsp hmspds
dsmmjmúk
jmúk imke
imkecc hg rgrgsm
smhu
huds
ds sú súcmcmhd
hdss Kd
Oukmjmpecgs, sglök gc Ertïjucd 9=, hgc H.Z. K¾>58-0>58-
OMKEO.
Oghmhes pere gc  Ectgrejmúk hgPgsmhuds súcmhds kd pgcmlrdsds x x
oekgfd hg ce jecmheh hgcGcmo
Gcmomk
mker
er gc hgsod
hgsodkt
ktg
g qu
qugg jd
jdrr
rrgs
gspd
pdkh
khgg e cdcdss oetg
oetgrm
rmec
ecgs
gs
rgsmhuds súcmhds sugcd. sd`rektg
ktgs gk gc ogkdr pc pce
ezd gsgstte`c
`cgj
gjmmhd gk ce
(hdoístmjds,  Ectgrejmúk hg prdl
prdlreo
reoejejmú
múk
k hg d`
d`re
res,
s, ce juec
juec sgrå
sgrå rg
rgec
ecmz
mzehe
ehe pd
pdrr gc
mkhustrmecgs y ce jecmheh hgc rgprgsgktektg hgc prdygjtd, qumgk e su vgz sdcmjmterå gc
pgcmlrdsds) elue. pgromsd e ce oukmjmpecmheh jdrrgspdkhmgktg pere hmspdkgrcd
 Ectgrejmúk hgc ehgjueheogktg. êre uk jdrrgjtd ecoejgkeomgktd hg cds
pemsefg. rgsmhuds súcmhds kd pgcmlrdsds, sg jerejtgrmzerå y jcesmimjerå
ehgjue
ehg jueheo
heogkt
gktg,
g, gk iukjmú
iukjmúk
k e su keturec
keturecgze
gze,, utm
utmcmh
cmheh
eh y
jdopdsmjmúk imsmjdquïomje y `mdcúlmje, tdhds cds rgsmhuds
súcmhds sg tgkhråk qug rgjdcgjter hgshg gc irgktg hg d`re y
sg hmrmlmråk bejme gc puktd hg ejdpmd.
Xmpd 5. Pgsmhuds rgjmjce`cgs y/d rgutmcmze`cgs6
Jdrr
Jd rrgs
gspd
pdkh
khgk
gk e gstg
gstg lrup
lrupdd oetg
oetgrm
rmec
ecgs
gs jd
jdod
od gc vmhr vmhrmd
md,,
ecuomkmd, pepgcgs, ogtecgs, pcåstmjds, jeujbds, oehgre y
jbeter
jbe terre,
re, qug sgråk
sgråk rgjdcgj
rgjdcgjteh
tehds
ds y ecoejg
ecoejgkeh
kehds
ds gk gc
puktd hg ejdpmd.
Xmpd 0. Pgsmhuds drlåkmjds6
Zd`rek
Zd` rektgs
tgs hg jdomhe
jdomhe u gk lgkgre
lgkgre tdhds
tdhds cds hgspgrhmj
hgspgrhmjmdsmds
drlåkmjds qug pughgk sgr treksidroehds gk sugcd drlåkmjd
e trevís
Xmpd hgc prdjgsd
:. Pgsmhuds hg jdopdst.
kd eprdvgjbe`cgs6
2:


Pgsm
Pg smhud
hudss qug
qug kd tmgkg
tmgkgk
k km
kmkl
klök
ök ve
vecd
cdrr y sg
sgrå
råk
k hm
hmsp
spug
ugst
stds
ds
hmrgjteogktg gk gc puktd hg ejdpmd.
Ce rgjdcgjjmúk mkmjmec sg rgecmzerå gk jmcmkhrds, u`mjehds gk cds
prmkjmpecgs irgktgs hgc prdygjtd. Gstds rgjmpmgktgs gsteråk
hg`mheogktg
hg`mhe ogktg rdtucehds pere ce jdcdjejmúk
jdcdjejmúk hg cds rgsmhuds,
cugld gstds rgsmhuds sg rgjdlgråk ec jucomker gc prdygjtd y
ccgvehds e ce Oukmjmpecmheh oås jgrjeke ec prdygjtd pere
Jdktsugkgh
Jdktgk hmspdsmjmúk
ghdr
drgs imkec.
gs pe
pere
re gc ecoe
ecoejgk
jgkeo
eomgmgkt
ktd
d hg rgsm rgsmhu
hudsds
súcmhds.
Gc Mkstmtutd hg Hgigkse hg ce Jdopgtgkjme y gc Mkstmtutd hg ce
^rdtgj
^rd tgjjmú
jmúk
k hg ce ^rd^rdpmg
pmgheh
heh Mkt
Mktgcg
gcgjtu
jtuecec (MKHGJ
(MKHGJD^M D^M),
), hg
ejugrhd jdk ce Kdroe Xíjkmje ^grueke (KX^
=>
=>>.
>.>72
>72.0
.0>5=
>5=),
), gste
gste`c
`cgjg
gjg cd
cdss jd
jdcd
cdrg
rgss e ututmcmcmz
mzer
er gk cd cdss
 Ectgrejmúk hg hmspdsmtmvds hg ecoejgkeomgktd hg rgsmhuds, jdk gc imk hg
ce jecmheh hgc esglurer ce mhgktmimjejmúk y sglrglejmúk hg cds omsods. Gk
sugcd. gc smlumgktg juehrd sg mkhmje gc júhmld hg jdcdrgs hg cds
 Ectgrejmúk hg gkvesgs qug sg hg`gk hg utmcmzer pere ce sgcgjjmúk hg
ce jecmheh hgc rgsmhuds. x x
elue. Pg eprd
eprdvg
vgjb
jbe`
e`cg
cg Kd Pg epeprd
rdvg
vgjb jbe`
e`cg
cg
 Ectgrejmúk hgc Ogtec
pemsefg. Ymhrmd
êpgc y jertúk
^cåstmjd
Drlåkmjd
Lgkgrecgs
^gcmlrdsds
Pgsmhuds súcmhds pgcmlrdsds
Hure
Hu rekt
ktg
g tdhes
tdhes ces
ces gtep
gtepes
es hg
hgcc prprdy
dygj
gjtd
td,, kd sg lg lgkgr
kgrer
eråk
åk
rgsmhuds pgcmlrds.
^grd sm bu`mgsg gc jesd hg lgkgrersg sgrmek6 gkvesgs y rgstds
 Ectgrejmúk hg hg cu`rmjektgs, pmkture, ètgrïes, gtj. sgråk tretehds pdr uke
ce jecmheh hgc GoGoprprgs
gsee Dpgr
Dpgreh ehdr
dre
e hg PgsmPgsmhuhuds
ds Zú Zúcmcmhd
hdss ‚ GD-P
GD-PZ Z
sugcd. (Ert
(Ertïj
ïjuc
ucd
d 2<.-
2<.- PglmPglmst
strd
rd EutdEutdrm
rmte
tetm
tmvvd hg Gopr Goprgs
gses
es
 Ectgrejmúk hg Dpgrehdres hg rgsmhuds súcmhds).
ce jecmheh hgcCds
Cds rgsmrgsmhu
huds
ds túxm
túxmjd
jdss y/y/d
d pgcmpgcmlr
lrds
dsds
ds,, jdod dod èt etgr
grïe
ïess x x
elue. hg
hgsj
sjer
erle
lehes
hes,, pmce
pmcess y dt
dtrds
rds,, hg
hg`g
`gkk sg sgrr jdkim
jdkimke
kehds
hds gk

Ectgrejmúk
pemsefg. jdktgkghdrgs
hgc jdk dtrd tmpd hggspgjmecgs, y gk kmklök
rgsmhuds súcmhds jesd rdfd).
(jdktgkghdr sg ogzjceråk
Zg hg`grå jdkter jdk smstgoes hg prgvgkjmúk hg ejjmhgktgs
pdr gc ecoejgkeomgktd y oekmpucejmúk hgc jdoùstm`cg y
hmspdk
hmspdkgrgr hg gqumpds
gqumpds jdktre
jdktre mkjgkhm
mkjgkhmds
ds y bgrreo
bgrreomgk
mgktes
tes,,
oetgrm
oet grmecgs
ecgs e`sdr`g
e`sdr`gktg
ktgs,
s, peces
peces y `dcses
`dcses pcåstm
pcåstmjes
jes pere
pere
cmopmer juecqumgr hgrreog ejjmhgktec hg bmhrdjerùrds.
Oghmhes Ectgrejmúk hg ce Ektgs hg gigjtuer jdrtgs hg cds hmqugs y/d odvmomgktds hg
eo`mgktecgs jecmheh hgc tmgrre, sg rgtmrerå ce jepe supgrimjmec hgc sugcd, jdopugstd
pere ce sugcd pdr oetgr
oetgrmemecc drlåk
drlåkmj
mjd1
d1 gc jujuec
ec sg hg
hg`g
`grå
rå hmhmsp
spdk
dkgr
gr gk
jdksgrvejmúk hg culerg
cul ergss ehgjue
ehgjuehdshds pere
pere su pdstgr
pdstgrmdr
mdr utm
utmcmz
cmzejm
ejmúk
úk gk ces x
sugcd drlåkmjd ejtm
ejtmvm
vmhe
hehg
hgss hg rgvgrgvglgt
lgtej
ejmú
múk
k hg år årge
gess ei eigj
gjte
tehe
hess y/
y/d
d
susjgptm`cgs e prdjgsds hg grdsmúk.
Zg jepejmterå e cds treèfehdrgs sd`rg tgoes hg oekgfd hg
rgsmhuds súcmhds, gvmtekhd esï ce mkehgjuehe hmspdsmjmúk hg x
cds omsods.
Ec tíromkd
djupeh
dju hg ce
pehes
es d`re,
d `re,
pdr sg rgecmzerå
gc prdygjtd
prdy cemzekhd
rgsteurejmúk
gjtd11 rgecmze
rgec khd ce gcm hg ces
gcmomk
omkejm årges
ejmúk
úk hg x
28


sugcd jdkteom
sugcd jdkteomkeh
kehdsds jdk hgrreo
hgrreogs
gs hg rgsmhu
rgsmhuds
ds cïq
cïqumh
umhds
ds
(bmhrdjerùrd
(bmhrdjerùrds).
s). Zm gs qug sg bu`mgsg lgkgrehd gk gc årge
hgc prdygjtd.
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
Juehrd K¾8=6 Zu`prdlreoe hg Zgõecmzejmúk y Zglurmheh Eo`mgktec

GXEÊ HGC
MOÊJXD
OGHMHE EO@MGKXEC OGHMHE ^PD^WGZXE ^PD].
MHGKXMIMJEHD
J D
Hg`gråk sgõecmzersg equgccds sgjtdrgs hgc årge hg treèfd
 Pglucer ces qug, pdr su mkgste`mcmheh, jgrjekïe e lrupds buoekds d
ce`drgs hg ces ejtmvm
ejtmvmheh
hehgs
gs prdpme
prdpmess hgc ^rdygj
^rdygjtd,
td, rgprgsg
rgprgsgktg
ktgk
k uk
treèfd gk ces rmgsld pdtgkjmec hg ejjmhgktgs. ^cekmimjer ejjgsd råpmhd
x x
zdkes e cds pugstds hg secuh. Ce sgõecmzejmúk hg`g sgr jcere y
eo`mgktecogktg
sgksm`cgs. sgkj
sgoprg
kjmcmcce
jdop
jd ce,ksmúk
, gvmtå
rgksm gvm
úk,,tåkh
khds
sedsg
secv dg hg
cvd hgte
tecc
smtu ccgs
smtuejmgs
ejmdk mk
mkkg
dkgs
gs kgjg
jgse
qugserm
qug rmds
dsecogk
rg
rgec pere
pertg
e su
ogktg cd
 Iejmcmter e cds fustmimqugk.
tre`
treèf
efeh
ehdr
drgs
gs ce Xmpds hg Zgõecgs6
Ejjmhgktgs
cdj
dje
ecmzej
ejmmúk g  Zgõe
Zgõecgs cgs prgvgktmves.
prgvgktmves. - Xmgkgk pdr d`fgtd ehvgrtmr e
ce`drecgs.
mhgktmi
mhgktmimje
mjejmú
jmúk
k hg ces jdoukmhehgs sd`rg ce prgsgkjme hg eclök pgcmlrd y
hgtgromkehds su keturecgze
oghmds d  Zgõe
Zgõecgs cgs prprdbdbm`
m`mt
mtmv es. - ^cek
mves. ^cektg
tge
e ce gxgxms
mstg
tgkjm
kjme
e hg
mkstec
mkstecejm
ejmdkg
dkgss hg cmomtejmdkgs, rgstrmjjmdkgs d prdbm`mjmdkgs qug kdroek x x
prdtgjjmúk, gc usd hg ce jerrgtgre.
gvejuejmúk,  Zgõe
Zgõecgs mkidroetmves.- Drmgktek e ce jdoukmheh ce
cgs mkidroetmves.-
gogrlgkjme d vïe hurekt
hurektgg su vmefg,
vmefg, prdpdr
prdpdrjmd
jmdkåk
kåkhdc
hdcg
g mkidroe
mkidroejmú
jmúkk
prmogrds euxmcmds. sd`rg culergs, rutes, hmrgjjmdkgs, hmstekjmes, sgrvmjmds,
gtj.
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
27

YMM.0
YMM.0 Ogh
Oghmhes
mhes hg O
Oekgf
ekgfd
d gk ce ggtep
tepee hg D
Dpgre
pgrejmúk
jmúk hgc prdyg
prdygjtd
jtd
E jdktmkuejmúk,
jdktmkuejmúk, sg prgsgktek ces oghmhes hg omtmlejmúk gspgjïimjes pere cds oghmds iïsmjd,
`mdcúlmjd y sdjmdgjdkúomjd y jucturec pere ces gtepes hg dpgrejmúk hgc prdygjtd.
Jecmheh hgc sugcd
 ^rejtmjes ehgjuehes hg oekgfd y jdksgrvejmúk hg sugcds.
 Gvmter grdsmúk.
 Gcmomker gc sugcd jdkteomkehd (sm bu`mgsg gc jesd) e oås hg 0> jo hg prdiukhmheh
jdod hmspdsmjmúk imkec.
Jecmheh hgc elue

 Odkmtdrgd hg ce jugkje prmkjmpec, ekåcmsms hg elue y sugcd.
 Cmomter gc tmgopd hg rgtgkjmúk hgc elue gk ce qdjbe.

^rdcmigrejmúk hg odsqumtds
 Pgjmjcefg y rgutmcmzejmúk hg rgsmhuds súcmhds.
 Jursdss hg drm
Jursd drmgk
gktej
tejmúk
múk sd`
sd`rg
rg sec
secuh
uh y ogh
oghmd
md eo`
eo`mg
mgktg
ktg,, gk jdd
jddrhm
rhmkej
kejmú
múk
k jdk gc
rgprgsgktektg hgc prdygjtd y ce jdoukmheh
jdoukmheh..
YM
YMM.
M.:: Og
Oghm
hmhe
hess hg Om
Omtm
tmle
lejm
jmúk
úk,, prgv
prgvgk
gkjm
jmúk
úk,, jd
jdrr
rrgj
gjjm
jmúk
úk gk ce
cess Gt
Gtep
epes
es ^rgc
^rgcmo
momk
mker
er,,
Jdkstrujjmúk, Dpgrejmúk y Eèkhdkd
E jdktmkuejm
jdktmkuejmúk,
úk, sg hgtecce gk uk juehrd rgsuogk, ces oghmhes hg omtmlejmú
omtmlejmúk
k gk ces hmigrgktgs
gtepes hgc prdygjtd6
29

JWEHPD K¾ 8=6 Oghmhes hg Omtmlejmúk, prgvgkjmúk, jdrrgjjmúk gk ces Gtepes ^rgcmomker,

Jdkstrujjmúk, Dpgrejmúk y Eèkhdkd
Gtepes hgc Jdopdkgktg Oghmhes hg ^rgvgkjmúk/
Mopejtds Eo`mgktecgs
^rdygjtd Eo`mgktec Omtmlejmúk/ Jdrrgjjmúk
êre gc jdktrdc hg ces gomsmdkgs hg
pdcvd
pdcvd y pertï
pertïjuce
jucess gk suspgksmú
suspgksmúk,
k,
dr
drml
mlmk
mke
es pdr
pdr gc tre
reks
ksp
pdr
drtg
tg hg
Jecmheh
Jecmheh hg emrg (pertïjuc
(pertïjuces
es
Emrg oetgrmecgs y gqumpds hgc prdygjtd1 sg
gk suspgksmúk, pdcujmúk)
rdsgerå elue pdr ce zdke hdkhg sg
mkstecerå ce hgs odktgre, pere gvmter
qug sg lgkgrg pdcvd.
êre gvmter ce grdsmúk g mkgste`mcmheh
hg cds sugcds hurektg cds jdrtgs, cd
juec sg rgjdogkhe
rgjdogkherå
rå gc ehgjuehd
ehgjuehd
hmsgõd hg gccds, hg oekgre qug cds
Lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds
tec
tecuhg
uhgss rgsuct
rgsuctek
ektgs
tgs kd prgsgk
prgsgktgk
tgk
prd`cgoes pdstgrmdrgs. Ec rgspgjtd,
sg rg
rgjd
jdom
omgk
gkhe
he ce
cess sm
smlu
lumg
mgkt
ktgs
gs
ejjmdkgs6
¼ Gv
Gvmt
mter
er gc usd hg oe
oequ
qumk
mker
erme
me
Jdopejtejmúk hg sugcd pgsehe pere uke oïkmoe
Gtepe ^rgcmomker
jdopejtejmúk.
Zugcd Xeo`mík
Xeo`mík mopcgog
mopcgogkter
kter uk prdlreoe
prdlreoe
hg oe
oekg
kgfd
fd hg rgrgsm
smhu
huds
ds súcm
súcmhd
hds,
s,
hd
hdkh
khg
g tgkh
tgkhrå
rå qu
qug
g mk
mkjc
jcum
umrs
rsg
g gc
oe
oekg
kgfd
fd,, ec
ecoe
oejg
jgke
keom
omgk
gktd
td y ce
Grdsmúk hg sugcd y pgrhmhe hms
hmspd
pdsmj
smjmúk
múk imkec
imkec hg cds rgsmhu
rgsmhuds
ds
hgc hmqug, jeo`md hg usd súcm
súcmhds
hds hdoí
hdoístmj
stmjds
ds g mkhu
mkhustrme
strmecgs
cgs
hurektg ces gtepes hg jdkstrujjmúk,
dpgrejmúk y jmgrrg hgc prdygjtd (Cgy
Lgkgrec
Lgkgrec hg Pgsmhuds
Pgsmhuds Zúcmhd
Zúcmhdss H.Z.
K¾ >58-0>5<-OMKEO).
Pmgsld hg jdkteomkejmúk hg
sugcd
Gc pemsefg KD sgrå ectgrehd pdr ce
jd
jdks
kstr
truj
ujjm
jmúk
úk hg
hgcc pr
prdy
dygj
gjtd
td y sus
sus
êmsefg Odhmimjejmúk hgc pemsefg
jdopdkgk
jdop dkgktgs.
tgs. Zmk goèrld,
goèrld, tgkhrå
tgkhrå
uke ectgrejmúk oïkmoe qug kd sgrå
2<

`rusje.
Ectgrejmúk hg su be`mteh y
^rdlreoe hg sgksm`mcm
sgksm`mcmzejmúk.
zejmúk.
strgss.
Pg
Pghu
hujj
jjmú
múk
k tg
tgop
opdr
drec
ec hg Pgjupgrejmúk hg zdkes eigjtehes (sm
Icdre y Ieuke jd`grture vglgtec. bu`mgsg gc jesd).
Hmsomkujmúk gk ce
eùkhekjme rgcetmve hg icdre
y/d ieuke.
Zg jdktretere sdcd gc pgrsdkec
Lgkgre
Lgk grejmú
jmúk
k hg pugstd
pugstdss hg
Gopcgd kgjgsermd pere ce jdkstrujjmúk hg ces
treèfd
qdjbes.
Gc pgrsdkec jdktere jdk sus Gqumpds

mkjrgogktd hg ce hgoekhe
hg ^rdtgjjmúk ^grsdkec - G^^Z.
hg sgrvmjmds g mkstecejmdkgs
mkstecejmdkgs
Zdjmec
gk jdoukmhehgs ehyejgktgs
sg jepejmtere e cds treèfehdrgs qug
hgc prdygjtd.
idroek pere hgc prdygjtd.
Gtepe
Jdkstrujjmúk y
Dpgrejmúk êre gc jdktrdc hg ces gomsmdkgs hg
pdcvd
pdcvd y pertï
pertïjuce
jucess gk suspgksmú
suspgksmúk,
k,
Jecmheh hg emrg (gomsmdkgs
Jecmheh (gomsmdkgs dr
drml
mlmk
mke
es pdr
pdr gc tre reks
ksppdr
drtg
tg hg
Emrg hg le
lesg
sgss y pe
pert
rtïj
ïjuces gk oetgrmecgs y gqumpds hgc prdygjtd1 sg
uces
suspgksmúk, pdcujmúk) rdsgerå elue pdr ce zdke hdkhg sg
mkstecerå ce hgs odktgre, pere gvmter
qug sg lgkgrg pdcvd.
Zugcd êre gvmter ce grdsmúk g mkgste`mcmheh

hg cds sugcds hurektg cds jdrtgs, cd
juec sg rgjdogkhe
rgjdogkherå
rå gc ehgjuehd
ehgjuehd
hmsgõd hg gccds, hg oekgre qug cds
Lgkgrejmúk hg rgsmhuds
tec
tecuhg
uhgss rgsuct
rgsuctek
ektgs
tgs kd prgsgk
prgsgktgk
tgk
prd`cgoes pdstgrmdrgs. Ec rgspgjtd,
sg rgrgjd
jdom
omgk
gkhe
he ce
cess sm
smlu
lumg
mgkt
ktgs
gs
ejjmdkgs6
Gvmter gc usd hg oequmkerme pgsehe

Jdopejtejmúk hg sugcd
pere uke oïkmoe jdopejtejmúk.
Xeo`mík
Xeo`mík mopcgog
mopcgogkter
kter uk prdlreoe
prdlreoe
hg oe
oekg
kgfd
fd hg rg
rgsm
smhu
huds
ds súcm
súcmhd
hds,
s,
Grdsmúk hg sugcd y pgrhmhe hd
hdkh
khg
g tgkh
tgkhrå
rå ququg
g mk
mkjc
jcum
umrs
rsg
g gc
hgc hmqug, jeo`md hg usd oe
oekg
kgfd
fd,, ec
ecoe
oejg
jgke
keom
omgk
gktd
td y ce
hms
hmspd
pdsmj
smjmúk
múk imkec
imkec hg cds rgsmhu
rgsmhuds
ds
súcm
súcmhds
hds hdoí
hdoístmj
stmjds
ds g mkhu
mkhustrme
strmecgs
cgs
Pmgsld hg jdkteomkejmúk hg hurektg ces gtepes hg jdkstrujjmúk,
sugcd dpgrejmúk y jmgrrg hgc prdygjtd (Cgy
Lgkgrec
Lgkgrec hg Pgsmhuds
Pgsmhuds Zúcmhd
Zúcmhdss H.Z.
K¾ >58-0>5<-OMKEO).

22


jd
jdks
kstr
truj
ujjm
jmúk
úk hg
hgcc pr
prdy
dygj
gjtd
td y sus
sus
êmsefg Odhmimjejmúk hgc pemsefg jdopdkgk
jdopdkgktgs.
tgs. Zmk goèrld,
goèrld, tgkhrå
tgkhrå
`rusje.
Ectgrejmúk hg su be`mteh y
^rdlreoe hg sgksm`mcm
sgksm`mcmzejmúk.
zejmúk.
strgss.
Pg
Pghu
hujj
jjmú
múk
k tg
tgop
opdr
drec
ec hg
Icdre y Ieuke Pgjupgrejmúk hg zdkes eigjtehes (sm
jd`grture vglgtec.
Hmsomkujmúk gk ce bu`mgsg gc jesd).
eùkhekjme rgcetmve hg icdre
y/d ieuke.
Zg jd
jdkt
ktre
rete
tere
re sdcd
sdcd gc pg
pgrs
rsdk
dkec
ec
Lgkgre
Lgkgrejmú
jmúk
k hg pugstd
pugstdss hg
Gopcgd kgjgsermd pere ce jdkstrujjmúk hg ces
treèfd
qdjbes.
Gc pgrsdkec jdktere jdk sus Gqumpds
mkjrgogktd hg ce hgoekhe hg ^rdtgjjmúk ^grsdkec - G^^Z.
hg sgrvmjmds g mkstecejmdkgs
mkstecejmdkgs
Zdjmec
gk jdoukmhehgs ehyejgktgs sg jepejmtere e cds treèfehdrgs qug
hgc prdygjtd. idroek pere hgc prdygjtd.

jd
jdks
kstr
truj
ujjm
jmúk
úk hg
hgcc pr
prdy
dygj
gjtd
td y sus
sus
Pg
Pgvg
vglg
lgte
tejm
jmúk
úk hg år
årge
gess
Icdre y Ieuke jdopdkgk
jdopdkgktgs.
tgs. Zmk goèrld,
goèrld, tgkhrå
tgkhrå
hmsturèhes.
`rusje.
Zg utmcmzerek ces årges gstrmjteogktg
kg
kgjg
jgse
serm
rmes
es y hg ej
ejug
ugrh
rhd
d e cd
cdss
hmsgõds tíjkmjds.
Ces ejtmvmhehgs hg oektgkmomgktd y
jdksgrvejmúk hg vïes sg rgecmzeråk
Imsmdlreiïe hg Pgj
Pgjupg
upgrej
rejmúk
múk hgc pemsef
pemsefg
g prgig
prgigrgktg
rgktgogktg
ogktg jdk bgrreomgk
bgrreomgktes
tes
ce zdke cdjec. smopcgs.
Cmopmgze supgrimjmec hg ce tdpdlreiïe
Gtepe hg pd
pdrr hú
húkh
khg
g ve gc trez
trezd
d gx
gxms
mstg
tgkt
ktg,
g,
sd`r
sd`rgg tdhd
tdhd gk íp
ípdj
dje
e hg ccccuv
uvme
me
Eèkhdkd
ju
juek
ekhd
hd ce ej
ejjm
jmúk
úk gr
grds
dsmv
mve
e hg ce
cess
prgjmpmtejmdkgs
prgjmpmtejmdkgs eigjtg cds jeomkds.
Pg
Pgju
jupg
pgre
rejm
jmúk
úk hg år
årge
gess Odkmtdrgd y rgjupgrejmúk hg årges
Zugcd
hmsturèhes. hmsturèhes (sm bu`mgsg gc jesd).
Lgkgre
Lgkgrejmú
jmúk
k hg pugstd
pugstdss hg Lgk
Lgkgre
grerr ej
ejtmv
tmvmhe
mhehgs
hgs jdogrj
jdogrjmec
mecgs
gs
Gopcgd
treèfd. hgktrd hgc årge hg Mkicugkjme Hmrgjte.
Hg
Hg`g
`grå
råk
k sgõe
sgõecmcmze
zers
rsg
g eq
equg
ugccccds
ds
sgjtdrgs hgc årge hg treèfd qug, pdr
su mkgste`mcmheh, jgrjekïe e lrupds
Zecuh hg cds Pmg
Pmgsld
sld hg eig
eigjte
jtejmú
jmúk
k e ce
buoekds d ces ejtmvmhehgs prdpmes
treèfehdrgs secuh hg cds treèfehdrgs.
hgc ^rdygjtd, rgprgsgktgk uk rmgsld
pdtgkjmec hg ejjmhgkt
pdtgkjmec ejjmhgktgs.
gs. ^cek
^cekmimj
mimjer
er
ej
ejjg
jgsd
sd råråpm
pmhd
hd e cdcdss pu
pugs
gstd
tdss hg
2=

secuh. Ce sgõecmzejmúk hg`g sgr jcere

y sg
sgkj
kjmcmcce
ce,, gv
gvmt
mtåk
åkhd
hdsg
sg hg
hgte
teccccgs
gs
mkkgjgse
mkkgjgsermds
rmds pere su jdop
jdoprgks
rgksmúk,
múk,
secvd smtuejmdkgs qug rgecogktg cd
fustmimqugk.
Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
YMMM
YMMM.. ^CE CEKKH
HGGOOEK
EKG GFD EEO@ O@MGMGKX
KXEC
EC
Ce mhgktmimjejmúk y gvecuejmúk hg mopejtds eo`mgktecgs, sg hgtgromkú qug ce gfgjujmúk hgc
^r
^rdy
dygj td –JD
gjtd –JDKZX
KZXPWJ
PWJJMDK
JMDK HG JE^ JE^XEJ
XEJMÚK
MÚK ZW^
ZW^GPI
GPIMJME
MJMEC C HG ELW ELWE1E1 GK GC(GC(CE)
CE)
MPPMLE
MPP MLEJM
JMÚK
ÚK ^C
^CEK
EK OG OGPM
PMZ1 Z1 HMZ
HMZXP
XPMX
MXD
D HG BW BWEZEZEB
EBWE
WEZM ZM,, ^P^PDYDYMKJ
MKJME
ME XEXEPOPOE,
E,
HGÊPX
HG^ EPXEOG
EOGKXD
KXD FWK
FWKMK‟
MK‟,, pdhr
pdhrïe
ïe lgkg
lgkgrer
rer mope
mopejtds
jtds eo`m
eo`mgkte
gktecgs cgs hmrg
hmrgjtds
jtds g mkh
mkhmrgj
mrgjtds,
tds,
`gkíimjds y ehvgrsds, gk gc eo`mgktg hg su årge hg mkicugkjme1 rezúk pdr ce juec sg gce`drerå
gc prgsgktg Mkidrog hg Lgstmúk Eo`mgktec (MLE) e imk hg gste`cgjgr oghmhes pere prgvgkmr,
rghujmr, omtmler d rgperer cds mopejtds eo`mgktecgs kgletmvds y cdlrgk gk gc jesd hg cds
mope
mopejt jtds
ds eo
eo`m
`mgk
gkte
tecg
cgss pd
pdsm
smtmtmvd
vds,
s, lglgkg
kgre
rerr uk gigj
gigjtd
td ou
ouctctmp
mpcmcmje
jehd
hdrr gk su åo åo`m
`mtd
td hg
cdjecmzejmúk.
Gc MLE hgsjrm`g ces ejjmdkgs y ces oghmhes qug sg tdoerek pere lerektmzer gc jdktrdc
eo`mgktec
^rdygjtd sg qugccgvgk
sg prdpdkg
e je`depcmjer pere qug
hg oekgre ces ejtmvmhehgs
rgspdkse`cg hg jdkstrujjmúk
y sdstgkm`cg. y dpgrejmúk
Gc Mkidrog hgc
hg Lgstmúk
Eo`mgktec (MLE), gsterå sufgtd e rgvmsmdkgs
rgvmsmdkgs y odhmimjejmdk
odhmimjejmdkgsgs hg ejugrhd jdk ces jdkhmjmdk
jdkhmjmdkgs
gs
d jmrjukstekjmes pertmjucergs hurektg su mopcgogktejmúk, pgromtmgkhd uk prdjgsd hg ogfdre
jdktmkue.
Gc Mkidrog hg Lgstmúk Eo`mgktec (MLE), gc juec rgprgsgkte gc jdoprdomsd hgc tmtucer hgc
prdygjtd jdk ce prdtgjjmúk eo`mgktec y sgrå epcmjehd hurektg gc hgserrdccd hg ce gtepe hg
jdkstrujjmúk y dpgrejmúk hgc prdygjtd. Ce epcmjejmúk hgc prgsgktg gstuhmd gstå jdkjg`mhe
pe
pere
re gfgj
gfgjut
uter
ersg
sg hure
hurekt
ktg
g ce gtep
gtepe
e hg jd jdks
kstr
truj
ujjm
jmúk
úk y dpgrdpgrej
ejmú
múk
k g mkst
mkstec
ecej
ejmú
múkk hg cds
cds
jdopdkgktgs euxmcmergs, jdk gc imk hg cdlrer su mktglrejmúk gk gc gktdrkd, hg tec oekgre qug
sge jdopetm`cg jdk gc hgserrdccd sdjmd eo`mgktec hg ce zdke. @efd gste pgrspgjtmve, gc MLE
jdkstm
jdk stmtum
tumrå
rå uk mk mkstr
struog
uogktd
ktd `ås
`åsmjd
mjd hg lgstm
lgstmúk
úk eo`
eo`mgk
mgktec
tec,, qug hg`gr
hg`gråk
åk juo
juopcpcmrs
mrsg
g gk su
mktglrmheh, gvmtåkhdsg hg gste idroe ectgrejmdkg
ectgrejmdkgss eo`mgktecgs gk gc åo`mtd hg mkicugkjme hgc
prdygjtd.
YMMM
YMMM.5
.5 D`
D`fg
fgtm
tmvd
vdss
D`fgtmvd Lgkgrec
 Gste`cgjgr ces oghmhes hg prgvgkjmúk, jdrrgjjmúk y/d omtmlejmúk eo`mgktec hg cds
mopejtds ehvgrsds bejme cds oghmds iïsmjd, `mdcúlmjd y sdjmec, gk gc årge hg mkicugkjme
hgc prdygjtd, hurektg ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmúk y dpgrejmúk, gk juopcmomgktd hg ces
kdroes eo`mgktecgs vmlgktgs gk gc peïs.
D`fgtmvds Gspgjïimjds
 Lerektmzer uk ehgjuehd oekgfd eo`mgktec hurektg ces gtepes hgc prdygjtd.
 Hg
Hgimk
imkmr
mr ce
cess gst
gstret
retglm
glmes,
es, pc
pcekg
ekgss y ejj
ejjmd
mdkgs
kgs kgjgs
kgjgserm
ermes
es per
peree omt
omtml
mler
er cds
cds mop
mopejt
ejtds
ds
eo`mgktecgss ehvgrsds hgc prdygjtd.
eo`mgktecg
 Juopcmr jdk ces kdroes eo`mgktecgs kejmdkecgs.
 ^rdpdrjmdker ogjekmsods hg jdktrdc pere ces oghmhes hg omtmlejmúk pughek sgr
mopcgogktehes e cd cerld hgc hgserrdccd hgc prdygjtd, oghmektg pcekgs, prdlreoes y

ejjmdkgs.
=>

 ^r
^rdp
dpdr
drjm
jmdk
dker
er og
ogje
jekm
kmso
sods
ds hg sg sglu
lurm
rmhe
heh
h pere
pere cds
cds mope
mopejt jtds
ds ehvg
ehvgrs
rsds
ds sgek
sgek
sdcujmdkehds pere cd juec sg hgserrdccgk oghmhes hg prgvgkjmúk y gk jesd hg sgr
gstes mksuimjmgktgs, mhgktmimjer råpmheogktg cds efustgs y jdopcgogktds d ogfdres
kgjgsermes pere gvmter cds heõds ec oghmd eo`mgktg.
 Pgec
Pg ecmz
mzer
er uk gstrg
gstrgjb
jbd
d sg
sglu
lumo
momg
mgkt
ktd
d hg cdcdss mope
mopejt
jtds
ds mhgk
mhgktmtmimimje
jehd
hdss gk gc MLE
MLE y
jdoprdèr qug ces oghmhes prgvgktmves d jdrrgjtmves sg rgecmjgk jdk gimjejme.
 Hgtgjter cds mopejtds kd prgvmstds gk gc MLE y prdpdkgr ces oghmhes jdrrgjtmves qug
sg jdksmhgrgk ehgjuehes y vgcer pdr su gfgjujmúk y gimjejme.
YMMM
YMMM.0
.0 PgPgsp
spdk
dkse
se` `cg
Gc íxmtd gk ce epcmjejmú
epcmjejmúkk hg ces oghmhes hgc MLE hgpgkhgrå hg ce drlekmzejmúk hgc treèfd, ce
pcekmimjejmúk y ce mhgktmimjejmúk hg rdcgs jdopgtgktgs, esï jdod cds jdrrgjtds jekecgs hg
jdoukmjejmúk, gk gstg sgktmhd sg bek gste`cgjmhd ces rgspdkse`mcmhehgs pere ce epcmjejmúk,
juopcmomgktd
juopcmomg ktd y sglumomgk
sglumomgktdtd hgc MLE, jdrrgspdkhg e cds smlumgktgs gktgs jdopgtgktgs6
Ce rgspdkse`mcmheh hg ce gfgjujmú
gfgjujmúkk hg ces oghmhes, ejjmdkgs y gspgjmimjejmdkgs eo`mgktecgs
eo`mgktecgs
gste`cgjmhes gk cds ^cekgs y ^rdlreoes hgc prgsgktg MLE, jdrrgspdkhgrå ec tmtucer hgc
prdygjtd, qumgk sg gkjerlerå hg mopcgogk
mopcgogkter,
ter, vmlmcer y bejgr juopcmr e pgrsdkec ces oghmhes
pcektgehes gk gc MLE.
YMMM
YMMM.:
.: Gst stre
retg
tglm
lmee
Gc prgsgktg Mkidrog hg Lgstmúk Eo`mgktec (MLE), sg gkoerje hgktrd hg ce gstretglme kejmdkec
hg jdksgrvejmúk hgc eo`mgktg, pgromtmgkhd qug gc prdygjtd luerhg erodkïe jdk su gktdrkd
eo`mgktec, pere cd juec sg epcmjerek oghmhes eo`mgktecgs drmgktehes e jdktrdcer, jdrrglmr,
gvmter y omtmler cds gigjtds ehvgrsds qug puhmgrek djurrmr, gktrg cds juecgs jdoprgkhgk cds
smlumgktgs prdlreoes y pcekgs gspgjïimjds6
^rdlreoe hg ^rgvgkjmúk, Jdrrgjjmúk y/d Omtmlejmúk
Xmgkg jdod d`fgtmvd gste`cgjgr y prdpdkgr oghmhes gspgjïimjes pere gvmter ce lgkgrejmúk hg
mopejtds eo`mgktecgs
eo`mgktecgs d qug cds omsods sgek jdktrdcehds y rghujmhds hg oekgre qug gvmtgk
heõds eo`mgktecgs y sdjmecgs. Gc pcektgeomgktd hg ces oghmhes prgvgktmves sg rgecmze pere
jdktrdcer cds mopejtds qug bek smhd mhgktmimjehds prgvmeogktg y qug pughgk sgr gvmtehds d
omkmomzehds.
^rdlreoe hg Oekgfd hg Pgsmhuds
Ce jucomkejmúk
prdpugste hghgoghmhes hgc prdlreoe
ce jdkstrujjmúk hg Oekgfd
y dpgrejmúk. hg rgsmhuds
Gc d`fgtmvd sg rgecmzerå
hg gstg prdlreoepere
gs cergecmzer
gtepe hg
uk
oekgfd y lgstmúk ehgjuehe hg cds rgsmhuds juopcmgkhd jdk ce kdroetmve cglec epcmje`cg
(H.Z. K¾>58-0>5
K¾>58-0>5<-OMKEO).
<-OMKEO).
^rdlreoe hg Odkmtdrgd Eo`mgktec
Gc sglumomgktd hgc ^rdlreoe hg Odkmtdrgd Eo`mgktec sg rgecmze jdk ce imkecmheh hg vgrmimjer gc
hgsgopgõd eo`mgktec y sdjmec hgc hgserrdccd hgc prdygjtd, hgtgromkekhd gc juopcmomgktd hg
ces oghmhes hg jdktrdc eo`mgktec prdpugstes y juopcmgkhd cds gståkhergs eo`mgktecgs
gste`cgjmhds pdr ce cglmscejmúk epcmje`cg. Ce mopcgogktejmúk hgc prdlreoe sg rgecmze gk ces
gtepes hg dpgrejmúk.
YMMM.8
YMMM.8 JdoJdopdk
pdkgkt
gktgs
gs hgc ^^cek
cek h
hgg Zgl
Zglumom
umomgkt
gktdd y Jdk
Jdktrd
trdcc
Gc ^cek hg Zglumomgk
Zglumomgktdtd y Jdktrdc, jdksmhgre cds smlumgktgs jdopdkgktgs6
 Jecmcmheh
Je heh hgc
hgc emrg6
emrg6 Jd
Jdksm
ksmstg
stg gk ce vgr
vgrmim
mimje
jejmú
jmúk
k hgc juo
juopc
pcmom
momgkt
gktd
d hg ces
ces og
oghm hmhes
hes hg
omtmle
omtmlejmú
jmúk
ghujejmúkk eo`mgktec
gst
gste`
e`cgj
cgjmhe
mhes
ecspgrsdkec,
gk gc pce
pcek
k hg oeoekg
rgcejmdkehd kgfd
fd mopcmjekjme
e ce eo`
eo`mgk
mgktec
tec,, eo`mgktec.
esï jdo
jdodd ces
ces jbe
jberce
rcess hg
=5

 Kmvgc hg rumhd6 Ces prmkjmpecgs iugktgs lgkgrehdres hg rumhds, sg prdhujmråk hurektg ce

dpgrejmúk hg cds gqumpds y oequmkerme, sgoekecogktg, gc supgrvmsdr mkspgjjmdkerå ces
mkstecejmdkgs mkhmjehes, e imk hg vgrmimjer ce kd lgkgrejmúk hg rumhds qug eigjtgk ec
pgrsdkec.
 Jecmcmheh
Je heh hgc
hgc el
elue6
ue6 Jd
Jdksm
ksmstg
stg gk ce vg
vgrmi
rmimj
mjejm
ejmúk
úk hgc
hgc juopc
juopcmom
momgk
gktd
td hg ces ogh
oghmh
mhes
es hg
omtmle
omtmlejmú
jmúk
k gst
gste`
e`cgj
cgjmhe
mhess gk gc pce
pcek
k hg oe oekg
kgfd
fd eo`
eo`mgk
mgktec
tec,, esï jdo
jdod
d ces
ces jbe
jberce
rcess hg
ghujejmúk eo`mgktec ec pgrsdkec hg d`re rgcejmdkehd e ces mopcmjekjmes eo`mgktecgs.
Juehrd K¶7>6 Xmpd hg sglumomgktd hg cds jdopdkgktgs hgc ^cek hg Zglumomgktd y Jdktrdc
Xmpd hg Zglumomgktd Iesg hgc prdygjtd Irgjugkjme
Jdopdkgktg
Mkspgjjmúk Jdkstrujjmúk Jmgrrg Jdkstrujjmúk Jmgrrg
Emrg R x x >5 gk ce gtepe >5 gk ce gtepe
Elue R x x >5 gk ce gtepe >5 gk ce gtepe
Pumhd R x x >5 gk ce gtepe >5 gk ce gtepe
gtepe.
** Jdksmhgrekhd qug sdk pgrmdhds jdrtds, sg rgecmzere >5 sglumomgktd y jdktrdc pdr gtepe.
Iugktg
Kdte6 Gsterå
Kdte6 Gsterå e jerld hg ce WGIZE gk ce Gtepe hg Jdkstrujjmúk, pgrd gk ce gtepe hg Oektgkmomgktd gsterå e
jerld hg cds `gkgimjmermds hg ce jdoukmheh (sg imroe uk ejte hg gktrgle ec jucomker gc prdygjtd)
MR. ^CEK HG JDKXMKLGKJMEZ

MR.5 Lgkgrecmhehgs
Gc ^cek hg Jdktmklgkjme hgsjrm`g cds prmkjmpecgs prdjghmomgktds y oghmhes irgktg e gvgktds
qug puhmgrek ejdktgjgr hurektg ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmúk y hg dpgrejmúk, gk ùsje hg uke
råpmhe rgspugste ektg ces gvgktuecmhehgs mktgrkejmdkecgs. ] gc juopcmomgktd hg ces kdroes
kejmdkecgs, gs hgjmr, sg gsqugoetmze ces ejjmdkgs qug sgråk mopcgogktehes sm djurrmgrek
jdktmklgkjmes qug kd pughek sgr jdktrdcehes pdr ces oghmhes hg omtmlejmúk pcektgehes y
qug pug
pughg
hg mk
mktgr
tgrigr
igrmr
mr jdk gc kdr
kdroe
oecc hg
hgser
serrdc
rdccd
cd hgc
hgc prd
prdygj
ygjtd
td y jdk
jdkstm
stmtum
tumrr rmg
rmgsld
sldss e cds
treèfehdrgs y/d pd`cejmúk.
pd`cejmúk.
Ces ejjmdkgs pcektgehes gk gc prgsgktg ^cek hg Jdktmklgkjme, sgråk gfgjutehes pdr tdhd gc
pgrsdkec hurektg ces gtepes hg dpgrejmúk y jmgrrg. Zg be mhgktmimjehd cds tmpds hg ejjmhgktgs
y/d gogrlgkjmes qug pdhrïek sujghgr hurektg ce dpgrejmúk y jmgrrg hgc ^rdygjtd y ces
oghmhes hg rgspugste y jdktrdc, jdk gc jcerd d`fgtmvd hg secveluerher ce vmhe buoeke.
MR.0 D`fgtmvds
D`fgtmvd lgkgrec
 ^rgsgkter ces oghmhes hg prgvgkjmúk y ejjmdkgs hg rgspugste ektg jdktmklgkjmes
pere jdktrdcer hg oekgre dpdrtuke y gimjez gvgktds qug pughek prgsgktersg hurektg
ce gtepe hg jdkstrujjmúk y dpgrejmúk.
D`fgtmvd gspgjmimjd
 ^rgvgkmr y/d omtmler cds pdsm`cgs heõds qug pdhrïe sgr drmlmkehd pdr hgsestrgs y/d
smkmgs
smkmgstrd
trdss ke
ketur
turec
ecgs,
gs, juo
juopcm
pcmgk
gkhd
hd cd
cdss prd
prdjgh
jghmom
momgkt
gktds
ds tíj
tíjkmj
kmjds
ds y jdk
jdktrd
trdcg
cgss hg
sglurmheh.
 Gste`cgjgr ejjmdkgs hg jdktrdc y rgsjetg, hurektg y hgspuís hg ce djurrgkjme hg
hgsestrgs.
=0

 Mhgktmimjer ces årges oås vuckgre`cgs ektgs ces eogkezes hg oeydr djurrgkjme y
gste`cgjgr oghmhes y ejjmdkgs jdrrgspdkhm
jdrrgspdkhmgktgs.
gktgs.
 Gste`c
Gste `cgj
gjgr
gr ejjm
ejjmdk
dkgs
gs dp
dpgr
gret
etmv
mves
es pe
pere
re omkm
omkmom
omze
zerr cds
cds rmgl
rmglds
ds sd`r
sd`rg
g tre`
treèf
efds
ds,,
mkstecejmdkgs
mkstecejmdkgs g mkiregstrujture
mkiregstrujturess esdjmehe
esdjmehess ec prdygjtd.
MR
MR.:
.: Pg
Pgsp
spdk
dkse
se`c
`cgg hg ce gfgj
gfgjuj
ujmú
múk
k
Gc Xmtucer sgrå gc rgspdkse`cg hg ce gfgjujmúk hgc ^cek hg Jdktmklgkjmes hgc ^rdygjtd.
MR.8
MR.8 Åo`mtd h
hgg E
Ep
pcmje
jejjmúk
múk
Gstg ^cek hg Jdktmklgkjme ju`rg e tdhds equgccds gvgktds qug pughek lgkgrer gogrlgkjmes
jdk pdtgkjmec heõd e pgrsdkes, eo`mgktg d `mgkgs oetgrmecgs gk ce gtepe hg dpgrejmúk. Cds
gvgktds hg drmlgk keturec d buoekd qug pdhrïek djurrmr gk gste zdke, hg`grå tgkgr uke
dpdrtuke ejjmúk hg rgspugste gk ce gtepe hg dpgrejmúk, tgkmgkhd gk jugkte ces prmdrmhehgs
smlumgktgs6
 Lerektmzer ce mktglrmheh iïsmje hgc pgrsdkec y hg cds pd`cehdrgs
 Omkmomzer cds gstrelds prdhujmhds sd`rg gc oghmd y su gktdrkd.
 Gstg
Gstg ^cek
^cek mk
mkjc
jcuy
uyg
g cd
cdss pr
prdj
djgh
ghmo
momg
mgkt
ktds
ds hg kdtm
kdtmimimje
jejm
jmúk
úk y ejtu
ejtuej
ejmú
múk
k ektg
ektg uke
uke
gogrlgkjme qugces
epdyd, esï jdod mkvdcujre gc rdccdjecgs.
eutdrmhehgs hg cceoehes, rgpdrtgs e gktmhehgs gxtgrkes hg
êre gc hgserrdccd hgc ^cek hg Jdktmklgkjme, sg be tdoehd gk jugkte jrmtgrmds gk èsg e ces
smlumgktgs kdroes tíjkmjes6
 Cgy K¾ 02775, Cgy qug gste`cgjg ce d`cmlejmúk hg gce`drer y prgsgkter pcekgs hg
jdktmklgkjme.
 Pglceogktd hg ce Cgy K¾ 0=<2: ‚ Cgy hg Zglurmheh, secuh gk gc treèfd. H.Z. K¾
>>7-0>50-XP.
MR
MR.7
.7 JcJces
esmi
mimj
mjej
ejmú
múk
k hg
hg jd
jdkt
ktmk
mklg
lgkj
kjme
mess
Hurektg
Hurek tg ce gte
gtepe
pe hg dpgre
dpgrejm
jmúk,
úk, cds gvg
gvgktd
ktdss mop
moprgv
rgvmst
mstds
ds esd
esdjme
jmehds
hds ec drm
drmlg
lgk
k ketur
keturec,
ec,
ejjmhgktec d prdvdjehd mktgkjmdkecogktg pdr gc bdo`rg, sg mhgktmimjerdk jdod ejjmhgktgs
ce`drecgs, hgrreogs hg sustekjmes pgcmlrdses, mkjgkhmds y smsod.
MR.9 Drlekmzejmúk
êre eirdkter cds mkjmhgktgs, sg gste`cgjgrå uke Wkmheh hg Jdktmklgkjmes. Zus iukjmdkgs
`åsmjes sgråk6 prdlreoer, hmrmlmr, gfgjuter y gvecuer gc hgserrdccd hgc pcek, drlekmzekhd
esmomsod
esmo msod ces `rmleh
`rmlehes
es hg jdktmkl
jdktmklgkjm
gkjmes
es y úrle
úrlekds
kds hg epdy
epdyd d gxtgr
gxtgrkd.
kd. Gste drlek
drlekmzej
mzejmúk
múk
tíjkmje hg Jdktmklgkjme, oektgkhrå gk cd pdsm`cg jddrhmkejmdkgs jdk ces gktmhehgs hg
epdyd
epd yd gx
gxtgr
tgrkd
kd,, tec
tecgs
gs jdod,
jdod, ^d^dcmcmjïe
jïe ke
kejmd
jmdkec
kec y gc Mks
Mkstmt
tmtutd
utd Ke
Kejmd
jmdkec
kec hg Hg
Hgigk
igkse
se Jm
Jmvmc
vmc
(MKHGJM). Cds fgigs, gopcgehds y treèfehdrgs qug ce`drek gk ces mkstecejmdkgs y/d idrogk
pertg hg ces ejtmvmhehgs jdkstrujtmves y hg dpgrejmdkgs hgc prdygjtd pertmjmperåk gk ce
mopcgogktejmúk
mopcgogktej múk y epcmjejmú
epcmjejmúk
k hgc prgsgktg ^cek hg Jdktmklgkjmes.
MR
MR.9
.9.5
.5 Pg
Pgju
jurs
rsds
ds
Gc pg
pgrsd
rsdkec
kec hg`
hg`grå
grå tgk
tgkgr
gr jdkdj
jdkdjmo
momgk
mgktd td hg prm
prmogr
ogrds
ds eux
euxmcm
mcmds
ds y etg
etgkjm
kjmúk
úk hg gog
gogrlg
rlgkjm
kjmes
es
(@rmlehe hg gogrlgkjmes)1 esï jdod pgrsdkec hg epdyd, esï jdod ce hdtejmúk hg oetgrmec
oíhmjd kgjgsermd (`dtmquïk) hmspdkm`cg
hmspdkm`cg gk gc irgktg hg d`re.
 Gsterå hmspugstd eoùcekjmes hg ces jdoukmhehgs oås jgrjekes hgc prdygjtd
=:

Gqumpd hg jdoukmjejmdkgs.
Gqumpd hg euxmcmds pereoíhmjds.
Gqumpds jdktre mkjgkhmds.
Mopcgogktdss hg Pgsjetg.
Mopcgogktd
MR.9.0
MR.9.0 @rm
@rmleh
lehee hg Gog
Gogrlg
rlgkjme
kjme
Gc tmtucer
`rmleheshg ceejtueråk
goprgseèfd
gste`cgjgrå uke @rmlehe
ce supgrvmsmúk hg Gogrlgkjme
y hmrgjjmúk gk @rmlehe.
hgc Fgig hg gc årge hgc
Gkprdygjtd, gstes
gc pgrmdhd hg
dpgrejmúk gste Wkmheh hg Jdktmklgkjme teo`mík gsterå jdkidroehe pdr uke sdcd @rmlehe.
 Ce `rmlehe tmgkg jdod imk ce prdtgjjmúk hg ce vmhe buoeke, pdr gccds sg gkjerlerå hg cd
smlumgktg6
 Ccgver e ces pgrsdkes cgsmdkehes e culergs sglurds, prgståkhdcgs cds prmogrds euxmcmds
 Gste`cgjgr gc ecjekjg hg pdsm`cgs heõds djesmdkeh
djesmdkehds
ds pdr gc gvgktd
 Jepejmter ec pgrsdkec gk cds irgktgs hg d`re y/d mkstecejmúk hgc prdygjtd
 Jdkstmtumrsg gk gc culer hgc smkmgstrd
 Drhgker gvejuejmúk
gvejuejmúk hg pgrsdkec gk jesd hg sgr kgjgsermd
 Gste`cgjgr jdktejtd jdk ces mkstmtujmdkgs hg epdyd ektg ce djurrgkjme hg gogrlgkjme
(^K^, Jgktrd hg Zecuh).
MR.<
MR.< Zm Zmstg
stgoe
oe hg Mkid
Mkidroe
roejmú
jmúk
k y Jd
Jdou
oukmkmjej
jejmú
múk
k
Gc fgig hg @rmlehe y fgig hg prdygjtd sgråk cds rgspdkse`cgs hg gomtmr ces jdoukmjejmdkgs
mktgrkes y gxtgrkes.
Jdktrdcehe ce jdktmklgkjme, gc Fgig hg @rmlehe, hmspdkhråk ce mkvgstmlejmúk hgc ejjmhgktg d
smkmgstrd, jdksmhgrekhd cds hetds smlumgktgs6
 Kdo`rg hgc Mkidroektg
 Culer hg Gogrlgkjme
 Jerejtgrïstmjess hg ce Gogrlgkjm
Jerejtgrïstmje Gogrlgkjme
e
 Xmpd hg Gogrlgkjme
 Jmrjukstekjmes gk qug sg prdhufd
 ^dsm`cgs Jeuses
MR.2
MR.2 ^rdjgrdjgh hmo
momg
mgk
ktds
tds lg
lgkg
kgre
recg
cgss
MR.2.5 Mkspgj
Mkspgjjmúk
jmúk y Xresceh
Xrescehdd hg @rmlehe
@rmlehess hg Gogrlg
Gogrlgkjme
kjme
Pgjm`mhe ce kdtmimjejmúk pdr rehmd d tgcíidkd, gc Fgig hg ce Wkmheh hg Jdktmklgkjmes y gc pgrsdkec
hgsmlkehd pere ce etgkjmúk hg gogrlgkjmes (@rmlehe hg Gogrlgkjme), sg epgrsdkeråk ec
culer hgc gvgktd pere su rgspgjtmve etgkjmúk
etgkjmúk..
Zg prdjghgrå e retmimjer d rgjtmimjer cd mkidroehd y jdksteter sm ce gogrlgkjme jdktmköe d sm
bu`mgsg uk rmgsld cetgktg. Gstd sg rgecmzerå tgkmgkh
tgkmgkhd
d gk jugkte cds smlumgktgs espgjtds6
 Gc tmpd y oelkmtuh hg gogrlgkjme
 Pmgsld pdtgkjmec
 ^dsm`cgs gigjtds, jdksmhgrekhd ce u`mjejmúk hg ces zdkes jrïtmjes y sus prmdrmhehgs
hg prdtgjjmúk
 Gstretglme e ehdpter y gstmoer hg cds rgjursds keturecgs y buoekds prdpmds y
drlekmsods hg epdyd (^dcmjïe Kejmdkec, MKHGJM, Ld`mgrkd Pglmdkec, Cdjec, Jgktrds
hg Zecuh y Jdoukmhehgs)
=8

MR.2.0 Zmstgo
Zmstgoee h hgg Mk
Mkidroej
idroejmúkmúk y J Jdoukmj
doukmjejmúk
ejmúk
Gc Fg
Fgig
ig hg @r@rml
mleh
ehe
e y gc Zu Zupgpgrv
rvms
msdr
dr hg ^rdy
^rdygj
gjtd
td sgrå
sgråk
k cds
cds rgsp
rgspdk
dkse
se`c
`cgs
gs hg go
gomtmtmr
mr ces
ces
jdoukmjejmdkgs mktgrkes y gxtgrkes.
Jdktrdce ce jdktmklgkjme,
jdktmklgkjme, gc Fgig hg @rmlehe, cd juec hmspdkhråk ce mkvgstmlejmúk hgc ejjmhgktg d
smkmgstrd, jdksmhgrekhd cds hetds smlumgktgs6
 Kdo`rg hgc Mkidroektg
 Culer hg Gogrlgkjme
 Jerejtgrïstmje
Jerejtgrïstmjess hg ce Gogrlgkjm
Gogrlgkjme e
 Xmpd hg Gogrlgkjme
 Jmrjukstekj
Jmrjukstekjmes
mes gk qug prdhufd
 ^dsm`cgs Jeuses
MR.2.: Mkspgj
Mkspgjjmúk
jmúk y Xresceh
Xrescehd d hg @rmlehe
@rmlehess hg Gogrlg
Gogrlgkjme kjme
Zg rgjm`mrå ce kdtmimjejmúk pdr rehmd d tgcíidkd, gc Fgig hg ce Wkmheh hg Jdktmklgkjmes y gc
pgrsdk
pgr sdkec
ec hgs
hgsmlk
mlkeh
ehdd per
pere
e ce etgetgkjm
kjmúk
úk hg gog
gogrlg rlgkjm
kjmes
es (@r
(@rml
mlehe
ehe hg Gog
Gogrlg
rlgkjm
kjme),
e), sg
epgrsdkeråk ec culer hgc gvgktd pere su rgspgjtmve etgkjmúk.
 Gc tmpd y oelkmtuh hg gogrlgkjme
 Pmgsld pdtgkjmec
 ^dsm`cgs gigjtds, jdksmhgrekhd ce u`mjejmúk hg ces zdkes jrïtmjes y sus prmdrmhehgs
hg prdtgjjmúk
 Gstretglme e ehdpter y gstmoer hg cds rgjursds keturecgs y buoekds prdpmds y
drlekmsods hg epdyd (^dcmjïe Kejmdkec, MKHGJM, Ld`mgrkd Pglmdkec, Cdjec, Jgktrds
hg Zecuh y Jdoukmhehgs)
MR.2.8 Ejjmdk
Ejjmdkgs gs pere Bejgr Irgktg e ce Jdktmk
Jdktmklgkjme
lgkjme
Ygrmimjer ces jdkhmjmdkgs gk gc culer, sg ehdpterå ces ejjmdkgs rgspgjtmves pere bejgr irgktg e
ces gogrlgkjmes susjmtehes, hgpgkhmgkhd hg su tmpd t mpd y oelkmtuh rgspgjtmve. Hmjbes ejjmdkgs
tgkhråk ces smlumgktgs prmdrmhehg
prmdrmhehgs6s6
 ^rgsgrver ce mktglrmheh iïsmje hg ces pgrsdkes
 ^rgsgrver d omkmomzer ce ectgrejmúk d heõd hg årges qug eigjtgk ces kgjgsmhehgs
`åsmjes hg ces pd`cejmdkgs jdcmkhektgs
 ^rgsgrver gc oghmd eo`mgktg.
MR.2.8.5 Gvecuejmúk
Ces gvecuejmdkgs jdkjcumhes e ces dpgrejmdkgs hg rgspugste, sg gvecuerå gk gc ^cek hg

Jdktmklgkjme, y sg gce`drerek ces rgjdogkhejmdkgs qug pgromtek su ogfdr hgserrdccd. Zg
gce`drerå uk mkidrog imkec hgc gvgktd, hgteccekhd cds smlumgktgs espgjtds6
 Pgpdrtg hg ejjmhgktehds y bgrmhds
 Pgjursds utmcmzehds
 Pgjursds kd utmcmzehds
 Pgjursds hgstrumhds
 Pgjursds pgrhmhds
 Pgjursds rgbe`mcmteh
rgbe`mcmtehds
ds
 Kmvgcgs hg jdoukmjejmúk
=7

MR.2.8.0 Jdktmklgkjme Ektg Gvgktds

Jdktmklgkjme hg Mkjgkhmds
Ce pd
pdsm`
sm`cg
cg dj
djurr
urrgk
gkjme
jme hg mk mkjgk
jgkhmd
hmdss hur
hurek
ektgtg cecess gte
gtepe
pess hg dpg
dpgrej
rejmú
múk
k hgc prd
prdygj
ygjtd
td sg
prdhujmrå prmkjmpecogktg pdr ejjmhgktgs idrtumtds d prdvdjehds. Gk ce gtepe hg jucomkejmúk
hg ce prgperejmúk sg prgví qug ces zdkes oås vuckgre`cgs hdkhg sg pdhrïek lgkgrersg
mkjgkhmds sgråk gk pcektes hgc prdygjtd. Esmomsod, pdr jdcmsmúk d vdcjehure hg cds vgbïjucds
hg trekspdrtg hg jdoùstm`cg y prdhujtd imkec hgc prdjgsd hgc prdygjtd. Gk ce gtepe hg
dpgrejmúk, sg prgsgkte smomcer smtuejmúk e ce ektgrmdr pdr cd qug sg gste`cgjgk oghmhes hg
jdktmklgkjme
jdktmklgkjm e pere ces mkstecejmdkgs gk lgkgrec.
Jdktmklgkjmes pdr Hgrreog hg Zustekjmes ^gcmlrdses
Gc hgr
hgrreo
reog g hg sussustek
tekjme
jmess pg
pgcml
cmlrds
rdses
es gst
gstå
å rgi
rgigrm
grmhd
hd e ce dju
djurrg
rrgkjm
kjme
e hg vgrtm
vgrtmom
omgkt
gktds
ds hg
jdoùstm`cgs, cu`rmjektgs u dtrds gcgogktds pgcmlrdsds qug sg utmcmzerek gk ces gtepes hg ce
dpgrejmúk hgc prdygjtd. Hurektg ce gtepe hg dpgrejmúk gc hgrreog sgrme prdvdjehd pdr
tgrjgrds. Zm bu`mgsg gc jerrd hg hgrreog sg tdoerå ces smlumgktgs rgjdogkhejmdkgs
rgjdogkhejmdkgs66
 Ektgs hgc Gvgktd
Gvgktd
Gk ces årges hg ecoejgkeomgktd hg cds jdoùstm`cgs sg jdcdjerå sgõecmzejmúk d
cgtrgrds imfds jdk mkstrujtmvds gspgjïimjds.
Zm bu`mgsg gc jesd hg hgrreog hg jdoùstm`cg gk uk årge hgtgromkehe, sg rgstrmklmrå gc
pesd ec pgrsdkec e imk hg gvmter uke mkjdrrgjte oekmpucejmúk hg cds omsods y qug
pughe djesmdker hgrreogs d vgrtmhds ejjmhgktecgs hg cds omsods.
 Hurek
Hurektgtg g
gcc Gv
Gvgktd
gktd
Wke vgz djurrmhd gc gvgktd sg tdoerå ces smlumgktgs ejjmdkgs6
 Cdjecmzehd gc drmlgk hgc hgrreog d iule, sg gvmterå gc jdktejtd hmrgjtd jdk ce
sustekjme hgrreoehe. Cugld hg hgtgromkehe ce gxtgksmúk hg ce zdke eigjtehe
pdr gc hgrreog, sgõecmzer y ejdrhdker ce zdke jdkteomkehe jdk èrrgres d jmktes.
 Zg jdou
jdoukm kmje
jerå
rå ec Fgig
Fgig hg @r @rml
mleh
ehe,e, ejgr
ejgrje
je hg
hgcc hg
hgrr
rreo
eog,g, sgõe
sgõececekh
khdd su
cdjecmzejmúk
cdjecmzejm úk y tmpd hg sustekjme vgrtmhe.
Xdhds cds treèfehdrgs tgkhråk jdkdjmomgktd hg júod jdoukmjersg jdk ce Wkmheh
hg Jdktmklgkjme, ce jdoukmjejmúk sgrå e trevís hg tgcíidkd, rehmd d hg oekgre
pgrsdkec.
 Ce @r@rml
mleh
ehee hg Go Gogrgrlg
lgkj
kjme
me sg trestresce
cehe
herå
rå ec cule
culerr hgc
hgc ejjm
ejjmhg
hgkt
ktg,
g, jdk
jdk cds
cds
mopcgogktds
sglure (jdod y/d gqumpds
peõds qug pgromtek
y/d ecodbehmcces cmopmer gc hgrreog gk idroe råpmhe y
e`sdr`gktgs).
 Zm ce sustekjme jdktmköe secmgk
secmgkhd
hd hg su iugktg hg ecoejgke
ecoejgkeomgktd,
omgktd, sg prdjghgrå
e utmcm
utmcmzer
zer cd
cdss gc
gcgog
gogktd
ktdss hg jdk
jdktgk
tgkjmú
jmúkk pere
pere cds hgrre
hgrreog
ogss pgqug
pgqugõds
õds jdo
jdod
d
tepdkgs y/d terulds.
 Xdhd gc oetgrmec jdkteomkehd sg hg`grå rgjdlgr y hmspdkgr gk jdktgkghdrgs
be`mcmtehds pere rgsmhuds pgcmlrdsds.
 Zm gc hgrreog sg prdhujg sd`rg pmsds mopgroge`cgs6 jdktgkgr gc hgrreog jdk
tmgrre, ergke u dtrd oetgrmec e`sdr`gk
e`sdr`gktg
tg (peõds, ecodbehmcces) epcmjekhd hgshg ce
ogkdr jdte gk jesd hg pgkhmgktg d hgshg gc `drhg bejme gc jgktrd hgc hgrreog.
 Zm gc hgr
hgrreo
reog g dju
djurrg
rrg sd`rg uke sup supgri
grimjm
mjmg
g pgr
pgroge
oge`c`cg
g jdo
jdodd gs gc jes
jesd
d hg
hgrreog hg jdoùstm`cg gk sugcd pdr hgspgrigjtds hg gqumpds d oequmkermes d
hurektg gc trekspdrtg. Zg jeverå ecrghghdr hg ístg jdogkzekhd sd`rg ce ogkdr
jdte hgc sugcd gk jesd hg pgkhmgktg. Gste sg hg`g rgecmzer oekuecogktg jdk
uke pece e uke hmstekjme oïkmoe hg 0> jo. hgc `drhg hgc hgrreog hg oekgre hg
=9

id
idro
roerer uk pgpgqu
qugõ
gõdd se
serh
rhmk
mkgc
gc hg jd
jdktktgk
gkjm
jmúk
úk.. Gs
Gstd
td sg rgec
rgecmz
mze
e best
beste
e rdhg
rdhger
er
jdopcgteogktg gc hgrreog.
 Gk jesd beyek rgsuctehd eigjtehd eclök omgo`rd hgc pgrsdkec jdod jdktejtd
jd
jdkk ce vm
vmsm
smúk
úk,, gk
gktr
trg
g dtrd
dtrdss y hgpg
hgpgkh
khmg
mgkh
khdd hg ce lrev
lrevgh
gheh
eh,, sg prdj
prdjgh
ghgr
grå
å e
tresc
trescehe
ehercd
rcd ec jgk
jgktrd
trd esm
esmstg
stgkjm
kjmec
ec hg
hgcc jeo
jeope
peogk
ogktd
td d ec jgk
jgktrd
trd hg sec
secuh
uh oå
oåss
jgrjekd.
 Zg hgcmomterå gc årge eigjtehe, pere su pdstgrmdr rgsteurejmúk, ce qug mkjcuyg ce
rgodjmúk hg tdhd gc sugcd eigjtehd, su rgpdsmjmúk y ejjmdkgs hg rgvglgtejmúk, sm
gc jesd cd rgqumgrg.
MR.2.8.: Jdktmklgkjmes hg Ejjmhgktgs
Gc prgsgktg gste`cgjg oghmhes hg ejjmúk ektg ce djurrgkjme hg ejjmhgktgs ce`drecgs gk cds
hmigrgktgs irgktgs hg treèfd hurektg ces gtepes hg prgperejmúk, tecgs jdod dpgrejmúk hg cds
vgbïjucds y oequmkerme pgsehe, y pdsm`cgs jeïhes, drmlmkehds pdr hgimjmgkjmes buoekes d
ie
iecccces
es og
ogjå
jåkm
kmje
jess hg cd
cdss gq
gqum
umpd
pdss utmc
utmcmz
mzeh
ehds
ds,, Lg
Lgkg
kgre
reco
cogk
gktgtg hure
hurekt
ktg
g cds
cds tre`
treèf
efds
ds hg
odvmomgktd hg tmgrres sg prgsgktek rmgslds hg ejjmhgktgs hgc pgrsdkec hg d`re. ^dr cd qug
gs kgj kgjgse
gsermd
rmd jdk
jdkter
ter jdk ogh
oghmh
mhes
es hg prgprgvg
vgkjm
kjmúk
úk,, jdk
jdktrd
trdcc y rgspu
rgspugs
gste
te ektg
ektg ce pds
pdsm`c
m`cg
g
djurrgkjme hg cds sujgsds mkhmjehds, qug jdktrmùyek e gvmter ejjmhgktgs qug lgkgrgk
pdsm`cgs vïjtmoes.
Oghmhes pere jesds hg ejjmhgktgs ce`drecgs gk cds hmigrgktgs irgktgs hg treèfd
Ektgs hgc Gvgktd
Zg jdkterå jdk uke ukmheh hg prmogrds euxmcmds
Zg jdkterå jdk uke jeomdkgte hmspdkm`cg pere gc hgspcezeomgktd råpmhd pere gc trescehd
hg cds ejjmhgktehds
 Xdhd gc pgrsd
Xdhd pgrsdkec
kec rgj
rgjm`
m`mrå
mrå jep
jepejm
ejmtej
tejmúk
múk jdk
jdktmk
tmkue
ue gk prm
prmogr
ogrds
ds eux
euxmcmcmds
mds,, ghu
ghujej
jejmú
múk
k
eo`mgktec,, esï jdod secuh y sglurmheh djupejm
eo`mgktec djupejmdkec.
dkec.
 Xdhds cds treèfehdrgs rgjm`mråk jberces hg mkhujjmúk hg sglurmheh ce`drec y etgkjmúk
`åsmje hg prmogrds euxmcmds, omkutds ektgs hg jdogkzer e ce`drer
 Gc pgrsdkec jdkterå jdk gc hg`mhd gqumpd hg prdtgjjmúk pgrsdkec-G^^ (jesjd, `dtes hg
sglurmheh, luektgs, gtj.) hg ejugrhd e ce ce`dr qug rgecmjg y su usd jdrrgjtd sgrå hg
jeråjtgr d`cmletdrmd.
d`cmletdrmd. Ehgoås, sgrå jepejmtehd gk cds `gkgimjmds hgc usd hgc G^^ e imk hg
mktgrmdrmzerr gc usd hgc omsod.
mktgrmdrmze
 Hgserrdccer uk prdlreoe hg oektgkmomgktd prgvgktmvd hg cds gqumpds y oequmkerme e
utmcmzer, e imk hg prgvgkmr, hgspgrigjtds, ruptures, gtj. Hgc omsod odhd sg rgecmzerå uke
jeopeõe e ces mkstecejmdkgs y culergs hg treèfd, pere mhgktmimjer pdsm`cgs zdkes hg
rmgsld.
Hurektg gc Gvgktd
Zg jdoukmjerå ec Fgig hg @rmlehe hg Gogrlgkjmes, ejgrje hgc ejjmhgktg, sgõecekhd su
cdjecmzejmúk y tmpd hg ejjmhgktg, kmvgc hg lrevgheh. Gste jdoukmjejmúk sgrå e trevís hg
tgcíidkd, rehmd d gk gc pgdr hg cds gsjgkermds hg oekgre pgrsdkec.
 Ce @rmlehe hg Gogrlgkjme sg tresceherå ec culer hgc ejjmhgktg jdk cds mopcgogktds y/d
=<

gqumpds qug pgromtek etgkhgr ec bgrmhd.

 Cds treèfehdrgs, hg ejugrhd e cd qug mkhmje cds jursds hg mkhujjmúk hg sglurmheh
ejtueråk hg oekgre jecoehe, jdk sgrgkmheh y repmhgz, hekhd trekqumcmheh
trekqumcmheh y jdkimekze e
cds eigjtehds.
 Zg gvecuerå ce smtuejmúk ektgs hg ejtuer, rgecmzekhd uke råpmhe mkspgjjmúk hg su
gktdrkd, hg oekgre qug pgromte pdkgr gk oerjbe ce cceoehe jdkhujte ÊZ (prdtglg,
evmser, sdjdrrgr).
 Zg rgecmzerå gc trescehd hgc pgrsdkec eigjtehd e cds jgktrds esmstgkjmecgs oås jgrjekds,
hg ejugrhd ec irgktg hg treèfd hdkhg sujghmú gc mkjmhgktg vecmíkhdsg hg uke ukmheh hg
hgspcezeomgktd
hgspcezeo mgktd råpmhd.
 Zg rglmstrerå gc mkjmhgktg gk uk idroucermd gk hdkhg sg mkjcuye6 culer hg ejjmhgktg,
igjbe, bdre, ejtmvmheh qug rgecmzeè gc ejjmhgktg, jeuse hg ejjmhgktg, lrevgheh, gktrg
dtrds.
Oghmhes pere jesds hg ejjmhgktgs vgbmjucergs
Ektgs hgc Gvgktd
Wkmhehgs Ygbmjucergs
Ygbmjucergs hg D`re
Zdcd gc pgrsdkec eutdrmzehd pdhrå jdkhujmr ces ukmhehgs hg trekspdrtg.

 Cds vgbïjucds hg trekspdrtg hg d`re jdkteråk jdk cds rgspgjtmvds sglurds gxmlm`cgs
be`mcmte
be`mcmtehds,
hds, ehgo
ehgoås
ås jdkte
jdktere
re jdk uk jrdk
jrdkdlre
dlreoe
oe hg oekt
oektgkmo
gkmomgktd
mgktd prgv
prgvgktm
gktmvd
vd qug
hg`gråk juopcmr.
 Cds jmkturdkgs hg sglurmheh sgråk usehds tdhd gc tmgopd.
 ^dr kmklök odtmvd sg hgferå uke ukmheh hg trekspdrtg d`struygkhd ce vïe, smk ce
jdcdjejmúk hg ce sgõecmzejmúk jdrrgspdkhmgktg.
 Cds jdkhujtdrgs hg cds vgbïjucds hgc prdygjtd kd jdkhujmråk èfd gigjtds hg ecjdbdc y/d
hrdles.

Cds jdkhujtdrgs
cds cïomtgs qug trekspdrtek
hg vgcdjmheh gste`cgjm pgrsdkecgs, prdhujtd imkec y/d jdoùstm`cg rgspgterek
gste`cgjmhds.
hds.
 Ces ukmhehgs hg trekspdrtg jdkterek jdk gc gqumpd oïkmod kgjgsermd pere eirdkter
gogrlgkjmes
gogrlgkjmes ogjåkmjes, oghmjes g mkjmhgktgs.
 Oektgkgr gc tgcíidkd hg ce gstejmúk pdcmjmec y hg cds jgktrds esmstgkjmecgs, esï jdod hg
u`mjejmúk gk tdhd gc åo`mtd hgc prdygjtd.
Wkmhehgs Ygbmjucergs pertmjucergs
 Gk jesd hg ejjmhgktg, sg hg`g jdcdjer uke sgõecmzejmúk e hmstekjme oïkmoe hg 0> o. hg
hmstekjme hgc vgbïjucd y her evmsd mkoghmetd ec Fgig hg @rmlehe hg Gogrlgkjmes, qumgk
tmgkg ce rgspdkse`mcmheh hg jddrhmker gc gkvïd dpdrtukd hgc pgrsdkec ogjåkmjd ehmjmdkec.
 Ce @rmlehe hg Gogrlgkjmes sgrå ce rgspdkse`cg hg emscer gc årge, vgrmimjer qug gc odtdr
hgc vgbïjucd gstg epelehd y qug kd beye jberjds hg lesdcmke d pgtrúcgd. Gk jesd hg
gxms
gxmstmtmrr hg
hgrr
rreo
eogs
gs,, ístd
ístdss hg
hg`g
`grå
råk
k sg
sgrr ju
ju`m
`mgr
grtd
tdss jdk
jdk tmgr
tmgrre
re,, ergk
ergke
e u dtrd
dtrd oe
oetg
tgrm
rmec
ec
=2

e`sdr`gktg.
 Gk gc jesd hg gxmstmr cgsmdkgs, y su lrevgheh rgqumgrg hg etgkjmúk oíhmje gspgjmecmzehe,
cd bgrmhds hg`gråk sgr hgrmvehds ec jgktrd esmstgkjmec oås jgrjekd.
 Gk jesd hg ejjmhgktgs jdk rgsuctehds ietecgs, gc Jddrhmkehdr hg Jdktmklgkjme, hg`grå
cceoer e ce ^dcmjïe Kejmdkec tdoekhd gk jugkte hg kd ectgrer gc smtmd hgc sujgsd.
 Jdktrdcehd gc mkjmhgktg gc jddrhmkehdr hg Jdktmklgkjme hg`grå rglmstrer gc ejjmhgktg gk
id
idro
rouc
ucer
ermd
mdss pr
prgv
gvme
meog
ogkt
ktg
g gste
gste`c
`cgj
gjmh
mhds
ds qu
qug
g tgkh
tgkhrå
råk
k jdod
jdod oïkm
oïkmod
od ce sm smlu
lumg
mgkt
ktg
g
mkidroejmúk6 Ces jerejtgrïstmjes hgc mkjmhgktg, igjbe, bdre, culer, tmpd hg ejjmhgktg,
köogrd hg pgrsdkes eigjtehes (gk jesd gxmstmgsgk).
MR.2
MR.2.8
.8.8
.8 ^rdl
rdlreoe
reoe hg jd
jdkt
ktmk
mklg
lgkj
kjme
mess ek
ektg
tg cc
ccuv
uvme
mess mk
mkttgkse
gksess
Gk jesd hg qug puhmgre djurrmr uk gvgktd hg ccuvmes mktgkses, gc pgrsdkec dpgretmvd hg`grå
jdkdjgr gk idroe hgteccehe ces kdroes e sglumr y cds prdjghmomgktds sd`rg ces oghmhes hg
sglurmheh e ehdpter, jdod ces qug e jdktmkuejmúk sg mkhmjek6
Oghmhes prgvgktmves ektgs hgc gvgktd
 Zg rgecmzerå smoucejrds pere lerektmzer uke rgspugste jddrhmkehe, dpdrtuke, råpmhe y

gigjtmveces
Xdhes ektg uke gogrlgkjme.
gogrlgkjm
hmstrmùjmdkgs hg e.
ces ghmimjejmdkgs jdkteråk jdk sgõecmzejmdkgs y culergs hg
gvejuejmúk.
 Gk tdhds cds culergs hg d`re g mkstecejmdkgs sg mhgktmimjeråk zdkes hg sglurmheh pere
gstds jesds.
 Cds treèfehdrgs y vmsmtektgs gk lgkgrec rgjm`mråk uk mkstrujtmvd `åsmjd sd`rg quí bejgr
gk smtuejmdkgs hg ccuvmes mktgkses.
 Ce mkiregstrujture hgc prdygjtd hg`grå juopcmr jdk ces kdroes hg hmsgõd y jdkstrujjmúk
pere cd juec sg be jdksmhgrehd ce jdkstrujjmúk hg cds ecmvmehgrds y ces jdkhmjmdkgs
lgkgrecgss prdpmes hg ce zdke.
lgkgrecg
 Zg sgõeceråk ces rutes hg gvejuejmúk, ces zdkes hg sglurmheh y hg pgcmlrd, esï jdod ces
årges gxtgrmdrgs cm`rgs pere ce u`mjejmúk tgopdrec hgc pgrsdkec gvejuehd.
^rdjghmomgktd hg ejjmúk hurektg gc gvgktd
 Gc pgrsdkec gk d`re sg pdkhrå gk ùgk rgsluerhd hurektg cds gvgktds hg ccuvmes
mktgkses.
 Hg sgr pdsm`
pdsm`cg
cg,, sg hms
hmspdk
pdkhrå
hrå ce gve
gvejue
juejmú
jmúk
k hg tdh
tdhd
d gc pgr
pgrsd
sdkec
kec bejme zdke
zdkess hg
sglurmheh y iugre hg ces zdkes hg treèfd.
 Zg hg`grå perecmzer tdhe oekmd`re, gk gc usd hg oequmkermes y/d gqumpds1 e imk hg gvmter
ejjmhgktgs.
^rdjghmomgktd hg ejjmúk hgspuís hgc gvgktd
 Gc pgrsdkec gk d`re hg`grå ccgver uk jdktrdc hgc gvgktd djurrmhd y rgpdrter e sus
supgrmdrgs.
 Zg rgecmzerå ce cmopmgze y oektgkmomgktd jdrrgspdkhmgktg e ces mkiregstrujtures hg cds
ecmvmehgrds.
R. PGCEJMDKGZ JDOWKMXEPMEZ
R.5 Mkt
Mktrdh
rdhujj
ujjmúk
múk
==

Gc pcek hg rgcejmdk
rgcejmdkgs
gs jdoukmtermes gstå sustgktehd gk cds prgjgptds hg ùgke vgjmkheh jdk cds
pd`cehdrgs hgc årge hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd, hg oekgre qug ces ejtmvmhehgs mkbgrgktgs e
ce gfgjujmúk hgc prdygjtd tgklek uk mopejtd `gkíimjd gk ce pd`cejmú
pd`cejmúkk ecgheõe.
R.0 D`f
D`fgtm
gtmvds
vds
 Gste`c
Gst e`cgjg
gjgrr cd
cdss ogh
oghmds
mds hg jdo
jdoukm
ukmjej
jejmú
múk
k jdk ce jdouk
jdoukmhmheh
eh u`m
u`mjeh
jehe
e gk gc årge
årge hg
mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd jdk gc imk hg mkidroer sd`rg ces ejtmvmhehgs e gfgjutersg y ces
oghmhes jdktgopcehes gk gc prgsgktg mkidrog hg lgstmúk eo`mgktec.
 Cdlrer uk jdoprdomsd gstretílmjd jdk ce pd`cejmúk hg ce jdoukmheh pere gc jumhehd
eo`mgktec pdr pertg hg cds ejtdrgs mkvdcujrehds.
R.: Jdktgk
Jdktgkmhdmhd hg
hgcc ^cek hg Pgc
Pgcejmdkgs
ejmdkgs Jdouk
Jdoukmtermes
mtermes
R.
R.:.5
:.5 ^rdl
^rdlreo
reoee hg Mkid
Mkidro
roej
ejmú
múk
k
e) D`fgtmvds
 Mo
Mopc
pcgo
gogkgkte
terr prprdj
djgs
gsds
ds hg jd jdou
oukm
kmje
jejm
jmúk
úk qug
qug jdkt
jdktrm
rmù
ùye
yek
k e ce jdop
jdoprg
rgks
ksmú
múk
k y
pertmjmpejmúk hg ce pd`cejmúk hgc årge hg mkicugkjme gk ce gfgjujmúk hgc prdygjtd.
 Jdoukmjer dpdrtukeogktg e cds lrupds hg mktgrís sd`rg ces ejtmvmhehgs hgc prdygjtd y
ces ejjmdkgs vmkjucehes e cds pcekgs hg oekgfd eo`mgktec epcmje`cgs.
`) Ejtmvmhehgs
Drlekmzer cds ogjekmsods hg jdoukmjejmúk jdktmkue6

Gk
jdkrgukmdkgs
ce imkecmhehmkidroetmves
hg oektgkgrjdkmkidroehe
ces eutdrmhehgs cdjecgs yhglrupds
e ce pd`cejmúk hg mktgrísehgc
ces ejtmvmhehgs prdygjtd
hgserrdccer,
ces juecgs sg heråk gk trgs odogktds gspgjïimjds6 ec mkmjmd hg ces ejtmvmhehgs hg
jdkstrujjmúk,, hurektg ces ejtmvmhehgs hg jdkstrujjmúk y ec imkecmzer ce gtepe jdkstrujtmve.
jdkstrujjmúk
 Gk oetgrmecgs hmhåjtmjds hg hmiusmúk hmvgrsds.
 Gk oghmds hg jdoukmjejmúk oås vmstds y gsjujbehds.
 Gc jdktretmste hg`grå hmspdkgr hg uke dimjmke pere `rmkher mkidroejmúk rgspgjtd e ce
gfgjujmúk hgc prdygjtd, gk gcce sg rgjdlgk ces pgrjgpjmdkgs hg ce pd`cejmúk, huhes y
jdksuctes.
j) Mk
Mkst
stru
ruog
ogktktdd g mkhm
mkhmje
jehd
hdrg
rgss h
hgg ssgl
glum
umom
omgk
gktd
td y odk
odkmtmtdr
drgd
gd
Mkstruogktd
 Ejtes hg ces rgukmdkgs
rgukmdkgs rgecmzehes
rgecmzehes
 Idtds
 Cmste hg esmstgkjme
Mkhmjehdr
 Jdkdjmomgktd hg ce pd`cejmúk y ttreèfehd
Jdkdjmomgktd reèfehdrgs
rgs sd`rg gc prdygjtd y sus ejtmvmhehg
ejtmvmhehgs.
s.
h) ^d`cejmúk ` `ggkgimjmerme
Gc ^rdlreoe hg mkidroejmúk `gkgimjmere e cds treèfehdrgs y e cds mkvdcujrehds gk gc årge hg
mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd.
R.:.0 ^rd
R.:.0 ^rdlreo
lreoee hg Jdk
Jdktret
tretejmú
ejmúk
khhgg o
oekd
ekd hg d`r
d`ree cd
cdjec
jec
g) D`fgtmvds
5>>

Dptmomzer gc prdjgsd hg jdktretejmúk hg ce oekd hg d`re cdjec gk gc Årge hg Mkicugkjme hgc

^rdygjtd e trevís hg ogjekmsods y prdjghmomgktds mhúkgds, e imk hg setmsiejgr ce hgoekhe
ce`drec y `gkgimjmer e ce pd`cejmúk hgc årge hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd.
i) Ecjekjg
Gk Zu` ^rdlreoe sg drmgkte e jekecmzer cds gsiugrzds rgcejmdkehds e mkjdrpdrer e pertg hg ce
pd`cejmúk gk ces ejtmvmhehgs hgc ^rdygjtd, ehgoås hg gste`cgjgr uke prdpugste hg mkjcusmúk
ce`drec hg ce pd`cejmúk hgc årge hg mkicugkjme hgc ^rdygjtd, e imk hg setmsiejgr ce hgoekhe
ce`drec gk ce gtepe hg Jdkstrujjmúk y Jmgrrg hgc prdygjtd y pgromtmr gc eprgkhmzefg hg dtrds
jdkdjmomgktds e ce pd`cejmúk cdjec, epdrtekhd e su vgz ec ogfdreomgktd hg ces jepejmhehgs
pgrsdkecgs y e ogfdrer ce jepejmheh ehqumsmtmve hg ces ieomcmes.
l) Oghmhes e Gfgjuter
Gc ^rd
^rdlre
lreoe
oe gsgster
terå
å mk
mktgl
tglreh
rehd
d pd
pdrr trg
trgss ogh
oghmhe
mhess per
pere
e su mopmopcg
cgogk
ogktej
tejmú
múk
k drmgk
drmgkteh
tehds
ds ec
juopcmomgktd
juopcmomg ktd hgc d`fgtmvd prdpugstd, cds juecgs sg hgsjrm`gk e jdktmkuejmúk6
Hgoekhe Ce`drec
 Zg gste`cgjgråk jcereogktg gc tmpd y köogrd hg pugstds hg treèfd e digrter, iejmcmtekhd
ce pdstucejmúk e ce pd`cejmúk hgc årge hg mkicugkjme hmrgjte qug juopce jdk gc pgrimc
rgqugrmhd, pere gc juopcmomgktd hg ces ejtmvmhehgs sdcmjmtehes.
 Gc prdjghmomgktd pere ce jdktretejmúk hg oekd hg d`re cdjec jdktgopcerå ejugrhds
tdoehds gk Eseo`cge
ejugrhd jdk gc köogrd hg jdktreèfehdrgs
ce cdjecmheh,sdcmjmtehds
sd`rg qumgkgs
y pgrimchg`gråk sgrpdr
rgqugrmhd cdscepdstucektgs
goprgse, yhg ce
iesg gk qug sg gkjugktrg gc prdygjtd.
 Ces eutdrmhehgs jdoukecgs mksjrm`mråk e cds pdstucektgs y rgomtmråk ce rgcejmúk e ce
goprgse.
gopr gse. Ces eutdr
eutdrmhe
mhehgs
hgs cdjec
cdjecgs
gs jgrtmimj
jgrtmimjeråk
eråk qug íc d ce pdstuc
pdstucektg
ektg pgrtg
pgrtgkgzj
kgzjek
ek e
hmjbe cdjecmheh d jdoukmheh, pere gvmter hg gstg odhd ce omlrejmúk ce`drec hg pgrsdkes
gxtreões.
 êre
ê re gc jes
jesdd hg cdcdss pug
pugstd
stdss jdr
jdrrgs
rgspdk
pdkhmhmgkt
gktgs
gs e ce oek oekdd hg d`r
d`re
e jec
jecmim
mimjeh
jehe,
e, cds
rgqumsmtds oïkmods sgråk cds smlumgktgs6 Zgr oeydr hg 52 eõds, jdkter jdk HKM, gster
jepejm
jep ejmteh
tehd
d iïsmje
iïsmjeogk
ogktg tg per
pere
e gc tre
treè
èfd
fd esmlk
esmlkehd
ehd,, se`
se`gr gr cggr
cggr y gsjrm
gsjrm`mr
`mr y kd tgk tgkgr
gr
ektgjghgktgs pdcmjmecgs km pgkecgs.
 Cds rgqumsmtds oïkmods pere gc jesd hg oekd hg d`re kd jecmimjehe sgråk6 sgr oeydr hg
52 eõds, jdkter jdk HKM, kd tgkgr ektgjghgktgs pdcmjmecgs km pgkecgs y gster jepejmtehd
ogktec y iïsmj
ogktec iïsmjeogk
eogktg
tg (epr
(eprdè
dèrr ce gvec
gvecuejm
uejmúk
úk oíhm
oíhmje
je y psmj
psmjdcúl
dcúlmje)
mje) pere gc tre`
treèfd
efd
esmlkehd.
Jdkvdjetdrme
Jdkvdjetdrme y jrmtgrmds hg sgcgjjmúk
 Zg rgecmzeråk rgukmdkgs mkidroetmves gk gc årge hg mkicugkjme hmrgjte hgc ^rdygjtd,
lerektmze
lere ktmzekhd
khd uk prdjg
prdjgsd
sd mkid
mkidroet
roetmvd,
mvd, trek
treksper
spergktg
gktg g mkjc
mkjcusmv
usmvd
d bejm
bejme
e ce pd`c
pd`cejmú
ejmúk,
k,
jdoukmjekhd
jdoukmjek hd gc mkmjmd, pcezd y hgteccgs hg ce jdkvdjetdrme, esï omsod e`sdcvgr jdksuctes
y huhes qug sg tgklek.
 Gc prd
prdjgs
jgsdd hg jdkjdkvdj
vdjetd
etdrme
rme sg rge
rgecmcmzer
zerå
å pdr mktgr
mktgrogh
oghmd
md hg ces
ces eutdr
eutdrmhe
mhehg
hgss hg ce
cdjecmheh qumgkgs sg cgs herå e jdkdjgr jdk dpdrtukmheh sd`rg ce rgcejmúk hg pugstds
hmspdkm`cgs,
hmspdkm`c gs, cds rgqumsmtds pere jehe pugstd, esï jdod ce hurejmúk hg gstg.
 Zg gste`cgjgrå jcereogktg gc pgrmdhd hg jdktretejmúk (tgopdrec d pgroekgktg)1 ces
jdkhmjmdkgs hg jdktretejmúk1 y cds `gkgimjmds ce`drecgs (sglurd jdktre ejjmhgktgs, hg
secuh, `gkgimjmds sdjmecgs, gktrg dtrds tgoes rgcejmdkehds
rgcejmdkehds).
).
5>5

 Gc cmstehd hg pdstucektgs sg herå e jdkdjgr pdr pertg hg ce goprgse Jdktretmste gk

jddrhmkejmúk jdk ces eutdrmhehgs cdjecgs. ^dstgrmdr e ce gvecuejmúk rgspgjtmve hg cds
pdstucektgs, sg hg`gråk mkidroer gc cmstehd hgc pgrsdkec sgcgjjmdkehd.
Jdktretejmúk y Jepejmtejm
Jepejmtejmúk
úk
 Cd
Cdss prdjgh
prdjghmom
momgkt
gktds
ds hg sgc
sgcgjj
gjjmd
mdkeh
kehdd hg pgr
pgrsdk
sdkec
ec sgråk
sgråk juopc
juopcmhd
mhdss tek
tektd
td pdr cds
cds
jdktretmstes, su`jdktretmstes
 Gc Jdktretmste supgrvmserå gc juopcmomgktd hg gccd.
 Ces pgrsdkes sgcgjjmdkehes
sgcgjjmdkehes rgjm`mråk uke mkhujjmúk gk secuh, hg ejugrhd jdk gc tmpd hg
treèfd e hgsgopgõer. Mkjcumrå gc Júhmld hg Jdkhujte hg cds Xreèfehdrgs.
 Gc pgrsdkec sgcgjjmdkehd peserå pdr uke gvecuejmúk oíhmje gk cds jgktrds gste`cgjmhds
pdr ce jdktretmste.
 Gc pgrsdkec rgjm`mrå gc gqumpd hg prdtgjjmúk pgrsdkec jdrrgspdkhmgktg sglök ce ce`dr e
hgsgopgõer.
 Cds treèfehdrgs sgråk jdktretehds hg ejugrhd jdk ce kdroetmvmheh cglec vmlgktg.
b) Mk
Mkst
stru
ruog
ogktktd
d g mkhm
mkhmje
jehd
hdrg
rgss h
hgg ssgl
glum
umom
omgk
gktd
td y odk
odkmt
mtdr
drgd
gd
Mkstruogktd
 Cmste hg ^dstucektgs
Mkhmjehdr
 Jdktretds ce`drecgs
m) ^d`cejmúk `gkgimjmerme
Ce pd`cejmúk `gkgimjmerme sgrå ce qug sg gkjugktre hgktrd hgc Årge hg Mkicugkjme Hmrgjte hgc
^rdygjtd, smk goèrld, gk jesd kd sg ju`rek cds pugstds rgqugrmhds pdr ce pd`cejmúk hgc
EMH, sg prdjghgrå
prdjghgrå e rgecmzer ce jdkvdjetdrme
jdkvdjetdrme gk Årge hg Mkicugk
Mkicugkjme
jme Mkhmrgjte hg
hgcc ^rdygjtd.
RM. ^CEK HG JMGPPG
Gc ^cek hg Jmgrrg, gs gc jdkfuktd hg ejjmdkgs qug sg ccgvek e je`d pere eèkhdker uk årge d
mkstecejmúk, g mkjcuyg ces oghmhes ehdptersg pere gvmter gigjtds ehvgrsds ec eo`mgktg, pdr
uk mkehgjuehd oekgfd hg cds rgsmhuds súcmhds, cïqumhds d lesgdsds qug pughek gxmstmr d
eicdrer gk gc jdrtd, oghmekd d cerld pcezd.
Gk gsg sgktmhd, gc prgsgktg ^cek hg Jmgrrg prgsgkte ces oghmhes pere esglurer ce jdrrgjte
hg
hgso
sodvdvmcmcmz
mzej
ejmú
múk
k hg ce
cess mk
mkst
stec
ecej
ejmd
mdkg
kgss hg su supg
pgrim
rimjm
jmg
g y gqum
gqumpd
pds1
s1 y ce rgst
rgsteu
eure
rejm
jmúk
úk y
rgbe`mcmtejmúk hg ces årges mktgrvgkmhes1 ces qug sgråk mopcgogktehes pdr gc Xmtucer uke vgz
imkecmzehe ce gtepe jdkstrujtmve y ec imkec hg ce vmhe ötmc hgc ^rdygjtd hg oekgre qug pgromtek
ehgjuer gc årge e uke jdkhmjmúk smomcer e su gstehd prgvmd ec ^rdygjtd, y hg gse oekgre
prgvgkmr y/d omkmomzer cds pdsm`cgs mopejtds rgsmhuecgs ec eo`mgktg, gk jdkjdrhekjme jdk ce
kdroetmve eo`mgktec.
RM.5 D`fgtmvds
Gc prgsgktg ^cek hg Jmgrrg tmgkg jdod d`fgtmvd prmkjmpec gc juopcmomgktd hg ces kdroes
tíjkm
tíjkmjes
jes y eo`
eo`mgmgkte
ktecgs
cgs,, epc
epcmje
mje`c
`cgs
gs y vml
vmlgkt
gktgs,
gs, esï jdo
jdodd ce pdc
pdcïtm
ïtmje
je gst
gste`c
e`cgjm
gjmhe
he pdr
pdr ce
gopr
go prgs
gse.
e. Gc ^cek
^cek hg Jm Jmgr
grrg
rg jd
jdks
ksms
mstg
tg gk ce pr prgp
gper
erej
ejmú
múk
k hg ces
ces jdkh
jdkhmj
mjmd
mdkg
kgss pere
pere ce
prgvgkjmúk, omkmomzejmúk y jdktrdc hg mopejtds eo`mgktecgs, sdjmecgs, hg secuh y sglurmheh
hurektg ce gtepe hgc jmgrrg hgimkmtmvd hg ces dpgrejmdkgs. Gc ^cek hg Jmgrrg sg gkoerje gk cds
smlumgktgs d`fgtmvds6
 Gste`mcmzejmúk iïsmje bmhrdcúlmje hg cds jdopdkgktgs hgc ^rdygjtd e cerld pcezd.
5>0

 Pgoghmejmúk hg årges eigjtehes

 Wsd ectgrketmvd hg årges g mkstecejmdkgs.
 Wsd
Wsd `g`gkg
kgimimjm
jmds
dsd
d hg ce tmgr
tmgrre
re uk
ukee vg
vgzz qu
qug
g sg jdkj
jdkjcu
cuye
yekk jdk
jdk ces
ces ejtm
ejtmvm
vmhe
hehg
hgss hg
jdkstrujjmúk.
 Hgtg
Hg tgro
romk
mkej
ejmú múk
k hg ce
cess jd
jdkh
khmj
mjmd
mdkg
kgss hg
hgcc pdsm
pdsm`c
`cg
g usd
usd iutu
iuturd
rd hg hmjb
hmjbes
es årge
årgess d

mkstecejmdkgs.
^rdtgjjmúk hg ce secuh y sglurmheh.
Gce`drejmúk hg prdlreoes sdjmecgs hgc jmgrrg, cds juecgs luerheråk jdrrgspdkhgkjme
jdk ces pdcïtmjes hg rgspdkse`mcmheh sdjmec hgc prdygjtd.
RM.0
RM.0 Pg
Pgsp
spdk
dkse
se` `cg hg ce Gfgju
fgjujm
jmú
úk
Gc Xmtucer sgrå gc rgspdkse`cg hg ce gfgjujmúk hgc ^cek hg Jmgrrg hgc ^rdygjtd.
RM
RM.:
.: ^rdj
^rdjgh
ghmom
momgk
gktd
tdss Lg
Lgkg
kgrec
recgs
gs hg
hgcc ^cek
^cek hg Jm
Jmgrr
grrgg
Ces ejjmdkgs y prdjghmomgktds lgkgrecgs gståk drmgktehds e rglucer ces ejtmvmhehgs qug sg
bek hg rgecmzer, uke vgz imkecmzehe
imkecmzehess ces gtepes hg jdkstrujjmúk y dpgrejmúk hgc ^rdygjtd.
Gktrg cds prdjghmomgktds lgkgrecgs
lgkgrecgs qug sg bek hg sglumr pere ce gfgjujmúk hgc prgsgktg ^cek
hg Jmgrrg pere ces mkstecejmdkgs hgc ^rdygjtd, sg pughgk ogkjmdker cds smlumgktgs6

Gste`c
Gst e`cgjg
gjgrr cecess ter
terges
ges qug
qug sg rgq rgqumg
umgrek
rek pere
pere rgt
rgtmre
mrerr hgc
hgc sgr
sgrvmj
vmjmd
md ces
ces mkste
mkstecej
cejmdk
mdkgs,
gs,
prdtglmgkhd gc eo`mgktg, ce secuh y sglurmheh buoeke hurektg ce gfgjujmúk hg hmjbes
terges.
 Jdouk
Jd oukmjemjerr e cecess eut
eutdrm
drmheh
hehgsgs jdo
jdopgpgtgk
tgktgs
tgs ce gfg
gfgjuj
jujmúk
múk hgc
hgc ^c
^cek,
ek, prg
prgsgk
sgktek
tekhd
hd ces
ces
odhmimjejmdkgs qug sg bu`mgrek rgecmzehd ec omsod, pere su eprdèjmúk.
 Hgcmomtejmúk
Hgcmomtej múk hg cds hmvgrsds irgktgs hg treèfd.
 Gk jesd ces ejtmvmhehgs hg Jmgrrg sg rgecmjgk jgrje hg jgktrds pd`cehds d jdoukmhehgs,
cds treèfds gk gstds sgjtdrgs sgråk gk bdrermd hmurkd smgoprg qug ce kgjgsmheh hg
tmgopd pere su gfgjujmúk kd rgqumgre hg pgrmdhds qug supgrgk hmjbd bdrermd.
 Xresceher cds gqumpds y oetgrmec hg hgsodktg lgkgrehds e cds culergs prgvmeogktg
gste`cgjmhds.
 Ces bgrreomgktes, gqumpds y/d oequmkerme qug sgråk gopcgehds gk ces ejtmvmhehgs y
prdjgsd hg Jmgrrg, hg`gråk gster gk ùgk gstehd hg dpgrejmúk jdk gc imk hg prgvgkmr
oeydrgs kmvgcgs hg rumhd y pdsm`cgs iules hg jdoùstm`cg
jdoùstm`cgss u dtrds gcgogktds.
 Xdhds cds treèfehdrgs hg`gråk bejgr usd hg sus gqumpds hg prdtgjjmúk pgrsdkec (G^^).
 Ce oekd hg d`re kd jecmimjehe sgrå jdktretehe prgigrgktgogktg y gk ce oghmhe hg cd
pdsm`cg hg ces pd`cejmdkgs mkvdcujrehes gk gc årge hg mkicugkjme hgc ^rdygjtd, sglök ces
kg
kgjgs
jgsmh
mhehg
ehgss hghgcc ^rd
^rdyg
ygjtd
jtd,, jdk
jdksm smhgr
hgrek
ekhd
hd ehgoå
ehgoåss ec pgr pgrsdk
sdkecec qug
qug puhmg
puhmgre
re be`gr
be`gr
pertmjmpehd gk gc prdjgsd jdkstrujtmvd hgc omsod.
 Pgecmzer ce cmopmgze y rgsteurejmúk hg ces årges mktgrvgkmhes, hg oekgre qug gc gktdrkd
eo`mg
eo` mgkte
ktecc mk
mktgr
tgrvgk
vgkmhd
mhd rgjup
rgjupgrg
grg,, gk ce oghoghmhmhe
e hg cd pdsm`
pdsm`cg,
cg, gc gst
gstehd
ehd gk qug qug sg
gkjdktreè smk ce mopcgogktejmúk hgc ^rdygjtd.
 Wke vgz tgromkehes ces ejtmvmhehgs hg Jmgrrg, sg prgsgkterå gc mkidrog rgspgjtmvd e ces
gktmhehgs jdrrgspdkh
jdrrgspdkhmgktgs.
mgktgs.
 Pgecmzer gc sglumomgktd hg ce gimjmgkjme y pgrhure`mcmheh hg ces oghmhes eo`mgktecgs
mopcgogktehes.
RM.:.5 Oghmh
Oghmhes
es hg J
Jmgrrg
mgrrg gk ce Gte
Gtepe
pe hg J
Jdkstru
dkstrujjmúk
jjmúk
5>:

Gk gste sgjjmúk sg prgsgktek cds jrmtgrmds `åsmjds pere ce gfgjujmúk hg ces oghmhes hg jmgrrg
hg ces årges hmsturèhes pdr ces ejtmvmhehgs, esï jdod pere tdhds cds jdopdkgktgs. Ces
ejtmvmhehgs hg jmgrrg sg gfgjuteråk uke vgz tgromkehe
tgromkehess hgimkmtmveogktg tdhes ces ejtmvmhehgs
hgc prdygjtd.
Zg bek jdksmhgrehd jdod oerjd, ces ejtmvmhehgs gste`cgjmhes gk gc Pglceogktd hg Jmgrrg
hg Omkes, ces qug sg hgteccek e jdktmkuejmúk6
Hgsoektgceomgktd, hgodcmjmúk, secveogktd y hmspdsmjmúk
Cds jrmtgrmds hg jmgrrg jdksmhgrehds pere ces ejtmvmhehgs hg hgsoektgceomgktd, hgodcmjmúk,
secveogktd y hmspdsmjmúk jdoprgkhgk cd smlumgktg6
 Jdopdkgktgs euxmcmergs jdod ecoejík
 D`res tgopdrecgs jdod gs gc hgpúsmtd hg oetgrmec gxjghgktg kd eprdvgjbe`cg.
Gk tdhds cds jesds, sg rgtmreråk cds oetgrmecgs, mksuods y rgsmhuds hg ejugrhd jdk cd
ogkjmdkehd gk gc ^rdlreoe hg Oekgfd hg Pgsmhuds, hg tec idroe qug gk ce supgrimjmg
rgsuctektg kd qughgk rgstds rgoekgktgs jdod oetgrmecgs hg jdkstrujjmúk, gqumpds, gktrg
dtrds. Zg sgpereråk cds rgsmhuds jdoukgs hg cds pgcmlrdsds, pere cugld trekspdrtercds hg
oekgre mkhgpgkhmgktg y hmspdkgrcds, hg ejugrhd jdk gc Hgjrgtd Zuprgod K¾ >58-0>5<-
OMKEO.
E jdktmkuejm
jdktmkuejmúk,
úk, sg pcektge ces oghmhes e jdksmhgrers
jdksmhgrersgg pere gc Jmgrrg hg ces ejtmvmhehgs
jdkstrujtmves6
Ejjmdkgs
Ejjmdk gs prgvm
prgvmeses
 Jddrhmkejmúk hgc ^cek hg Ejjmdkgs e sglumr jdod ce gce`drejmúk hgc jrdkdlreoe hg
ejtmvmhehgs pere ce gfgjujmúk rgspgjtmve.
 Gste`cgjmomgktd hg ces jdkhmjmdkgs mkmjmecgs hgc tgrrgkd pere gste`cgjgr cds jrmtgrmds
`åsmjds pere rgvgrtmr gc tgrrgkd e sus jdkhmjmdkgs mkmjmecgs.
 Hgimkmjmúk hg cds cïomtgs hg ces årges eigjtehes.
Pgtmrds hg årges hg treèfd
Hg`mhd e ces jerejtgrïstmjes hgc prdygjtd, jdkidrog sg vek jucomkekhd ces ejtmvmhehgs gk
jehe sgjtdr hg treèfd, perecgceogktg e ce jdksgjujmúk hg ces smlumgktgs ejtmvmhehgs, sg
hg`g mkmjmer jdk ces ejtmvmhehgs hg rgoghmejmúk y rgjupgrejmúk hg ces jdkhmjmdkgs mkmjmecgs
hgc tgr
tgrrgk
rgkd.
d. êr
êree tec imk,
imk, gst
gstg
g jdo
jdopd
pdkgk
kgktg,
tg, jdopr
jdoprgkh
gkhgg gk prm
prmogr
ogr culer
culer ejj
ejjmd
mdkgs
kgs hg
epcmjejmúk prdlrgsmve, perecgces ec hgserrdccd hg ces ejtmvmhehgs y gk sglukhd culer dtres
ejjmdkgs hgstmkehes
hgstmkehes e ce rgoghmejmúk hg ces årges eigjtehes.
Ejtmvmhehgs hg Epcmjejmúk ^rdlrgsmve
Hurektg ce rgecmzejmúk hg treèfds gk jehe sgjtdr, sg hg`gråk juopcmr jdk cds smlumgktgs
prdjghmomgktds hg juopcmomgktd, prmkjmpecogktg ec imkec hg jehe fdrkehe hg treèfd.
- Pgvmsmúk
Pgvms múk hg heõds
heõds prd prdvdj
vdjehd ehdss ec og
oghmd
hmd eo`
eo`mg
mgktg
ktg hur
hurekt
ektg
g ce fdrke
fdrkehe
he ce`dr
ce`drec.
ec. Gc
su
supg
pgrv
rvms
msdr
dr eo
eo`m
`mgk
gkte
tecc sd
sdcmcmjm
jmte
terå
rå ec mk
mklg
lgkm
kmgr
grd
d rgsm
rgsmhg
hgkt
ktg,
g, uk mkid
mkidro
rogg hg mkjm
mkjmhg
hgkt
ktgs
gs
eo`mgktecgss djurrmhds hurektg ce fdrkehe, y tdoerå ces oghmhes jdrrgjtmves hgc jesd.
eo`mgktecg
- Pgjdfd y ejdpmd hg rgsmhuds hgc årge hg treèfd. Gc supgrvmsdr eo`mgktec jdksteterå qug,
gk jehe årge hg treèfd, sg rgtmrgk tdhds cds rgsmhuds lgkgrehds, cd juec sg gigjtuerå
juopcmgkhd cds prdjghmomgktds gste`cgjmhds gk gc ^rdlreoe hg Oekgfd hg Pgsmhuds
Zúcmhds hgc ^rdygjtd.
- Pgjupgrejmúk hg ce imsmdlreiïe eigjtehe. Gk cds jesds hg gigjtuersg odvmomgktd hg
tmgrres, ec imkec hg jehe fdrkehe, sg hg`grå prdjghgr e rgste`cgjgr gk cd pdsm`cg ce
5>8

imsmdlreiïe hg ces årges rgodvmhes rgspgtekhd gc rgcmgvg keturec hgc tgrrgkd. Gste oghmhe
sg rgjdomgkhe pere gvmter qug ces gxjevejmdk
gxjevejmdkgs
gs gigjtuehes sgek puktds hg ejuoucejmúk
hg hgspgrhmjmds y pere gvmter qug cds omsods pughek smlkmimjer rmgslds hg ejjmhgktgs.
Ejtmvmhehgs hg Pgoghmejmúk
Gk gc jesd qug sg beyek rglmstrehd prd`cgoes qug mopcmqugk jesds hg jdkteomkejmúk d
hgtgrmdrd lrevg hgc gktdrkd keturec hgc årge hg treèfd, sg prdjghgrå epcmjekhd ce smlumgktg
sgjugkjme6
- Pgjdkdjmomgktd lgkgrec hg ces årges hg treèfd, jdk gc d`fgtd hg mhgktmimjer gc lrehd hg
heõds ec gktdrkd (prmkjmpecogktg ec sugcd, jugrpd hg elue)
- Pgjdfd hg juecqumgr rgsmhud qug puhmgre be`gr qughehd gk ces zdkes hg treèfd, gc årge
e gvecuer sgrå gk uk rehmd hg 7> ogtrds hg jehe årge hg jehe gstrujture y gk ce tdtecmheh
hg ejjgsds pdr hdkhg sg odvmcmzerdk ces ukmhehgs y gc pgrsdkec.
- Ygrmimjejmúk hg pdsm`cgs hgrreogs hg sustekjmes cïqumhes (pmktures, bmhrdjerùrds y/d
sdcvgktgs). Hg prgsgktersg eclök jesd hg jdkteomkejmúk sg prdjghgrå e ce sgõecmzejmúk
hg ce zdke pere mkmjmer cds ogjekmsods hg rgoghmejmúk. êre tec imk, gk prmogr culer, sg
prdjghgrå e gigjtuer jecmjetes hgktrd hgc årge eigjtehe pere hgtgromker ce prdiukhmheh y
gc lrehd hg jdkteomkejmúk y uke ju`mjejmúk eprdxmoehe hgc sugcd jdkteomkehd1 hg
ejugrhd jdk gc lrehd hg jdkteomkejmúk gc supgrvmsdr eo`mgktec hg ce jdktretmste hgjmhmrå
ce epcmjejmúk hg ecluke hg ces smlumgktgs oghmhes6
- Pgodjmúk y rgtmrd hg ce jepe hg sugcd eigjtehd pere su pdstgrmdr rgtmrd y hmspdsmjmúk imkec.
- Pgod
Pg odjmjmúk
úk y rg
rgtmtmrd
rd hg ce je
jepe
pe hg
hgcc su
sugc
gcd
d eigj
eigjte
tehd
hd pere
pere su oe oekgkgfd
fd jdod
jdod rgsm
rgsmhu
huds
ds
pgcmlrdsds. Gstg jesd gs epcmje`cg juekhd gc lrehd hg jdkteomkejmúk gs sgvgrd d lrevg.
êrecgceogktg sg hg`grå rgju`rmr gc årge eigjtehe, jdk tmgrre hg prísteod hg smomcergs
jerejtgrïstmjes ghåimjes.
Cmopmgze
Cmopmg ze hgc culer
E imk hg gvmter gc ejjgsd hg pgrsdkes d ekmoecgs e ces årges hg treèfd, sg oektgkhrå uke
vecce hg sglurmheh ecrghghdr hg gcce, hurektg cds treèfds hg cmopmgze.
Xdhds cds rgs
Xdhds rgsmhu
mhuds
ds mk
mkhus
hustrm
trmecg
ecgss prd
prdvgk
vgkmg
mgktg
ktgss hg ce cmcmopm
opmgze
gze hgc årg
årge
e hg tre
treè
èfd
fd sgr
sgråk
åk
rgtmrehds hg ejugrhd jdk gc pcek hg oekgfd hg rgsmhuds súcmhds, gstd gs1 sglrglejmúk,
ejdpmd y pdstgrmdr hmspdsmjmúk imkec hg rgsmhuds súcmhds hg ejugrhd jdk su jcesmimjejmúk.
Pgsteu rejmúk
Pgsteurejmú k hgc culer
Ce öctmoe gtepe hg ce iesg hg Jmgrrg d tíromkd hg ces ejtmvmhehgs jdkstrujtmves gs ce hg
rgsteurejmúk, qug jdksmstg gk hgvdcvgr ces prdpmghehgs hg cds sugcds e su jdkhmjmúk keturec
drmlmkec d e uk kmvgc ehgjuehd, pere gc usd jdopetm`cg jdk sus pdtgkjmecmhehgs y vdjejmúk
hg usd hg ces tmgrres. Gc treèfd mkjcumrå pdsm`cgogktg ejtmvmhehgs hg hgs jdopejtejmúk y
hgvdcujmúk hgc gktdrkd keturec, tgkmgkhd gk jugkte ces jdkhmjmdkgs jcmoåtmjes y tdpdlråimjes
pere cds treèfds hg rgsteurejmúk.
Gc pcek hg rgsteurejmúk ekecmzerå y jdksmhgrerå ces jdkhmjmdkgs drmlmkecgs hgc gjdsmstgoe
prgvmes ec prdygjtd y sg pcekmimjerå hg ejugrhd jdk gc usd iuturd hgc tgrrgkd. Ce rgsteurejmúk
jdksmhgrerå cds espgjtds qug esglurgk ce prgperejmúk hgc tgrrgkd, pere qug ce omsoe pughe
rgjd`rer su gstehd mkmjmec.
E jdktmkuejm
jdktmkuejmúk,
úk, sg prgsgkte ces ejtmvmheh
ejtmvmhehgs
gs jdkjgrkmgk
jdkjgrkmgktgs
tgs e ce rgjdkimlure
rgjdkimlurejmúk
jmúk hgc tgrrgkd,
5>7

ejtmvmheh jdktgopcehe hgktrd hg ce rgsteurejmúk. Kd sg be jdksmhgrehd ejtmvmhehgs hg

rgvglgtejmúk hg`mhd e qug cds jdopdkgktgs tgopdrecgs (HOG) hgc prdygjtd sg hgspcezek
gk zdkes qug jergjgk hg jd`grture vglgtec.
Ehmjmdkecogktg, tdhd gc oetgrmec gxjghgktg y gc lgkgrehd pdr gc prdjgsd hg hgsjertg sgråk
Ehmjmdkecogktg,
utmcmz
utmcmzehd
ehdss gk ce kmv
kmvgce
gcejmú
jmúk
k lg
lgkgr
kgrec
ec hgc årg
årge
e ec
ectgr
tgreh
ehe,
e, pgr
pgromt
omtmg
mgkhd
khd uk eje
ejeèh
èhd
d imkec
imkec gk
gqu
gqumcm
mcm`rm
`rmd
prgsgkterd jdk ce odr
odridc
bdkhdkehesidcdlï
dlïe
qug epughek
hg
hgcc gkt
gktdrk
drkdd jmr
jmrjuk
drmlmker jukhe
hektg
ktg..hgEcgrdsmúk
prdjgsds imkecm
imkecmzer
zery hgs`drhgs
gst
gste
e årg
årge
e pdstgrmdrgs
kd hg`gr
hg`gråå
hurektg ces ípdjes böoghes.
Ce kmvgcejmúk hgc årge ectgrehe rghujmrå cds mopejtds eo`mgktecgs y vmsuecgs gk gc årge hgc
prdygjtd. Gc rgste`cgjmomgktd hg cds pgrimcgs tdpdlråimjds hgvdcvgrå ec rgcmgvg hgc tgrrgkd, uke
jdkhmjmúk jdopetm`cg jdk ce tdpdlreiïe hgc gktdrkd, jdksmhgrekhd pere gccd ces smlumgktgs
oghmhes6
 Gc tgrrgkd sgrå kmvgcehd jdksgrvekhd ce tdpdlreiïe gxmstgktg ektgs hg ce jdkstrujjmúk,
beste hdkhg tektd ce keturecgze hg ces ejtmvmhehgs ccgvehes e je`d jdod ces jdkhmjmdkgs
cdjecgs cd pgromtek.
 Gc oetgrmec rgsuctektg hgc rgtmrd hg oetgrmec gxjghgktg sgrå hmspugstd gk uk årge hg
ejdpmd tgopdrec hg sugcd.
Ce supgrimjmg hgc tgrrgkd sg hgsjdopejterå y buoghgjgrå beste pdr cd ogkds >.:> o. pere
pgromtmr qug gc sugcd pughe sgr usehd kugveogk
kugveogktg.tg.
RM.:.0 Oghmh
Oghmhes
es hg Jmgrr
Jmgrrgg Hgimk
Hgimkmtmvd
mtmvd (g
(gk
k ce Gte
Gtepe
pe hg Dpg
Dpgrejmúk)
rejmúk)
Gk jesd hg jucomkejmúk hg ces ejtmvmhehgs hg dpgrejmúk hg ce mkiregstrujture hg rmgld y
tgkmgkhd gk jugkte gc usd qug sg cg herå ec årge, ces jdkhmjmdkgs lgdlråimjes ejtuecgs y ces
jdkhmjmd
jdkh mjmdkgs
kgs drml
drmlmkec
mkecgs
gs hgc gjds
gjdsmstgo
mstgoe,
e, sg prdp
prdpdkhr
dkhråk
åk ejjm
ejjmdkg
dkgss hg hgsj
hgsjdkte
dkteomke
omkejmúk
jmúk,,
rgsteurejmúk, rgtmrd hg mkstecejmdkgs
mkstecejmdkgs y dtres qug sgek kgjgsermes pere hgvdcvgr ec eo`mgktg e
uk gstetus ehgjuehd pere gc hgsgkvdcvmomgktd kdroec.
RM
RM.:.
.:.:: Cmkgeo
Cmkg eomgk
mgktd
tdss
Jmgrrg Xdtec
Hgjmhmhd gc Jmgrrg tdtec hg ces mkstecejmdkgs sg hg`gråk tdoer ces smlumgktg
smlumgktgss jdksmhgrejmdkgs
pere gvmter gc mopejtd kgletmvd ec oghmd eo`mgktg6
 Pgecmzer uke gvecuejmúk hg cds gcgogktds d pertgs hg ces mkstecejmd
mkstecejmdkgs,
kgs, pere prgvgkmr qug
kd jd jdkt
ktgk
gklelekk su
sust
stek
ekjm
jmes
es jd
jdkt
kteo
eomk
mkek
ektg
tgs1
s1 gk jesd
jesd hg gkjd
gkjdkt
ktre
rers
rsg,
g, hg`g
hg`grå
råk
k sgr
sgr
gvejuehds, tretehds ehgjueheogktg y jdcdjehds gk zdkes prghgtgromkehes pere gvmter
qug eigjtgk ec oghmd eo`mgktg epcmjekhd cds prdjghmomgktds hgc ^rdlreoe hg Oekgfd hg
Pgsmhuds Zúcmhds.
 Xdhds
Xdh ds cd
cdss rgs
rgsmh
mhuds
uds súc
súcmhd
mhdss kd pgcm
pgcmlrd
lrdsds
sds hg`
hg`grå
gråk
k sgr tre
treteh
tehds
ds ehgju
ehgjuehe
eheogk
ogktgtg hg
ejugrhd jdk gc ^rdlreoe hg Oekgfd hg Pgsmhuds Zúcmhds
 Zg prdjghgrå e ce rgsteurejmúk hg ces zdkes pgrturèhes e uke jdkhmjmúk jdksmstgktg
jdksmstgktg jdk
gc usd iuturd hg ce tmgrre d e su gstehd keturec. Esmomsod, sg rgecmzeråk ejtmvmhehgs hg
rgvglgtejmúk jdk gspgjmgs hg ce zdke gk ces årges hdkhg sg bu`mgre rgecmzehd rgtmrd hg
jd`grture vglgtec pdr gc gopcezeomgktd hg eclök jdopdkgktg.

Zg gfgjuteråk jdktrdcgs eo`mgktecgs hurektg gc prdjgsd hg Jmgrrg y pdst Jmgrrg, cds
juecgs sdk6 jecmheh hg emrg, jecmheh hg sugcd, jecmheh hg elue.
5>9

 Gc tmtucer gce`drerå y prgsgkterå e ce eutdrmheh jdopgtgk

jdopgtgktgtg uk Mkidrog hg Jmgrrg, hdkhg sg
hgteccgk jcereogktg tdhes ces ejtmvmhehgs e gigjtuer jdod pertg hgc Jmgrrg hgc årge hgc
pr
prdy
dygjgjtd
td.. Gk hm hmjb
jbd
d mk
mkid
idro
rogg sg jd jdks
ksml
mlke
kerå
råk
k tdhe
tdhess ces
ces ejtm
ejtmvm
vmhe
hehg
hgss tíjk
tíjkmj
mjeo
eogk
gktg
tg
fustmimjehes qug lerektmzeråk ce rgbe`mcmte
rgbe`mcmtejmúk
jmúk hg ces årges pgrturèhe
pgrturèhes,
s, sgõecekh
sgõecekhdd cds
rgjursds buoekds, tíjkmjds y gjdkúomjds qug lerektmjgk su gfgjujmúk.
RMM. ÊPXMJMÊJMÚK MÚK J
JMMWHEHEKE
Gc ^cek hg êrtmjmpejmúk Jmuheheke hg ce prgsgktg, jdktmgkg cds ogjekmsods y oghmds pere
`rmkher mkidroejmúk dpdrtuke e ce pd`cejmúk hgc årge hg mkicugkjme hgc ^rdygjtd, pere ce
gtepe hg gce`drejmúk y eprdèjmúk hgc gstuhmd hg Mkidrog hg Lgstmúk Eo`mgktec, jdkidrog e
cd gste`cgjmhd gk ce kdroetmve pere ce êrtmjmpejmúk Jmuheheke
Jmuheheke gk ces Ejtmvmhehgs hgc Zgjtdr
Elrmjucture (H.Z.
(H.Z. K¶ >52-0>50
>52-0>50-EL).
-EL).
Gc prgsgktg jepïtucd hgsjrm`g cds ogjekmsods jdksmhgrehds, d`cmletdrmds, gk gc prdjgsd hg
pertmjmpejmúk
pertmjmpejmú k jmuheheke, esï jdod teo`mík gc hgserrdccd hgc Xeccgr Mkidroetmvd Eo`mgktec qug
sg hgserrdccere ektgs hg mkmjmer ce gfgjujmúk hgc prdygjtd.
RMM.5 D`fgtmvds
 Mk Mkid
idro
roer er,, hmec
hmecdl
dler
er y rg
rgjd
jdlg
lgrr ce
cess dp
dpmk
mkmd
mdkg
kgss y epdr
epdrtg
tgss hg ce pd`c
pd`cej
ejmú
múk
k y hg cds
cds
`gkgimjmermds qug sg gkjugktrek hgktrd hgc årge hgc prdygjtd –JDKZXPWJJMDK HG
JE^XE
JE ^XEJMÚJMÚK K ZW^
ZW^GPI
GPIMJM
MJMEC
EC HG ELW ELWE1E1 GK GC(
GC(CE)
CE) MPPMPPMLE
MLEJMÚ
JMÚKK ^CE
^CEK K OGP
OGPMZ1
MZ1
 HMZXPMXDy HG
Pglmstrer BWEZEBWEZM,
hdjuogkter hg odhd^PDYMKJME
smstgoåtmjdXEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD
gc prdjgsd hg pertmjmpejmúkFWKMK‟.
FWKMK‟ .
y jdksucte.
RMM.0
RMM.0 Åo`
Åo`mtd
mtd hgc ^rd ^rdjgs
jgsdd hg êr
êrtmj
tmjmpe
mpejmú
jmúkkJJmuh
muhehek
ehekee
e. Åo`mtd hg Mkicugkjme Hmrgjte
Gc åo
åo`m
`mtd
td hg mkimkicug
cugkjm
kjme
e hmhmrgj
rgjte
te per
pere
e ce mop
mopcgo
cgogkt
gktejm
ejmúk
úk hg ce per
pertmj
tmjmpe
mpejmú
jmúk
k y jdk
jdksuc
sucte
te
jmuheheke sgrå ces 07= ieomcmes `gkgimjmermes pgrtgkgjmgktgs
pgrtgkgjmgktgs e ce cdjecmheh hg Zek Fuek hg ce
Cm`grteh, hgc hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm.
`. Åo`mtd h hgg MMk
kicugkjme MkMkhmrgjte
Zg gste`cgjmú sd`rg ce èsg hg ces årges pdtgkjmecogktg eigjtehes gk gc oghmekd y cerld
pcezd. Gk gstg jdktgxtd, sg jdksmhgrú ec hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm, jdod årge hg mkicugkjme
mkhmrgjte sdjmec, ye qug gk su furmshmjjmúk sg hgserrdccerå gc prdygjtd y hdkhg sg rgecmze ce
oeydr hmkåomje gjdkúomje gk gste gtepe hgc prdygjtd.
RMM.:
RMM.: Mhgk
Mhgktmi
tmimjej
mjejmúkmúk hhgg Lr
Lrupd
updss hg MMktg
ktgrís
rís u dtr
dtrds
ds EEjtd
jtdrgs
rgs jdki
jdkidrog
drog e ce u u`mj
`mjejmú
ejmúkk
hgc^d`ce
e. prdygjtd.
^d`cejmúk
jmúk gk gc årge mk mkoghmete
oghmete h hgg u`mjejm
u`mjejmúkúk hgc ^rd
^rdygjtd
ygjtd
Oukmjmp
Ouk mjmpecmh
ecmheh
eh Hmst
Hmstrmt
rmtec
ec hg Bue
Bueseb
sebuesm
uesm11 jdod pdcïtmje irgktg ec jeo`md jcmoåtmjd vmgkg
mopu
mopucscsek
ekhd
hd ce sm smgo
go`r
`ree y jdjdsg
sgjb
jbe
e hg eluelue e gk ce PgPglm
lmúk
úk Fuk
Fukïk
ïk,, tec
tec gs esï qug
qug gk
jddrhmkejmúk jdk ce Wkmheh gfgjutdre >:9 ‚ >>59:8 –Idkhd Zmgrre Ezuc‟ prgsgktek gc
gxpghmgktg Xíjkmjd pere su imkekjmeomgktd e ce dimjmke hg ce sgjrgterïe Xíjkmje hgc IDKHD
ZMGPPE EVWC, tgkmgkhd gk jugkte qug ce Jdoukmheh Jeopgsmke hg Zek Fuek hg ce
Cm`grteh, hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm1 rgqumgrgk ce gfgjujmúk hg gstes mkvgrsmdkg
mkvgrsmdkgss pere ogfdrer ce
jepej
jep ejmhe
mheh
h hg mk mktgr
tgrjgp
jgptej
tejmúk
múk y rgt
rgtgkj
gkjmúk
múk hg cecess elues
elues hg ccccuvm
uvme,
e, su ecoej
ecoejgk
gkeom
eomgkt
gktd
d y
rglucejmúk, jdk cd juec, sg mkjrgogkterå ce hmspdkm`mcmheh hg elue pere sus ejtmvmhehgs
elrdpgjuermes
elrdpgjuerm es y dptmomzejm
dptmomzejmúk
úk hgc ejtmvd elue pere ce Wkmheh prdhujtdre hg sgrvmjmds.
RMM.8
RMM.8 Ogj
Ogjekm
ekmsod
sodss hg mmkid
kidroe
roejmú
jmúkk gk ggcc prd
prdjgsd
jgsd hg p
pert
ertmjmp
mjmpejmú
ejmúk k y jd
jdksu
ksucte
cte
Cds ogjekmsods d`cmletdrmds hg êrtmjmpejmúk Jmuheheke jdksmhgrehds pere gc prgsgktg
prdygjtd, hg ejugrhd jdk gc H.Z. K¾ >52-0>50-EL y su rgspgjtmve ejtuecmze
ejtuecmzejmúk
jmúk H.Z. K¾ >50-
0>5:-OMKELPMM sdk cds smlumgktgs6
0>5:-OMKELP
5><

e. Dimjmke mk mkidroetmve
Gc prmogr ogjekmsod hg pertmjmpejm
pertmjmpejmúk
úk jmuheheke gs ce dimjmke mkidroetmve, jdk ce imkecmhe
i mkecmheh
h hg
oektgkgr mkidroehe e ce pd`cejmúk hg oekgre pgroekgktg rgspgjtd e ces jerejtgrïstmjes,
`gkgimjmds y espgjtds eo`mgktecgs hgc prdygjtd, e ce Jdoukmheh Jeopgsmke hg Zek Fuek hg
ce Cm`grteh, hmstrmtd hg Buesebuesm, prdvmkjme hg Xeroe. ^dr cd qug sg hgserrdccú uke rgukmúk
mkidroetmve, gk jdkfuktd jdk ce jdoukmheh, gc hmstrmtd y gc gspgjmecmste eo`mgktec1 pere ce
mkidroejmúk hgc prdygjtd e gfgjuter. Hmjbe rgukmúk mkidroetmve sg ccgvú e je`d hurektg gc
prdjgsd hg eprdèjmúk hgc gxpghmgktg tíjkmjd hgc prdygjtd beste mkmjmd hg ce d`re. (Ygr gk
Ekgxds, Ejte hg Epgrture
Epgrture hg Dimjmke hg Mkidroejmúk
Mkidroejmúk).).
Hmstrmùjmúk hg oetgrmec mkidroetmvd ‚ oghmds gsjrmtds
Gc oetgrmec mkidroetmvd pdr hmstrmùmr e cds pd`cehdrgs sgråk cds Idccgtds Mkidroetmvds cds
juecgs sg jdkstmtumråk jdod ogjekmsod hg pertmjmpejmúk jmuheheke. Gstds sg jerejtgrmzerå
jerejtgrmzeråk k
pdr sgr prmkjmpec
prmkjmpecogktg
ogktg lråimjds y utmcmzer uk cgkluefg hg iiåjmc
åjmc jdoprgsmúk.
Jdktgkmhd hg cds idccgtds mkidroetmvds
Cds Idc
Idccg
cgtds
tds Mkidro
Mkidroetm
etmvds
vds pgr
pgromt
omtmrå
mråk
k vms
vmsuec
uecmze
mzerr cds
cds sm
smlum
lumgkt
gktgs
gs prd
prdjgs
jgsds
ds d esp
espgjtgjtds
ds hgc
hgc
^rdygjtd.
- Jerej
Je rejtgr
tgrïst
ïstmje
mjess hgc ^rd
^rdygj
ygjtd6
td6 kdo
kdo`rg
`rg hgc prd
prdygj
ygjtd,
td, u`m
u`mjej
jejmú
múk
k hgc prd
prdygj
ygjtd,
td, og
ogtes
tes
jdkstrujtmves, Mkstmtujmúk qug gfgjutere gc prdygjtd, mopejtd eo`mgktec.
Oghmhes hg prgvgkjmúk y jdktrdc oghmdeo`mgktec.
Jerejtgrïstmjes hgc jdktgkmhd hg cds idccgtds mkidroetmvds
-
- Hmhåjtmjds.
- Mkjcusmúk hg lråimjds g moålgkgs.
- Oekgfd hg tgxtd gk uk cgkluefg sgkjmccd y jcerd.
Hmiusmúk hg cds idccgtds mkidroetmvds
Cds Idc
Idccg
cgtds
tds Mki
Mkidro
droetm
etmvds
vds sg gk gktrg
trgle
leråk
råk e ces pd`ce
pd`cejmd
jmdkg
kgss e tre
trevís
vís hg cds
cds sml
smlumg
umgktg
ktgss
ogjekmsods6
- Dimjmke hg Ejjgsd e ce Mkidroejmúk ^groekgktg.
`. @uzúk hg sulgrgkjmes
Zg mkstecerå >5 ùzúk hg sulgrgkjmes, gk jddrhmkejmúk jdk ce Jdoukmheh Jeopgsmke hg
Zek Fue
Fuekk hg ce CmCm`gr
`grteh
teh,, Hm
Hmstr
strmtd
mtd hg Bu
Buese
esebu
buesm
esm,, gk jdd
jddrhm
rhmke
kejmú
jmúk
k jdk gc gsp
gspgjm
gjmecm
ecmste
ste
eo`mgktec.
jdksmlkeråk ]ecequg gs mopdrtektg
mhgktmimjejmúk hg ogkjmdker
ce pgrsdkequg cds hdjuogktds
keturec d furïhmje y esurgjgpjmdker gk gc
prdjghgkjme. ùzúk
êre tec
gigjtd gstå hmspdkm`cg gk gc cdjec hgc ùzúk hg sulgrgkjmes uk idroetd. Gc ùzúk hg
sulgrgkjmes qugherå mkstecehd pdr uk pgrmdhd hg :> hïes (>5 ogs) y hgspuís sg prdjghgrå
e su rgtmrd y rgvmsmúk gk prgsgkjme hg eclök rgprgsgktektg hg ces cdjecmhehgs y sg gce`drerå
uk ejte hdkhg sg cmsteråk cds hdjuogktds rgjm`mhds. (Ygr gk Ekgxds, Ejte hg Mkstecejmúk hg
@uzúk hg Zulgrgkjmes).
j. Xeccgr êrtmjmpetmvd
- @gkgimjmds hg ce jdkstrujjmúk hg qdjbes y ce mopdrtekjme hg ce rgvglgtejmúk jdk gspgjmgs
ketmves1 pere ces ieomcmes, jdoukmheh
jdoukmhehgs
gs y omjrdjugkje
omjrdjugkjes. s.
- ^rdodvgr ce rgjupgrejmúk hg ce vglgtejmúk gk gc årge hg mkicugkjme.
- Mkidroer e ce pd`cejmúk sd`rg gc iukjmdkeomgktd hg ces qdjbes hg smgo`re.
- Hmiukhmr ce mopdrtekjme hg ce rgjerle ertmimjmec hg cds ejuïigrds oghmektg ces qdjbes gk sus
hmigrgktgs kmvgcgs.
5>2

- Mkidroer sd`rg quí zdkes rgökgk ces jdkhmjmdkgs eprdpmehes pere ce jdkstrujjmúk hg ces
qdjbes.
Gstretglmes
- Mopcgogkter uk pcek hg êrtmjmpejmúk Jmuheheke
- Idogkter cds `gkgimjmds e kmvgc ieomcmer, jdoukec, omjrdjugkjes y jugkjes.
- Zgksm`mcmzejmúk e ce pd`cejmúk qug sg gkjugktre hgktrd hgc årge hg mkicugkjme hmrgjte,
sd`rg cds `gkgimjmds hg ce mkstecejmúk hg UDJBEZ.
Zgcgjjmúk hgc culer pere ce rgukmúk
êre ce sgcgjjmúk hgc culer hdkhg sg rgecmzerdk cds teccgrgs pertmjmpetmvds, sg jdksmhgrú
hgktrd hgc årge hg mkicugkjme sdjmec hgc ^rdygjtd.
Hmiusmúk hgc Gvgktd

Zg jdoukmjerå e cds rgprgsgktektgs hg cds lrupds hg mktgrís hgc ^rdygjtd, esï jdod
gktmhehgs mkvdcujrehes sd`rg gc teccgr e rgecmzer.
Gk gc Juehrd smlumgktg, sg ougstre uk rgsuogk hg cds ogjekmsods hg mkidroejmúk prgvmstds
hurektg ce gce`drejmúk hgc Mkidrog hg Lgstmúk Eo`mgktec (MLE)6
Juehrd K¾756 Ogjekmsods hg Mkidroejmúk ^rgvmstds gk ce êrtmjmpejmúk y Jdksucte

I
ug Gtepe Ogjekmsod y Hgteccg ^ö`cmjd D`fgtmvd kt
g6
Hurektg ce @gkgi
gkgimj
mjme
merm
rmds
ds hmhmrg
rgjt
jtds
ds,, sdk ce
Xeccgr pertmjmpetmvd
Idroucejmúk hgc MLE Jdou
Jd oukm
kmhe
hehh Jeop
Jeopgsgsmk
mke
e hg Ze Zek
k
^drr uk pgrmd
^d grmdh
hd hg @uzúk hg sulgrgkjmes Fu
Fuek
ek hg ce Cm`gCm`grt
rteh
eh,, Hmst
Hmstrm
rmtd
td hg
gfgjujmúk y Buesebuesm, ^rdvmkjme hg Xeroe ‚
gvecuejmúk hgc MLE. Dimjmke Mkidroetmve Fukïk.
Gce`drehd pdr gc jdksuctdr
h. Pglmstrd hg epdrtgs rgjm`mhds

Gc pr
prdh
dhuj
ujtd
td hg ce pepertm
rtmjm
jmpe
pejm
jmúk
úk jm
jmuh
uheh
ehek
eke
e gk oe
oetgtgrm
rme
e hg epdr
epdrtg
tgs,
s, pukt
puktds
ds hg vm
vmst
ste,
e,
d`sgrvejmdkgs
d`sgrvejmdk gs u dtres oekmigstejmdkgs rgspgjtd hgc prdygjtd sgrå smstgoetmzehd hg oekgre
qug kd sdcd rgspdkhe e ces mkqumgtuhgs gxprgsehes hg odhd mkhmvmhuec d jdcgjtmvd, smkd
teo`mík
hmvgrsds elrupds
cds hmigrgktgs
hg mktgríspuktds
gk ces hg vmste,
årges hg pdsmjmdkgs y pgrjgpjmdkgs
mkicugkjme hmrgjte g mkhmrgjte.qug sg tmgkgk pdr cds
g. Gst
stre
retg
tglm
lmee hg rgce
rgcejm
jmd
dke
keomomgk
gktd
td jd
jdou
oukmkmte
term
rmd
d
 Ce pertmjmpejmúk hg rgprgsgktektgs hg ce zdke hg mkicugkjme hmrgjte, gk gspgjmec hg ces
jdoukmhehgs jdoprdogtmhes sg herå hgshg ektgs hgc mkmjmd hgc prdjgsd pertmjmpetmvd,
gstd gs hgshg ce iesg hg pcekgeomgktd hgc jrdkdlreoe e hgserrdccer.
 Zg jddpgrerå jdk ce Hmrgjjmúk Lgkgrec hg Esuktds Eo`mgktecgs Elrermds pere qug jugktg
jdk mkidroejmúk trekspergktg, dpdrtuke g mktglrec sd`rg gc prdygjtd, ce omsoe qug sg
prdvggrå e cds dtrds kmvgcgs hg ld`mgrkd, e ces jdoukmhehgs y dtres drlekmzejmdkgs gk ce
zdke hg mkicugkjme jdkidrog e ce ogtdhdcdlïe d ogjekmsods hg pertmjmpejm
pertmjmpejmúk
úk prdpugstds.
i. Gstrujture h hggc Xe
Xeccgr ^
êertmjmpetmvd
Gc Xeccgr êrtmjmpetmvd hgc ^rdygjtd6 –JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG
ELWE1 GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK ^CEK OGPMZ1 HMZXPMXD HG BWEZEBWE BWEZEBWEZM, ZM, ^PDYMKJME
XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟, sg hgserrdccú hgktrd hg cds tmgopds prgvmstds y gk
sglök gc smlumgktg prdlreoe6
5>=

Juehrd K¶706 Gstrujture hgc Xeccgr êrtmjmpetmvd

ÏXGO BDPE HGZJPM^JMÚK PGZ^DKZE@CG
Gspgjmecmste
5 26:> - >=6>> Pgjgpjmúk hg êrtmjmpektgs
Eo`mgktec
Gspgjmecmste
0 >=6>> - >=6>7 êce`res hg @mgkvgkmhe ec teccgr
Eo`mgktec
IEZG

HG GR^DZMJMDK
Jerejtgrïstmjes hgc prdygjtd
 ^dsm`cgs mopejtds d rmgslds eo`mgktecgs
hgc prdygjtd.
Gspgjmecmste
: >=6>7 - 5>6>>  Oghm
Og hmhe
hess hg prgvprgvgk
gkjm
jmúk
úk,, jd
jdrr
rrgj
gjjm
jmúk
úk,,
Eo`mgktec
omtmlejmúk y/d jdktrdc jdktgopcehes gk gc
mkstruogktd hg lgstmúk eo`mgktec.
 @ugkes ^råjtmjes Elrïjdces (@Ê).
 @gkgimjmds Gjdkúomjds hgc ^rdygjtd.
IEZG ÊPXMJMÊXMYE Gspgjmecmste
8 5>6>> - 5>687
Pdkhe hg prgluktes drecgs Eo`mgktec
Gspgjmecmste
7 5>687 Jceusure hgc Xeccgr
Eo`mgktec
l. ^rgsgsggktejmúk
múk hg ces Gxpdsmjmdk mdkgs
Ce gxp
gxpdsm
dsmjmú
jmúk
k sg ccccgvú
gvú e je`je`d d pdr gc Gsp
Gspgjm
gjmecm
ecmste
ste Eo`
Eo`mg
mgkte
ktec,c, rgs
rgspgj
pgjtd
td ec prd
prdyg
ygjtd
jtd y
jdopdkgktgs hgc Mkidrog Eo`mgktec.
b. Pdkhe hg ^rgluktes y Pgspugstes
Ce per
pertmj
tmjmpe
mpejmú
jmúk
k hg cd cdss es
esmst
mstgk
gktgs
tgs sg oek
oekmig
migstú
stú e tre
trevís
vís hg ce rdk rdkhe
he hg prg
prgluk
luktes
tes y
rgspugstes, gste iesg hgc prdjgsd, iejmcmtehd pdr gc Gspgjmecmste Eo`mgktec, pgromtmú jdkdjgr
ces mkqumgtuhgs hg cds pertmjmpek
pertmjmpektgs
tgs sd`rg gc ^rdygjtd oghmektg prgluktes drecgs ces juecgs,
iugrdk e`sugctes gk su tdtecmheh.
m. Jceusure hgc Xeccgr êrtmjmpetmvd
Gc gspgjmecmste eo`mgktec hmd ces pece`res hg jceusure hgc Xeccgr êrtmjmpetmvd, sg hmd e
jdkdjgr e ce prgsgktg ce jektmheh hg pgrsdkes qug esmstmgrdk hg ejugrhd jdk ce cmste hg
esmstg
esmstgkjm
kjme
e g mkv
mkvmtú
mtú e cds pert
pertmjm
mjmpek
pektgs
tgs e imroer
imroer gc Ejt
Ejtee hg gstg. (Ygr ekgxd6
ekgxd6 Hdjuogktds
Zustgktetdrmds hgc ^rdjgsd hg êrtmjmpejmúk Jmuheheke hgc ^rdygjtd).
RMMM.
RMMM. JPD
JPDKDL KDLPEOPEOE EH HG
G EJX
EJXMYMMYMHEH
HEHGZGZ HG OMX
OMXMLEJ
MLEJMÚK
MÚK EO@
EO@MGK MGKXEC
XEC
E jdktmkuejmú
jdktmkuejmúk,k, sg prgsgkte gc Jrdkdlreo
Jrdkdlreoe e hg ejtmvmhehgs hg omtmlejmú
omtmlejmúk k eo`mgktec prdpugstd
pere gc prdygjtd6
Juehrd K¶7:6 Jrdkdlreoe hg ejtmvmhehgs hg Omtmlejmúk Eo`mgktec
JMGPPG HG
JDKZXPWJJMÚK PGZ^DKZE@CG CE D^GPEJMÚK 5> PGZ^DKZE@CG
MXGO ^CEKGZ D ^PDLPEOEZ 5.7 OGZ WGIZE EÕDZ @GKGIMJMEPMDZ HGIMKMXYD 5.7
OGZ
^CEK HG OEKGFD EO@MGKXEC
5 OGH
OGHMHE
MHEZ
Z HG ^
^PGY
PGYGKJ
GKJMDK
MDK,, OM
OMXML
XMLEJM
EJMDK
DK D JDPPGJ
JDPPGJJMD
JMDK
K
5.5. Oghmhes pere gc emrg R Oghmdeo`mgktg R

55>

¶ Jdktrdc hg bdrermds hg treèfd,

R R
vgcdjmhehgs y oektgkmomgktd hg odtdrgs
vgcdjmhehgs
-Oghmhes hg jdktrdc hgc oetgrmec R R

pertmjucehd
¶ Buoghgjmomgktd hgc årge hg treèfd R R
5.0. Oghmhes hg jdktrdc hg rumhds R R

5.:. O
Og
ghmhes pere gc sugcd R R
¶ Zgõecmzejmúk R R
-Oghmhes hg jdktrdc hg grdsmúk R R
^rdlreoes rgcejmdkehds
rgcejmdkehds jdk gc Oghmd
5.8. R R
Iïsmjd
5.7. ^rdlreoes rgcejmdkehds

rgcejmdkehds jdk gc Oghmd R R
Zdjmdgjdkúomjd
Zecuh y Zglurmheh
Djupejmdkec
- Zu` ^rdlreoe hg Zecuh y Zglurmheh
R R
Djupejmdkec
0 ^PD
^PDLPE
LPEOE
OE HG OEK
OEKGFD
GFD HG PGZMHW
PGZMHWDZ
DZ ZD
ZDCMH
CMHDZ
DZ
0.5. Zu` ^rdlreoe hg Oekgfd hg Pgsmhuds R R R

Zúcmhds y cïqumhds (sm bu`mgsg gc jesd).
¶ Be`mcmtejmúk y sgccehd hg cgtrmkes hg R R

bdyd sgjd
¶ Jdktgkghdrgs hg rgsmhuds súcmhds 77 R R R

Lk R
¶ Xrekspdrtg pere hmspdsmjmúk imkec hg R R R

rgsmhuds
^CEK HG JMGPPG, ZGLWMOMGKXD ]

: R Oghmdeo`mgktg R
JDKXPDC
Zecuh y Zglurmheh
8 ^CEK
CEK H
HG
G JD
JD KXM
KXMKL
KLG
G KJM
KJME
EZ R R
Djupejmdkec
7 ^C
^CEK
EK HG PGCE
PGCEJM
JMDK
DKGZ
GZ JDOW
JDOWKM
KMXE
XEPM
PMEZ
EZ
^rdlreoe hg Mkidroejmúk R R
Jdoukmjejmdkgs y
Jdoukmjejmdkgs R
Pgjursds buoekds
^rdlreoe hg Jdktretejmúk hg Oekd hg R R
D`re Cdjec
9 ^CEK HG JMGPPG
Pgtmrd hg mkstecejmdkgs tgopdrecgs R
Cmopmgze hgc culer R
Pgsteurejmúk hgc culer R
Oghmd Eo`mgktg R
Pgvglgtejmúk hg årges pgrturèhes (sm
Pgvglgtejmúk
iugre gc jesd, prgvme jddrhmkejmúk jdk cds R
`gkgimjmermds).
*Ce dpgrejmúk hgc prdygjtd sgrå rgecmzehd pdr cds `gkgimjmermds.

555

RMY..
RMY ^PG
^PGZW^
ZW^WGZ
WGZXD
XD HG CEZ EJX
EJXMYMH
MYMHEHG
EHGZ
Z HG OMX
OMXMLEJ
MLEJMÚK
MÚK E
EO@M
O@MGKX
GKXEC
EC
Juehrd K¶786 ^rgsupugstd hg ces ejtmvmhehgs hg Omtmlejmúk Eo`mgktec
^rgjmd
Mtgo Hgsjrmpjmúk Wkh. Ogtrehd êrjmec Z/.
Z/.
5 OGHMHEZ HG OMXMLEJMÚK EO@MGKXEC 5=,275.>9
5.5 OGHMHEZ HG ^PGYGKJMÚK, OMXMLEJMÚK ]/D JDPPGJJMÚK 5,929.>>
5.5.5 ZGÕECMVEJMÚK XGO^DPEC HG ZGLWPMHEH lc` 5.>> 75>.>> 75>.>>
PMGLD Ê
PMGLD ÊPE
PE OMX
OMXML
MLEJM
EJMÚK
ÚK HG ^D
^DCY
CYDZ
DZ GK ÅPG
ÅPGEZ
EZ HG
5.5.0 sgoeke 0.>> 722.>> 5,5<9.>>
XPE@EFD
5.0 ^PDLPEOE HG OEKGFD HG PGZMHWDZ ZÚCMHDZ 5>,895.>>
5.0.5 BE@MCMXEJMÚK ] ZGCCEHD HG CGXPMKEZ ukh 9.>> 82=.<9 0,=:2.79
ZWOMKMZXPD G MKZXECEJMDK HG ^WKXD HG EJD^MD ÊPE

5.0.0 lc` 5.>> 7,8=7.5> 7,8=7.5>
PGZMHWDZ ZDCMHDZ
PGJDCGJJMÚK,
PGJDCGJJ MÚK, XPEKZ^D
XPEKZ^DPXG
PXG ] HMZ^
HMZ^DZMJ
DZMJMÚK
MÚK IMKE
IMKEC
C HG
5.0.: lc` 5.>> 0,>0<.:8 0,>0<.:8
PGZMHWDZ ZDCMHDZ
5.: ^CEK HG JDKXMKLGKJMEZ 0,792.>>
5.:.5 GUWMÊOMGKXD ] OGHMHEZ EKXG JDKXMKLGKJMEZ lc` 5.>> 0,792.>> 0,792.>>
5.8 ^CEK HG JMGPPG ] JDKXPDC 8,5<9.>9
5.8.5 PGXMPD ] CMO^MGVE HG MKZXECEJMDKGZ XGO^DPECGZ lc` 5.>> 2>5.<2 2>5.<2
5.8.0 PGZXMXWJMDK ODPIDCDLMJE HG ÅPGEZ MKXGPYGKMHEZ o0 50=<.2> 0.9> :,:<8.02
5.7 ^CEK HG PGCEJMDKGZ JDOWKMXEPMEZ =9>.>>
^PDL
^PDLPE
PEOE
OE HG MK
MKID
IDPO
POEJ
EJMÚ
MÚK
K ] Ê
ÊPX
PXMJ
MJM^
MÊJ
EJMÚ
MÚK
K
5.7.5 lc` 5.>> =9>.>> =9>.>>
JMWHEHEKE
Xdtec ^rgsupugstd hg Omtmlejmúk Eo`mgktec 5=,275.>9

550


Iugktg6 Gce`drehd
RY..
RY JD
JDKJ
KJCW
CWZM
ZMDK
DKGZ
GZ ] PG
PGJD
JDOG
OGKH
KHEJ
EJMD
MDKG
KGZ
Z
JDKJCWZMDKGZ
Jdki
Jdkidr
drog
og e cds
–JDKZXPWJJMDKcds rg
rgsu
suctcteh
HG ehds
ds hg
hgcc Mkid
JE^XEJMÚK Mkidro
rog
g hg Lg
Lgst
ZW^GPIMJMEC stmú
múk
HG k ELWE1
Eo
Eo`m
`mgk
gkte
tecc GC(CE)
GK (MLE
(MLE)) MPPMLEJMÚK
hgc
hgc ^rdy
^rdygj
gjtd
td
^CEK
^CE K OGP
OGPMZ1
MZ1 HMZ
HMZXPM
XPMXD
XD HG BWEBWEZEB
ZEBWEZ
WEZM,
M, ^PD
^PDYMK
YMKJME
JME XEP
XEPOE,
OE, HG^HGÊPX
EPXEOG
EOGKXD
KXD
FWKMK‟, sg
sg jdkjcuyg qug6
 Hurektg ce gfgjujmúk hgc prdygjtd –JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC

HG ELWE1 GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK ^CEK OGPMZ1 HMZXPMXD HG BWEZEBWEZM,
^PDYMKJME XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟, FWKMK‟, cds mopejtds eo`mgktecgs6 iïsmjds y
`mdcúlmjds sgråk oïkmods, tgopdrecgs y rgvgrsm`cgs, pdrqug kd ectgreråk hg oekgre
smlkmimjetmve, smgoprg y juekhd sg mopcgogktg ces oghmhes prgvgktmves y/d jdrrgjtmves
prdpugstes pere jehe uke hg ces gtepes hgc prdygjtd, mkhmjehes gk gc prgsgktg Mkidrog
hg Lgstmúk Eo`mgktec (MLE).
 êre mopcgogkter ces oghmhes hg Omtmlejmúk hgc –Mopejtd Eo`mgktec hgc ^rdygjtd‟ gc
jdstd hmrgjtd esjmgkhg e Z/5=,275.>98 mkjcumhd MLY.
 Gk ce gvecuejmúk hg jeopd sg mhgktmimjú y vecdrmzd cds pdsm`cgs mopejtds eo`mgktecgs
qug puhmgre prdhujmr ce gfgjujmúk y dpgrejmúk hgc prdygjtd, e trevís hg ce oetrmz hg
Cgdpdch sg tuvd jdod rgsuctehd uk mopejtd CGYG E @EFD.
 Kd gxmstgk mopejtds sd`rg petrmodkmds jucturecgs y erqugdcúlmjds, pdrqug kd sg be
mhgktmimjehd
mhgktmimjeh d gk gc årge hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd.
 Gc mopejtd gs smlkmimjetmveogktg pdsmtmvd gk cds rgcejmdkehd e ce lgkgrejmúk hg gopcgd,
jucturec y ogfdre gk gc gstmcd y jdkhmjmdkgs hg vmhe hg cds pd`cehdrg
pd`cehdrgss hg ce zdke.
 Gk rgsuogk, cds gjdsmstgoes keturecgs hg ce zdke, kd suirmråk mopejtds kgletmvds
smlkmimjetmvds, km hurehgrds, pere gc jesd sg bek prgvmstd ces jdktmklgkjmes hg rmgsld, gc
pcek
pcek hg oe oekgf
kgfd
d eo
eo`m
`mgkt
gktec
ec pr
prdlr
dlreoe
eoehehe hg ododkmt
kmtdrg
drgd,
d, pce
pcek
k hg jmg
jmgrrg
rrg gkt
gktrg
rg dtr
dtres
es
ejtmvmhehgs jdksmhgrehes gk gc prgsgktg MLE.
55:

PGJDOGKHEJMDKGZ
 Gk gc MkMkid
idro
rogg hg LgLgst
stmú
múk
k EoEo`m
`mgk
gkte
tecc (MLE
(MLE)) hg
hgcc ^rdy
^rdygjtd –JDKZ
gjtd –JDKZXPWJJM
XPWJJMDKDK HG
JE^XEJ
JE^ XEJMÚK
MÚK ZW^
ZW^GPI
GPIMJME
MJMECC HG ELWELWE1 E1 GK GC(
GC(CE)
CE) MPP
MPPMLE
MLEJMÚ
JMÚK K ^CE
^CEKK OGP
OGPMZ1
MZ1
HMZXPMXD HG BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME XEPOE, HGÊPXEOGKXD FWKMK‟, FWKMK‟ , sg
rgjdomgkhe bejgrsg uk ùgk hgspcmglug hg jdoukmjejmúk hg tmpd mkidroetmvd e cds
pd`cehdrgs y/d jdoukmheh e imk hg ghujer sd`rg ce mopdrtekjme y idroes hg usd hg ce
smgo`re y jdsgjbe hg elue.
 Ces ejjmdkgs pertmjmpetmves jdk ces eutdrmhehgs cdjecgs, hg`gråk idroer pertg hg ces
gstretglmes hg jdoukmjejmúk hurektg ce gfgjujmúk y dpgrejmúk hgc smstgoe gcíjtrmjd, esï
jdod gk cds jesds hg odkmtdrgd y pugste gk oerjbe hg ecluke pdsm`cg jdktmklgkjme.
 Zg hg`g tdoer ejjmdkgs prgvgktmves y/d jdrrgjtmves hg cds mopejtds qug lgkgrek gc
mkehgjuehd usd hg cds rgsmhuds súcmhds g mopcgogkter gc prdlreoe hg oekgfd hg
rgsmhuds súcmhds.
 Zg rgrgjd
jdom
omgk
gkhe
he momopc
pcgo
gogk
gkte
terr gc sm
smst
stgo
goe e hg lgst
lgstmú
múk
k hg sglu
sglurm
rmhe
heh
h y secu
secuh
h gk ces
ces
ejtmvmhehgss hgc prdygjtd pere gvmter cds ejjmhgktgs ce`drecgs
ejtmvmhehg ce`drecgs..

Hmiu
Hmiukh
khmr
mr g mkid
mkidro
roer
er e ce pd
pd`c
`cej
ejmú
múk
k sd
sd`r
`rg
g gc jdkt
jdktgk
gkmh
mhd
d hgc
hgc ^rdy
^rdygj
gjtd
td,, hgkt
hgktrd
rd hgc
hgc
gktgkhmomgktd qug pdsgg cds pd`cehdrgs hgktrd hgc årge hg mkicugkjme hgc prdygjtd.
 Im
Imke
keco
cogk
gktg
tg sg rgrgjd
jdom
omgk
gkhe
he ec rg
rgpr
prgs
gsgk
gkte
tekt
ktg
g hgc
hgc prdy
prdygj td –JDKZ
gjtd –JDKZXPWJJMD
XPWJJMDK K HG
JE^XEJ
JE^ XEJMÚK
MÚK ZW^
ZW^GPI
GPIMJME
MJMEC
C HG ELW
ELWE1E1 GK GC(
GC(CE)
CE) MPP
MPPMLE
MLEJMÚ
JMÚK
K ^CE
^CEK K OGP
OGPMZ1
MZ1
HMZXPM
HMZ XPMXD
XD HG BWE BWEZEB
ZEBWEZ
WEZM,
M, ^PD
^PDYMK
YMKJME
JME XEP
XEPOE,
OE, HG^HGÊPX
EPXEOG
EOGKXD
KXD FWK
FWKMK‟
MK‟,,
juopcmr jdk cd mkhmjehd gk gc Mkidrog hg Lgstmúk Eo`mgktec (MLE), rgecmzehd èfd gc
gsqugoe hgc H.Z. K¾ >5:-0>5:-OMKELPM.
>5:-0>5:-OMKELPM.
558

EKGRDZ
EKGRD K¾ >5 6 ÊKGC IDXDLPEIMJD HG CDZ XECCGPGZ HG
ÊPXMJMÊJMDK JMWHEHEKE
EKGRD K¾ >0 6 HDJWOGKXDZ ZWXGKXEXDPMDZ HGC ^PDJGZD
HG ÊPXMJMÊJMDK JMWHEHEKE HGC ^PD]GJXD
EKGRD K¾ >: 6 IDPOWCEPMD ^-2
^-2 ‚ HF
EKGRD K¾ >8 6 EJXE HG D^GPEJMÚK ] OEKXGKMOMGKXD HG CE
MKIPEGZXPWJXWPE
EKGRD K¾ >7 6 ^CEKDZ

557

EKGRD K¾ >5
êkgc Idtdlråimjd hg cds Xeccgrgs hg
êrtmjmpejmúk Jmuheheke
559

IDXDZ K¾>56 Xeccgr êrtmjmpetmvd e ces jdoukmhehgs cdjecgs, hgc årge hg Mkicugkjme Hmrgjte hgc
^rdygjtd pere mkidroecgs sd`rg ce Zmgo`re y Jdsgjbe hg Elue, gk ce cdjecmheh hg Zek Fuek hg
ce Cm`grteh ‚ Buesebuesm ‚ Xeroe
55<

EKGRD K¾ >0
Hdjuogktds Zustgktetdrmds hgc ^rdjgsd
hg êrtmjmpejmúk Jmuheheke gk gc prdygjtd
552

55=

5. Cmste hg Esmstgkjme
50>

505

500

50:

0. Ejte hgc Xeccgr ê

êrtmjmpetmvd

Informe de Gestion Ambiental 1

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MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE) HGC

–JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG

HMZXPMXD HG BWEZEBWEZM, ^PDYMKJME

Gce`drehd pdr 6 Gvg

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

8.59 Gomsmdkgs Etodsiírmjes..................................................................................................09

8.5= Dtrds tmpds ..........

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

YMMM. ^CEK HG OEKGFD EO@MGKXEC....................

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE) HGC ^PD]GJXD6

–JDKZXPWJJMDK HG JE^XEJMÚK ZW^GPIMJMEC HG ELWE1 GK GC(CE) MPPMLEJMÚK

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

Xíjkmjd pere su imkekjmeomgktd e ce dimjmke hg ce sgjrgterïe Xíjkmje hgc IDKHD ZMGPPE

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

oghmektg Hgjrgtd Zuprgod K¾ >:2-0>>5

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

Gk gsg sgktmhd, sg jdkjcuyg qug ce mktgrvgkjmúk (>9 qdjbes) kd kgjgsermeogktg jdmkjmhg

Juehrd K¾ >56 Ejjgsds y Yïes hg Jdoukmjejmúk

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

Juehrd K¾ >06 W`mjejmúk hgc prdygjtd

Hgperteogktd ^rdvmkjme Hmstrmtd Cdjecmheh

FWKMK XEPOE BWEZEBWEZM ZEK FWEK HG CE CM@GPXEH

Jddrhgkehes WXO ‚ \LZ 28

 Pglmúk Bmhrdlråimje 6 Jugkje Oekterd

HMZXEKJME XMGO^D GZXEHD HG

Zekte Jcere - Udjbe Xrdjbe

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

Jrujg ‚ Udjbe Betukjbeje, Xrdjbe

Juehrd K¾>76 Ogtes e gfgjuter gk gc prdygjtd

OEXEJJDJBE MM 95.>> :.>> 5.2> 07.>> 59>.>> 52.>> <2,5<=.02 22,0><.<<

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

0 OE XE JJDJBE MM 85:895.=9 2<9820=.22 8:7=.>> 78

: BEXWKJBE JE 857070.:2 2<

8 OEKEPMOEPMKE 8598::.>7 2<

7 ZWEOEJBE ] M 8522>2.07 2<7=0:9.<9 859>.7> :>

9 ZWEOE JBE ] MM 85=:25.:0 2<72288.87 8>2<.>> 07.7

Iugktg6 Gce`drehd pdr gc jdksuctdr.

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

HMUWG ODHGCD >5 Lgdogo`rekeBH^G

Jepe hgtmgrre >,57 oïk.

Jbeopes hg >.0>o oïk. HGXECCG 0

esgktehd gk sgjd hg >.:7 x >.7>o 5,>>

Pj ^mghre ejdodhehe jerevmste

Kmvgc hg elue KEOD

V?>.5 ^ektecce mopgroge`cg j/ lgdogo`reke Z?>.7%

Imlure K¶>56 Hmqug hg tmgrre

Imlure Kª >06 Jmogktejmúk hgc hmqug

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

lrekucehes sgråk hg 5‟ e 0‟ hg hmåogtrd y pere ce ju`mgrte hg ce zekfe sg gigjtuerå jdk

Imlure Kª >:6 Imctrd hgc hmqug

Imlure Kª >86 Xdoe hg elue

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

Imlure K¶>76 Yåcvuce hg jdktrdc

Imlure K¶>96 Ecmvmehgrd y vgrtghgrd hg hgoesïes

8.9.0.0. Gtepes hgc hgserrdccd hgc ^rdygjtd

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

MKIDPOG HG LGZXMÚK EO@MGKXEC (MLE )

Juehrd K¾>26 Ejtmvmhehgs hg Jmgrrg Jdkjurrgktg

Jdcdjejmúk hg cgtrgrds hg ehvgrtgkjme