IMTJ_ML TFLBM@VIVML

MWV@ML CFTF_MXMRML TJWR TM_RVK WTJLRML BFLHML

CFRVOML TFGM@ BELE (CTB) BE _VMLH LEAMW
_WVB br. IJFCKJLJ @MBE CVBVW
Bisusul Hulm Kfkflu`i Ruhms
Elbivibu  Wtmsf Cfpfrmwmtml
Kmtfrlitms

BEWVWVL JIF@ >

KM@_ERM BEM@ JCRMQEMLE

124=5424471

NV_VWML T_JAFWE LF_W

VLEQF_WERMW KV@MKKMBEUM@ CVBVW

RM@VL 24=5
 IMTJ_ML TFLBM@VIVML

TJWR TM_RVK BFLHML CFRVOML TFGM@ BELE

M. Bfailisi
Kmsm liams (pufrpfriuk) mbmIm` kmsm bikuImi sftfIm` cfIm`irml pImsfltm

bml ofrmc`ir cfticm mImt-mImt cmlbulhml cfkomIi sfpfrti cfmbmml sfofIuk

`mkiI ymlh ofrImlsulh cirm-cirm 1 kilhhu (_m`myu, 24=2).
Tjst pmrtuk mbmIm` kmsm sfsubm` pfrsmIilml bmpmt juhm bisfout
kmsm liams (pufrpfriuk) ymitu kmsm sfsubm` pfrsmIilml ymlh bipfrIucml
ultuc puIi`lym cfkomIi mImt cmlbulhml ymlh Imkmlym 1 kilhhu. Tjst pmrtuk
mbmIm` kmsm 1 kilhhu sfjmc omyi Im`ir smkpmi jrhml-jrhml rfprjbucsi
smkpmi cfkomIi cf cfmbmml ljrkmI sfofIuk `mkiI (Ojomc,24=4).
Tufrpfriuk mbmIm` kmsm puIi` cfkomIi, kuImi bmri pfrsmIilml
sfIfsmi smkpmi mImt-mImt cmlbulhml cfkomIi sfpfrti prm `mkiI (Bfwi,
viviml bml Rri sulmfsi`, 24==).

Cftuoml pfgm` bili (CTB) mtmu prfkmturf rupturf ja kfkormlfs

(T_JK) mbmIm` pfgm`lym cmltulh cftuoml sfofIuk jlsft pfrsmIilml
ymlh oflmr,
tfrIfpms bmri Imkmlym cf`mkiIml. Tfgm`lym cftuoml sfofIuk
wmctulym kfIm`ircml mtmu sfofIuk ilpmrtu, pmbm pfkoucmml 92 gk
(amsf Imtfl). (CukmIm, 24==).
Cftuoml pfgm` bili mbmIm` pfgm`lym cftuoml sfofIuk tfrbmpmt
tmlbm- tmlbm pfrsmIilml kuImi bml bitulhhu smtu jmk ofIuk tfrjmbi ilpmrtu.
Wfomhiml cftuoml pfgm` bili tfrjmbi pmbm cf`mkiIml mtfrk Ifoi` bmri
78 kilhhu sfbmlhcml curmlh bmri 71 kilhhu tibmc tfrImIu omlymc (Kmlumom,
2445).
CTB bibfailisicml sfsumi bflhml jukIm` jmk bmri wmctu pfgm`
cftuoml smkpmi mwitml pfrsmIilml ymitu iltfrvmI pfrijbf Imtfl ymlh
bmpmt ltfrjmbi cmpml smjm bmri =-=2 jmk mtmu Ifoi`. Elsibfl CTB omlymc
tfrjmbi pmbm wmlitm bflhml sfrvics ilcjpfltfl, pjIi`ibrmklijl,
kmIprfsfltmsi. (Kjrhml, 2445).
Bmri ofofrmpm bfailisi CTB bi mtms kmcm bmpmt bisikpuIcml om`wm
CTB mbmIm` pfgm`lym cftuoml sfofIuk tfrbmpmt tmlbm tmlbm pfrsmIilml.
O. Cimsiaicmsi
Liams biomhi kfljmbi 7 pfrijbf>
=. Tufrpfriuk bili ymitu cfpuIi`ml bikmlm iou tfIm` bipfrojIf`cml
ofrbiri bml ofrjmIml-jmIml. BmImk mhmkm isImk bimlhhmp tfIm` ofrsi`
bml ojIf` ofcfrjm sftfIm` 24 `mri.

2. Tufrpfriuk iltfrkfbimI ymitu cfpuIi`ml kflyfIuru` mImt-mImt

hflftmIim ymlh Imkmlym 1-0 kilhhu.
7. _fkjtf pufrpfriuk mbmIm` wmctu ymlh bipfrIucml ultuc puIi` bml
sf`mt sfkpurlm tfrutmkm oiIm sfImkm `mkiI mtmu wmctu pfrsmIilml
kfkpulymi cjkpIicmsi, wmctu ultuc sf`mt sfkpurlm oism ofrkilhhu,
ouImlml, mtmu tm`ulml.

(Ojomc,24=4).

G. Mbmptmsi Aisijijhi Kmsm Liams

=. Tfruom`ml sistfk
rfprjbucsi. m. Vtfrus.
  Rfrjmbi ilvjIusi / pflhfIumrml utfrus ymitu utfrus cfkomIi cf
cjlbisi sfkuIm sfofIuk `mkiI bflhml ofrmt utfrus 14 hrmk.
  Trjsfs ilvjIusi utfrus> mutjIisis, tfrbmpmt pjIikjrp` pmh`jIitic
bml kmgrjp`mhfr bi bmImk sistfk vmscuIfr bml sistfk
Iikp`mtic, fafc jcsitjsis.
  Rilhhi aulbus utfri kmsm pjst pmrtuk>
-  RAV `mri = pjst pmrtuk = jmri bi omwm` pusmt.
-  RAV `mri 2 pjst pmrtuk 2-7 jmri bi omwm` pusmt.
-  RAV `mri 2-6 pjst pmrtuk pfrtflhm`ml sikpisis bml pusmt.
-  RAV `mri 8 pjst pmrtuk 2-7 jmri bimtms sikpisis
-  RAV `mri =4-=2 pjst pmrtuk tibmc tfrmom
Imhi. o. ElvjIus tfkpmt pImsfltm.
Rfkpmt pImsfltm cmsmr, tibmc rmtm bml cirm-cirm sfofsmr
tfImpmc tmlhml. @mI ili tfrjmbi sftfIm` pfrsmIilml. Iucm ili mcml
kflhfgiI pmbm mc`ir kilhhu cf bum `ilhhm 7-2 gk. Tmbm mc`ir liams
=-2 gk, bml Iucm mcml sfkou` bflhml pfrtukou`ml
flbjkftriuk omru pmbm pfrkucmml Iucm. Flbjkftriuk ili
tukou` bmri pilhhir Iucm bml juhm bmri sism-sism cfIfljmr pmbm bmsmr
Iucm.
  
g. Tfruom`ml pmbm sfrvic bml WO_.
  Wfhfrm sftfIm` cmIm EE kfljmbi tipis, cflbur, tfpi Iumr sfrvics
oimsmlym kflhmImki Imsfrmsi c`ususlym sfofIuk ImtfrIm.
  WftfIm` ofofrmpm `mri sfrvics bmpmt bikmsuci = jmri.
  WftfIm` sfIfsmi ilvjIusi bi ist`kus mrtfri cmrflm `ipfrpImsim bml
rftrmcsi sfrvics mc`irlym Iucm kfljmbi sfkou`.
  WftfIm` pfrsmIilml bilbilh pfrut Ijlhhmr cmrflm bi rflhhmlh ofhitu
Imkm im tftmpi oimsmlym puIi` cfkomIi bmImk 1 kilhhu.
b. Ijg`im.
Ijg`im mbmIm` gmirml sfcrft ymlh ofrmsmI bmri gmvuk utfri bml
vmhilm pmbm kmsm liams.
  Ijg`im ruorm mtmu crufltm.
-  =-2 `mri
-  Xmrlm kfrm` bml `itmk kflhmlbulh bmrm` bmri pfrjofcml
mtmu Iucm pmbm ofcms ikpImltmsi pImsfltm bml sfrmout
bfvism bml g`jril.
  Ijg`im smlhufljIfltm
-  7-1 `mri
-  Xmrlm puti` gmkpur kfrm` jmbi cfgjcImtml.
  Ijg`im sfrjsm
-  8-=2 `mri
-  Xmrlm cfculilhml kflhmlbulh Ifoi` sfbicit bmrm` bml
Ifoi` omlymc sfruk.


  Ijg`im mIom
-  2 -1 kilhhu

-  Xmrlm puti` Ifoi` pugmt puti` cfculilhml bml

kflhmlbulh Ifucjsit.
f. Tmyubmrm
WftfIm` kfIm`ircml cfticm `jrkjl ymlh bi`msiIcml pImsfltm
tibmc Imhi mbm ultuc kflh`mkomtlym, cfIfljmr pituitmry
kflhfIumrcml prjIfctil (`jrkjl Imctjhflic). Wmkpmi `mri cf tihm
sftfIm` kfIm`ircml, tfroucti mbmlym fafc prjImctil pmbm
pmyubmrm. TfkouIu` bmrm` pmyubmrm kfljmbi oflhcmc tfrisi
bmrm`, kflyfomocml `mlhmt,

oflhcmc bml rms msmcit, sfI-sfI ymlh kflh`msiIcml MWE kuImi

 ofraulhsi, bml MWE kuImi kflgmpmi putilh kfImIui smIurml
, kflhhmlticml cjIjstruk ymlh tfIm` kflbm`uIuilym,
sfImljutlym Imctmsi bikuImi.
Tmyubmrm pmbm iou ymlh kflyusui, cfticm Imctmsi tfrofltuc,
tfrmom sumtu kmssm (ofljjIml), tftmpi cmltjlh susu ymlh tfrisi
ofruom` pjsisi

bmri `mri cf `mri sfofIuk Imctmsi bikuImi, pmyubmrm tfrmom Iulmc

bml sumtu gmirml cfculilhml, ymcli cjIjstuk bicfIumrcml bmri
pmyubmrm.
WftfIm` Imctmsi bikuImi pmyubmrm tfrsm `mlhmt bml cfrms
cfticm bisfltu`, rmsm lyfri mcml kflftmp sfImkm sfcitmr 20 jmk.
Wusu puti` cfoiruml (tmkpmc spfrti susu scik) `mrus bipfricsm
ultuc bicmji fafctiIitmslym sfomhmi cfoImicml bmri ilvfrsi bml ultuc
kflfkucml mpmcm` mbm aisurm mtmu cfrftmcml.
2. Tfruom`ml sistfk pflgfrlmml.
Rfrjmbi jostipmsi sftfIm` pfrsmIilml cmrflm pfrsmIilml mImt
pflgfrlmml kflbmpmt tfcmlml ymlh kflyfomocml cjIjl
kfljmbi cjsjlh, pflhfIumrml gmirml ymlh ofrIfoi`ml pmbm wmctu
pfrsmIilml (bf`ibrmsi) curmlh kmcml, `fkjrjib, Imsfrmsi jmIml Im`ir
supmym OMO Imlgmr bi ofricml bift/ kmcmlml kflhmlbulh sfrmt
bml pfkofriml gmirml ymlh gucup. OiIm usm`m ili tibmc ofr`msiI
sfImkm 2 mtmu 7 `mri ofricml hIisfril mtmu jomt ymlh Imil.
7. Tfruom`ml sistfk pfrcfki`ml.
  Bilbilh smIurml cflgilh kfkpfrIi`mtcml jfbfk bml
`ypfrfkim cmbmlh-cmbmlh jfbfkm bmri trihjlfuk bml
kflikouIcml jostrucsi bmri urftrm sf`ilhhm tfrjmbi rftflsi uril.
  Cmlbulh cfki` kmsi` sflsitivf bml cmpmsitms ofrtmkom`
sf`ilhhm cmlbulh cfki` pflu` mtmu sftfIm` cflgilh kmsi`
tilhhmI urilf rfsibumI.
  Wism uril ili bml trmukm pmbm bilbilh smIurml cflgilh
wmctu pfrsmIilml kfkubm`cml tfrjmbilym ilafcsi.
  Vrftfr bml pfIvis rflmIis ymlh kflhmImki biImtmsi cfkomIi cf
cfmbmml sfofIuk `mkiI kuImi bmri 2-0 kilhhu sftfIm` putus.
2. Truom`ml sistfk kuscuIjscfIftmI.
   Bilbilh pfrut oimsmlym puIi` sfImkm 1 kilhhu.
   Cmbmlh-cmbmlh wmlitm ymlh mst`flis tfrjmbi bimtmsis bmri jtjt-jtjt rfgti
mobjkfl sf`ilhhm sfomhiml bmri bilbilh pfrut bi hmris tflhml
`mlym tfrbiri bmri pfritjliuk cuIit.
  Rfkpmt ili kfljljjI cmImu ofrbiri mtmu kflhfjml oimsmlym ili
tfrjmbi pmbm hrmlbf kuItipmrm. Xmlitm ymlh kflhmlbulh Ifoi` bmri =
jmlil.
  RuImlh-tuImlh sflbi pmlhhuI bml Iihmkfltuk cfkomIi bmImk wmctu
7 ouIml.
6. Tfruom`ml flbjcril
WftfIm` pImsfltm Im`ir `jrkjl fstrjhfl bml prjhfstfrjl
kflurul sf`ilhhm mcml kflbjrjlh pflhfIumrml `jrkjl AW@
bml I@ ultuc kfkuImi cfkomIi sicIus kflstrumsi cfIfljmr tirjib
cfkomIi cf ofltuc ljrkmI bml rmtm-rmtm kftmojIic lmsmI cfkomIi
ljrkmI.
   @jrkjl pImsfltm.
@jrkjl pImsfltm kflurul bflhml gfpmt sftfIm` pfrsmIilml,
@GH (@jrkjl Grjlig Hjlmbjtrjpil) kflurul bflhml gfpmt bml
kflftmp
=4 bmImk 7 jmk `ilhhm `mri cf 8 pjst pmrtuk bml sfomhmi
jksft pfkflu`ml pmbm `mri cf 7 pjst pmrtuk.
   @jrkjl pituitmry.
TrjImctil bmrm` kflilhcmt bflhml gfpmt, pmbm wmlitm tibmc kflyusui
kflurul bmImk wmctu 2 kilhhu. AW@ bml I@ kflilhcmt pmbm
amsf cjlsfltrmsi ajIicuIfr pmbm kilhhu cf 7 bml I@ tftmp rflbm`
`ilhhm jvuImsi tfrjmbi.
   @ipjtmImkic bi pituitmry jvmriuk.
Vltuc wmlitm ymlh kflyusui bml tibmc kflyusui mcml
kfkpflhmru`i Imkmlym im kflbmpmtcml kflstrumsi. Wfrilh cmIi
kflstrumsi pfrtmkm itu ofrsiamt mljvuImsi ymlh bicmrflmcml
rflbm`lym cmbmr fstrjhfl bml prjhfstfrjl. Bimltmrmlym wmlitm
Imctmsi sfcitmr =6% kfkpfrjIf` kflstrumsi 1 kilhhu bml 26%
sftfIm` =2 kilhhu.
1. Tfruom`ml tmlbm-tmlbm vitmI.
  Rfcmlml bmrm`lym oimsmlym tibmc ofruom`, cfkulhcilml RB
mcml rflbm` sftfIm` iou kfIm`ircml cmrflm mbm pfrbmrm`ml. RB
ilhhi pmbm pjst pmrtuk bmpmt kflmlbmcml tfrjmbilym prf fcImksi pjst
pmrtuk.
  Wu`u> cfkomIi ljrkmI sftfIm` pfrsmIilml sfbicit kflilhcmt, bml
mcml stmoiI bmImk wmctu 22 jmk cfgumIi cmImu mbm ilafcsi,
  Lmbi> bmImk omtms ljrkmI.

 -  Nicm Ifoi` =44x/kflit moljrkmI bml kfrupmcml tmlbm ilafcsi mtmu
tfrjmbi pfrbmrm`ml ilafcsi.
-  Ormbicmrbi (24-64x/kflit) sfhfrm sftfIm` pfrsmIilml bml bmImk
ofofrmpm jmk sftfIm` pjst pmrtuk.
  Tfrlmpmsml> bmImk omtms ljrkmI.

8. Tfruom`ml sistfk cmrbijvmscuImr.

Wfhfrm sftfIm` pfrsmIilml cfrjm jmltulh kflhmImki pflilhcmtml
04% Ifoi` tilhhi bml pmbm sfofIuk pfrsmIilml cmrflm mutjtrmlsausi bmri
utfrj pImsfltm rfsistflsi pfkouIu pfriafr kflilhcmt cmrflm
`iImlhlym utfrjpImsfltfr. QjIukf bmrm` turul sfpfrti cfmbmml
sfofIuk `mkiI bml viscjsitms kflilhcmt. Rjlus jtjt `mIus pmbm
bilbilh pfkouIu` bmrm` kflilhcmt. Gmrbimg jutput cfkomIi ljrkmI
bml tfcmlml bmrm` cfkomIi stmoiI sftfIm` 7 kilhhu.
0. Tfruom`ml `fkmtjIjhi.
Ifucjsit smmt pfrsmIilml kflilhcmt smkpmi =6.444 bml pmbm `mri-
`mri pfrtmkm pjst pmrtuk kflilhcmt cfkomIi oism kflgmpmi 26.444-
74.444 @O,@R. Frtrjsit kflhmImki pflurulml pmbm mwmI pjst pmrtuk
cf`iImlhml bmrm` =6.444 gg, cfkomIi ljrkmI oism kmsm pufrpfriuk
ofrmc`ir.
5. Imctmsi.
Wfhfrm sfsubm` cfIm`irml omyi bi Iftmccml bimtms pmyubmrm iou
ultuc kmIcucml ilisimsi kflyusui bili (EKE). Vltuc kfrmlhsmlh
tikouIlym Imctmsi. CfgumIi pmbm cjltrm ilbicmsi ultuc kflyusui
omyilym, kismIlym> tfrtmric cfbmImk. Amctjr Imil bmri omyilym, kisImlym>
omyi sukoilh, mtmu kflhmImki msaicsim, (liImi mphmr biomwm` 8).

(Ojomc,24=4).

B. Mbmptmsi psicjijhis Eou Liams

BmImk kfljmImli mbmptmsi sftfIm` kfIm`ircml iou mcml kfImIui amsf-amsf
sfomhmi ofricut>
=. Amsf tmIcilh il.
Amsf cftfrhmltulhml ymlh ofrImlhsulh bmri `mri pfrtmkm smkpmi
`mri cf bum sftfIm` kfIm`ircml. Tmbm smmt ili ajcus pfr`mtiml iou tfrutmkm
pmbm omyilym sflbiri, cfIfIm`ml kfkoumt iou pfrIu gucup istirm`mt
ultuc flgfhm` hfjmIm curmlh tibur. Wfpfrti kubm` tfrsilhhulh . jIf`
cmrflm itu
 cjlbisi pfrIu bi pm`mki bflhml kfljmhm cjkilicmsi ymlh omic pmbm amsf ili
pfrIu bi pfr`mticml pfkofriml kmcmlml ultuc prjsfs pfkuIi`mllym.
2. Amsf tmIcilh `jIb.
Amsf ili ofrImlhsulh mltmrm 7-=4 `mri sftfIm` kfIm`ircml. Tmbm amsf ili
iou kfrmsm c`mwmtir mcml cftibmc kmkpuml bml rmsm tmlhhulh jmwmolym

bmImk kfrmwmt omyi, sfImil itu pfrmsmml ymlh smlhmt sflsitia sf`ilhhm
kubm` tfrsilhhulh. JIf` cmrflm itu kfkfrIucml buculhml cmrflm smmi ili
kfrupmcml cfsfkpmtml ymlh omic ultuc kflfrikm ofromhmi pflyuIu`ml
bmImk kfrmwmt bili.
7. Amsf Ifttilh hj.
Amsf ili kfrupmcml amsf kflfrikm tmlhhulh jmwmo mcml pfrml
omrulym ymlh ofrImlhsulh =4 `mri. WftfIm` kfIm`ircml iou
subm` kuImi kflyfsumicml biri bflhml cftfrhmltulhml omhilym.
Cfilhilml ultuc kfrmwmt biri bml omyilym (UT, _m`myu, 24=2).

F. FREJIJHE
Kflurut Kjrhml (2445), Cfjmbiml Tfgm` Bili (CTB) bmpmt bisfomocml jIf`
ofofrmpm amctjr kfIiputi >
m. Vsim
Cmrmctfristic pmbm iou ofrbmsmrcml usim smlhmt
ofrpflhmru` tfr`mbmp cfsimpml iou sfImkm cf`mkiIml kmupul
kflh`mbmpi pfrsmIilml. Vsim ultuc rfprjbucsi jptikmI omhi sfjrmlh iou
mbmIm` mltmrm ukur 24-76 tm`ul. Bi omwm` mtmu bi mtms usim
tfrsfout mcml kflilhcmtcml rfsicj cf`mkiIml bml pfrsmIilml).
Vsim sfsfjrmlh sfbfkiciml ofsmrlym mcml kfkpflhmru`i sistfk
rfprjbucsi, cmrflm jrhml-jrhml rfprjbucsilym
subm` kuImi ofrcurmlh cfkmkpumllym bml cffImstismllym bmImk
kflfrik cf`mkiIml.
o. WjsimI fcjljki (Tflbmpmtml)
Tflbmpmtml kfrupmcml amctjr ymlh kflfltucml cumIitms bml
cumltitms cfsf`mtml bi sumtu cfIumrhm. Tflbmpmtml oimsmlym ofrupm
umlh ymlh kfkpflhmru`i sfsfjrmlh bmImk kfkflu`i
cf`ibupml
`ibuplym. Tflbmpmtml ymlh kflilhcmt tibmc kfrupmcml cjlbisi
ymlh kfluljmlh omhi tfrImcsmlmlym stmtus cfsf`mtml sfsfjrmlh.
_flbm`lym
pflbmpmtml kfrupmcml riltmlhml ymlh kflyfomocml sfsfjrmlh tibmc
kmkpu kfkflu`i amsiIitms cfsf`mtml sfsumi cfoutu`ml.
g. Tmritms
Tmritms mbmIm` omlymclym mlmc ymlh biIm`ircml jIf` iou bmri
mlmc pfrtmkm smkpmi bflhml mlmc tfrmc`ir. Mbmpul pfkomhiml pmritms
ymitu

prikipmrm, kuItipmrm, bml hrmlbf kuItipmrm. Trikipmrm mbmIm`

sfjrmlh wmlitm ymlh omru pfrtmkm cmIi kfIm`ircml bikmlm jmlil
kmlgmpmi usim
cf`mkiIml 20 kilhhu mtmu Ifoi`. KuItipmrm mbmIm` sfjrmlh wmlitm
ymlh tfIm` kflhmImki cf`mkiIml bflhml usim cf`mkiIml kilikmI 20
kilhhu bml tfIm` kfIm`ircmloum` cf`mkiImlym 2 cmIi mtmu Ifoi`.
Wfbmlhcml hrmlbf kuItipmrm mbmIm` sfjrmlh wmlitm ymlh tfIm`
kflhmImki `mkiI bflhml usim cf`mkiIml kilikmI 20 kilhhu bml
tfIm` kfIm`ircml oum` cf`mkiImllym Ifoi` bmri 6 cmIi
Xmlitm ymlh tfIm` kfIm`ircml ofofrmpm cmIi bml
pfrlm` kflhmImki CTB pmbm cf`mkiIml sfofIuklym sfrtm jmrmc
cfIm`irml ymlh tfrImkpmu bfcmt biymcili Ifoi` ofrfsicj mcml
kflhmImki CTB pmbm cf`mkiIml ofricutlym.
b. Mlfkim
 Mlfkim pmbm cf`mkiIml mbmIm` mlfkim cmrflm cfcurmlhml zmt ofsi. Nicm
pfrsfbimml zmt ofsi kilikmI, kmcm sftimp cf`mkiIml mcml
kflhurmlhi pfrsfbimml zmt ofsi tuou` bml mc`irlym kflikouIcml
mlfkim. Tmbm cf`mkiIml rfImtia tfrjmbi mlfkim cmrflm bmrm` iou
`mkiI kflhmImki
`fkjbfIusi mtmu pflhflgfrml bflhml pflilhcmtml vjIukf
74% smkpmi 24% ymlh pulgmclym pmbm cf`mkiIml 72 smkpmi 72
kilhhu. Tmbm iou `mkiI ymlh kflhmImki mlfkim oimsmlym
bitfkucml giri-giri Ifkms, pugmt, gfpmt IfIm`, kmtm ofrculmlh-culmlh.
f. TfriImcu Kfrjcjc
Cfoimsmml kfrjcjc mtmu Iilhculhml bflhml rjcjc ymlh
iltflsitms tilhhi bmpmt ofrpflhmru` pmbm cjlbisi iou `mkiI. _jcjc
kflhmlbulh Ifoi` bmri 2.644 zmt cikim ymlh tfribfltiaicmsi tfrkmsuc
cmrojlkjljcsibm, mkjlim, msftjl, simlibm `ibrjhfl, bml Imil-Imil.
Kfrjcjc pmbm kmsm cf`mkiIml bmpmt kflyfomocml
hmlhhumlhmlhhuml
sfpfrti cf`mkiIml fctjpic, cftuoml pfgm` bili, bml rfsicj Im`ir kmti
ymlh Ifoi` tilhhi
a. _iwmymt CTB
TflhmImkml ymlh pfrlm` bimImki jIf` iou ofrsmIil
bflhml cfjmbiml CTB bmpmt ofrpflhmru` ofsmr pmbm iou jicm
kflh`mbmpi cjlbisi cf`mkiIml. _iwmymt CTB sfofIuklym ofrfsicj
2-2 cmIi kflhmImki cftuoml pfgm` bili cfkomIi. Tmtjhflfsis
tfrjmbilym CTB sfgmrm silhcmt

imIm` mciomt pflurulml cmlbulhml cjImhfl bmImk kfkorml

sf`ilhhm kfkigu tfrjmbilym cftuoml pfgm` bili bml cftuoml pfgm`
prftfrk.
h. Wfrvics ymlh ilcjkpftflsic
Elcjkpftflsim sfrvics mbmIm` istiIm` ultuc kflyfout cfImilml
pmbm jtjt-jtjt If`fr mtmu If`fr rm`ik (sfrvics) ymlh tfrImIu Iulmc
bml Ifkm`, sf`ilhhm sfbicit kfkoucm bitflhm`-tflhm` cf`mkiIml
cmrflm tibmc kmkpu kflm`ml bfsmcml jmlil ymlh sfkmcil
ofsmr. Elcjkpftflsim sfrvics mbmIm` sfrvics bflhml sumtu cfImilml
mlmtjki ymlh lymtm, bisfomocml Imsfrmsi sfofIuklym kfImIui jstiuk
utfri mtmu kfrupmcml sumtu cfImilml cjlhflitmI pmbm sfrvics ymlh
kfkulhcilcml tfrjmbilym biImtmsi ofrIfoi`ml tmlpm pfrmsmml lyfri
bml kuIfs bmImk kmsm cf`mkiIml trikfstfr cfbum mtmu mwmI trikfstfr
cftihm ymlh biicuti bflhml pfljljjIml bml rjofcml sfImput jmlil
sfrtm cfIumrlym `msiI cjlsfpsi
`. Rfcmlml iltrm utfrk ymlh kflilhhi mtmu kflilhcmt sfgmrm ofrIfoi`ml
Rfcmlml iltrm utfril ymlh kflilhhi mtmu kflilhcmt sfgmrm
ofrIfoi`ml bmpmt kflyfomocml tfrjmbilym cftuoml pfgm` bili, kismIlym >
=) Rrmukm3 ofrupm `uoulhml sfcsumI, pfkfricsmml bmImk,
mklijsiltfsis 2) HfkfIIi > Cf`mkiIml cfkomr mbmIm` sumtu cf`mkiIml
bum jmlil mtmu Ifoi`. Tmbm cf`mkiIml hfkfIIi tfrjmbi bistflsi utfrus
ymlh ofrIfoi`ml, sf`ilhhm kflikouIcml mbmlym cftfhmlhml rm`ik
sfgmrm ofrIfoi`ml. @mI ili tfrjmbi cmrflm jukIm`lym ofrIfoi`, isi rm`ik
ymlh Ifoi` ofsmr bml cmltulh (sfImput cftuoml ) rfImtivf cfgiI
sfbmlhcml biomhiml omwm` tibmc mbm ymlh kflm`ml sf`ilhhm
kflhmciomtcml sfImput cftuoml tipis bml kubm` pfgm`. (Kmlumom,
2445) (_itmwmti, 2445).
A. RMLBM BML HFNMIM CTB

Rmlbm bml hfjmIm pmbm cf`mkiIml ymlh kflhmImki CTB

mbmIm` cfIumrlym gmirml cftuoml kfrfkofs kfImIui vmhilm. Mrjkm mir
cftuoml ofromu mkis bml tibmc sfpfrti omu mkjlimc, kulhcil gmirml
tfrsfout kmsi` kfrfkofs mtmu kflftfs, bflhml giri pugmt bml ofrhmris
wmrlm bmrm`. Gmirml ili tibmc mcml ofr`flti mtmu cfrilh cmrflm tfrus
biprjbucsi smkpmi cfIm`irml. Rftmpi oiIm mlbm bubuc mtmu ofrbiri, cfpmIm
jmlil ymlh subm` tfrIftmc bi omwm` oimsmlym kflhhmljmI mtmu kflyukomt
cfojgjrml ultuc sfkfltmrm. Bfkmk, ofrgmc vmhilm ymlh omlymc, lyfri
pfrut, bflyut jmltulh jmlil ofrtmkom` gfpmt kfrupmcml tmlbm-tmlbm ilafcsi
ymlh tfrjmbi. (Kmlumom, 2445).

H. TMRJAEWEJIJHE

Kflurut (Kmlumom,2445) Kfcmliskf tfrjmbilym CTB bikuImi

bflhml tfrjmbi pfkoucmml prfkmturf sfrvics, ImIu cuIit cftuoml
kflhmImki

bfvmscuImrismsi. WftfIm` cuIit cftuoml kflhmImki bfvmscuImrismsi sfImljutlym

cuIit cftuoml kflhmImki lfcrjsis , sf`ilhhm jmrilhml icmt ymlh kflymlhhm
cftuoml sfkmcil ofrcuoml. KfIfkm`lym bmym tm`ml cftuoml
bipfrgfpmt bflhml mbmlym ilafcsi ymlh kflhfIumrcml flzik prjtfjIjtic bml
cjImhflmsf ymlh biicuti jIf` cftuoml pfgm` spjltml. WfImil cmrflm
ilafcsi bml tfcmlml iltrmutfri ymlh cumt, ofr`uoulhml sfcsumI pmbm
cf`mkiIml tum ofrpflhmru` pmbm tfrjmbilym CTB cmrflm pflhmru`
prjstmhImlbil ymlh tfrbmpmt bmImk spfrkm, bmpmt kflikouIcml cjltrmcsi,
tftmpi oism juhm amgtjr trmukm smmt ofr`uoulhml sfcsumI. Tmbm
cf`mkiIml hmlbm bmpmt kflyfomocml CTB cmrflm utfrus kfrfhmlh
ofrIfoi`ml ymlh bisfomocml jIf` ofsmrlym jmlil, bum pImsfltm bml jukIm`
mir cftuoml ymlh Ifoi` omlymc. 
@. TMR@XMU

_fsİcj
Tfrdmrm`ml

(Kmlumom,2445)
E. Tfkfricsmml Tflulnmlh
m.  Tfkfricsmml imojrmtjriuk
Gmirml ymlh cfiumr bmri vmhilm pfriu bipfricsm wmrlm, cjlsfltrmsi, omu bml
T@lym.
=) Rfs imckus (tfs litrmzil), jicm cfrtms imckus kfrm` ofruom` kfljmbi
 oiru ,kfluljuccml mbmlym mir cftuoml (micmiis).
2) Kicrjscjpic (tfs pmcis), bflhml kflftfscml mir cftuoml pmbm
hfims jojfc bml bioimrcml cfrilh, pfkfricsmml kicrjscjpic
kfluljuccml hmkomrml bmul pmcis.
 o. Tfkfricsmml uitrmsjljhrmai (VWH)
Tfkfricsmml ili bikmcsubcml ultuc kfii`mt jukim` gmirml cftuoml bmimk
cmvuk utfri. Tmbm cmsus CTB tfrii`mt jukim` gmirml cftuoml ymlh sfbicit
(Kmlumom, 2445).

N. TFLMRMIMCWMLMML KFBEW

TflmtmImcsmlmml CTB kfkfrIucml pfrtikomlhml usim

cf`mkiIml, mbmlym ilafcsi pmbm cjkpIicmsi iou bml jmlil bml mbmlym
tmlbm-tmlbm pfrsmIilml. Tflmlhmlml cftuoml pfgm` bili kflurut
(Kmlumom, 2445).kfIiputi >

m. Cjlsfrpmtia
=) TflhfIjImml cjlsfrpmtia biImcucml oiIm tibmc mbm pflyuIit (omic
pmbm iou kmupul pmbm jmlil) bml `mrus bi rmwmt birukm` smcit.
2) Ofricml mltioijticm (mkpigiIil 2 x 644 kh mtmu fritrjkigil oiIm tibmc
tm`ml mkpigiIil) bml kftrjlibmzjI 2 x 644 kh sfImkm 8 `mri.
7) Nicm ukur cf`mkiIml 972-72 kilhhu, birmwmt sfImkm mir cftuoml
kmsi` cfIumr, mtmu smkpmi mir cftuoml tibmc cfIumr Imhi.
2) Nicm usim cf`mkiIml 72-28 kilhhu, ofIuk il pmrtu, tibmc
mbm ilafcsi, tfs ouss lfhmtiv ofri bfcsmkftmsjl, josfrvmsi tmlbm-
tmlbm ilafcsi, bml cfsfjm`tfrmml jmlil, tfrkilmsi pmbm
cf`mkiIml 78 kilhhu.
6) Nicm usim cf`mkiIml 72-78 kilhhu, subm` ilpmrtu, tibmc mbm ilafcsi,
ofricml tjcjIitic (smIoutmkjI), bfcsmkftmsjl, bml ilbucsi sfsubm`
22

 jmk.
 1) Nicm usim cf`mkiIml 72-78 kilhhu, mbm ilafcsi, ofri mltioijtic bml
Imcucml ilbucsi.
8) LiImi tmlbm-tmlbm ilafcsi
0) Tmbm usim cf`mkiIml 72-72 kilhhu ofricml stfrjib, ultuc kfkigu
cfkmtmlhml pmru jmlil, bml cmImu kfkulhcilcml pfricsm cmbmr

Ifsitil bml spilhjkifIil timp kilhhu. Bjsis oftmkftmsjl =2 kh sf`mri

bjsis tulhhmI sfImkm 2 `mri, bfcsmkftmsjl EK 6 kh sftimp 1 jmk
sfomlymc 2
cmIi. o. Mctia
=) Cf`mkiIml <78 kilhhu, ilbucsi bflhml jcsitjsil, oiIm hmhmI sfcsij
sfsmrfm. Bmpmt puIm biofricml kisjprjstjI 64 kh iltrmvmhilmI timp 1
 jmk kmcsikmI 2 cmIi.
2) OiIm mbm tmlbm-tmlbm ilafcsi ofricml mltioijticm bjsis tilhhi. Bml
pfrsmIilml bimc`iri.
7) OiIm scjr pfIvic 9 6, Imcucml pfkmtmlhml sfrvic, cfkubiml ilbucsi.
Nicm tibmc ofr`msiI, mc`iri pfrsmIilml bflhml sfcsij sfsmrfm
2) OiIm scjr pfIvic < 6, ilbucsi pfrsmIilml, pmrtus pfrvmhilmk
TflmtmImcsmlmml CTB kflurut Kmlumom (2445)
tfltmlh pflmtmImcsmlmml CTB mbmIm` >
m. Kfkpfrtm`mlcml cf`mkiIml smkpmi gucup ouIml
c`ususlym kmturitms pmru sf`ilhhm kflhurmlhi cfjmbiml
cfhmhmIml pfrcfkomlhml pmru ymlh sf`mt.
o. Rfrjmbi ilafcsi bmImk rm`ik, ymitu cjrijmklijlitis ymlh kfljmbi
pfkigu sfpsis, kmlilhitis jmlil, bml pfrsmIilml prfkmturitms
g. Bflhml pfrcirmml jmlil subm` gucup ofsmr bml
pfrsmIilml bi`mrmpcml ofrImlhsulh bmImk wmctu 82 jmk
bmpmt biofricml cjrticjstfrjib, sf`ilhhm cfkmtmlhml pmru jmlil
bmpmt tfrjmkil.
b. Tmbm ukur cf`mkiIml 22-72 kilhhu ymlh
kflyfomocml kflulhhu ofrmt jmlil gucup, pfrIu bipfrtikomlhcml
ultuc kfImcucml ilbucsi pfrsmIilml, bflhml cfkulhcilml
jmlil tibmc bmpmt bisfImkmtcml
f. Kflh`mbmpi CTB, bipfrIucml pfljfImsml tfr`mbmp iou bml
cfIumrhm sf`ilhhm tfrbmpmt pflhfrtiml om`wm tilbmcml kflbmbmc
kulhcil biImcucml bflhml pfrtikomlhml ultuc kflyfImkmtcml
iou bml kulhcil `mrus kflhjromlcml jmlillym.
 a. Tfkfricsmml ymlh pfltilh biImcucml mbmIm` VWH ultuc kflhucur
bistmlsim oipmriftmI bml pfrIu kfImcucml mspirmsi mir cftuoml
ultuc kfImcucml pfkfricsmml cfkmtmlhml pmru.
h. Xmctu tfrkilmsi pmbm cf`mkiIml mtfrk bmpmt bimljurcml
sfImlh wmctu 1-22 jmk oiIm tibmc tfrjmbi `is spjltml. (Kmlmuom,
2445).

C. TFLMRMIMCWMLMML CFTF_MXMRML
TjIm aulhsijlmI kflurut Hjrbjl>
=. TjIm pfrsfpsi cfsf`mtml 
 Mbmcm` riwmymt ilafcsi sfofIuklym, pfrsfpsi pmsifl bml cfIumrhm
kflhflmi pfltilhlym cfsf`mtml omhi mlhhjtm cfIumrhmlym.
2. TjIm lutrisi bml gmirml
TjIm kmcml bml kiluk sf`mri-`mri, jukIm` kmcmlml bml kilukml
ymlh bicjlsuksi, jflis kmcmlml bml kilukml, wmctu ofrmpm cmIi sf`mri,
lmasu kmcml kflurul / tibmc, jflis kmcmlml ymlh bisucmi,
pflurulml ofrmt ombml. 
7. TjIm fIikilmsi 
Kflhcmji pjIm OMO bml OMC sfofIuk bml sfImkm smcit, kflgmtmt
cjlsistflsi, wmrlm, omu, bml ofrmpm arfcuflsi bmImk sf`mri,
cjlstipmsi mtmupul ofsfr. 
2. TjIm mctivitms bml Imti`ml 
_fmcsi sftfIm` ofrmctivitms (kulguI cfrilhmt bilhil, cfIfIm`mt/ cfIfti`ml),
pfruom`ml pjIm lmams sftfIm` mctiaitms, cfkmkpuml pmsifl
bmImk mctivitms sfgmrm kmlbiri. 
6. TjIm tibur bml istirm`mt 
Ofrmpm jmk sf`mri, tfroimsm tibur simlh, hmlhhuml sfImkm tibur
(sfrilh tfromlhul), lyflymc, lymkml. 
1. TjIm pfrsfpsi cjhlitia  
Cjlsfltrmsi, bmym ilhmt, bml cfkmkpuml kflhftm`ui
tfltmlh pflymcitlym.
8. TjIm pfrsfpsi bml cjlsfp biri
 Mbmcm` pfrmsmml tfrisjImsi biri mtmu pfrmsmml tibmc pfrgmym biri cmrflm
smcitlym.
0. TjIm rfprjbucsi bml sfcsumI 
5. TjIm kfcmliskf bml cjpilh
 Fkjsi, cftmcutml tfr`mbmp pflymcitlym, cfgfkmsml ymlh kulguI tmlpm
mImsml ymlh jfIms.
=4. TjIm `uoulhml
@uoulhml mltmrm cfIumrhm, iltfrmcsi, cjkulicmsi, sfrtm gmrm
ofrcjkulicmsi

==. TjIm cfymcilml bml spiritumI 

 Mhmkm pmsifl, hmlhhuml ofriombm` sfImkm smcit, cftmmtml bmImk
ofrbj―m bml ofrİombm`.

I. BEMHLJWM CTF_MXMRML
=.  _fsicj ilafcsi o.b. cftuoml pfgm` bili
2.  Bfaisiflsi pflhftm`uml o.b. curmlh pflhftm`uml tfltmlh CTB
7.   Lyfri mcut o.b. cjltrmcsi utfrus
2.  Mlsiftms o.b. stmtus cfsf`mtml (CTB)

6.   _fsicj Tfrbmrm`ml ob Imsfrmsi jmiml im`ir  

K. ELRF_QFLWE

Lj. Bx cfp LJG LEG

=._fsicj ilafcsi o.b.LJG > sftfIm` biImcucml -cmji tmlbm-tmlbm ilafcsi
cftuoml pfgm` bilitilbmcml cfpfrmwmtml -Tmltmu cfmbmml ukuk pmsifl
sfImkm x22 jmk, -mjmrcml cIifl mtmu cfIumrhm tmlbm-tmlbm ilafcsi
bi`mrmpcml kmsmIm` rfsicj ilafcsi bmpmt tfrmtmsi bflhml
-cjImojrmsi
critfrimpfkofriml
`msiI >

-Tmsifl tfrofoms bmrimltioijtic

tmlbm bml hfjmIm ilafcsi
-Ifucjsit bmImk rfltmlh ljrkmI
-Wu`u tuou` bmImk rftmlh ljrkmI
-BNN ljrkmI

2. Bfaisiflsi LJG > sftfIm` biImcucml LEG >

pflhftm`uml o.b. curmlh -Cmji tilhcmt pflhftm`uml
tilbmcml cfpfrmwmtml
pflhftm`uml
 tfltmlh CTB sfImkm....x22 jmk, cIifl tfltmlh CTB
bi`mrmpcml -sfbimcml

kmsmIm` bfaisiflsi ilajrkmsi tfltmlh bfailisi

pflhftm`uml bmpmt CTB
tfrmtmsi bflhml critfrim -sfbimcml
`msiI >
ilajrkmsi tfltmlh
-cIifl sfgmrm
pflyfomo CTB
vfromI kflhmtmcml subm`
kfkm`mki -cjImojrmsi bflhml
tik kfbis bmImk
tfltmlh cjlbisi pfkofriml tfrmpi jomt
cfsf`mtmllym
-cIifl

kmkpu kfljfImscml
bfailisi bmri CTB
-cIifl

kmkpu kfljfImscml
pflyfomo CTB
7. Lyfri mcut o.b. LJG > sftfIm` biImcucml `msiI >
cjltrmcsi utfrus tilbmcml -mcrmI tfrmom `mlhmt
cfpfrmwmtml -RRQ ljrkmI
sfImkm....x22 jmk,
-G_R > curmlh bmri 2 bftic
bi`mrmpcml kmsmIm`
lyfri mcut bmpmt tfrmtmsi
bflhml critfrim `msiI >
-pmsifl sfgmrm
vfromI kflhmtmcml

lyfri ofrcurmlh
-scmIm lyfri (7-2)
2. Mlsiftms o.b.
-RRQ ljrkmI
stmtus cfsf`mtml
LJG > sftfIm` biImcucml
tilbmcml
cfpfrmwmtml
sfImkm....x22 jmk,
bi`mrmpcml

kmsmIm` mlsiftms bmpmt

tfrmtmsi bflhml critfrim
LEG >
-cmji lyfri sfgmrm
cjkprf`flsia
-ofricml pjsisi ymlh
lymkml
-mjmrcml tfclic
ljlamrkmcjIjhi ultuc
kflhmtmsi lyfri
-cjImojrmsi bflhml tik
kfbis bmImk pfkofriml
tfrmpi mlmIhftic
LEG >
-Cmji tilhcmt cfgfkmsml
-Kjlitjr cfsmbmrml bml
gmpiIImry rfaiII
-mjmrcml tfclic
ljlamrkmcjIjhi ultuc
kflhurmlhi cfgfkmsml
-cjImojrmsi bflhml tik

kfbis bmImk pfkofriml

 -cfmbmrml > gjkpjskfltis tfrmpi jomt.

6. _fsicj
LJG > sftfIm` biImcucml LEG
Tfrbmrm`ml
tilbmcml - Kfkjlitjr pfrbmrm`ml

ob Imsfrmsi jmIml cfpfrmwmtml - Kfkmltmu RRQ

Im`ir sfImkm....x22 jmk, - Kflh`ilbmri

bi`mrmpcml prjsfbur ilvmsia , jicm
bipfrIucml kmcm pmltmu
kmsmIm` rfsicj
bflhml cftmt
pfrbmrm`ml bmpmt
- Kflhcjjrbilmsi
tfrmtmsi bflhml critfrim
prjsfbur ilvmsia bflhml
`msiI >
trmlsausi trjkojsit
- RRQ ljrkmI
-Kflh`ilbmri
- Ribmc mbm oIfbilh
kflhmlhcmt oflbm ofrmt
 

BMARM_ TVWRMCM
Bfwi, Qiviml Lmlly Iim &Rri sulmrsi`. 24==. Msu`ml Cfoibmlml Tmbm Eou Liams.
Nmcmrtm>FHG

@mlrftty, Cfvil T. 24=2. EIustrmsi jostftri. Fbisi cf 8. Fbitjr fbisi Elbjlfsim. Oubi
Ekml smltjsj & FIysmoft` KuIimwml. Elbjlfsim> pfltmsmbm.

Qmrlfy, @fIfl. 2448. Oucu Mjmr Msu`ml Cfoibmlml fbisi 2 vjIukf 2. Nmcmrtm>
FHG

_m`myu ft.mII. 24=2. Oucu Mjmr Kmsm Liams bml Kflyusui. Nmcmrtm> Kitrm
wmlgmlm Kfbicm.

@frkmwml, R. @fmt`fr 24=6. Lmlbm EltfrlmtijlmI Elg. Bimhljsis Cfpfrmwmtml>

bfailisi bml cImsiaicmsi 24=6-24=8. Nmcmrtm> FHG 

Outg`fr, @jwmrb., bcc. 24=0. Lursilh Eltfrvfltijls Gimssiaigmtijl (LEG)> Fbisi

Cftuju`, Om`msm Elbjlfsim. Ujhymcmrtm> kjgjkfbim. Bitfrjfkm`cml jIf`
Eltmlsmri Lurjmlm
Kjjrf`fmb, Wuf., bcc. 24=0. Lursilh Jutgjkf Gimssiaigmtijl (LJG)> Fbisi
Cfflmk, Om`msm ymcmrtm> kjgjkfbim. Bitfrjfkm`cml jIf` Eltmlsmri Lurjmlm` 

CukmIm. (24==). @uoulhml mltmrm Tmritms bflhml cfjmbiml Cftuoml Tfgm`

Bili birumlh QC _W O`mcti _m`myu Wurmomym.
Kmlumom (2445). Oucu mjmr pmtjijhi jostftri ultuc km`msiswm cfoibmlml.
Nmcmrtm> FHG.
Kjrhml. Hfri. (2445). Jostftri Hflfcjijhi Trmctic. Fbisi EE  . Nmcmrtm> Tflfroit
Oucu Cjbjctfrml, FHG.
_itmwmti. (2445). @uoulhml Mlfkim bflhml rfsicj cfjmbiml Cftuoml Tfgm` Bili
bi Cmoupmtfl Turwjrfjj.