OMEIMN WBXB@WRMN

FI ZRZRN LKBD5
=.
8. NLQIVM ZMAIVXI
:.
6.

FLZBN WB@HI@HINC5

ZBOLKMD VINCCI IK@R OBZBDMVMN WBKIVM IHR VMDRN

878=/8788
 OMVM WBNCMNVMX 

Wuei fmn syuour mtms obdmfirmt Vudmn Ymnc @mdm Bsm omrbnm
hbromt ki`pmdmn rmd`mt fmn omrunim-nym sbdinccm om`i fmpmt
`bnybkbsmiomn `momkmd ymnc hbreufuk Omeimn Wbrb`pumn tbpmt pmfm
wmotunym.
Fmkm` pbnyusunmn `momkmd ini, om`i hmnymo `bnfmpmt tmntmncmn
fmn dm`hmtmn momn tbtmpi fbncmn hmntumn fmri hbrhmcmi pidmo
dm`hmtmn itu hism tbrmtmsi. Lkbd omrbnm itu, om`i `bncujmpomn tbri`m
omsid ymnc sbhbsmr-hbsmrnym obpmfm sb`um pidmo ymnc tbkmd
`b`hmntu fmkm` pbnyusunmn `momkmd ini, sb`lcm `momkmd ini
hbr`mnammt hmci pmrm pb`hmjm sbomkimn. Om`i `bncdmrmpomn
oritio fmn smrmn fmri sb`um pidmo fb`i obsb`purnmmn `momkmd ini.
 FMAVMX IZI

DMKM@MN ZM@WRK

OMVM WBNCMNVMX.......................................................................................... ii
FMAVMX IZI.......................................................................................................iii

HMH I 5 WBNFMDRKRMN
M. Kmtmr Hbkmomnc......................................................................... =
H. Xu`usmn @msmkmd ............................................................................................8
J. Vueumn......................................................................................................:

HMH II 5 WB@HMDMZMN

M. Isu cbnfbr fmkm` obdifupmn pbrb`pumn ................................................

H. Wrlcrm` pb`hbrfmymmn pbrb`pumn fmkm` `uktifi`bnsilnmk fmn kintms
sbjtlrmk ...................................................................................................
J. Omeimn cbnfbr fmkm` pbkmymnmn obhifmnmn fmn obsbdmtmn ..................
F. Fm`pmo obtifmo sbtmrmmn slsimk pmfm obsbdmtmn pbrb`pumn ...............

HMH III 5 WBNRVRW

M. Obsi`pukmn..............................................................................................
H. Zmrmn........................................................................................................

FMAVMX WRZVMOM........................................................................................
 HMH =
WBNFMDRKRMN

M. Kmtmr Hbkmomnc

Wbrb`pumn oini tbncmd `bnemfi slrltmn. Fi brm b`mnsipmsi ini

`msymrmomt `ukmi `bncmoui obhbrmfmmn pbrb`pumn ymnc `moin
`meu fmn `ukmi `bnuneuoomn firi `brbom. Obmfmmnnym tbntu
 hbrhbfm obtiom `msymrmomt  hbku` `bncbnmk b`mnsipmsi. Wbrb`pumn
tifmo hism hbhms untuo hbrbosprbsi fmn hbrslsimkismsi fbncmn kbkumsm.
Wbrb`pumn `msm oini sufmd hbrmni `bncbosprbsiomn firi
fmn `mnfir i tmnpm tbrobomnc lkbd mfmt fmn `itls fmkm`
`msymrmomt. @brbom `ukmi `brbtms omrir untuo `bnincomtomn

oumkitms fmn ob`m`pumn firi fb`i `msm fbpmn. @msymrmomt ymnc

`ukmi `brmsmomn oboumtmn b`mnsipmsi pbrb`pumn pun `ukmi
tbrhuom fmn `bncmoui slslo pbrb`pumn ymnc incin fisbememromn
fbncmn sbsm`m `brbom, kmoi-kmoi.
Rntuo `bnuneuoomn ob`m`pumn firi, pbrb`pumn kbhid hbrmni
fmn hbhms `b`ikid pbobremmn sbsumi fbncmn `inmt `brbom.
Hmdomn
 pbrb`pumn tmo rmcu kmci tbreun ob funim obrem ymnc
obrmp fiifbntioomn fbncmn omu` kmoi-kmoi, smkmd smtunym
`bnemfi sblrmnc eurnmkis. Huomn dmk ymnc `bncbeutomn kmci
pbrb`pumn

`bnemfi sblrmnc eurnmkis, omrbnm pmfm fmsmrnym `msinc-

`msinc infivifu hmio itu  pbrb`pumn `mupun kmoi-kmoi
`b`ikioi
obsb`pmtmn ymnc sm`m, `bsoipun  hims  cbnfbr. 
=. sbputmr pbnccm`hmrmn slslo pbrb`pumn fi `bfim `mssm ymnc
`msid ourmnc sbnsitia  cbnfbr fmn jbnfbrunc `bnyufutomn
plsisi omu` pbrb`pumn. Fmkm` hbritm ori`inmk, pbrb`pumn
hmnymo fislrlt tbromit `msmkmd obobrmsmn, pbncmnimymmn, fmn
pbkbjbdmn sbosumk. Wbrb`pumn ficm`hmromn sbhmcmi lhebo
bospklitmsi, sbhmcmi tbrsmncom, mtmu sbhmcmi olrhmn. Hmdomn mfm
 mnc
cmpmn hmdwm pbrb`pumn fimnccmp —
`bncunfmnc’ (`b`mnjinc) tinfmo ori`inmkitms mtms firi `brbom.
8. Zbhmcmi jlntld fmkm` hbritm tbntmnc WZO (Wbobrem Zbos
Ol`brsimk) ymnc ifbntio fbncmn slslo pbrb`pumn.
Olnfisi
 hbrhbfm tbremfi fi hbrhmcmi nbcmrm `meu, fi`mnm tbremfi
 pbnincomtmn fmkm` rbprbsbntmsi pbrb`pumn fi `bfim

`mssm sboitmr :7%-67%, hmdomn fi Ainkmnfim `bnjmpmi 69%.

:. Zbtifmonym mncom ini hism `bnemfi cm`hmrmn tbntmnc

 pbr`msmkmdmn
 pbr 
b`pumn ymnc pbrku `bnfmpmt pbrdmtimn hmci `bfim
`mssm, sbhmcmi olntrlk slsimk `msymrmomt kbwmt pb`hbritmmn
`brbom.  @ini`nym obtbrkihmtmn pbrb`pumn eucm `bnemfi
smkmd smtu pbnybhmh surm`nym cm`hmrmn pbrb`pumn fi `bfim
`mssm. Obhbrmfmmn pbrb`pumn  eurnmkis hmru `ukmi fimoui fmkm`
ourun wmotu ki`m pukud tmdun hbkmomncmn ini, sbhbku`nym
dmnym
`bnemfi `ikio omu` kmoi-kmoi.
6. Dmk ini fiomrbnmomn fl`inmsi omu` kmoi-kmoi omfmnc `b`humt
 pbrb`pumn `infbr untuo `msuo fmkm` rmnmd `bfim ymnc
`msoukin. Fi Inflnbsim, eu`kmd pbrb`pumn eurnmkis dmnym
sboitmr 
M. Xu`usmn @msmkmd

=.Isu cbnfbr fmkm` obdifupmn pbrb`pumn <

8.Wrlcrm` pb`hbrfmymmn pbrb`pumn fmkm` `uktifi`bnsilnmk fmn kintms sbjtlrmk <
:.Omeimn cbnfbr fmkm` pbkmymnmn obhifmnmn fmn obsbdmtmn <

6. Fm`pmo obtifmo sbtmrmmn slsimk pmfm obsbdmtmn pbrb`pumn <

H. Vueumn

=.@bncbtmdui Isu cbnfbr fmkm` obdifupmn pbrb`pumn <

8.@bncbtmdui Wrlcrm` pb`hbrfmymmn pbrb`pumn fmkm` `uktifi`bnsilnmk

fmn kintms sbjtlrmk <

:.@bncbtmdui Omeimn cbnfbr fmkm` pbkmymnmn obhifmnmn fmn obsbdmtmn <

6. @bncbtmdui Fm`pmo obtifmo sbtmrmmn slsimk pmfm obsbdmtmn pbrb`pumn <

 HMH II

WB@HMDMZMN

M. Isu cbnfbr fmkm` obdifupmn pbrb`pumn

Wbncbrtimn Cbnfbr `brupmomn omeimntbntmnctincomdkmou

 fmn duhuncmn slsimk mntmrm  fmn pbrb`pumn. Cbnfbr 
 hbrhbfmfmri  mtmu  kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn ymnc
 hbrsiamt.Ini fisbhmhomn ymnc fimnccmp `msoukin fmkm` smtu
ob hism fimnccmp sbhmcmi ab`ini` fmkm` hufmym kmin. Fbncmn omtm kmin,

jiri `msoukin mtmu  itu tbrcmntunc fmri olntbos slsimk-hufmym

 huomn sb`mtm-`mtm pmfm pbrhbfmmn ebnis obkm`in. Vbr`msuo fmkm`

 pbrslmkmn cbnfbr mfmkmd pb`hmcimn pbrmn mntmrm kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn (fi kumr
 pmfm kmoi-kmoi), sbrtm obprihmfimn. Cbnfbr huomnkmd olfrmt mtmupun obtbntumn

Vudmn. Lkbd omrbnm itu cbnfbr hbromitmn fbncmn prlsbs obymoinmn hmcmi`mnm
sbdmrusnym kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn hbrpbrmn fmn hbrtinfmo sbsumi fbncmn tmtm

nikmi ymnc tbrstruotur, obtbntumn slsimk fmn hufmym fitb`pmt `brbom hbrmfm.

  Fbncmn fb`ioimn cbnfbr fmpmt fiomtmomn pb`hbfmmn pbrmn, auncsi,

tmnccunc emwmh mntmrm pbrb`pumn fmn kmoi-kmoi ymnc fihbntuo/fiolnstruosi lkbd

slsimk hufmym fmn fmpmt hbruhmd sbsumi pbrob`hmncmn zm`mn. Wbrhbfmmn cbnfbr 
fmn ebnis obkm`in (sbos) mfmkmd cbnfbr5 fmpmt hbruhmd, fmpmt fipbrtuomromn,
tbrcmntunc wmotu, hufmym sbtb`pmt, fmn huomn `brupmomn olfrmt Vudmn,

`bkminomn humtmn `mnusim. Kmin dmknym fbncmn sbos (ebnis obkm`in), sbos tifmo 
fmpmt hbruhmd, tifmo fmpmt fipbrtuomromn, hbrkmou sbpmnemnc `msm, hbrkmou

fi`mnm smem, fi hbkmdmn funim `mnmpun, fmn `brupmomn olfrmt mtmu jiptmmn
Vudmn.
 Wbrmn Cbnfbr
 

Wbrmn cbnfbr `brupmomn pbrmn kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn ymnc fiomitomn

fbncmn stmtus, kincouncmn, fmn hufmym. Kmoi-kmoi `b`ikioi tucms `bnjmri nmaomd,

`b`i`pin ru`md tmnccm, `bkmouomn pbobremmn omsmr, `b`pbrhmioi

mtmp,
`bnccmki su`ur, fkk. Wbrb`pumn `bncurus mnmo, `b`hbrsidomn ru`md,
`b`msmo, `bnjuji hmeu, fkk. Wbrmn kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn fi mtms mfmkmd pbrmn
cbnfbr, ymoni pbrmn ymnc fidmrmpomn fmri sblrmnc kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn omrbnm
 hufmym `bncdbnfmoi fb`ioimn. Nm`un pbrmn ini fmpmt hbruhmd
mtmu fipbrtuomromn pmfm kincouncmn fmn hufmym ymnc hbrhbfm. Lkbd sbhmh
hufmym sbkmku hbruhmd, fb`ioimn eucm pbrmn cbnfbr.

Vmdun 97-mn, pbrb`pumn tifmo mfm ymnc hlkbd hbobrem emfi slpir, smmt ini

`ukmi hmnymo slpir pbrb`pumn. Em`mn fuku kmoi-kmoi tifmo `bncmsud mnmo fmn
tifmo `bnjuji hmeu, smmt ini kmoi-kmoi `bncmsud mnmo fmn `bnjuji hmeu. Hlkbd
 emfi, pmfm sumtu smmt nmnti tifmo momn mfm kmci pbrmn cbnfbr. Obprihmfimn.
@msymrmomt pmfm u`u`nym `b`hbfmomn mfmnym siamt obprihmfimn tbrtbntu
ymnc fimnccmp odms `ikio pbrb`pumn fmn sbhmcimn ymnc kmin odms `ikioi
kmoi-kmoi. Ziamt-siamt ymnc fimnccmp odms pbrb`pumn `ismknym kb`md kb`hut,
hiemosmnm, jbrbwbt, rbkicius, pbom tbrdmfmp pbrmsmmn lrmnc kmin, smncmt
`b`pbrdmtiomn
 pbnm`pikmn, `ufmd `bnmncis, tbrcmntunc mtmu ourmnc `mnfiri, fmn `b`ikioi
obhutudmn rmsm m`mn ymnc hbsmr.

Ziamt-siamt ymnc odms kmoi-kmoi `ismknym mcrbsia, `mnfiri,

ourmnc b`lsilnmk, lhebotia, ourmnc pbom tbrdmfmp pbrmsmmn lrmnc kmin,
m`hisius, fl`inmn, klcis, fmn suom hbrsminc. Wbrtmnymmnnym, mpmomd dmk
tbrsbhut hbnmr Hlkbd emfi siamt-siamt ymnc odms itu `b`mnc hbnmr. Obodmsmn itu
`unjuk omrbnm sbemo objik `msinc-`msinc ebnis obkm`in `b`mnc tbkmd
fififio untuo sbkmrms fbncmn siamt-siamt itu. @ismknym smem mcrbsivitms. Zbemo objik
kmoi-kmoi fififio untuo mcrbsia, pbrobkmdimn mnmo kmoi-kmoi kbhid fi`moku`i.
Wbr`minmn `brbom hbroismr 
 pmfm pbrsmincmn fmn pbpbrmncmn. Zbhmkionym mnmo pbrb`pumn fififio
ourmnc mcrbsia. @brbom fikmrmnc `bkmouomn pbr`minmn mcrbsia. Wbr`minmn ymnc
fihbriomn
  pun huomn pbr`minmn mcrbsia. @mom ob`ufimn `bnemfi wmemr eiom kmoi-kmoi kbhid
mcrbsia obti`hmnc pbrb`pumn

wikmymd sufut pb`ioirmn fmn obdifupmn fbncmn

`bnb`pmtomn
‛pbrb`pumn‐ sbhmcmi lhebo pb`hmdmsmn. Zbfmncomn tb`m sbntrmknym
mfmkmd obsbtmrmmn mntmrm kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn fmkm` dmk mpmpun.
Wbrcu`ukmn fimkbotiom tifmo tbrdinfmromn. Isu ini, fbncmn sbcmkm
pbr`msmkmdmnnym ymnc smncmt
`bnmrio fmn fipbrhijmncomn lkbd omkmncmn intbkbotumk funim. Vbrhuoti
fbncmn fimfmomnnym Olnabrbnsi Wbrb`pumn IQ Zbfunim fi Hbieinc pmfm tmdun
=992 ymnc
`bru`usomn tbntmnc pbnlkmomn tbrdmfmp memrmn mcm`m ymnc
`b`mnfmnc bosistbnsi pbrb`pumn fbncmn sbhbkmd `mtm fmn Olnabrbnsi
Furhmn pmfm Mpm ymnc tifmo hism fikmouomn lkbd pbrb`pumn sbomrmnc<
Zbcmkm sbsumtunym tbkmd tbrhuom untuo `brbom emkmni.

Fmri urusmn ru`md tmnccm dinccm hbrmfm fi pbntms tbrhuom, `ukmi urusmn
fl`bstio sm`pmi urusmn puhkio. Wbobremmn ru`md tmnccm tifmo kmci fimnccmp dmrcm
`mti untuo `brbom. Vifmo mfm hmtms pb`hbfm kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn objumki
 pbrslmkmn ebnis obkm`in. Dm`pir sb`um pbobremmn ymnc sbkm`m ini
dmnym fiobremomn omu` kmoi-kmoi fmn fitmhudomn hmci `brbom, oini hism
fmn ku`rmd fiobremomn lkbd omu` pbrb`pumn. Wbrcbsbrmn ini fmpmt fikidmt
`bkmkui sb`moin
 hmnymonym eu`kmd pbrb`pumn ymnc `brm`hmd wikmymd puhkio, hmdomn rbkm
`bninccmkomn ru`md untuo `b`pbrlkbd pbobremmn, sbpbrti `bnemfi VOS fi

kumr nbcbri.

Xbmkitms tbrsbhut `brupmomn wueuf trmnsalr`msi obsmfmrmmn cbnfbr. Ourun

=947-mn dinccm sbomrmnc isu cbnfbr hmnymo `bnyitm pbrdmtimn hbrhmcmi pidmo,
 hmdomn tbkmd `bnemfi `minstrbm` ymnc hbrpbncmrud sbjmrm sicniaiomn tbrdmfmp
 pbruhmdmn slsimk ob`msymrmomtmn. Isu cbnfbr tbkmd `bnflhrmo sbtimp tmdun 877=
tbntmnc fisori`inmsi cbnfbr.Fmkm` wikmymd prmc`mtis, pmdm` cbnfbr hbri`pkiomsi
tbrdmfmp duhuncmn mntmrm kmoi-kmoi fbncmn pbrb`pumn fmkm` stmtus
duhuncmn sum`i istri. Obsmfmrmn cbnfbr tbkmd `b`huom rumnc obsmtmrmmn mntmrm
sum`i fmn istri fmkm` plsisi ‛bqumk‐ fmkm` pbrslmkmn dmo fmn obwmeihmn fmkm`
`bnemkmnomn
obdifupmn ru`md tmnccm. Vmnccunc emwmh pbrkinfuncmn,
obm`mnmn, obsbemdtbrmmn, fmn nmaomd untuo obkumrcm ymnc fuku hbrmfm
fipunfmo kmoi-kmoi, oini eucm tbkmd fipbrmnomn lkbd pbrb`pumn. @bsoi fb`ioimn
untuo sbhmcimn

tlold cbnfbr fi Inflnbsim `msid `bkbomtomn stmtus ‛obpmkm obkumrcm‐ tbtmp

 hbrmfm fi tmncmn kmoi-kmoi sbhmcmi sum`i fmn istri sbhmcmi ‛ihu ru`md
tmnccm‐ Zbjmrm slsimk fmn mf`inistrmsi alr`mk obpmkm obkumrcm sbkmku fikbomtomn
obpmfm kmoi-kmoi sbhmcmi sum`i. Nm`un rbmkitm obsbdmrimnnym `mnmeb`bn
bolnl`i ru`md tmnccm himsmnym fitu`-puomn obpmfm pbrb`pumn sbhmcmi istri.

  Istri ymnc hbrplsisi sbhmcmi ihu fmri mnmo-mnmonym sbjmrm

nmkuri
`b`punymi obtbrpmnccikmn untuo `bkinfunci fmn `bncdifupi mnmo-mnmonym.
Obhutudmn difup mnccltm obkumrcm `bnemfi rmnmd ymnc fiobklkm lkbd ihu ru`md

tmnccm. Ihu ru`md tmnccm sbhmcmi pbncbklkm untuo obdifupmn mnccltm

ru`md tmnccm `b`punymi tmnccunc emwmh untuo `b`bnbe pbnfmpmtmn
obkumrcm mcmr 
fmpmt `bnjuoupi obhutudmn difup mnccltm obkumrcm fmn `bnfuounc jitm
jitm
`msm fbpmn mnccltm obkumrcm. Obtiom pbnfmpmtmn obkumrcm smncmt
`ini`,
`b`hutudomn objbrfmsmn odusus fmkm` `bncbklkmnym sbdinccm fmpmt `bnjuoupi
obhutudmn difup fmn `bnfuounc jitm jitm obkumrcm.

Wbrmnmn pbrb`pumn ymnc hism hmdomn dmrus fi`minomn fmkm`

`bncumtomn oumkitms bolnl`i obkumrcm mfmkmd sbhmcmi hbriout5

=. Zbhmcmi @ltivmtlr
Zblrmnc istri dmrus hbrpbrmn sbhmcmi pbnyb`mncmt fmn
`ltivmtlr sum`i untuo tbrus hbrusmdm hmci ymnc hbku` `b`punymi
pbobremmn, mtmu tbtmp hbrsb`mncmt fmkm` hbobrem mcmr tmo
`mkms`mkmsmn. @bnjmri nmaomd
 hmci sum`i mfmkmd sbhumd obwmeihmn, hbobrem sbjmrm prlabsilnmk
mfmkmd mneurmn Iskm`, omrbnmnym pmrm istri dmrus iout `b`mstiomn fmn
`b`ltivmsi sum`inym untuo `m`pu `brbmkismsiomn dmk tbrsbhut fmkm`
obdifupmnnym. Hbntuo `ltivmsi sbfbrdmnm kminnym mfmkmd,
`bnym`hut sum`i smmt obkbkmdmn sbpukmnc fmri obrem. Orbmtia fmkm`
`b`humt sumsmnm ru`md fmn

mnmo-mnmo, sbdinccm kbkmd sbdmrimn itu hism sirnm fmkm` sbobemp `mtm.
8. Zbhmcmi Mufitlr
Istri fmpmt hbrtinfmo untuo `b`hbriomn pbncmwmsmn fmn olntrlk,
fmri `mnm pbncdmsikmn sum`i, mpmomd dmkmk mtmu tifmo< Huomn smem

`bnclntrlk fmri sisi oumntitms, eiom hmnymo tbrsbnyu` fmn eiom

sbfioit jb`hbrut. Nm`un sbnmntimsm `mwms firi fbncmn pbncdmsikmn kbhid
sum`i
ymnc tifmo sbpbrti himsm. Istri fmpmt hbrpbrmn sbhmcmi mufitlr
invbsticmstia untuo `b`pbrtmnymomn fmn `bnyifio fmri`mnm pbncdmsikmn
kbhid ymnc fipbrlkbd smnc sum`inym.
:. Zbhmcmi @mnmcbr
Zblrmnc istri dmrus hbrpbrmn sbhmcmi `mnmebr ymnc
`m`pu
`bncbklkm fbncmn hmio nmaomd pb`hbrimn sum`i `bsoi tmo sbhbrmpm hbsmr.
Jbrfms `bncmtur pbncbkumrmn hukmnmn mcmr tifmo tbremfi fbaisit fmkm`

mnccmrmn. @m`pu `bncmklomsiomn pbncbkumrmn ymnc prilritms fmn

hiemo fmkm` pb`hbkimn obhutudmn. Omrtini ymnc dmnfmk `m`pu
`b`humt
 pb`hbrimn ymnc sbfioit tbrmsm hmnymo fmn hbromd. Zum`i pun kbhid `brmsm
 hbrdmrcm fbncmn emtmd hukmnmn ymnc hbromd fmn hbrsism.
6. Zbhmcmi Vmx Laaijbr
Wbrmn istri mfmkmd sbhmcmi pb`uncut pmemo, fmkm` mrti
`bncmklomsiomn fmn `bncincmtomn fmnm untuo hbrhmci fbncmn lrmnc kmin
ymnc `b`hutudomn. Hism hbrmrti sbfbomd rutin `mupun obwmeihmn zmomt.
Emncmn sm`pmi mfm obmkpmmn mtmu hmdomn obsl`hlncmn hmdwm fmkm` dmrtm

oitm mfm hmcimn fmri smnc amoir `isoin. Wbrmn istri `bncincmtomn fmn
`b`mstiomn hmdwm pmemo modirmt itu tbkmd tbrkmosmnm sbfb`ioimn rupm.
2. Zbhmcmi stmobdlkfbr
Hism emfi mfm sumtu olnfisi ymnc `b`humt istri hbobrem fi
kumr ru`md, `mom pbrmnnym pun hbrtm`hmd iout `bnemfi stmobdlkfbr
obumncmn obkumrcm. Vifmo mfm kmrmncmn fmkm` `msmkmd ini,
sbpmnemnc `bnemcm sumsmnm obrem tbtmp iskm`i fmn tbrdinfmr fmri
sbcmkm clfmmn fmn aitnmd zm`mn ymnc tbrus hbrob`hmnc. Fuouncmn
fmn izin fmri sum`i `utkmo fipbrkuomn fmn emncmn sm`pmi mkmsmn
obrem `bnemfiomn tucms-tucms
 obru`mdtmnccmmn tbrhbncomkmi, mpmkmci ymnc hbrduhuncmn fbncmn
 pbnfifiomn fmn omsid smymnc untuo mnmo-mnmo.

H. Wrlcrm` pb`hbrfmymmn pbrb`pumn fmkm` `uktifi`bnsilnmk fmn

kintms sbjtlrmk

Wrlcrm` Wb`hbrfmymmn Wbrb`pumn , Rsmdm sistb`mtis fmn tbrbnjmnm untuo `mnjmpmi

`msymrmomt Xbmkitm ymnc tbremfi 5 Zbhmcmi su`hbr fmym insmni, pltbnsi ymnc
fi`ikioi pbrb`pumn fmkm` dmk oumntitms `mupun oumkitms tifmo fi hmwmd kmoi-kmoi.

 Nm`un obnymtmmnnym `msid fieu`pmi hmdwm stmtus pbrb`pumn fmn pbrmnmn

 pbrb`pumn fmkm` `msymrmomt `msid hbrsiamt suhlrfinmtia fmn hbku` sbhmcmi `itrm

sbememr fbncmn kmoi-kmoi , fihutudomn Wrlcrm` Wb`hbrfmymmn Wbrb`pumn

 pbrb`pumn pbrku fihbrfmymomn obtifmo mfikmn tbrdmfmp omu` pbrb`pumn

(sbhmcmi cbemkm cklhmk) Wbrb`pumn `bnemfi sbrhm tbrtinccmk fmn tbrhbkmomnc (tifmo 
 hbrfmym, suhlrfinmtia, sbdinccm `bncdm`hmt pb`hmncunmn) Wbrb`pumn pbrku fihbrfmymom

mosbs fmkm` pb`hmncunmn)

Xbmkitm ymnc hbrob`hmnc fi `msymrmomt Hbrob`hmnc siomp fmn tinfmomn

fisori`inmtia tbrdmfmp pbrb`pumn, ymoni `bnfisorbfitomn pbrb`pumn sbhmcmi
 ebnis obkm`in ymnc kbhid rbnfmd fihmnfincomn kmoi - kmoi, sbdinccm tbkmd

`bncmoihmtomn omu` pbrb`pumn dmrus `bncmkm`i dm`hmtmn pbrob`hmncmn

fmkm` hbrhmcmi hifmnc obdifupmn, hmdomn tbrmnjm` obdifupmnnym.

Cbnfbr `brupmomn Wb`hbfmmn pbrmnmn, stmtus, pb`hmcimn obrem ymnc

fihumt sumtu `msymrmomt hbrfmsmromn ebnis obkm`in Wbrhbfmmn pbrmn fmn
obsb`pmtmn mntmrm kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn fmkm` obdifupmn obkumrcm fmn

`msymrmomt sbhmcmi dmsik olnstruosi slsimk ymnc fmpmt hbruhmd fmn fiuhmd sbsumi
 pbruhmdmn zm`mn
 
Abnl`bnm/Hbntuo - Hbntuo Obtifmomfikmn Cbnfbr Ymnc Hbrob`hmnc
Fi @msymrmomt
=. Zuhlrfinmsi (Wbnl`lrfummn)

 Wbrb`pumn tifmo `b`ikioi pbkumnc untuo `bncm`hik obputusmn

 hmdomn `bnymncout firinym, pbrb`pumn dmrus tunfuo pmfm
obputusmn ymnc fim`hik lkbd kmoi-kmoi 5 Wbnb`pmtmn pbrb`pumn fi ru`md
Obputusmn obkumrcm `m`hbriomn obsb`pmtmn kbhid pmfm kmoi-kmoi
untuo `brmid
 pbnfifiomn, obtbrm`pikmn `mupun omribr Vifmo `b`ikioi obhbhmsmn untuo 
`bnbntuomn `msm fbpmn Fimnccmp kb`md untuo `b`i`pin
sumtu obkl`plo Vifmo `b`ikioi dmo pbncbklkmmn bolnl`i obkumrcm
Vifmo 
 hbrdmo `bnbri`m wmrismn
8. @mrcinmkismsi (pb`inccirmn bolnl`i)

  Wb`inccirmn bolnl`i pbrb`pumn mfmkmd kb`mdnym obsb`pmtmn

 pbrb`pumn tbrdmfmp su`hbr-su`hbr bolnl`i. @bsoipun pbrb`pumn
 hbobrem fi smwmd, obhun mtmu pmsmr `brbom sbrinc tifmo `bnfmpmtomn dmsik
obrincmtnym, tifmo `b`ikioi oboumsmmn `bncmtur dmsik
obrincmtnym Wrlcrm`-prlcrm` pbnincomtmn obtbrm`pikmn `mupun
pbncb`hmncmn bolnl`i obkumrcm sbrinc hims kmoi kmoi, omrbnm dmnym
omu` kmoi-kmoi ymnc fimnccmp pbntinc untuo `bnciouti prlcrm` tbrsbhut
:. Hbhmn obrem hbrkbhid
 Omu` pbrb`pumn pmfm u`u`nym `b`ikioi ticm pbrmn (tripkb rlkb)

ymoni pbrmn prlfuotia, rbprlfuotia fmn `b`bkidmrm `msymrmomt 5 Em` obrem

 pbrb`pumn kbhid pmnemnc Vifmo mfm obsb`pmtmn untuo `bkmouomn dmk-dmk
fi kumr rutinitmsnym, tifmo mfm obsb`pmtmn untuo pbncb`hmncmn firi
6. . Jmp-jmp nbcmtia (stbrltip)
Hbrob`hmnc cm`hmrmn-cm`hmrmn ymnc nbcmtia tbrdmfmp
omu`
 pbrb`pumn ymnc hbku` tbntu hism
fipbrtmnccuncemwmhomn obhbnmrmnnym,sbdinccm `bnutup obsb`pmtmn
fihbrhmcmi hifmnc, sbpbrti bolnl`i, plkitio `mupun hufmym 5 Omu`
kb`md B`lsilnmk Vifmo rmsilnmk Kbhid jljlo pmfm pbrmn fl`bstio 

2. Obobrmsmn
 Obobrmsmn hbrhmsis cbnfbr mfmkmd obobrmsmn tbrdmfmp pbrb`pumn
 hmio fmkm` hbntuo aisio `mupun psiolklcis fiomrbnmomn plsisi pbrb`pumn
ymnc tifmo `bncuntuncomn 5 Wbrolsmmn, tbr`msuo fmkm`
pbrjintmmn,

 pbromwinmn Zbrmncmn aisio, pbnyiosmmn Wrlstitusi, trmaaijoinc Wlrnlcrmai-

 plrnlmosi Wb`mosmmn fmkm` OH Wbkbjbdmn sbosumk ( nymtm `mupun
tbrsbkuhunc ).

 Vueumn Wb`hmncunmn Wb`hbrfmymmn Wbrb`pumn 

Rntuo `bnincomtomn stmtus, plsisi fmn olnfisi pbrb`pumn
mcmr fmpmt `bnjmpmi ob`meumn ymnc sbtmrm fbncmn kmoi-kmoi Rntuo
`b`hmncun mnmo Inflnbsim ymnc sbdmt, jbrfms, jbrim fmn hbrtmqwm sbrtm
tbrkinfunci
Ztrmtbci Nmsilnmk Wrlcrm` Wb`hbrfmymmn Wbrb`pumn5
=. Wb`hmncunmn nmsilnmk hbrpbrspbotia cbnfbr fmn pbfuki mnmo

8. pbncb`hmncn ob`itrmsbememrmn ymnc dmr`lnis mntmrm pbrb`pumn

fmn kmoi-kmoi
:. Wbncb`hmncn ob`itrmmn fmn emrincmn obrem
6. Wbncb`hmncmn infijmtlr 
2. Wbncb`hmncmn sistb` pbncdmrcmmn
1. Wbrkumsmn pbnfifiomn hmci mnmo pbrb`pumn
3. Wbncb`hmncmn sistb` inalr`msi `mnmeb`bn
 
Obhiemomn Fmsmr Wb`hbrfmymmn Wbrb`pumn

 Wbncmrusutm`mmn cbnfbr fmkm` pb`hmncunmn nmsilnmk fikmouomn `bkmkui

lnb fllr plkijy mtmu obhiemomn smtu pintu Wbnincomtmn oumkitms ZF@ pbrb`pumn
Wb`hmdmrumn duou` fmn pbrmturmn pbrunfmnc-unfmncmn Wbncdmpusmn
obobrmsmn tbrdmfmp pbrb`pumn Wbnbcmomn dmo msmsi `mnusim ( DM@ ) hmci
 pbrb`pumn Wbnincomtmn obsbemdtbrmmn fmn pbrkinfuncmn mnmo Wb`m`pumn

kb`hmcm pb`brintmd fmkm` pb`hbrfmymmn pbrb`pumn Wbnincomtmn pbrmn sbrtm

`msymrmomt Wbrkumsmn emncomumn pb`hbrfmymmn pbrb`pumn Wbnincomtmn

 pbnbrmpmn ol`it`bn intbrnmsilnmk

Xbmkismsi Wb`hbrfmymmn Wbrb`pumn @bnincomtomn obfufuomn fmn

 pbrmnmn pbrb`pumn fi hbrhmcmi hifmnc obdifupmn @bnincomtomn pbrmn

  pbrb`pumn sbhmcmi pbncm`hik obputusmn fmkm` `bwueufomn obsbtmrmmn fmn
obmfikmn cbnfbr @bnincomtomn oumkitms pbrmn fmn ob`mnfirimn lrcmnismsi

 pbrb`pumn fbncmn `b`pbrtmdmnomn nikmi pbrsmtumn fmn obsmtumn @bnincomtomn

ol`it`bn fmn ob`m`pumn sb`um kb`hmcm ymnc `b`pbreumncomn obsbtmrmmn fmn

obmfikmn cbnfbr @bncb`hmncomn usmdm pb`hbrfmymn pbrb`pumn, obsbemdtbrmmn
obkumrcm fmn `msymrmomt sbrtm pbrkinfuncmn mnmo.

J. Omeimn cbnfbr fmkm` pbkmymnmn obhifmnmn fmn obsbdmtmn

Rntuo `b`mfuo mn olnsbp cbnfbr fbncmn  pr lcr m`

 pb` hmncunmn obsbdmtmn, mfm  hmio nym untuo `bkidmt o b` hmki
 hbhbr mpm olnsbnsus ckl hmk fmkm`  hifmnc
obsbdmtmn ymnc sbjmr m kmncsunc
`mupun tif mo   kmncsunc  tbr o mit  fbncmn ol  nsb p  pbncmrusutm`mmn
cbnfbr .
Wmfm tmdun  =9 64,  Lr cmnismsi Obsbdmtmn Zbfunim l  rk   D bmk t d
(S   f  
r
Lr  c mnismtiln /SDL ) nbnyb pmo mti  mntmr m kmin  hmdwm fbr m emt o bsbdmtmn
ymnc
sbtincci-tinccinym mfmkmd sumtu dmo ymnc a unfm`bntmk  hmci sbtim p lr mnc
tmnpm `b`hbfmomn rms, mcm`m,  ebnis o bkm`in,  plkitio   ymnc fimnut
fmn
tinco mt slsimk bolnl`inym.

O b`ufimn  pmfm tmdun  =947,  SDL eucm rnbnfbo kmrmsiomn

D bmkt d
777 ymnc isinym  rnbncdi`hmu obpmfm
   a l  r    Mkk     87 sb`um  mnccltm
SDL, su pmym  `bkmo uomn  kmnco md  fmkmrn  pb`hmncunmn o bsbdmtmn
sbdinccm fbr m emt ob  sbdmtmn sbtim p lrmnc `bninco mt.
Fi Inflnbsim,
 pbncbrnhmncmn ol`it`bn cklhmk ini fikmo smnmomn rnbkmkui `ismknym fbncmn
Zistb` O bsbdmtmn  Nmsilnmk (ZO N N) tmdun =948 fmn
X bnjmnm
Wb`hmncunmn Wmn emnc  hifmnc O bsbdmtmn EWO ). Zbkmneutnym
Emncom m 
(XW 
smmt `b`msuo i m hmf TT! Inflnbsim tbkmd `bnbtm po mn
"Inflnbsim Zbdmt 87=7"  sb hmcmi visi  pb`hmncunmn ob  sbdmtmn.

Zbjmrm odusus untuo `bncmtmsi ob  tbrtinccmkmn om  u`  pbrb 

rn pumn
tbkmd fisb pmo mti  hbr  hmcmi `mjm` o l  `it`bn mntmr m kmin O lnpbrbnsi
Zbfunim tbntmnc Dmo Msmsi @mnusim fi Qibnnm tmdun =99: ymnc
`bncb`uomomn  hmdwm dmo  pbrb  ` pumn `brupmomn  hmcimn fmr i
dmo msmsi `mnusim ymnc  hbrs  ia mt uni vbr sm!.  Om  r bnm o bsbdmtmn
`br u pmo mn smkmd smtu dmo msmsi hmci sbtim p insmn `mnusim, `mom
pbr b`pumn  pun hbr d  mo untuo `b`pbrlkbd fbrm  emt o bsbdmtmn ymnc
sbtincci-tinccinym sb hmcmi dmo msmsinym. Dmk ini fi`mntm po mn
kmci  pmfm Ol  n pbrb  nsi Intb`msilnmk tbntmnc Obpbnfufuo mn fmn
Wb`hmncunmn (!JWF) tmdun =996 fi O mir l ymnc
`bkbtmo omn fmsmr  hmci rb  ol`bnfmsi ymnc  hbromitmn fbncmn
obsbdmtmn rb prlfuosi fmn dmo r b prlfuo si  pbrb`pumn fmn kmo i-kmo i.
 Ol`it`bn ckl hmk kmin ymnc `bncmito mn ob  sbdmtmn fbncmn
isu cbnfbr mfmkmd O ln pbr bnsi Wbrb` pumn Zbfunim IQ tmdun =992 fi
Hbi einc, ymnc `bnyb hutom m  n  hmdwm "Wbr b`pumn fmn Obsbdmtmn"
sb hmcmi smtu fmr i
=8  hifmnc o r itis ymnc fio brnuo mo mn fmkm` rbnjmnm mo si ini. Zb hmcmi
nbcmrm m
ymnc io ut `bnemfi  pbsbrtm fmn `bnmnfmtmncmni fbokmrmsi, `mom sufmd
sbdmr usnym Inflnbsim rnbkmosmnmomn ol  `it`bn  ini fbncmn
sb hmio - hmion  ym. Ol  `it`bn  pbntinc kmin ymnc fisbpmo mti Inflnbsim
fmkm` hifmnc obsbdmtmn mfmkmd upmym cklhmk pb`hbrm mntmsmn MIFZ,
tu hbrouklsis fmn `mkmr im ( Ck lhmk 
 MV  @ )  fmn untuo `bkmos  mnmom  n u pmym
tbr sb hut Inflnbsim `brupmomn smkmd
smtu nbcmrm ymnc `bnfm pmt hmntumn fmnm ckl hmk.

@msmkmd cbnfbr fmkm`  hifmnc obsbdmtmn tif mo sb`mtm-`mtm dmnym

`bn emfi tmnccunc  emwm h sbotlr obsbdmtmn, omrbnm `msmkmd ini tbr om  it
fbncmn sbo t lr- sbo tlr kminnym, sb pbrt i s lsimk• bolnl`i,
 hufmym,  plkitio, 
 pbnfifio m  n,  pbrtmnimn fmn sb hmcminym. Zbdinccm `msmkmd cbnfbr , ymnc
hbr u pm o btifmomfikmn fmn ob  tifmosbtmrmmn cbnfbr,  fmkm` sbo tlr ob  sbdmtmn
tbrom  it  pukm
fbncmn `msmkmd-`msmkmd fi kumr sbot lr o bsbdmtmn. @bnurut SDL, `msmkmd
ob  tifmo mfikmn fmn ob btif mo sbtmrm  mn cbnfbr fmkm`
sbo tlr o b  sbdmtmn fm pmt
fieu` pmi pmfm  hmnymo ob  hi emo m  n fmn  pr lcr m`
pb` hmncunmn o bsbdmtmn.
 Nm`un, dm! ini lkbd hmnymo  pbnbntu o b hi emo mn,  pbrbnjmnm  pr lcrm  `
fmn
 pbnybfim  pbkmymnmn   p vif br  )    tifmo    fimnccm p/fio bnmki  sb hmcmi
(d dbmkt  d  rl  `msmkmd

ymnc sbr ius. Ob btifmom mfikmn fmn o btifmo sbtmrm  mn cbnfbr ini fieu`pmi

fmkm`
 hb hbrm m  pm  hbntuo   cbn
nfb
b  r inbq umk i it y  ,  ymitu  pbr  hbfmmn  mo s  bs
pmfm  pbkmymnmn
obsbdmtmn mntmrm  pbnfufuo kmo i i-kmoi  fmn  pbrb` pumn,  pbr h hbfmmn `utu
 pbkmymnmn ob  sbdmtmn ymnc f ihbr io mn ob  pmfm  pbnfufuo kmo i-kmoi   fmn
 pbr b b`pumn, fmn hims cbnfbr fmkm` ri sbt `bfis.

Fmkm` pbrspbotia cbnfbr, hbhbrmpm `msmkmd plolo obsbdmtmn ymnc

`bnfmpmt

 prilritms fmkm` pbnmncmnmnnym, sbpbrti Mncom Ob`mtimn Ihu (MOI) ymnc tincci,
 pb`hbrmntmsmn tuhbrjuklsis pmru, `mkmrim, DIQ/MIFZ, `msmkmd cizi `msymrmomt
fmn `msmkmd kincouncmn ymnc tifmo sbdmt smncmt tbromit fbncmn isu cbnfbr. Dmk
 pbntinc inikmd ymnc hbku` `bnfmpmt pbrdmtimn fmn pb`mdm`mn ymnc
`bnfmkm` fmn olnsistbn fmri pmrm pb`humt obhiemomn obsbdmtmn.
 Xbnfmdnym stmtus obsbdmtmn pbrb`pumn fihmnfincomn fbncmn kmoi-
kmoi, sbhmcmi moihmt amjtlr slsimk hufmym, `ismknym, tbkmd hbrfm`pmo pmfm
tinccinym mncom ob`mtimn ihu fmn hbsmrnym hbrhmcmi `msmkmd obsbdmtmn
pbrb`pumn kminnym. Rntuo `bncmtmsi pbr`msmkmdmn ini fipbrkuomn
hbrhmcmi upmym ymnc
`b`pbrdmtiomn isu cbnfbr fmn fikmosmnmomn hbrsm`m lkbd hbrhmcmi sbotlr tbromit,
`ismknym sbotlr ymnc `bnmncmni hufmym, bolnl`i, fmn pbnfifiomn. Zbkm`m ini
obhiemomn fmn prlcrm` pb`hmncunmn obsbdmtmn pmfm u`u`nym

sufmd

fikmosmnmomn untuo sbkurud pbnfufuo, fbncmn tifmo `b`hbfmomn smsmrmn kmoikmoi

fmn pbrb`pumn, objumki prlcrm` ymnc firmnjmnc odusus untuo kmoi-kmoi
mtmu
 pbrb`pumn. Vbrnymtm fbncmn obhiemomn fmn prlcrm` ymnc hbrsiamt "nbtrmk
cbnfbr mtmu hutm cbnfbr ini,sbrinc fieu`pmi mfmnym obsbnemncmn fmkm` pbkmosmnmmn
sbrtm fm`pmo ymnc tbremfi pmfm pbnfufuo kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn.

Hbhbrmpm jlntld. mntmrm kmin5

=. Wrlcrm` Obsbdmtmn Ihu fmn Mnmo (OIM)

Zbkm`m ini urusmn obdm`ikmn fmn `bkmdiromn fimnccmp dmnym

urusmn

 pbrb`pumn, sb`bntmrm obfufuomn pbrb`pumn pmfm r"r`u`nym `msid rbnfmd

fihmnfincomn kmoikmoi, sbdinccm pbrb`pumn sukit `b`utus omnmpm ymnc
`bnemfi obhutudmn fmn dmonym.

8. Wrlcrm` Kincouncmn Zbdmt, Wbnybdmtmn Mir fmn Zmnitmsi

Wbrb`pumn kbhid hmnymo `bnbri`m hbhmn obfm untuo obsbdmtmn
kincouncmn fmn smnitmsi fi ru`md tmnccm, sb`bntmrm slsimkismsi prlcrm`
kincouncmn sbdmt, pbrrybdmtmn mir fmn smnitmsi kbhid hmnymo fitueuomn pmfm kmoi-
kmoi.
:. Wrlcrm` Wb`hbrmntmsmn Wbnymoit @mkmrim
Obemfimn pbnymoit `mkmrim kbhid hmnymo pmfm kmoi-kmoi, tbtmpi fm`pmonym
 emud kbhid hbrhmdmym pmfm pbrb`pumn, odususnym smmt dm`ik, omrbnm fmpmt
 hbrmoihmt huruo pmfm emnin/hmyi (fmpmt `bncmoihmtomn obcucurmn, kmdir `mti, kmdir 
 prb`mtur fmn kmdir fbncmn hbrmt hmfmn kmdir rbnfmkQHHKX), `mupun pmfm
ihu (`mkmrim sbrbhrmk, mnb`im), sbatm rbsiol ob`mtimn pmfm pbrb`pumn `bnincomt
8-=7 omki fihmnfincomn kmoi-kmoi.
6. Wrlcrm` Wb`hbrmntmsmn Wbnymoit Vuhbrouklsis Wmru
Wbnfbritm tuhbrouklsis pmfm kmoi-kmoi kbhid hmnymo fmripmfm
pbrb`pumn omrbnm kbhid hmnymo hbrlhmt fmn tbrjmtmt fi tb`pmt
pbkmymnmn obsbdmtmn,
sbfmncomn pbnfbritm pbrb`pumn emrmnc/tifmo pbrci hbrlhmt ob tbtnpmt pbkmymnmn
obsbdmtmn, sbdinccm ourmnc/tifmo tbrbom`? sb`bntmrm pltbnsi pbnukmrmn lkbd
 pbnfbritm pbkb`pumn pmfm mnccltm obkumrcm ymnc kmin emud kbhid hbsmr fmn

tbntunym hbrfm`pmo kbhid hbsmr tbrdmfmp obsb`hudmnnym.

2. Wrlcrm` Wbnmnccukmncmn DIQ/MIFZ

Kmoi-kmoi pmfm u`u`nym tifmo fimnccmp sbhmcmi su`hbr

pbnukmrmn DIQ/MIFZ, sbfmncomn pbrb`pumn hmio-hmio sbrinc fimnccmp tifmo
momn tbrtukmr DIQ/MIFZ.

1. Wrlcrm` Wbrhmiomn Cizi @msymrmomt,

Wbnybfimmn `momnmn ymnc hbrcizi kbhid fiutm`momn obpmfm hmpmo fmn

mnmo kmoi-kmor fmkipmfm ihu fmn mnmo pbrb`pumn

F. Fm`pmo obtifmo sbtmrmmn slsimk pmfm obsbdmtmn pbrb`pumn

Obtifmo mfikmn cbnfbr `ukmi firmsmomn lkbd pmrm omu` pbrb`pumn sbhmcmi
 hbntuo fisori`inmsi. Fisori`inmsi ini hbrmsmk fmri hufmym pmtrimroi ymnc tifmo tbrobnfmki. H

slsimk fi`mnm kmoi-kmoi kbhid `bnfl`inmsi, `bninfms, fmn `bncbospklitmsi omu`

 pbrb`pumn (Smkhy, =997). Zmkmd smtu hbntuo hufmym pmtrimroi fitmnfmi fbncmn

 hmnymonym omsus obobrmsmn fmkm` ru`md tmnccm ymnc `bruciomn omu`

 pbrb`pumn. Fiobkumrcm pbrb`pumn dmnym fimnccmp sbhmcmi su`hbr tbnmcm

fl`bstio ymnc tmo fihmymromn untuo `bkbstmriomn pbobrem kmoi-kmoi (sum`i

`brbom) sbrtm `bkmdiromn fmn `b`hbsmromn mnmo-mnmo `brbom ymnc obkmo 

`bnemfi tbnmcm obrem cbnbrmsi hmru (Elnbs, bt.mk, 87=1).

 Zbfmncomn obtiom pbrb`pumn `b`msuoi funim obrem ymitu fbncmn `bnemfi

tbnmcm obrem, pbrb`pumn fipmnfmnc `msid tbrcmntunc sbjmrm bolnl`i obpmfm sum`i `brb
dmnym sbpmrud wmotu. Wrmotbo fisori`inmsi pmfm pbrb`pumn ini `bncmoihmtomn

rbnfmdnym pmrtisipmsi pbrb`pumn fmkm` pb`hmncunmn sbdinccm `bnybhmhomn

sumtu obsbnemncmn cbnfbr mtmu obtifmosbtmrmmn cbnfbr. Obtifmomfikmn cbnfbr ymnc
 tbremfi fi hbrhmcmi nbcmrm tbntu hbrhbfm ‚ hbfm tbrcmntunc pmfm hufmym spbsiaio fmri sbtim
ounji fmkm` `bnflrlnc pmrtisipmsi ob pmsmr tbcmrm obrem hmci pbrb`pumn fmn

`b`ikioi pbncmrud pbntinc sbrtm hbrobkmneutmn fmkm` prlsbs pb`humtmn obhiemomn fi nbcmrm

Wmtrijim J. Zmkinms mnf Jkmufim Hmcni, 87=3). Fisisi kmin hufmym fmn mcm`m eucm
`b`ikioi pbncmrud ymnc juoup hbsmr tbrdmfmp pbkmosmnmmn obsbtmrmmn cbnfbr.

Zbpbrti pmfm `msymrmomt Mjbd, mnmo kmoi-kmoi sbemo objik sufmd hbhms hbrmfm fi
fmpur hbrsm`m-sm`m fbncmn ihu fmn smufmrm pbrb`pumnnym (Nurkimn & Fmukmy,

8774).
Momn tbtmpi, fi fmbrmd kmin mnmo kmoi-kmoi ymnc tbrkmku sbrinc hbrmfm fi
ru`md momn fibebo lkbd tb`mn-tb`mnnym omrbnm fimnccmp mnbd mtmu msinc.

Zbfmncomn pbncmrud mcm`m fmkm` pbkmosmnmmn obsbtmrmmn cbnfbr fi

nbcmrm Mrmh `msid smncmt rbnfmd. Dmk ini tbrkidmt fmri pbnbkitimn sbhbku`nym ymnc
nbcmrm-
fikmouomn lkbd Qbrlnijm Q. Olstbnol, Wmvbk M. Ouz`ujdbv & Bfumrf F. Wlnmrin

(87=2) fmri dmsik pbnbkitimnnym `bkmplromn hmdwm dmnym sbobkl`plo lrmnc ymnc
`bnfuounc obsbtmrmmn cbnfbr (=3%) fmri tltmk plpukmsi. Zbhmcimn hbsmr 

`bnymtmomn `bnfuounc tbrdmfmp mfmnym fb`lormsi tbtmpi tifmo untuo obsbtmrmmn

cbnfbr. Dmk ini tbntu fipbncmrudi fmn fihbntuo `bkmkui mcm`m, tincomt pbnfifiomn,

fmn stmtus slsimk fi nbcmrm-nbcmrm Mrmh.

Zbdinccm fmpmt fiomtmomn hmdwm hufmym fmn mcm`m eucm hbrpbrmn fmkm`

 pbkmosmnmmn obsbtmrmmn cbnfbr. Obsbtmrmmn cbnfbr (cbnfbr bqumkity) mfmkmd sumtu olnsb

untuo `bncb`hmncomn ob`m`pumn pbrslnmk `brbom fmn `b`humt pikidmn-

 pikidmn tmnpm b`hmtmsmn lkbd sbpbrmncomt stbrbltypb, prmsmncom, fmn pbrmn cbnfbr 

ymnc omou (Mromniymti, 87=8).

Obsbtmrmmn cbnfbr fi Inflnbsim `ukmi fiprlcrm`omn pmfm smmt

fitbtmpomnnym Instruosi Wrbsifbn Xbpuhkio Inflnbsim Nl`lr 9 Vmdun 8777

tbntmnc pbncmrusutm`mmn cbnfbr,mrtinym pb`mdm`mn tbrdmfmp obsbtmrmmn cbnfbr 

fi `msymrmomt `ukmi fihmncun pmfm tmdun 8777-mn. Nm`un tifmo sb`um

`msymrmomt `b`mdm`i `monm fmri obsbtmrmmn cbnfbr sbdinccm pbkmosmnmmn

 obsbtmrmmn cbnfbr fifmkm` obkumrcm firmsm `msid emud fmri dmrmpmn. Lkbd omrbnm
itu fipbrkuomn sumtu omeimn `bnfmkm` untuo `bncbospklrmsi sbemud`mnm pbrsbpsi

`msymrmomt `bncbnmi obsbtmrmmn cbnfbr fi fmkm` `msymrmomt `bncbnmi

obsbtmrmmn cbnfbr fi fmkm` obkumrcm.

 HMH III WBNRVRW

M. Obsi`pukmn
Wbncbrtimn Cbnfbr `brupmomn omeimn tbntmnc tincomd kmou

 pbrb`pumn fmn duhuncmn slsimk mntmrm kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn. Cbnfbr 

 hbrhbfmfmri sbos mtmu ebnis obkm`in kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn ymnc
 hbrsiamt hilklcis.Ini fisbhmhomn ymnc fimnccmp `msoukin fmkm`
smtu
ob hism fimnccmp sbhmcmi ab`ini` fmkm` hufmym kmin. Fbncmn
omtm kmin, jiri `msoukin mtmu  itu tbrcmntunc fmri olntbos slsimk-

 hufmym
 huomn sb`mtm-`mtm pmfm pbrhbfmmn ebnis obkm`in. Vbr`msuo fmkm`

 pbrslmkmn cbnfbr mfmkmd pb`hmcimn pbrmn mntmrm kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn (fi kum
`b`humdi pmfm kmoi-kmoi), sbrtm obprihmfimn. Cbnfbr huomnkmd olfrmt

mtmupun obtbntumn Vudmn. Lkbd omrbnm itu cbnfbr hbromitmn fbncmn prlsbs
obymoinmn hmcmi`mnm sbdmrusnym kmoi-kmoi fmn pbrb`pumn hbrpbrmn fmn

 hbrtinfmo sbsumi fbncmn tmtm nikmi ymnc tbrstruotur, obtbntumn slsimk fmn
 hufmym fitb`pmt `brbom hbrmfm.

H. Zmrmn

Fidmrmpmomn mcmr `momkmd ini fmpmt `bnemfi pb`hbkmemrmn hmci

oitm sbhmcmi `mdmsiswm untuo `bnjbcmd tbremfinym cbnfbr fi kincouncmn
oitm.
 FMAVMX WRZVMOM

Ziti Isamnfmri,foo.   Finm`iom Ebnfbr Vbrdmfmp Mosbs Wbkmymnmn Obsbdmtmn

 @mtbrnmk Zb`hikmn Btnis Fi Inflnbsim.87=45 Emomrtm.
dttps5//belurnmk8.kithmnc.ob`obs.cl.if/infbx.pdp/dsr/mrtijkb/flwnklmf/128/ 
. Mosbs 8: Euni 878=.

 HMWWBNMZ,FWM,JIFM.   Mnmkisis Jbnfbr fmkm` Wb`hmncunmn

 Obsbdmtm.87785Emomrtm.dttps5//www.hmppbnms.cl.if/aikbs/:6=:/4=61/:896/h
Mosbs 8: Euni 878=

 Mnitm Fdbwy,Wbrb`pumn fmn Obsbdmtmn.87=4 5 Emomrtm.

dttp5//www.eurnmkpbrb`pumn.lrc/upklmfs/=/8/8/7/=887=66:/ep=78-
 8: Euni 878=

 @uemdifmd.Finm`iom Cbnfbr Fmn Wbrmn Wbrb`pumn Fmkm` Bolnl`i Obkumrcm.

8774 5@momssmr.
dttps5//elurnmk.iminclrlntmkl.mj.if  Mosbs 8: Euni 878=