Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RZMDXLD / PNE\IMPN
(RDZ)
HNP\P\G KILF ?
MGMGA XZN PMGXKPK
GNE 6013=30<>
\GNSLZPNXMP
\GNSLZPNXMP XLZJ\DM OLEJLZ
RKDOMZ ALGXLGA M
:2=>.:
PNIMJ\P
XMF\G RLEJLIMOMZMG :2=>-:2:2
DLIMP DKERLXLGPN NGXN DKERLXLGPN HMPMZ NGHNDMXKZ
NS Elemfmen plgaltmfumg cmdtumi hlgamg `mrm 0.= Elganhlgtncndmsn dmrmdtlrnstnd Elganhlgtncndmsn dmrmdtlrnstnd hmtmrmg
elgamemtn ( elghlgamr ,elinfmt , elejm`m ) hmg rumga hmg plemgcmmtmg suejlr tngaan,hmtmrmg rlghmf,hmg pmgtmnslrtm
elgmgym jlrhmsmrdmg rmsm ngang tmfu tlgtmga hnrngym , hmym mime ugtud dlslomftlrmmg plemgcmmtmg suejlr hmym mimgym
mimgym jman
emdfiud `nptmmg Xufmg hmg dlanmtmggym , hmg jlghm ‐ emsymrmdmt hmrn tngadmt dlslomftlrmmg emsymrmdmt hlgamg tlpmt.
jlghm ymga hnouepmngym hn ruemf , hn sldkimf hmg dktm/dmjupmtlg smepmn tngdmt
tlepmt jlremng prkpngsn. Elgymondmg ngckremsn fmsni nhlgtncndmsn
dmrmdtlrnstnd hmtrmg tngaan,hmtmrmg
rlghmf,hmg pmgtmn slrtm plemgcmmtmg
suejlr hmym mimegym jman
dlslomftlrmmg emsymrmdmt hlgamg
snstlemtns.
S Elemfmen plgaltmfumg cmdtumi hlgamg `mrm 0.= Elgolimsdmg kramg plg`lrgmmmg Elgaltmfun kramg- kramg ymga tlrhmpmt
elgamemtn (elghlgamr, elinfmt, elejm`m) hmg hmg cugasngym pmhm flwmg hmg pmhm flwmg hmg cugasngym.
elgmgym jlrhmsmrdmg rmsm ngang tmfu tlgtmga hnrngym, emgusnm slrtm `mrm elelinfmrm
emdfiud `nptmmg Xufmg hmg dlanmtmggym, hmg jlghm- dlslfmtmg kramg plg`lrgmmg
jlghm ymga hnouepmngym hn ruemf, sldkimf. emgusnm
Emfmsnswm
GNE.6013=30<>
:. Emdmgmg Plfmt
Ingadugamgdu
:. Rlejlimomrmg dl 0
:. S ( Inem ) / N ( Amgoni)
Amgoni)
N. DKERLXLGPN NGXN
DN 0 (DLIMP NS) ? Elemfmen plgaltmfumg cmdtumi hlgamg `mrm elgamemtn ( elghlgamr ,
elinfmt , elejm`m ) hmg elgmgym jlrhmsmrdmg rmsm ngang tmfu tlgtmga
hnrngym , emdfiud `nptmmg Xufmg hmg dlanmtmggym , hmg jlghm ‐ jlghm
ymga hnouepmngym hn ruemf , hn sldkimf hmg tlepmt jlremng.
Dlims NS
NRM
Dkepltlgsn Hmsmr
0.= Elgamgminsns fujugamg mgtmrm jlgtud hmg cugasn jmanmg tujuf
t ujuf pmhm flwmg hmg
tuejufmg.
.
Dlims S
JMFMPM NGHKGLPNM
0.8 Elgamgminsns ngckremsn ymga hnsmepmndmg pmpmrmg ndimg hmrn elhnm `ltmd mtmu
lildtrkgnd
NNN. NGHNDMXKZ
Dlims NS
NRM
0.=.= Elganhlgtncndmsn jmanmg flwmg hmg cugasngym
Dlims S
Jmfmsm Nghkglsnm
Dlims NS
=. Pltlimf elgamemtn, snswm hmpmt elejumt impkrmg tlgtmga jmanmg jmanmg flwmg
hmime jlgtud hnmarme vlgg.
Dlims S
=. Jlrhmsmrdmg ndimg elhnm lildtrkgnd ymga hnslhnmdmg, snswm hmpmt elgyljutdmg
`nrn-`nrn jmfmsm ndimg
S. EMXLZN RKDKD
Dlims NS
Myk Elgamemtn
Memtnimf flwmg imjm-imjm hmg slrmgaam. Ondm suint elgleudmggym, dmeu hmpmt
elgaaugmdmg amejmr mtmu vnhlk. Xleudmg plrjlhmmg mgtmrm imjm-imjm hmg duejmga
hlgamg elilgadmpn amejmr hmg tmjli hn jmwmf ngn.
Jmanmg
Imjm-imjm Plrmgaam (Duejmga)
Xujuf
Jmgymd Dmdn 6 3
Jmgymd
Xnhmd mhm Mhm
Pmymp
Jmgymd Emtm : :
=. Elejutufdmg emdmgmg
=. Elejutufdmg emdmgmg
:. Jlrdlejmgajnmd hlgamg
:. Jlrdlejmgajnmd hlgamg
jlrtliur
jlrtliur 0. Elenindn emtm emoleud
@nrn-`nrn imng 0. Elenindn emtm slhlrfmgm
8. Elenindn rmfmga
8. Elenindn rmfmga plgusud
plgaugymf
plgaugy mf
<. Imjm-imjm tnhmd jnsm tlrjmga
<. Plrmgaam jnsm tlrjmga
3. Xnhmd elenindn mgtlgm
3. Elenindn mgtlgm
DLIMP S
Jmfmsm Nghkglsnm
Pnmga ntu Lhk puimga sldkimf. Lhk elemsudn ruemf hlgamg tmd iupm elgau`mpdmg
smime. Xlrhlgamr hmrn hmime Nju elgomwmj smime Lhk. Xlrgymtm Nju slhmga huhud smgtmn
elejm`m emomimf smejni elghlgamrdmg rmhnk. M`mrm cmvkrnt nju ymdgn elgmgymdmg imau-
imau gkstmianm (dlgmgamg). Plsldmin tlrhlgamr olhm ndimg slfmjns pleutmrmg sljumf imau .
Ndimg hn rmhnk elrupmdmg smimf smtu ndimg hmime elhnm lildtrkgnd. Elhnm lildtrkgnd
elrupmdmg elhnm hlgamg tldgkikan lildtrkgnd hmg fmgym smgaaup hnpmdmn ondmimu mhm omsm
trmgsensn snmrmg. \gtud iljnf elgalgmi ugsur-ugsur hmg `nrn-`nrn jmfmsm ndimg pmhm elhnm
lildtrkgnd, myk dntm snemd dimrncndmsn jlrndut.
• Amejmr
Amejmr smgaaup jlrupm prkhud ymga hntmwmrdmg mtmu
mtm u smgaaup jlrupm krmga ymga
elemdmn prkhud tlrsljut.
• Alrmd
Amejmr jlralrmd ugtud iljnf elgmrnd plrfmtnmg emsymrmdmt.
• Xuinsmg
Xuinsmg ymga sngadmt hmg amepmga tlrinfmt, sljmamn dimrncndmsn hmrn prkhud.
:. \gsur-ugsur ndimg rmhnk, ymntu Ndimg rmhnk fmgym tlrhnrn hmrn smtu ugsur smom ymntu
sumrm. Pumrm tlrsljut smgaaup jlrupm sumrm/dmtm-dmtm ngsmg ymga tlrmtur, eusnd, hmg
hmepmd jugyn (sumrm-sumrm ymga tnhmd jlrmturmg emupug hmepmd jugyn mime).
• Alrmd
Jmnd amejmr emupug akrlsmg plgm hmime ndimg hn ngtlrglt, sleumgym jlralrmd.
Amejmr alrmd hmime ndimg hn ngtlrglt smgaaup
sm gaaup jlrupm
jlrupm vnhlk mtmu
mtm u mgnemsn.
@nrn-`nrn jmfmsm ndimg lildtrkgnd jldlrosmem tnhmd omuf jlrjlhm hlgamg ndimg hn elhnm
`ltmd, ymntu
• dkeugndmtnc,
• ngckremtnc,
• euhmf hnelgalrtn hmg hnngamt emsymrmdmt,
• elgmrnd plrfmtnmg, hmg
• elgamomd plgkgtkg ugtud elejlin mtmu elemdmn jmrmga mtmu omsm ymga hntmwmrdmg.
Jlrhmsmrdmg elhnm ymga hnaugmdmg ndimg hmpmt hndlikepkddmg elgomhn ndimg elhnm
lildtrkgnd hmg ndimg Ndelhnm `ltmd. Ndimg `ltmd mhmimf ndimg y
ymga
mga plgyljmrmggym hnimdudmg
elimiun elhnm `ltmd. @kgtkf ndimg `ltmd mgtmrm imng4 pkstlr, spmghud, jminfk, rldimel, ndimg
jmrns hn dkrmg, ciylr mtmu sliljmrmg.
Dlims NS
Jmfmg ? -
Puejlr Jlimomr ? =. . ? Judu Auru
Auru hmg Judu
Judu Pnswm Durnduiue :2=0 dlims 8
Judu Xlemtnd Xlrpmhu Durnduiue :2=0 (Zlvnsn :2=1).
Omdmrtm? Dlelgtlrnmg Rlghnhndmg hmg Dljuhmymmg.Fmi.
?:, Ingadugamg snswm
Dlims S
Elhnm/Mimt ?
Ilejmr dlrom
Memtnimf flwmg imjm-imjm hmg slrmgaam. . Xleudmg plrjlhmmg mgtmrm imjm-imjm hmg
duejmga hlgamg
hlgamg elilgadmpn amejmr hmg tmjli hn jmwmf ngn.
Jmgymd Dmdn
Jmgymd Pmymp
Jmgymd Emtm
@nrn-`nrn imng
Ilgadmpn hnmarme jlrndut ugtud elgmepnidmg plrsmemmg hmg plrjlhmmg mgtmrm imjm-imjm
hmg duejmga.
IMJM-IMJM D\EJMGA
Elelriudmg
Emdmgmg
D\G@N OMQMJMG
Jmanmg
Imjm-imjm Plrmgaam (Duejmga)
Xujuf
Jmgymd
6 3
Dmdn
Jmgymd
Xnhmd mhm Mhm
Pmymp
Jmgymd
: :
Emtm
Ilgadmpn hnmarme jlrndut ugtud elgmepnidmg plrsmemmg hmg plrjlhmmg mgtmrm imjm-imjm
hmg duejmga.
DLIMP S
=. Elganhlgtncndmsndmg
Elganhlgtncndmsndmg Rlrjlhmmg
Rlrjlhmmg Jmfmsm
Jmfmsm Ndimg Elhnm @ltmd hmg Ndimg
Ndimg
Elhnm Lildtrkgnd
Xldgnd Rlgnimnmg? Rlguamsmg
DLIMP S
=. Elganhlgtncndmsndmg Rlrjlhmmg Jmfmsm Ndimg Elhnm @ltmd hmg Ndimg
Elhnm Lildtrkgnd
Fmsni hmrn hnsdusn ngn hmpmt hnaugmdmg sljmamn smimf smtu dlanmtmg plgnimnmg
DH Jmfmsm Nghkglsnm 0.8 hmg 8.8.
Fmi-fmi ymga hnplrfmtndmg hmime elgnimn dlanmtmg ngn
n gn mhmimf ?
=. Rlgolimsmg ymga hnjlrndmg tlgtmga plrjlhmmg dminemt ndimg ymga
:. hnaugmdmg hn elhnm `ltmd hmg elhnm lildtrkgnd.
0. Rlgolimsmg tlgtmga `nrn-`nrn jmfmsm ndimg lildtrkgnd.
8. @mrm elgymondmg fmsni hnsdusn hn hlpmg dlims (dlolimsmg, dlilgadmpmg)
Xuinsdmg plrjlhmmg mgtmrm ndimg elhnm `ltmd hmg ndimg elhnm lildtrkgnd. Pmemdmg
plghmpmteu hlgamg plghmpmt tlemgeu. Mpmjnim dmeu elgleudmg plghmpmt ymga jlrjlhm
ilgadmpn plghmpmteu hlgamg plghmpmt tlemgeu.
=. =.
:. :.
0. 0.
8. 8.
<. <.
D\G@N OMQMJMG
=. Ndimg fmgym sldnims hmg jlrimgasuga =. Ndimg elhnm `ltmd jnsm hnjm`m mtmu
pmhm smmt ntu smom. hninfmt dmpmg smom/jlruimga-uimga
:. Elgaaugmdmg nghlrm plgalinfmtmg :. Ndimg elhnm `ltmd fmgym hntmgadmp
hmg plghlgamrmg. elgaaugmdmg nghlrm plgalinfmtmg
0. Elgaaugmdmg amejmr jlralrmd hmg 0. Ndimg elhnm `ltmd fmgym
elgaaugmdmg sumrm elgaaugmdmg amejmr hnme hmg tnhmd
h.Rlhkemg Rlgnimnmg ?
Oueimf sdkr
Rlgnimnmg (plgsdkrmg)? x =22
=22
Pdkr Emdsnemi
Elgaltmfun,
Xutkr
Rrmdtndmg
RMLIMG, P. Rh, E.Rh HQN FMZN^MGN
GNR.=>302321
GNR.=>302321 =>6120 = 2=6
2=6 GNE 6013=3:3
6013=3:3:
:
NHLGXNXMP
=. GMEM EMFMPNPQM ? MGMGA XZN PMGXKPK
:. GNE ? 6013=30<>
0. EKHLI RDZ ? ::=
8. XLEM/XKRND ? NS. XLEM 0/RLH\IN XLZFMHMR EMDFI\D FNH\R
S. XLEM 0/EMDMGMG PLFMX
<. DLIMP/PLELPXLZ ? NS & S/PLELPXLZ =
Jlrnimf tmghm `ld()pmhm smimf smtu pninfmg mgtmrm sdmim plgnimnmg =,:,0,8, mtmu < slsumn fmsni
plgamemtmg tutkr, hmg nsnimf hlgamg jlrmpm elgnt pmrm emfmsnswm elgamjnsdmg wwmdtu sneuimsn
ugtud emsnga-emsnga mspld plrnimdu ymga hntmepnidmg. Mpjnim mhm dkelgtmr dfusus elgalgmn mspld
ymga hnmemtn hmpmt hnurmndmg pmhm dktmd dkelgtmrhn jmwmfgym.
Dleug`uimg
Gk Mspld ymga Hnkjslrvmsn Dkelgtmr
Mhm Xnhmd
Elgylhnmdmg pnomdmg (dltlrmepnimg
=. elejudm plimomrmg)
Elgaltmfun Rlgamemt
Dlpmim Pldkimf, Xlemg Plomwmt
Dleug`uimg
Dkepkglg Dkelgtmr
Mhm Xnhmd
Elgamhmdmg plghldmtmg sl`mrm prnjmhn
Elgugouddmg dlfmgamtmg hmg
•
dlpldmmg
Elghlgamrdmg sl`mrm snepmtnd
•
sminga eleplr`mymn
Elgugouddmg dlsnmpmg elejmgtu
•
snswm
Elglrnem plrmsmmg snswm
•
Elgalghmindmg sntumsn
•
Elgakramgnsmsndmg dlanmtmg
Elejlrn krnlgtmsn ueue
•
Elevmrnmsndmg dlanmtmg
•
Elejlgtud dlikepkd
•
Elgadkkrhngmsndmg dlanmtmg
•
Elejman plrfmtnmg
•
jlimomr
Elrlg`mgmdmg plejlimomrmg
•
snswm
Elejmgtu snswm elgnimn fmsni
•
jlimomr slghnrn
Rmlimg, P.Rh, E. Rh
GNR. =>302321 =>6120 = 2=6