IMTJ_ML TFLBM@VIVML

MWV@ML CFTF_MXMRML TJWR TM_RVK WTJLRML BFLHML

CFRVOML TFGM@ BELE (CTB) BE _VMLH LEAMW _WVB br.
IJFCKJLJ @MBE CVBVW
Besusul Hulm Kfkflu`e Ruhms Elbevebu
Wtmsf Cfpfrmwmtml Kmtfrletms

BEWVWVL JIF@ >

KM@_ERM BEM@ JCRMQEMLE

1?4=5424471

NV_VWML T_JAFWE LF_W

VLEQF_WERMW KV@MKKMBEUM@ CVBVW

RM@VL ?4=5
 IMTJ_ML TFLBM@VIVML

TJWR TM_RVK BFLHML CFRVOML TFGM@ BELE

M. Bfaelese
Kmsm leams (pufrpfreuk) mbmim` kmsm bekuime sftfim` cfim`erml pimsfltm

bml ofrmc`er cftecm mimt-mimt cmlbulhml cfkomie sfpfrte cfmbmml sfofiuk

`mkei ymlh ofrimlsulh cerm-cerm 1 kelhhu (_m`myu, ?4=?).

Tjst pmrtuk mbmim` kmsm sfsubm` pfrsmielml bmpmt nuhm besfout

kmsm leams (pufrpfreuk) ymetu kmsm sfsubm` pfrsmielml ymlh bepfriucml
ultuc puie`lym cfkomie mimt cmlbulhml ymlh imkmlym 1 kelhhu. Tjst pmrtuk
mbmim` kmsm 1 kelhhu sfnmc omye im`er smkpme jrhml-jrhml rfprjbucse
smkpme cfkomie cf cfmbmml ljrkmi sfofiuk `mkei (Ojomc,?4=4).
Tufrpfreuk mbmim` kmsm puie` cfkomie, kuime bmre pfrsmielml sfifsme
smkpme mimt-mimt cmlbulhml cfkomie sfpfrte prm `mkei (Bfwe, veveml bml
Rre sulmfse`, ?4==).

Cftuoml pfgm` bele (CTB) mtmu prfkmturf rupturf ja kfkormlfs (T_JK)

mbmim` pfgm`lym cmltulh cftuoml sfofiuk jlsft pfrsmielml ymlh oflmr, tfrifpms
bmre imkmlym cf`mkeiml. Tfgm`lym cftuoml sfofiuk wmctulym kfim`ercml
mtmu sfofiuk elpmrtu, pmbm pfkoucmml 92 gk (amsf imtfl). (Cukmim, ?4==).

Cftuoml pfgm` bele mbmim` pfgm`lym cftuoml sfofiuk tfrbmpmt tmlbm-tmlbm

pfrsmielml kuime bml betulhhu smtu nmk ofiuk tfrnmbe elpmrtu. Wfomheml cftuoml
pfgm` bele tfrnmbe pmbm cf`mkeiml mtfrk ifoe` bmre 78 kelhhu sfbmlhcml curmlh
bmre 71 kelhhu tebmc tfrimiu omlymc (Kmlumom, ?445).

CTB bebfaelesecml sfsume bflhml nukim` nmk bmre wmctu pfgm` cftuoml
smkpme mwetml pfrsmielml ymetu eltfrvmi pfrejbf imtfl ymlh bmpmt ltfrnmbe
cmpml smnm bmre =-=? nmk mtmu ifoe`. Elsebfl CTB omlymc tfrnmbe pmbm
wmletm bflhml sfrvecs elcjpfltfl, pjie`ebrmklejl, kmiprfsfltmse. (Kjrhml, ?445).

Bmre ofofrmpm bfaelese CTB be mtms kmcm bmpmt besekpuicml om`wm

CTB mbmim` pfgm`lym cftuoml sfofiuk tfrbmpmt tmlbm tmlbm pfrsmielml.
O. Cimseaecmse
Leams beomhe kflnmbe 7 pfrejbf>
= Tufrpfreuk bele ymetu cfpuie`ml bekmlm eou tfim` bepfrojif`cml ofrbere
bml ofrnmiml-nmiml. Bmimk mhmkm esimk bemlhhmp tfim` ofrse` bml
ojif` ofcfrnm sftfim` 24 `mre.

? Tufrpfreuk eltfrkfbemi ymetu cfpuie`ml kflyfiuru` mimt-mimt hflftmiem

ymlh imkmlym 1-0 kelhhu.
7. _fkjtf pufrpfreuk mbmim` wmctu ymlh bepfriucml ultuc puie` bml sf`mt
sfkpurlm tfrutmkm oeim sfimkm `mkei mtmu wmctu pfrsmielml
kfkpulyme cjkpiecmse, wmctu ultuc sf`mt sfkpurlm oesm ofrkelhhu,
ouimlml, mtmu tm`ulml.

(Ojomc,?4=4).

G. Mbmptmse Aesejijhe Kmsm Leams

= Tfruom`ml sestfk rfprjbucse.

m. Vtfrus.

Rfrnmbe elvjiuse / pflhfiumrml utfrus ymetu utfrus cfkomie cf

cjlbese sfkuim sfofiuk `mkei bflhml ofrmt utfrus 14 hrmk.

Trjsfs elvjiuse utfrus> mutjieses, tfrbmpmt pjiekjrp` pmh`jietec bml

kmgrjp`mhfr be bmimk sestfk vmscuifr bml sestfk iekp`mtec, fafc
jcsetjses.
Relhhe aulbus utfre kmsm pjst pmrtuk>
- RAV `mre = pjst pmrtuk = nmre be omwm` pusmt.
- RAV `mre ? pjst pmrtuk ?-7 nmre be omwm` pusmt.
- RAV `mre 2-6 pjst pmrtuk pfrtflhm`ml sekpeses bml pusmt.
- RAV `mre 8 pjst pmrtuk ?-7 nmre bemtms sekpeses
- RAV `mre =4-=? pjst pmrtuk tebmc tfrmom imhe.
o. Elvjius tfkpmt pimsfltm.
Rfkpmt pimsfltm cmsmr, tebmc rmtm bml cerm-cerm sfofsmr
tfimpmc tmlhml. @mi ele tfrnmbe sftfim` pfrsmielml. Iucm ele mcml
kflhfgei pmbm mc`er kelhhu cf bum `elhhm 7-2 gk. Tmbm mc`er leams
=-? gk, bml iucm mcml sfkou` bflhml pfrtukou`ml flbjkftreuk omru
pmbm pfrkucmml iucm. Flbjkftreuk ele tukou` bmre pelhher iucm bml
nuhm bmre sesm-sesm cfiflnmr pmbm bmsmr iucm.
g. Tfruom`ml pmbm sfrvec bml WO_.

Wfhfrm sftfim` cmim EE kflnmbe tepes, cflbur, tfpe iumr sfrvecs

oemsmlym kflhmimke imsfrmse c`ususlym sfofiuk imtfrim.
Wftfim` ofofrmpm `mre sfrvecs bmpmt bekmsuce = nmre.

Wftfim` sfifsme elvjiuse be est`kus mrtfre cmrflm `epfrpimsem bml

rftrmcse sfrvecs mc`erlym iucm kflnmbe sfkou`.

Wftfim` pfrsmielml belbelh pfrut ijlhhmr cmrflm be rflhhmlh ofhetu

imkm em tftmpe oemsmlym puie` cfkomie bmimk 1 kelhhu.
b. Ijg`em.

Ijg`em mbmim` gmerml sfcrft ymlh ofrmsmi bmre gmvuk utfre bml
vmhelm pmbm kmsm leams.
Ijg`em ruorm mtmu crufltm.
- =-? `mre

- Xmrlm kfrm` bml `etmk kflhmlbulh bmrm` bmre pfrjofcml mtmu

iucm pmbm ofcms ekpimltmse pimsfltm bml sfrmout bfvesm
bml g`jrel.
Ijg`em smlhufljifltm
- 7-1 `mre

- Xmrlm pute` gmkpur kfrm` nmbe

cfgjcimtml. Ijg`em sfrjsm
- 8-=2 `mre
- Xmrlm cfculelhml kflhmlbulh ifoe` sfbecet bmrm` bml ifoe`
omlymc sfruk.

Ijg`em miom
- ? -1 kelhhu
- Xmrlm pute` ifoe` pugmt pute` cfculelhml bml kflhmlbulh
ifucjset.
f. Tmyubmrm
Wftfim` kfim`ercml cftecm `jrkjl ymlh be`mseicml pimsfltm tebmc
imhe mbm ultuc kflh`mkomtlym, cfiflnmr petuetmry kflhfiumrcml
prjifctel (`jrkjl imctjhflec). Wmkpme `mre cf tehm sftfim` kfim`ercml,
tfroucte mbmlym fafc prjimctel pmbm pmyubmrm. Tfkouiu` bmrm`
pmyubmrm kflnmbe oflhcmc tfrese bmrm`, kflyfomocml `mlhmt,

oflhcmc bml rms msmcet, sfi-sfi ymlh kflh`mseicml MWE kuime

 ofraulhse, bml MWE kuime kflgmpme putelh kfimiue smiurml ,
kflhhmltecml cjijstruk ymlh tfim` kflbm`uiuelym, sfimlnutlym imctmse
bekuime.
Tmyubmrm pmbm eou ymlh kflyusue, cftecm imctmse tfrofltuc, tfrmom
sumtu kmssm (oflnjiml), tftmpe cmltjlh susu ymlh tfrese ofruom` pjsese

bmre `mre cf `mre sfofiuk imctmse bekuime, pmyubmrm tfrmom iulmc bml
sumtu gmerml cfculelhml, ymcle cjijstuk becfiumrcml bmre pmyubmrm.

Wftfim` imctmse bekuime pmyubmrm tfrsm `mlhmt bml cfrms cftecm

besfltu`, rmsm lyfre mcml kflftmp sfimkm sfcetmr 20 nmk. Wusu pute`
cfoeruml (tmkpmc spfrte susu scek) `mrus bepfrecsm ultuc becmne
fafcteietmslym sfomhme cfoimecml bmre elvfrse bml ultuc kflfkucml
mpmcm` mbm aesurm mtmu cfrftmcml.
? Tfruom`ml sestfk pflgfrlmml.
Rfrnmbe jostepmse sftfim` pfrsmielml cmrflm pfrsmielml mimt
pflgfrlmml kflbmpmt tfcmlml ymlh kflyfomocml cjijl kflnmbe cjsjlh,
pflhfiumrml gmerml ymlh ofrifoe`ml pmbm wmctu pfrsmielml (bf`ebrmse)
curmlh kmcml, `fkjrjeb, imsfrmse nmiml im`er supmym OMO imlgmr be
ofrecml beft/ kmcmlml kflhmlbulh sfrmt bml pfkofreml gmerml ymlh
gucup. Oeim usm`m ele tebmc ofr`msei sfimkm ? mtmu 7 `mre ofrecml
hiesfrel mtmu jomt ymlh imel.
7. Tfruom`ml sestfk pfrcfke`ml.

Belbelh smiurml cflgelh kfkpfrie`mtcml jfbfk bml `ypfrfkem cmbmlh-

cmbmlh jfbfkm bmre trehjlfuk bml kflekouicml jostrucse bmre urftrm
sf`elhhm tfrnmbe rftflse urel.

Cmlbulh cfke` kmse` sflsetevf bml cmpmsetms ofrtmkom` sf`elhhm

cmlbulh cfke` pflu` mtmu sftfim` cflgelh kmse` telhhmi urelf rfsebumi.

Wesm urel ele bml trmukm pmbm belbelh smiurml cflgelh wmctu
pfrsmielml kfkubm`cml tfrnmbelym elafcse.
Vrftfr bml pfives rflmies ymlh kflhmimke beimtmse cfkomie cf cfmbmml
sfofiuk `mkei kuime bmre ?-0 kelhhu sftfim` putus.
2. Truom`ml sestfk kuscuijscfiftmi.
Belbelh pfrut oemsmlym puie` sfimkm 1 kelhhu.
 Cmbmlh-cmbmlh wmletm ymlh mst`fles tfrnmbe bemtmses bmre jtjt-
jtjt rfgte mobjkfl sf`elhhm sfomheml bmre belbelh pfrut be hmres
tflhml `mlym tfrbere bmre pfretjleuk cuiet.

Rfkpmt ele kfljlnji cmimu ofrbere mtmu kflhfnml oemsmlym ele tfrnmbe
pmbm hrmlbf kuitepmrm. Xmletm ymlh kflhmlbulh ifoe` bmre = nmlel.

Ruimlh-tuimlh sflbe pmlhhui bml iehmkfltuk cfkomie bmimk wmctu 7

ouiml.
6. Tfruom`ml flbjcrel
Wftfim` pimsfltm im`er `jrkjl fstrjhfl bml prjhfstfrjl kflurul sf`elhhm
mcml kflbjrjlh pflhfiumrml `jrkjl AW@ bml I@ ultuc kfkuime cfkomie
secius kflstrumse cfiflnmr terjeb cfkomie cf ofltuc ljrkmi bml rmtm-rmtm
kftmojiec lmsmi cfkomie ljrkmi.
@jrkjl pimsfltm.
@jrkjl pimsfltm kflurul bflhml gfpmt sftfim` pfrsmielml, @GH (@jrkjl
Grjleg Hjlmbjtrjpel) kflurul bflhml gfpmt bml kflftmp =4 bmimk 7 nmk
`elhhm `mre cf 8 pjst pmrtuk bml sfomhme jksft pfkflu`ml pmbm `mre
cf 7 pjst pmrtuk.
@jrkjl petuetmry.
Trjimctel bmrm` kflelhcmt bflhml gfpmt, pmbm wmletm tebmc
kflyusue kflurul bmimk wmctu ? kelhhu. AW@ bml I@ kflelhcmt pmbm
amsf cjlsfltrmse ajiecuifr pmbm kelhhu cf 7 bml I@ tftmp rflbm` `elhhm
jvuimse tfrnmbe.
@epjtmimkec be petuetmry jvmreuk.
Vltuc wmletm ymlh kflyusue bml tebmc kflyusue mcml kfkpflhmru`e
imkmlym em kflbmpmtcml kflstrumse. Wfrelh cmie kflstrumse
pfrtmkm etu ofrseamt mljvuimse ymlh becmrflmcml rflbm`lym cmbmr
fstrjhfl bml prjhfstfrjl. Bemltmrmlym wmletm imctmse sfcetmr =6%
kfkpfrjif` kflstrumse 1 kelhhu bml 26% sftfim` =? kelhhu.
1. Tfruom`ml tmlbm-tmlbm vetmi.

Rfcmlml bmrm`lym oemsmlym tebmc ofruom`, cfkulhcelml RB mcml

rflbm` sftfim` eou kfim`ercml cmrflm mbm pfrbmrm`ml. RB elhhe pmbm
pjst pmrtuk bmpmt kflmlbmcml tfrnmbelym prf fcimkse pjst pmrtuk.

Wu`u> cfkomie ljrkmi sftfim` pfrsmielml sfbecet kflelhcmt, bml mcml

stmoei bmimk wmctu ?2 nmk cfgumie cmimu mbm elafcse,

Lmbe> bmimk omtms ljrkmi.

 - Necm ifoe` =44x/kflet moljrkmi bml kfrupmcml tmlbm elafcse mtmu
tfrnmbe pfrbmrm`ml elafcse.

- Ormbecmrbe (24-64x/kflet) sfhfrm sftfim` pfrsmielml bml bmimk

ofofrmpm nmk sftfim` pjst pmrtuk.
Tfrlmpmsml> bmimk omtms ljrkmi.

8. Tfruom`ml sestfk cmrbejvmscuimr.

Wfhfrm sftfim` pfrsmielml cfrnm nmltulh kflhmimke pflelhcmtml 04%
ifoe` telhhe bml pmbm sfofiuk pfrsmielml cmrflm mutjtrmlsause bmre
utfrj pimsfltm rfsestflse pfkouiu pfreafr kflelhcmt cmrflm `eimlhlym
utfrjpimsfltfr. Qjiukf bmrm` turul sfpfrte cfmbmml sfofiuk `mkei bml
vescjsetms kflelhcmt. Rjlus jtjt `mius pmbm belbelh pfkouiu` bmrm`
kflelhcmt. Gmrbemg jutput cfkomie ljrkmi bml tfcmlml bmrm` cfkomie
stmoei sftfim` 7 kelhhu.
0. Tfruom`ml `fkmtjijhe.
Ifucjset smmt pfrsmielml kflelhcmt smkpme =6.444 bml pmbm `mre-`mre
pfrtmkm pjst pmrtuk kflelhcmt cfkomie oesm kflgmpme ?6.444-74.444
@O,@R. Frtrjset kflhmimke pflurulml pmbm mwmi pjst pmrtuk cf`eimlhml
bmrm` =6.444 gg, cfkomie ljrkmi oesm kmsm pufrpfreuk ofrmc`er.
5. Imctmse.
Wfhfrm sfsubm` cfim`erml omye be iftmccml bemtms pmyubmrm eou
ultuc kmicucml elesemse kflyusue bele (EKE). Vltuc kfrmlhsmlh tekouilym
imctmse. Cfgumie pmbm cjltrm elbecmse ultuc kflyusue omyelym,
kesmilym> tfrtmrec cfbmimk. Amctjr imel bmre omyelym, kesimlym> omye
sukoelh, mtmu kflhmimke msaecsem, (leime mphmr beomwm` 8).

(Ojomc,?4=4).

B. Mbmptmse psecjijhes Eou Leams

Bmimk kflnmimle mbmptmse sftfim` kfim`ercml eou mcml kfimiue amsf-amsf
sfomhme ofrecut>
=. Amsf tmicelh el.
Amsf cftfrhmltulhml ymlh ofrimlhsulh bmre `mre pfrtmkm smkpme `mre
cf bum sftfim` kfim`ercml. Tmbm smmt ele ajcus pfr`mteml eou tfrutmkm
pmbm omyelym sflbere, cfifim`ml kfkoumt eou pfriu gucup esterm`mt ultuc
flgfhm` hfnmim curmlh tebur. Wfpfrte kubm` tfrselhhulh . jif` cmrflm etu
 cjlbese pfriu be pm`mke bflhml kflnmhm cjkelecmse ymlh omec pmbm
amsf ele pfriu be pfr`mtecml pfkofreml kmcmlml ultuc prjsfs pfkuie`mllym.
?. Amsf tmicelh `jib.
Amsf ele ofrimlhsulh mltmrm 7-=4 `mre sftfim` kfim`ercml. Tmbm amsf ele eou
kfrmsm c`mwmter mcml cftebmc kmkpuml bml rmsm tmlhhulh nmwmolym

bmimk kfrmwmt omye, sfimel etu pfrmsmml ymlh smlhmt sflsetea

sf`elhhm kubm` tfrselhhulh. Jif` cmrflm etu kfkfriucml buculhml cmrflm
smme ele kfrupmcml cfsfkpmtml ymlh omec ultuc kflfrekm ofromhme
pflyuiu`ml bmimk kfrmwmt bele.
7. Amsf ifttelh hj.
Amsf ele kfrupmcml amsf kflfrekm tmlhhulh nmwmo mcml pfrml
omrulym ymlh ofrimlhsulh =4 `mre. Wftfim` kfim`ercml eou subm` kuime
kflyfsumecml bere bflhml cftfrhmltulhml omhelym. Cfelhelml ultuc
kfrmwmt bere bml omyelym (UT, _m`myu, ?4=?).

F. FREJIJHE

Kflurut Kjrhml (?445), Cfnmbeml Tfgm` Bele (CTB) bmpmt besfomocml jif`
ofofrmpm amctjr kfiepute >
m. Vsem
Cmrmctfrestec pmbm eou ofrbmsmrcml usem smlhmt
ofrpflhmru` tfr`mbmp cfsempml eou sfimkm cf`mkeiml kmupul
kflh`mbmpe pfrsmielml. Vsem ultuc rfprjbucse jptekmi omhe sfjrmlh eou
mbmim` mltmrm ukur ?4-76 tm`ul. Be omwm` mtmu be mtms usem
tfrsfout mcml kflelhcmtcml rfsecj cf`mkeiml bml pfrsmielml). Vsem
sfsfjrmlh sfbfkeceml ofsmrlym mcml kfkpflhmru`e sestfk rfprjbucse,
cmrflm jrhml-jrhml rfprjbucselym
subm` kuime ofrcurmlh cfkmkpumllym bml cffimstesmllym bmimk kflfrek
cf`mkeiml.
o. Wjsemi fcjljke (Tflbmpmtml)
Tflbmpmtml kfrupmcml amctjr ymlh kflfltucml cumietms bml
cumltetms cfsf`mtml be sumtu cfiumrhm. Tflbmpmtml oemsmlym ofrupm
umlh ymlh kfkpflhmru`e sfsfjrmlh bmimk kfkflu`e cf`ebupml `ebuplym.
Tflbmpmtml ymlh kflelhcmt tebmc kfrupmcml cjlbese ymlh kflulnmlh
omhe tfrimcsmlmlym stmtus cfsf`mtml sfsfjrmlh. _flbm`lym
pflbmpmtml kfrupmcml reltmlhml ymlh kflyfomocml sfsfjrmlh tebmc
kmkpu kfkflu`e amseietms cfsf`mtml sfsume cfoutu`ml. g. Tmretms

Tmretms mbmim` omlymclym mlmc ymlh beim`ercml jif` eou bmre mlmc

pfrtmkm smkpme bflhml mlmc tfrmc`er. Mbmpul pfkomheml pmretms ymetu

prekepmrm, kuitepmrm, bml hrmlbf kuitepmrm. Trekepmrm mbmim`

sfjrmlh wmletm ymlh omru pfrtmkm cmie kfim`ercml bekmlm nmlel
kmlgmpme usem cf`mkeiml ?0 kelhhu mtmu ifoe`. Kuitepmrm mbmim`
sfjrmlh wmletm ymlh tfim` kflhmimke cf`mkeiml bflhml usem cf`mkeiml
kelekmi ?0 kelhhu bml tfim` kfim`ercmloum` cf`mkeimlym ? cmie mtmu
ifoe`. Wfbmlhcml hrmlbf kuitepmrm mbmim` sfjrmlh wmletm ymlh tfim`
kflhmimke `mkei bflhml usem cf`mkeiml kelekmi ?0 kelhhu bml tfim`
kfim`ercml oum` cf`mkeimllym ifoe` bmre 6 cmie
Xmletm ymlh tfim` kfim`ercml ofofrmpm cmie bml pfrlm`
kflhmimke CTB pmbm cf`mkeiml sfofiuklym sfrtm nmrmc cfim`erml ymlh
tfrimkpmu bfcmt beymcele ifoe` ofrfsecj mcml kflhmimke CTB pmbm
cf`mkeiml ofrecutlym.
b. Mlfkem
Mlfkem pmbm cf`mkeiml mbmim` mlfkem cmrflm cfcurmlhml zmt ofse.
Necm pfrsfbemml zmt ofse kelekmi, kmcm sftemp cf`mkeiml mcml
kflhurmlhe pfrsfbemml zmt ofse tuou` bml mc`erlym kflekouicml mlfkem.
Tmbm cf`mkeiml rfimtea tfrnmbe mlfkem cmrflm bmrm` eou `mkei
kflhmimke `fkjbfiuse mtmu pflhflgfrml bflhml pflelhcmtml vjiukf
74% smkpme 24% ymlh pulgmclym pmbm cf`mkeiml 7? smkpme 72
kelhhu. Tmbm eou `mkei ymlh kflhmimke mlfkem oemsmlym betfkucml
gere-gere ifkms, pugmt, gfpmt ifim`, kmtm ofrculmlh-culmlh. f. Tfreimcu
Kfrjcjc
Cfoemsmml kfrjcjc mtmu ielhculhml bflhml rjcjc ymlh eltflsetms
telhhe bmpmt ofrpflhmru` pmbm cjlbese eou `mkei. _jcjc kflhmlbulh ifoe`
bmre ?.644 zmt cekem ymlh tfrebflteaecmse tfrkmsuc cmrojlkjljcsebm,
mkjlem, msftjl, semlebm `ebrjhfl, bml imel-imel. Kfrjcjc pmbm kmsm
cf`mkeiml bmpmt kflyfomocml hmlhhumlhmlhhuml
sfpfrte cf`mkeiml fctjpec, cftuoml pfgm` bele, bml rfsecj im`er kmte ymlh
ifoe` telhhe
a. _ewmymt CTB
Tflhmimkml ymlh pfrlm` bemimke jif` eou ofrsmiel bflhml cfnmbeml
CTB bmpmt ofrpflhmru` ofsmr pmbm eou necm kflh`mbmpe cjlbese
cf`mkeiml. _ewmymt CTB sfofiuklym ofrfsecj ?-2 cmie kflhmimke cftuoml
pfgm` bele cfkomie. Tmtjhflfses tfrnmbelym CTB sfgmrm selhcmt

emim` mceomt pflurulml cmlbulhml cjimhfl bmimk kfkorml sf`elhhm

kfkegu tfrnmbelym cftuoml pfgm` bele bml cftuoml pfgm` prftfrk.
h. Wfrvecs ymlh elcjkpftflsec
Elcjkpftflsem sfrvecs mbmim` esteim` ultuc kflyfout cfimelml
pmbm jtjt-jtjt if`fr mtmu if`fr rm`ek (sfrvecs) ymlh tfrimiu iulmc bml ifkm`,
sf`elhhm sfbecet kfkoucm betflhm`-tflhm` cf`mkeiml cmrflm tebmc
kmkpu kflm`ml bfsmcml nmlel ymlh sfkmcel ofsmr. Elcjkpftflsem sfrvecs
mbmim` sfrvecs bflhml sumtu cfimelml mlmtjke ymlh lymtm, besfomocml
imsfrmse sfofiuklym kfimiue jsteuk utfre mtmu kfrupmcml sumtu
cfimelml cjlhfletmi pmbm sfrvecs ymlh kfkulhcelcml tfrnmbelym
beimtmse ofrifoe`ml tmlpm pfrmsmml lyfre bml kuifs bmimk kmsm
cf`mkeiml trekfstfr cfbum mtmu mwmi trekfstfr cftehm ymlh beecute
bflhml pfljlnjiml bml rjofcml sfimput nmlel sfrtm cfiumrlym `msei cjlsfpse

` Rfcmlml eltrm utfrk ymlh kflelhhe mtmu kflelhcmt sfgmrm ofrifoe`ml

Rfcmlml eltrm utfrel ymlh kflelhhe mtmu kflelhcmt sfgmrm
ofrifoe`ml bmpmt kflyfomocml tfrnmbelym cftuoml pfgm` bele, kesmilym >
=) Rrmukm3 ofrupm `uoulhml sfcsumi, pfkfrecsmml bmimk, mklejseltfses ?)
Hfkfiie > Cf`mkeiml cfkomr mbmim` sumtu cf`mkeiml bum nmlel mtmu ifoe`.
Tmbm cf`mkeiml hfkfiie tfrnmbe bestflse utfrus ymlh ofrifoe`ml, sf`elhhm
kflekouicml mbmlym cftfhmlhml rm`ek sfgmrm ofrifoe`ml. @mi ele tfrnmbe
cmrflm nukim`lym ofrifoe`, ese rm`ek ymlh ifoe` ofsmr bml cmltulh (sfimput
cftuoml ) rfimtevf cfgei sfbmlhcml beomheml omwm` tebmc mbm ymlh
kflm`ml sf`elhhm kflhmceomtcml sfimput cftuoml tepes bml kubm` pfgm`.
(Kmlumom, ?445) (_etmwmte, ?445).
A. RMLBM BML HFNMIM CTB

Rmlbm bml hfnmim pmbm cf`mkeiml ymlh kflhmimke CTB mbmim`

cfiumrlym gmerml cftuoml kfrfkofs kfimiue vmhelm. Mrjkm mer cftuoml ofromu
mkes bml tebmc sfpfrte omu mkjlemc, kulhcel gmerml tfrsfout kmse` kfrfkofs
mtmu kflftfs, bflhml gere pugmt bml ofrhmres wmrlm bmrm`. Gmerml ele tebmc
mcml ofr`flte mtmu cfrelh cmrflm tfrus beprjbucse smkpme cfim`erml. Rftmpe
oeim mlbm bubuc mtmu ofrbere, cfpmim nmlel ymlh subm` tfriftmc be omwm`
oemsmlym kflhhmlnmi mtmu kflyukomt cfojgjrml ultuc sfkfltmrm. Bfkmk, ofrgmc
vmhelm ymlh omlymc, lyfre pfrut, bflyut nmltulh nmlel ofrtmkom` gfpmt
kfrupmcml tmlbm-tmlbm elafcse ymlh tfrnmbe. (Kmlumom, ?445).

H. TMRJAEWEJIJHE

Kflurut (Kmlumom,?445) Kfcmleskf tfrnmbelym CTB bekuime bflhml

tfrnmbe pfkoucmml prfkmturf sfrvecs, imiu cuiet cftuoml kflhmimke

bfvmscuimresmse. Wftfim` cuiet cftuoml kflhmimke bfvmscuimresmse

sfimlnutlym cuiet cftuoml kflhmimke lfcrjses , sf`elhhm nmrelhml ecmt ymlh
kflymlhhm cftuoml sfkmcel ofrcuoml. Kfifkm`lym bmym tm`ml cftuoml
bepfrgfpmt bflhml mbmlym elafcse ymlh kflhfiumrcml flzek prjtfjijtec bml
cjimhflmsf ymlh beecute jif` cftuoml pfgm` spjltml. Wfimel cmrflm elafcse bml
tfcmlml eltrmutfre ymlh cumt, ofr`uoulhml sfcsumi pmbm cf`mkeiml tum
ofrpflhmru` pmbm tfrnmbelym CTB cmrflm pflhmru` prjstmhimlbel ymlh
tfrbmpmt bmimk spfrkm, bmpmt kflekouicml cjltrmcse, tftmpe oesm nuhm
amgtjr trmukm smmt ofr`uoulhml sfcsumi. Tmbm cf`mkeiml hmlbm bmpmt
kflyfomocml CTB cmrflm utfrus kfrfhmlh ofrifoe`ml ymlh besfomocml jif`
ofsmrlym nmlel, bum pimsfltm bml nukim` mer cftuoml ymlh ifoe` omlymc.
@. TMR@XMU

_fsecj
Tfrbmrm`ml

(Kmlumom,?445)
E. Tfkfrecsmml Tflulnmlh
m. Tfkfrecsmml imojrmtjreuk

Gmerml ymlh cfiumr bmre vmhelm pfriu bepfrecsm wmrlm,

cjlsfltrmse, omu bml T@lym.

=) Rfs imckus (tfs letrmzel), necm cfrtms imckus kfrm` ofruom`

kflnmbe oeru ,kflulnuccml mbmlym mer cftuoml (micmies).

?) Kecrjscjpec (tfs pmces), bflhml kflftfscml mer cftuoml pmbm

hfims jonfc bml beoemrcml cfrelh, pfkfrecsmml kecrjscjpec
kflulnuccml hmkomrml bmul pmces.
o. Tfkfrecsmml uitrmsjljhrmae (VWH)

Tfkfrecsmml ele bekmcsubcml ultuc kfie`mt nukim` gmerml cftuoml

bmimk cmvuk utfre. Tmbm cmsus CTB tfrie`mt nukim` gmerml
cftuoml ymlh sfbecet (Kmlumom, ?445).

N. TFLMRMIMCWMLMML KFBEW

Tflmtmimcsmlmml CTB kfkfriucml pfrtekomlhml usem cf`mkeiml,

mbmlym elafcse pmbm cjkpiecmse eou bml nmlel bml mbmlym tmlbm-tmlbm
pfrsmielml. Tflmlhmlml cftuoml pfgm` bele kflurut (Kmlumom, ?445).kfiepute
>

m. Cjlsfrpmtea
=) Tflhfijimml cjlsfrpmtea beimcucml oeim tebmc mbm pflyuiet (omec
pmbm eou kmupul pmbm nmlel) bml `mrus be rmwmt berukm` smcet.
?) Ofrecml mlteoejtecm (mkpegeiel 2 x 644 kh mtmu fretrjkegel oeim
tebmc tm`ml mkpegeiel) bml kftrjlebmzji ? x 644 kh sfimkm 8 `mre.
7) Necm ukur cf`mkeiml 97?-72 kelhhu, bermwmt sfimkm mer cftuoml
kmse` cfiumr, mtmu smkpme mer cftuoml tebmc cfiumr imhe.

2) Necm usem cf`mkeiml 7?-?8 kelhhu, ofiuk el pmrtu, tebmc mbm

elafcse, tfs ouss lfhmtev ofre bfcsmkftmsjl, josfrvmse tmlbm-tmlbm
elafcse, bml cfsfnm`tfrmml nmlel, tfrkelmse pmbm cf`mkeiml 78
kelhhu.
6) Necm usem cf`mkeiml 7?-78 kelhhu, subm` elpmrtu, tebmc mbm elafcse,
ofrecml tjcjietec (smioutmkji), bfcsmkftmsjl, bml elbucse sfsubm` ?2

nmk.
 1) Necm usem cf`mkeiml 7?-78 kelhhu, mbm elafcse, ofre mlteoejtec
bml imcucml elbucse.
8) Leime tmlbm-tmlbm elafcse
0) Tmbm usem cf`mkeiml 7?-72 kelhhu ofrecml stfrjeb, ultuc kfkegu
cfkmtmlhml pmru nmlel, bml cmimu kfkulhcelcml pfrecsm cmbmr

ifsetel bml spelhjkefiel temp kelhhu. Bjses oftmkftmsjl =? kh sf`mre

bjses tulhhmi sfimkm ? `mre, bfcsmkftmsjl EK 6 kh sftemp 1 nmk
sfomlymc 2 cmie.
o. Mctea
=) Cf`mkeiml <78 kelhhu, elbucse bflhml jcsetjsel, oeim hmhmi sfcsej
sfsmrfm. Bmpmt puim beofrecml kesjprjstji 64 kh eltrmvmhelmi temp
1 nmk kmcsekmi 2 cmie.
?) Oeim mbm tmlbm-tmlbm elafcse ofrecml mlteoejtecm bjses telhhe.
Bml pfrsmielml bemc`ere.
7) Oeim scjr pfivec 9 6, imcucml pfkmtmlhml sfrvec, cfkubeml elbucse.
Necm tebmc ofr`msei, mc`ere pfrsmielml bflhml sfcsej sfsmrfm

2) Oeim scjr pfivec < 6, elbucse pfrsmielml, pmrtus pfrvmhelmk

Tflmtmimcsmlmml CTB kflurut Kmlumom (?445) tfltmlh
pflmtmimcsmlmml CTB mbmim` >
m. Kfkpfrtm`mlcml cf`mkeiml smkpme gucup ouiml c`ususlym
kmturetms pmru sf`elhhm kflhurmlhe cfnmbeml cfhmhmiml
pfrcfkomlhml pmru ymlh sf`mt.
o. Rfrnmbe elafcse bmimk rm`ek, ymetu cjrejmklejletes ymlh kflnmbe
pfkegu sfpses, kmlelhetes nmlel, bml pfrsmielml prfkmturetms
g. Bflhml pfrcermml nmlel subm` gucup ofsmr bml pfrsmielml
be`mrmpcml ofrimlhsulh bmimk wmctu 8? nmk bmpmt beofrecml
cjrtecjstfrjeb, sf`elhhm cfkmtmlhml pmru nmlel bmpmt tfrnmkel.
b. Tmbm ukur cf`mkeiml ?2-7? kelhhu ymlh kflyfomocml kflulhhu
ofrmt nmlel gucup, pfriu bepfrtekomlhcml ultuc kfimcucml elbucse
pfrsmielml, bflhml cfkulhcelml nmlel tebmc bmpmt besfimkmtcml

f. Kflh`mbmpe CTB, bepfriucml pflnfimsml tfr`mbmp eou bml

cfiumrhm sf`elhhm tfrbmpmt pflhfrteml om`wm telbmcml kflbmbmc
kulhcel beimcucml bflhml pfrtekomlhml ultuc kflyfimkmtcml eou bml
kulhcel `mrus kflhjromlcml nmlellym.
 a. Tfkfrecsmml ymlh pfltelh beimcucml mbmim` VWH ultuc kflhucur
bestmlsem oepmreftmi bml pfriu kfimcucml mspermse mer cftuoml
ultuc kfimcucml pfkfrecsmml cfkmtmlhml pmru.
h. Xmctu tfrkelmse pmbm cf`mkeiml mtfrk bmpmt bemlnurcml sfimlh
wmctu 1-?2 nmk oeim tebmc tfrnmbe `es spjltml. (Kmlmuom, ?445).

C. TFLMRMIMCWMLMML CFTF_MXMRML
Tjim aulhsejlmi kflurut Hjrbjl>
=. Tjim pfrsfpse cfsf`mtml
Mbmcm` rewmymt elafcse sfofiuklym, pfrsfpse pmsefl bml cfiumrhm
kflhflme pfltelhlym cfsf`mtml omhe mlhhjtm cfiumrhmlym.
? Tjim lutrese bml gmerml
Tjim kmcml bml keluk sf`mre-`mre, nukim` kmcmlml bml kelukml ymlh
becjlsukse, nfles kmcmlml bml kelukml, wmctu ofrmpm cmie sf`mre, lmasu
kmcml kflurul / tebmc, nfles kmcmlml ymlh besucme, pflurulml ofrmt
ombml.
7. Tjim fiekelmse

Kflhcmne pjim OMO bml OMC sfofiuk bml sfimkm smcet, kflgmtmt
cjlsestflse, wmrlm, omu, bml ofrmpm arfcuflse bmimk sf`mre, cjlstepmse
mtmupul ofsfr.
2. Tjim mctevetms bml imte`ml
_fmcse sftfim` ofrmctevetms (kulgui cfrelhmt belhel, cfifim`mt/ cfifte`ml),
pfruom`ml pjim lmams sftfim` mcteaetms, cfkmkpuml pmsefl bmimk
mctevetms sfgmrm kmlbere.
6. Tjim tebur bml esterm`mt
Ofrmpm nmk sf`mre, tfroemsm tebur semlh, hmlhhuml sfimkm tebur (sfrelh
tfromlhul), lyflymc, lymkml.
1. Tjim pfrsfpse cjhletea
Cjlsfltrmse, bmym elhmt, bml cfkmkpuml kflhftm`ue tfltmlh pflymcetlym.

8. Tjim pfrsfpse bml cjlsfp bere

Mbmcm` pfrmsmml tfresjimse bere mtmu pfrmsmml tebmc pfrgmym bere cmrflm

smcetlym.
0. Tjim rfprjbucse bml sfcsumi
5. Tjim kfcmleskf bml cjpelh
 Fkjse, cftmcutml tfr`mbmp pflymcetlym, cfgfkmsml ymlh kulgui tmlpm
mimsml ymlh nfims.
=4. Tjim `uoulhml
@uoulhml mltmrm cfiumrhm, eltfrmcse, cjkulecmse, sfrtm gmrm
ofrcjkulecmse

==. Tjim cfymcelml bml speretumi

Mhmkm pmsefl, hmlhhuml ofreombm` sfimkm smcet, cftmmtml bmimk
ofrbj―m bml ofreombm`.

I. BEMHLJWM CTF_MXMRML
=. _fsecj elafcse o.b. cftuoml pfgm` bele
? Bfaeseflse pflhftm`uml o.b. curmlh pflhftm`uml tfltmlh CTB
7. Lyfre mcut o.b. cjltrmcse utfrus
2. Mlseftms o.b. stmtus cfsf`mtml (CTB)

6. _fsecj Tfrbmrm`ml ob Imsfrmse nmiml im`er

K. ELRF_QFLWE
Lj. Bx cfp LJG LEG
= _fsecj elafcse o.b. LJG > sftfim` beimcucml -cmne tmlbm-tmlbm
cftuoml pfgm` bele
telbmcml cfpfrmwmtml elafcse -Tmltmu
sfimkm....x?2 nmk, cfmbmml ukuk pmsefl
be`mrmpcml kmsmim` -mnmrcml ciefl
rfsecj elafcse bmpmt mtmu cfiumrhm
tfrmtmse bflhml tmlbm-tmlbm elafcse
cretfrem `msei > -cjimojrmse pfkofreml

-Tmsefl tfrofoms bmre mlteoejtec

tmlbm bml hfnmim elafcse

-Ifucjset bmimk rfltmlh

ljrkmi
-Wu`u tuou` bmimk rftmlh
ljrkmi
-BNN ljrkmi

?. Bfaeseflse LJG > sftfim` beimcucml LEG >

pflhftm`uml o.b. telbmcml cfpfrmwmtml -Cmne telhcmt pflhftm`uml
curmlh
pflhftm`uml
 tfltmlh CTB sfimkm....x?2 nmk, ciefl tfltmlh CTB
be`mrmpcml kmsmim` -sfbemcml elajrkmse
bfaeseflse pflhftm`uml tfltmlh bfaelese CTB
bmpmt tfrmtmse bflhml -sfbemcml elajrkmse
cretfrem `msei > tfltmlh pflyfomo CTB
-ciefl sfgmrm vfromi -cjimojrmse bflhml tek

kflhmtmcml subm` kfbes bmimk pfkofreml

kfkm`mke tfltmlh tfrmpe jomt
cjlbese cfsf`mtmllym
-ciefl kmkpu
kflnfimscml bfaelese bmre
CTB
-ciefl kmkpu
kflnfimscml pflyfomo
CTB
7. Lyfre mcut o.b. LJG > sftfim` beimcucml LEG >
cjltrmcse utfrus telbmcml cfpfrmwmtml -cmne lyfre sfgmrm
sfimkm....x?2 nmk, cjkprf`flsea
be`mrmpcml kmsmim` lyfre -ofrecml pjsese ymlh
mcut bmpmt tfrmtmse bflhml lymkml
cretfrem `msei > -mnmrcml tfclec
-pmsefl sfgmrm vfromi ljlamrkmcjijhe ultuc
kflhmtmcml lyfre kflhmtmse lyfre
ofrcurmlh -cjimojrmse bflhml tek
-scmim lyfre (7-2) kfbes bmimk pfkofreml
-RRQ ljrkmI tfrmpe mlmihftec
2. Mlseftms o.b. LJG > sftfim` beimcucml LEG >
stmtus cfsf`mtml telbmcml cfpfrmwmtml -Cmne telhcmt cfgfkmsml
sfimkm....x?2 nmk, -Kjletjr cfsmbmrml bml
be`mrmpcml kmsmim` gmpeiimry rfaeii
mlseftms bmpmt tfrmtmse -mnmrcml tfclec
bflhml cretfrem `msei > ljlamrkmcjijhe ultuc
-mcrmi tfrmom `mlhmt kflhurmlhe cfgfkmsml
-RRQ ljrkmi -cjimojrmse bflhml tek
-G_R > curmlh bmre ? bftec kfbes bmimk pfkofreml
 -cfmbmrml > gjkpjskfltes tfrmpe jomt.
6. _fsecj LJG > sftfim` beimcucml LEG

Tfrbmrm`ml ob telbmcml cfpfrmwmtml - Kfkjletjr pfrbmrm`ml

Imsfrmse nmiml im`er sfimkm....x?2 nmk, - Kfkmltmu RRQ
be`mrmpcml kmsmim` - Kflh`elbmre prjsfbur
rfsecj pfrbmrm`ml bmpmt elvmsea , necm bepfriucml
tfrmtmse bflhml cretfrem kmcm pmltmu bflhml cftmt
`msei > - Kflhcjjrbelmse prjsfbur
- RRQ ljrkmi elvmsea bflhml trmlsause
- Rebmc mbm oifbelh trjkojset
-Kflh`elbmre kflhmlhcmt
oflbm ofrmt
 BMARM_ TVWRMCM

Bfwe, Qeveml Lmlly iem &Rre sulmrse`. ?4==. Msu`ml Cfoebmlml Tmbm Eou
Leams. Nmcmrtm>FHG

@mlrftty, Cfvel T. ?4=2. Eiustrmse jostftre. Fbese cf 8. Fbetjr fbese Elbjlfsem.

Oube Ekml smltjsj & Fiysmoft` Kuiemwml. Elbjlfsem> pfltmsmbm.

Qmrlfy, @fifl. ?448. Oucu Mnmr Msu`ml Cfoebmlml fbese 2 vjiukf ?. Nmcmrtm>
FHG

_m`myu ft.mii. ?4=?. Oucu Mnmr Kmsm Leams bml Kflyusue. Nmcmrtm> Ketrm
wmlgmlm Kfbecm.

@frkmwml, R. @fmt`fr ?4=6. Lmlbm Eltfrlmtejlmi Elg. Bemhljses Cfpfrmwmtml>

bfaelese bml cimseaecmse ?4=6-?4=8. Nmcmrtm> FHG

Outg`fr, @jwmrb., bcc. ?4=0. Lurselh Eltfrvfltejls Gimsseaegmtejl (LEG)> Fbese

Cftunu`, Om`msm Elbjlfsem. Ujhymcmrtm> kjgjkfbem. Betfrnfkm`cml jif`
Eltmlsmre Lurnmlm

Kjjrf`fmb, Wuf., bcc. ?4=0. Lurselh Jutgjkf Gimsseaegmtejl (LJG)> Fbese

Cfflmk, Om`msm ymcmrtm> kjgjkfbem. Betfrnfkm`cml jif` Eltmlsmre Lurnmlm`

Cukmim. (?4==). @uoulhml mltmrm Tmretms bflhml cfnmbeml Cftuoml Tfgm` Bele
berumlh QC _W O`mcte _m`myu Wurmomym.

Kmlumom (?445). Oucu mnmr pmtjijhe jostftre ultuc km`mseswm cfoebmlml.

Nmcmrtm> FHG.
Kjrhml. Hfre. (?445). Jostftre Hflfcjijhe Trmctec. Fbese EE. Nmcmrtm> Tflfroet
Oucu Cjbjctfrml, FHG.
_etmwmte. (?445). @uoulhml Mlfkem bflhml rfsecj cfnmbeml Cftuoml Tfgm` Bele
be Cmoupmtfl Turwjrfnj.