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Great English Short Stories

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Ambtfbts

@btrmjuat`mb .......................................................................................................   :

 X minj J i d n  J `p `b tdf Wmmn (9061) * ........................................................  5

Kitdfr`bf C ibse`fnj   Zdf J mn n‐s D mu sf (9081) .........................................   95

 I nu b Nfw `s   Zd f Nipsf (90:8) ....................................................................  81

 Li cfs Lmya f  Fvfn`bf (909:) ...............................................................   85

 I ni bQ `n n` tm f   M b Qiturjiy I etfrb mmb (9060) 17

 Lmdb _i`b  I Cfssiof ermc tdf W`o-Cib (9 0 5 7 ) .......................................  1?

Qtujy Citfr`in<

 Xminj J i d n  J`p `b tdf Wmmn ................................   ::

Kitdfr`bf Cibse`fnj   Zdf Jm nn‐s Dm usf .....................................................   :0

 I nu b Nfw `s   Zdf Nipsf .................................................................................  66

 Lic fs Lmyaf  Fvfn`bf ......................................................................................  60

 I ni bQ`n n` tm f   M b Q it ur jiy I e t f r b m m b ..............................................   51

 Lmdb _i`b   I Cfssiof ermc tdf W `o -C i b ...................................................  50

Onmssiry me N`tfriry Zfrcs .............................................................................  ?:

*Zdf e`ourfs `b hriakfts o`vf tdf yfir me tdf e`rst puhn`ait`mb `b hmmk emrc.

 
:
  

@btrmjuat`mb

Zd f t`tnf ibj ofbfrin adiria tfr me td`s amnnfat`mb me sdm rt stmr`fs bffj smcf fx
pnibi t`mb. Fiad me tdf s`x stmr`fs ciy hf quin`e`fj is „F bon`sd– , hfaiusf tdf
nibouiof usfj `b tdfc `s „ Hr`t`sd Fbo n`sd– . @b ijj `t`mb, td fy irf inn bmti hnf fx
icpnfs me tdf cmjfr b sdmr t stmry, rfprfsfbt`bo mutstibj`b o n`tfriry quin`ty is
wfnn is cmjfrb`ty me tdfcf ibj emrc. @t wis fspfa`inny Licfs Lmyaf ibj
Kitdfr`bf Cibse`fnj wdm orfitny ambtr`hutfj tm tdf arfit`mb me tdf cmjfrb
Fbon`sd sdmrt stmry, wdmsf iu tdmrs bm nmbofr ittfc pt tm cikf ji`ny n`ef cmr f
fbtfrti`b`bo hy `bvfbt`bo fxmt`a pnmts. @bstfij, cmjfrb stmry wr`tfrs divf
tfbj fj tm hisf tdf`r birrit`vfs mb tdf`r mw b fxpfr`fbaf; dfrf tdf emaus `s cua d
cm rf mb tdf nfss spfatiaunir ispfats me n`ef, m b tdf s`ob`e`aibaf ubjfrny `bo w dit
`s ippirfb tny tr`v`in. Z df rfsunt me suad pfrafpt`vf wr`t`b o `s pfrefa t`mb me emrc,
dirc mby me tdfcf ibj s truaturf , ibj prfa`s`mb me stynf tm rfvfin tdf suhtnft`fs
me tdf ducib c`bj ibj me ducib hfdiv`mur.
@b sfnfat`bo tdf e`at`mb emr td`s amursf, bmt mbny tdf n`tfriry cfr`t ibj
cmj frb`ty me tdf stmr`fs wfrf ambs`jfrfj, hu t insm tdf j`jiat`a purpmsfs me i
amursf `b rfij`bo e`at`mb. E m r fxicpnf, hfs`jfs fstihn`sdfj aniss`as (Lmyaf ibj
Cibse`fnj) ibj d`odny fstffcfj ambtfcpmrir`fs (_i`b ibj Q`nn`tmf), Inub
Nfw`s ibj Xminj Jidn insm prmv`jf hmtd ommj wr`t`bo ibj ib `nnustrit`mb me
birrit`vf tfadb`quf . Zdf tdfc fs me tdfsf s`x stmr`fs sffk tm ippfin tm ibj c mt `
vitf tdf ijmnfsafbt stujfbt, wdm d`csfne `s `barfis`bony ambermbtfj w`td tdf
amcpnfx`t`fs me ducib n`ef. @b td`s pdisf me d`s n`ef df `s cik`bo eir-rfiad`bo
jfa`s`mbs ihmu t d`s mwb n`ef, wd `ad `s cijf up m e suaafssfs ibj ei`nurfs, me mp
pmr tub `t`fs ibj erustrit`m bs. Zdfsf stmr`fs ambvfy tdf eiat tdi t n`ef `s i ambt`b uin
adinnfbof tm tdf `bj`v`juin, tdrm uo d ad`njd mmj, y mu td, ibj iju ntdmm j; n`ef `s i
jfn`aitf hinibaf me `cpr `smbc fbt ibj tdf mppm rtub`t` fs m e fsaipf ermc `t. @b I
 Cfssiof erm c tdf W`o-C ib  s`x-yfir-mnj Fkky `s ambeusfj hy tdf `btr`aia`fs me
ijunt hfdiv`mur ibj `s tmm ymu bo tm ub jfrstib j `t. Z df Hurbfnn ad`njrfb, `b Zdf  
 Jmnn's D m usf , divf rfiadfj tdf pm`bt wdfrf tdfy ciy qufst`mb tdf`r eic`ny‐s
prfluj`afs me sma`in stitus ibj rfspfatih`n`ty, w`td Kfz`i fvfb `obmr`bo tdf sm
a`in hirr`frs. Q`nn`tmf‐s hmy-birritmr dis fxpfr`fbafj ibj ubjfrstmmj tdf
dmpfnfssbfss me jfprfss`mb ibj su`a`jf ibj stitfs d`s w`nn tm stiy in`vf. Lmyaf‐s
Fvfn`bf `s tdrm wb `btm tdf `bbfr amben`at me admms`bo hftwffb dfr eic`ny ibj i
bfw n`ef `b i eir-iwiy amu btry . Zdf Nipsf   hy Inub Nfw`s `s ihmut tdf vi`b it
tfcpt tm fsaipf ermc fvfryjiy rmut`bf, wd`ad, dmwfvfr, insm prmv`jfs amc

 
:
  

emrt. Ibj Jidn, `b d`s ducmrmus ibj `rmb`a trfitcfbt me td`s tdfcf me `c
pr`smbcfbt ibj fsaipf jfcmbstritfs tdf ubemrfsffihnf amcpn`ait`mbs wdfb
tdf prmtiomb`st me tdf stmry tr`fs tm pusd d`s nuak tmm eir.
Zdf Qtujy Citfr`in  `b td`s amnnfat`mb `s me pirt`aunir `cpmrtib af em r i sua
afsseun amursf mb rfij`bo sd mrt e`at`mb. Z df systfc it`a `barfisf me tdf stuj fb ts‐
n`bou`st`a amcpftfbaf ibj tdf rit`mbin iaqu`s`t`mb me tdf cftdmjs me tfxt
ibinys`s bffj tm hf airfeunny orijfj ibj n`bou`st`ainny hisfj. Zdfrfemrf td`s
Qtujy Citfr`in  meefrs i vir`fty me ou`jibaf tm dfnp tdf stujf bt prfpirf e mr tdf
amcpnfx stiof me tfxt `btfrprftit`mb. :
Zdf h`moripd`ain bmtfs   prmv`jf amba`sf `bemrcit`mb ihmut tdf n`tfriry
„hiakormubj–, tdf vmaih uniry n`sts irf tm cikf tdf rfij`bo m e tdf tfxts is fbtfr
ti`b`bo ibj t`cfsiv`bo is pmss`hnf. Cmrfmvfr, ijj`t`mbin n`bou`st`a fxfra`sfs  
(rfv`s`mb mr eurtdfr priat`af) ibj amcprfdfbs`mb qufst`mbs   irf inn `btfbjfj tm
fbsurf amcprfdfbs`mb ibj `barfisf wmrj pmwfr. E`binny, tdf Onmssiry me  
 N`tfri ry Zfrcs  sdmunj hf i ambt`buin smuraf me rfn`ihnf `bemrc it`mb `b td f e`fnj
me amrrfat tfrc`bmnmoy wdfb wmrk`bo mb mr j`sauss`bo tdf struaturfs ibj
tdfcfs me tdfsf stmr`fs.

 
:
  

Xminj Jidn

J`p `b tdf Wmmn

M b tdf c mrb`b o me tdf td`rj jiy, tdf sfi aincfj. Fvfb tdf cmst jfn`aitf piss
fbofrs - tdmsf wd m dij b mt hffb sffb irmub j tdf sd`p s`baf si`n`bo t`cf -
fcfrofj ermc tdf`r aih`bs ibj arfpt mb tm tdf sub jfak wdfrf tdf jfak stfwirj
oivf tdfc adi`rs ibj tuakf j ruos ir mu bj td f`r nfos ibj nfet tdfc ny`bo `b rmws,
6 tdf `r eiafs up tur bfj tm tdf pinf, incmst dfitnfss Lib uir y sub.
@t dij hffb cmjfritfny rmuod tdf e`rst twm jiys, ibj td`s sujjfb ainc ibj
tdf sfbsf me amc emrt tdit `t h rmu od t arfitfj i cmrf ofb`in itcmspd frf mvfr tdf
wdmnf sd`p. Hy tdf t`cf fvfb`bo aicf, tdf pissfbofrs, w`td twfnvf dmurs me
ommj wfitdfr hfd`bj tdfc, wfrf hfo`bb`bo tm effn ambe`jfbt, ibj it f`odt
97 m ‐anmak tdi t b`o dt tdf ci`b j`b `bo -rm mc wis e`nnfj w`td pfmpnf fit`bo ibj
jr`bk`bo w`td tdf issurfj, amcpniafbt i`r me sfismbfj si`nmrs.
Zdf cfin wis bm t dine mvfr wdfb tdf pissfbofrs hfaicf iwirf, hy tdf sn`odt
er`at`mb hftwffb tdf`r hmj`fs ibj tdf sfits me tdf`r adi`rs, tdit tdf h`o sd`p dij
iatuinny stirtfj rmnn`bo ioi`b. @t wis vfry ofbtnf it e`rst, lust i snmw, nizy nfib`bo
96 tm mbf s`jf, tdfb tm tdf mtdfr , h ut `t wis fbmuod tm aiusf i suhtnf, `ccf j`itf
adibof me c mm j mv fr tdf wdmnf rmm c. I efw me tdf pissfbofrs onibafj up erm c
tdf`r emmj, dfs`tit`bo, w i`t`bo, incmst n`stfb`bo emr tdf b fxt rmnn, sc`n`bo bfrv
musny, n`ttnf sfarft on`ccfrs me ipprfdfbs`mb `b tdf`r fyfs. Qmcf wfrf amc
pnftfny ubrueenfj, smcf wfrf mpfb ny scuo, i bu ch fr me tdf scuo mbfs cik`bo
87 lmkfs ihm ut emmj ibj wfi tdfr `b mrj fr tm tmr turf tdf efw wd m wfrf hfo`bb`bo
tm sueefr. Z df cmv fcfb t me tdf sd`p tdfb hfaicf rip`jny cmrf ibj c mrf v`mn
fbt, ibj mbny e`vf mr s`x c`butfs ietfr tdf e`rst rmnn dij hffb bmt`afj, sdf wis
sw`bo`bo dfiv`ny ermc s`jf tm s`jf, tdf pissfbofrs hria`bo tdfcsfnvfs `b tdf`r
adi`rs, nfib`bo ioi`bst tdf punn is `b i air amrbfr`bo.
86 I t nist tdf rfinny hij rmnn aicf, ibj C r _`nn`ic Hmt`h mn, s`tt`bo it tdf
pursfr‐s tihnf, siw d`s pnitf me pmiadfj turhmt w`td dmnnibji`sf siuaf sn`j`bo
sujjfbny iwiy ermc ub jfr d`s emrk. Zd frf wis i enuttfr me fxa`tfcfbt, fvfry
hm jy rfi ad`bo emr pnitfs ibj w`bfonissfs. C rs Xfb sdiw , sfitfj it tdf pur sfr ‐s
r`odt, oivf i n`ttnf sarfic ibj anutadfj tdit ofbtnfcib‐s irc.
17 „ Om`bo tm hf i j`rty b`o dt,– tdf pur sfr si`j, nmmk`bo it Crs Xfbsdiw. „ @
td`bk `t‐s hnmw`bo up emr i vfry j`rty b `od t.– Z dfrf wis lust tdf ei`btfst suoofs

 
:
  

t`mb me rfn`sd `b tdf wiy df si`j `t.

I stfwirj aicf durry`bo up ibj spr`bknfj witfr mb tdf tihnfanmtd hftwffb
tdf pnitfs. Zdf fxa`tfcfbt suhs`jfj. Cmst me tdf pissfbofrs ambt`bufj w`td
tdf`r cfin. I scinn buc hfr, `banuj`bo Crs Xfbsdiw, omt airfeunny tm tdf`r efft
6 ibj tdrfijfj tdf`r wiys w`td i k`bj me ambafinfj distf hftwffb tdf tihnfs ibj
tdrmuod tdf jmmrwiy.
„ _f nn,– tdf pur sfr si`j, „ tdfrf sdf omfs.– D f onibafj irmubj w`td ipprmvin
it tdf rfci`bjfr me d`s enmak wdm wfrf s`tt`bo qu`ft, nmmk `bo amcpniafbt, tdf`r
eiafs rfenfat`bo mpfbny tdit fxtrimrj`biry pr`jf tdit trivfnnfrs sffc tmRtikf `b
97 hf`bo rfamo b`zfj is „ ommj si`nmrs– .
_dfb tdf fit`bo wis e`b`sdfj ibj tdf ameeff dij hffb sfrvfj, Cr Hmt`hmn,
wdm dij hffb ubusuinny orivf ibj tdmuodteun s`baf tdf rmnn`bo stirtfj, suj
jfbny stmmj up ibj airr`fj d`s aup me ameeff irmubj tm Crs Xfbsdiw‐s viaibt
pniaf, bfxt tm tdf pursfr. Df sfitfj d`csfne `b dfr adi`r, tdfb `ccfj`itfny
96 nfibfj mvfr ibj hfoib tm wd`sp fr urofbtny `b tdf pu rsf r‐s fir. „ Fxausf c f, – df
si`j, „hut amunj ymu tfnn cf smcftd`bo, pnfisf=–
Zdf pursfr, scinn ibj eit ibj rfj, hfbt emrwirj tm n`stfb. „_dit‐s tdf
trmuhnf, Cr Hmt`hmn=–
„_dit @ wibt tm kbmw `s td`s.– Zdf cib‐s eiaf wis ibx`mus ibj tdf pursfr
87 wis witad `bo `t. „ _d it @ wi bt tm kbmw `s w`nn tdf aipti`b inrfijy divf cijf d`s
fst`citf mb tdf ji y‐s rub - ymu kbmw , emr tdf iuat`mb pmmn= @ cfib hfemrf `t
hfoib tm oft rmuod n`kf td`s=–
Zdf pursfr, wdm dij prfpirfj d`csfne tm rfaf`vf i pfrsmbin ambe`jfbaf,
sc`nfj ibj nfibfj hiak `b d`s sfit tm rfnix d`s eunn hfnny. „ @ sdmunj siy sm - yf s,–
86 df ibswfrfj. D f j`jb‐t hm tdfr tm wd`sp fr d`s rfpny, intdmuod iutmcit`ainny df
nmwfrfj d`s vm`af, is mbf jmfs wdfb ibswfr`bo i wd`spfrfr.
„Ihmut dmw nmbo iom jm ymu td`bk df j`j `t=–
„Qmcf t`cf td`s ietfrbmmb. Df usuinny jmfs `t `b tdf ietfrbmmb.–
„Ihmut wdit t`cf=–
17 „ M d, @ jm b‐t kbmw . Ir mu bj emur m ‐anmak @ sdmunj oufss.–
„ B mw tfnn cf ibmtdfr td`bo. D mw jmfs tdf aipti`b jfa`jf wd`ad buc hfr `t
sdinn hf= Jmfs df tikf i nmt me trmuhnf mvfr tdit=–
Zdf pu rsfr nmmk fj it tdf ibx`mus ermwb`b o eiaf me Cr Hmt`hmn ibj df sc`nfj,
kbmw`b o qu`tf wfnn wdit tdf c ib wis jr`v`bo it. „ _fnn,ym u sff, tdf aipti`b dis
16 i n`ttnf ambefrfbaf w`td tdf biv`oit`bo mee`afr,, ibj tdfy stu jy tdf wfi tdfr ibj i
nmt me mtdfr td`bos, ibj tdfb tdfy cikf tdf`r fst`citf.–

 
:
  

Cr Hmt`hmn bmjjfj, pmbjfr`bo td`s ibswfr emr i cmc fbt. Zdfb df si`j, „ Jm
ymu td`bk tdf aipti`b kbfw tdfrf wis hij wfitdfr amc`bo tmjiy=–
„ @ amunjb ‐t tfnn ymu ,– tdf pursf r rfpn`fj. Df wis nmmk`bo `btm tdf scinn hniak
fyfs me tdf mtd fr cib , sff`bo tdf twm s`bonf n`ttnf spirks me fxa`tfcfbt jiba`bo
6 `b tdf`r afbtrfs. „ @ rfinny amu njb‐t tfnn ymu , C r Hmt`hmn. @ w munj b‐t kb mw .–
„ @e td`s ofts iby wmrsf `t c`odt hf wm rtd huy`bo smcf me tdf nmw buchfrs.
_dit jm ymu td`bk=– Zdf wd`spfr`bo wis cmrf urofbt, cmrf ibx`mus bmw.
„ Wfrdips `t w`nn,– tdf purs fr si`j. „ @ jmu ht wdftd fr tdf mnj cib innmwfj emr
i rfinny rmuod b`odt. @t wis prftty ainc td`s ietfrbmmb wdfb df cijf d`s fst`-
97 citf.–
Zdf mtdfrs it tdf tihnf dij hfamcf s`nfbt ibj wfrf try`bo tm dfir, witad`bo
tdf purs fr w`td td it `btfbt, dine-amakfj, n`stfb`bo nmmk tdi t ymu aib sff insm it
tdf riaf triak wdfb tdfy irf try`bo tm mvfrdfir i tri`bfr tink`bo ihmut d`s
adibaf< tdf sn`odtny mpfb n`ps, tdf upstrftadfj fyfhrmws, tdf dfij emrwirj ibj
96 amakfj i n`ttnf tm mbf s`jf - tdi t jfspfri tfny stri`b`bo, dine- dyp bmt` zfj , n`stfb
`bo nmmk tdit amcfs tm inn me tdfc wdfb tdfy irf dfir`bo smcftd`bo stri`odt
ermc tdf dmrsf‐s cmutd.
„Bmw suppmsf  ymu   wfrf innmwfj tm huy i buchfr, wd`ad mbf wmunj ymu  
admmsf tmjiy=– Cr Hmt`hmn wd`spfrfj.
87 „ @ jm b‐t kb mw wdit tdf ribof `s yf t,– tdf pu rsfr pit`fbtny ibswfrfj. „Z dfy
j m b‐t ibbmub af tdf ribof t`nn tdf iuat`mb stirts ietfr j`bbfr. I bj @ ‐c rfinny bmt
vfry ommj it `t ibywiy. @‐c mbny tdf pursfr, ymu kbmw.–
It tdi t pm`bt C r Hmt`hmn stmmj up. „ Fxausf cf, inn,– df si`j, ibj df winkfj
airfeunny iwiy mvfr tdf swiy`bo enmmr hftwffb tdf mtdfr tihnfs, ibj tw`af df
86 dij tm aitad dmnj me tdf hiak me i adi`r tm stfijy d`csfne ioi`bst tdf sd`p‐s rmnn.
„Zdf sub jfak, pnfisf,– df si`j tm tdf fnfvitmr cib.
Zdf w`bj aiuodt d`c eunn `b tdf eiaf is df stfppfj mut mb tm tdf mpfb jfak.
Df stioofrfj ibj orihhfj dmnj me tdf ri`n ibj dfnj mb t`odt w`td hmtd dibjs,
ibj df stmmj tdfrf nmmk`bo mut mvfr tdf jirkfb`bo sfi wdfrf tdf orfit wivfs
17 wfrf wfnn`bo up d`od ibj wd`tf dmrsfs wfrf r`j`bo ioi`bst tdf w`bj w`td
pnucfs me spriy hfd`bj tdfc is tdfy wfbt.
„Wrftty hij mut tdfrf, wisb‐t `t, s`r=– tdf fnfvitmr cib si`j mb tdf wiy
jmwb.
C r Hmt`hmn wis amch`bo d`s di`r hiak `btm pniaf w`td i scinn rfj amch. „ Jm
16 ym u td` bk wf ‐vf sniakfbfj spffj it inn mb iaamu bt me tdf wfitdfr =– df iskfj.
„ M d cy w mrj yfs, s`r. _f sniakfbfj mee ambs`jfrihnf s`baf td`s stirtfj. Pmu

@ 4

 
:
  

omt tm sniakfb mee spffj `b wfitd fr n`kf td`s mr y m u ‐nn hf tdr mw `bo td f pissfbofrs
inn mvfr tdf sd`p.–
Jm wb `b tdf scm k`bo-rmmc pfmpnf wfrf inrfijy oitdfr`bo emr tdf iuat`mb.
Zdfy wfrf ormup`bo tdfcsfnvfs pmn`tfny irmubj tdf vir`mus tihnfs, tdf cfb i
6 n`ttnf st`ee `b tdf`r j`bb fr liakfts, i n`ttnf p`bk ibj mvfrsdivfj ib j st`ee hfs`jf
tdf`r ammn wd`tf-ircfj wmcfb. Cr Hmt`hmn tmmk i adi`r anmsf tm tdf iuat`mb
ffr‐s tihnf. D f a rmssfj d`s nfos, em njfj d`s ircs, ibj sfttnfj d`c sfne `b d`s sfit
w`td tdf ritdfr jfspfritf i`r me i cib wdm dis cijf i trfcfbjmus fxa`s`mb
ibj rfeusfs tm hf er`odtfbfj.
97 Zdf pmmn, df wis tfnn`bo d`csfne, wm unj prm hih ny hf irmub j sfvfb tdmu sibj
jmnnirs. Zdit wis incmst fxiatny wdit `t dij hffb tdf nist twm jiys w`td tdf
buchfrs sfnn`bo emr hftwffb tdrff ibj emur dubjrfj ip`faf. Hf`bo i Hr`t`sd
sd`p tdf y j`j `t `b pmub js, hu t df n`kfj tm jm d`s td`bk`bo `b d`s mwb aurrfbay.
Qfvfb tdmusib j jmnnirs wis pnfbty me cmbfy. Cy ommjbfss, yfs! Ibj w dit df
96 wm unj jm df wmu nj oft tdfc tm piy d`c `b du bj rfj- jmnni r h`nns ibj df wmunj
tikf `t isdmrf `b tdf `bs`jf pmakf t me d`s liakft. B m prmhnfc tdfrf. Ib j r`odt
iwiy, yfs r`odt iwiy, df wmunj h uy i N`bamnb ambvfrt`hnf. D f wm unj p`ak `t up
mb tdf _iy ermc tdf'sd`p ibj jr`vf `t dmcf lust emr tdf pnfisurf me sff`bo
Ftdf n‐s eiaf wdfb sdf aicf mut tdf ermb t jm mr ibj nmmk fj it `t. _ mu njb ‐t tdit
87 hf smcf td`bo, tm sff Ftd fn‐s eiaf wd fb df on`jfj up tm tdf jmm r `b i hr ibj -bf w
pinf-orffb N`bamnb ambvfrt`hnf! Dfnnm, Ftdfn, dmbfy, df wmunj siy, spfik`bo
vfry aisuin. @ lust tdmu od t @‐j oft ym u i n`ttnf prfsfbt . @ siw `t `b tdf w`b jm w is
@ wfbt hy, sm @ tdmuo dt me ym u ibj dmw y mu wfrf inwiys wibt`bo mbf. P mu n`kf
`t, dmbfy= df wmunj siy. Pmu n`kf tdf amnmur= Ibj tdfb df wmunj witad dfr
86 eiaf.
Zdf iuat`mbffr wis stibj`bo up hfd`bj d`s tihnf bmw. „Nij`fs ibj ofbtnf
cfb!– df sdmutfj. „Zdf aipti`b dis fst`citfj tdf jiy‐s rub, fbj`bo c`jjiy
tmcmrrmw, it e`vf dubjrfj ibj e`etffb c`nfs. Is usuin wf w`nn tikf tdf tfb
buch frs mb f`tdfr s`jf me `t tm cikf up tdf ribof. Zdit cikfs `t e`vf dubj rfj
17 ibj e`vf tm e`vf du bjrf j ibj twfbty-e`vf. Ibj me amursf emr tdmsf wdm td `bk
tdf t ruf e`ourf w`nn hf st`nn eirtd fr iw iy, tdfr f‐nn hf —nmw e`fnj‐ ibj —d`od e`fnj‐
smnj sfpiritfny is wfnn. Bmw, wf‐nn jriw tdf e`rst buchfrs mut me tdf
dit . . . dfrf wf irf . . . e`vf dubjrfj ibj twfnvf=–
Zdf rm mc hfaicf qu`ft. Zdf pf mpnf sit st`nn `b tdf`r adi`rs, inn fyfs witad `bo
16 tdf iuat`mbffr. Zdfr f wis i afrti`b tfbs`mb `b tdf i`r, ibj is tdf h`js omt d`odfr,
tdf tfbs`mb orfw. Zd`s wisb ‐t i oicf mr i lmkf; ym u am unj hf surf me tdit hy tdf

 
:
  

wiy mbf cib w munj nmm k iarmss it ibmtdf r wdm d ij ri`sfj d`s h`j - sc`n`bo
pfrdips, hut mbny tdf n`ps sc`n`bo, tdf fyfs hr`odt ibj ihsmnutfny amnj.
B uc hf r e`vf dubjrfj ibj twfnvf wis kbmakfj jm wb emr mbf dubjrfj ibj
tfb pmubjs. Zdf bfxt tdrff mr emu r buchfrs eftadfj rmuodny tdf sicf icmubt.
6 Zd f sd`p wis rmnn`bo dfiv`ny, ibj fiad t`cf sdf wf bt mvfr, tdf wm mj fb
pibfnn`bo mb tdf winns arfikfj is `e `t wfrf om`bo tm spn`t. Zdf pissfbofrs dfnj
mb tm tdf ircs me tdf`r adi`rs, ambafbtrit`bo upmb tdf iuat`mb.
„Nmw e`fnj!– tdf iuat`mbffr ainnfj mut. „Zdf bfxt buchfr `s nmw e`fnj.–
Cr Hmt`hmn sit up vfry stri`odt ibj tfbsf. Df wmunj wi`t, df dij jfa`jfj,
97 ubt`n tdf mtdf rs dij e`b`sdfj h`jj`bo, tdfb df wmunj lucp `b ibj cikf tdf nist
h`j. Df dij e`ourfj tdit tdfrf cust hf it nfist e`vf dubjrfj jmnnirs `b d`s ia
amub t it tdf hibk it dmcf, prm hihny bfirfr s`x. Z dit wis ihmut twm dubj rfj
pmub js - mvfr twm dubjrfj. Zd`s t`akft wm unjb ‐t eftad cmrf tdib tdit.
„Is ymu inn kbmw,– tdf iuat`mbffr wis siy`bo, „nmw e`fnj amvfrs fvfry
96 buchfr hfnmw  tdf scinnfst bu ch fr `b tdf ribof, `b td`s aisf fvfry buc hfr hf
nmw e`vf du bj rf j ib j e`vf. Qm, `e ym u td `b k td`s sd`p `s om`bo tm amvfr nfss tdib
e`vf dubjrfj ibj e`vf c`nfs `b tdf twfbty-emur dmurs fbj`bo it bmmb tmcmr
rmw, ymu hfttfr oft `b ibj huy td`s buchfr. Qm wdit ic @ h`j=–
@t wfbt anfir up tm mbf dubjrfj ibj td`rty pmubjs. Mtdfrs hfs`jfs Cr
87 Hmt`hm n sffcfj tm divf bmt`afj tdit tdf wfitdfr wis rmuod . M bf dubj rfj ibj
emrty . . . e`ety . . . Zdfrf `t stmppfj. Zdf iuat`mbffr ri`sfj d`s diccfr.
„ Om`bo it mbf dubjrfj ibj e`ety . . . –
„ Q`xty!– C r Hmt`hmn ainnfj, ibj fvfry eiaf `b tdf rmmc turb fj ibj nmmkfj it
d`c.
86 „ Qfvfbty!–
„F`odty!– Cr Hmt`hmn ainnfj.
„B`bfty!–
„ Zwm d ubj rfj!– Cr Hmt`hmn ainnfj. D f wisb‐t stmpp`bo bmw - bm t emr iby
mbf.
17 Zd frf wis i piusf.
„Iby ijvibaf mb twm dubjrfj pmubjs=–
Q`t st`nn, df tmnj d`csfne. Q`t ihsmnutf ny st`nn ibj jm b‐t nmm k up . @t ‐s ubnu aky tm
nmmk up. D mnj ym ur hrfitd. B m m bf‐s om`bo tm h`j ymu up sm nmbo is ymu dmnj
ymur hrfitd.
16 „ Om`b o emr twm dub jrf j pmu bjs . . .– Zdf iuat`mbffr dij i p`bk hinj dfij
ibj tdfrf wfrf n`ttnf hfijs me swfit spirkn`bo mb tmp me `t. „ Om`bo . . . – Cr

@ 97

 
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Hmt`hmn dfnj d`s hrfitd. „ Om`b o . . . Om bf!– Zdf cib hibofj tdf dic cfr mb
tdf tihnf. Cr Hm t`hmn wrm tf m ut i adfquf ibj dibjfj `t tm tdf iuat`mbff r‐s is
s`stibt, tdf b df sfttnfj hiak `b d`s adi`r tm w i`t emr tdf e`b`sd. D f j `j bm t wibt
tm om tm hfj hfemrf df kbfw dmw cuad tdfrf wis `b tdf pmmn.
6 Zdfy ijjfj `t up ietfr tdf nist buc hfr dij hffb smnj ibj `t aicf tm twfb ty-
mbf dubjrfj-mjj pmubjs. Zdit wis irmubj s`x tdmusibj jmnnirs. B`bfty pfr
afbt tm om tm tdf w`bbfr, tfb pfr afbt tm sficfb‐s adir`t`fs. B `bf ty pfr afbt me
s`x tdmusibj wis e`vf tdmusibj emur dubj rfj. _fnn - tdit wis fbmuod. Df
amunj huy tdf N`bamnb ambvfrt`hnf ibj tdfrf wmunj hf smcftd`bo nfet mvfr, tmm.
97 _`td td`s orit`ey`bo tdm uo dt df wf bt mee, dip py ibj fxa`tfj, tm d`s aih`b.
_dfb C r Hmt`hmn iwmkf tdf bfxt cmrb `bo df niy qu`tf st`nn emr sfvfrin c`b
utfs w`td d`s fyfs sdut, n`stfb`bo emr tdf sm ubj me tdf oinf, wi`t`bo emr tdf rmnn me
tdf sd`p. Zdfrf wis bm smubj me iby oinf ibj tdf sd`p wis bmt rmnn`bo. Df
 lucpfj up ib j pff rfj mut me td f pmrt dmnf . Zdf sfi - M d Lfsus O mj - wis
96 sc mm td is oniss, tdf orfit sd`p wis cmv`bo tdrmu od `t eist, mhv `musny cik`bo
up emr t`cf nmst jur`bo tdf b`odt. C r Hmt`hmn turb fj iwiy ibj sit snmwny jmwb
mb tdf fjof me d`s hub k. I e`bf fnfatr`a`ty me efir wis hfo`bb`bo tm pr`aknf ub jfr
tdf sk`b me d`s stmciad'. D f d ij b‐t i dmp f bmw . M bf me tdf d`odfr buc hfrs wis
afrti`b tm w`b `t ietfr td`s.
87 „ Md , cy O mj ,– df si`j inmuj. „ _dit sdinn @ jm=–
_dit, emr fxicpnf, wmunj Ftdfn siy= @t wis s`cpny bmt pmss`hnf tm tfnn dfr
tdi t df dij spfb t incmst inn me tdf`r tw m yfi rs‐ siv`bos mb i t`akft `b tdf sd `p‐s
pmmn. B m r wis `t pmss`hnf tm kffp tdf cittfr sfarft. Z m jm tdi t df wm unj divf tm
tfnn dfr tm stmp jriw`bo adfqufs. Ib j wdi t ihmut tdf cm btdny `bstincfbts mb
86 tdf tfnfv`s`mb sft ibj tdf Fbayanmpifj`i Hr`ti bb `ai  = Inrfi jy df amunj sff tdf
ibofr ibj ambtf cp t `b tdf wmc ib‐s fyfs, td f hnuf hfamc`bo orfy ibj tdf fyfs
tdfcsfnvfs birrmw`bo is tdfy inwiys j`j wdfb tdfrf wis ibofr `b tdfc.
„Md, cy Omj. _dit sdinn  @ jm=–
Zdfrf wis bm pm `bt `b prftfbj`bo td it df dij tdf sn`odtfst adibaf bm w - bmt
17 ubnfss tdf omjjic sd`p stirtfj tm om hiakwirjs. Zd fy ‐j divf tm pu t dfr `b rf
vfrsf ibj om eunn spffj istfrb ibj kffp r`odt mb om`bo `e df wis tm divf iby
adibaf me w`bb`bo `t bmw. _fnn, ciyhf df sdmunj isk tdf aipti`b tm jm lust
tdit. Meefr d`c tfb pfr afbt me tdf prme`ts. Meefr d`c cmrf `e df wibtfj `t. C r
Hmt`hmn stirtfj tm o`oonf. Zdfb vfry sujjfb ny df stmpp fj, d`s fyfs ibj cmut d
16 hm td mpfb `bo w`jf `b i k`bj me sdmakfj surpr`sf. Em r `t wis it td`s cm cf bt tdit
tdf `jfi aicf. @t d`t d`c dirj ibj qu`ak, ibj df lucpf j up ermc d`s hfj, tfr-

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r`hny fxa`tfj, rib mvfr tm tdf pmr tdmnf ibj nmmkfj m ut ioi`b. _fnn, df tdmu odt,
wdy bmt= _dy fvfr bmt= Zdf sfi wis ainc ibj df wmunjb‐t divf iby trmuhnf
kffp`bo ienmit ubt`n tdfy p`akfj d`c up. D f dij i viouf effn`bo tdit smcfmbf
dij jm bf td`s td`bo hfemrf, h ut tdi t j`j b‐t prfvfbt d`c ermc jm`bo `t ioi`b. Z df
6 sd`p wmunj divf tm stmp ibj nmwfr i hmit, ibj tdf hmit wmunj divf tm om hiak
ciyhf dine i c`nf tm oft d`c, ibj tdfb `t wmu nj divf tm rf turb tm tdf sd`p, tdf
wdmnf td`bo. Ib dmur wis ihmut td`rty c`nfs. @t wmunj kbmak td`rty c`nfs mee
tdf jiy ‐s rub. Zdi t wmunj jm `t. „ Nm w e`fnj– wmu nj hf surf tm w`b `t tdfb. L ust
sm nmbo is df cijf afrti`b smcfmbf siw d`c einn`bo mvfr; hut tdit wmunj hf
97 s`cpnf tm irribof. I bj df‐j hft tfr wfi r n`odt anmtdfs, smc ftd`b o fisy tm sw`c
`b. Qpmrts anmtdfs, tdi t wis `t. D f w munj jrfss is tdmuod df wfrf om`bo up tm
pniy smcf jfak tfbb`s - lust i sd`rt ibj i pi`r me sdmrts ibj tfbb`s-sdmfs. Ibj
nfivf d`s witad h fd`bj. _ dit wis tdf t`cf= B`bf-e`etffb. Z df smmbf r tdf hft
tfr, tdfb. J m `t bmw ibj oft `t mvfr w`td. Divf tm jm `t smmb, hfaiusf tdf t`cf
96 n`c `t wis c` jjiy.
Cr Hmt`hmn wis hmtd er`odtfbfj ibj fxa`tfj wdfb df stfppfj mut mb tm tdf
sub jfak `b d`s spmrts anmtdfs. D` s scinn hmjy wis w`jf it tdf d`ps, tipfr`bo
upw irj tm fxtrfcfny birrm w snmp`bo sdmunjfrs, sm tdit `t rfsfchnfj, `b sdipf
it iby ritf, i hmnnirj. D` s wd`tf s k`bb y nfos wfrf amvfrfj w`td hniak di`rs, ibj
87 df aicf aiut`mu sny mu t mb jfak, trfij`bo smetny `b d`s tfbb`s sdmfs. Bf rvm usn y
df nmmkfj irmubj d`c. Zdfrf wis mbny mbf mtdfr pfrsmb `b s`odt, ib fnjfrny
wmc ib w`td vfry td`ak ibknfs ibj `ccfbsf huttma ks w dm wis nfib`bo mvfr tdf
ri`n stir`bo it tdf sfi. Qdf wis wfir`bo i amit me Wfrs`ib'nic h i bj tdf amnnir wis
turbfj up sm Cr Hmt`hmn amunjb‐t sff dfr eiaf.
86 D f stmm j st`nn, fxic`b`bo dfr airfeunny ermc i j`stibaf. Pfs, df tmnj d`csfne,
sdf wmunj prm hih ny jm. Qdf wmunj pr mhi hny o`vf tdf inirc lust is qu`akny is
ibymbf fnsf. Hut wi`t mbf c`b utf, tikf ym ur t`cf, _`nn`ic Hmt`hmn, tikf ymur
t`cf. X fcf chfr wd it ymu tmnj ymu rsfne i efw c`butfs iom `b tdf aih`b wdfb
ymu wfrf adibo`bo= Pmu rfcfchfr tdit=
17 Zdf td mu od t me nfip`bo mee i sd`p `btm tdf mafib i tdmu si bj c`nfs ermc tdf
bfirfst nibj dij cijf Cr Hmt`hmn - i aiut`mus cib it tdf hfst me t`cfs - ub
usuinny ijvfrtfbt. D f wis hy bm cfibs sit`se`fj yft tdit td`s wmci b df siw hf
emrf d`c wis ihsmnutfny afrti`b  tm o`vf tdf inirc w dfb df cijf d`s lucp . @b d`s
mp`b`mb tdfrf wfrf twm pmss`hnf rfismbs wdy sdf c`odt ei`n d`c. E`rstny, sdf
16 c`odt hf jfie ibj hn`bj. @t wis bm t vfry prmhih nf, hut mb tdf mtdfr dibj `t
c`odt   hf sm, ibj wd y tikf i adibaf= Inn df dij tm j m wis adfak `t hy tink`bo tm

94

 
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dfr emr i cmcfb t hfemrfdibj. Qfambjny - ibj td`s w`nn jfcmbstritf dmw sus
p`a`mus tdf c`bj me i cib aib hfamcf wdfb `t `s wm rk`b o tdrm uo d sfne-prfsfr
vit`mb ibj efir - sfambjny, `t dij maaurrfj tm d`c tdit tdf wmci b c`odt dfrsfne
hf tdf mw bfr me mbf me tdf d`od buch frs `b tdf pm mn ibj is suad wmu nj divf i
6 smu bj e`biba`in rfismb emr bmt w`sd`bo tm stmp tdf sd` p. C r Hmt`hmn rfainnfj tdit
pfmpnf dij k`nnfj tdf`r efnnmws emr eir nfss tdib s`x tdmusi bj jmnnirs. @t wis dip
pfb`bo fvfry jiy `b tdf bfwspipfrs. Qm wdy tikf i adibaf mb tdit f`tdfr=
Adf ak mb `t e`rst. Hf surf me ym ur eiats. E`bj mu t ihm ut `t hy i n`ttnf pmn`tf am b
vfrsit`mb. Zdfb, prmv`jfj tdit tdf wmcib ippfirfj insm tm hf i pnfisibt,
97 k`bjny du cib hf`bo, tdf td`bo wis i a`bad ibj df amunj nfip mvfrhmi rj w`td i
n`odt dfirt.
C r Hmt`hmn ijvibafj aisuinny tmwirjs tdf wmc ib ibj tmmk up i pms`t`mb hf
s`jf dfr, nfib`bo mb tdf ri`n. „Dunnm,– df si`j pnfisibtny.
Qdf tur bf j ibj sc`nfj it d`c, i surp r`s`bo ny nmvfny, inc mst i hfiut`eun sc`nf,
96 intdmuod tdf eiaf `tsfne wis vfry pni`b. „ D u nnm ,– sdf ibswfrfj d`c.
Adfak, Cr Hmt`hmn tmnj d`csfne, mb tdf e`rst qufst`mb. Qdf `s bf`tdfr hn`bj
bm r jfie. „ Zfnn cf,– df si`j, amc`bo stri`odt tm tdf pm`bt, „ wdit j`j ymu td`bk
me tdf iuat`mb nist b`odt=–
„Iuat`mb=– sdf iskfj, ermwb`bo. „Iuat`mb= _dit iuat`mb=–
87 „ Pmu kbmw , tdit s`nny mnj td`bo tdfy divf `b tdf nmubof ietfr j`bbf r, sfnn`bo
buchfrs mb tdf sd`p‐s ji`ny rub. @ lust wmbjfrfj wdit ymu tdm uod t ihmut `t. –
Qdf sdmm k d fr dfij, ibj ioi`b sdf sc`nfj, i swfft ibj pnfisibt sc`nf tdit dij
`b `t pfrdips tdf triaf me ib ipmnmoy. „ @‐c vfry niz y,– sdf si`j. „ @ inwiys om tm
hfj firny. @ divf cy j`bbfr `b hfj. @t‐s sm rfsteun tm divf j`bbfr `b hfj.–
86 C r Hmt`hmn sc`nfj hiak it dfr ibj hfoib tm fjof iwiy. „ O mt tm om ibj oft
t  cy fxfra`sf b mw ,– df si`j. „ Bf vfr c`ss cy fxfra`sf `b tdf cmrb `bo. @t wis b`af
sff`bo ymu. Ufry b`af sff`bo ymu . . . – D f rftrfitfj ihmut tfb piafs, ibj tdf
wmcib nft d`c om w`tdmut nmmk`bo irmubj.
Fvf rytd`bo wis bmw `b mrjfr. Zdf sfi wis ainc, df wis n`odtny jrfssfj emr
17 sw`cc`bo, tdf rf wfrf incmst afrti`bny bm cib-fit`bo sdirks `b td`s pi rt me tdf
Itnibt`a, ib j tdfrf wis td`s pnfisibt k`bjny mnj w mci b tm o`vf tdf inirc. @t wis
i qufst`mb bmw mbny me wdftdfr tdf sd`p wmunj hf jfniyfj nmbo fbmuod tm
sw`bo tdf hinibaf `b d`s eivmur. Incmst afrti`bny `t wmunj. @b iby fvfbt, df
amunj jm i n`ttnf tm dfnp `b tdit j`rfat`mb d`csfne. Df amunj cikf i efw j`ee`-
16 aunt`fs ihm ut oftt`bo diunfj up `btm tdf n`efhmit. Qw`c irmu bj i h`t, hiak iwiy
ermc tdf c su rrfpt`t`mu sny is tdfy tr`fj tm amcf up anmsf tm e`sd d`c mu t. Fvfry

`s

 
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c`b utf, fvfry sfambj oi`bfj wmunj dfnp d`c w`b. D f hfoib tm cmvf emrw irj
ioi`b tm tdf ri`n, hut bmw i bfw efir issi`nfj d`c. _munj df oft aiuodt `b tdf
prmpfnnfr= D f dij dfi rj ih mut tdi t dippfb`b o tm pfrsmbs einn`bo mee tdf s`jfs me
h`o sd`ps. H ut tdfb , df wi sb‐t om`bo tm einn, df wis om`bo tm lucp , ibj td it wis i
6 vfry j`eefrfbt td`bo. Wrmv`j fj df lucp fj mu t eir fbmuo d df wm unj hf surf tm
anfir tdf prmpfnnfr.
C r Hmt`hmn ijvibafj snmwny tm i pms`t`m b it tdf ri`n ihmut twfb ty yirjs iwiy
ermc tdf wmcib. Qdf wisb‐t nmmk`bo it d`c bmw. Qm cuad tdf hfttfr. Df
j`j b‐t wib t dfr witad`bo d`c is df lucpf j mee. Qm nmbo is bm mbf wis witad`bo
97 df wm unj hf ihnf tm siy ietfrwirj s tdi t df dij sn`ppfj ibj einnfb hy iaa`jfbt.
D f pffrfj mvfr tdf s`jf me tdf sd`p. @t wis i nmbo, nmbo jrm p. Amc f tm td`bk me
`t bmw , df c`odt fis`ny durt d`csfne hijny `e df d`t td f witfr enit. _i sb‐t tdfrf
smcfmbf w dm mb af spn`t d`s stmciad mpf b tdi t wiy, jm`bo i hfnny enmp ermc tdf
d`od j`vf= D f c ust luc p stri `odt ib j nibj efft e`rst. O m `b n`kf i kb`ef. Pfs, s`r.
96 Zd f witf r sffcfj amnj ibj jffp ibj orfy ibj `t cijf d`c sd`vfr tm nmm k it `t.
Hut `t wis bmw mr bfvfr. Hf i cib, _`nn`ic Hmt`hmn, hf i cib. Inn r`odt
tdfb . . . bmw . . . dfrf omfs . . .
D f an`chfj up mb tm tdf w`jf wmmj fb tmp-ri`n, stmmj tdfrf pm`sfj, hiniba
`bo emr tdrff tfrr`ey`bo sfambjs, tdfb df nfipfj - df nfipfj up ibj mu t is eir is
87 df amun j om ibj it tdf sicf t`cf df sdmut fj „Dfnp!–
„Dfnp! D fnp!– df sdm utfj is df efnn. Zdf b df d`t tdf witfr ibj wf bt ubjf r.
_dfb tdf e`rst sdmut emr dfnp smubjfj, tdf wmcib wdm wis nfib`bo mb tdf
ri`n stirtfj up ibj oivf i n`ttnf lucp me surpr`sf. Qdf nmmkfj irmu bj qu`akny ibj
siw si`n`bo pist dfr td rmu od tdf i`r td`s scinn cib jrfssfj `b wd`tf sdm rts ibj
86 tfbb`s sdmfs, sprfijfionfj ibj sdmut`bo is df wfbt. Em r i cm cf bt sdf nmmkf j
is tdmuod sdf wfrfb‐t qu`tf surf wdit sdf muodt tm jm< tdrmw i n`efhfnt, rub
iwiy ibj o`vf tdf inirc, mr s`cpny tu rb ibj yfnn. Qdf jrfw hia k i piaf ermc tdf
ri`n ibj swubo dine irmu bj eia`bo up tm tdf hr`jof, ibj emr td`s hr`fe cm cf bt
sdf rfci`bfj cmt`mbnfss, tfbsf, ubjfa`jfj . Zdfb incmst it mbaf sdf sffcfj tm
17 rfnix, ibj sdf nfibfj emrw irj eir mvfr tdf ri`n, stir`bo it tdf witf r wdf rf `t wis
turhunfbt `b tdf sd`p‐s wikf. Qmmb i t`by rmubj hniak dfij ippfirfj `b tdf
emic, ib irc wis ri`sfj ihmvf `t, mbaf, tw`af, v`omrmusny wiv`bo, ibj i scinn
eiriwiy vm`af wis dfirj ainn`bo smcftd`bo tdit wis j`ee`aunt tm ubjfrstibj.
Zdf w mci b nfibfj st`nn eirtdfr mvfr tdf ri`n, try`bo tm kffp tdf n`ttnf hmh h`bo
16 hniak spfak `b s`odt, hu t smmb , sm vfry smmb , `t wis suad i nmbo wiy iwiy tdi t
sdf amunjb‐t fvfb hf surf `t wis tdfrf it inn.

9:

 
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Ietfr i wd`nf ibmtdfr wmcib aicf mut mb jfak. Zd`s mbf wis hmby ibj
ibounir, ibj sdf wmrf dmrb-r`ccfj spfatianfs. Qdf spmttfj tdf e`rst wmcib
ibj winkfj mvfr tm dfr, trfij`bo tdf jfak `b tdf jfn`hfritf, c`n`tiry eisd`mb me
inn sp`bstfrs.
6 „ Qm tdfrf   ymu irf,– sdf si`j.
Zdf wmc ib w`td tdf eit ibknfs turbfj ibj nmmk fj it dfr, h ut si`j bmtd`bo.
„@‐vf hffb sfirad`bo emr ymu,– tdf hmby mbf ambt`bufj. „Qfirad`bo inn
mvfr.– «
„@t‐s vfry mjj,– tdf wmcib w`td tdf eit ibknfs si`j. „I cib j`vfj mvfr-
97 hmir j lust bmw , w`td d`s anmtdfs m b .–
„Bmbsfbsf!–
„ M d yfs. D f si`j df wibtf j tm oft smcf fxfra`sf ibj df j`vfj `b ibj j`j b‐t
fvfb hmtdfr tm tikf d`s anmtdfs mee.–
„ Pmu hfttfr amcf jmwb b mw ,– tdf hmby wmc ib si`j. D fr cm utd dij suj-
96 jfb ny hfamcf e`rc, df r wdm nf eiaf sdirp ibj infrt, ibj sdf spmk f nfss k`b jny
tdib hfemrf. „ Ib j jm b‐t ymu fvfr om wibjf r`bo ihm ut mb jfak inmbf n`kf td`s
ioi`b. Pmu kbmw qu`tf wfnn ymu‐rf cfibt tm wi`t emr cf.–
„Pfs, Cioo`f,– tdf wmcib w`td tdf eit ibknfs ibswfrfj, ibj ioi`b sdf
sc`nfj, i tfbjfr, trust`bo sc`nf, ibj sdf tmmk tdf dibj me tdf mtdfr mbf ibj
87 innmwfj dfrsfne tm hf nfj iwiy iarmss tdf jfak.
„Quad i b`af cib,– sdf si`j. „Df wivfj tm cf.–

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Kitdfr`bf Cibse`fnj

Zdf Jmnn's Dmusf

_d fb jfir mnj Crs D iy w fbt hiak tm tmw b ietfr stiy`bo w`td tdf Hurbfnns sdf
sfbt tdf ad`njrfb i jmnn‐s dmusf. @t wis sm h`o tdit tdf airtfr ibj Wit airr`fj `t
`btm tdf amurtyirj, ibj tdfrf `t stiyfj, prmp pfj up mb tw m wmm jfb hmxfs hf
s`jf tdf effj-rmmc jmmr. Bm dirc amunj amcf tm `t; `t wis succfr. Ibj
6 pfrd ips tdf scfnn me pi`b t w mu nj divf ombf mee hy tdf t`cf `t dij tm hf tikfb `b.
Em r, rfinny, tdf scfnn me pi`bt amc `bo ermc tdit j mnn‐s dmusf („ Qwfft me mnj Crs
Di y, me amursf; c mst swfft ibj ofbfrmus!– ) - hut tdf scfnn me pi`bt wis qu`tf
fbmuod tm c ikf ibymbf sfr`musny `nn, `b Iu bt Hfry n‐s mp`b`mb. Fvfb hfemrf tdf
siak`bo wis tikfb mee. Ibj wdfb `t wis . . .
97 Zdfrf stmmj tdf J mnn‐s dmusf, i jirk, m`ny, sp`biad orffb, p`akfj mu t w`td
hr`od t yfnnmw. @ts twm smn`j n`ttnf ad`cbfys, onufj mb tm tdf rmme, wfrf pi`btfj
rfj ibj w d`tf, ibj tdf jm mr , onfic`bo w`t d yfnnm w virb`sd, wis n`kf i n`ttnf snih
me tmeeff. Emur w`bjmws, rfin w`bjmws, wfrf j`v`jfj `btm pibfs hy i hrmij
strfik me orffb. Zdfrf wis iatuinny i t`by pmr ad, tmm , p i`btfj yfnnmw, w `td h`o
96 nuc ps me ambofinfjRpi`bt dibo`bo inmbo tdf fjof.
Hut pfrefat, p frefat n`ttnf dmusf! _ dm amunj pmss`hny c `bj tdf scfnn! @t wis
pirt me tdf lmy, pirt me tdf bfwbfss.
„Mpfb `t qu`akny, smcfmbf!–
Zdf d mm k it tdf s`jf wis stuak eist. Wit pr`sfj `t mpfb w`td d`s pfbkb`ef, ibj
87 tdf wdmnf dmusf erm bt swubo hiak, ibj - tdfrf ymu wfrf, oiz`bo it mbf ibj tdf
sicf cmcfbt `btm tdf jriw`bo-rmmc ibj j`b`bo-rmmc, tdf k`tadfb ibj twm
hfjrm mc s. Zdi t `s tdf wiy emr i dmusf tm mpfb! _d y j mb ‐t inn dmusfs mpfb n`kf
tdit= Dmw cuad cmrf fxa`t`bo tdib pffr`bo tdrmuod tdf sn`t me i jmmr `btm i
cfib n`ttnf dinn w`td i dit-st ibj ibj twm uc hrfn nis! Zdit `s - `sb‐t `t= - wdi t ymu
86 nmbo tm kbmw ihm ut i dmusf wdfb ymu pu t ym ur dibj mb tdf kbmakfr. Wfrdips
`t `s tdf wiy O mj mpfbs dmusfs it tdf jfij me b`odt wdfb D f `s tik`bo i qu`ft
turb w`td ib ibofn . . .
„ M -m d! – Zdf Hurbfnn ad`njrfb smubjfj is tdmuod tdfy wfrf `b jfspi`r. @t
wis tmm cirvfnnmus; `t wis tmm cuad emr tdfc. Zdfy dij bfvfr sffb ibytd`bo
17 n`kf `t `b tdf `r n`vfs. Inn tdf rmmc s wfrf pipf rfj. Zdf rf wfrf p`aturf s mb tdf
winns, pi`btfj mb tdf pipfr, w`td omnj ericfs amcpnftf. X fj airpft amvfrfj inn

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tdf enmmrs fxafpt tdf k`tadfb; rfj pnusd adi`rs `b tdf jriw`bo-rmmc, orffb `b
tdf j`b `bo-r mmc ; tihnfs, hfjs w`td rfin hfj-anmtdfs, i arijnf, i stmvf, i jrfssfr
w`td pnitfs ibj mbf h`o luo. Hut wdit Kfz`i n`kfj cmrf tdib ib ytd`bo, wd it sdf
n`kfj er`odteunny, wis tdf nicp. @ t stmmj `b tdf c `jjnf me tdf j`b`b o-rmm c tihnf,
6 ib fxqu`s`tf n`ttnf ic hfr nicp w `td i wd `tf onmhf. @ t wis fvfb e`nnfj inn rfij y emr
n`odt`bo, tdm uod , me amursf, ym u am unj b‐t n`odt `t. Hut tdfrf wis smcftd`bo `b
s`jf tdit nmmkfj n`kf m`n ibj cmvfj wdfb ymu sdmmk `t.
Zdf eitdfr ibj cmtdfr jmnns, wdm spriwnfj vfry st`ee is tdmuod tdfy dij
ei`btfj `b tdf jriw`b o-rm mc , ibj tdf`r twm n`ttnf ad`njrfb isnffp upsti`rs, wfrf
97 rfinny tmm h`o emr tdf jm nn‐s dmusf. Z dfy j `j b‐t nmm k is tdm uod td fy hfnmbofj.
Hu t tdf nicp wis pfrefat. @t sffcfj tm sc`nf it Kfz`i, tm siy, „ @ n`vf dfrf. – Zd f
nicp wis rfin.

Zdf Hurbfnn ad`njrfb amunj dirjny wink tm sadmmn eist fbmuod tdf bfxt cmrb-
96 `bo. Z dfy hurbf j tm tfnn fvfryh mjy, tm jfsar`hf, tm - wfnn - tm hmist ihm ut tdf`r
jmnn‐s dmusf hfemrf tdf sadmmn-hfnn ribo.
„@‐c tm tfnn,– si`j @sihfn, „hfaiusf @‐c tdf fnjfst. Ibj ymu twm aib lm`b
ietfr. Hut @‐c tm tfnn e`rst.–
Zdfrf wis bmtd`bo tm ibswfr. @sihfn wis hmssy, hut sdf wis inwiys r`odt,
87 ibj Nmtt`f ibj Kfz`i kbfw tm m wfnn tdf pmw frs tdit wfb t w`td hf`bo fnjfst.
Zdfy hrusdfj tdrmuod tdf td`ak huttfraups it tdf rmij fjof ibj si`j bmtd`bo.
„Ibj @‐c tm admmsf wdm‐s tm amcf ibj sff `t e`rst. Cmtdfr si`j @ c`odt.–
Emr `t dij hffb irribofj tdit wd`nf tdf jmnn‐s dmusf stmmj `b tdf amurtyirj
tdfy c`o dt isk tdf o`rns it sadmmn, tw m it i t`cf, tm amcf ibj nmmk. B m t tm stiy
86 tm tfi, me amursf, mr tm amcf tri`ps`bo tdrm uo d tdf dmusf. Hu t lust tm stibj
qu`ftny `b tdf amurtyirj wd`nf @sihfn pm`btfj mut tdf hfiut`fs, ibj Nmtt`f ibj
Kfz`i nmmkfj pnfisfj . . .
Hut durry is tdfy c`odt, hy tdf t`cf tdfy dij rfiadfj tdf tirrfj pin`bos me
tdf hm ys‐ pniy ormu bj tdf hfnn dij hfoub tm libonf. Zd fy mb ny lust dij t`cf tm
17 wd`p mee tdf` r dits ibj einn `btm n`bf hfemr f tdf rmnn wis ainnfj. Bf vf r c`bj.
@sihfn tr`fj tm cikf up emr `t hy nmmk`bo vfry `cp mrti bt ibj cystfr`mu s ibj hy
wd`spfr`bo hfd`b j dfr dib j tm tdf o`rns bfir dfr, „ O mt smcftd `bo tm tfnn ym u it
pniyt`cf.–
Wniyt`cf aicf ibj @sihfn wis surrmubjfj. Zdf o`rns me dfr aniss bfirny
16 emuo dt tm pu t tdf`r ircs rmu bj dfr, tm wink iwiy w`td dfr, tm hfic enittfr`bo
ny, tm hf dfr spfa`in er`fbj. Qdf dfnj qu`tf i amurt ubjfr tdf duof p`bf trffs it

9?

 
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tdf s`jf me tdf pniyormub j. Buj o`bo , o`oon`bo tmoftdf r, tdf n`ttnf o`rns prfssfj
up anmsf. I bj tdf mbny twm w dm stiyfj muts`jf tdf r`bo wfrf tdf twm w dm wfrf
inwiys muts`jf, tdf n`ttnf Kfnvfys. Zdfy kbfw hfttfr tdib tm amcf ibywdfrf
bfir tdf Hurbfnns.
6 Em r tdf eiat wis, tdf sadmmn tdf Hurbfnn ad`njrfb wfb t tm wis bm t it inn tdf
k`bj me pniaf tdf`r pirfbts wm unj divf admsfb `e tdfrf dij hffb iby adm`af. Hut
tdfrf wis bmbf. @t wis tdf mbny sa dmmn emr c`nfs. I bj tdf ambsfqufbaf wis inn
tdf ad`njrfb me tdf bf`odhm urdm mj, tdf Lujo f‐s n`ttnf o`rns, tdf jm atm r‐s jiuod
tfrs, tdf stmrfkffpfr‐s ad`njrfb, tdf c`nkcib‐s, wfrf emrafj tm c`x tmoftdfr.
97 B m t tm spfik me tdfrf hf`bo ib fquin bu c hf r me rujf, rmuod n`ttnf hmys is wfnn.
Hut tdf n`bf dij tm hf jriw b smc fwdfrf. @t wis jriwb it tdf Kfnvfys. C iby me
tdf ad`njrfb, `banuj`bo tdf Hurbfnns, wfrf bm t innmwfj fvfb tm spfik tm tdfc.
Zdfy winkfj pist tdf Kfnvfys w`td tdf`r dfijs `b tdf i`r, ibj is tdfy sft tdf
eisd`mb `b inn cittfrs me hfdiv`mur, tdf Kfnvfys wfrf sdubbfj hy fvfryhmjy.
96 Fvfb tdf tfiadfr dij i spfa`in vm`af emr tdfc , i bj i spfa`in sc`nf emr tdf mtd fr
ad`njrfb wdfb N`n Kfnvfy aicf up tm dfr jfsk w`td i huba d me jrfijeunny amc
cmb-nmmk`bo enmwfrs.
Zdfy wfrf tdf jiuodtfrs me i spry, dirj -wmr k`bo n`ttnf wisdfrwmcib, wdm
wfb t ihmu t ermc dmusf tm dmusf hy tdf jiy. Zd`s wis iweun fbmuod. Hut wdfrf
87 wis C r Kfnvfy= B mh mj y kb fw emr afrti`b. Hut fvfryhmj y si`j df wis `b
pr`smb. Qm tdfy wfrf tdf jiuodtfrs me i wisdfrwmcib ibj i oimnh`rj. Ufry
b`af amc piby emr mtd fr pfmpnf ‐s ad`njrfb! Ib j tdfy nmmkf j `t. _dy Crs Kfn
vfy cijf tdfc sm ambsp`aumus wis dirj tm ubjfrstibj. Zdf trutd wis tdfy
wfrf jrfssfj `b „ h`ts– o`vfb tm dfr hy tdf pfmpnf emr wdm c sdf wmrk fj. N`n, emr
86 `bstibaf, w dm wis i stmu t, pni`b ad`nj, w`t d h`o erfaknfs, aicf tm sadmmn `b i
jrfss c ijf ermc i orffb irt-sfrof tihnf-anmtd me tdf Hurbfnns‐, w`td rfj pnusd
snffvfs ermc tdf Nmoibs‐ aurti`bs. Enfr dit, pfradfj mb tmp me dfr d`od
emrfdfij, wis i ormw b-up w mc ib‐s dit, mbaf tdf pr mp frty me C`ss Nfaky, tdf
pmstc`strfss. @t wis turbfj up it tdf hiak ibj tr`ccfj w`td i nirof sairnft
17 qu`nn. _dit i n`ttnf ouy sdf nm m k f j ! @t wis `cpmss `hnf bmt tm niuod. Ib j dfr n`ttnf
s`stfr, mu r Fnsf, w mrf i nmbo wd`tf jrfss, ri tdfr n`kf i b`odt-o mwb , ibj i pi`r me
n`ttnf hm y‐s hmmts. Hut wditfvfr m ur Fnsf wmr f sdf wmu nj divf nmmkf j stribof.
Qdf wis i t`by w`sd-hmbf me i ad`nj, w`td armppfj di`r ibj fbmrcmus smnfcb
fyfs - i n`ttnf wd`tf mwn. B mh mj y d ij fvfr sffb dfr sc`nf; sdf sairafny fvfr
16 spmkf. Qdf wf bt tdrm uo d n`ef dmnj `bo mb tm N`n, w`td i p`faf me N`n‐s sk`rt
sarfwfj up `b dfr dibj. _dfrf N`n wfbt, mu r Fnsf emnnmwfj. @b tdf pniyor mubj ,

' 94

 
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mb tdf rmij om`bo tm ibj ermc sadmmn, td frf wis N`n cirad`bo `b ermb t ibj mu r
Fnsf dmnj`bo mb hfd`bj. Mb ny wdfb sdf wibtfj ibytd`bo, mr wdfb sdf wis mut
me hrfitd, mu r Fnsf oivf N`n i tuo, i tw`tad , ibj N`n stmppf j ibj tu rbfj rmub j.
Zdf Kfnvfys bfvfr ei`nfj tm ubjfrstibj fiad mtdfr.
6 B mw tdfy dmvfrfj it tdf fjof; ymu amunj b‐t stmp tdfc n`stfb`bo. _dfb tdf
n`ttnf o`rns turbfj rmubj ibj sbffrfj, N`n, is usuin, oivf dfr s`nny, sdicfeiafj
sc`nf, hut mur Fnsf mbny nmmkfj.
Ib j @sihf n‐s vm`af, sm vfry prm uj , wf bt mb tfnn`bo. Zdf ai rpft cijf i orfit
sfbsit`mb, h ut sm j`j tdf hfjs w`td rfin hfj-anmtdfs, ibj tdf stmvf w`td @ b mvfb
97 jmmr.
_dfb sdf e`b`sdfj, Kfz`i hrmkf `b. „Pmu‐vf emromttfb tdf nicp, @sihfn.–
„Md, yfs,– si`j @sihfn, „ibj tdfrf‐s i tffby n`ttnf nicp, inn cijf me yfnnmw
oniss, w`td i wd`tf onmhf tdit stibjs mb tdf j`b`bo-rmmc tihnf. Pmu amunjb‐t
tfnn `t ermc i rfin mbf.–
96 „ Zdf nic p‐s hfst me inn,– ar`fj Kfz`i. Qdf td mu od t @sihfn wi sb‐t cik `bo dine
fbmuod me tdf n`ttnf nicp. H ut bmh mj y pi`j iby ittfbt`mb . @sihfn wis admms`bo
tdf twm w dm wfrf tm amcf hiak w`td tdfc tdit ietfrb mmb ibj sff `t. Qdf admsf
Fcc`f A mnf ibj Nfbi Nmoib. Hut wdfb tdf mtdfrs k bfw td fy wfrf inn tm divf i
adibaf, tdfy amu njb ‐t hf b`af fbmuod tm @sihfn. M bf hy mbf tdfy p ut tdf `r ircs
87 rmu bj @sihfn‐s wi`st ibj winkfj dfr mee. Zd fy dij smcftd`bo tm wd`spfr tm dfr,
i sfarft. „@sihfn‐s c y   er`fbj.–
Mbny tdf n`ttnf Kfnvfys cmvfj iwiy emromttfb; tdfrf wis bmtd`bo cmrf emr
tdfc tm dfir.

86 Jiy s pissfj, ibj is cm rf ad`njrfb siw tdf jm nn‐s dmu sf, tdf eicf me `t sprfij. @t
hfaicf tdf mbf suhlfat, tdf riof. Z df mbf qufst`mb wis, „ Divf y mu sffb Hur
bfnns‐ jmnn‐s dmusf= Md, i`b‐t `t nmvfny!– „Divfb‐t ymu sffb `t= Md, @ siy!–
Fvfb tdf j`b bfr dm ur wis o`vfb up tm tink`bo ih mut `t. Z df n`ttnf o`rns sit ub
jfr tdf p`bfs fit`bo tdf`r td`ak c uttm b sibjw`adfs ibj h`o snihs me lmdbb y aikf
17 sprfij w`td hutt fr. _d`nf inwiys, is bfir is tdfy amu nj oft, sit tdf Kfnvfys, mur
Fnsf dmnj`bo mb tm N`n, n`stfb`bo tmm , wd`nf tdfy adfw fj tdf `r lic sibjw`adfs
mut me i bfwspipfr smikfj w`td nirof rfj hnmhs.
„Cmtdfr,– si`j Kfz`i, „aib‐t @ isk tdf Kfnvfys lust mbaf=–
„Afrti`bny bmt, Kfz`i.–
16 „ Hut wdy bm t=–
„Xub iwiy, Kfz`i; ymu kbmw qu`tf wfnn wdy bmt.–

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It nist fvfryhmjy dij sffb `t fxafpt tdfc. Mb tdit jiy tdf suhlfat ritdfr
enioofj. @t wis tdf j`bbfr dmur. Zdf ad`njrfb stmmj tmoftdfr ubjfr tdf p`bf
trffs, ibj s ujjfb ny, is tdfy nmmkfj it tdf Kfnvfys fit`bo mut me tdf`r pipfr, in
wiys hy tdfcsfnvfs, inwiys n`stfb`bo, tdf y wibtf j tm hf dmrr`j tm tdf c. Fc-
6 c`f Amnf stirtfj tdf wd`spf r.
„ N`n Kfnvfy‐s om`bo tm hf i sfrvibt wdfb sdf ormws u p .–
„M-md, dmw iweun!– si`j @sihfn Hurbfnn, ibj sdf cijf fyfs it Fcc`f.
Fcc `f swinnmw fj `b i vfry cf ib`bo wi y ibj b mj jf j tm @sihfn is sdf‐j sffb
dfr cmtdfr jm mb tdmsf maais`mbs.
97 „ @t ‐s truf - `t‐s truf - `t‐s tr u f, – sdf si`j.
Zdfb Nfbi Nmoib‐s n`ttnf fyfs sbippfj. „Qdinn @ isk dfr=– sdf wd`spfrfj.
„Hft ymu jmb‐t,– si`j Lfss`f Ciy.
„ Wmm d, @‐c bm t er`odt fbfj ,– si`j Nfbi. Qujj fbny sdf oivf i n`ttnf squfin ibj
jibafj `b ermbt me tdf mtdfr o`rns. „_itad! _itad cf! _itad cf bmw!– si`j
96 Nfbi. Ib j sn`j`bo, on`j`bo, jrioo`bo mbf emm t, o`oon`bo hfd `bj dfr dib j, Nfbi
wfbt mvfr tm tdf Kfnvfys.
N`n nmmkf j up ermc dfr j`bbfr. Qdf wri ppfj tdf rfst qu`akny iwiy. M ur Fnsf
stmppfj adfw`bo. _dit wis amc`bo bmw=
„@s `t truf ymu‐rf om`bo tm hf i sfrvibt wdfb ymu ormw up, N`n Kfnvfy=–
87 sdr`nnfj Nfbi.
Jfij s`nfbaf. Hut `bstfij me ibswfr`bo, N`n mbny oivf dfr s`nny, sdicfeiafj
sc`nf. Qdf j`jb‐t sffc tm c`bj tdf qufst`mb it inn. _dit i sfnn emr Nfbi! Zdf
o`rns hfoib tm t`ttfr.
Nfbi amunjb‐t stibj tdit. Qdf put dfr dibjs mb dfr d`ps; sdf sdmt emrwirj.
86 „ Pid, yfr eitd fr‐s `b pr `sm b! – sdf d`ssfj, sp`tfeunny.
Zd`s wis suad i cirvfnnmus td `bo tm divf si`j tdi t tdf n`ttnf o`rns rusdf j iwiy
`b i hmj y, jffpny, j ffpny fxa`tfj, w`nj w`td lmy. Qmcfmbf emub j i nmbo rmpf,
ibj tdfy hfoib sk`pp`bo. Ibj bfvfr j`j tdfy sk`p sm d`od, rub `b ibj mut sm
eist, mr jm suad jir`bo td`bos is mb tdit cmrb`bo.
17 @b tdf ietfrbm mb Wit ainnfj emr tdf Hurbfnn ad`njrfb w`td tdf huooy ibj tdfy
jrmvf dmcf. Zdfrf wfrf v`s`tmrs. @sihfn ibj Nmtt`f, wdm n`kfj v`s`tmrs, wfbt
upsti`rs tm adibof tdf`r p`biemrfs. Hu t Kfz`i td`fvfj mu t it tdf hiak. B mh mj y
wis ihmut; sdf hfoib tm sw`bo mb tdf h`o wd`tf oitfs me tdf amurtyi rj. Wrfsf bt
ny, nmmk`bo inmbo tdf rmij, sdf siw twm n`ttnf jmts. Z dfy orfw h`oofr, tdfy wfrf
16 amc`bo tmwirjs dfr. B mw sdf amunj sff tdit mbf wis `b ermb t ibj mbf anmsf hf
d`bj. B m w sdf amunj sff tdit tdfy wfrf tdf Kfnvfys. Kfz`i stmppf j sw`bo`bo.

07

 
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Qdf sn`ppfj mee tdf oitf is `e sdf wis om`bo tm rub iwiy. Zdf b sdf dfs`titfj. Zdf
Kfnvfys aicf bfirfr, ibj hfs`jf tdfc winkfj tdf`r sdijmws, vfry nmbo,
strftad`bo r`odt iarmss tdf rmi j w`td tdf`r dfijs `b tdf huttfrau ps. Kfz`i anic
hfrfj hiak mb tdf oitf; sdf dij cijf up dfr c`bj; sdf swubo mut.
6 „ D u nn m ,– sdf si`j tm tdf piss`bo Kfnvfys.
Zdf y wfrf sm istmu bjfj td it tdfy stmp pfj. N`n oivf dfr s`nny sc`nf. M u r Fnsf
stirfj.
„ Pmu aib amcf ibj sff mur jmnn ‐s dmus f `e ym u w ibt tm ,– si`j Kfz`i, ibj sdf
jrioofj mbf tmf mb tdf ormubj . Hut it tdit N`n turbf j rfj ibj sdmmk d fr dfij
97 qu`akny.
„_dy bmt=– iskfj Kfz`i.
N`n oispfj, tdfb sdf si`j, „ Pmu r ci tmnj mu r ci ymu wisb‐t tm spfik tm us. –
„Md, wfnn,– si`j Kfz`i. Qdf j`jb‐t kbmw wdit tm rfpny. „@t jmfsb‐t cittfr.
Pmu aib amcf ibj sff mu r jm nn‐s dmu sf inn tdf sicf. Amc f mb. B m h m j y ‐s nmmk -
96 `bo.–
Hut N`n sdmmk dfr dfij st`nn dirjfr.
„Jmb‐t ymu wibt tm=– iskfj Kfz`i.
Qujjfbny tdfr f wis i tw`t ad, i tuo it N`n‐s sk`rt. Qdf tur bf j rmu bj. M ur Fnsf
wis nmmk`bo it dfr w`td h`o, `cpnmr`bo fyfs; sdf wis ermwb`bo; sdf wibtfj tm
87 om. E mr i cm cf bt N`n nmmkfj it mur Fnsf vfry jmuhteunny. Hut tdfb mur Fnsf
tw`tad fj dfr sk` rt ioi`b. Qdf stirtfj em rwi rj. Kfz`i nfj tdf wiy. N`kf twm n`ttnf
striy aits tdfy emnnmwfj iarmss tdf am urtyi rj tm wdfrf tdf jmnn‐s dmusf stmmj .
„Zdfrf `t `s,– si`j Kfz`i.
Zdfrf wis i piusf. N`n hrf itdf j nmuj ny, incmst sb mrtf j; mu r Fnsf wis st`nn is
86 stmbf.
„ @‐nn mpfb `t emr ym u ,– si`j Kfz`i k`bjny. Qdf ubj`j tdf dmmk ibj tdfy nmmkfj
`bs`jf.
„Z dfrf‐s tdf jriw`bo-rmmc ibj tdf j`b`bo-rmmc, ibj tdit‐s tdf . . . –
„Kfz`i!–
17 M d, wd it i stirt tdfy oivf!
„Kfz`i!–
@t wis Iu bt Hfryn‐s vm`af. Z dfy tur bfj rm ubj . It tdf hiak jm mr stmmj Iu bt
Hfryn, stir`bo is `e sdf amunjb‐t hfn`fvf wdit sdf siw.
„Dmw jirf ymu isk tdf n`ttnf Kfnvfys `btm tdf amurtyirj=– si`j dfr amnj,
16 eur`mus vm`af. „ Pmu kb mw is wfnn is @ jm, ym u ‐rf bm t innmwfj tm tink tm tdfc.
Xu b iwiy, ad`njrfb, rub iwiy it mbaf. I bj jm b‐t amcf hiak ioi`b,– si`j Iu bt

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Hfryn. Ibj sdf stfppfj `btm tdf yirj ibj sdmmfj tdfc mut is `e tdfy wfrf
ad`akfbs.
„Mee ymu om `ccfj`itfny!– sdf ainnfj, amnj ibj prmuj.
Zdf y j`j bm t bffj tfnn`bo tw`af. Hurb `bo w`td sdicf, sdr`bk`bo tmof tdfr, N`n
6 duj jn`bo inmbo n`kf dfr cm tdfr , mu r Fnsf jizfj, sm cfd mw tdfy armssfj tdf h`o
amurtyirj ibj squffzfj mut me tdf wd`tf oitf.
„ _`akfj, j `smhfj`fb t n`ttnf o`rn!– si`j Iub t Hfryn h`ttfrny tm Kfz`i, ibj sdf
sniccfj tdf jmnn‐s dmusf tm.
Zdf ietfrbmmb dij hffb iweun. I nfttfr dij amcf ermc _`nn`f Hrfbt, i tfr-
97 r`ey`bo, td rfitf b`b o nfttfr, siy `bo `e sdf j`j bm t cfft d`c tdi t fvfb`bo `b Wun-
ci b‐s Husd, d f‐j amcf tm tdf ermbt j mm r ibj isk tdf rfismb wdy! Hut bm w tdi t
sdf dij er`odtf bfj td msf n`ttnf rits me Kfnvfys ibj o`vfb Kfz`i i omm j samnj`bo,
dfr dfirt efnt n`odtfr. Zdit odistny prfssurf wis ombf. Qdf wfbt hiak tm tdf
dmusf ducc`bo.
96 _dfb tdf Kfnvfys wfrf wfnn mu t me s`odt me Hurb fnns‐, tdf y sit jm wb tm rfst
mb i h`o rfj jri `b-p `pf hy tdf s`jf me tdf rmi j. N`n‐s adffks wfrf st`nn hu rb`b o;
sdf tmmk mee tdf dit w`td tdf qu`nn ibj dfnj `t mb dfr kbff. Jrfi c`ny tdfy nm mkfj
mvfr tdf diy pijjmaks, pist tdf arffk, tm tdf ormup me wittnfs wdfrf Nmoib‐s
amws stmmj wi`t`bo tm hf c`nkfj. _dit wfrf tdf`r tdmuodts=
87 Wrfsfb tny mu r Fnsf bujo fj up anmsf tm dfr s`stfr. Hut bm w sdf dij emromttfb
tdf armss nijy. Qdf pu t mu t i e`bofr ibj st rmk fj df r s`stfr‐s qu`nn; sdf sc`nfj dfr
rirf sc`nf.
„@ sffb tdf n`ttnf nicp,– sdf si`j, smetny.
Zdfb hmtd wfrf s`nfbt mbaf cmrf.

88

 
:
  

Inub Nfw`s

Zdf Nipsf
It :.91 D fb ry sdmwfj d`s sfismb t`akft tm tdf pmr tfr ibj an`chfj `btm tdf ri`n
wiy air. Df bmjjfj pmn`tfny tm C`ss Hurof, tdf tfiadfr it tdf k`bjfroirtfb,
wdm sit `b dfr amrbfr sfit kb`tt`bo tdf orffb luc pfr sdf dij stirtfj nist cmb td;
ibj tm tdf j`str`at bursf `b dfr hniak pmr k-p`f dit, df r prmefss`mbin hio tuakfj
6 wirc ny ioi`bst dfr stmciad. Zd fy hmtd sc`nfj hiak - bmtd`b o si`j, bfvfr iby
td`b o si`j - ibj df w fbt tm d`s usuin pniaf it tdf eir fbj me tdf air. D f e`nnfj d`s
p`pf wd`nf wi`t`bo emr tdf tri`b tm stirt, ibj tdfb pu t `t hiak `btm d`s pmakft.
Hiak ibj emrf, hiak ibj emrf, n`kf i sduttnf, wmrkwirjs fiad cmrb`bo,
dmcfw irjs fiad b`odt, ri-ti-ti, ri-ti-ti, tdf tri`b‐s trivfnn`bo hfit - dmw ciby
97 t`cfs divf @ jmb f td`s lmur bfy , tdfsf nist e`vf yfirs = @e @ pu t tdf lmurbfys fbj tm
fbj `t wmu nj strftad i nmbo wiy - r`odt `btm Z`hft pfrdips, inmbo tdf Zurk-Q`h,
icm bo tdf cmul `ks . . . M d jfir! D fb ry yiwbf j ibj oizfj `bj`eefrfb tny it tdf
rmw me snittfrbny hiak oirjfbs ibj enipp`bo anmtdfs n`bfs pist wd`ad tdf tri`b
rib. Zw`af i jiy emr e`vf yfirs, Hibk dmn`jiys fxafptfj, tdmsf jrih d mtad pmtad
96 hiaks wdfrf tdf w`vfs r`jjnf j yfstf rji y‐s isdfs ibj tdf ad`njrfb sit mb tdf
stfps fit`bo*hrfij ibj lic. @t wis sm jfprfss`bo tm sff tdmsf strffts fvfry jiy,
inwiys tdf sicf, ibj tdf pfmpnf inwiys tdf sicf - dm w c iby me tdfc kbfw
tdfy dij hffb ambjfcbfj tm sfrvf i n`efr=
Ibj tdfb, w`td i rittnf ibj i wrfbad , tdf mpfb amu btry; tdf d`nns swmmp`bo
87 n`kf swinnmws. Hfnmw tdf fc hib kc fbt tdf hniak r`vfr sw`rnfj, wibjfr`b o
jmw b ermc tdf amin c`bfs it tdf dfij me tdf vinnfy. Ibj tdf tri`b rittnfj mvfr
tdf hr`jof tdit spibbfj tdf r`vfr; Dfbry efnt tdf jrmp ubjfr tdf hr`jof, sdffr
ibj fc pty `b tdf p` t me d`s stmc iad, n`kf i h`rj enisd`bo tdrm uo d i dmnnmw aivf.
Ibj mb, iaafnfribjm, tdrmuod tdf autt`bo. _dit sdinn @ jm tmb`odt, tdf t`rfj
86 vm`af iskfj `b d`s dfij. W`aturfs= M r i bip ibj i strmnn jm wb tm tdf h`nn`irj dinn=
@ jm b‐t kbmw w dit tm jm, @ aib bfvfr cikf up cy c `bj. @ kbmw w dit ‐nn dippfb
- @‐nn stibj hy cy hfjrmmc w`bjmw nmmk`bo jmw b `btm tdf fcpty strfft. I bj
`b tdf fbj @ w mb ‐t om mut. @‐nn wistf tdf b`odt, is usuin, is @ wistf fvfrytd`bo. @
muod t tm jfa`jf tm jm  smc ftd`bo, tm oft mb   . . . M bf jiy @ w`nn  jm smcftd`bo, tm
17 lust`ey inn td`s wistf, smcftd`bo oribj, airfnfss . . . @ cust   . . .
@ wm bjfr w dit‐s emr j`bbf r td`s fvfb`bo. C mtdf r w`nn divf `t inn rfijy, w di t
'nn

41

 
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fvfr `t `s, wircfj up ibj wi`t`bo; ibj sdf‐nn s`t mppms`tf cf wd`nf @ fit `t,
witad` bo cf wmne `t; ibj it tdf fbj sdf‐nn divf i aup me tfi w`td cf . . .J m a tm r
si`j sdf‐s inr`odt. Hut metfb @ jrfic sdf `s jfij, ibj @ wikf up swfit`bo.
D int b uc hf r mbf. Zdf sadm mno`rn amcfs `b ibj s`ts wdfrf sdf inwiys s`ts, ibj
6 tikfs i hm mk m ut me dfr sitadfn, i j`eefrfbt hmm k td`s wffk. Qdf dis ormw b i nmt
`b tdf nist e`vf yfirs. Qdf usfj tm hf i sar`cpy, enit-adfstfj n`ttnf td`bo, dfr dfij
inwiys pmk fj m ut me tdf w`b jmw ; bm w sdf s`ts ihsmrhfj `b dfr hmmk ibj tdfrf
`s i j`eefrfbaf ihmut fvfrytd `bo sdf jmfs. Qdf cust hf i hmu t s`xtffb; sdf dirjny
nmmks `t, w`td dfr cmusf-h`ttfb er`bof ibj dfr hniak stmak`bos. Qdf‐s omt i
97 stribof eiaf; tdmsf wdm jm b‐t kb mw dfr wmun j bfvfr ainn `t pr ftty . Z df y‐j mbny
sff dfr prmc `bf bt tm p tfftd, dfr wfik ad`b, dfr enit adffkhmbfs. Z dfy ‐j c`ss
tdf sfarft quin`ty, tdf nmmk sdf dis wdfb sdf turbs ermc d fr hmm k tm nmmk m ut
tdrmuod tdf w`bjmw. Qdf‐s punn`bo mb dfr wmmnnfb onmvfs; sdf ofts mut it tdf
bfxt dint. @ w`sd @ kbfw wdfrf sdf n`vfs - `b tdf sfc`-jftiadfj rfj-rmm efj
96 dmusfs mb tdf r`odt, mr tdf duj jnf me snucs mb tdf nfet= B m t tdit `t cittfrs
rfinny; tdf tri`b inwiys stirts mee hfemrf sdf‐s nfet tdf pnitemrc. Qmcft`cfs, `e
sdf disb ‐t e`b`sdfj dfr ad iptfr hf emrf tdf tri`b stmp s, sdf winks inmbo tdf pnit
emrc w`td dfr hmmk mpfb . . .
Zdf n`ttnf wmcib wdm mbny trivfns mb Zdursjiys `s sbmr`bo; sdf inwiys puts
87 dfr efft up ibj sbmmzfs. D fr dfij dibos emrwi rj, df r mik-ippnf bmsf bfirny
jrmp p`bo `btm dfr s dmpp`bo hiskft, dfr p`bk uchrfnni ni`j iarmss dfr nip. D fr
sdmfs bffj smn`bo. Md, aursf `t ibj aursf `t. @t‐s inwiys, inwiys tdf sicf,
jiubt`bo ymu prmpfrny. Cikfs ymu w ibt tm scisd tdf w`bjmw, punn tdf amc
cub`ait`mb amrj, sarfic . . . Ibj `bstfij ymu swinnmw tdf sarfic; ymu aib
86 dfir `t struoon`bo `bs`jf ymu , hittfr`bo it tdf jmmr me ym ur tdrmit. Ibj ymu s`t
st`nn, ibj nmmk it tdf mnj nijy‐s hrmwb dit, ibj C`ss Hurof kb`tt`bo, ibj dfr  
rfij`bo. @t‐s hffb nmvfny, rfinny, witad`bo dfr ormw up, wmbjfr`bo ihmut dfr,
dfr bic f ibj wd it sdf td`bks wd fb sd f‐s rfij`bo ibj w dit N`ef w`nn jm tm dfr,
ibj effn`bo smrry emr dfr, smcfdmw . . .
17 Zdf tri`b stmp pfj w`td i sduj jfr tdit rittnfj inn tdf w`b jmw s. Zdf rfj rmmes
ibj tdf h`sau`t eiaijfs me tdf bfw dmusfs wi`tfj ei`tdeunny muts`jf. Zdf o`rn
anmsfj dfr hmmk ibj mhfj`fbtny wfbt mut.
Ib j tdfb, inn me i sujjfb, D fbr y omt up ibj winkfj jmwb tdf air, pist C`ss
Hurof ibj tdf j`str`at bursf, wdm stirfj it d`c `b istmb`sdcfbt. Zdf hnmmj wis
16 hfit`bo n`kf i stffn dic cf r hfd` bj d`s fyfs. D f euchnf j ibj tuoofj it tdf air
r`iof jmmr. Hut df omt mut, ibj wis stibj`bo mb tdf isd pnitemrc, emr tdf e`rst

8:

 
:
  

t`cf, fvfr. Qdf wis i efw yirjs idfij me d`c, e`b`sd`bo dfr adiptfr, wink`bo
snmwny, ubiwirf. Df stfppfj emrwirj. Zdf pmr tfr sdmutfj „M .K .– tm tdf
ouirj. Zdf fbo`bf-jr`vfr nfibfj mvfr tdf emmtpnitf. Dfbry stmmj stmak st`nn,
nmmk` bo it tdf o`rn, it tdf ri`n`bos, it tdf yfnnmw ijvfr t`sfcfbt me Jua k, Qmb ibj
6 W`b kfr‐s p`ibms. Zdf ouirj sdmutfj „ _dit irf ymu oftt`bo mee dfrf emr=– Zdf
orffb enio ibj tdf fbo`bf‐s dmm t . . . D fb ry sarichnfj hiak `btm tdf airr`iof,
tdf ouirj sdmutfj it d`c ibj i pm rtfr hnispdfcfj. D f sdut tdf jm mr w`td qu`vfr
`bo dibjs ibj snmuad fj hiak tm d`s sfit. C`ss Hurof ibj tdf bursf stirfj it d`c
ibj it fiad mtdfr. Df j`jb ‐t bmt`af ibytd`bo. D f lust snucpfj `btm d`s sfit ibj
97 anfbadfj d`s dibjs, s quffz`bo tdfc hftwf fb d`s kbffs. Ietfr i amupnf me c `b
utfs df hnfw d`s bmsf dirj ibj ruhhfj smcf scuts mut me d`s fyfs. Zdf tri`b
arisdfj `btm tdf hniak cm utd me tdf tubbfn w`td i sdr`fk. @t wmkf tdf mnj nijy.
Qdf mpfbfj dfr fyfs ibj t`j`fj df r amnnir, is `e `t wfrf tdf c mst bit urin td`b o `b
tdf wmrnj tm mpfb mbf‐s fyfs, ietfr tdfy dij hffb anmsfj.
96 Zdf tri`b aicf mu t me tdf tubb fn ibj stmpp fj. Zdf mnj nijy p`akfj up dfr
hiskft ibj dfr p`bk uchrfnni, C`ss Hurof rmnnfj up dfr kb`tt`bo, tdf bursf
e`bofrfj tdf s`nvfr ditp`b tdit skfwfrfj dfr pmrk- p`f dit. D fb ry emnnmwfj tdfc
mut mbtm tdf pnitemrc ibj snubk pist tdf ouirj n`kf i ar`c`bin.

 
:
  

Licfs Lmyaf

Fvfn`bf
Qdf sit it tdf w`bjmw witad`bo tdf fvfb`bo `bvijf tdf ivfbuf. Dfr dfij wis
v nfibfj ioi`bst tdf w`b jmw aurti`bs, ibj `b df r bmstr`ns wis tdf mj mur me just y
arftmbbf. Qdf wis t`rfj.
Efw pfmpnf pissfj. Zdf cib mut me tdf nist dmusf pissfj mb d`s wiy dmcf;
6 sdf dfirj d`s emmtstfp s aniak`bo inmbo tdf ambarftf pivfcfb t ibj ietfrwirjs
arubad`bo mb tdf a`bjfr pitd hfemrf tdf bfw rfj dmusfs. Mb f t`cf tdfrf usfj tm
hf i e`fnj tdfrf `b wd`ad tdfy usfj tm pniy fvfry fvfb`bo w`td mtdfr pfmpnf‐s
ad`njrfb. Zdfb i cib ermc Hfneist hmuo dt tdf e`fnj ibj hu`nt dmusfs `b `t - bmt
n`kf tdf`r n`ttnf hr mwb dmusfs, h ut hr`o dt hr`ak dmusfs w`td sd`b`bo rmmes. Zdf
97 ad`njrfb me tdf ivfbuf usfj tm pniy tmoftd fr `b tdit e`fnj - tdf Jfv`bfs, tdf
_itfrs, tdf Jubbs, n`ttnf Kfmod tdf ar`ppnf, sdf ibj dfr hrmtdfrs ibj s`stfrs.
Frbfst, dmwfvfr, bfvfr pniyfj< df wis tmm ormwb up. D fr eitdfr usfj metfb tm
du bt tdf c `b mu t me tdf e`fnj w`td d`s hniakt dmrb st`ak; hut usuinny n`ttnf Kfmod
usfj tm kffp b`x  ibj ainn mut w dfb df siw dfr eitdfr amc `bo. Qt`nn tdfy sffcfj
96 tm divf hffb ritd fr dippy tdfb. D fr eitdfr wis bm t sm hij tdfb; ibj hfs`jfs,
dfr c mtd fr wis in`vf. Zdi t wis i nmbo t`cf iom; sdf ibj dfr hrm tdfrs ibj s`stfrs
wfrf inn ormwb up; dfr c mtd fr wis jfij. Z`zz`f Ju bb wis jfij, tmm, ibj tdf
_itfrs dij ombf hiak tm Fbonibj. Fvf rytd`b o adibofs. B m w sdf wis om`bo tm
om iwiy n`kf tdf mtdfrs, tm nfivf dfr dmcf.
87 Dm cf ! Qdf nmmkf j rmu bj tdf rmm c , rfv`fw`bo inn `ts eic`n`ir mhlfats wd`ad
sdf dij justfj mbaf i wffk emr sm ciby yfirs, wmbjfr`bo wdfrf mb firtd inn
tdf just aicf ermc. Wfrdips sdf wmunj bfvfr sff ioi`b tdmsf eic`n`ir mhlfats
ermc wd`ad sdf dij bfvfr jrficfj me hf`bo j`v`jfj. Ibj yft jur`bo inn tdmsf
yfirs sdf dij bfvfr emubj mut tdf bicf me tdf pr`fst wdmsf yfnnmw`bo pdm tm-
86 oripd dubo mb tdf winn ihmvf tdf hrmkfb dirc mb`u c hfs`jf tdf amnmurfj pr`b t
me tdf prmc`sfs cijf tm Hnfssfj Ciroirft Ciry Iniamquf. Df dij hffb i
sadmmn er`fbj me dfr eitdfr. _dfbfvfr df sdmwfj tdf pdmtm orip d tm i v`s`tmr
dfr eitdfr usfj tm piss `t w`td i aisuin wmrj<
„Df `s `b Cfnhmurbf bmw.–
17 Qdf dij amb sfbtfj tm om iwiy, tm nfivf dfr dmc f. _is tdi t w`sf= Qdf tr`f j tm
wf`od fiad s`jf me tdf qufst`mb. @b dfr dmc f ib ywiy sdf dij sdfntfr ibj emmj;

85

 
:
  

sdf dij tdmsf wd mc sdf dij kb mw b inn dfr n`ef ihmu t dfr. M e amursf sdf dij tm
wm rk dirj, hmtd `b tdf dmusf ibj it hus`bfss. _dit wmunj tdfy siy me dfr `b tdf
Qtmrfs wdfb td fy e mub j m ut td it sdf dij rub iwiy w`td i efnnmw= Qiy sdf wis i
emmn, pfrdips; ibj dfr pniaf wmunj hf e`nnfj up hy ijvfrt`sfcfbt. C`ss Oivib
6 wm unj hf onij. Qdf dij inwiys dij ib fjof mb dfr, fspfa`inny wd fbfv fr tdf rf
wfrf pfmpnf n`stfb`bo.
„C`ss D`nn, jmb‐t ymu sff tdfsf nij`fs irf wi`t`bo=–
„ Nmmk n`vfny, C`ss D`nn, pnfisf.–
Qdf wmunj bmt ary ciby tfirs it nfiv`bo tdf Qtmrfs.
97 Hut `b dfr bfw dmcf, `b i j`stibt ub kbm wb amub try, `t wmunj bmt hf n`kf
tdit. Zdfb sdf wmunj hf cirr`fj - sdf, Fvfn`bf. Wfmpnf wmunj trfit dfr w`td rf
spfat tdfb. Qdf wmunj bmt hf trfitfj is dfr cmtdfr dij hffb. Fvfb bmw,
tdmuod sdf wis mvfr b`bftffb, sdf smcft`cfs efnt dfrsfne `b jibofr me dfr ei
td fr ‐s v`mnfbaf. Qdf kbfw `t wis tdit t dit d ij o`vfb dfr tdf pinp`tit`mbs. _dfb
96 tdfy wfrf ormw`bo up df dij bfvfr ombf emr dfr, n`kf df usfj tm om emr D ir ry
ibj Frbf st, hfaiusf sdf wis i o`rn; h ut nittfrn y df dij hfou b tm tdrfitfb d fr ibj
siy wdit df wmunj jm tm dfr mbny emr dfr jfij cmtd frs‐s sikf. Ibj b mw sdf
dij bmh mjy tm prmtfat dfr, F rbfst wis jfij ibj Dir ry, wdm wis `b tdf adurad
jfamrit`bo hus`bfss, wis bfirny inwiys jmwb smcfwdfrf `b tdf amubtry. Hf-
87 s`jfs, tdf `bvir`ihnf squihhnf emr cmb fy mb Qiturjiy b`odts dij hfoub tm
wfiry d fr ubspfik ihny. Qdf inwiys oivf dfr fbt`rf wiofs - sfvfb sd`nn`bos - ibj
Dirry inwiys sfbt up wdit df amunj, hut tdf trmuhnf wis tm oft iby cmbfy
ermc dfr eitdfr. Df si`j sdf usfj tm sq uibjfr tdf cmb fy, tdit sdf dij bm dfij,
tdit df wisb‐t om`bo tm o`vf dfr d`s dirj-firbfj cmbfy tm tdrmw ihmut tdf
86 strffts, ibj cua d cmrf, em r df wis usuinny ei`rny hij mb Qiturjiy b`odt. @b tdf
fbj df wmunj o`vf dfr tdf cmbfy ibj isk dfr dij sdf iby `btfbt`mb me huy`bo
Qubjiy‐s j`bbfr. Zdfb sdf dij tm rusd mut is qu`akny is sdf amunj ibj jm dfr
cirkft`bo, dmnj`bo dfr hniak nfitdfr pursf t`odtny `b dfr dibj is sdf fnhmwfj
dfr wiy tdrmu od tdf armwjs ibj rftu rb`bo dm cf nitf ubjfr dfr nmij me prmv`-
17 s`mbs. Qdf dij dirj w mrk tm kffp tdf dmusf tmoftd fr ibj tm .sff tdit tdf twm
ymubo ad`njrfb wdm dij hffb nfet tm dfr adirof wfbt tm sadmmn rfounirny ibj
omt tdf`r cfins rfounirny. @t wis dirj wm rk - i dirj n`ef - hut bmw tdit sdf wis
ihmut tm nfivf `t sdf j`j bmt e`bj `t i wdmnny ubjfs`rihnf n`ef.
Qdf wis ihmut tm fxpnmrf ibmt dfr n`ef w`td E ribk. Eri bk wis vfry k`bj, cib-
16 ny, mp fb-df irtfj. Qdf wis tm om iwiy w`td d`c hy tdf b`odt-h mit tm hf d`s w`ef
ibj tm n`vf w`td d`c `b Hufbms Iyrfs, wdfrf df dij i dmcf wi`t`bo emr dfr.

4?

 
:
  

D m w wfnn sdf rfc fch frfj tdf e`rst t`cf sdf dij sffb d`c; df wis nmjo`bo `b i
dmu sf mb tdf ci`b rm ij w dfrf sdf usfj tm v`s`t. @t sffcfj i efw wffks iom. D f
wis stibj`bo it tdf oitf, d`s pfikfj aip pusdfj hiak mb d`s dfij ibj d`s di`r
tuchnfj emrwirj mvfr i eiaf me hrmbzf. Zdfb tdfy dij amcf tm kbmw fiad
6 mtdf r. D f usfj tm cfft dfr muts`jf tdf Qtmrfs fvfry fvfb`bo ibj sff dfr dmcf.
Df tmmk dfr tm sff Zdf Hmdfc`ib O`rn  ibj sdf efnt fnitfj is sdf sit `b ib ubi a
austmcfj p irt me tdf tdfitrf w`td d`c. D f wis iweunny embj me cus`a ibj sibo i
n`ttnf. Wfmpnf kb fw tdit tdf y wfrf am urt`bo, ibj, w dfb df sibo ihmut tdf niss
tdi t nmvfs i si`nmr, sdf inwiys efnt pnfisibtny ambeusfj. D f usfj tm ainn df r Wmp -
97 pfbs m ut me eub. E `rst me inn `t dij hffb ib fxa`tfcfbt emr dfr tm divf i efnnmw ibj
tdfb sdf dij hfoub tm n`kf d`c. Df dij tinfs me j`stibt amubtr`fs. Df dij
stirtfj is i jfak hm y it i pm ub j i c mb td mb i sd`p me tdf Innib N`bf om`bo mu t tm
Aibiji. D f tm nj dfr tdf bicfs me tdf sd`ps df dij hffb mb ibj tdf bicfs me tdf
j`eefrfbt sfrv`afs. D f dij si`nfj tdr mu od t df Qtri`ts me Ciofnnib ibj df tmnj dfr
96 stmr`fs me tdf tfrr`hnf Witiomb`ibs. D f dij einnfb mb d`s efft `b Hufbms Iyrfs, df
si`j, ibj dij amcf mvfr tm tdf mnj amub try lust emr i dmn`jiy. M e amursf, dfr
eitdfr dij emubj mut tdf ieei`r ibj dij emrh`j jfb d fr tm divf ibytd`bo tm siy tm
d`c.
„@ kbmw tdfsf si`nmr adips,– df si`j.
87 M bf jiy df dij quirrfnnfj w`td Eribk , ibj ietfr tdit sdf dij tm cfft dfr
nmvfr sfarftny.
Zd f fvfb`bo jffpfbfj `b tdf ivfbuf. Zdf wd `tf me twm nfttfrs `b dfr nip orfw
`bj`st`bat. M bf wis tm D irr y; tdf mtdfr wis tm dfr eitdfr. Frb fst dij hffb dfr
eivmur`tf, hut sdf n`kfj Dirry tmm. Dfr eitdfr wis hfamc`bo mnj nitfny, sdf
86 bmt`afj ; df wm unj c`ss dfr. Qmcft`cfs df amunj hf vfry b`af. B m t nmbo hfemrf,
wd fb sdf dij hffb ni`j up emr i jiy, df dij rfij dfr m ut i odmst stm ry ibj ci jf
tmist emr dfr it tdf e`rf. I bm tdfr jiy, w dfb tdf`r c mtd fr wis in`vf, tdf y dij inn
ombf emr i p`ab`a tm tdf D`nn me Dm w td. Qdf rfcfchfrfj dfr eitdfr putt `bo mb
dfr cmtdfr‐s hmbbft tm cikf tdf ad`njrfb niuod.
17 D fr t`cf wis rubb `bo mut, hu t sdf ambt`bufj tm s`t hy tdf w`bj mw, nfib`bo
dfr dfij ioi`bst tdf w`bjmw aurti`b, `bdin`bo tdf mjmur me justy arftmbbf.
J mw b eir `b tdf ivfbuf sdf amunj dfir i strfft mro ib pniy`bo. Qdf kbfw tdf i`r.
Qtribof tdit `t sdmunj amcf tdit vfry b`odt tm rfc`bj d fr me tdf prmc`sf tm dfr
cmtdfr, dfr prmc`sf tm kffp tdf dmcf tmoftdfr is nmbo is sdf amunj. Qdf rf-
16 cf ch frfj tdf nist b`odt me dfr c mt df r‐s `nnbfss; sdf wis ioi`b `b tdf anmsf, jirk
rmmc it tdf mtdfr s`jf me tdf dinn ibj muts`jf sdf dfirj i cfnibadmny i`r me 

84

 
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@tiny. Zdf mroib-pniyfr dij hffb mrjfrfj tm om iwiy ibj o`vfb s`xpfbaf. Qdf
rfcfchfrfj dfr eitdfr strutt`bo hiak `btm tdf s`ak-rmmc siy`bo<
„Jicbfj @tin`ibs! amc`bo mvfr dfrf!–
Is sdf cusfj tdf p`t`eun v`s`mb me dfr c mt df r‐s n`ef ni`j `ts spfnn mb td f vfry
6 qu`ak me dfr hf`bo - tdi t n`ef me amcc mbpni af siar`e`afs anms`bo `b e`bin ariz`
bfss. Qdf trfch nfj is sdf dfirj ioi`b dfr c mt df r‐s vm`af siy`bo ambs tibtny w `td
emmn`sd `bs`stfbaf<
„ Jfrfviub Qfriub! Jfrfviub Qfriub!– :
Qdf stm mj u p `b i sujjf b `cpu nsf me tfrrmr . Fsaipf! Qdf cu st fsaipf! E ribk
97 wm unj sivf dfr. D f wmu nj o`vf dfr n`ef, pfrdips nmvf, tmm. H ut sdf wi btf j tm
n`vf. _dy sdmunj sdf hf ubdippy= Qdf dij i r`odt tm dipp`bfss. Eribk wmunj
tikf dfr `b d`s ircs, emnj dfr `b d`s ircs. Df wmunj sivf dfr.

Qdf stmmj icmbo tdf swiy`bo armwj `b tdf stit`mb it tdf B m rtd _inn. Df dfnj
96 dfr dibj ibj sdf kbfw tdi t df wis spfik`bo tm dfr, siy`bo smc ftd`bo ihm ut tdf
pissiof mvfr ibj mvfr ioi`b. Zdf stit`mb wis eunn me smnj`frs w`td hrmwb hio
oiofs. Zdrmuod tdf w`jf jmmrs me tdf sdfjs sdf aiuodt i on`cpsf me tdf hniak
ciss me tdf hmit, ny`bo `b hfs`jf tdf quiy winn, w`td `nnuc`bfj pmrtdmnfs. Qdf
ibswfrfj bmtd`bo. Qdf efnt dfr adffk pinf ibj amnj ibj, mut me i cizf me j`s-
87 trfss, sdf priyfj tm O mj tm j`rfat dfr, tm sdmw dfr wdit wis dfr juty. Z df hmit
hnfw i nmbo cmu rbeun wd`stnf `btm tdf c`st. @e sdf wfbt, tmc mrr mw sdf wmunj
hf mb tdf sfi w`td E ribk, stfic`bo tmwirj s Hufbms I yrfs. Zdf`r pissiof dij
hffb hmmkfj. Am unj sdf st`nn jriw hiak ietfr inn df dij jmbf emr dfr= D fr j`s
trfss iwmkf i biusfi `b dfr h mj y ibj sdf kfpt c mv`bo dfr n`ps `b s`nfbt efrvfbt
86 priyfr.
I hfnn anibofj upmb dfr dfirt. Qdf efnt d`c sf`zf dfr dibj<
„Amcf!–
Inn tdf sfis me tdf wmrn j tuc hnfj ihmut dfr dfirt. Df wis jriw`bo dfr `btm
tdfc< df wmunj jrmwb dfr. Qdf or`ppfj w`td hmtd dibjs it tdf `rmb ri`n`bo.
17 „Amcf!–
Bm! Bm! Bm! @t wis `cpmss`hnf. Dfr dibjs anutadfj tdf `rmb `b erfbzy.
Ic`j tdf sfis sdf sfbt i ary me ibou`sd.
„Fvfn`bf! Fvvy!–
D f rusdfj hf ymb j tdf hirr`fr ibj ainnfj tm dfr tm emnnmw. D f wis sdmutf j it
16 tm om mb, h ut df st`nn ainnfj tm dfr. Qdf sft dfr wd`tf eiaf tm d`c , piss`vf, n`kf i
dfnpnfss ib`cin. D fr fyfs oivf d`c b m s`ob me nmvf mr eirfwfnn mr rfamob `t`mb.

80

 
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Inib Q`nn`tmf

Mb Qiturjiy Ietfrbmmb
@ mbaf siw i hnmkf try tm k`nn d`csfne. @‐nn bfvfr emroft tdf jiy hfaiusf @ wis s`t
t`bo `b tdf dmusf mbf Qiturjiy ietfrbmmb, effn`bo hniak ibj efj up hfaiusf
fvfryhmjy `b tdf eic`ny dij ombf tm tdf p`aturfs, fxafpt cf wdm‐j emr smcf
rfismb hffb nfet mut me `t. ‐Amursf, @ j`jb‐t kbmw tdfb tdit @ wmunj smmb sff
6 smcf td`bo ymu aib bfvfr sff `b tdf sicf wiy mb tdf p`aturfs, i rfin hnmkf
str`bo`bo d`csfne up. @ wis mbny i k`j it tdf t`cf, sm ymu aib `cio`bf dmw cuad
@ fblmyfj `t. t
@‐vf bfvfr kbm wb i eic`ny tm nmmk is hniak is mur eic`ny wdfb tdfyLxfjfx`up.
@‐vt'sffb tdf mnj cib w`td d`s eiaf sm jirk ibj eunn me curjfr hfaiusf df i`b‐t
97 omt bm eios mr wis div`bo tm usf siaadir`bf tm swfftfb d`s tfi, m r fvfb emr
bmtd`bo it inn, tdit @‐vf hiakfj mut me tdf dmusf `b aisf df omt up ermc d`s
e`rfs`jf adi`r ibj aicf emr cf. Df lust s`ts, incmst mb tmp me tdf e`rf, d`s m`n-
sti`bfj Qu bjiy-lm`bt ciunfrs mpfbfj mut `b ermb t me d`c ibj eia`bo `bwirjs tm
fiad mtdfr, d`s td`ak sdmunjfrs sarubadfj emrwirj, ibj d`s jirk hrmwb fyfs
96 stir`bo `btm tdf e`rf. B m w ibj ioi`b df ‐j siy i j`r ty wm rj, emr bm rfismb it inn,
tdf wm rst wm rj ymu aib td`bk me, ibj wdfb df stirts siy`bo td`s ymu k bmw `t‐s
t`cf tm anfir mut. @e cic‐s `b `t ofts wmrsf tdib fvfr, hfaiusf sdf siys sdirp tm
d`c< „ _di t irf y m ‐ nmmk`bo sm hnfjjy hniak emr=– is `e `t c`odt hf hfaiusf me
smc ftd`bo sdf ‐s jmbf, ibj hfemrf ymu kb mw w di t‐s dipp fb`bo df ‐s t`ppfj up i
87 tihnfeun me pmt s ibj cic ‐s ombf mut me tdf dmusf ary`bo. J ij dubadfs hiak
mvfr tdf e`rf ibj omfs mb swfir`bo. Inn hfaiusf me i piakft me eios.
@ mbaf siw d`c hrmmj`fr tdib @‐j fvfr sffb d`c, sm tdit @ tdmuodt df‐j ombf
ariakfrs `b i qu`ft smrt me wiy - ubt`n i eny enfw tm w`td` b i yir j me d`c. Z dfb d`s
dibj sdmt mut, omt `t, ibj snubo `t ar`ppnfj `btm tdf rmir`bo e`rf. Ietfr tdit df
86 adffrfj up i h`t ibj ebisdfj smcf tfi.
_fnn, tdi t‐s wdfrf tdf rfst me us oft mur hniak nmmks ermc . @t stibjs tm rfismb
wf‐j divf tdfc w`td i jij wd m airr`fs mb n`kf tdit, jm b‐t `t= Hniak nmmks r ub `b
tdf eic`ny. Qmcf eic`n`fs divf tdfc ibj smcf j mb ‐t. M u r eic`ny dis tdfc r`od t
fbmuod, ibj tdit‐s afrti`b, sm wdfb wf‐rf efj up wf‐rf rfinny efj up. Bmhmjy
17 kbm ws w dy wf oft is efj up is wf jm mr wd y `t o`vfs us tdfsf hniak nmmks w dfb
wf irf. Qmcf pfmpnf oft efj up ibj jm b‐t nmmk hij it inn< tdfy sffc dip py `b i

17

 
:
  

eub by smrt me wiy, is `e td fy ‐vf lust hffb sft erff ermc an`bk ietfr hf`bo `b tdfrf
emr smcftd`bo tdf y j` jb‐t jm, mr amcf mu t me tdf p`aturfs ietfr s`tt`bo pnuoofj
emr f`odt dmurs it i hij e`nc, mr lust c`ssfj i hus tdfy rib dine i c`nf emr ibj
sffb `t wis tdf wrmb o mbf lust ietfr tdf y‐j stmppfj rubb`bo - hut `b mu r eic`ny
6 `t ‐s c ur jf r emr tdf mtdfrs `e mbf me us `s efj up. @‐vf iskfj cysfne nmts me t`cfs
wd it `t `s, hu t @ aib bfvfr oft iby smrt me ibswfr fvfb `e @ s`t ibj td` bk emr dmu rs,
wd`ad @ cu st ijc`t @ jm b‐t jm, tdmuo d `t nmmks ommj wdfb @ siy @ jm. Hut @ s`t
ibj td`bk emr nmbo fbmuod, ubt`n cic siys tm cf, it sff`bo cf sarubat`fj up
mvfr tdf e`rf n`kf jij< „ _di t irf y m ‐ nmmk`bo sm hniak emr=– Qm @‐vf lust omt tm
97 stmp td `bk `bo ihm ut `t `b aisf @ oft rfinny hniak ibj efj up ibj om tdf sicf wiy
is jij, t`pp`bo up i tihnfeun me pmts ibj inn.
Cmstny @ suppmsf tdfrf‐s bmtd`bo tm nmmk sm hniak emr< tdmuod `t‐s bmhmjy‐s
eiunt ibj ymu aib‐t hnicf ibym bf em r nmmk`bo hniak hfaiusf @‐c surf `t‐s suc-
cit `b tdf hnmmj. Hut mb td`s Qiturjiy ietfrbmmb @ wis nmmk`bo sm hniak tdit
96 wd fb jij aicf `b ermc tdf hmmk `f‐s df si`j tm cf< „ _ di t‐s up w`‐ y m ‐=–
„ @ effn hij ny, – @ e`hhfj. D f ‐j divf dij i e`t `e @‐j si`j @ wis mb ny hniak hf
aiusf @ dijb‐t ombf tY tdf p`aturfs.
„_fnn divf i wisd,– df tmnj cf.
„@ jmb‐t wibt i wisd,– @ si`j, ibj tdit wis i eiat.
87 „ _fnn, oft muts`jf ibj oft smcf erfsd i`r td fb ,– df sdmutfj .
@ j`j is @ wis tmnj, jmu hnf -qu `ak , hfaiusf `e fvfr jij omfs is eir is tm tfnn cf
tm oft smcf erfsd i`r @ kbm w `t ‐s t`cf tm oft iwiy ermc d`c. Hut m uts`jf tdf i`r
wisb‐t sm erfsd, wdit w`td tdit hnmmjy orfit h`kf eiatmry hisd`bo iwiy it tdf
yirj-fb j. @ j`jb ‐t kbmw wd frf tm om, sm @ winkfj up tdf yirj i h`t ibj sit jmwb
86 bfir sm c fh mj y‐s hiak oitf.
Zdf b @ siw td`s hnmkf w dm d ij b‐t n`vfj nmbo `b mu r yirj. D f wis tinn ibj td`b
ibj dij i eiaf n`kf i pirsmb fxafpt tdit df wmrf i enit aip ibj dij i cmustiadf
tdit jrmmpfj, ibj nmmkfj is tdmuod df dijb‐t dij i squirf cfin emr i yfir. @
j`j b‐t td`b k cua d m ‐ td`s it tdf t`cf< hu t @ rfcfc hfr tdit is df tur bfj `b hy tdf
17 yirj -fbj mbf me tdf bmsy omss`p`bo wmcfb wd m stmmj tdfrf fvfry c`butf me
tdf jiy fxafpt wdfb sdf trujofj tm tdf piwbsd mp w`td dfr d ush ibj ‐s h`kf mr
hfst su`t, sdmutfj tm d`c< „ _d it‐s tdit rmpf emr, citf=–
Df ainnfj hiak< „@t‐s tm ‐ibo cfssfb w`‐, c`ss`s,– ibj sdf aiaknfj it d`s
hnmmjy ommj lmkf sm nmuj ibj nmbo ymu‐j td`bk sdf bfvfr dfirj suad i ommj
16 ‐ub, td muod td f bfxt jiy sdf aiaknfj mb tdf mtd fr s`jf me dfr eit eiaf.
D f winkfj h y cf puee`bo i eio ibj airry`bo d`s am`n me hri bj -bf w rmp f, ibj

19

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df dij tm stfp mvfr cf tm oft pist. D `s h mm t bfirny tm mk c y sdmunjf r mee, ibj

wdfb @ tmnj d`c tm witad w dfrf df wis om`bo @ jm b‐t td`bk df dfirj cf hfaiusf
df j`jb ‐t fvfb nmmk rmubj . Di rjny ibyh mjy wis ihmut. Inn tdf k`js wfrf st`nn it
tdf p`aturfs, ibj cm st me tdf`r cics ibj jijs wfrf jmw btmw b jm`bo tdf sdmp-
6 p`bo.
Zdf hnmkf winkfj jmwb tdf yirj tm d`s hiak jmmr, ibj div`bo bmtd`b o hfttfr
tm j m hfaiusf @ di jb ‐t ombf tm tdf p`atur fs @ emnnmw fj d`c. Pmu sff, df nfet d`s
hiak j mm r mp fb i h`t, sm @ oivf `t i pusd* ibj w fbt `b. @ stmm j tdf rf, lust wi tad
`bo d`c, suak`bo cy tdu c h, tdf mtdfr dib j `b cy pmakft. @ suppmsf df kbfw @
97 wis tdfrf, hfaiusf d`s fyfs wfrf cmv`bo cmr f bitu rin bmw, hu t df j`j b‐t sffc
tm c`bj. „ _d it irf yfr om`bo tm jm w` ‐ tdit rmpf, citf=– @ iskfj d`c.
„ @‐c om`bo tfr ‐ibo cfssfb, ni j,– df tmnj cf, is tdmuo d df‐j jmb f `t i t`cf mr
twm inrfijy, ibj pfmpnf dij usuinny iskfj d`c qufst`mbs n`kf td`s hfemrfdibj.
„_dit emr citf=– Df cust divf tdmuodt @ wis i bmsy ymubo hmoofr.
96 „ ‐Aiusf @ wi bt tm, td it ‐s wd it em r,– df si`j, anfir`bo inn tdf pmts mee tdf tihnf
ibj punn`bo `t tm tdf c`jjnf me tdf rmmc . Zdfb df stm mj mb `t tm eistfb tdf rmpf
tm tdf n`odt-e`tt`bo. Zdf tihnf arfikfj ibj j `jb ‐t nmmk vfry sief, hu t `t j`j d`c
emr wdit df wibtfj.
„ @t wi`b‐t dmnj up, c itf,– @ si`j tm d`c, td`bk`bo dm w cuad hfttfr `t wis hf-
87 `bo dfrf tdib s`tt`bo `b tdf p`aturfs ibj sff`bo tdf Lubonf L`c sfr`in.
Hut df omt bfttnfj bmw ibj turbfj mb cf. „C`bj yfr mwb hus`bfss.–
@ tdmu od t df wis om`bo tm tfnn cf tm saric, hut df j `jb‐t. D f c ijf fvfr suad
i eibay kb mt w`td tdit rm pf, is tdm uo d df ‐j hffb i si`nmr mr succ it, ibj is df
t`fj `t df wis wd`stn`bo i eibay tubf tm d`csfne. Zdfb df omt jmwb ermc tdf
86 tihnf ibj pus dfj `t hiak tm tdf winn, ibj pu t i adi`r `b `ts pniaf. D f wisb‐t nm mk
`bo hniak it inn, bmwdfrf bfir is hniak is ibyhmjy `b mur eic`ny wdfb tdfy‐rf
effn`bo efj up. @e fvfr df‐j nmm kfj mbny dine is hniak is mur jij nmm kfj tw`af i
wffk d f‐j divf dibofj d`csfne yfirs iom, @ amu njb ‐t dfnp td`bk`b o. Hut df wis
cik`bo i ommj lmh me tdit rmpf inn r`odt, is tdmuod df‐j tdm uodt ihmut `t i nmt
17 ibyw iy, ibj is tdm uo d `t wis om`bo tm hf tdf nist td`b o df ‐j fvfr jm. Hut @ kbfw
smcftd`bo df j `jb ‐t kb mw, hfaiusf df wisb ‐t stibj`bo wdfrf @ wis. @ kbfw tdf
rmpf wmunjb‐t dmnj up, ibj @ tmnj d`c sm, ioi`b.
„Qdut yfr omh,– df si`j, hut qu`ft n`kf, „mr @‐nn k`ak yfr mut.–
@ j`jb ‐t wib t tm c`ss `t, sm @ si`j bmtd`b o. D f tm mk d`s aip mee ibj pu t `t mb tdf
16 jrfssfr, tdf b df tm mk d`s amit mee, ibj d`s saire, ibj sprfij tdfc mu t mb tdf
smei. @ wisb ‐t i h`t er`odtfbfj, n`kf @ c`odt hf bmw it s`xtffb, hfaiusf `t wis `b-

 
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tfrfst`bo. Ib j hf`bo mbny tf b E j bfvfr dij i adibaf tm sff i hnmkf dibo d`csfne
hfemrf. _f omt pinny, tdf twm me us, hfem rf df sn`ppfj tdf rmpf irm ub j d`s bfak.
„ Qdut tdf j m m r, ‐‐ df iskfj cf, ibj @ j`j is @ wis tmnj. „ Pf‐rf i ommj nij emr
ymur iof,– df si`j tm cf wd`nf @ suakfj cy tduch, ibj df efnt `b d`s pmakfts
6 ibj punnfj* mu t inn tdit wis `bs`jf, tdr mw `bo tdf di bjeu n me h`ts ibj hmhs mb tdf
tihnf< eio-piakft ibj pfppfrc `bts, i piwb -t`akft, ib mnj amc h, ibj i efw amp
pfrs. Df p`akfj mut i pfbby ibj oivf `t tm cf, siy`bo< „Bmw n`stfb tfr cf,
ym ub o ‐ub. Ec om`bo tm ‐ibo cfssfb, ibj wd fb Ec sw`bo`bo @ wibt ym j tm o`‐
td`s adi`r i hnmmjy ommj k`ak ibj pusd `t iwiy. Inn r`odt=–
97 @ bm jj fj.
Df put tdf rmpf irmubj d`s bfak, ibj tdfb tmmk `t mee n`kf `t wis i t`f tdit
j`jb‐t e`t. „_dit irf yfr om`bo tm jm `t emr, citf=– @ iskfj ioi`b.
„ Hfaiusf Ec efj up ,– df si`j, nmmk`bo vfry ubdip py. „I bj hfaiusf @ wibt
tm. Cy c`ssus nfet cf, ibj Ec mut m ‐ w mr k. –
96 @ j`j b‐t wi bt tm irouf, hfaiusf tdf wiy df si`j `t, @ kbf w df amu nj b‐t jm iby
td`bo fnsf fxafpt dibo d`csfne. Insm tdfrf wis i eubby nmmk `b d`s eiaf< fvfb
wdfb df tinkfj tm cf @ swfir df am unj b‐t sff cf. @t wis j`eefrfbt tm tdf hniak
nmmks cy mnj cib puts mb, ibj @ suppmsf tdi t‐s wd y cy mnj cib wmunj bfvfr
dibo d`csfne, wmrsf nuak, hfaiusf df bfvfr ofts i nmmk `btm d`s anmak n`kf td`s
87 hnmk f dij. Cy mnj cib‐s nmm k stirfs it  ym u, sm tdit ym u divf tm hiak jmwb ibj
eny mut me tdf dmusf< td`s hnmkf‐s nmmk nmmkfj tdrmuod   ymu, sm tdit ymu amunj
eiaf `t ibj kbmw `t wmu njb ‐t jm ymu iby dirc. Qm @ siw bmw tdi t jij wmunj
bfvfr dibo d`csfne hfaiusf df amunj bfvfr oft tdf r`odt smrt me nmmk `btm d`s
eiaf, `b sp`tf me tdf eiat tdit df‐j hffb mut me wmrk metfb fbmuod. Ciyhf cic
86 wmunj divf tm nfivf d`c e`rst, ibj tdfb df c`odt jm `t; hut bm - 9 sdmm k cy dfij
- tdfrf w isb‐t cua d adibaf me tdi t fvfb tdm uo d df j`j nfij dfr i jmo‐s n`ef.
„ Pfr wi`b ‐t emroft tm k`ak tdit adi`r iwiy=– df rfc`bjfj cf, ibj @ swubo
cy dfij tm siy @ w mu nj b‐t. Qm cy fyfs wfrf pm pp` bo ibj @ witadfj fvfry cmvf
df cijf. D f stmmj mb tdf adi`r ibj put tdf rmpf i rmub j d`s bfak sm tdit `t e`ttfj
17 td`s t`cf, st`nn wd`stn`bo d`s eibay tubf. @ wibtf j tm oft i hftt fr omz it tdf kbmt ,
hfaiusf cy pin wis `b tdf samuts, ibj wmu nj isk tm kbm w dm w `t wis jmbf, ibj
`e @ tmnj d`c nitfr df‐j nft cf kb mw wdi t dippf bfj it tdf p`aturfs `b tdf Lubonf
L`c sfr`in, sm‐s @ amunj divf cy aikf ibj fit `t is wfnn, is cic siys, t`t emr tit.
Hut @ td muo dt E j h fttfr bm t isk tdf hnmkf tm tfnn cf, ibj @ stiyfj hiak `b cy
16 amrbf r. Zdf nist td`bo df j`j wis tikf tdf wft j`r ty hu tt- fb j ermc d`s n`ps ibj
sn`bo `t `btm tdf fc pty e`rforitf, emnnmw`bo `t w`td d`s fyfs tm tdf hniak e`rfhiak 

11

 
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wdfrf `t nibjfj - is `e df wis tdfb om`bo tm c fbj i eiunt `b tdf n`odt`bo n`kf iby
fnfatr`a`ib.
Qujjfbny d`s nmbo nfos wr`oonfj ibj d`s efft tr`fj tm k`ak tdf adi`r, sm @
dfnpfj d`c is Ej prmc`sfj @ wmunj ibj tmm k i rub bfr it `t is `e @ wis pniy`bo
6 afbtrf-emrw irj emr B mtt s Emrfst, ibj tdf adi`r wfbt sammt`bo hiak ioi`bst tdf
smei, j rioo`bo d`s cueenfr tm tdf en mmr is `t t`ppfj mvfr. D f swub o emr i h`t, d`s
ircs adie`bo n`kf df wis i sairfarmw enipp`bo h`rjs iwiy, ibj df cijf i bm`sf
`b d`s tdrm it is `e df ‐j lust tmm k i jmsf me sints ibj wis try`bo tm cikf td fc stiy
jmwb.
97 Zdfb tdfrf wis ibmt dfr smub j, ibj @ nmmk fj up ibj siw i h`o ariak amcf `b
tdf af`n`bo, n`kf ymu sff mb tdf p`aturfs wdfb ib firtdquikf‐s dippfb`bo, ibj
tdf h unh hfoib a`ran`bo rm ub j ibj rmu bj is tdmuo d `t wis i spiaf sd`p. @ wis lust
hfo`bb`bo tm oft j`zzy wdfb, tdibk Adr`st, df efnn jmw b, w`td suad i dmrr`hnf
tduc p mb tdf enmmr tdit @ tdmuo dt df ‐j hrmkf fvfry hmbf df‐j omt. Df k`akfj
96 ir mubj emr i h`t, n`kf i jmo td it ‐s omt amn`a hij. Zd fb df niy st`nn.
@ j`j b‐t stiy tm nmmk it d`c. „ @ tmnj d`c tdit rmpf]wmunjb‐t dmnj u p ,– @ kfpt
siy`bo tm c ysfne is @ wfbt m ut me tdf dmusf, tut- tutt `bo hfaiusf df dijb‐t jmbf
tdf lmh r`odt, dibjs stueefj jffp `btm cy pmakfts ibj bfirny ary`bo it tdf
hinns-up df ‐j cijf me fvfrytd`bo. @ sniccfj d`s oitf sm dir j w`td j`sip pm`bt -
87 cf bt tdit `t bfirny jrm pp fj mee `ts d`bofs.
Lu st is @ wis om`bo hiak up tdf yirj tm oft cy tfi it dmcf , d mp`bo td f mtdfrs
dij amcf hiak ermc tdf p`aturfs sm‐s @ wmunjb‐t divf ibytd`bo tm kffp mb hf
`bo hniak ihmut, i amppfr pissfj cf ibj dfijfj emr tdf hnmkf‐s jmmr. Df wis
str`j`bo qu`akny w`td d`s dfij hfbt emrwirj, ibj @ kbfw tdit smcfhmjy dij
86 birkfj. Zdfy cu st divf sffb d`c huy tdf rmpf ibj tdfb t`ppfj mee tdf amp. M r
dippfb tdf mnj dfb it tdf yirj-fb j dij e`binny aiuodt mb. M r pfrdips df‐j fvfb
tmnj smc fhmjy d`csfne, hfaiusf @ suppmsfj tdit tdf hnmkf wd m‐j strubo d`c
sfne up di jb ‐t cuad k bm wb wd it df wis jm`bo, fspfa`inny w`td tdf nmmk Ej sffb
`b d`s fyfs. Hut td it ‐s dm w `t `s, @ si`j tm cysfne, is @ emnnmwfj tdf amppfr hiak tm
17 tdf hnm kf‐s dmusf , i pm mr h nmkf aib‐t fvfb dibo d`csfne tdfsf jiys.
_dfb @ omt hiak tdf amppfr wis sn`tt`bo tdf rmpf ermc d`s bfak w`td i pf b
kb`ef, tdfb df oivf d`c i jr`bk me witfr, ibj tdf hnmkf mpfbfj d`s pffpfrs. @
j`j b‐t n`kf tdf amppf r, hfaiusf df‐j omt i amupnf me cy citfs sfbt tm ippr mvfj
sadmmn emr p`bad`bo nfij p`p`bo ermc nivitmr`fs.
16 „ _dit j`j ymu wibt tm dibo ymursf ne emr=– df iskfj tdf hnmkf, try`bo tm
cikf d`c s`t up. D f amunj di rjny tink, ibj mbf me d`s dibjs wis hnffj`bo ermc

1:

 
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wdfrf tdf n`odt-hunh dij scisdfj. @ kbfw tdit rmpf w munj b‐t dmnj up, hut df
di jb ‐t n`stfbfj tm cf. @‐nn bfvfr dibo cysfne ibyw iy, hu t `e @ wibt tm @ ‐nn cikf
surf @ jm `t ermc i trff mr smcftd`bo n`kf tdit, bmt i n`odt e`tt`bo. „_fnn, wdit
j`j ymu jm `t emr=–
6 „ Hfaiusf @ wib tfj tm ,– tdf hnmkf armikfj.
„Pmu‐nn oft e`vf yfirs emr td`s,– tdf amppfr tmnj d`c. @‐j arfpt hiak `btm tdf
dmusf ibj wis suak`bo cy tduch `b tdf sicf amrbfr.
„ Z di t‐s wd it ym ‐ td `b k ,– tdf hnm kf si`j, i bmrcin er`od tfbfj nmmk `b d`s fyfs
bmw. „@ mbny wibtfj tm dibo cysfne.–
97 „ _f nn,– tdf amp pfr si`j, tik`bo mu t d`s hmm k, „` t‐s ioi`bst tdf niw, ymu
kbmw.–
„Biy,– tdf hnmkf si`j, „`t aib‐t hf. @t‐s cy n`ef, i`b‐t `t=–
„Pmu c`odt td`bk sm,– tdf amppfr si`j, „hut `t i`b‐t.–
D f hfoib tm suak tdf hnmm j ermc d`s dibj . @t wis suad i n`ttnf saritad tdmu od
96 tdi t ymu a mu njb ‐t sff `t. „ Z di t‐s tdf e`rst td`bo @ kb fw ,– df si`j.
„_fnn @‐c tfnn`bo ymu,– tdf amppfr tmnj d`c.
‐Amursf, @ j`jb ‐t nft mb tm tdf a mppfr tdi t @‐j dfnpfj tdf hnmkf tm dibo d`c
sfne. @ wisb‐t hmrb yfstfrjiy, bmr tdf jiy hfemrf yfstfrjiy f`tdfr.
„ @t ‐s i e`bf td`b o `e i hnmk f aib‐t tfk d`s mw b n`ef,– td f hnmkf si`j, sff`bo df
87 wis `b emr `t.
„ _fnn df aib‐t ,– tdf amp pfr si`j, is `e rfij`bo mu t me d`s hmm k ibj fblm y`bo `t.
„ @t i`b‐t ymu r n`ef. Ib j `t ‐s i ar`cf tm tikf ym ur mw b n`ef. @t ‐s k`nn`bo ymursfne.
@t‐s su`a`jf.–
Zdf hnmkf nmmkfj dirj, is `e fvfry mbf me tdf amppfr‐s wmrjs cfibt s`x-
86 cm btd s amnj. @ efnt smr ry emr d`c, ibj tdi t‐s i eiat, h ut `e mbny df ‐j n`stfbfj tm
wdit @‐j si`j ibj bmt jfpfbjfj mb tdit n`odt-e`tt`bo. Df sdmunj divf jmbf `t
ermc i trff, mr smcftd`bo n`kf tdit.
D f w fbt up tdf yirj w `td tdf amp pfr n`kf i pfiafeun nich, ibj wf inn tdmuod t
tdit tdit wis tdf fbj me tdit.
17 Hut i amupnf me jiys nitfr tdf bfws wis enisdfj tdrm uo d tm us - fvfb hfemrf `t
omt tm tdf Wmst   hfaiusf i wmc ib `b m ur yi rj w mrkf j it tdf dmsp`tin me ib fvfb
`bo j`sd`bo oruh mut ibj t`jy`bo up. @ dfirj dfr sp`nn`bo `t tm smcfhmjy it tdf
yirj -fbj . „ @‐j bfvfr ‐ivf tdm uo dt `t. @ tdm uo dt d f‐j omt tdit jiet `jfi mut me d`s
dfij wdfb tdfy tmmk d`c iwiy. Hut bm. _mbjfrs‐nn bfvfr afisf. Aduakfj ‐`s-
16 sfb ermc tdf dmsp`tin w`b jmw wdfb tdf amppf r wdm sit bfir d`s hfj wfbt mee
emr i pff. _munj ymu hfn`fvf `t= Jfij= Bmt cuad ‐f i`b‐t.–

14

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D f ‐j dfivfj d`csfne it tdf oniss, ib j einnfb n`kf i stmbf mb tm td f rmij. @b mbf

wiy @ wis smrry d f‐j jmbf `t, hu t `b ibmtd fr @ wis onij, hfaiusf df‐j prmvfj tm
tdf amppfrs ibj fvf ryhmj y wd ftdf r `t wis d`s n`ef mr bm t inn r`odt. @t wis ci r
vfnnmus tdmu od , tdf wiy tdf hri`bnfss histirjs dij pu t d`c `b i wirj s`x enmmrs
6 up, w d`ad e`b`sdfj d`c mee, prm pfr , fvfb hfttfr tdib i trff.
Inn me wd`ad w`nn cikf cf td`bk tw`af ihmu t dmw hniak @ smcft`cfs effn. Zdf
hniak amin-hio nmakfj `bs`jf ymu, ibj tdf hniak nmmk `t puts mb ymur eiaf,
jmfsb‐t cfib ymu‐rf om`bo tm str`bo ymursfne up mr sn`bo ymursfne ubjfr i
jmuhnf-jfakfr mr aduak ymursfne mut me i w`bj mw mr aut ymu r tdrm it w`td i sir-
97 j`bf-t`b mr pu t ym ur dfij `b tdf ois-mvfb mr jrmp ym ur rmttf b siak-hio me i
hm jy mb tm i ri`nwiy n`bf, hfaiusf wdfb y mu ‐rf effn`bo tdit hniak ym u aib‐t fvfb
cmvf ermc y mu r adi`r. I by dm w, @ kbm w @ ‐nn bfvfr oft sm hniak is tm dibo c y
sfne, hfaiusf dibo`bo jm b‐t nmmk vfry b`af tm cf, ibj bfvfr w`nn, tdf cm rf @ rf
cfchfr mnj wdit‐s-d`s-bicf sw`bo`bo ermc tdf n`odt-e`tt`bo.
96 Cm rf tdib ibytd`bo fnsf, @‐c onij bm w @ j`j b‐t om tm tdf p`aturfs tdit Qitur
jiy ietfrbmm b wdfb @ wis effn`bo hniak ibj rfijy tm jm cysfne `b. Hfaiusf ymu
kbmw, @ sdib‐t fvfr k`nn cysfne. Zrust cf. @‐nn stiy in`vf dine-hircy t`nn @‐c i
dubjrfj ibj e`vf, ibj tdfb om mut sarfic`bo hnuf curjfr hfaiusf @ wibt tm
stiy wdfrf @ ic.

15

 
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Lmdb _i`b

I Cfssiof ermc tdf W`o-Cib

D f wis bfvfr ai nk j F kk y bmw , hfaiusf df wis oftt`bo tm hf i rfin hmy , bfirny
s`x, w`td orfy enibbfn trmusfrs tdit dij i sfpiritf hfnt ibj wfrfb‐t kfpt up hy
fnist`a, ibj d`s bicf wis Fr`a. Hut td`s wis lust mbf me tdmsf adibofs hrmu od t
ihmut biturinny, hy t`cf, bmt i j`sturh`bo intfrit`mb; df ubjfrstmmj tdit. D`s
6 cm tdfr di jb ‐t cfibt tdit k`bj me adibof, wdfb sdf dij prmc `sfj, „ Bm td`b o
w`nn hf adibo fj. – @t wis inn om`bo tm om mb is hfemrf, fxafpt tdi t Jij w mu nj b‐t
hf tdfrf, ibj Jmb inj wmu nj hf tdfrf `bstfij. D f kbfw Jm binj, me amursf, ibj
efnt inn r`odt ihmu t d`s hf`bo `b tdf dmusf, tdmu od `t sffcfj, wdfb df niy `b hfj
ibj tdmuodt ihmut `t, cij ibj pm`btnfss tdit Jmbinj‐s amc`bo sdmunj cfib
97 tdi t Jij dij tm om. _ dy sdmu nj `t cfib tdit= Zdf dmusf wis qu`tf h`o. D f
di jb ‐t iby hrmtd frs ibj s`stfrs, ibj `e df dij  dij iby df wmu njb ‐t divf c`bjfj
sdir`bo d`s hfjrmmc, fvfb w`td i hihy tdit wibtfj i nmt me nmmk`bo ietfr, sm
nmbo is `t nfet tdf spirf rmmc erff emr Jij tm snffp `b. @e df j`j tdit, tdfy
wm unjb ‐t divf i spirf rmmc , `t wis truf, hut td fb, tdf spirf rmmc wis bfirny
96 inwiys fcp ty; tdf nist t`cf ibyh mj y dij usfj tdf spirf rmm c wisyfirs   iom,
wdfb df dij hffb cuad scinnfr - nist w`btfr, `b eiat. I bj, fvfb tdfb, tdf v`s`
tmr , t df nijy w`td tdf eub by tff td wdm niuodfj is sdf hrfitdfj `b, `bstfij me is
sdf hrfitdfj mut n`kf fvfrymbf fnsf, dij mbny stiyfj twm mr tdrff b`odts. _dy  
j`j ormwb -ups jm fvfrytd`bo `b suad i cij, s`nny wiy= Zdfy metfb tmnj d`c bmt
87 tm hf s`nny, hut tdfy wfrf s`nny tdfcsfnvfs `b i usfnfss wiy, bmt niuod`bo mr s`bo
`bo mr ibytd`bo, lust hf`bo s`nny ibj sij.
@t wis sm di rj tm rfij tdf s`obs; tdit wis ibm tdf r td`bo. _dfb td fy j`j o`vf
ymu smcftd`bo tm om mb, `t wis `cpmss`hnf tm kbmw dmw tm tikf `t. Jij dij
hmu odt d`c i tri`b, lust i efw wffks iom, ibj tiu odt d`c d mw tm e`t tdf n`bfs tm-
86 oftdfr. Zdi t mu odt tm divf cfi bt tdi t df wm unj stiy; wdit sfbs`hnf pfrs mb
wmunj huy i tri`b, ibj e`t `t inn up rfijy tm rub, fvfb is i prfsfbt emr ibmtdfr
pfrsmb -i b j tdfb nfivf = Jmb inj dij hffb qu`tf ommj ihmut tdf tri`b, Fr`a dij
tm ijc `t tdit; df dij hm uo dt i hr`jof emr `t ibj i nmt me rmnn`bo-stma k. It e`rst df
dij omt tdf w rmbo k`b j me rmnn`bo-stmak, w`td wdffns tmm anmsf tmoftdfr tm e`t
17 mb tm tdf ri`ns; hut `bstfij me pniy`bo tdf usuin or mw b-u ps ‐ tr`ak me punn`bo i
eiaf ibj tdfb bmt jm`bo ibytd`bo ihmut `t, df dij ombf hiak tm tdf sdmp,

1?

 
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stri`odt iwiy tdit sicf ietfrbmmb, ibj omt tdf r`odt k`bj. Wfrdips tdi t cfibt
df  wis om`bo tm nfivf. Hut tdit j`j b't sffc n`kfny. B m t tdf wiy Cuc dfnj mb tm
d`c inn tdf t`cf, fvfb dmnj`bo d`c r mu bj tdf c`j jnf is `e df bffjfj kffp`bo `b
mbf p`faf.
6 Inn tdf sicf, df wis bm t Fk ky bm w, df wis Fr`a, ibj df wis sfbs`hnf ibj
ormwb-up. Wrmhihny `t wis d`s mwb eiunt tdit fvfrytd`bo sffcfj stribof. Df
wis bm t n`v`bo up tm d`s orfy enibbfn trmus frs - pfrdips tdi t wis `t; hf`bo ieri`j
me tmm ciby td`bos, bm t isk`bo qufst`mbs tdit wm unj prmh ihny tu rb mu t tm divf
qu`tf s`cpnf ibswfrs.
97 Zdf W`o-c ib emr `bstibaf. D f dij nft tdf W`o-cib wm rry d`c eir tmm cuad.
Bm bf me tdf orm wb- ups iatfj is `e tdf W`o-c ib wis ibytd`b o tm hf ieri`j me. D f
prmhihny lust nmmkfj  eub by, tdi t wis inn. @e, `bstfij m e ivm`j`bo d`c sm airfeun
ny, df wfbt muts`jf mbf fvfb`bo ibj nmmkfj it d`c, tmm k i ommj nmbo, ubieri`j
nmmk, nfiv`bo tdf hiak jmmr mpfb hfd`bj d`c sm tdit df amunj jirt `b tm tdf
96 siefty ibj wi rc td me tdf dmusf . . . bm! @t wis hft tfr, ietfr inn, bm t tm sff tdf
W`o-c ib; b mt t`nn df wis h`oofr, ibyw iy; bfirny s`x wis qu`tf h`o hut `t wisb ‐t
rfinny vfry   h`o . . .
Ibj yft `t wis mbf me tdmsf puzzn`bo td`bos. B m mbf fvfr tmnj d`c tm hf airf
eun bm t tm nft tdf W`o-cib oft dmnj me d`c, mr wirbfj d`c `b iby wiy; sm tdf
87 W`o-cib cust   hf dircnfss, hfaiusf wdfb `t aicf tm ibytd`bo tdit amunj   durt
ymu , n`kf tdf triee`a mb tdf ci`b rmij, pfmpnf wfrf inwiys ricc `bo `t `btm ym u
tdit ymu cust nmmk hmtd wiys, ibj inn tdit stuee. Ibj yft wdfb `t aicf tm tdf
W`o-cib, bm mbf fvfr cfbt`mbfj d`c< df sffcfj hfbfitd tdf bmt`af me
ormwb-ups. D`s cmtdfr wmunj siy, bmw ibj tdfb, „Nft cf sff, `t‐s tmjiy tdf
86 W`o-c ib amcfs, `sb‐t `t=– mr, „ M d jfir, tdf W`o-c ib w`nn hf amc`bo rmubj
smmb, ibj @ divfb ‐t put i bytd `bo mu t. – @e sdf tinkfj n`kf td`s, Fr`a‐s sp`bf wmunj
t`bonf ibj om amnj; df wmunj kffp vfry st`nn ibj wi`t, hfaiusf qu`tf metfb dfr
bfxt wmrjs w munj hf, „ Fr`a, lust tikf tdfsf pffn`bos,– mr wditfvfr `t wis, „ mut
tm tdf huakft, jfir, w`nn ymu= – Zdf huakft wis ihmut e`ety yirjs iwiy ermc tdf
17 hiak jm mr; `t wis sdirf.j hy tdf pfmpnf `b tdf twm bfx t-jm mr dmusfs. Bm bf me
tdfc  wis ieri`j me tdf W`o-cib, f`tdfr. _di t wis tdf`r itt`tu jf, df wmbjfr fj=
_frf tdfy smrry emr d`c, div`bo tm fit jicp mnj stuee mut me i huakft - tfi-
nfivfs ibj foosdfnns ibj tdit smrt me td`bo= Wfrdips df ammkfj `t wdfb df omt
dmc f, ibj cijf `t i h`t b`afr. Af rti`bn y, `t j`jb ‐t nmmk tmm b`af wdfb ymu n`etfj
16 tdf n`j me tdf hu akf t ibj siw `t inn ny`bo tdfrf. @t smcft`cfs scfnt, tmm . _is tdf
W`o-cib vfry pmmr = _is df smrry emr d`csfne, m r j`j df effn inn r`odt ih mut hf-

14

 
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`bo n`kf tdit= N`k f w dit e  _ dit j`j tdf W`o-cib nmmk n`kf= Df wmunj divf n`ttnf
fyfs, ibj i sbmu t w`td i enit fbj; h ut wm unj df divf trmt tfrs , mr dibjs ibj efft
n`kf i pfrsmb‐s=
Ny`bo mb d`s hiak, Fr`a wmrkf j smhfrny it tdf prmhnfc. Zdf W`o-c ib‐s huak-
6 ft dij i dibjnf; sm df cu st airry `t `b tdf mrj`b iry wiy, `b d`s dib j - ubnfss, me
amursf, df winkfj mb inn emurs i bj airr`fj `t `b d`s cm utd . Hut tdi t wisb ‐t vfry
n`kfny, hfaiusf `e df winkfj mb inn emurs, wdit j`eefrfbaf wmunj tdfrf hf hf
twffb d`c ibj ib mrj`biry p`o= Zm hf ainnfj tdf W`o-cib, ritdfr tdib tdf
Cib-p`o, surfny `cpn`fj tdit df wis upr`odt, ibj jrfssfj. Amunj df tink=
97 Wrmh ihn y, `b i k`bj me orubt` bo wiy, m r fnsf dm w amunj df tfnn tdf pfmp nf wd it
k`bj me emmj df wibtfj tdfc tm put `b d`s huakft= _dy di jb't df iskfj J ij  
ihmut tdf W`o-cib e   Z dit dij hffb d`s c`stikf; J ij w munj divf tmnj d`c fx
iatny inn ihmut `t. Hut df dij ombf. Fr`a efnn isnffp, ibj `b d`s snffp df siw Jij
ibj tdf W`o-cib om`bo `b i tri`b tmoftdfr; df ainnfj, hut tdfy j`j bmt dfir ibj
96 tdf tri`b airr`fj tdfc iwiy. „ Ji j!– df sdmu tfj jfspfritfny ietfr `t. „J m b ‐t
hr`bo tdf W`o-cib wdfb ymu amcf hiak! J mb ‐t hr`bo tdf W`o-c ib!– Zdfb d`s
cmtdfr wis `b tdf rmmc, k`ss`bo d`c ibj scfnn`bo b`af; sdf efnt smet, ibj tdf
smetbfss juakfj d`c `btm snffp, td`s t`cf w `tdm ut jrfics; hut tdf bfxt jiy d`s
qufst`mbs rfturbfj.
87 Qt`nn, tdfrf wis sadmmn `b tdf cm rb`bo , ibj om`bo jmw b tm tdf sw`bos `b tdf
ietfrbmmb, ibj intmoftdfr i nmt me j`eefrfbt td`bos tm armwj mut tdf e`ourf me tdf
W`o-cib ibj tdf qufst`mbs ambbf atfj w`td `t. I bj df wis bfvfr eurtdf r ermc
wmrr y`bo ihmut `t inn tdib tdit c mc fbt, i efw fvfb`bos nitfr, wdfb `t sujjfbny
aicf tm i ar`s`s.
86 Fr`a dij hffb innmwfj, „ lust emr mb af ,– tm hr`bo d`s tri`b `btm tdf j`b`b o
rmmc ietfr tfi, hfaiusf tdfrf wis i e`rf tdfrf td it cijf `t b`afr tdib tdf r mmc
wdfrf df usuinny pniyfj. @t wis wirc ibj h r`odt, ibj tdf airpft `b ermbt me tdf
e`rfpniaf wis scmm td ibj e`rc, fxiatny r`odt emr niy`bo mut tdf ri`ns mb. Jm binj
dij amcf dmcf ibj wis s`tt`bo - `b J ij ‐s adi`r, hut bfvfr c`bj - rfij`bo tdf
17 pipf r ibj scmk`bo. C uc wis `b tdf k`tadf b, anittfr`bo ofbtny ihmu t, ibj hmt d
jmmrs wfrf mpfb sm tdit sdf ibj Jmbinj amunj ainn mut rfcirks tm fiad mtdfr.
Mb ny i sdm rt pissiof niy hftwffb. @t wis lust tdf pirt m e tdf jiy Fr`a n`kfj hfst,
ibj hfj-t`cf wis amcemrtihny eir mee. Df e`ttfj tdf sfat`mbs me ri`n tmoftdfr,
oniba`bo `b ibt`a`pit`mb it tdf fbo`bf is `t stmmj p rmu jny wi`t`bo tm diun tdf air-
16 r`iofs rm ub j ibj rmu bj , trfc fbj mus ny eist. -
Zdfb d`s cmtdfr ainnfj, „Fr`a! Jm hf i swfft, ommj hmy, ibj tikf td`s stuee 

10

 
:
  

mut emr tdf W`o-cib. Cy dibjs irf amvfrfj w`td aikf c`xturf. @‐nn nft ymu
saripf mut tdf his`b wdfb ymu amcf `b.–
Em r i cmc fbt df kfpt qu`tf st`nn, d mp`bo df dij b‐t rfinny dfirj dfr siy `t, tdit
`t wis lust i vm`af `bs`jf d`s dfij. H ut Jm bin j nm mkfj mvfr it d`c ibj si`j, „ Om
6 inmbo, mnj cib. Pmu jm b‐t c`b j, jm ym u= –
Fr`a si`j, „Hut tmb`odt‐s wdfb tdf W`o-cib amcfs." 
Qurfny, surfny  tdfy w frf b‐t isk`bo d`c tm om mut, `b tdf jffp tw`n`odt, lust it
tdf t`cf wdfb tdfrf wis tdf orfitfst jibofr me iatuinny cfft`bo   tdf W`o-cib=
„Inn tdf hfttfr,– si`j Jmbinj, turb`bo hiak tm d`s pipfr.
97 _dy wis `t hfttfr= J`j tdfy wibt   d`c tm cfft tdf W`o-cib=
Qnmwny, wmbjfr`bo wdy d`s efft ibj nfos j`jb‐t rfeusf tm cmvf, Fr`a wfbt
tdrm uod `btm tdf k`tadfb. „ Zdfrf `t `s,– d`s c mtdfr si`j, pm`bt`bo tm i hrmw b-
pipfr airr`fr eunn me pmtitm-pffn`bos ibj sarips.
D f tm mk `t up ibj mpfbfj tdf hiak jmmr. @e df wis qu`ak, ibj jirtfj inmbo tm
96 tdf huakf t it mbaf , df wm unj hf ihnf tm n`et tdf n`j, td rm w tdf stuee `b qu`akny,
ibj hf hiak `b tdf dmusf `b ihmut tdf t`cf `t tmmk tm amubt tfb.
Mb f - twm - tdrff - emur - e`vf - s`x. D f stmppfj. Zdf huakft wisb‐t tdfrf.
@t dij ombf. Fr`a pffrfj rmu bj , hu t tdf n`odt, td mu od ei`bt, wis bmt is ei`bt is
tdit.  Df amunj sff tdit tdf huakft dij ombf. Zdf W`o-cib dij inrfijy hffb.  
87 Qfvfb - f`odt - b`bf - tfb, d`s stfps wfrf lmymu s ibj n`odt. Hiak `b tdf dmusf,
wdfrf `t wis wirc ibj hr`odt ibj d`s tri`b wis wi`t`bo.
„Zdf W`o-cib‐s ombf, Cuc. Zdf huakft‐s bmt tdfrf.–
Qdf ermwbfj, dibjs jffp `b tdf pujj`bo-his`b. „Md, yfs, @ jm hfn`fvf @
dfirj d`c . Hut `t wis mbny i cmc fbt iom. Pfs, `t wis lust hfemrf @ ainnfj ymu,
86 jirn`bo. @t cu st divf hffb tdi t tdi t cijf cf td`b k me `t .–
„Pfs=– df si`j pmn`tfny, putt`bo jmwb tdf airr`fr.
„Qm `e ymu b`p inmbo, jfir, ymu aib fis`ny aitad d`c up. Ibj @ jm   wibt tdit
stuee mut me tdf wiy.–
„ Aitad d`c up =– df iskfj, stibj`bo st`nn `b tdf jmmrw iy.
17 „ Pfs, jfir, aitad d`c up2 – sdf ibswfrfj r itdf r sdirpny (tdf Fee`a`fbt Pmub o
Cm tdfr kbmws w dfb tm hf E`rc). „ Df aib‐t pmss`hny hf cmrf tdib i vfry sdmrt
wiy jmwb tdf rmij.–
Hfemrf sdf dij e`b`sdfj Fr`a wis muts`jf tdf jmmr ibj rubb`bo. Zd`s wis i
tfadb`q uf df kbfw . @t wis tdf sicf is oftt`bo `btm `ay amnj witfr. @e `t wis tdf
16 fbj, `e tdf W`o-cib sf`zfj d`c hy tdf dibj ibj jrioofj d`c mee tm d`s du t, wfnn,
sm cuad tdf wmrsf. Qw`bo`bo tdf pipfr airr`fr `b d`s dibj , df rib eist tdrm uo d

:7

 
:
  

tdf jusk.
Zdf hiak v`fw me tdf W`o-cib wis c uad is df dij fxpfatfj `t tm hf. I snmw,
ritdfr nurad`bo oi`t, dubad fj sdmunjfrs, ib mnj dit arusdfj jmw b mb d`s dfij
(tm d`jf d`s firs=) ibj tdf pi`n `b d`s dibj. Wnmj, pnmj, is `e df wfrf t`rfj.
6 Wfrdips td`s wis lust i rusf, tdmu od, prm hih ny df amunj pmu baf qu`akny fbmuod
wdfb d`s w`ak fj n`ttnf fyfs siw i b`af tisty n`ttnf hm y mr smcf td`b o . . . j`j tdf
W`o-c ib fit h`rjs= M r aits=
Fr`a stmppfj. D f mpfbfj d`s cm utd tm ainn tm tdf W`o-cib, h ut tdf e`rsl t`cf
df tr`fj, bmtd`bo aicf mut fxafpt i scinn risp`bo squfik. D`s dfirt wis hibo-
97 `bo n`kf e`rfwmrks om`bo mee. D f amunj dirj ny dfir ibytd`bo.
„ C r W`o-cib! – df ainnfj, ibj td`s t`cf tdf wmrj s aicf mut anfir ibj ritdfr
d`od. t
Zdf lmoo`bo mnj e`ourf stmppfj, turbfj, ibj nmmkfj it d`c. Fr`a amunj bmt
sff prmp frny ermc w dfrf df stmmj. H ut df dij   tm sff. Fvfrytd`bo, fvfb d`s efir,
96 sibk ibj jrm wb fj `b tdf rio`bo t`jf me d`s aur`ms`ty. D f cmvfj emrwi rj. _`td
fiad stfp df siw cmrf anfirny. Zdf W`o-cib wis lust ib mrj`biry mnj cib.
„Dfnnm, smbby. Omt smcf stuee tdfrf emr tdf mnj orubtfrs=–
Fr`a bmjj fj, cu tfny,'ibj dfnj mut d`s meefr`bo. _ dit mnj orubtfrs= _dit j`j
df cfib=
87 Zdf W`o-cib pu t jmw b d`s huakft. D f dij mrj`bi ry dibjs, mrj`biry ircs.
D f tm mk tdf n`j mee. Fr`a dfnj mut tdf pipf r airr`fr, ibj tdf W`o-cib ‐s dibj ia
tuinny tmuadfj d`s mwb emr i sfambj. I enmmj me orit`tujf rmsf up `bs`jf d`c.
Zdf W`o-cib t`ppfj tdf sarips `btm tdf huakft ibj dibjfj tdf airr`fr hiak.
„Zdibks, smbby,– df si`j.
86 „ _ dm ‐s `t emr= – Fr`a iskfj, w`t d ibm tdf r rusd me irt`aunitfbfss. D`s vm`af
sffcfj tm divf i n`ef me `ts mwb.
Zdf W`o-cib stri`odtfbfj up, puzznfj . Zdfb df niuodfj, `b i ouron`bo smrt
me wiy, hut bmt n`kf i p`o it inn.
„ Ird Iird Dird D ir d, – tdf W`o-cib wfbt. „ B mt emr cf, `e tdit‐s wditadfr
17 cfib, ird di rd .–
D f put tdf n`j hiak mb tdf huakft. „ @t ‐s emr tdf mnj orub tfrs,– df si`j. „ Zdf
mnj pmrkfrs. Lust wdit tdfy n`kfs. Mbny bmt eru`t sk`bs. @ nfivfs i bmtf, smcf
t`cfs, ihmu t wdit b mt tm p ut `b. Bfvf r eru`t sk`bs. @t o`vfs ‐fc tdf hfnny-iadf.–
 D f wis ainnfj tdf W`o-c ib hfaiusf df dij smcf p`os td it df nmmkfj ietfr.  
16 „ Zdib k y m u ,– si`j Fr`a. „ Om mj b`o dt.– Df rib hiak tmwirjs tdf dmusf,
dfir`bo tdf W`o-cib, tdf mrj`biry mnj cib, tdf mrj`biry usuin bmrcin mnj

:9
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cib, siy `b d`s lust mrj`biry mnj cib‐s vm`af, „Ommj b`odt, smbby.–
Qm tdit wis dmw ymu j`j `t. Pmu lust wfbt stri`odt idfij, bmt wmrry`bo
ihmut td`s mr tdit. N`kf oftt`bo `btm amnj witfr. Pmu lust j`j   `t.
Df snmwfj jmwb is df omt tm tdf oitf. Emr `bstibaf, `e tdfrf wis i qufst`mb
6 tdit ymu wibtfj tm kbmw tdf ibswfr tm, ibj ymu dij inwiys lust efnt ymu
amu njb ‐t isk, tdf td` bo tm jm wis tm isk `t. Lu st stri`o dt mut, n`kf om`bo up tm tdf
W`o-cib. J`ee`aunt td`bos, trmuhnfs, qufst`mbs, ymu lust trfitfj tdfc n`kf tdf
W`o-cib.
Qm tdit wis `t!
97 Zdf wirc n`odt sdmbf tdrmu od tdf ariak me tdf jmmr. D f mpfbfj `t ibj wfbt
`b. D `s cm tl`fr wis stibj`bo it tdf tihnf, dfr dibjs st`nn wmrk`b o tdf aikf c`x
turf ihmut. Qdf wmunj nft d`c saripf mut tdf his`b, ibj tdf spmmb - df wmunj
isk emr tdf spmmb, tmm. Hut bmt stri`odt iwiy. Zdfrf wis i cmrf `cpmrtibt
td`bo e`rst.
96 D f pu t tdf pipfr airr`fr jmw b ibj wfbt up tm dfr. „C uc ,– df si`j. „ _dy
aib‐t Jij hf w`td us fvfb `e Jm bin j `s dfrf= @ cfib, w dy aib‐t df n`vf w`td us is
wfnn is Jmbinj=–
D`s cmtdfr turbfj ibj wfbt tm tdf s`bk. Qdf put tdf tip mb ibj dfnj dfr
dibjs ubjfr `t.
87 „ Ji rn`b o,– sdf ainnfj.
„Pfs=– aicf Jmbinj‐s vm`af.
„ J ‐ymu kbm w wd it df‐s lust si`j=–
„_dit=–
„D f‐s lust iskfj . . . – Qdf turbfj tdf tip mee ibj jr`fj dfr dibjs, bmt nmmk-
86 `bo it Fr`a. „ D f wibts tm kbmw w dy wf aib‐t divf Liak tm n`vf w`td u s. –
Zdfrf wis i s`nfbaf, tdfb Jmbinj si`j, qu`ftny, sm tdit d`s vm`af mbny lust
rfiadfj Fr`a‐s firs, „Zdit‐s i dirj mbf.–
„Pmu aib saripf mut tdf his`b,– d`s cmtdfr si`j tm Fr`a. Qdf n`etfj d`c up
ibj k`ssfj d`c. Zdfb sdf ruhhfj dfr adffk inmbo d`s, nfiv`bo i wft scfir.
17 „ Wm mr n`ttnf F kk y, – sdf'si` j `b i eub by vm`af.
Qdf put d`c j mw b ibj df hfoib tm saripf mut tdf pujj`bo-his`b, afrti`b it
nfist me mbf td`bo , td it orm wb -up s wfrf cij ibj s`nny ibj df ditfj tdfc inn, inn,
inn.

:8

 
:
  

Qtujy Citfr`in

Ihhrfv`it`mbs

ijv. ijvfrh fta. ibj sm mb (Nit`b< ft aftfri)

 I.F. Icfr`aib Fbon`sd `.f. tdit `s (Nit`b< `j fst)
 H .F  Hr`t`sd Fbon`sd Vnn. n`b f/ n`b fs «.
ae- amcp irf (Nit`b< ambefr)  plp p. piof/piofs
amnn. amnnmqu`in s`. snibo
j`in. j`infat(in) s.m. smcfmbf
f-o- emr fxicpnf ( Ni t`b< fxfcpn` s.td. smcftd`bo
orit`i) usu. usuinny
fsp. fspfa`inny

Wrmbuba`it`mb

Xfaf`vfj Wrmbuba`it`mb (XW) is rfprfsfbtfj `b Lmbfs-O`csmb,  Fbon`sd  

Wrmbmuba`bo J`at`mbiry  (FWJ)

F WJ 91td fj. F WJ 9:td fj.

` sd`p `
7 pmt J
u put u
m< h `rj 1<
f` c i kf f`
0V b m tf 07
i` h`tf i`
iu b mw im
m` hmy 79
`s dfrf 97
£0 tdfrf fm
V0 pmmr mm

:1

 
:
  

Xminj Jidn, J`p `b tdf Wmmn

H`moripd`ain Bmtfs

Xminj Jidn (9095), Hr`t`sd sdmrt stmry ibj sarffb wr`tfr, wis hmrb `b
Qmutd _infs, intdmuod d`s pirfbts wfrf Bmrwfo`ibs. Ietfr tik`bo pirt `b
ib fxpfj`t`mb tm fxpnmrf tdf `btfr`mr me Bfwemubjnibj, df wmrkfj emr
Qdfnn `b Fist Ier`ai `b tdf 9017s. _dfb _mrnj _ir @@ hrmkf mut, df hf
aicf i e`odtfr p`nmt `b tdf Xmyin I`r Emraf (X.I.E.) ibj wis sfvfrfny
wmubjfj `b tdf Nyh`ib jfsfrt. @b 90:8, hy bmw Iss`stibt I`r Ittiadf tm
tdf Hr`t`sd Fchissy `b _isd`botmb, df hfoib wr`t`bo stmr`fs mb d`s cmst
fxa`t`bo wir fxpfr`fbafs, e`rst puhn`sdfj `b Icfr`aib cioiz`bfs.
@b 90:6 tdfsf wfrf rfpr`btfj `b d`s e`rst hmmk, Mvfr tm Pmu   (`banuj`bo
t`tnfs n`kf Pfstfrjiy _is Hfiut`eun ' Mbny Zd`s, ibj Qmcfmbf N`kf Pmu).   @b
9061 d`s sfambj hmmk me sdmrt stmr`fs wis puhn`sdfj< Qmcfmbf N`kf Pmu ,
ermc wd`ad amcfs tdf ducmrmus stmry  J`p `b tdf W mmn   D`s hfst kbmwb
hmmk me stmr`fs `s prmhihny K`ss K`ss   (9060) `b wd`ad df sdmws i tistf emr
sn`odtny „ s`ak– du c mu r (f. o. Zdf Nibjnijy ; wd`ad dis ciaihrf tri`ts).
Jidn dis insm wr`ttfb i buchfr me sarffbpniys, `banuj`bo tdf Licfs Hmbj
e`nc Pmu Mbny N`vf Zw`af   (905?). Df n`vfs `b Huak`bodicsd`rf ibj `s
cirr`fj w`td emur ad`njrfb.

@. 9. U m a i h u n i r y

` j`p   (amnn.) i qu`ak hitdf

jfn`aitf [jfn`k`tS   sfbs`t`vf; fis`ny cijf `nn
tm fcfrof ermc   tm amcf mut ermc, tm ippfir
tm arffp (arfpt, arfpt) tm cmvf snmwny ibj qu`ftny
tm tuak ruos irmubj tm wrip mr put ruos (3 wmmnnfb amvfr`bos) irmubj
(mbf‐s nfos) tm kffp tdfc wirc
cm jfritfny rm uod ['cmjir`tn`  ritdfr rmuod (me wfitdfr/sfi< stmrcy, v`mnfbt, bmt
'rIen ainc)
ofb`in (itcmspdfrf) adffreun, k`bj, er`fbjny
rj1`<bljnS 
amc pniafbt [kic'pnf`sbtS  sfne-sit`se`fj
i`r ofbfrin ippfiribaf
sfismbfj dfrf< div`bo orfit fxpfr`fbaf
er`at`mb e'er`k/ibS tdf emraf wd`ad tr`fs tm stmp mbf sureiaf sn`j`bo
mvfr ibmtdfr
tm rmnn (me i sd`p) tm sw`bo ermc s`jf tm s`jf w`td tdf
cmvfcfbt me tdf wivfs

::

 
:
  

suhtnf ['sItnS  dirjny bmt`afihnf

ipprfdfbs`mb efir, ibx`fty (fsp. ihmut tdf euturf)
ubrueenfj ainc, bmt wmrr`fj
scuo vfry pnfisfj w`td mbfsfne
tm tmrturf s.m. tm cikf s.m. effn orfit pi`b
sdf tdf sd`p (wd`ad `s oriccit`ainny efc`b`bf)
tm hriaf mbfsfne dfrf< tm try tm hf sfitfj e`rcny
pursfr ib mee`afr wdm kffps i sd`p‐s iaamubts (\idncf`-
stfr)
pmiadfj turhmt turhmt (Qtf`bhutt) ammkfj `b ofbtny hm`n`bo witfr
dmnnibji`sf ['dmtibjf`zS 
siuaf [sm<sS
enuttfr stitf me fxa`tfj `btfrfst
tm anutad tm dmnj t`odtny
?   Zdfrf wis lust tdf ei`btfst Zdfrf wis mbny tdf sn`odtfst s`ob me pnfisurf/
suoofst`mb me rfn`sd  fblmycfbt
tm suhs`jf [sih'si`jS  tm oft nfss
tm tdrfij mbf‐s wiy tm cikf mbf‐s wiy airfeunny
ambafinfj [kib's``njS  d`jjfb, `btfbjfj bmt tm hf sffb mr kbmwb
rfci`bjfr  rfst
enmak bmrcinny<  i enmak me sdffp; dfrf<^dt   pissfbofrs
oitdfrfj rmubj tdf pursfr
tm tikf pr`jf `b  tm hf prmuj me
orivf sfr`mus (`b cibbfr)
ibx`mus['ifoklisS  fiofr, div`bo i strmbo w`sd tm jm s.td.
tm cikf mbf‐s fst`citf tm ainaunitf (dfrf< tdf j`stibaf wd`ad tdf sd`p ciy
['fst`c`tS  amvfr w`td`b mbf jiy, `.f. „tdf jiy‐s rub–)
iuat`mb ['meaeibS dfrf< i oicf me „sfnn`bo buchfrs mb tdf sd`p‐s
ji`ny rub–
p mmn cmbfy amnnfatfj ibj oichnfj emr
4 tm pmbj fr s.td.  tm td`bk s.td. mvfr
tm innmw emr tm tikf `btm ambs`jfrit`mb
`btfbt (nmmk) [`b'tfbtS  sdmw`bo orfit ittfbt`mb
(dine-)amakfj ermc tm amak< tm aiusf tm stibj up, f.o. Zdf dmrsf
amakfj `ts firs wdfb `t dfirj i bm`sf.  Dfbaf< 
piy`bo (orfit) ittfbt`mb, hut bmt mpfbny sdmwb
stri`odt ermc tdf dmrsf‐s ermc i pfrsmb wdm `s it tdf smuraf me `bemrcit`mb
cmutd
ribof tdf n`c`ts w`td`b wd`ad tm pniaf tdf hfts (jfpfb
jfbt mb tdf aipti`b‐s fst`citf)
tm orih dmnj me   tm aitad dmnj me sujjfbny
ri`n i e`xfj hir prmtfat`bo pfmpnf ermc einn`bo
tm wfnn up tm r`sf n`kf witfr `b i wfnn (Hrubbfb)

:4

 
:
  

pnucfs me spriy suoofst`bo i efitdfr hy tdf`r sdipf (spriy< witfr `b

vfry scinn jrmps hnmwb ermc tdf sfi)
tm sniakfb spffj tm snmw jmwb
mb iaamubt me   hfaiusf me 
0 j`bbfr liakft hniak liakft wmrb mb emrcin maais`mbs
iuat`mbffr [p`k/s'b`sS  tdf pfrsmb nfij`bo ib iuat`mb
jfspfritf i`r ['jfspir`tS  w`td ib `cprfss`mb me jfspi`r mb d`s eiaf
trfcfbjmus [tr`'cfbjssS  vfry orfit `b icmubt, jforff, ambsfqufbaf
tm sfnn emr  tm hf hmuodt it (f.o. i bfwspipfr sfnn`bo emr/it 97 p)
ip`faf (ijv.) fiad
aurrfbay [iS  tdf cmbfy `b usf `b i afrti`b amubtry
h`nns (I.F.), H.F. hibkbmtfs (mr< bmtfs)
ambvfrt`hnf (me i air) div`bo i rmme tdit aib hf emnjfj hiak 
aisuin [‐k&slmjnS  airfnfss, is `e hy adibaf
h`j meefr me i pr`af (it ib iuat`mb sinf)
97 tm hf kbmakfj jmwb emr tm hf smnj emr (ae. tdf iuat`mbffr‐s diccfr;
pdrisf< tm amcf ubjfr tdf diccfr)
tm eftad (i pr`af) tm sfnn emr, tm hr`bo `b
pibfnn`bo ['pifbin`oS wmmjwmrk amvfr`bo i winn
tm h`j (h`j, h`j) tm meefr tm piy i afrti`b pr`af (fsp. it ib iuat`mb)
tm e`ourf tm ainaunitf
Iby ijvibaf mb .. .= @s tdfrf ibyhmjy tm cikf i d`odfr h`j=
tm h`j s.m. up tm cikf tdf pr`af d`odfr emr s.m. hy i eurtdfr meefr
hinj [m<S (dfij) div`bo bm di`r (mb d`s dfij)
hfijs me swfit [`</fS scinn jrmps me pfrsp`rit`mb (Qadwf`e`trmpefb)
99 Om`bo . . . Om`bo . . . Ombf! zuc frstfb, zuc zwf`tfb, zuc jr`ttfb!
twfbty-mbf dubjrfj-mjj i n`ttnf cmrf tdib 8,977 pmubjs (ae. 87-mjj yfirs)
pmubjs
adir`t`fs mroib`zit`mbs dfnp`bo tdf pmmr
orit`ey`bo o`v`bo pnfisurf ibj sit`seiat`mb
oinf i vfry strmbo w`bj
tm pffr ['p`sS tm nmmk vfry airfeunny
pmrtdmnf i scinn rmubj w`bjmw `b i sd`p
hubk  mbf me twm hfjs e`xfj mbf ihmvf tdf mtdfr
tm jriw adfqufs  tm wr`tf mut adfqufs wdfb ymu wibt tm huy s.td.
`bstincfbts mb s.td. s`bonf (usu. cmbtdny) piycfbts wd`ad, `b t`cf, w`nn
amcpnftf eunn piycfbt me s.td.
Fbayanmpifj`i 
[fb.si`khu'pkjlsS 
tdfrf wis bm pm`bt `b jm`bo  `t wis usfnfss/pm`btnfss tm jm s.td.
s.td.
tm put `b rfvfrsf tm aiusf tm cmvf hiakwirj
istfrb [s'st1<bS (ijv.) me i sd`p< hiakwirj

:5

 
:
  

98   _dy fvfr bmt= (ijv.) o`v`bo fcpdis`s tm tdf qufst`mb

ienmit enmit`bo mb witfr
tm kbmak 17 c`nfs mee tdf tm aut, hr`bo jmwb tdf jiy‐s rub hy 17 c`nfs
aniy‐s rub
tm tipfr tm hfamcf orijuinny birrmwfr
hmnnirj i sdmrt, td`ak pmst wdfrf sd`ps irf eistfbfj
tm trfij [fS (trmj, trmjjfb) tm wink, stfp
huttmaks ['hItmksS  tdf pirt me tdf hmjy mb wd`ad mbf s`ts
ij vfr tfb t [0j'v1<t0btS  ittfbt`vf, airfeun
tm ei`n s.m. x tm j`sippm`bt tdf dmpfs mr trust me s.m. :.
tm tikf i adibaf tm rub i r`sk
91 `t maaurs tm cf  `t amcfs `btm cy c`bj
a`bad (s`.) s.td. jmbf fis`ny (Knf`b`okf`t)
nmubof [nimbj;S  i amcemrtihnf s`tt`bo-rmmc `b i dmtfn, mb i sd`p
ipmnmoy [1'pmhj1`S i ofsturf (mr stitfcfbt) fxprfss`bo rforft emr
smcftd`bo ymu divf jmbf wrmbo
tm fjof iwiy tm cmvf iwiy n`ttnf hy n`ttnf
df rftrfitfj ihmut tfb piafs  df winkfj hiak ihmut tfb stfps
sdirk e`sd, metfb jibofrmus tm pfmpnf (Di`)
tm jfniy [j`'nf`S tm stmp emr i t`cf
tm sw`bo tdf hinibaf `b mbf‐s dfrf< tm oft i hfttfr adibaf me suaafss
eivmur
tm diun [m<S up tm punn up
n`efhmit scinn hmit usfj emr siv`bo pfmpnf
surrfpt`t`musny [RIrmp't`lmsn`S (ijv.) jmbf sfarftny, fsp. emr j`sdmbfst rfismbs
9: tm issi`n tm ittiak v`mnfbtny
tm anfir (tdf prmpfnnfr) tm oft eir fbmuod iwiy ermc
hfnny enmp ib iwkwirj lucp, nibj`bo mb tdf hfnny
d`od j`vf d`od pnitemrc `b i sw`cc`bo-pmmn
pm`sfj [pm`zjS `b i stitf me rfij`bfss tm cmvf
sprfijfionfj w`td ircs ibj nfos sprfij mut
n`efhfnt i r`bo e`nnfj w`td amrk 
tm sw`bo (swubo, swubo) tm turb qu`akny (rmubj)
(tdf sd`p‐s) wikf tdf triak nfet hy tdf sd`p `b tdf witfr
t`by ['ti`b`S  vfry scinn `bjffj
emic   tdf wd`t`sd ciss mb tdf wivfs
hmhh`bo  cmv`bo qu`akny ibj rfpfitfjny up ibj jmwb
spfak i scinn spmt, jmt
96   ibounir ['ifqolutiS w`td hmbfs anfirny tm hf sffb
tm spmt  tm p`ak mut w`td tdf fyf, tm sff/rfamob`zf
sp`bstfr ib ubcirr`fj (mnj) wmcib
infrt [i'hrtS  witadeun, qu`ak ti sff ibj iat
tm hf cfibt tm tm divf tm, tm hf suppmsfj tm (jm s.td.)

:?

 
:
  

8. Fxfra`sfs

8.9. _m rj-e`fnj stujy <

Amnnfat w mrj citfr`in ermc tdf tfxt me td`s stmry ibj ormu p `t ubj fr „I ua
t`mb ibj cmbfy– ibj „Qd`p/sfi ibj vmyiof–. Jm ymu kbmw ijj`t`mbin
wmrjs ibj pdrisfs=

8.8. Oriccir<
Jidn smcft`cfs usfs tdf ijlfat`vf emrc wdfrf Qtibjirj Fbon`sd wmunj
bmrcinny rfqu`rf ib ijvfrh. Zry tm e`bj fxicpnfs me td`s `b tdf tfxt.

@@. Amcprfdfbs`mb

9. _ di t, i t e`rst s`odt, sffcs tm hf tdf tdfc f me td`s stmry= ‚ Xf efr tm

tdf n`tfrin cfib`bo me `ts t`tnf.
8. _ dfr f `s tdf stmry sft ibj wd it jm wf nfirb ihm ut tdf wfitdf r=
1. Jfsar`hf tdf ofbfrin itcmspdfrf mb hmirj tdf sd`p. ‚ @s tdfrf i
adibo f `b tdf pissfbo frs‐ cmm j=
:. It wd it pm`bt `s C r _`nn`ic Hmt`hmn `btrmjuaf j tm tdf rfi jfr= ‚ Ibj
w dit irf tdf e`rst td`bos wf oft tm kb mw ihmu t d`c=
6. _ dm jmfs df tink tm emr i ambs`jfrihnf t`cf=
5. _d`spfr`bo urofbtny `b tdf pursfr‐s fir, df isks qu`tf i buchfr me
qufst`mbs. A ib ymu qumtf tdfc `b tdf`r amrrfat mrjfr=
?. _ dy jmfs Cr Hmt`hmn nfivf tdf j`b`bo -rmmc emr tdf mpfb jfak=
4. Ai b ymu jfsar`hf Cr Hmt`hmn‐s nmmks ibj tdmuo dts `cc fj`itfny hfemrf
tdf hfo`bb`bo me tdf iuat`mb=
0. _ di t smrt me i oicf `s tdf iuat`mb= ‚ D mw jmfs `t wm rk=
97. _ d i t dis Cr Hmt`hmn jfa`j fj tm jm= ‚ _ d it `s d`s h`j=
99. _ di t `s tdf wf itd fr n`kf mb tdf emnnmw`bo c mrb`bo= ‚ @s tdi t me iby
s`ob`e`aibaf tm d`s pnibs ibj `btfbt`mbs=
98. _ df b `b utt fr jfspi `r, df sujj fbny dis ib `jfi. _ di t `s `t=
91. C r Hmt`hmn `s mu t mb jfak ioi`b. Dm w `s df jrfssfj bmw ibj emr wd it
rfismb=
9:. _ dy jmfs df ijjrfss tdf eit wm c ib nfib`bo mvfr tdf ri`n=
96. D mw jmfs tdf wm cib rfi at wd fb C r Hmt`hmn lucps mvfrhmirj=
95. _ dy jmfs tdf nijy bm t o`vf tdf inirc= ‚ O`vf rfismbs.
9?. Irf tdf rf i by eurt df r `cpn`ait`mbs `b tdf t`tnf me tdf stmry=

:4

 
:
  

Kitdfr`bf Cibse`fnj, Zdf Jmnn‐s Dmusf

H`moripd`ain Bmtfs

Kitdfr`bf Cibse`fnj wis hmrb `b _fnn`botmb, Bfw \finibj, `b 9444.

_dfb sdf wis 91 dfr eitdfr, i hibkfr ibj `bjustr`in`st, sfbt dfr tm Nmb
jmb, wdfrf sdf ittfbjfj Yuffb‐s Amnnfof. Qdf rfturbfj tm Bfw \finibj
`b 9075, hut, e`bj`bo n`ef tdfrf mpprfss`vfny prmv`ba`in, sdf oi`bfj pfr
c`ss`mb tm rfturrn tm Fb onibj twm yfirs nitfr. *
@b tdf hfo`bb`bo dfr `btfrfsts turbfj tm cus`a ritdfr tdib tm wr`t`bo. @b
9070 sdf cirr`fj Ofmrof Hmwjfb, i cus`a`ib, hut nfet d`c ietfr mbny i
efw jiys. @b 9099 sdf cft Lm db C `jjnftmb C urry, w dm nitfr hfaic f i ei
cmus n`tfriry ar`t`a. Qdf mhti`bf j i j`vmraf ermc Hmwjf b `b 9094 ibj suh
sfqufbtny cirr`fj Curry.
Dfr hrmtdfr‐s jfitd `b tdf E`rst _mrnj _ir aiusfj dfr tm rfambs`jfr
dfr B fw \fi nibj ad`njdmmj. D fr hfst stmr`fs irf sft `b dfr bit`vf amubtry.
Qdf wmb n`tfriry eicf wdfb  Hn`ss ibj M td fr Qtmr`fs   wis `ssufj `b 9087.
Mtdfr amnnfat`mbs me stmr`fs emnnmwfj< Zdf Oirjfb Wirty   (9088), Zdf  
 J mvf's B fst   (9081), Qmcftd`bo Ad`nj`sd   (908:) ibj Zdf Inmf   (9017). Zdf
nittfr tdrff wfrf puhn`sdfj ietfr dfr jfitd ermc tuhfraunms`s `b Wir`s `b
9081.
Dfr sdmrt stmr`fs jfpfbj nfss mb mutwirj fvfbt tdib mb suhtnf jfsar`p
t`mb ibj ibinyt`ain pmwfr. Zdf Jmnn's Dmusf  `s strmbony iu tmh `mo rip d`a in<
Z dfr f wis ib Iubt Hfryn, df r c mtdf r‐s ymu bof r s`stfr, ibj tdfrf w frf Crs
Kfnvfy ibj dfr jiuodtfrs, wdm n`vfj bfir _fnn`botmb.

@. 9. Umaihuniry

95   airtfr s.m. wdm jr`vfs i dmrsf ibj airt

tm prmp up tm suppmrt, tm kffp `b pms`t`mb
effj-rmmc rmmc `b wd`ad emmj emr ib`cins `s kfpt
siak`bo rmuod anmtd emr cik`bo siaks; dfrf<amursf  ci
tfr`in usfj tm wrip s.td. up
sp`biad ['sp`b`j 1 S  vfoftihnf wdmsf orffb nfivfs irf fitfb (Qp`bit)
p`akfj mut w`td hr`odt yfnnmw w`td hr`odt yfnnmw dfrf ibj tdfrf tm rfn`fvf tdf
orffb
tm onfic   tm sd`bf hr`odtny
virb`sd dirj sd`b`bo amit`bo mb tdf sureiaf me s.td. (Vhfr-
zuo)
snih i td`ak enit p`faf
strfik  hibj, str`p

:0

 
:
  

pmrad hu`nt-mut rmmefj jmmrwiy (fbtribaf) tm i hu`nj`bo

nucp ciss me s.td. smn`j (usu. w`tdmut i spfa`in sdipf;
hut< i nucp me suoir)
ambofinfj [kib'aR``njS td`akfbfj, div`bo hfamcf st`ee (inwiys ubpnfisibt)
tm pr`sf mpfb tm emraf mpfb
tm pffr tm nmmk anmsfny, is `e ubihnf tm sff wfnn
cfib pmmr `b ippfiribaf, sdihhy-nmmk`bo
kbmakfr p`faf me cftin mb i jmmr emr kbmak`bo mb `t
9? arijnf scinn hfj (hmxfj `b mr fbanmsfj) emr i hihy, usu.
cijf sm tdit `t aib hf cmvfj
jrfssfr p`faf me k`tadfb eurb`turf w`td mpfb sdfnvfs ihmvf
ibj auphmirjs hfnmw
 luo i pmt w`td i dibjnf ibj i n`p emr pmur`bo n`qu`js
(f. o. i c`nk-luo)
ichfr [ifchsS yfnnmw`sd-hrmwb dirj suhstibaf usfj emr mrbi
cfbts fta. (Hfrbstf`b)
onmhf rmubj oniss usfj is i nicpsdijf
tm spriwn tm s`t mr n`f w`td tdf ircs ibj nfos sprfij mut
nmmsfny
tm hmist  tm hrio, tm sdmw mee
hmssy embj me o`v`bo mrjfrs
tm hrusd tdrmuod tm tmuad wdfb piss`bo; dfrf< tm wink tdrmuod,
tmuad`bo . . .
huttfraup w`nj pnibt w`td yfnnmw enmwfrs (Huttfrhnucf, Did-
bfbeue`)
tm tri`psf [trf`psS  tm wink irmubj i`cnfssny
tirrfj [i<S amvfrfj w`td tir (Zffr)
pin`bos efbaf cijf me pm`btfj p`fafs me wmmj
tm libonf ['j1ifoo(0)nS tm cikf i dirj ubpnfisibt smubj, is me cftin
str`k`bo ioi`bst cftin
tm wd`p mee tm tikf mee qu`akny
tm ainn tdf rmnn tm rfij tdf bicfs (tm adfak wdm `s prfsfbt ibj
wdm `s ihsfbt)
tm hfic   tm sc`nf dipp`ny
tm enittfr tm pri`sf s.m. `bs`bafrfny `b mrjfr tm pnfisf
94 tm bujof [bIj1S tm pusd sn`odtny w`td tdf fnhmw
tm o`oonf [o`onS tm niuod `b i s`nny wiy
rujf [ru<jS `cpmn`tf, w`nj
tm sdub  tm ivm`j
spry n`vfny, iat`vf
oimnh`rj ['j1f`n-S (s`.) pfrsmb wdm `s mr dis hffb `b pr`smb
ambsp`aumus [ksb'sp`klmssS  ittriat`bo ittfbt`mb
stmut pnucp mr eit

47

 
:
  

pni`b  mrj`biry, bmt prftty

erfaknfs  spmts mb tdf eiaf aiusfj hy subhurb
sfrof [s1<j1S strmbo anmtd, usu. wmvfb ermc wmmn
irt-sfrof irt`e`a`in sfrof
pfradfj hinibafj prfair`musny
tm tr`c tm jfamritf mr mrbicfbt
qu`nn [kw`nS nirof ti`n efitdfr
ouy pfrsmb jrfssfj `b i quffr-nmmk`bo wiy
w`sd-hmbf U-sdipfj hmbf `b i ad`akfb mr h`rj, tdf fbjs me
wd`ad aib fis`ny hf punnfj ipirt; dfrf< i vfry
nfib pfrsmb
tm armp tm aut sdmrt
sarfwfj up `b dfr dibj tw`stfj ibj dfnj t`odtny `b dfr dibj
90 tuo  sujjfb dirj punn •
tw`tad sujjfb qu`ak punn
tm dmvfr ['dmvmS dfrf< tm rfci`b (wi`t) mb tdf mutsk`rts me i ormup,
dmpfeunny
tm sbffr tm sc`nf `b i cmak`bo eisd`mb tdit fxprfssfs prmuj
j`sn`kf
sdicfeiafj t`c`j; sdmw`bo sdicf
tffby ['t`<cS t`by, vfry scinn
riof strmbo hut tfcpmriry `btfrfst; s.td. vfry eisd`mbi
hnf
tdf j`bbfr dmur wis o`vfb up tdf ci`b tdfcf j`saussfj jur`bo tdf j`bbfr dmur
tm wis . . .
 lmdbby aikf aikf cijf me ci`zf (amrb) enmur
hnmh spmt me amnmur (suoofst`mb me td`akbfss)
tdf suhlfat enioofj tdf `btfrfst fhhfj iwiy
87 `b i vfry cfib`bo wiy `bj`ait`bo ib `cpmrtibt (d`jjfb) tdmuodt, suo
ofst`bo tdit sdf kbmws cmrf tdib sdf `s prf
pirfj tm siy
tm sbip tm enisd (sdmw`bo fxa`tfcfbt)
squfin  i nmbo, vfry d`od ary
tm sn`jf  tm cmvf ymur efft mvfr i scmmtd sureiaf w`tdmut
n`et`bo tdfc (is mb `af)
tm on`jf tm cmvf inmbo `b i snmw ibj oriafeun eisd`mb
jrioo`bo mbf emmt punn`bo mbf emmt hfd`bj
_dit i sfnn emr Nfbi! _dit i j`sippm`btcfbt emr Nfbi!
tm t`ttfr  tm o`vf i s`nny, dine-supprfssfj niuod (k`adfrb)
tm d`ss tm cikf i bisty s`h`nibt (s-smubj) wd`spfr tdrmuod
tdf tfftd
sp`tfeun ditfeun, niuod`bo it tdf c`semrtubf me mtdfrs
huooy airr`iof punnfj hy mbf dmrsf

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:
  

p`biemrf ['p`bsem<S nmmsf oircfbt tdit jmfsb‐t amvfr tdf ircs (ibj
smcft`cfs bmt tdf hiak), wmrb mvfr i jrfss tm
kffp `t anfib
tm td`fvf mut (usu. tm stfin tm nfivf w`tdmut ibyhmjy bmt`a`bo
mut)
j mt scinn spmt
89 tm anichfr  tm an`ch w`td smcf j`ee`aunty
istmubjfj  mvframcf (sdmakfj) w`td surpr`sf
tm oisp [i<S  tm aitad tdf hrfitd sujjfbny ibj `b i wiy tdit aib
hf dfirj
tm `cpnmrf  tm pnfij, tm isk s.m. `b i hfoo`bo cibbfr
tm ermwb tm jriw tdf fyfhrmws tmoftdfr
i striy ait i ait w`tdmut ib mwbfr, w`tdmut i dmcf
tm sbmrt tm cikf i bm`sf hy hnmw`bo i`r v`mnfbtny mut
tdrmuod tdf bmsf
tm ubjm tm nmmsfb
tm o`vf i stirt tm cikf i qu`ak ubambtrmnnfj cmvfcfbt, is ermc
sujjfb surpr`sf ibj efir
88 tm sdmm tm jr`vf iwiy (usu. h`rjs)
tm sdr`bk tmoftdfr tm hfamcf scinnfr (hfaiusf me sdicf, efir fta.)
tm dujjnf inmbo tm durry inmbo w`td stmmpfj sdmunjfrs
jizfj hfw`njfrfj
tdfy . .. squffzfj mut me tdf tdfy emrafj tdf`r wiy mut tdrmuod i scinn oip `b
wd`tf oitf tdf oitf
w`akfj ['w`k`jS hij, `ccmrin
tm snic (i jmmr) tm sdut (i jmmr) v`mnfbtny ibj bm`s`ny
tm o`vf i samnj`bo  tm hnicf w`td ibory wmrjs
odistny (amnn.) tfrr`hnf, ubpnfisibt
tm duc   tm s`bo w`td anmsfj n`ps
pijjmak  scinn, usu. fbanmsfj, e`fnj me oriss wdfrf dmrsfs
irf kfpt mr fxfra`sfj (Kmppfn); (Iustrin.) fb
anmsfj e`fnj
arffk (H.F.) hiakwitfr, i nmbo birrmw hmjy me witfr
rfiad`bo ermc tdf sfi, i nikf fta. `btm tdf nibj;
(I.F.) i scinn r`vfr
wittnf Iustrin`ib pnibt (iaia`i) w`td yfnnmw enmwfrs,
admsfb is ib fchnfc me tdit amubtry
armss (amnn.) ibory
tm strmkf tm piss mbf‐s dibj mvfr ofbtny (aits n`kf hf`bo
strmkfj)

64

 
:
  

8. Fxfra`sfs

8.9 W ut `b tdf r`odt prfp ms`t`mb

9. M nj Crs D iy dij hffb stiy`bo . . .t df Hurbfnns.
8. Z df dm mk .. . tdf s`jf wis stuak eist.
1. Z df ad`njrfb stmmj tdfrf oiz`b o . .. tdfn`ttnfdmusf.
:. Zd frf wfrf p`aturfs . . . tdf winns.
6. Z d f Hurbfnn o`rns hurb fj tm h m i s t. . . tdf `r jmnn‐s dmusf.
5. Nmtt`f ibj Kfz`i kbfw tdf pmwf rs tdi t w f b t. . . hf`bo fnjfst. «
?. Zd fy wfrf innmwfj tm isk tdf o`rns .. . sadmmn, twm . . . i t`cf, tm amcf
ibj nmmk.
4. . . . tdf t`cf tdfy dij rfiad fj tdf sadmmn tdf hfnn dij hfoub tm libonf.
0. @sihfn tr`fj tm c ikf . . . em r `t hy nmmk`b o vfry `c pmrti bt.
97. . . . tdf pniyormubj ibj . . . tdf rmij tdfrf wis N`n cirad`bo `b ermbt
ibj mur Fnsf dmnj`bo . . . tm dfr.
99. Fc c`f b mj j fj . . . @sihfn is sdf dij sff b df r cm td fr jm . . . td msf m a
ais`mbs.
98. Z df o`rns wf rf jffpny fxa`tfj, w`nj . . . lmy.

8.8  Xfpniaf tdf wmrj(s) `b hmnj typf

9. Zd f eitd fr ibj c mtdf r jmnns nmmkfj is `e tdfy dij hfamcf ubamb
sa`mus.
8. Zd f Hurbfnn ad`njrfb wibtfj tm h ri o ih mut tdf`r bfw jmnn‐s dmusf.
1. Is tdf Hurbfnns jftfrc `bf j w d it wis eisd`mb ihnf `b inn cittfrs me hf
div`mur, tdf Kfnvfys wfrf ivm`jfj hy fvfryhmjy.
:. M u r Fnsf wis inwiys dmnj`bo mb tm d fr s`stfr‐s jrfss.
6. _ dfb K fz`i cfbt`mbfj tdf nicp bmhmj y airfj.
5. Niu od`bo `b i s`nny wiy Nfbi wf bt mv fr tm tdf Kfnvfys.
?. Nfb i amu njb ‐t stibj N`n‐s sdic feiaf j sc`nf.
4. Z d f n`ttnf Kfnvfys w frf mvf ramc f w`td surpr`sf.
0. M u r Fnsf wis nmmk`b o i t dfr s`stfr w`td h`o hfoo`bo fyfs.
97. W it tm mk mee tdf dmmk .

8.1 Ij lfat`vf mr ijvfrh e 

9. Z d f scfnn me pi`b t cij f Iu bt Hfryn effn (sfr`mus) `nn.
8. Z df rf wf rf twm (smn`j) n`ttnf ad`cbfys on``fj mb tm tdf rmme.
1. _ d m amu nj (pmss`hnf) c`bj tdf scfnn me suad i (pfrefat) n`ttnf dmusf.
:. @t wis cuad c mrf (fxa`t`bo) tdib pff r`bo tdrm uo d tdf sn`t me i jmmr.
6. _ di t Kfz`i n`kfj (er`odteun) wis tdf nicp.

Q1

 
:
  

5. Z df ad `njrfb dij tm stibj (qu`ft) `b tdf amurty irj.

?. @sihfn tr`fj tm ci kf up em r `t hy nmmk `bo vfry (cystfr`mus).
4. Zd fy wfrf tdf jiuodtfrs me i (dirj) wmrk`bo wisdfrwmcib.
0. N`n nmmkf j i t Fnsf vfry (jmuh teun). _ df b tdf y ipp rmi adf j tdf j mnn‐s
dmusf sdf hrfitdfj (nmuj).
97. „_ `akf j, (j`smh fj`fbt) o`rn– , si`j Iu bt Hfryn (h`ttfr) tm Kfz`i.

99. Amcprfdfbs`mb

9. _ dy `s tdf jmnn‐s dmusf pu t `btm tdf amu rtyi rj ibj bm t `btm tdf dmusf=
8. _ di t `s tdf j`eefrfbaf hftwffb td`s jmnn‐s dmusf ibj ib mrj `bi ry mbf=
1. _dy irf tdf Hurbfnn ad`njrfb ibj tdf`r er`fbjs sm fxa`tfj ihmut tdf
bfw dmusf=
:. _ di t jmfs Kfz`i n`kf hfst ihm ut tdf dmusf=
6. Jfsar`hf tdf rfnit`mbsd`p hftwffb tdf Hurbfnn s`stfrs ibj td it hftwffb
tdf twm Kfnvfy s`stfrs.
5. D m w jmfs @sihfn irmusf tdf mtdf r o`rns‐ `btfrfst=
?. D mw jm tdf cilmr`ty me tdf o`rns hfdivf wdfb tdfy armwj irmu bj @si
hfn tm n`stfb tm dfr bfws=
4. _ dy jm tdf Kfnvfy s`stfrs bm t jirf tm ipp rmi ad tdf m tdf r o`rns=
0. _ di t jm N`n ibj „ M ur Fnsf– nmm k n`kf=
97. Jfsa r`hf N fbi ‐s hfd iv`m ur tmwi rjs tdf Kfnvfy o`rns.
99. _ dy jm tdf o`rns sk`p sm d`od iet fr Nf bi‐s sp`tfeun iat`mb=
98. D mw jmfs Kfz `i hfdivf wd fb tdf Kfnvfy o`rns turb up it tdf Hurbfnns‐
dmusf=
91. D m w jmfs Iu bt Hfryn trfit tdfc wdfb sdf sffs tdfc stib j`bo `b erm bt
me tdf jmnn‐s dmusf= _dit irf tdf rfismbs emr dfr hfdiv`mur=

` 
6:

 
:
  

Inub Nfw`s, Zdf Nipsf

H`moripd`ain Bmtfs

Inub Nfw`s (90 96‚ 90::) orfw up `b i _ fnsd c`b `bo vinnfy ibj w`tbfssfj
tdf jfprfss`mb me tdf `btfrwir yfirs, tdmuod df d`csfne fblmyfj tdf rfni
t`vf sfaur`ty me i sadmmncistfr‐s dmcf. Zdf uon`bfss me `bjustr`in`sc, sm
a`in ibj fambmc`a fv`ns, ibj tdf wirctd me d`s eic`ny n`ef sdipfj d`s amb
sa`musbfss. Df oi`bfj j`st`bat`mb is i d`stmry stujfbt it Cibadfstfr Vb`
vfrs`ty, hut rfsfirad dfnj bm eisa`bit`mb emr d`c. Df lm`bfj tdf Qmutd
_infs Hmrjfrfrs rfo`cfbt ibj `b 90:8 wis tribsefrrfj tm @bj`i. Df wis
k`nnfj `b ib iaa`jfbt wd`nf mb iat`vf sfrv`af `b Hurci.
Zdf Nipsf   `s tikfb ermc Zdf Nist @bspfat`mb   (90:8), i amnnfat`mb me
stmr`fs. Nfw`s‐s his`a ambaf rb wis w`td fssfbt`inny s`cpnf pfmp nf w dm smc f
dmw prfsfrvf tdf`r `btfor`ty ibj sft pfrsmbin nmyint`fs ioi`bst ibj ihmvf
tdf `cpfrsmbin emrafs irmubj tdfc. @b mbf me d`s nfttfrs df wrmtf< „@ e`bj
cysfne qu`tf ubihnf tm fxprfss it mbaf tdf piss`mb me Nmvf, tdf amnjbfss me
Jfitd, ibj tdf e`rf tdit hfits ioi`bst rfs`obit`mb, iaafptibaf. Iaafptibaf
sffcs sm sp`r`tnfss, prmtfst sm vi`b. @b hftwffb tdf twm @ n`vf.–

@. 9. U m a i h u n i r y

81 sfismb t`akft i t`akft usihnf iby buchfr me t`cfs (is emr ri`nwiy
mr hus tr`ps hftwffb twm pniafs) jur`bo i e`xfj
pfr`mj me t`cf
tm kb`t [b`tS tm cikf anmtdfs hy us`bo bffjnfs ibj wmmn
 lucpfr i k`bj me punnmvfr
pmrk-p`f dit typf me dit w`td i enit rmubj tmp
tm tuak s.td. ioi`bst s.td. fnsf tm pusd `btm i ambvfb`fbt pms`t`mb
sduttnf ib `bstrucfbt usfj `b wfiv`bo (Qad`eeadfb)
wmrkwirjs ibtmbyc< dmcfwirjs
hfit rdytdc
tdf Zurk-Q`h ['ti`k's`hS  tdf Zurk`stib-Q`hfr`ib Xi`nwiy
cmul`ks ['cu<1 `ksS  Xuss`ib pfisibts
tm yiwb [lm`bS  tm mpfb tdf cmutd w`jf, is wdfb t`rfj
snittfrbny j`rty, ubt`jy
Hibk dmn`jiys puhn`a dmn`jiys `b tdf Hr`t`sd @snfs, f.o. Fistfr
Cmbjiy, Ommj Er`jiy, Qpr`bo Dmn`jiy (tdf nist
Cmbjiy `b Ciy)
jrih adffrnfss, junn
dmtadpmtad (usu. i buchfr me td`bos c`xfj up w`tdmut iby
sfbs`hnf mrjfr me irribofcfbt); dfrf<j`smrjfrny

66

 
:
  

hiaks  /2frf<hiak oirjfbs

tm r`jjnf tdf isdfs tm piss tdf isdfs tdrmuod i s`fvf (sm is tm kffp tdf
rfst me tdf amins)
tm ambjfcb s.m. tm stitf tdf pub`sdcfbt me i ou`nty pfrsmb, fsp. i
pub`sdcfbt me jfitd mr nmbo `cpr`smbcfbt
tm sfrvf dfrf< tm spfbj i pfr`mj me t`cf `b pr`smb (f.o. tm
sfrvf i sfbtfbaf)
n`efr (s`.) dfrf`b  sfbtfbaf me `cpr`smbcfbt emr n`ef
wrfbad [rfbt/S i sujjfb punn
tm swmmp tm jfsafbj sdirpny
fchibkcfbt i ri`sfj struaturf inmbo i r`vfr tm dmnj hiak witfr
mr tm airry i rmij mr ri`nwiy
tm sw`rn [sw1<nS tm cmvf w`td tw`st`bo turbs
jrmp dfrf< tdf df`odt ermc tdf hr`jof tm tdf r`vfr
sdffr [L`sS stri`odt jmwb
p`t me tdf stmciad ['stIcmkS tdf dmnnmw pniaf lust hfnmw tdf hmbfs me tdf adfst
(tdmuodt me is hf`bo tdf pniaf wdfrf efir `s efnt)
tm enisd tm cmvf vfry eist (n`kf n`odtb`bo)
iaafnfribjm [ifk,sfh'rifbj0uS (@tin.) cmv`bo eistfr
autt`bo i pissiof aut tdrmuod nibj mr i emrfst sm tdit i
rmij, ri`nwiy, fta. aib piss
tm om tm tdf p`aturfs tm om tm tdf a`bfci
bip (eic`n`ir) i sdmrt snffp, fsp. jur`bo tdf jiy
strmnn i wink emr pnfisurf
oribj spnfbj`j, `cpmrtibt, orfit
8 : tm wmne s.td. (jmwb) tm fit qu`akny (w`td orffj), n`kf i wmne 
tm swfit [swftS (sadw`tzfb)
sitadfn i sadmmn-hio airr`fj mvfr tdf sdmunjfrs
sar`cpy ‚sk`cpy< cfiorf, td`b
tm pmkf tm pusd sdirpny mut me mr tdrmuod ib mpfb`bo
er`bof dfrf< (Wmbyer`sur)
prmc`bfbt stibj`bo mr strftad`bo mut (hfymbj i sureiaf)
sfc`-jftiadfj ['sfc`S dmusfs  lm`bfj tm ibmtdfr dmusf mb mbf s`jf mbny
dujjnf i buchfr me td`bos, anmsf tmoftdfr ibj bmt `b
mrjfrfj irribofcfbt
(`bemrcin) tm divf i sdmrt snffp (ae. —bip‐)
mik-ippnf i scinn rmubj hrmwb ormwtd tdit emrcs mb tdf
nfivfs me mik trffs rmubj tdf foos ni`j hy ib `b
sfat (Oinnipefn)
nip tdf ermbt pirt me i sfitfj pfrsmb hftwffb tdf wi`st
ibj tdf kbffs
tm jiubt [jm<btS tm aiusf tm nmsf amuriof mr tdf w`nn tm iat
tm scisd tm jfstrmy hy aius`bo tm hrfik `btm p`fafs

45

 
:
  

amcc ub`ait`mb amrj [km<jS  fcfrofbay hrikf

tm hi ttfr it hfit dirj ibj rfpfitfjny
sdujjfr ib ubambtrmnnihnf sdikf
h`sau`t eiaijf ['h`sk`t ei'si`jS  hrmwb`sd ermbt me hu`nj`bo
tm euchnf ‐ tm cmvf tdf e`bofrs mr dibjs iwkwirjny ibj bfr
vmusny `b ib ittfcpt tm jm s.td.
tm tuo it s.td. tm punn s.td. w`td emraf mr cuad feemrt
86 emmtpnitf pnitemrc `b i nmamcmt`vf emr tdf jr`vfr ibj e`rf
cib R
dmmt tdf smubj cijf hy i air dmrb, emodmrb mr hy i
stfic-wd`stnf
tm sarichnf tm cmvf mr an`ch qu`akny
tm hnispdfcf [-'e`ncS  tm usf hij nibouiof, aursf
tm qu`vfr  tm trfchnf (i n`ttnf)
tm snmuad  tm wink `b i t`rfj wiy
tm snucp  tm einn/jrmp dfiv`ny
tm anfbad  tm prfss e`rcny tmoftdfr
scuts Search h`ts me j`rt mr smmt
sdr`fk sarfic; dfrf< tdf smubj cijf hy i stfic-wd`stnf
tm t`jy s.td. tm cikf s.td. bfit, put s.td. `b mrjfr ioi`b
tm skfwfr ['sklu<iS  tm eistfb w`td i nmbo wmmjfb mr cftin p`b
tm sn`bk (snubk, snubk) pist  tm cmvf qu`ftny ibj sfarftny, cmvf `b i ou`nty
s.td. cibbfr is tdmuod isdicfj
" Save

8. Fxfra`sfs

8.9 _ mrj -e`fnj stujy<

Cikf i n`st me inn tdf wmrjs `b tdf s tmry tdi t divf tm jm w `td tdf ri`nwiy.
Cikf i n`st me inn tdf wmrjs tdit jfbmtf cmvfcfbt. E`bj piripdrisfs
ibj/mr Ofrcib fqu`vinfbts.
Cikf i n`st me inn tdf ijlfat`vfs tdit divf bfoit`vf ambbmtit`mbs.

8.8 Wdrisin fxprfss`mbs<

Nfirb tdf emnnmw`bo fxprfss`mbs; eic`n`ir`zf ymursfne w`td tdf cfib`bos
tdfy divf `b tdf tfxt ibj tdfb cikf up sfbtfbafs me ymur mwb.
Df wis wi`t`bo emr tdf tri`b tm stirt ‚ tdfsf nist e`vf yfirs ‚ tw`af i
jiy/e`vf t`cfs i wffk ‚ tm hf ambjfcbfj tm sfrvf i sfbtfbaf ‚ @ jmb‐t
kbmw wdit tm jm/wdfrf tm om/wdm tm isk, fta. ‚ @ aib‐t cikf up cy
c`bj ‚ sdf ‐nn hf s`tt`bo mppm s`tf c f ‚ df r. sdmfs bff j s mn `bo /td f winns
bffj pipfr`bo ‚ tm effn smrry emr i pfrsmb ‚ inn me i sujjfb ‚ `b istmb
`sdcfbt

4?

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8.1 E`nn `b Cancel
Books oips<anytime.
tdf Audiobooks Documents
Xfefr tm tdf vmaihuniry n`sts, tdf wmrj-e`fnjs ibj tdf pdrisin fxprfss`mbs
ihmvf.
9. D fb ry sd mw fj d`s . . . tm tdf pm rtf r.
Read8.free forjmbf
D f dij 30td`sdays
lmurbfy ciby t`cfs . . . .
1. B m t ciby me tdfc kbfw tdit tdfy dij hffb . . . i n`efr.
:. @ jmb ‐t kbmw w d i t. . ., @ aib bfvfr cikf . . . .
6. Qd f‐nn hf s`tt`bo .. . D fb ry .
Learn more
5. Wf rd ip s sdf n`vfj `b tdf . . . dmusf s mb tdf r `odt=
?. Z df w mc ib ‐s s d m f s . . . smn`bo.
4. Qmc ftd`bo cij f d`c w ibt tm . .. tdf w`bjmws, p u nn . .. ibj sarfic.
0. Qm c fd mw df . . . em r dfr.
97. Ibj tdfb, . .., D fb ry omt up ibj winkfj jm wb tdf air.
99. D f euchnfj ibj .. . tdf airr`iof jmmr.
98. Z m cmvf rip`jny, turb `bo inn tdf t`cf 3
91. Z m wink `b ib iwkw irj airfnfss ci bbf r 3
9:. Z m jrmp dfiv`ny 3
96. Z m c mvf `b i ou`nty w iy 3

@@. Amcprfdfbs`mb

I. 9. D mw jmfs tdf stmry hfo`b ibj wd it jmfs D fb ry jm=

8. _ d`ad rmutf jmfs tdf tri`b tikf=
1. _ dit dippfbs it „dint buchfr mbf– =
:. _ di t jmfs D fb ry jm wd fb tdf tri`b stmps „w`td i sdujj fr– =
6. @s D fb ry mb tdf tri`b wdfb `t stirts cmv`bo ioi`b=
5. _ r`tf i succ iry me D fb ry ‐s iat`mbs.
H. 9. D mw nmb o ibj dmw metfb dis D fb ry jmbf td`s lmurbfy=
8. _ di t jmfs Df br y td`bk ih mut wd`nf tdf tri`b `s piss`bo tdf mutsk`rts
me tdf tmwb ibj rfiadfs tdf mpfb am ubtry=
1. _ di t jfti`ns jm wf nfirb ihm ut tdf o`rn=
:. _ dy jmfs D fb ry wib t tm punn tdf amccub`ait`mb amrj=
6. D mw jmfs df effn wdf b df ofts hiak mb tdf tri`b=
5. _ r`tf i succ iry me D fb ry ‐s tdmuodts.

44

 
:
  

Licfs Lmyaf, Fvfn`bf

H`moripd`ain Bmtfs

Licfs Lmyaf wis hmrb `b Juhn`b `b 9448. Df wis tdf fnjfst me „s`xtffb mr
sfvfbtffb a d`njrf b– , is d`s eitd fr pu t `t.
Df wis fjuaitfj it Lfsu`t sadmmns ibj nitfr ittfbjfj tdf Aitdmn`a Vb`
vfrs`ty Amnnfof, Juhn`b, wdfrf df stuj`fj Nit`b, @tin`ib, Erfbad ibj fvfb
Bmrwfo`ib sm tdit df amunj rfij @hsfb‐s pniys. Jfsp`tf d`s Aitdmn`a up
hr`bo`bo Lmyaf turbfj iwiy ermc Aitdmn`a`sc.
@b 907: df cirr`fj Bmri Hirbianf. Vbihnf tm cikf i n`v`bo is i wr`tfr,
df nfet @rfnibj `b 907: tm wmrk ihrmij is i nibouiof tfiadfr. Insm `b 907:
df hfoib wr`t`bo  Juhn`bfrs  (i ormup me sdmrt stmr`fs ermc wd`ad  F vfn`bf  `s
tikfb), wd`ad df amcpnftfj tdf emnnmw`bo yfir; hut `t wis bmt ubt`n 909:
tdit df amunj e`bj i puhn`sdfr emr d`s hmmk. @b  Juhn`bfrs   Lmyaf sft mut tm
„wr`tf i adiptfr me tdf cmrin d`stmry me cy amubtry . . . ubjfr emur me `ts
ispfats< ad`njdmmj, ijmnfsafbaf, citur`ty ibj puhn`a n`ef.–
D`s nirofny iutmh`moripd`ain bmvfn  I Wmr tri `t m e tdf I rt`st is i Pmubo  
 C ib wis   puhn`sdfj `b 9095. @b 9089 df e`b`sdfj Vnyssfs, wd`ad cijf d`c i
orfit `bbmvitmr me cmjfrb n`tfriturf.
Licfs Lmyaf sueefrfj ciby dirjsd`ps, n`v`bo `b pmvfrty emr cmst me d`s
n`ef ibj fbjur`bo sfvfrin fyf mpfrit`mbs. Df j`fj `b \ur`ad `b 90:9.
@b  F vfn`bf   df jfsar`hfs ib @r`sd o`rn niak`bo tdf strfbotd me ei`td, dmpf
ibj nmvf, sm tdit intdmuod sdf nmbos tm om iwiy sdf rfci`bs it dmcf.

@. 9. Umaihuniry

85 Fvfn`bf ['fvn`b/'`<vn`bS
bmstr`n f`tdfr me tdf twm mpfb`bos `b tdf bmsf
mjmur ['smjiS scfnn, fsp. ib ubpnfisibt mbf
arftmbbf ekrftmbS dfivy amttmb anmtd w`td pr`btfj pittfrbs (jfs`obs)
mb `t, usfj emr aurti`bs fta.
tm aniak  tm cikf mbf mr cmrf sujjfb qu`ak sdirp smubjs
is me twm p`fafs me wmmj struak tmoftdfr
tm arubad tm cikf i arusd`bo bm`sf is me fit`bo buts, wink
`bo mb ermzfb sbmw fta.
a`bjfr ['s`bjiS amin wd`ad nmmks n`kf stmbf ietfr `t dis hffb hurbt
Kfmod [klimS
hniaktdmrb tdmrby sdruh (husd) wd`ad dis wd`tf hnmssmcs ibj
purpnf eru`t (Qadnfdjmrb)
tm kffp b`x tm hf mb tdf nmmk-mut

60

 
:
  

Hnfssfj ['hnfs`jS... jfr/j`f Qfn`of . ..

Ciroirft Ciry Iniamquf Erfbad bub wdm dij i v`s`mb
i aisuin wmrj i wmrj `b piss`bo
tm ambsfbt tm tm iorff tm
sdfntfr prmtfat`mb; i pniaf tm n`vf `b
8? stmrfs i sdmp `b wd`ad ciby j`eefrfbt typfs me ommjs irf
smnj
tm divf ib fjof mb s.m.  @r`sd usiof< tm divf i dmst`nf itt`tujf tmwirjs s.m.
pinp`tit`mb hfit`bo me tdf dfirt tdit `s `rrfounir mr tmm eist
tm om emr s.m. tm hfit (ittiak) s.m.
nittfrny rfafbtny, me nitf
`bvir`ihnf ambstibt; dfrf< `bfv`tihnf
squihhnf ['skwmhnS quirrfn, fsp. mvfr s.td. ub`cpmrtibt
tm wfiry [`iS tm cikf t`rfj
tm squibjfr [mS tm spfbj emmn`sdny mr wistfeunny
tm nfivf tm tdf adirof me s.m. tm nfivf emr s.m. tm nmmk ietfr
Hufbms Iyrfs ['hwfbis'i`ir`zS cmjfrb spfnn`bo< Hufbms I`rfs
84 i pfikfj aip i aip w`td i aurvfj pirt wd`ad st`aks mut `b ermbt
ihmvf tdf fyfs
tm tuchnf tm einn j`smrjfrny
Zdf Hmdfc`ib O`rn mpfri hy C. _. Hinef, ib @r`sd amcpmsfr
[him'd`<clibS
fnitfj e`nnfj w`td lmy
tm hf amurt`bo tm try tm w`b tdf nmvf me s.m. w`td tdf i`c me
cirry`bo
niss [ifS i ymubo cib‐s o`rner`fbj
Qtri`ts me Ciofnnib i birrmw pissiof me witfr hftwffb tdf Qmutd
[ci'ofnibS Icfr`aib ambt`bfbt ibj Z`frri jfn Eufom
Witiomb`ib `bdih`tibt me Witiomb`i (smutdfrb pirt-me Irofb
t`bi)
adip (amnn.) efnnmw, cib, hmy
tm hf ni`j up tm hf kfpt `bjmmrs mr `b hfj w`td ib `nnbfss
Dmwtd [diu7S pniaf bfir Juhn`b
hmbbft ['hmb`tS smrt me dit t`fj ubjfr tdf ad`b
i`r tubf, cfnmjy
anmsf [kniusS niak`bo erfsd i`r, wirc ibj stueey
80 tm strut tm wink `b i prmuj wiy, try`bo tm nmmk `cpmrtibt
tm cusf [clu<zS tm innmw mbf‐s tdmuodts tm wibjfr
spfnn adirc, cio`ain pmwfr
qu`ak  tdf cmst sfbs`t`vf pirt, jfptd me hf`bo
amccmbpniaf [j S mrj`biry
amccmbpniaf siar`e`afs tdf ambstibt n`ttnf siar`e`afs (Mpefr) tdit fbt`rfny
['sifkr`ei`s`zS cijf up dfr fvfryjiy n`ef

57

 
:
  

Jfrfviub Qfriub amrrupt Oifn`a pmss`hny cfib`bo< „`b tdf fbj mbny

['jfrivm<bsi'rm<bS wmrcs–
tm emnj s.m. `b mbf‐s ircs tm wrip mbf‐s ircs irmubj s.m.
tm swiy tm sw`bo (cmvf) ermc s`jf tm s`jf
tm aitad i on`cpsf m e  tm divf i qu`ak, `bamcpnftf v`fw me 
qui y [k`<S nibj`bo-pniaf wdfrf sd`ps aib hf (ub)nmijfj
pmrtdmnf scinn (usu. rmubj) w`bjmw `b i sd`p
cizf dfrf< ambeus`mb, ubdipp`bfss
j`strfss pi`b ibj smrrmw
cmurbeun sij *
biusfi ['bm<zliS i effn`bo me s`akbfss
efr vfb t ['e1<vibtS piss`mbitf, `btfbsf
tm anibo tm cikf i nmuj r`bo`bo smubj
tm anutad tm dmnj t`odtny
erfbzy [Zrfbz`S i stitf me w`nj ubambtrmnnfj effn`bo
ibou`sd ['ifrlow`LS fxtrfcf pi`b, fsp. me tdf c`bj

8. Fxfra`sfs

8.9 Wu t `b tdf r`odt prfp ms`t`mb

9. I yfnnmw`bo pdm tmori pd dub o . . . tdf winn.
8. Qdf wmu nj bmt ary ciby tfirs . . . nfiv`bo tdf Qtmrfs.
1. Qdf ditfj tdf squihhn`bo emr cmbfy . . . Qi turjiy b`odts.
:. Erib k dij stirtfj is i jfak hmy . . . i pmu bj i cmb td . . . i sd`p.
6. M bf jiy tdfy dij inn ombf . . . i p`ab`a tm tdf D`nn me D mw td.
5. Qdf rfc fc hfrfj dfr eitdf r putt`bo . . . df r c mtd fr‐s hmbbft.
?. Z df strfft mroib rfc `bjfj d fr . .. tdf prmc`sf . . . df r cmtdfr.
4. Qdf stm mj . . . tdf sw iy`bo ar mw j `b tdf stit`mb .
0. @e sdf w fb t sdf wmu nj hf . . . tdf sfi w`td E ri bk tdf em nnmw`bo jiy.
97. D f wis sdm utfj . . . tm om mb, hut df st`nn ainnfj . . . dfr.

8.8  Xfpniaf tdf wmr j(s) `b dmnj typf

9. Qdf dij iorff j tm om`bo iwiy w`td d`c.
8. Zw m ad`njrfb dij hffb nfet emr dfr tm nmmk ietfr.
1. D f r cm tdf r dij nfj i n`ef me fvfryjiy siar`e`afs.
:. Z drm uo d tdf wd`tf jmmrs sdf aiuod t s`odt me tdf hniak hmit.
6. Z df hm it hnfw i nmbo sij wd`stnf `btm tdf c`st.
5. I effn`bo me s`akbfss iwmk f w`td`b dfr.
?. D fr d ibjs t`odtny dfnj mb tm tdf `rmb hir.

59
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@@. Amcprfdfbs`mb

9. O`vf i sdmrt suc c iry me Fvfn`bf‐s ymutd . _ di t jmfs sdf pirt`auni rny
rfcfchfr=
8. _ dy j mfs Fvfn`bf hfn`fvf tdit sdf w mb ‐t ary ciby tfirs wdf b sdf omfs
iwiy=
1. _ di t rmnf dis sdf pniyfj `b tdf dmusf s`baf dfr c mtd fr‐s jfitd=
:. _ di t irf dfr effn`bos wdfb sdf omfs mu t w`td Erib k tm tdf tdfitrf=
6. _ di t prmc`sf dij sdf o`vfb tm dfr cmtdfr=
5. _ di t k`bj me n`ef dij dfr c mtdf r nfj=
?. _ di t jmfs Fvfn`bf fxpfat Eri bk tm o`vf dfr=
4. Jfs ar`hf d fr effn`bos wd fb sdf `s ih mu t tm nfivf em r Hufbms I`rfs.

5 \

 
:
  

Inib Q`nn`tmf, Mb Qiturjiy Ietfrbmmb

H`moripd`ain Bmtfs

Inib Q`nn`tmf (hmrb 9084), wis tdf sfambj m e e`vf ad`njrfb h mrb `b tm i B m t
t`bodic wmrk`bo-aniss eic`ny. D`s ad`njdmmj am`ba`jfj w`td tdf orfit
fambmc `a jfprfss`mb wd`ad c ijf d`s eitdfr lmhnfss ubt`n 9010. Zd f fxpfr`
fbaf me n`v`bo `b pmvfrty cijf i jffp `cprfss`mb upmb d`s c`bj ibj wis
rfenfatfj nitfr `b d`s wr`t`bo. D`s ci`b tdfcf wis tm hf wmrk`bo-aniss n`ef
`b `bjustr`in Bmtt`bodic.
It tdf iof me 9: Q`nn`tmf nfet sadmmn tm wmrk `b tdf Xinf`od H`ayanf Eia
tmry, wdfrf d`s eitdfr wis insm fcpnmyfj. Ermc 90:? tm 90:4 df sfrvfj
w`td tdf X.I.E. (Xmyin I`r Emraf) `b Ciniyi ibj tri`bfj is i rij`m mpfr
itmr. _d`nf `b dmsp`tin emr i yfir w`td tuhfraunms`s, df hfoib wr`t`bo
pmfcs, stmr`fs ibj i bmvfn, inn me wd`ad df jfstrmyfj.
It nist, `b 9064, d`s airffr is i wr`tfr hfoib w`td tdf puhn`ait`mb me d`s
e`rst bmvfn, Qiturjiy B`odt ibj Qubjiy Cmrb`bo , wd`ad `s st`nn d`s cmst
d`odny pri`sfj wmrk me e`at`mb. @b tdf emnnmw`bo yfir Zdf Nmbfn`bfss me tdf  
 Nmbo-J `stibaf X u b b fr  ippf irfj ‚ d`s e`rst vmnucf me sd mrt stmr`fs, wd`ad
`banujfs M b Qiturjiy Ietfrbmmb.   Zdf e`nc vfrs`mbs me tdfsf hmmks dfnpfj
tm cikf d`c kbmwb tm i w`jfr puhn`a is i prmc`s`bo ymubo wr`tfr spfik
`bo w`td tdf iutdmr`ty ibj nibouiof me ib `bs`jfr ibj ivm`j`bo tdf
„dfrm`zit`mb ibj sfbt`cfbtin`zit`mb– me d`s wmrk`bo-aniss prmtiomb`sts.

@. 9. Umaihuniry

 I ni b Q`nn`tmf cikfs usf m e qu `tf i buc hfr m e j`infat spffad emrcs `b d`s stmr`fs. 
Zdf emnnmw `bo n`st m e „amrrupt emrc s– w `nn dfnp ymu tm ubjfrstibj tdf tf xt hft
tfr.

i`b‐t disb‐t, `sb‐t cfssfb [c`'sfbS cysfne 

succit smcftd`bo ‐`ssfb d`csfne 
ym‐/yfr ymu ‐ub mbf
yfr ymur wi`b‐t wmb‐t
yf‐rf ymu‐rf, ymu irf tfr tm
w`‐ w`td o`‐ o`vf
m‐ me df‐j hrmkf df‐j hrmkfb
‐ibo dibo tfk tikf
‐f df jmb‐t jmfsb‐t
tfr ‐ibo tm dibo

51

 
:
  

17 hnmkf (s`.) efnnmw, adip

hniak  `b i hij cmmj
tm hf efj up (amnn.) tm hf ubdippy, j`sambtfbtfj, t`rfj
tm om tm tdf p`aturfs tm om tm tdf a`bfci
‐amursf (sdmrt emr) me amursf
tm str`bo mbfsfne up tm dibo mbfsfne 
k `j (amnn.) i ymubo ad`nj
(tdf) mnj cib   (nmw amnn.) mbf‐s eitdfr
ei o (s`.) a`oirfttf
siaadir`bf ['sifkir``bS i suhst`tutf em r bmrcin suoir
tm hiak mut (amnn.) tm rftrfit (ermc j`ee`aunty); dfrf<tm nfivf
tdf dmusf
tm amcf emr s.m. tm ittiak s.m.
m`n-sti`bfj div`bo jirk spmts me m`n
Qubjiy-lm`bt dfrf< div`bo tdf s`zf mr nmmk me i Qubjiy lm`bt (i
h`o p`faf me cfit, fitfb mb Qubjiys< Qmbbtios-
hritfb)
ciunfrs [m<S (s`.) dibjs
sarubadfj emrwirj hfbt emrwirj
tm anfir mut   (amnn.) tm nfivf, metfb qu`akny
cic (amnn.) cmtdfr
tm hf `b tm hf `b tdf dmusf/it dmcf
(sdf siys) sdirp dfrf emr< sdirpny (ijvfrh)
hnfjjy (usu. hnmmjy) (s`.) swfir wmrj usfj `b ibory spffad mr tm o`vf
emraf tm i vinuf lujofcfbt
tm t`p up tm aiusf tm einn mvfr, tm kbmak mvfr
tm dubad tm punn mbf‐s hiak `btm i rmubjfj sdipf (ae. dubad
hiak< i c`ssdipfb hiak)
hrmmjy div`bo mr sdmw`bo sijbfss ibj s`nfbaf (is w`td
sfne-p`ty mr ubdippy tdmuodts)
tm om ariakfrs (s`.) tm om cij, arizy, `bsibf
tm sn`bo (snubo, snubo) tm tdrmw v`mnfbtny
tm cisd (smcf tfi) (j`in.) tm cikf tfi
hniak (nmmks) sij, j`scin, onmmcy, tdrfitfb`bo (nmmks)
@t stibjs tm rfismb   @t `s mhv`mus; `t `s anfir
tm airry mb tm hfdivf `b i stribof cibbfr
19 an`bk (s`.) pr`smb
pnuoofj dfrf< bmt div`bo tdf fbfroy tm nfivf
hmmk`f (amnn.) i hmmkcikfr (df tikfs hfts mb dmrsfs, jmos,
fta.)
_dit‐s up w`‐ ym‐= (j`in.) _dit‐s tdf cittfr w`td ymu=
@ effn hijny dfrf emr  /hi j (ijl.)
tm e`h (amnn.) tm tfnn ib ub`cpmrtibt n`f

5:

 
:
  

i e`t (me ibofr) dfrf< i sujjfb ibj tribs`tmry stitf me ibofr (Ib-
einn)
jmuhnf-qu`ak cmrf tdib qu`ak 
wdit w`td (ijv.) usfj emr `btrmjua`bo tdf aiusfs me s.td. (hij)
tm hisd iwiy tm cikf ib ub`btfrruptfj, nmuj bm`sf hy str`k`bo
mr kbmak`bo dfiv`ny
yirj-fbj tdf eir fbj me tdf (pirtny) fbanmsfj irfi bfxt tm mr
hfd`bj tdf dmusf
pirsmb ['pi<sbS  Adurad me Fbonibj pr`fst
tm jrmmp [u<S   tm dibo/hfbj jmwbwirjs
squirf cfin   prmpfr, suhstibt`in cfin
bmsy (jfrmoit`vf & `bemrcin) `btfrfstfj `b td`bos tdit
jm bmt ambafrb mbf
tm omss`p   tm tink ihmut mtdfr pfmpnf‐s pr`vitf ieei`rs
tm trujof [i S tm wink dfiv`ny, wfir`ny
piwbsdmp ['pm<bempS tdf pniaf wdfrf ymu nfivf (vinuihnf) td`bos tm hmr
rmw cmbfy (ae. tm om tm tdf piwbhrmkfr‐s)
citf er`fbj, efnnmw (usfj is i emrc me ijjrfss, fsp.
icmbo wmrk`bo-aniss cfb)
tm aiaknf tm niuod
sdf aiaknfj mb tdf mtdfr s`jf sdf j`j bmt niuod it inn
me dfr eit eiaf
am`n (me rmpf) p`faf me rmpf tw`stfj `btm i a`raunir sdipf
18 jmwbtmwb (fsp. I. F.) tdf afbtrf me i tmwb mr a`ty (ae. up
tmwb < tdf rfs`jfbt`in irfis)
hmoofr (usu. huoofr) (nmw amnn.) efnnmw, adip; metfb i emmn`sd, ibbmy`bo
pfrsmb (insm i tihmm wmrj< i smjmc`tf, dmcm
sfxuin)
n`odt-e`tt`bo w`rf dibo`bo jmwb ermc tdf af`n`bo ibj tm wd`ad
i nicp aib hf eistfbfj
`t j`j d`c emr wdit df wibtfj `t sfrvfj d`s purpmsf
sfr`in ['s`sr`inS i stmry ippfir`bo `b pirts, metfb it e`xfj t`cfs (f.o.
mb ZU), i sfr`fs me e`ncs/prmoriccfs
bfttnfj (amnn. & j`in.) pffv`sd, `nn-/hij-tfcpfrfj
tm saric (s`.) tm anfir mut
eibay   bmt mrj`biry (ijl. usfj ittr`hut`vfny mbny)
omh (s`.) cmutd
jrfssfr p`faf me k`tadfb eurb`turf w`td mpfb sdfnvfs ihmvf
ibj auphmirjs hfnmw
11 pinny [ifS (amnn.) er`fbjny (ae. pin)
h`ts ibj hmhs (amnn.) h`ts ibj p`fafs, mjjs ibj fbjs
amppfrs (amnn.) emr dinepfbb`fs i bj /m r pfbb`fs (mnj aurrfb
ay hfemrf 90?9 mbny)

56

 
:
  

c`ssus (j`in. & nmw amnn.) w`ef

tm swfir (swmrf, swmrb) tm stitf e`rcny (ae. tm swfir ib mitd mb tdf H`hnf)
wmrsf nuak  ae. hij nuak (Wfad); dfrf< ubnuak`fr st`nn
anmak  (s`.) eiaf
tm hiak  tm cmvf hiakwirjs
tm eny tm enff
tm nfij s.m. i jmo‐s n`ef tm aiusf s.m. tm divf i c`sfrihnf n`ef
tm sw`bo (swubo, swubo) dfrf< tm sdikf
pmpp`bo (fyfs) stir`bo (fyfs), incmst spr`bo`bo/pmpp`bo mut me
smcfmbf‐s dfij
omz (s`.) nmmk 
pin [isS (amnn.) anmsf er`fbj
sm‐s @ amunj divf cy aikf sm tdit @ amunj divf i jmuhnf ijvibtiof
ibj fit `t
t`t emr tit (`bemrcin) s.td. (bmrcinny ubpnfisibt) `b rfturb emr
s.td. fnsf
hutt-fbj fbj me a`oirfttf
e`rforitf, e`rfhiak pirts me tdf e`rfpniaf (Efufrrmst; Hribjciufr)
1: tm wr`oonf ['r`onS tm cmvf/tw`st ermc s`jf tm s`jf
@ tmmk i rubbfr dfrf< @ rusdfj emrwirj (n`kf i afbtrf-emrwirj `b
tdf emmthinn tfic me Bmtt`bodic Emrfst)
sammt`bo (amnn.) cmv`bo qu`akny & sujjfbny
cueenfr (fsp. mnj usf) i smrt me saire
tm adief tm ruh; tm prfss, str`kf ioi`bst
sairfarmw ['skfskrsmS i ducib-n`kf mhlfat (metfb me mnj anmtdfs upmb
st`aks) sft up `b tdf e`fnjs tm kffp h`rjs iwiy
ermc tdf armps
tm enip  tm cmvf v`mnfbtny up ibj jmwb
jmsf [jiusS i cfisurfj icmubt (fsp. me n`qu`j cfj`a`bf)
sints sdmrt emr< Fpsmc sint(s)2 ciobfs`uc sunpditf,
usfj is cfj`a`bf
hunh tdf oniss pirt me ib fnfatr`a nicp tdit o`vfs tdf
n`odt
j`zzy effn`bo is `e fvfrytd`bo wfrf turb`bo rmubj
tducp i junn, dfivy smubj
amn`a sfvfrf pi`bs `b tdf hfnny
tut-tutt`bo cik`bo bm`sfs me j`sipprmvin
tdf hinns-up (s`.) cfss (ae. tm cikf i cfss me; tm spm`n)
d`bof [d`bjlS cftin pirt irmubj wd`ad i jmmr mr oitf sw`bos
amppfr (insm< amp)  (s`. & amnn.) pmn`afcib
tm dfij emr tm cmvf tmwirjs, tm om tm
tm str`jf (strmjf, str`jjfb) tm wink w`td nmbo stfps
tm birk  (s`.) tm `bemrc tdf pmn`af

55

 
:
  

tm t`p s.m. mee (amnn.) tm o`vf i d`bt tm s.m.

dippfb (j`in., Bmrtd me Fbonibj) pfrdips
tm aitad mb (s`.) tm ubjfrstibj, tm orisp tdf cfib`bo me 
tm sn`t tm cikf i nmbo aut
pffpfrs (s`.) fyfs
ipprmvfj sadmmn sadmmn emr ymubo ar`c`bins/jfn`bqufbts
tm p`bad (s`.) tm stfin
nfij p`p`bo [nfjS tuhfs me nfij (Hnf`rmdrf)
16 tm armik  tm cikf i bm`sf n`kf i ermo mr i rivfb
biy (j`in.) bm
tdmuod, [jmmS dmwfvfr, hut; `b sp`tf me tdf eiat; bfvfrtdfnfss
(bfvfr it tdf hfo`bb`bo me i aniusf!)
tm nft mb (amnn.) tm tfnn i sfarft (usu. `b tdf bfoit`vf emrc)
tm hf `b emr `t (amnn.) tm hf `b trmuhnf, juf tm rfaf`vf pub`sdcfbt
s`x-cmbtds amnj (s`.) i pfr`mj me s`x cmbtds `b pr`smb
tm j`sd mut (amnn.) tm sfrvf
oruh (s`.) emmj
tm sp`nn s.td. tm s.m. (s`.) tm tfnn s.m. s.td.
jiet [i<S s`nny, stup`j, cij
tm afisf [s`rsS tm fbj
tm aduak  (s`.) tm tdrmw
df wfbt mee emr i pff (amnn.) df wfbt tm tdf nivitmry
Bmt cuad ‐f i`b‐t. (s`.) me amursf df `s. (Vbj mh fr jis `st.)
15 tm dfivf (amnn.) tm n`et ibj tdrmw
wirj [i<S i rmmc `b i dmsp`tin ambti`b`bo i afrti`b buchfr
me hfjs
tm e`b`sd s.m. mee (nmw amnn.) tm k`nn s.m.
tdf hniak amin-hio nmakfj `ciof emr tdf —ambj`t`mb me hniakbfss wd`ad e`bjs
`bs`jf ymu bm wiy mut‐
tm sn`bo mbfsfne (s`.) tm tdrmw mbfsfne
sirj`bf-t`b ['si<j`<b't`bS (Qirj`bfbjmsf)
rmttfb (s`.) hij, bisty, wmrtdnfss
ymur rmttfb siak-hio me i ymur wmrtdnfss hmjy
hmjy
tm jm mbfsfne `b (s`.) tm k`nn mbfsfne
dine-hircy (s`.) dine-cij
tm sarfic (usu. ary) hnuf tm uttfr nmuj ar`fs me tfrrmr mr inirc
curjfr

5?

 
:
  

8. Fxfra`sfs

8.9 Xf-pdrisf `b cmrf emr c in nibouiof

9. D f i`b‐t om t bm eios.
8. _ d i t‐s td it rmp f emr, c itf= ‚ @t‐s tm —ibo cfssfb w `‐.
1. @t w i` b‐t dmn j up, citf.,
:. Pfr wi`b ‐t emroft tm k`ak tdi t adi`r iwiy=
1. @‐j bfvf r ‐ivf td mu od t `t. @ td mu od t df ‐j omt tdi t ji et `jfi mu t me d`s
dfij.

8.8 Am bsunt ym u r j`at`mbiry i bj rf-wm rj ivm `j`bo snibo fxprfss`mbs

9. D f wi nkfj hy cf puee`bo i eio.
8. D f c ijf fvfr suad i eibay kbm t w`td tdit rmpf, is tdmu od d f‐j hffb i
si`nmr mr succit.
1. D f w isb‐t nmmk`bo hniak it inn, bmwd frf bfi r is hniak is ibyhmjy `b
mur eic`ny.
:. @t wis cirvfnnmus tdm uod , tdf wi y tdf hri`bnfss histirjs dij p ut d`c
`b i wirj.
6. @ j`j b‐t n`kf tdf am ppf r, hfaiusf d f‐j omt i amupnf me cy citfs sfbt tm
ipprmvf j sadmmn.

@@. Amcprfdfbs`mb

9. _ dm `s tdf bi rr it mr me td`s stmry= ‚ O`vf prfa`sf jfti`ns.

 y ( .   _ di t `s `ts ci`b suhlfat=
1. _ df rf jmfs tdf iat`mb tikf pniaf=
U - _ di t irf wf tmnj ih mut tdf bir ri tmr ‐s eic`ny, fspfa`inny d`s eitdf r ibj
d`csfne= Quc cir`zf.
1. O`vf ib mutn`bf me w di t dipp fbs `bs`jf tdf c ib ‐s dmusf.
b m .  Jfsar`hf tdf cib wd m tr`fs tm amcc `t su`a`jf.
_ dy `s tdf b irri tmr sm j`s ilR mc tfR wdfb df nfivfs tdf cib ‐s dmusf=
4. _dy jmfs tdf „amppfr– irrfst tdf cib=
0. _ dit dippfb s tm tdf cib `b tdf fbj=
97. _ di t irf tdf ambanus`mbs tdf hmy jriws ermc d`s tinf me jfspi`r= Quc
up tdf ci`b rfsunts me d`s nfirb`bo prmafss.
99. _ di t `s tdf ipp irf bt tdfc f m e tdf stmry= ‚ _ di t `s `t rfinny amb
afrbfj w`td=
98. J mf s tdf t`tnf Mb Qiturjiy Ietfrbmmb  divf iby rfnfvibaf tm tdf iatuin
stmry=
91. Z d `b k me mtdf r t`tnfs emr td`s stmry. Fxpni`b tdf `r s`ob`e`aibaf.

54

 
:
  

Lmdb _i`b, I Cfssiof ermc tdf W`o-Cib

H`moripd`ain Bmtfs

Lmdb Hirr`botmb _i`b, Fbon`sd bmvfn`st, pmft, sdmrt stmry wr`tfr, ibj ar`t`a
wis hmrb `b Qtmkf-mb-Zrfbt, Qtieemrjsd`rf, `b 9086. D`s eitdfr, i suaafss
eun jfbt`st, wis tdf e`rst me d`s eic`ny tm fcfrof ermc tdf wmrk`bo aniss.
Lmd b _ i`b wr`tfs me d`csfne< „ @ wis tdf ivfriof prmv`ba`in sadmmnhmy w`td
bm `btfnnfatuin `btfrfsts. Cy sadmmn wmrk, wd`ad wis `b iby aisf j`smr
oib`zf j hy tdf wir, nioofj sijny, ibj w dfb mb nfiv`bo sadmmn @ fxprfssfj i
w`sd tm om tm tdf ub`vfrs`ty, @ wis bmt ambs`jfrfj `btfnn`ofbt fbmuod fvfb
tm ittfcpt i sadmnirsd`p fxic`bit`mb. @ s`cpny winkfj mut me sadmmn ibj
winkfj `btm Mxemrj, wdfrf, it tdit t`cf, fvfb hiakwirj ymutds n`kf cy
sfne amunj oft `b fis`ny `e tdfy amunj piy tdf effs. @ mhti`bfj tdf E`rst Aniss
jforff, ermc wd`ad @ `befr tdit Mxemrj dij cibiofj tm aurf cy
hiakwirjbfss tm smcf fxtfbt.–
@b 90?1 df wis fnfatfj Wrmefssmr me Wmftry it Mxemrj Vb`vfrs`ty. Df
fblmys sk``bo, aibm f`bo , winks ibj b itu rf stujy. Df, `s ib ia amc pn`sdfj
ibj prmn`e`a ar`t`a ibj n`tfriry lmurbin`st. Df jmfs cuad nfatur`bo, fj`t`bo,
e`nc ibj jrici rfv`fw`bo, rij`m ibj tfnfv`s`mb wmrk. _`td rfoirj tm d`s
wmrk df siys< „@ trfit fiad wmrk is i bfw hfo`bb`bo; @ td`bk tdf wr`tfr‐s
tisk `s tm pfraf`vf is cuad is df aib me tdf trutd ihmut ducib n`ef ibj tm
piss mb tdit trutd tm tdf rfijfr, w`tdmut j`stmrt`mb mr eins`e`ait`mb, hy
wditfvfr cfibs df aib amccibj.–
Icmbo d`s pr`ba`pin wmrks irf<  D urr y mb J m w b , 9061 (bmvfn);  Bubanf  
ib j M tdfr Qtmr`fs, 9057 (ermc wd`ad  I Cfssiof ermc tdf W`o-C ib  `s tikf b);
Wrfn`c`biry Fssiys,   906?.

@. 9. Umaihuniry

1? intfrit`mb [m<S  adibof

pm`btnfss cfib`bonfss
`t wibts i nmt me nmmk`bo ietfr `t bffjs i nmt me ittfbt`mb
spirf rmmc i rmmc kfpt emr v`s`tmrs ibj oufsts
smcftd`bo tm om mb dfrf< s`obs, d`bts
tm e`t s.td. up tm irribof s.td. sm tdit `t wmrks
rmnn`bo-stmak  fvfrytd`bo mb wdffns tdit hfnmbos tm i ri`nwiy, fx
afpt nmamcmt`vfs
tm punn i eiaf dfrf< tm cikf i sdmw me rforft
14 tm dmnj mb tm s.m. tm an`bo tm, mr fchriaf, s.m.

50

 
:
  

tm n`vf up tm s.td. tm kffp i d`od stibjirj tdit `s jfcibjfj hy s.td.

tm jirt (`b, inmbo) tm cmvf sujjfbny ibj qu`akny
b m t . . . , i bywiy  (lfjfbeinns b`adt)
tm ric s.td. `btm s.m. tm tfnn s.m. s.td. ioi`b ibj ioi`b sm is tm cikf d`c
nfirb `t
tm nmmk hmtd wiys tm nmmk nfet ibj r`odt hfemrf armss`bo tdf rmij
stuee [i S dfrf< bmbsfbsf, ruhh`sd
bmt`af „hfbfitd tdf bmt`af me* 3 me bm `cpmrtibaf tm
sp`bf tdf rmw me hmbfs `b tdf afbtrf me tdf hiak
tm t`bonf tm effn i sn`odt pr`akny sfbsit`mb (me amnj mr efir)
pffn`bos sk`b rfcmvfj ermc i eru`t, vfoftihnf, fta.; dfrf< 
ermc pmtitmfs
jicp ritdfr wft
n`j tdf amvfr me i pmt, hmx, fta.
10 sbmut tdf bmsf ibj cmutd me i p`o
trmttfr i p`o‐s emmt
smhfr [jmS sfr`mus, w`tdmut fcmt`mb
tm `cpny dfrf< tm cfib
tm juak s.m. `btm snffp dfrf< (`b jfb Qadnie vfrsfbkfb)
sw`bo i sfit dfnj hy rmpfs ibj mb wd`ad mbf aib cmvf
hiakwirjs ibj emrwirjs
tm armwj mut tm fxt`bou`sd, tm pusd mut me mbf‐s c`bj
tm anittfr (ihmut) tm cikf i rittn`bo smubj (f.o. pmts ibj pibs ibj
j`sdfs anittfrfj mb tdf sdfne)
`b ibt`a`pit`mb  eunn me fxpfatit`mb
tm diun [j <S  tm punn (dirj)
trfcfbjmusny fxtrfcfny
:7 tm saripf mut rfcmvf wdit `s nfet `b tdf his`b w`td i spmmb ibj
tdfb n`ak `t
(pipfr) airr`fr ['kifr`jS strmbo pipfr hio (emr airry`bo ommjs iwiy ermc i
sdmp)
sarips  p`fafs me emmj nfet mvfr ietfr i cfin
 lmymus eunn me lmy
tm ermwb jriw tdf hrmws tmoftdfr `b ibofr, sm is tm sdmw
j`sipprmvin
tm b`p inmbo (`bemrcin) tm durry
tfadb`quf [tfk'b``kS
:9 jusk tdf t`cf wdfb jiyn`odt `s eij`bo
tm nurad [h<tlS  tm cmvf w`td `rrfounir sujjfb cmvfcfbts
oi`t [f`S i wiy me wink`bo
dubadfj (sdmunjfrs) (sdmunjfrs) punnfj `btm i rmubjfj sdipf
tm arusd tm prfss t`odtny
pi`n huakft

?7
t

 
:
  

tm pnmj [mS tm wink snmwny fsp. w`td dfivy stfps; dfrf<`c`

tit`bo tdf smubj me „pnmjj`bo emmtstfps– mb tdf
rmij
rusf [ru<zS  tr`ak (tm jfaf`vf ib mppmbfbt)
tm pmubaf [piubsS tm cmvf sujjfbny `b mrjfr tm sf`zf s.td. mr s.m.,
fsp. emr emmj
w`akfj ['w`k`jS  fv`n
risp`bo squfik (i<S [`<S (kriadzfbjfs Yu`fkfb)
tm lmo tm cmvf snmwny ibj ubstfij`ny; tm cmvf up ibj
jmwb
rio`bo ['rf`j1 `r)S  v`mnfbt, `btfbsf
t`jf dfrf< ib upwirj cmvfcfbt n`kf tdit me tdf sfi
orubtfr (amnn.) p`o (`c`tit`bo tdf smubj p`os cikf)
cutfny ['clu<tn`S  siy`bo bmtd`bo
enmmj [i S  me orit`tujf i sujjfb effn`bo me tdibkeunbfss
tm t`p (s.td. `btm s.td. fnsf) tm pmur (i suhstibaf) ermc mbf ambti`bfr `btm ib
mtdfr
irt`aunitfbfss [i<'t`klun`tcsS   ih`n`ty tm fxprfss mbf‐s `jfis anfirny
tm stri`odtfb up [f`S tm oft up ermc i hfbt-mvfr pms`t`mb
wditadfr (amnn.) 3 wdit ymu
pmrkfr ymubo p`o, spfa`inny eittfbfj emr emmj
hfnny-iadf [f`kS pi`b `b tdf stmciad
:8 s`bk i nirof his`b `b tdf k`tadfb, emr wisd`bo pmts,
vfoftihnfs, fta., e`xfj tm i winn
Zdit‐s i dirj mbf (amnn.) Zdit‐s i j`ee`aunt qufst`mb tm ibswfr
scfir [»S spmt cijf hy smcf st`aky, wft citfr`in (n`kf tfirs)

8. Fxfra`sfs

8.9 Wdrisin vfrhs<

Ambsunt ymur j`at`mbiry ibj nfirb tdf emnnmw`bo n`st me pdrisin vfrhs (vfrh
+ prf pm s`t`mb /ij vf rh); `e ymu irf `b jmuht is tm tdf fxiat cfib`bo me i
vfrh, e`bj tdf Ofrcib fqu`vinfbt.
tm hr`bo s.td. ihmut ‚ tm oft mee ‚ tm om mb ‚ tm om stri`odt idfij ‚ tm
nmmk ietfr ‚ tm nmmk n`kf ‚ tm dmnj mb tm s.td./s.m. ‚ tm n`vf up tm s.td. ‚
tm turb mut tm hf ‚ tm amcf tm ‚ tm td`bk me s.td. ‚ tm aitad s.m. up ‚ tm
jrio s.m. mee ‚ tm tikf s.td. mee ‚ tm snmw jmwb ‚ tm n`vf w`td s.m. ‚ tm
turb s.td. mee (f.o. i tip, tdf ZU, tdf rij`m)
8.8 _mrj-e`fnjs<
‚ Amnnfat inn tdf wmrjs tdit adiriatfr`zf tdf W`o-cib.
‚ Amnnfat inn vfrhs me cmt`mb ibj piripdrisf tdf`r cfib`bos mr nmmk up
tdf`r Ofrcib fqu`vinfbts.

?9
:
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8.1 Wdrisin fxprfss`mbs<

Nfirb tdf emnnmw`bo n`st me amnnmait`mbs; `e ymu jmb‐t ubjfrstibj mr kbmw
tdf`r cfib`bos `b Fbon`sd, ambsunt ymur j`at`mbiry emr tdf Ofrcib fqu`v
infbts.
tm effn inn r`od t ihm ut s.td. ‚ df j`j bm t c`bj sdir`b o d`s rmmc ‚ `b eiat ‚
tm jm s.td. `b i cij/s`nny/eubby wiy ‚ df tiuodt/sdmwfj d`c dmw tm (e`t
s.td. tmoftdfr) ‚ @ aib‐t jm ibytd`bo ihmut `t ‚ `t sffcs n`kfny ‚ inn tdf
sicf ‚ `t wis d`s mwb eiunt ‚ td`s sffcfj stribof/td`s nmmks eubby/sdf
efnt smet/tm om amnj ‚ tm hf smrry emr s.m. ‚ wdit jmfs df nmmk n`kf= ‚
w di t j`eefrfbaf `s tdf rf hftw ffb . . . ibj . . . ‚ inn tdf hf ttfr ‚ `t tikfs
smcf t`cf (tm amubt tfb) ‚ df‐s ombf ‚ mut me tdf wiy ‚ tm sf`zf s.m. hy
tdf dibj

8.: E`nn `b tdf oips<

Xfefr tm tdf vmaihu niry n`sts ibj tdf pdrisin vfrhs i bj fxprfss`mbs ihmvf.
9. Hf`bo ainnfj —Fr`a‐ wis lust mbf m e tdmsf adibofs , b mt
i j `s tu rh `b o . . . .
8. Zd f spirf rmmc wis . .. inwiys fcpty.
1. Fr`a . . . inn r ` o d t . . . J mb in j‐s hf`bo `b tdf dmusf.
:. Fr` a w mu nj b‐t divf . . . sdi r`bo d`s hf jr mm c w`td i hihy.
6. D`s cmtd fr . . . tm Jmbi nj inn tdf t`cf.
5. Wrmh ihny `t wis d ` s . .. tdi t fvfrytd`bo sffcfj stribof.
?. D f wis b m t . . . tm d`s enibbfn trmusfrs.
4. Zd f W`o-c ib wis bmtd`bo tm hf ieri`j me; df prmhihny lu s t . .. eubby.
0. @bstfij . . . d`c, df wf bt muts`jf tm sff d`c.
97. @e df winkfj m b inn em u rs ,. . . wm unj tdfrf hf hftwffb d`c ibj i p`o=
99. Z df b d`s c mtdf r k`ssfj d ` c , . . . b`af; sdf . .. smet.
98. _ df b df wf bt jmw b tm tdf sw`bos df wis eir ermc . .. tdf W`o-c ib.
91. Fr`a w fbt `btm tdf k`tadfb ibj tm mk tdf hrm wb -pi pf r . .. eunn me pffn
`bos ib j . . . .
9:. „ @e ymu b`p inmbo, jfir, ymu aib fis`ny . . . .–
96. D f c ` o d t. . . qu`a kny w df b d`s w` akf j n`ttnf fyfs siw i tis ty n`ttnf hmy.
95. D f wis ainnfj tdf W`o -c ib, hfaiusf df dij smcf p`os td it df .. . .
9?. Qm tdit wis dmw ymu j`j `t. Pmu lust w f b t . . . .
94. Qdf w fb t tm tdf . . . , pu t tdf tip mb ib j dfnj dfr dibjs . . . `t. Zd fb
sdf . . . tdf tip . . . .

8.6 I bi nyzf tdf emnnmw `bo struaturfs w `td tdf dfnp m e ym ur oricc ir<
9. df efnt inn r`o dt ih mu t d`s hf`bo `b tdf dmus f (p. 1?,9. 4)
8. df w mu nj b‐t divf c`b jfj + `bo (p. 1?,99. 99 ‚ 98)

?8

 
:
  

1. wd fb tdfy j`j o`vf ymu s.td ./J m hf i swfft h m y /@ j m hfn`fvf @ dfirj

d`c (p. 1?,99. 88‚81; p. 10,9. 15; p. :7,99. 81‚8:)
:. sf fc /nm mk str ib o f/ o m am nj /ef fn smet (p. 14,99. 5, 98, 8?; p. 10,9. 9?)
6. J`j tdf y w ib t d`c tm cf ft tdf W`o-c ib= (p. :7,9. 97)
5. df w mun j divf n`ttnf fyfs (p. 10,99. 9‚ 8)

@@. Amcprfdfbs`mb
 :

9. _ di t jmfs tdf rfijf r nfirb ihmu t Fr`a ermc tdf hfo`bb`bo me tdf stmry=
8. _ di t `s Fr`a‐s rfnit`mbsd`p tm tdf mtd fr adiriatfrs m e tdf stmry=
1. _ di t prmhnfc `s Fr`a ambermbtfj w `td it tdf hfo`bb`bo=
:. _ di t jmfs df td`b k ihmu t d`csfne=
6. D m w jmfs df effn ihm ut tdf W`o-cib=
5. _dit sdipf jmfs tdf W`o-cib tikf mb `b tdf hmy‐s `cio`bit`mb „hf
emrf `t aicf tm i ar`s`s– =
?. Jfsar`hf tdf itcm spdf rf up tm tdf cmc fbt Fr`a `s iskfj tm om mu t tm
tdf W`o-cib.
4. Jfsar`hf wdit tdf hmy td`bks ibj effns wdfb d`s cmtdfr sfbjs d`c
mut.
0. _ d it irf d`s effn`bos wd fb df cffts tdf W`o-c ib=
97. D mw jmfs df effn ihmu t tdf W`o-c ib mb d`s wi y dmcf=
99. _ d it jmfs tdf pdri sf —tm trfi t (prmhnfcs) n`kf tdf W`o -c ib‐ cfib tm
Fr`a=
98. _ di t jmfs Fr`a jm ietfr d`s fbam ubtfr w`td tdf W`o-cib=
91. _ d it `s d`s c mt df r‐s rfia t`mb=

Bmw wr`tf i succiry me tdf stmry us`bo ymur ibswfrs tm tdf amcprfdfb
s`mb qufst`mbs is i ou`jf.

?1

 
:
  

Onmssiry me N`tfriry Zfrcs

Iat`bo t`cf< Zdf t`cf amvfrfj hy tdf iat`mb me i birrit`vf. F.o. tdf iat`bo
t`cf `b  J `p `b tdf Wmmn  `s mbf fvfb`bo ibj p ir t me mbf cmrb `bo. (Ae.  B ir
rit`bo t`cf , Amcprfss`mb   ibj  Fxpib s`mb ).
Ia t`mb< Z df iat`mb me i stmry `s i sfr`fs me fvfbts usuinny irribo fj sm is tm
divf tdrff rfamob`zihnf pirts< tdf hfo`bb`bo (`btrmjuat`mb/fxpms`t`mb),   tdf
c`jjnf (r`s`bo iat`mb , amcpn`ait`mb; ar`s`s, an`cix , turb`bo-pm`bt; einn`bo ia
t`mb)   ibj tdf fbj (jfbmufcfbt , aitistrmpdf, rfsmnut`mb).
@b ambtrist tm rfin n`ef, iat`mb `b e`at`mb `s ib mrjfrfj wdmnf wd`ad „`c`
titfs `b wmrjs i sfqufbaf me ducib iat`v`t`fs, w`td i pmwfr tm ieefat mur
mp`b`mbs ibj fc mt`mbs `b i afr ti`b w iy– . @t `s tdf his`a pr`ba`pnf `b inn e`a
t`mb ibj irmusfs tdf rfijfr‐s `btfrfst< `t cikfs d`c fiofr tm nfirb wdit `s
om`bo tm dippfb ib j /m r dmw tdf prmhnfcs eiafj hy tdf adiriatfrs irf om
`bo tm hf smnvfj. Iat`mb prmjuafs tfbs`mb, suspfbsf mr surpr`sf. (Ae. X. Q.
Aribf, Zdf Ambafpt me Wnmt,   p. 9:8).
Ibt`an`cix< I styn`st`a feefat rfsunt`bo ermc i sujjfb jrmp me `btfrfst mr
`cpmrtibaf.
Itcmspdfrf< Cmmj mr effn`bo pirtny arfitfj hy tdf jfsar`pt`mb me fvfbts,
pniafs ibj s`tuit`mbs `b i stmry ibj pirtny hy tdf iutdmr‐s stynf. Zdf vi
r`mus fnfcfbts tdit ambst`tutf i p`faf me e`at`mb, suad is sftt`bo, adiriatfr
`zit`mb, tdfcf,   fta. insm ambtr`hutf tm `ts itcmspdfrf.
Iutdmr< sff Wm`bt m e v`fw.
Aitistrmpdf< Zdf adibof wd`ad hr`bos ihmut tdf e`bin fvfbt `b i pniy mr
birrit`vf. (Ae.  Jfb mufc fbt).
Adiriatfr ‚ enit, rmubj< Adiriatfrs irf tdf „pfrsmbs– `b i birrit`vf
w mrk, w dmsf quin`t`fs irf fxprfssfj `b wdi t tdfy siy ibj w dit tdfy jm. I
enit adiriatfr `s „ambstruatfj rmubj i s`bonf `jfi mr quin`ty– ibj `s prf
sfbtfj `b mutn`bf w`tdmut cuad `bj`v`juin`z`bo jfti`n, ibj sm aib hf ei`rny
ijfquitfny jfsar`hfj `b i s`bonf pdrisf mr sfbtfbaf.
I rmubj adiriatfr `s amcpnfx `b tfcpfricfbt ibj cmt`vit`mb ibj `s rfp
rfsfbtfj w`td suhtnf pirt`aunir`ty. (Ae. F. C. Emrstfr,  Ispfats m e tdf B mvfn) .  
Adiriatfr`zit`mb< Zdfrf irf sfvfrin j`eefrfbt wiys me prfsfbt`bo i adiria
tfr `b e`at`mb.
 F xpn`a`t  prf sfb tit`mb < D frf tdf mcb`sa`fbt bi rri tmr jfsar`hfs tdf mutw irj
ippfiribaf ibj tdf psyadmnmo`ain ibj cmrin biturf me i adiriatfr. Zdf
tfnn`bo me tdf stmry ermc tdf v`fwpm`bt me mbf mr sfvfrin adiriatfrs wdmsf
tdmuodts ibj effn`bos irf rfvfinfj `b tdf prmafss insm sfrvfs tm adiria
tfr`zf tdmsf pfrsmbs (ae. W m`b t m e v`fw , Qfnfat`vf mcb`sa`fbaf).

?:
U

 
:
  

 @c pn`a`t   prf sfb tit`mb < I ad iria tfr `s prfsfbtfj `b tfrcs m e d`s mr d fr f b
v`rmbcfbt. @e i pfrsmb n`vfs `b stribof surrmubj`bos df `s issucfj tm hf
stribof d`csfne. Q`baf tdf birritmr jmfs bmt tfnn us fxpn`a`tny, tdf rfijfr `s
fxpfatfj tm jriw d`s mwb ambanus`mbs.
Wrfsfbtit`mb tdrmuod iat`mb < Zdf birritmr rferi`bs ermc o`v`bo j`rfat amc
cfbts. Adiriatfr `s rfvfinfj tdrmuod iat`mb.
Ad`iscus< Zdf armssw`sf irribofcfbt me ambtristfj tfrcs, tdf sfambj me
twm sybtiat`ainny pirinnfn pdrisfs rfvfrs`bo tdf mrjfr me tdf e`rst.
Fxicpnf< Zmm mnj tm n`vf, tm j`f tmm ymubo.
An`cix< Zdf d`odfst pm`bt me rfijfr `btfrfst, tdf cmcfbt me tdf d`odfst
tfbs`mb.
Amc`a rfn`fe< I ducmrmus fp`smjf `b i sfr`mus mr trio`a ambtfxt, jfs`obfj
tm innfv`itf tfbs`mb, ijj vir`fty, amubtfrpm`bt ibj fbdibaf tdf trio`a s`o
b`e`aibaf.
Amcpn`ait`mb< Zdf jfv`af me hr`bo`bo tdf amben`at`bo emrafs tmoftdfr.
Amcprfss`mb<  Birr it`b o t`c f   `s sdmrtfr tdib iat`bo t`cf,  `.f. tdf iat`mb
birritfj tmmk nmbofr tdib `t tikfs tm tfnn tdf stmry. Zdf birritmr p`aks mut
fvfbts tdit sffc `cpmrtibt tm d`c ibj mc`ts mr succir`zfs fvfbts ibj ia
t`mbs tdit jm bmt. (Ae.  Fxpibs`mb ).
Ar`s`s< Zdf d`odfst pm`bt me tdf amcpn`ait`mb   `b tdf iat`mb, wdfb emrafs
ibj amubtfremrafs divf cft ibj tdf j`rfat`mb wd`ad tdf iat`mb cust bmw
tikf `s jftfrc`bfj (ae. Zurb`bo-pm`bt).  @b str`at tfrc`bmnmoy, ar`s`s rfefrs
mbny tm struaturin ibj pnmt fnfcfbts, wdfrfis an`cix   rfefrs tm tdf d`odfst
pm`bt me rfijfr/iuj`fbaf `btfrfst.
Jfbmufcfbt< Zdf e`bin rfsmnut`mb  mr ubty`bo me tdf pnmt. (Ae. Aitis
trmpdf).
J`orfss`mb< Zdf `btrmjua t`mb m e citfr`in wd`ad `s f`tdfr ubrfnitfj mr mbny
`bj`rfatny mr j`stibtny rfnitfj tm tdf ci`b suhlfat me i p`faf me wr`t`bo.
Fp`smjf< I s`bonf `ba`jfbt prfsfbtfj is mbf ambt`bumus iat`mb, div`bo i
ub`ty w`td`b `tsfne. @t `s usuinny iaamcpib`fj hy mtdfr fp`smjfs sm is tm
arfitf i nirofr ub`t.
Fxpibs`mb<  Bir ri t`b o t`cf   `s nmbofr tdib iat`bo t`cf.  Zd`s ciy dippfb `e
tdf mutwirj iat`mb `s sdmrt ibj tdf mcb`sa`fbt birritmr jfsar`hfs i pfr
smb‐s tdmuodts ibj effn`bos. (Ae. Amcprfss`mb).
Fxpms`t`mb, @btrmjuat`mb< Zfrcs usfj `b j`sauss`bo tdf struaturf me i bir
rit`vf mr pniy tm jfbmtf tdit pmrt`mb `b wd`ad tdf iutdmr sfts emrtd tdf
`bemrcit`mb bffjfj hy tdf rfijfr `b mrjfr tm ubjfrstibj tdf  p nm t   ibj tdf
s`tuit`mb. @t arfitfs tdf tmbf   (tdf iutdmr‐s itt`tujf), fstihn`sdfs tdf sftt`bo,  
`btrmjuafs tdf ci`b adiriatfrs  ibj suppn`fs mtdfr eiats bfafssiry emr ib
ubjfrstibj`bo me tdf pnmt.
?4

 
:
  

Fxtfrbin iat`mb< Zdf sfqufbaf me mutwirj, mhsfrvihnf fvfbts. (Ae.  @b tfrb in  
iat`mb).
Fxtr`bs`a ipprmiad< I cftdmj me `btfrprftit`mb wd`ad `s hisfj mb mr
`banujfs citfr`in muts`jf tdf n`tfriry wmrk, f.o. tdf iutdmr‐s h`moripdy,
sma`mnmo`ain e`bj`bos, fta. (Ae.  @b tr`bs`a ipprmiad).
Einn`bo iat`mb< Zdf iat`mb emnnmw`bo tdf ar`s`s, hfaiusf `t `s tdmuodt me is
jfsafbj`bo ermc tdf d`odfst pm`bt tmwirjs tdf jfbmufcfbt.   Zd`s iat`mb `s
tdf nmo`ain mutamcf me tdf amben`at`bo emrafs tdit amch`bfj `b tdf r`s`bo
iat`mb tm rfiad tdf turb`bo-pm`bt.  (Ae.  Iat`mb).
„@– is prmtiomb`st/„@– is w`tbfss< sff Wm`bt me v`fw.
@btfr`mr cmbmnmouf< sff Qtrfic m e ambsa`musbfss.
@btfrbin iat`mb< Zdf iat`mb tdit omfs mb `bs`jf tdf prmtiomb`st‐s mr ib
mtdfr adiriatfr‐s c`bj; tdf nfirb`bo prmafss mr jfvfnmpcfbt tdit df
ubjfromfs. (Ae.  Fxtf rbin iat`mb).
@btr`bs`a ipprmiad< I cftdmj me `btfrprftit`mb wd`ad rfn`fs smnfny mb tdf
tfxt `tsfne ibj wd`ad jmfs bmt ijc`t fxtfrbin fv`jfbaf. (Ae.  Fxtr`bs`a ip
 prmiad).
@btrmjuat`mb< sff  Fxp ms`t`m b.
@rmby (vfrhin `rmby)< I e`ourf me spffad `b wd`ad tdf iatuin `btfbt `s fx
prfssfj `b wmrjs wd`ad airry tdf mppms`tf cfib`bo.
Nf`tcmt`e/Cmt`e< Zdf erfqufbt rfpft`t`mb me i s`ob`e`aibt pdrisf, `ciof,
s`tuit`mb mr sft jfsar`pt`mb, wd`ad tdus dfnps tm o`vf ub`ty tm i birrit`vf.
@b strfic-me-ambsa`musbfss e`at`mb, cmt`es sfrvf is emrcin n`bks wd`ad
dmnj tmoftdfr tdf saittfrfj citfr`ins me i erffny issma`it`bo c`bj.
Zdf tfrc c mt`e `s  smcft`cfs usfj tm rfefr tm i tdfcf tdit rfaurs `b vi
r`mus n`tfriry wmrks, f.o. tdf „pmmr n`ttnf r`ad o`rn– cmt`e.
Cmjf me prfsfbtit`mb< His`ainny tdfrf irf twm j`eefrfbt wiys me birrit`bo
i stmry. Zdf iutdmr ciy tfnn d`s stmry `b i vfry jfti`nfj eisd`mb sm tdit tdf
rfijfr dis tdf effn`bo me pirt`a`pit`bo `b tdf iat`mb. Zd`s `s ainnfj safb`a  
 prfsfbtit`mb.  Zd f usf me j`inmouf `s i typ`ain efiturf me safb`a prfsfbtit`mb.
@e tdf iutdmr cfrfny o`vfs i sfnfat`vf succiry me wdit dippfbs w`td`b i
afrti`b pfr`mj wf ainn td`s cmjf me prfsfbtit`mb  pibmric`a.
M tdfr tfrc s< safb`a prfsfbtit`mb 3 safbf  3 sdmw`bo
pibmric`a prfsfbtit`mb 3 succiry   3 tfnn`bo.
Birrit`bo t`cf< Zdf t`cf `t tikfs tm tfnn mr rfij i stmry. (Ae.  I at`bo t`cf,  
Amcprfss`mb   ibj  Fxpib s`mb).
Birritmr< sff Wm`bt m e v`fw.
M hsfrvfr-bi rritmr< sff Wm`bt me v`fw.
Mcb`sa`fbaf< sff Wm`bt me v`fw.

?5

 
:
  

Wibmric`a prfsfbtit`mb< sff  Cmjf m e prfsfbtit`mb.

Wnmt< Zdf irribofcfbt cijf hy tdf wr`tfr me tdf fvfbts me i stmry, ib ir
ribofcfbt jfs`obfj tm sdmw ci`bny aiusf ibj feefat.
Wm`bt me v`fw< Zdf iutdmr  w dm w r`tfs i stmry `s inwiys mcb`sa`fbt. D f ciy
admmsf tm rfvfin d`s mcb`sa`fbaf (ubn`c`tfj kbmwnfjof), rfjuaf `t, mr o`vf
`t up amcpnftfny.  I u td m r   ibj birritmr   irf bmt `jfbt`ain. Zdf iutdmr   `s tdf
stmry-tfnnfr, tdf „rfin cib– w`td i pfrsmbin h`moripdy, wdm rfci`bs mut
s`jf tdf stmry. Zdf birritmr  `s inwiys i e`ourf w`td`b tdf stmry , w dfr f df
aib ijmpt vir`mus rmnfs.
 B futrin mcb`sa`fbaf< Z d f   birrit`vf `s tmnj `b tdf td`rj pfrsmb. Zdf prfvi`n
`bo adiriatfr`st`a `s tdit tdf birritmr kbmws fvfrytd`bo ihmut d`s adiria
tfrs, tdf`r tdmuodts, effn`bos, pfrafpt`mbs. Zdf rfijfr dis iaapss tm inn
pmss`hnf k`bjs me `bemrcit`mb.
Qfnfat`vf mcb`sa`fbaf < Z df td`rj-pfrsmb bi rritm r jfn`hfritfny n`c`ts d`s tm
tin mcb`sa`fbaf ibj rfstr`ats d`csfne tm tdf v`fwpm`bt me mbf mr sfvfrin
(cunt`pnf sfnfat`vf mcb`sa`fbaf)  adiriatfrs `b tdf bi rrit`vf. @b tdf nittfr aisf
df ciy sd`et ermc tdf v`fwpm`bt me mbf adi riatfr tm td it me ib mtdf r (sd`et
`bo pm `bt me v`fw).
Mhsfrvfr-birritmr<  Z df bi rri tmr ambe`bfs d`csfne tm tdf rmnf me ib mh
sfrvfr, wdm tfnns mbny tdmsf td`bos tdit aib hf pfraf`vfj ermc tdf muts`jf.
Df dis bm iaafss tm tdf tdmuodts ibj effn`bos me mtdfr adiriatfrs.
„@ – is w `tb fss ;Z d f iutd mr dibjs d`s lmh m e stmry-tfnn`bo amc pnftfny mvfr tm
ibmtdfr cfj`itmr. Zdf „@– is w`tbfss `s i adiriatfr `b d`s mwb r`odt w`td`b
tdf stmry. Zdf biturin ambsfqufbaf me td`s birrit`vf emrc `s tdit tdf w`t
bfss dis bm cmrf tdib mrj`biry iaafss tm tdf cfbtin stitf me mtdfrs.
„@ – is prm tiomb `st<   Zdf ci`b adiriatfr tfnns d`s mwb stmry `b tdf e`rst pfr
smb. Df `s n`c`tfj incmst fbt`rfny tm d`s mwb tdmuodts, effn`bos ibj pfr
afpt`mbs.
„_`tdjriwin me iutdmr ibj birritmr–<  Zd f tmtin fn`c`bit`mb m e tdf bi r
ritmr. Zdf stmry amcfs j`rfatny tdrmuod tdf c`bjs me tdf adiriatfrs. Zdf
i`c `s tm jricit`zf cfbtin stitfs. Qff Qtrfic m e ambsa`musbfss.
Zdf jricit`a cmjf<   Div`bo fn`c`bitfj tdf iutdmr, ibj tdfb tdf birritmr,
wf irf bmw rfijy tm j`spmsf me cfbtin stitfs intmoftdfr. Zdf `bemrcit`mb
ivi`nihnf tm tdf rfijfr `b tdf jricit`a cmjf `s n`c`tfj nirofny tm wdit tdf
adiriatfrs jm ibj siy, tdf „pm`bt, me v`fw– hf`bo amcpirihnf tm td it m e i
aicfri. Zdf adiriatfrs‐ ippfiribaf ibj tdf sftt`bo ciy hf suppn`fj hy
tdf iutdmr is `b tdf stiof j`rfat`mbs me i pniy. (Ae. Qafb`a prfsfbtit`mb ).
Wrmtiomb`st< Zdf dfrm, tdf ci`b adiriatfr me i n`tfriry wmrk me irt.
Xfpmrtfj tdmuodt< sff Qtrfic m e ambsa`musbfss.

??

 
:
  

Risingaction:seeFallingaction.
X`s`bo iat`mb< sff Einn`bo iat`mb.
Scene,scenicpresentation:seeModeofpresentation.
Qafbf, safb`a prfsfbtit`mb< sff  Cmjf m e prfsfbtit`mb.
Setting:Thephysical,andsometimesspiritual,backgroundagainstwhich
Qftt`bo< Zdf pdys`ain, ibj smcft`cfs sp`r`tuin, hiakormubj ioi`bst wd`ad
theactionofanarrativetakesplace.Theelementswhichgotomakeupa
tdf iat`mb me i birrit`vf tikfs pniaf. Zdf fnfcfbts wd`ad om tm cikf up i
settingare:a)theactualgeographicallocationandsuchphysicalarrange-
sftt`bo irf< i) tdf iatuin ofmoripd`ain nmait`mb ibj suad pdys`ain irribof
mentsasthelocationofthewindowsanddoorsinaroom;b)theoccupa-
cfbts is tdf nmait`mb me tdf w`bjmws ibj jmmrs `b i rmmc ; h) tdf m aau pi
tionsanddailymanneroflivingofthecharacters;c)thetimeorperiodin
t`mbs ibj ji`ny cibbfr me n`v`bo me tdf adiriatfrs;  a) tdf t`cf mr pfr`mj `b
whichtheactiontakesplace;d)thegeneralenvironmentofthecharacters.
wd`ad tdf iat`mb  tikfs pniaf; j) tdf ofbfrin fbv`rmbcfbt me tdf adiriatfrs.
Qtmry< "Anarrativeofeventsintheirtime-sequence"
Story: „I birrit`vf me fvfbts `b tdf `r t`c f-sfquf baf– (E.M.F orster,
(F. C.- Emrstfr,
AspectsoftheNovel,p.93).
 Ispfats m e tdf B mvfn,   p. 01).
Streamofconsciousness:Wemaydefinestream-of-consciousnessfiction
Qtrfic me ambsa`musbfss< _f ciy jfe`bf strfic-me-ambsa`musbfss e`at`mb
asatypeoffictioninwhichthebasicemphasisisplacedontheexplora-
is i typf me e`at`mb `b wd`ad tdf his`a fcpdis`s `s pniafj mb tdf fxpnmri
tonofacharacter'sconsciousnessforthepurposeofrevealinghismental
t`mb me i adiriatfr‐s ambsa`musbfss emr tdf purpmsf me rfvfin`bo d`s cfbtin
nature.Theimportantcharacteristicofthemovementofconsciousnessis
biturf. Zdf `cpmrtibt adiriatfr`st`a me tdf cmvfcfbt me ambsa`musbfss `s
itsabilitytomovefreelyintimeandspace,imitatingthepsychological
`ts ih`n`ty tm cmvf erffny `b t`cf ibj spiaf, `c`tit`bo tdf psyadmnmo`ain
principleoffreeassociation,controlledbymemory,senses,imagination.
pr`ba`pnf me erff issma`it`mb, ambtrmnnfj hy cfcmry, sfbsfs, `cio`bit`mb.
Therearetwobasictechniquesusedinpresentingstreamofconscious-
Zdfrf irf twm his`a tfadb`qufs usfj `b prfsfbt`bo strfic me ambsa`mus
ness:reportedthoughtandinteriormonologue.
bfss< rfpmrtfj tdmuodt ibj `btfr`mr cmbmnmouf.
Reportedthought(also:indirectinteriormonologueorsubstitutionarynarra-
 Xfp mrtfj tdmu odt  (insm< `bj`rfat `btfr`mr cmbmnmouf  mr suhst`tut`mbiry birri
tion):apresentationofthoughts,feelings,perceptionswhichcontainsel-
t`mb )< i prfsfbtit`mb me tdmuodts, effn`bos, pfrafpt`mbs wd`ad ambti`bs fn
ementsofbothdirectspeechandreportedspeech.Typicalfeaturesarethe
fcfbts me hmtd j`rfat spffad ibj rfpm rtfj spffad. Zyp`ain efiturfs irf tdf
thirdpersonpointofview,thepasttensegroup(asinreportedspeech)
td`rj pfrsmb pm`bt me v`fw, tdf pist tfbsf ormup (is `b rfpmrtfj spffad)
andtheomissionofintroductoryclausessuchas
ibj tdf mc`ss`mb me `btrmj ua tmry aniusfs suad is "hesaid",
„df si`j– , "she
„ sdf
tdmuodt–, ,etc.
thought" fta.
Interiormonologue(also:directinteriormonologue):thetypeofmono-
 @b tfr`mr cmb mnmouf   (insm< j`rfat `btfr`mr cmbmnmouf )< tdf typf me cmbm
loguewhichpresentsconsciousnessdirectlytothereader.Thereiscom-
nmouf wd`ad prfsfbts ambsa`musbfss j`rfatny tm tdf rfijfr. Zdfrf `s amc
pleteornear-completedisappearanceoftheauthorfromthepage.Itisin
pnftf mr bfir-amc pnftf j`sippfiribaf me tdf iu tdmr ermc tdf piof. @t `s `b
thefirstperson,thetenseisastheminddictates.
tdf e`rst pfrsmb, tdf tfbsf `s is tdf c`bj j`atitfs.
Structure:Thearrangementofthematerialofanarrativewhichgivesit
Qtruaturf< Zdf irribofcfbt me tdf citfr`in me i birrit`vf wd`ad o`vfs `t
unityandform.
ub`ty ibj emrc.
Substitutionarynarration:seeStreamofconsciousness.
Quhst`tut`mbiry birrit`m b< sff Qtrfic m e ambsa`musbfss.
Summary:seeModeofpresentation.
Qucciry< sff  Cmjf m e prfsfbtit`mb.
Suspense:seeTension.
Quspfbsf< sff Zfbs`mb.
Symbol:Anobject,character,oreventthatrepresentssomethingwhichis
Qychmn< Ib mhlfat, adiriatfr, mr fvfbt tdit rfprfsfbts smcftd`bo wd`ad `s
mortimportantthantheliteralmeaningorconcretereference.
cmref `cpmrtibt tdib tdf n`tfrin cfib`bo mr ambarftf rfefrfbaf.
Tension,
Zfbs`mb, Suspense @b i "tensesituation"aparticularstateofaffairsmight
Quspfbsf< :Ina „tfbsf s`tuit`mb– i pirt`aunir stitf me ieei`rs c`odt
atanymomentbetransformedintosomethingcruciallydifferent.Hence
it iby cmcfbt hf tribsemrcfj `btm smcftd`bo arua`inny j`eefrfbt. Dfbaf
thereaderfeelsintenseinterestorexcitementatsuchphases,heiskeptin
tdf rfijfr effns `btfbsf `btfrfst mr fxa`tfcfbt it suad pdisfs, df `s kfpt `b
suspense,i.e.heisuncertainabouttheoutcomeofanactionandthewayit
suspfbsf,   `.f. df `s ubafrti`b ihmut tdf mutamcf me ib iat`mb ibj tdf wiy `t

78
?4

 
:
  

`s tm hf hrmuodt ihmut. Zfbs`mb `s `bdfrfbt `b tdf birrit`vf, wdfrfis sus

pfbsf rfefrs tm tdf rfnit`mbsd`p hftwffb tdf rfijfr ibj tdf birrit`vf.
Zdfcf< Zdf afbtrin mr jmc`bit`bo `jfi `b i n`tfriry wmrk. @b bmb-e`at`mb
prmsf `t `s tdf ofbfrin tmp`a me j`sauss`mb, tdf suhlfat me tdf j`samursf.
Zurb`bo-pm `bt< Zd f pm`bt it wd`ad tdf iat`mb tikfs ib mtdfr j`rfat`mb. (Ae.
Ar`s`s).

?0

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