DAI[G\EI JF IC 

Embg \ilafs Afûm

GKFXZGKEÛM XI[EZESG EMKIMJEKEIMGA

[f cumjgbfmtg fm quf kgjg pfrsimg fs um sfr jecfrfmtf, semduagr.
Ebpaekg gpfrturg jf bfmtf g ai kuaturga, cafxeleaejgj pgrg fmtfmjfr y gkfptgr jecfrfmkegs
emjevejugafs y, fm bfjegkeûm, rfirefmtgr jekogs jecfrfmkegs fm cumkeûm jf ais il`ftevis
cemgafs jf ag besbg.

GXIUI EMCI\BGA [fptefblrf 86 \fsfrvg

Gtfmkeûm quf ais bgyirfs rfkelfm fm fa sfmi cgbeaegr y sf fmtefmjf kibi emtfrgkkeimfs
jf um befblri jf ag cgbeaeg quf gyujg g itri jf bgmfrg rfduagr g rfgaezgr gktevejgjfs
quf sim mfkfsgregs pgrg aafvgr umg vejg emjfpfmjefmtf. Fstg jfjekgkeûm og gku÷gji fa
tårbemi jf -kgrdg‒ sikega, fbikeimga, fkimûbekg y psekiaûdekg.

G[F[I\GBEFMZI KIBI KIM[F@I

Jfstgkgr ag gyujg jf fspfkegaestgs fspfkâcekis g ags pfrsimgs, drupis i emstetukeimfs fm
kgbpis jf ag jemçbekg pfrsimga, drupga i kibumetgreg.
[u cumkeûm fs emvfstedgr f emcirbgr kûbi jflf rfgaezgrsf umg gktevejgj.

G[F[I\GBEFMZI KIBI EMCI\BGKEÛM

Kibpafbfmtg ga gsfsirgbefmti kibi irefmtgkeûm.
Jg i fmsf÷g g luskgr emcirbgkeûm, irefmtgr silrf rfkursis, bgtfregafs y
oubgmis, cgbeaegrfs, sikegafs f emstetukeimgafs y gjfkugr jekois rfkursis g ags
mfkfsejgjfs
 pfrsimgafs.
G[F[I\GBEFMZI KIBI I\EFMZGKEÛM
Gyujg sestfbçtekg quf umg pfrsimg kugaecekgjg pricfseimgabfmtf (gsfsir) prfstg g um
su`fti, g um drupi i g umg emstetukeûm (irefmtgjir).

GVZIKIMZ\IA
Zåkmekg kidmetevg.
Fs um kim`umti jf fstrgtfdegs pgrg jitgr g ag pfrsimg jf ags kibpftfmkegs mfkfsgregs
 pgrg jereder i kimtriagr su pripei kibpirtgbefmti.
Kimkfjf g ag pfrsimg ag jerfkkeûm y rfspimsgleaejgj jf su pripei kibpirtgbefmti,
fvgaugmji y bijecekgmji, pgrtekepgmji y fvgaugmji rfsuatgjis.
Fa irefmtgjir, pgjrf, bgjrf, pricfsir> fs fa jf um kiaglirgjir quf af gyujg fmsf֍mjiaf
ag tfirâg y ais båtijis pgrg ag bijecekgkeûm jf ag kimjuktg.
Fxestfm ; ftgpgs0
7) Gutirrfdestri. \fdestri y fvgaugkeûm jf ag pripeg kimjuktg. 
Zåkmekg jf fvgaugkeûm pgrg fvgaugr ag kimjuktg, pgrg quf ags kimjuktgs jfsfgjgs
gubfmtfm y ags quf mi, jesbemuygm. Zåkmekg quf emjukf g ag rfcafxeûm.
<) Gutifvgaugkeûm .
Kibpgrgkeûm quf ogkf fa su`fti jf su pripeg kimjuktg, ogleaejgjfs, ftk., fm rfagkeûm
ga bijfai jf rfcfrfmkeg. [f uteaezg kibi bfjejg jf fcekgkeg jf ags pfrsimgs quf
fstçm gprfmjefmji g kimtriagr ag kimjuktg. Fcekgz fm jfsilfjefmkeg y bgais trgtis
vfrlgafs.
;) Gutirrfcufrzi .
Kimsestf fm quf fs fa besbi su`fti fa quf gjbemestrg fa rfcirzgjir i rfkibpfmsg.
7
DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

GVZIEM[Z\VKKEIMF[Cflrfri 8; L, Cflrfri 8: G, [fptefblrf 8: \fsfrvg

Zåkmekg kidmetevg.
Kimsestf fm kgblegr ags vfrlgaezgkeimfs emtfrmgs i pfmsgbefmtis jf ag pfrsimg kuyg
kimjuktg qufrfbis bijecekgr pir itrgs quf af vgm g sfr jf bçs uteaejgj pgrg rfgaezgr ag
tgrfg i siaukeimgr fa prilafbg.
[im emstrukkeimfs emtfrmgs quf gkibpg÷gm g ags gkkeimfs. [im ûrjfmfs quf sf jg g sâ
besbi gmtfs jf emekegr ag gktevejgj.
E m j ek gj i p g r g f a m t rfm g b e fm t i jf m e ÷ i s
g p rf m e zg `f y m fa k i tr i a j k m u k t g s j
o p f r gk te vis f ebpuasevis sim jecekuatgjfs jf
f ae k te v s .

KG[ZEDI
Zåkmekg pgrg rfjuker i fxtemduer kimjuktgs emgjfkugjgs.
Fs ag tåkmekg quf gkubuag bçs fstebuagkeûm gvfrsevg. [iai ogy quf uteaezgrag kugmji
ogm cgaagji ags jfbçs.
Kimsestf fm ag faebemgkeûm jf gadi gdrgjglaf f fm ag gpaekgkeûm jf um fstâbuai mfdgtevi
kibi kimsfkufmkeg jf umg bgag kimjuktg pgrg quf åstg jfsgpgrfzkg.
Fxestfm jis tepis0
- Kgstedi pir gpaekgkeûm. Jgr um tirtgzi jfspuås jf umg kimjuktg.
- Kgstedi pir [uprfseûm jf um rfcirzgjir pisetevi jfspuås jf
suprfseûm . kimjuktg.
ag
Ogy quf tfmfr fm kufmtg quf ags gatfrmgtevgs ga kgstedi sim bukogs y jujgbis jf ag
fcekgkeg pfjgdûdekg jfa kgstedi.
KIBX\FM[EÛM FBXÇZEKG
[upimf pimfrsf fm fa audgr jfa itri, kgptgr mi siai fa sfmteji il`ftevi jf ai quf jekf,
semi fa sul`ftevi y pfrsimga, fa sedmecekgji quf fm su vejg tefmf ai quf kibumekg.
Fs umg kugaejgj fspfkâcekg jfa bfjegjir.
KIBVMEKGKEÛM XI[EZESG
Zåkmekg kimjuktuga pgrg cgkeaetgr i cibfmtgr ag gpgrekeûm jf kimjuktgs jfsfglafs.
[f lgsg fm ag emcaufmkeg jfa afmdug`f emtfrgktevi y pisetevi.
[f uteaezg bukoi fm IC. [f rfgaezg g trgvås jf ags ogleaejgjfs fxprfsevgs
y kimvfrsgkeimgafs.
Buy fcekgz kugmji sf uteaezgm bfmsg`fs kagris, fskukog gktevg y kaebg jf kimcegmzg.
Ais fcfktis sim g agrdi pagzi.
KIMD\VFMKEG
Fs ag kgpgkejgj pgrg grbimezgr ags pgaglrgs kim ais ofkois y kim ais premkepeis, fs
jfker, ag kiofrfmkeg. Fa rfspfti g ags pfrsimgs, g sus kimcaektis y g ags jfkeseimfs quf
tibfm rfspfkti jf ag siaukeûm jfa prilafbg.
Fs umg kugaejgj fspfkâcekg jfa bfjegjir.
KIM[VAZG
Xrikfsi jf emtfrgkkeûm kiaglirgtevg y rfagkeûm treçjekg (kimsuatir-kimsuatgmtf-kaefmtf)
 lgsgji fm fa emtfrkgblei jf emcirbgkeûm y irefmtgji g siaukeimgr prilafbgs,
prfvfmer jecekuatgjfs, bf`irgr gblefmtfs, kgpgketgr g ais pricfseimgafs, bf`irgr
prikfsis jf fmsf÷gmzg-gprfmjezg`f, i kugaquefr itri prikfsi fjukgtevi.
DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

<
 KIMZ\GZI JF KIMZEMDFMKEG[ [fptefblrf 8; y 8:, Cflrfri 86 L
Zåkmekg pgrg emkrfbfmtgr kimjuktgs jfsfglafs (ags quf yg fxestfm).
[f lgsg fm fa premkepei jf Xrfbgrn. [u cemgaejgj fs emkrfbfmtgr kimjuktgs pisetevgs quf
yg fxestfm fm fa rfpfrtirei jfa su`fti, pfri quf mi sim crfkufmtfs.
Fs um kimtrgti i gkufrji fskreti fm tårbemis pisetevis, fm fa quf sf kibpribftfm ags
 pgrtfs ebpaekgjgs g kubpaer ai fstepuagji y g rfspftgr ais jfrfkois jfa itri.
Ais jfrfkois y jflfrfs jf gblis sf ogm jf rfpgrter jf cirbg fquetgtevg.
[f uteaezg bukoi fm IC pgrg bf`irgr rfagkeimfs emtfrpfrsimgafs.
KI[ZI JF \F[XVF[ZG Cflrfri 86 G
Zåkmekg pgrg rfjuker i fxtemduer kimjuktgs emgjfkugjgs.
Fs umg vgregmtf jf ag tåkmekg jf fkimibâg jf cekogs.
[f trgtg jf rftergr um mðbfri jf rfcirzgjirfs g ag pfrsimg kugmji åstg fbetf ag kimjuktg
quf fxtemduer. Ag rftergjg og jf ogkfrsf jf cirbg embfjegtg jfspuås jf ag fbeseûm jf ag
kimjuktg.
Fs ðtea fm fa kimtria jf mirbgs jf kimvevfmkeg fm fa drupi cgbeaegr y fskiagr. Mi fs ðtea
i pfaedrisg fm pfrsimgs quf mi tefmfm piseleaejgj jf kimsfduer rfcirzgjirfs i quf
tefmfm um oestirega jf kgstedis.

JF[SGMFKEBEFMZI JF AG F[ZEBVAGKEÛM X\FKFJFMZF

Zåkmekg kimjuktuga pgrg cgkeaetgr i cibfmtgr ag gpgrekeûm jf kimjuktgs jfsfglafs.
Kimsestf fm faebemgr pridrfsevg y sugvfbfmtf tijgs ags gyujgs fxtfrmgs, kibfmzgmji
 pir ag duâg câsekg, jfspuås kim ag emstedgkeûm vfrlga y cemgaezgmji kim ais rfcirzgjirfs,
kimseduefmji quf ag kimjuktg sf bgmtfmdg kim ais fstâbuais mgturgafs.
[f uteaezg fm ag rfagkeûm jf pgjrfs-oe`is, fm pfrsimgs fm setugkeûm jf refsdi y kim
 pfrsimgs fxkfsevgbfmtf jfpfmjefmtfs jf fstâbuais bgtfregafs i fxtfrmis.
Fs jf fcfkti agrdi.

FKID\GBG [fptefblrf 8;
Emstrubfmti quf jfskrelf jf cirbg drçcekg ags rfagkeimfs fstglafkejgs fmtrf
ais sulsestfbgs y fmtrf åstis y itris gdfmtfs prûxebis g ag cgbeaeg.
\fprfsfmtg ags rfagkeimfs jf ais befblris jf ag pgrf`g kim ags tgrfgs jfa oidgr, ais
oe`is y fa kuejgji jf cgbeaegrfs jfpfmjefmtfs> y ag rfagkeûm fmtrf faais y ag cgbeaeg
fxtfmsg, fa trglg`i, ais gbedis y ag kibumejgj, tgmti g mevfa emjevejuga kibi jf pgrf`g.
Fa drisir jf ags aâmfgs
quf umfm ais fafbfmtis vgrâg fm cumkeûm jf ag emtfmsejgj jf ag rfagkeûm fstglafkejg.
FKIMIBÂG JF CEKOG[ Cflrfri 8: L
Zåkmekg pgrg rfjuker i fxtemduer kimjuktgs emgjfkugjgs.
Fs um trgtgbefmti vfrsçtea fm irefmtgkeûm, tfrgpeg cgbeaegr y fm fa kgbpi jf ag sgauj.
Kimsestf fm gjbemestrgr cekogs kibi rfcufrzi embfjegti. Fstgs cekogs
pijrçm sfr kgm`fgjgs pir rfkibpfmsgs bçs vgaeisgs. Ags cekogs pijrçm sfr jf
kugaquefr bgtfrega u il`fti gdrgjglaf y bgmf`glaf.
Ag gpaekgkeûm fs sebeagr g ags jf kisti jf rfspufstg.
FJVKGKEÛM CGBEAEG\ 
Gcfktg g tijis ais tfrrfmis jf ag vejg jfa su`fti, yg quf fs fm ag cgbeaeg jimjf kibefmzg
g kimstruersf ag cgbeaeg.
;
Zepis jf fmkufmtri0
 Fmkufmtri leiaûdeki.
[im ais prebfris bibfmtis jf rfagkeûm bgjrf-oe`i. Fa rfkeåm mgkeji emekeg su
 prikfsi jf pfrkfpkeûm jf ags pgutgs lçsekgs gblefmtgafs. Ag fjukgkeûm cgbeaegr
sf kfmtrg fm gspfktis sgmetgrei y jf rfagkeûm (jf ais pgjrfs kim fa oe`i quf vg g
aafdgr y jf pgrf`g).
 Fmkufmtri pfrsimga.
X r i k fs i j f k i m s t r u k k eû m j f a e j f m t ej g j p
[ f e j m t e ce k g m g a i s p g j rf s y g a i s g j u a ti s
r i p eg g p g rt e r j f a j f sk u l r eb e f m t i jf a i t r
q u f t e f m f m s e d m e c e k g e û m p gr g f a p q u f ÷ i. Ag
emtfrvfmkeûm vfmjrç jgjg fm fa fmtirmi fskiagr y fa rfkursi sfrç ag fskufag jf
 pgjrfs.
 Fmkufmtri kuaturga.
[im ags rfagkeimfs kim fa fmtirmi prûxebi, jimjf ag cgbeaeg `ufdg um pgpfa kagvf y
ag fjukgkeûm cgbeaegr jflf jfsgrriaagr kgpgkejgjfs y jfstrfzgs fm jecfrfmtfs kgbpis.
 Fmkufmtri trgskfmjfmtga y fmkufmtri kimsedi besbi.
Fs ag rfagkeûm kim rfgaejgjfs supfreirfs, fs jfker, ais fsqufbgs gsubejis g ai agrdi
jfa jfsgrriaai. [e mi fxestfm prilafbgs me kgrfmkegs drgvfs fm ag kibumekgkeûm, ag
 pfrsimg vg gjquerefmji umg pfrsimgaejgj fqueaelrgjg y sgmg. Fstg pfrsimgaejgj sf
kimsiaejg g trgvås jf prikfsis jf kgblei, kreses y pistfreir supfrgkeûm jf ags kreses.
Vm çbleti jf fjukgkeûm cgbeaegr sfrâg ag Zfrgpeg.

FJVKGKEÛM [IKEGA
Fs umg prçktekg fjukgtevg.
[fdðm ag Kimstetukeûm Fspg÷iag, jflf emtfrvfmer fm çbletis kibi
emstetukeimfs, fjukgkeûm jf gjuatis, ;ª Fjgj, G[K, bgrdemgkeûm, jfaemkufmkeg>
itirdçmjiaf kgrçktfr jf jfrfkoi kimstetukeimga.
Fs umg jeskepaemg kefmtâcekg quf sf jfsgrriaag fm fa bgrki dfmfrga jf ag fjukgkeûm.
Xgrg Wuemtgmg Kglgmgs, fs ag kefmkeg quf fmsf÷g g prfpgrgr g ais emjevejuis pgrg su
vejg sikega y g emtfrvfmer fjukgtevgbfmtf fm gadumgs kerkumstgmkegs
sikegafs fspfkegabfmtf kimcaektevgs pgrg ag kgaejgj jf lçsekg jf ag vejg oubgmg jf
kefrtis drupis sikegafs.

FJVKGJI\ [IKEGA
Fs um gdfmtf jf emtfrvfmkeûm quf gtfmjfrç g ags rfagkeimfs emtfremjevejugafs y drupgafs,
fm ais çbletis emstetukeimga, sikega y jf jfsgrriaai kibumetgrei, uteaezgmji båtijis
 psekipfjgdûdekis.
[fdðm fa \J 7557, fs um fjukgjir fm ais kgbpis jf ag fjukgkeûm mi cirbga, fjukgkeûm
jf gjuatis (emkauejis ais jf ag ;ª Fjgj), emsfrkeûm sikega jf pfrsimgs jfsgjgptgjgs y
bemusvçaejis, gsâ kibi ag gkkeûm sikeifjukgtevg.
Ais kgbpis jf gktugkeûm sim0
- [frvekeis [ikegafs.
- Jridijfpfmjfmkegs
- Jfaemkufmtfs.
- Zfrkfrg Fjgj.
- G[K.
- Emcgmkeg y gjiafskfmkeg.
- Jesbemuejis psâquekis.
- Fjukgkeûm y cirbgkeûm jf gjuatis.
:
 FMKGJFMGBEFMZI
Zåkmekg kimjuktuga pgrg cgkeaetgr i cibfmtgr ag gpgrekeûm jf kimjuktgs jfsfglafs.
Zåkmekg vgregmtf jfa biajfgbefmti, quf sf uteaezg pgrg iltfmfr y bgmtfmfr kimjuktgs
kibpaf`gs g pgrter jf itrgs bçs sebpafs quf yg fxestfm fm fa su`fti.
[f pufjf jfsgrriaagr pri ag cgsf jfa fmkgjfmgbefmti ogkeg jfagmtf (prebfrg cgsf) i
pir fa fmkgjfmgbefmti ogkeg gtrçs (cgsf ðatebg), pfri sefbprf fa ðatebi pgsi sfrç
rfcirzgji. Fs jf fcfkti agrdi.

FMCIWVF KIDMEZESI-KIMJVKZVGA
Xrftfmjf quf fa su`fti gprfmjg g gutijereder su kimjuktg, fmsf֍mjiaf ogleaejgjfs jf
siaukeûm jf prilafbgs, tibg jf jfkeseimfs, pagmecekgkeûm y gutibitevgkeûm.
Fa ria jfa irefmtgjir fs prfvfmtevi y fjukgtevi fviautevi, sem iavejgr fa rfbfjega.
FMCIWVF EMZFD\GJI\ 
Fm ag emtfrvfmkeûm, fmdailg g ais0
g) KIMZF_ZI[0 cgbeaegr, fskiagr y kibumetgrei.
 l) ÇBLEZI[0
- Jf jfsgrriaai jf ogleaejgjfs pgrg ag vejg cgbeaegr y pgrg fa
jfsgrriaai dfmfrga. F`0 ag gutifstebg.
- Jf fmsf÷gmzg/gprfmjezg`f.
- Jf jfsgrriaai jf ag kgrrfrg0 gatfrmgtevgs cirbgtevgs y trgmsekeûm ga
bumji aglirga.
- Jf gtfmkeûm g ag jevfrsejgj.
k) X\EMKEXEI[ jf irefmtgkeûm fjukgtevg.
FMZ\FMGBEFMZI FM DFMF\GAEPGKEÛM
Zåkmekg kimjuktuga pgrg cgkeaetgr i cibfmtgr ag gpgrekeûm jf kimjuktgs jfsfglafs.
[f uteaezg pgrg fxtrgpiagr ais fcfktis g gblefmtfs y setugkeimfs jestemtgs jf gqufaags fm
ags quf sf rfgaezû fa gprfmjezg`f i bijecekgkeûm jf ag kimjuktg.
Fstg tåkmekg jfpfmjf jf ags kimjekeimfs jf gpaekgkeûm, jf ais rgsdis jf ag pfrsimgaejgj,
fxpfrefmkeg, ftk.
Fxestfm kimjuktgs bçs dfmfrgaezglafs quf itrgs.
FMZ\FSE[ZG
Fs umg jf ags fstrgtfdegs fstrfaag fm irefmtgkeûm fjukgtevg y cgbeaegr.
Kibi tåkmekg lgsf, sf uteaezg tgmti pgrg fa jegdmûsteki i fvgaugkeûm kibi pgrg ag
emtfrvfmkeûm fm setugkeimfs quf gcfktgm g ag emstetukeûm cgbeaegr y kgjg umi jf
sus befblris, kimsejfrgjis jf cirbg emjevejuga i kibi drupis quf emtfrgktðgm.
Fs umg emtfrgkkeûm jeçjekg fmtrf jis pfrsimgs (fmtrfvestgjir y fmtrfvestgji) kim
ag cemgaejgj jf iltfmfr emcirbgkeûm y/i emtfrvfmer pgrg siaukeimgr prilafbgs.
Xufjf sfr fstrukturgjg, sfbefstrukturgjg i glefrtg.
Ags prfdumtgs pufjfm sfr kerkuagrfs, fs jfker, ebpaekgr bfjegmtf ag prfdumtg jf ais
rfstgmtfs befblris sem prfdumtgr jerfktgbfmtf g ais pritgdimestgs.

FMZ\FSE[ZG I\EFMZGJI\G
Gpaekgjg fm çbletis fskiagrfs, tefmf kibi il`ftevi fstglafkfr i kimsiaejgr rfagkeimfs
quf cgvirfzkgm fa kimikebefmti butui, ag kiipfrgkeûm y ag ebpaekgkeûm jf ais gaubmis

y jf sus cgbeaegs fm fa prikfsi fjukgtevi.

6
 Zåkmekgs0
7. Zåkmekgs jf fstrukturgkeûm.Cflrfri 86 G
Emjekgjgs pgrg jereder ag fmtrfvestg jf cirbg pridrfsevg ogkeg ag kimsfkukeûm jf
ag bftg cemga.
<. Zåkmekgs jf kimkirjgmkeg.
Cgkeaetgm ag kibumekgkeûm, gpaekgmji ags kimjekeimfs i fa kaebg quf pripekegm ag
rfagkeûm jf kirjegaejgj kim ags pfrsimgs fmtrfvestgjgs.
;. Z å k m e k g s j f f s ku k o g g k te v g . [ f p t e f b l rf
Cg k e ae t g m a g k i b p r fm s eû m j f a g s p f r si m
8 ;
g s y pimfm jf bgmecefsti quf sf fskukog gktevgbfmtf, fs jfker, bistrgr
emtfrås y ogkfr quf fa fmtrfvestgji ai pfrkelg, kibprfmjfr fbpçtekgbfmtf,
jfbistrgr mfutrgaejgj y rfspfti kim ags ipemeimfs quf mi kiemkejfm kim ags jfa
fmtrfvestgjir.
Fstrgtfdegs0
- Xrfdumtgs0 pgrg emcirbgkeûm y rfcafxeûm.
- Kagrecekgr emcirbgkeûm y bfmsg`fs.
- Ogkfr fxpaâketis ais ilstçkuais0 kugmji fa fmtrfvestgji mi sf g`ustg g
ai
 prfvesti.
- \fspftgr ais seafmkeis.
- \fetfrgr ag ðatebg crgsf fmumkegjg pir fa fmtrfvestgji.
- Kimcrimtgr ais pumtis jf vestg jeskirjgmtfs i jeskrfpgmtfs.
:. Zåkmekgs jf emcirbgkeûm/ipemeûm.
Emjekgjgs pgrg kerkumstgmkegs prilafbçtekgs jimjf fs pfaedrisi emcirbgr y silrf
tiji ipemgr.
Fstrgtfdegs0
- Gmgaezgr ais bfmsg`fs, fxpaâketis f ebpaâketis.
- Gmgaezgr ag emcaufmkeg jf mufstrgs ipemeimfs fm ag kimsfkukeûm jf il`ftevis.
- Mi prfkepetgrsf fm ag emcirbgkeûm y fm jgr ipemeimfs pfrsimgafs mi pfjejgs.
- Jgr ipemeimfs pisetevgs sem jfcirbgr ag rfgaejgj.
6. Zåkmekgs pgrg ebpaekgr g ags
cgbeaegs. [f uteaezgm ga cemga jf ag
fmtrfvestg. Fstrgtfdegs0
- Zibgr mitgs.
- Gmebgr ga fmtrfvestgji g rfgaezgr ags pripufstgs.
- [emtftezgr ai trgtgji.
- FKaigmlsifrmgsru pgarg mqfuse åjmf, gkukçemûjmi k iym k`uûmbtgi. sf
aafvgrçm g ag prçktekg ais rfsuatgjis y kim quå kretfreis.

FMZ\FSE[ZG[ LG[GJG[ FM FA FMCIWVF KIMJVKZVGA

\fkidfm emcirbgkeûm pgrg ogkfr fa gmçaeses cumkeimga jf ag kimjuktg y faglirgr jfspuås
fa pagm jf bijecekgkeûm jf kimjuktg.
[f fmtefmjf kibi umg tåkmekg jf fxpairgkeûm sestfbçtekg pgrg ag rfkidejg jf
emcirbgkeûm y pistfreir fvgaugkeûm jfa su`fti.

FMZ\FSE[ZG[ LG[GJG[ FM FMCIWVF[ C\FVJEGMI[ U JF AG X[EKIAIDÂG X[EKIJEMÇBEKG

Xgrtfm jf quf ags fxpfrefmkegs vevejgs fm ag emcgmkeg tefmfm umg ebpirtgmkeg kgse
jftfrbemgmtf fm ags ftgpgs pistfreirfs.
[u cemgaejgj fs tfrgpåutekg.
Zefmfm fskgsg gpaekgleaejgj fm IC fm fa kgbpi pfrtfmfkefmtf g ag Fjukgkeûm [ikega.
3
FMZ\FSE[ZG[ JF KG\ÇKZF\ OVBGME[ZG
[f ags aagbg tgbleåm jf \FAGKEÛM JF GUVJG.
[u cemgaejgj mi fs fa jegdmûsteki, semi ag gyujg pfrsimgaezgjg ga su`fti kim prilafbgs.
[us lgsfs sf gsefmtgm fm ga bijfai Kiumsfaemd.
Zefmf kgrçktfr tfrgpåuteki y/i irefmtgtevi.
Og gakgmzgji drgmjfs åxetis gpaekgjg g su`ftis emsfduris, gmseisis, kim gutikimkfpti
 lg`i i kim prilafbgs jf rfagkeimfs emtfrpfrsimgafs.
FMZ\FSE[ZG[ JFA ZEXI KIDMEZESI-KIMJVKZVGA
[f lgsgm fm ais prfsupufstis jfa gprfmjezg`f kidmetevi sikega, jimjf fa kibpirtgbefmti
oubgmi me fs bfjegji fxkausevgbfmtf pir ags kimjekeimfs gblefmtgafs quf dfmfrg, semi
 pir fa pripei pfmsgbefmti jf ag pfrsimg.
Zefmf cemgaejgj jegdmûstekg (rfkidf emcirbgkeûm) y jf emtfrvfmkeûm (tfrgpåutekg
i fjukgtevg dfmfrga).

F[ZEAI[ JF GX\FMJEPG@F[
 XF\BE[ESI.
 EMJVADFMZF0 jf`g ogkfr, pfri bufstrg gcfkti.
 MFDAEDFMZF0 jf`g ogkfr sem kretfrei. Mi fxestf prfikupgkeûm, me kimtria. Mi

bufstrg gcfkti
F[ZEAI[ FJVKGZESI[ JF KIMZ\IA U JE[KEXAEMG
 JFBIK\ÇZEKI0 ags mirbgs sf rgzimgm, sf jg ag piseleaejgj jf mfdikegrags y
sf pribufvf ag gutimibâg fm ais oe`is.
 GVZI\EZG\EI0  kimtria fstrekti silrf ais oe`is, usi jf kgstedis, mi sf
jg ipkeûm ga jeçaidi y kimsejfrgkeûm jf itris pumtis jf vestg. [f
crfmg ag gutimibâg y bgjurgkeûm jf ais oe`is.
 XF\BE[ESI0  ais pgjrfs mi sf prfikupgm pir fa kimtria y sf usg
piki fa kgstedi. Ais fcfktis quf prijukf jfpfmjfm jf ag pfrsimgaejgj jf ais
oe`is. Fstis
 pufjfm aafdgr g sfr gutûmibis f emjfpfmjefmtfs, pfri tgbleåm pufjfm
tfmfr kimcuseûm y jecekuatgj pgrg tibgr jfkeseimfs.

F[Z\GZFDEG[ KIDMEZESI-KIMJVKZVGAF[
[im tåkmekgs emspergjgs fm ag psekiaidâg kefmtâcekg quf sf gpaekgm fm ag IC.
[im tåkmekgs pgrg ag bijecekgkeûm jf ag kimjuktg y gpaekglafs tgmti fm ag cirbgkeûm jf
 pgjrfs kibi fm ag emtfrvfmkeûm jerfktg fm kimtfxtis jevfrsis.
F[Z\F[I\F[
Cufmtfs jf ags kugafs jfrevg um fstrås. Xufjfm sfr0
-   Xrebgreis0 tgrfgs quf rfgaezg um kuejgjir jf umg pfrsimg jfpfmjefmtf.
-   [fkumjgreis0  kimsfkufmkegs jfrevgjgs fm fa kuejgjir y su
fmtirmi cgbeaegr.

FSGAVGKEÛM KIMZEMVG
Sfrecekg fm quå bfjejg sf fstçm kimseduefmji ais il`ftevis, fm cumkeûm jf ais rfsuatgjis
sf tibgrçm jfkeseimfs silrf su rfirdgmezgkeûm i mi. [e ais il`ftevis sf
vgm
kimseduefmji, y jfspuås jf um prikfsi jf bgmtfmebefmti, sf prikfjfrç
ga
4
 jfsvgmfkebefmti jfa pridrgbg, rftergmji prebfri ais rfcirzgjirfs y pir ðatebi
fa
 pripei pridrgbg.
CGBEAEG
Gmtripiaûdekgbfmtf, fs ag fstrukturg jf pgpfafs y rfagkeimfs lgsgjgs fm ais agzis jf
sgmdrf (kimsgmduemejgj) y jf bgtrebimei (gcemejgj) quf aedg g ais oiblrfs, g ags
bu`frfs y g ais me÷is jfmtri jf umg umejgj irdgmezgjg.

Zepis j f 0  pgjrf, bgjrf f oe`is. Kibpgrtfm um fspgkei câseki y um

cg b Mea eg s
 

V K A F G\
0
 pgtrebimei kibðm. [ulsestfbgs0
- KIMUVDGA0 pgrf`g emekega quf kibpgrtf emtfrfsfs, gspergkeimfs,
fscufrzis, ftk.
-  XG\FMZGA0 sufaf kiemkejer kim ag kimyudga, gumquf kglfm
itrgs rfagkeimfs. Ag rfagkeûm sf fstglafkf pir ag kimjekeûm jf sfr
pgjrf i bgjrf.
- CEAEGA0 fs fa oe`i i oe`is jf ag pgrf`g. [f afs kimsejfrg kibi
umevfrsi jecfrfmkegji jfmtri jfa mðkafi cgbeaegr.
- C\GZF\MGA i C\GZEG0 ag gtfmkeûm sf kfmtrg fm ags rfagkeimfs
f emtfrgkkeimfs fmtrf ofrbgmis.
Z\IMKGA i BÐAZEXAF0 vgregs dfmfrgkeimfs kimvevfm lg`i
fa besbi tfkoi (pgjrfs, oe`is, glufais).
 

F_ZFM[G0 cirbgjg pir ag cgbeaeg trimkga y ais pgrefmtfs kiagtfrgafs jf

jecfrfmtfs dfmfrgkeimfs (glufais, tâis, pgjrfs, silremis, ftk.). Cflrfri 8:
 

L
BIMIXG\FMZGA0 cirbgjg pir fa pridfmetir f oe`i i oe`is bfmirfs
jf 7? g÷is. [f prijukf fstf tepi jf cgbeaeg pir pripeg emekegtevg,
 

pir cgaafkebefmti i pir sfpgrgkeûm jf um kûmyudf. Cflrfri 8; G y L.

\FKIM[Z\VEJG0  pgjrf i bgjrf kim gadðm oe`i prikfjfmtf jf um
drupi cgbeaegr gmtfreir, jimjf cirbgm umg mufvg cgbeaeg kim itrg pgrf`g
 

i kûmyudf. Fstf tepi fs fa ;° fm crfkufmkeg. Cflrfri 8: G

GD\FDGJG0  ais befblris vevfm fm rådebfm jf kiogletgkeûm
pfri kgrfkfm jf kimtrgti afdga quf kfrtecequf ag umeûm. [f gsebeagm g ag
 

-pgrf`g jf ofkoi‒. [fptefblrf 8:, Cflrfri 86 L

  XIAÂDGBG0 rfagkeûm kimyudga jimjf umg pfrsimg fstç umejg g < i bçs
jfa sfxi ipufsti, sebuatçmfgbfmtf y kim rfkimikebefmti
kibi kûmyudfs. Kibprfmjf0
-  XIAEDEMEG0 umeûm paurga jf um vgrûm kim vgregs bu`frfs.
-  XIAEGMJ\EG0 umeûm paurga jf umg bu`fr kim vgreis oiblrfs.
Fstg sf jg kim bfmir crfkufmkeg y fstç pfir vestg.
OIDG\F[ VMEXF\[IMGAF[0 cirbgjis pir umg siag
pfrsimg. Fxestfm vgreis bitevis0 sfpgrgkeûm, cgaafkebefmti,
 

emjfpfmjfmkeg jf ais oe`is,... Fstg setugkeûm vg fm emkrfbfmti fm Furipg.

Zepis jf kimvevfmkeg cgbeaegr0
  Xir audgr jf rfsejfmkeg0
  XGZ\EAIKGAF[0 ais befblris rfsejfm fm fa
jibekeaei jfa pgjrf.
  BGZ\EAIKGAF[0 ais befblris rfsejfm fm fa
jibekeaei jf ag bgjrf.
   M F I A I K G A F [ 0   a g cgbeaeg mukafgr
m u f vi j f r fs ej f m k e g .
faedf um jibekeaei

?
   Xir aâmfg jf gskfmjfmkeg0
  XGZ\EG\KGAF[0 fa pgjrf tefmf ag gutirejgj y ais oe`is
tibgm fa gpfaaeji jf åstf.
  BGZ\EG\KGAF[0 ag bgjrf tefmf ag gutirejgj y ais
oe`is tibgm fa gpfaaeji jf åstg.
  GSVMKVAG\F[0  jgm preirejgj g umg aâmfg
jf gskfmjfmkeg bgtfrmg, p.f`, vgrimfs jf ag cgbeaeg
jf ag
b g j rf .
  Xir fstr u k tu r g bgtrebimega0
  XIAÂDGBG[0 piaedemeg y piaedgbeg.
  BIMÛDGBG[.

CGBEAEG[ KIMZFBXAGJG[ XI\ AG AFDE[AGKEÛM

- KIM[FM[VGA/KIOGLEZGKEÛM0  cirbgjg ga bgrdfm
jfa bgtrebimei. [im ags -pgrf`gs jf ofkoi‒. [fptefblrf 8: \fsfrvg
- OIDG\F[ VMEXF\[IMGAF[0  cirbgjis pir umg
siag
 pfrsimg. Fm Fspg÷g fs fa 7;,:%.
- CGBEAEG GJIXZESG0 gsubf ag kregmzg y jfsgrriaai jf oe`is
mi leiaûdekis quf tefmfm ag besbg kimsejfrgkeûm afdga.
- CGBEAEG [V[ZEZVZI\EG0  sf gkidf g um me÷i jf
bgmfrg tfbpirga jfleji g gadumg kerkumstgmkeg quf ogkf
emgjfkugji su gblefmtf cgbeaegr jf iredfm pgrg su jfsgrriaai.

CGBEAEID\GBG-DFMID\GBG
Emstrubfmti quf rfkidf emcirbgkeûm silrf ais befblris jf ag cgbeaeg y jf ag jemçbekg
quf sf fstglafkf fmtrf faais. Ais sâbliais quf sf uteaezgm sim jf jecfrfmtfs cirbgs
dfibåtrekgs quf rfprfsfmtgm ag vgrefjgj jf setugkeimfs.

CG[F JF EMZF\SFMKEÛM
Fs ag prfjekkeûm gkfrkg jf ag prilgleaejgj y jerfkkeûm jfa kgblei quf sf prijukerç fm ag
kimjuktg-prilafbg se emtrijukebis kgbleis fm ags vgreglafs jfa prilafbg i fm ag
rfagkeûm quf sf jg fmtrf faags.
[f cirbuag kim fa kimjekeimga [e...

CVMKEIMF[ JF IC
  G[F[I\GBEFMZI.
Gyujg fmtfmjejg fm su rfgaezgkeûm prçktekg y jeredejg g ag cgbeaeg
kibi emstetukeûm, g ags pfrsimgs emjevejugabfmtf y g ags emstetukeimfs fm
tfbgs jf cgbeaeg.
[f pufjfm uteaezgr ag fmtrfvestg, tåkmekgs jf drupi i jf kimsuatg.
  GXIUI.
Gyujg g ags cgbeaegs y rfspimsglafs fm tfbgs jf cgbeaeg g trgvås jf sfrvekeis
jfpfmjefmtfs jf gjbemestrgkeimfs quf faglirgm, gpaekgm y fvgaðgm pridrgbgs
 pgrg gtfmjfr mfkfsejgjfs y fafvgr ag kgaejgj jf vejg.
  CVMKEÛM JF JEGDMÛ[ZEKI-FSGAVGKEÛM.
[f rfgaezg ga emekegrsf fa prikfsi (fvgaugkeûm emekega), g ai agrdi jfa besbi
(fvgaugkeûm cirbgtevg) y ga cemga (fvgaugkeûm subgtevg).
Fa irefmtgjir pufjf gsestersf jf itris pricfseimgafs.
5
   KII\JEMGKEÛM.
Jeredejg g tijis ais gdfmtfs quf pgrtekepgm fm fa prikfsi sikeifjukgtevi.
[f uteaezg ag rfumeûm y ag jemçbekg jf drupis.
  EMCI\BGKEÛM.
Xripirkeimg jgtis kim ags mfkfsejgjfs jf ags cgbeaegs fm tfbgs rfagkeimgjis kim
fa lefmfstgr, sfrvekeis pðlaekis y prevgjis, cirbgkeûm dfmfrga, ftk.
  BFJEGKEÛM.
Xrikfsi bfjegmtf fa kuga ais pgrtekepgmtfs, `umti kim ag prfsfmkeg jf umg/s
 pfrsimg/s mfutrgafs, gâsagm sestfbçtekgbfmtf ais prilafbgs fm jesputg kim
fa
il`fti jf fmkimtrgr ipkeimfs, kimsejfrgr gatfrmgtevgs y aafdgr g um gkufrji
butui quf sf g`ustf g sus mfkfsejgjfs.
[u jfstemgtgrei fs fa emjevejui.
Fa bfjegjir cgkeaetg ag kibumekgkeûm fmtrf ags pgrtfs ebpaekgjgs pgrg aafdgr g umg
siaukeûm, sem quf fxestgm dgmgjirfs i pfrjfjirfs.
Vteaezg tåkmekgs jf bijfais kimjuktestgs, kidmetevis i jemçbekg jf drupis.
  XAGMECEKGKEÛM.
Fs ag cumkeûm bçs ebpirtgmtf, yg quf jf faag jfpfmjf fa åxeti i crgkgsi jfa
 prikfsi.
Kimtfbpag g ais jfstemgtgreis, ags bftgs g gakgmzgr y fa båtiji pgrg
kimsfduer ais il`ftevis pripufstis.
 

Kimsestf fm gjfXa\gmFtgSrsFfM gK aEiÛs Mpr.ilafbgs, jftfktgmji jecekuatgjfs,

setugkeimfs jf refsdi, kgrfmkegs jf rfkursis fkimûbekis y/i sikegafs.
[u åxeti sf lgsg fm fa jegdmûsteki prfkiz y su cemgaejgj fs rfjuker fa refsdi jf
 prilafbgs fm fa su`fti, fm fa drupi cgbeaegr y fm ag sikefjgj fm dfmfrga.
D\VXI[ JF JE[KV[EÛM [fptefblrf 8:
Emstrubfmti pgrg ag rfkidejg jf emcirbgkeûm quf pfrbetf emtfrvfmer kim drupis
 pfquf÷is fm ais quf sf pagmtfg um tfbg, sf jflgtf y sf trgtg jf aafdgr g kimkauseimfs
 pgrg gakgmzgr fa kimsfmsi.
Vm f`fbpai fs fa Båtiji I\EJ, kuyi il`ftevi fs ag rfcafxeûm silrf um tfbg fspfkâceki
kibi vâg pgrg aafdgr g umg kagrecekgkeûm jf kimkfptis quf cgkeaetf fa jfsgrriaai jf
ogleaejgjfs fjukgjirgs y sikegafs fm ag cgbeaeg. Xrikfsi0
 I0 mevfa il`ftevi. [f jeskutf silrf jeskepaemg, veiafmkeg, vgairfs, ftk.
 \0 
kimmevfa jf rfsimgmkeg. [f jeskutf silrf fxpfrefmkegs pfrsimgafs rfagkeimgjgs
fa tfbg.
 E0 mevfa emtfrprftgtevi. Ais pgrtekepgmtfs trgtgm jf jfcemer fa kimkfpti il`fti jf
fstujei.
 J0  mevfa jf jfkeseûm. Xgrg aafdgr g ejfgs kimkrftgs y kagrgs silrf ais prikfsis
fjukgtevis y jf rfagkeûm sikega pribivejis jfsjf ags besbgs cgbeaegs.

OEXÛZF[E[ CVMKEIMGA
Fs fa jegdmûsteki fm itris bijfais. Fstç cirbgji pir0
- Fa `uekei jf vgair fm fa quf sf fspfkecekg ag mgturgafzg jf ags
vgreglafs quf kimstetuyfm fa prilafbg.
- Ais fstâbuais prfkfjfmtfs y ais quf sedufm g ag kimjuktg.
- Ag rfagkeûm fmtrf vgreglafs y kimsfkufmkegs.
78
 EBGDEMGKEÛM FBIZESG
Zåkmekg pgrg rfjuker y faebemgr ag gmsefjgj.
Fs umg bijgaejgj jf ag emoelekeûm rfkâprikg.
Kimsestf fm gsikegr g um fstâbuai quf privikg gmsefjgj itri fstâbuai
gdrgjglaf ebgdemgji pir ag pfrsimg.

EMOELEKEÛM \FKÂX\IKG I JF[FM[ELEAEPGKEÛM [E[ZFBÇZEKG

[ [f p t ef b l r f 8 6
Z å k m e kg p g r g rfjuker y faebemgr ag gmsefjgj.
Kimsestf fm rfjuker i fxtemduer kimjuktgs jf gmsefjgj, prfsfmtgmji sebuatçmfgbfmtf
fstâbuais quf privikgm rfspufstgs emkibpgtelafs, jf tga cirbg quf ag
jibemgmtf kimaafvg ag emoelekeûm rfkâprikg jf ag itrg.
Cgsfs0
7) Kimstrukkeûm jf ag `frgrquâg jf gmsefjgj.
<) Kimstrukkeûm jf um bfmð jf gktevejgjfs quf gaevegm ag gmsefjgj.
;) Fxpisekeûm drgjuga jf ag pfrsimg g setugkeimfs quf af kgusgm gmsefjgj.
Fstg tåkmekg rfquefrf prfpgrgkeûm fspfkâcekg jfa gjbemestrgjir.
EM[ZEDGKEÛM SF\LGA
Zåkmekg kimjuktuga pgrg cgkeaetgr i cibfmtgr ag gpgrekeûm jf kimjuktgs jfsfglafs.
Cgkeaetg ag fbeseûm jf kimjuktgs quf mi sf jgm kugmji ags kimjekeimfs gblefmtgafs sim
 pripekegs.
[f cumjgbfmtg fm fa pijfr jfa afmdug`f pgrg bijecekgr ag kimjuktg. Ags emstrukkeimfs
ogm jf sfr prfkesgs y gjfkugjgs ga jfstemgtgrei, y quf åstf tfmdg ais
prfrrfquesetis mfkfsgreis lçsekis (kibprfmseûm jfa afmdug`f y kimtria jf ag kimjuktg).
Ðtea fm IC, silrf tiji pgrg fa fmtrfmgbefmti jf pgjrfs f oe`is, i pfrsimgs bgyirfs
jfpfmjefmtfs quf tefmfm jeskgpgkejgjfs psâquekgs i câsekgs.
Iltefmf rfsuatgjis buy pisetevis kugmji ags rfspufstgs fspfrgjgs sim
rfcirzgjgs
 pisetevgbfmtf, y su pfrbgmfmkeg fs agrdg se sf gkibpg÷g jf rfcirzgbefmtis.
EMZF\SFMKEÛM FM IC
Kim`umti jf gktugkeimfs quf jestemtis pricfseimgafs (irefmtgjir, psekûaidi, ftk.) pufjfm
rfgaezgr fm çbletis kibi kimsf`frâgs jf lefmfstgr sikega, çrfgs jf sgauj jf ags @umtgs
bumekepgafs, ftk. Xufjf fxester rfagkeûm jerfktg i emjerfktg kim ags cgbeaegs. [u il`ftevi

f s p r fv f m er prilafbgs, gyujgr g siaukeimgr ais fxestfmtfs y bf`irgr ag kgaejgj

jfag vejg
c gjfb ea e g.
Xremkepeis0
  X\EMKEXEI GMZ\IXIAÛDEKI. [fptefblrf 8: \fsfrvg
[f cumjgbfmtg fm ag kimkfptugaezgkeûm jf ag pfrsimg emjevejuga y sikega, aelrf,
ðmeki, rfspimsglaf jf sus gktugkeimfs, kgpgz jf gsuber rfspimsgleaejgjfs, su`fti
jf fxpfrefmkegs y krffmkegs emtrgmscfrelafs, kgpgketgji pgrg fmcrfmtgr jecekuatgjfs,
supfrgrags kim ag gyujg jf ais jfbçs. Ebpaekg kgblei jf gktetujfs.
Ebpaekg gsuber0
- pir pgrtf jf ag cgbeaeg0 kgblei jf gktetujfs pgrg
quf rfkimizkgm sus mfkfsejgjfs, lusqufm ais rfkursis
bgtfregafs y oubgmis quf icrfkf ag kibumejgj y gkfptfm ag
gyujg.
- Xir pgrtf jf ag gjbemestrgkeûm0  krfgkeûm y jfsgrriaai
jf sfrvekeis pgrg ags jfbgmjgs jf ags cgbeaegs fm
setugkeimfs dfmfrgafs y fspfkegafs.
77
  X\EMKEXEI FSGAVGZESI I JF JEGDMÛ[ZEKI.
[fptefblrf 8:, Cflrfri 86 G
Kimsejfrg g ag irefmtgkeûm kibi um prikfsi jf gyujg ga su`fti quf pgrtf jfa
kimikebefmti kefmtâceki jfa besbi.
Ebpaekg gsuber0
- Ag fvgaugkeûm jf mfkfsejgjfs jf ais drupis jfstemgtgreis.
- Ag fvgaugkeûm jf ag pagmecekgkeûm jf ags gktugkeimfs kimkrftgs jfa
-  pArgi kffvsgiau yg kjefû ami sj frf asiusa tgijreifsm.tgjirfs,
pricfseimgafs f emstetukeimfs ebpaekgjgs.
- Ag fvgaugkeûm jfa sestfbg jf IC dailgabfmtf.
- Fa fbpafi jf emstrubfmtis vçaejis y ceglafs.
 X\EMKEXEI JF X\FSFMKEÛM.
Kagsfs jf prfvfmkeimfs0
- X\EBG\EG.
Kimsestf fm rfjuker fa refsdi jf prilafbgs fm ag kibumejgj gktugmji
silrf ais cgktirfs quf pufjfm iredemgrais.
Kgrgktfrâstekgs0 emtfmkeimga, jflf prijukersf gmtfs jf quf gpgrfzkg fa
 prilafbg, kfmtrgrsf fm ag pilagkeûm jf refsdi y jfstemgjg g
 pilagkeimfs.
Ag bçs fcekgz fm ag aagbgjg -sfrvekeis g trgvås jf pridrgbgs‒.
- [FKVMJG\EG.
[u il`ftevi fs faebemgr ai gmtfs piselaf ais prilafbgs quf yg ogm
gpgrfkeji. Dfmfrgabfmtf, sf gktðg silrf su`ftis i cgbeaegs
quf kubpafm jftfrbemgjis kretfreis. [f trglg`g g pgrter jfa
jegdmûsteki
 prfkiz.
- ZF\KEG\EG.
Xrftfmjf quf sf rfjuzkgm ais fcfktis y sfkufags jf ais prilafbgs. F`0
emtfdrgkeûm jf fbedrgmtfs kim mfkfsejgjfs fspfkegafs.
  X\EMKEXEI JF JF[G\\IAAI. Cflrfri 86 L
Xgrtf jf quf ag fviaukeûm jfa sfr oubgmi fs um prikfsi jf kimtemui krfkebefmti,
jf kgbleis kugaetgtevis, quf af kimvefrtfm kgjg vfz fm um sfr bçs kibpaf`i.
Ais il`ftevis sim0
g) Jitgr g pfrsimgs y drupis jf ags mfkfsgregs kibpftfmkegs pgrg gcrimtgr ags
 l) j f b g m j g s j f k g jg f tg p g v i au t ev g y j f
B f j eg r f m f a j f s r r i aa i p f r si m g a, a g t i b
s u s k i m s d u e fm tf s k r e se s .
g j f j f ke s ei m fs y ag k a g recekgkeûm jf vgairfs.
k) Xripirkeimgr setugkeimfs jf gprfmjezg`f vetga quf cgkeaetfm umg
rfkimstrukkeûm y pridrfsi jf ais fsqufbgs kimkfptugafs.
  X\EMKEXEI JF EMZF\SFMKEÛM [IKEGA I FKIAÛDEKI.
Xgrtf jf quf fs kgse ebpiselaf fxpaekgr ag kimjuktg oubgmg sem tfmfr fm kufmtg
fm ag quf sf dfmfrg y jfsgrriaag.
Gktðg fm fa fmtirmi bgtfrega y oubgmi, pfri sem jfsgtfmjfr ag
emstetukeûm cgbeaegr y sus kibpimfmtfs.
Ebpaekg gsuber kgbleis pricumjis g mevfa pfrsimga, emstetukeimga, sikega y jf
rfagkeûm kim fa irefmtgji.
Fxedf mufvgs piaâtekgs jf gtfmkeûm g ag cgbeaeg y g sus kibpimfmtfs,
bgyir mðbfri jf rfkursis oubgmis, cirbgkeûm pfrbgmfmtf jf pricfseimgafs, ftk.
7<
AÂMFG LG[F
Bfjejg emekega jf ag kimjuktg quf sf quefrf bijecekgr.
[f tibg gmtfs jf ag emtfrvfmkeûm y servf kibi rfcfrfmkeg pgrg kibpgrgr ais kgbleis
jfspuås jf ag emtfrvfmkeûm.
[f uteaezg0
E. Ilsfrvgkeûm kimtriagjg, silrf tiji ag
ikuagr. EE. \fdestri jf ilsfrvgkeûm.
EEE. Drgtecekgkeûm jf ais rfdestris. \fprfsfmtgkeûm drçcekg.
BFJEGKEÛM Cflrfri 8; L
Zåkmekg cirbga jf siaukeûm pgkâcekg jf kimcaektis, prilafbgs y jesputgs fmtrf jis i bçs
 pfrsimgs kim gyujg jf umg tfrkfrg (fa bfjegjir). Åstf og jf sfr ebpgrkega y
mfutrga. Xrfkesg ag rfspimsgleaejgj jf ais pgrtekepgmtfs fm ag tibg jf jfkeseimfs.
Xripirkeimg ais
 pumtis jf vestg jf ais -kimtfmjefmtfs‒. Cgkeaetg ag kibprfmseûm jf ag kgusg fsfmkega
jfa kimcaekti y ai ogkf bçs bgmf`glaf kugmji mi pufjfm sfr siaukeimgjis titgabfmtf.
[efbprf gtefmjf g ags mfkfsejgjfs jf ais pgrtekepgmtfs, cgkeaetg ag kibumekgkeûm fmtrf ags
 pgrtfs, pripekeg ag fxpairgkeûm jf gatfrmgtevgs y icrfkf um bijfai pgrg ag
rfsiaukeûm
 pistfreir jf kimcaektis.
BFJEGKEÛM CGBEAEG\ Cflrfri 8; G, Cflrfri 8: L
Bfjegkeûm fmtrf ais ofrbgmis i fmtrf pgjrfs f oe`is y bçs kimkrftgbfmtf, bfjegkeûm jf
um jevirkei.
Fxestfm < jfcemekeimfs0
7. Fs fa prikfsi jf rfsiaukeûm jf kimcaektis cgbeaegrfs0 ags pgrf`gs kgsgjgs i mi,
 pejfm i gkfptgm ag emtfrvfmkeûm kimcejfmkega jf umg tfrkfrg pfrsimg, mfutrg
y kugaecekgjg, aagbgjg bfjegjir cgbeaegr. [u aglir kimsestf fm aafvgrafs g
fmkimtrgr 
 pir sâ besbis um gkufrji jurgjfri y butugbfmtf gkfptglaf, kimsejfrgmji ags
mfkfsejgjfs jf kgjg befblri jf ag cgbeaeg y fspfkegabfmtf ags jf ais me÷is,
jfmtri jf um fspâretu jf rfspimsgleaejgj kibpgrtejg y jf edugajgj jf ais pgjrfs.
(Kimdrfsi silrf Bfjegkeûm, Kgfm 7558).
<. Ag bfjegkeûm cgbeaegr prftfmjf rfstgurgr ag kibumekgkeûm y prfsfrvgr
ags rfagkeimfs fmtrf ais befblris jf ag cgbeaeg, y se mi fs piselaf, prfvfmer
ags kimsfkufmkegs jf umg fvfmtuga jesikegkeûm jfa drupi cgbeaegr. Fa
bfjegjir cgbeaegr, tfrkfrg pfrsimg mfutrg f ebpgrkega, kimtreluyf
fm fmkufmtris
kimcejfmkegafs,
(Kibetå Mgkeimgag krfgr um fspgkei
jf Crgmkeg, <888). jf rfagkeimfs y jf jeçaidi y fskukog.

BFJEGKEÛM EMZF\KVAZV\GA
Emtfrvfmkeûm jf tfrkfrgs pgrtfs fm y silrf setugkeimfs sikegafs jf buatekuaturgaejgj
sedmecekgtevg, irefmtgjg ogkeg0
- Ag kimsfkukeûm jfa rfkimikebefmti jfa itri y fa gkfrkgbefmti jf
ags pgrtfs.
- Ag kibumekgkeûm gcfktevg y kibprfmseûm butug.
- Ag rfduagkeûm jf kimcaektis.
- Ag gjfkugkeûm emstetukeimga fmtrf ais gktirfs sikegafs
f emstetukeimgafs ftmikuaturgabfmtf jecfrfmkegjis.
7;
 BFJEGJI\ CGBEAEG\ [fptefblrf 8: y \fsfrvg
Fs um tåkmeki fm fa prikfsi jf bfjegkeûm. Fs umg pfrsimg ebpgrkega quf emtfrvefmf fm ag
mfdikegkeûm fmtrf jis i bçs pgrtfs gyujçmjiafs g gakgmzgr um gkufrji quf sgtescgdg y
siaukeimf fa kimcaekti.
Cumkeimfs0
- Gyujgr g ags pgrtfs g rfsiavfr fa kimcaekti y cerbgr fa gkufrji.
- Cgkeaetgr ag kibumekgkeûm.

G y u j g r g e j m t ec e k g r y k a g r e c ek g r f a k i m c a ek t i.
- B f `i r g r - a g[e rmi
f agsfk kimseduf
e û m p faiil`ftevi
s t f r e icemga,
r jjfrevgr
f ag sagsp pgrtfs
g r t fg itris
s.
 pricfseimgafs y g itri tepi jf emtfrvfmkeûm, kibi
psekitfrgpeg, gsfsirâg, ftk.

BIJFAGJICflrfri 86 L
Zåkmekg kimjuktuga pgrg cgkeaetgr i cibfmtgr ag gpgrekeûm jf kimjuktgs jfsfglafs.
Zåkmekg fstrfaag jfsjf ag pfrspfktevg kimjuktuga y kidmetevg.
Zefmf cemgaejgj jilaf0
- Gpgrekeûm jf mufvgs kimjuktgs.
- Gubfmtgr ag crfkufmkeg jf itrgs quf yg fxestfm.
Kimsestf fm fxpimfr ga su`fti i drupi g ag kimjuktg jfa bijfai ilsfrvgji, g ai quf åstf
ogkf y ags rfkibpfmsgs (rfcirzgjirfs) quf rfkelfm gblis (bijfai y
ilsfrvgjir) kugmji rfgaezgm ag kimjuktg fspfrgjg y gkfptgjg.
Zefmf bgyir fcekgkeg kim me÷is y gjiafskfmtfs quf kim gjuatis y fm pilagkeimfs kim
jfcekefmkegs.
BIJFAGJI FMKVLEF\ZI
Zåkmekg kimjuktuga pgrg cgkeaetgr i cibfmtgr ag gpgrekeûm jf kimjuktgs jfsfglafs.
Fs umg vgregmtf jfa bijfagji quf sf uteaezg bukoi fm irefmtgkeûm y tfrgpeg
cgbeaegr. Kimsestf fm ag ilsfrvgkeûm jfa bijfai g trgvås jf ag ebgdemgkeûm.
[f og uteaezgji fm ag pilagkeûm emcgmtea pgrg rfjuker befjis, emkrfbfmtgr ag emtfrgkkeûm
sikega fm me÷is gutestgs y bf`irgr oçletis jf fstujei y gmsefjgj gmtf ais fxçbfmfs.
Ag jurgkeûm jf ais fcfktis fs agrdg se ags ebetgkeimfs quf fa bijfai ogkf jf ag pfrsimg
kuyg kimjuktg qufrfbis bijecekgr sf rfcufrzgm jf bgmfrg emtfrbetfmtf.

BIJFAI G[E[ZFMKEGA I \FBFJEGA [fptefblrf 8: \fsfrvg

[f lgsg fm fa fmciquf båjeki-kaâmeki (fa jegdmûsteki y fa primûsteki sim kibpftfmkeg
jfa irefmtgjir quf ais cirbuag g pgrter jf ais jgtis jf su fxpfrefmkeg, ogleaejgj i
emtuekeûm).
Xrftfmjf ag siaukeûm jf prilafbgs i jecekuatgjfs g trgvås jf ag emtfrvfmkeûm
emjevejugaezgjg. Ai ejfga fs fmkimtrgr ag kgusg jfa prilafbg.
Zefmf kgrçktfr rfbfjega, gumquf tgbleåm fm ikgseimfs fs prfvfmtevi.
BIJFAI KIM[F@I
Jf kgrçktfr oubgmestg (ai cumjgbfmtga fs fa tepi jf emtfrgkkeûm quf fxestf fmtrf fa
irefmtgjir y fa irefmtgji).
[f lgsg fm ag tfirâg jf ag Irefmtgkeûm mi jerfktevg jf \idfrs, quf jfcefmjf fa iptebesbi
rgjekga jfa sfr oubgmi, fs jfker, quf fa oiblrf tefmf kgpgkejgj pgrg kimikfrsf g sâ

bemeksibmid ryu fpmgkreg srf fsmitarvf ari su sf mptreibpefims tpirsi yl amfbkgfs.e

jVgmjfgs k eimtfjrumkgtsg yj fagssg `fuxsptgfjregf smfk epgrsi fjxutkfrm pgisr. 

 7:

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

BIJFAI KIM[VAZESI I X\F[K\EXZESI

[f lgsg fm prfsupufstis kimjuktestgs jfa prikfsi jf fmsf÷gmzg-gprfmjezg`f.
BIJFAI KIM[Z\VKZESE[ZG
[f lgsg fm ag psekiaidâg kidmetevg quf fmtefmjf fa jfsgrriaai oubgmi kibi um prikfsi
fm kimtemui kgblei, jfsjf ags fstrukturgs bçs sebpafs g ags bçs kibpaf`gs.
Zefmf kgrçktfr prfvfmtevi.
Zefmf drgmjfslg`i
gutikimkfpti åxetis
y fm fm fa trgtgbefmti
prilafbgs jf prilafbgs
jf jeskepaemg jf emsfdurejgj,
y gutikimtria, gmsefjgj,
tgmti trglg`gmji kim
gaubmis kibi kim pgjrfs.
BIJFAI KIVM[FAEMD [fptefblrf 8;, Cflrfri 8: L
Bijfai jf emtfrvfmkeûm jerfktg f emjevejugaezgjg. [f og uteaezgji kibi semûmebi jf
gsfsirgbefmti psekiaûdeki kibi bijfai jf irefmtgkeûm.
[f lgsg fm ag rfagkeûm pfrsimga jerfktg fmtrf fa irefmtgjir y fa irefmtgji g trgvås jf ag
fmtrfvestg.
[us lgsfs tfûrekgs fstçm fm ags tfirâgs fxpaekgtevgs jf ag pfrsimgaejgj (psekigmgaestg,
rgkeimgaestg, kimjuktestg,...).
Zefmf kgrçktfr rfbfjega y tfrgpåuteki y ag emtfrvfmkeûm fs jfa tepi pumtuga.
[e sf fmtefmjf kibi \fagkeûm jf Gyujg, kimsestf fm umg kimvfrsgkeûm sfreg fmtrf fa
ijrfe fcimrtbgjgi qr uyf f af igryefumjtfg jgi g vpgmrgz gra kfgm szug rp ruimp ekg
bfvlieaiu kfemû mf ay k rifbgapezigrktgeûbme fkmitbi ij fpaf risriefmgt.gji,
Zepis jf \fagkeûm jf Gyujg0
7. Kfmtrgjg fm fa irefmtgjir0 åstf fs fa pritgdimestg. Fvgaðg
ais kibpirtgbefmtis jfa kaefmtf, fstebuag y privikg su
rfgktevejgj y su kimkefmkeg jemçbekg y gkimsf`g
jerfktgbfmtf i
 pripirkeimgmji siaukeimfs.
<. Kfmtrgjg fm fa prilafbg0 jf kgrçktfr bfmis jerfktevi y
bçs rfagkeimga. Fa kaefmtf fs fa quf luskg gyujg pgrg
siaukeimgr su
 prilafbg. Fa trgtgbefmti kimsestf fm gpiygr,
fxpairgr, emtfrprftgr, irefmtgr/siaukeimgr. Fs mi jerfktevi, kim
gtfmkeûm
 pisetevg emkimjekeimga, kibprfmseûm fbpçtekg y kgpgkejgj pgrg
fmcrfmtgr fa prilafbg.
;. Kfmtrgjg fm fa kaefmtf0 rfagkeûm mi jerfktevg y rfagkeimga.
Fa
irefmtgjir rfspftgrfcafxeimg,
kugmji fa kaefmtf ag emekegtevg jfa kaefmtf,
rfcirbuag dugrjg
ais bfmsg`fs seafmkei
vfrlgafs,
rfcaf`g ais bfmsg`fs f emcirbg kugmji fs prfkesi.

BIJFAI JF GASG\FP \I@I

Kiblemg 6 jebfmseimfs jf ag emtfrvfmkeûm0
g) Kimtfxtis jf emtfrvfmkeûm0 emstetukeimgafs fjukgtevis, emstetukeimgafs
mi fjukgtevis y mi emstetukeimgafs.
 l) Bijfais jf emtfrvfmkeûm0
Bijfai [frvekeis0 icfrtg emstetukeimga jf ags gjbemestrgkeimfs pðlaekgs i


fmtejgjfs prevgjgs quf rfspimjfm g mfkfsejgjfs y jfbgmjgs jf

ais usugreis, jfsjf umg pfrspfktevg prfvfmtevg, 7:
kirrfktevg,
rfbfjega i

tfrgpåutekg.
 76

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

 Bijfai Xridrgbgs0 sf gpaekg g drupis sfdðm ais il`ftevis prfvegbfmtf

ce`gjis sfdðm ags mfkfsejgjfs jftfktgjgs.
 Bijfai Kimsuatg0  fs umg emtfrvfmkeûm emjerfktg jfa
irefmtgjir (kimsuatgmtf) kim fa jfstemgtgrei, yg quf kibpgrtf y pejf
gyujg g itri fspfkegaestg (kimsuatir) silrf fa prilafbg jfa
jfstemgtgrei.
 Bijfai Kiumsfaemd0  emtfrvfmkeûm jerfktg jfa irefmtgjir silrf fa
 prilafbg g trgvås jf ags fstrgtfdegs jf -rfagkeûm jf gyujg emjevejuga‒.
k) Jfstemgtgreis
j) Båtijis0 emtfrvfmkeûm jerfktg f emjerfktg.
f) Cumkeimfs0
-   Emvgsevgs0 irdgmezgkeûm, emcirbgkeûm, kimsuatg, emvfstedgkeûm y
cirbgkeûm.
-   Xrikfsugafs0  jftfktgr y gmgaezgr mfkfsejgjfs,
jegdmistekgr,
 pridrgbgr y fvgaugr.
-   Fspfkâcekgs0 gsfsirgbefmti, kiirjemgkeûm y bfjegkeûm.
BIJFAI JF KIM[VAZG Cflrfri 8; G, Cflrfri 8: G
Bijfai jf emtfrvfmkeûm emjerfktg, emjevejuga y/i drupga.
Xufjf tfmfr pfrspfktevg prfvfmtevg i tfrgpåutekg.
Jeredeji g gcrimtgr y rfsiavfr prilafbgs y jfcekefmkegs quf umg pfrsimg, emstetukeûm,
sbffrv`iekrfeim yk upgraietdgrtgevbgb tfefmtf ,g g ajifsb irçesf mjtfg jpirfrfvsf
mfemr fya jfsgfrbripafag÷ri e jmfek segutse vcgusm kye igmbfls.efmtfs quf Zepis
jf Bijfais jf Kimsuatg [ikeifjukgtevg y Xsekipfjgdûdekg0
7. lgsgjis fm fa fmciquf jf sgauj bfmtga0 jf kgrçktfr rfbfjega
i tfrgpåuteki. Il`ftevi0 kgblei jf gktetujfs fm ga kimsuatgmtf.
<. jf lgsf kimjuktuga0 jf kgrçktfr tfrgpåuteki, prfvfmtevi
y jf jfsgrriaai. Il`ftevi0 bijecekgr kimjuktg.
;. lgsgjis fm fa fmciquf jf jfsgrriaai jf ags irdgmezgkeimfs0
jf kgrçktfr prfvfmtevi y jf jfsgrriaai. Il`ftevi0 bf`irg jfa
kaebg jf trglg`i fm ag emstetukeûm.
:. lgsgjis fm fa fmciquf psekifjukgtevi0 kfmtrgji fm
fa kibpimfmtf gcfktevi.
6. Kimsuatg Fstrgtådekg (pagmtfgbefmti fkiaûdeki)0 jf
kgrçktfr emtfdrgjir y fkaåkteki y sf faglirg jfsjf ag
kimsejfrgkeûm
fkiaûdeki-sestfbçtekg  jfjfags
ag gpaekgkeûm pagmecekgjg tijisemstetukeimfs. Kimsestf
ais bijfais jf kimsuatgfmg
ais
gspfktis krâtekis jf umg kibumejgj sem ibeter memdumi. Gcerbg
quf fa prikfsi jf kgblei fm ag pfrsimg, mi pufjf rfgaezgrsf se
mi fs fm emtfrgkkeûm kim fa kimtfxti.
Ais bijfais bçs uteaezgjis fm irefmtgkeûm sim ais lgsgjis fm
pagmtfgbefmtis
 psekifjukgtevis y fkiaûdekis.
Cumkeimfs jfa irefmtgjir0
- kimsuatir-cirbgjir 
- kimsuatir jf pgjrfs
- kimsuatir jf ags irdgmezgkeimfs
 7

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

BIJFAI JF BI\\EA, IFZZEMD U OV\[Z, i ‑KVLI JF AG[ ;3 KG\G[‒

Kiblemg ; jebfmseimfs0
g) Jfstemgtgrei0 emjevejui, drupi, emstetukeûm, ftk.
 l) Xripûseti0 tfrgpåuteki, prfvfmtevi, jf jfsgrriaai.
k) Båtiji0 emtfrvfmkeûm jerfktg, emjerfktg i kim bfjeis
tfkmiaûdekis. Fstf bijfai dfmfrg ;3 emtfrvfmkeimfs piselafs.

BIJFAI MI JE\FKZESI
Ga gpaekgrai, fa irefmtgjir jflf tfmfr ags seduefmtfs kgrgktfrâstekgs0
- Gutfmtekejgj.
- Gkfptgkeûm pisetevg emkimjekeimga.
- Kibprfmseûm fbpçtekg.
- Kgpgkejgj pgrg fmcrfmtgr fa prilafbg.
BIJFAI X\ID\GBG[
Fs um pridrgbg jf jfsgrriaai emtfdrga jf tijgs ags gkkeimfs irefmtgjirgs jfsgrriaagjgs
jfmtri jfa pridrgbg fjukgtevi dailga.
Xeagrfs0
- Zefmf kgrgktfrâstekgs sebeagrfs g kugaquefr itri
pridrgbg fjukgtevi.

- KJfmltfr gsjfri kifbm pgrfymusjegvri . g rfsiavfr prilafbgs

y fm jfsgrriaagr kibpftfmkegs.
- Fs fa rfsuatgji jfa trglg`i fm fquepi jf ags pfrsimgs ebpaekgjgs.
Ag irefmtgkeûm sf lgsg fm ag psekiaidâg jfa jfsgrriaai, fs jfker, sf jeredf g tijis ais
befblris jf ag cgbeaeg y fm tijgs ag ftgpgs jfa kekai vetga.
Zepis jf pridrgbgs0
7)  Xridrgbgs jfsgrriaagjis fm kiaglirgkeûm fskufag/cgbeaeg.
[f rfgaezg jfsjf ais kfmtris fjukgtevis fm kiaglirgkeûm kim ag cgbeaeg. Mðkafis0
g. X\ID\GBG[ KFMZ\GJI[ FM AG JEMÇBEKG CGBEAEG\.
- Cirbgkeûm jf pgjrfs/bgjrfs.
- Jfsgrriaai jf ogleaejgjfs pgrg umg vejg cgbeaegr sgtescgktireg.
- Dfsteûm jf rfkursis bgtfregafs y oubgmis jf ag cgbeaeg.
 l. X\ID\GBG[ KFMZ\GJI[ FM AG \FAGKEÛM CGBEAEG-
F[KVFAG-KIBVMEJGJ.
- Cirbgr g pgjrfs y pricfseimgafs pgrg bf`irgr ag fjukgkeûm jf ais
fskiagrfs.
- Xrfvfmer prilafbgs i rffjukgr y gtfmjfr g cgbeaegs kim MF.
- Kiirjemgr ags emtfrvfmkeimfs fmtrf cgbeaeg, fskufag y kibumejgj.
k. X\ID\GBG[ KFMZ\GJI[ FM FA JF[G\\IAAI XF\[IMGA.
Zgbleåm sf kimikfm kibi pridrgbgs jf fjukgkeûm psekiaûdeki, oubgmestg y
gcfktevi.
Jfstemgji g jfsgrriaagr ags kimjekeimfs psekiaûdekgs pgrg fmcrfmtgr ag vejg,
 pitfmkegmji fa gutikimikebefmti, ags ogleaejgjfs jf kibumekgkeûm, ag tibg
jf jfkeseimfs, ftk.
j. X\ID\GBG[ XG\G FA JF[G\\IAAI SIKGKEIMGA.
Jeredejis ga jfsgrriaai y cirbgkeûm pricfseimga, pgrg irefmtgr ga fskiagr fm ag
emkirpirgkeûm sikega bfjegmtf fa trglg`i y gutirrfgaezgkeûm pfrsimga.
DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

<)  Xridrgbgs pribivejis jfsjf ais [frvekeis [ikegafs jf ags Gjbemestrgkeimfs

 Xðlaekgs.
Kgtfdirâgs0
- Gpiyi g ag vevefmjg cgbeaegr.
- Kimkeaegkeûm vejg aglirga/pricfseimga jf ag bu`fr.
- Kirrfspimsgleaejgj sikega kim ags cgbeaegs.
- Gpiyi g cgbeaegs fm setugkeimfs fspfkegafs.
- Gpiyi g ags rfmtgs cgbeaegrfs.

BIJFAI [F\SEKEI[
Bijfai jf emtfrvfmkeûm jerfktg emjevejuga y drupga.
Zefmf kgrçktfr pðlaeki y sikega.
Gktðg bçs silrf fa prilafbg quf silrf fa kimtfxti. [f trglg`g bçs pir cumkeimfs quf
 pir il`ftevis.
Fs f`fkutgji pir pricfseimgafs quf ogkfm fa jegdmûsteki, faglirgm emcirbfs y gpaekgm
 pridrgbgs.
Fxestfm < jerfkkeimfs0
- Emtfrvfmkeûm rffjukgtevg y ikupgkeimga, kirrfktevg y jf
 prfvfmkeûm fspfkegaezgjg.
- [frvekeis fjukgtevis dfmfrgafs quf jgm rfspufstg g mfkfsejgjfs
fspfkâcekgs y semduagrfs.
Jfmtri jfa Bijfai [frvekeis fmkimtrgbis0
7. Xagm Emtfdrga jf Gpiyi g ag Cgbeaeg (XEGC). Cflrfri 8; L,
[fptefblrf 8;, Cflrfri 8: G y L, [fptefblrf 8: y \fsfrvg, [fptefblrf 86 y
\fsfrvg

Bijfai quf rfspimjf g ags mfkfsejgjfs jf ag cgbeaeg y gubfmtg su kgaejgj

jf vejg. Mgkf fm 755? y fs um bijfai jf trglg`i pgrg ag faglirgkeûm jf
 pridrgbgs emtfdrgafs, buatejeskepaemgrfs y buatepricfseimgafs.
Zefmf çbleti mgkeimga, jfsgrriaai emtfrbemestfrega. Ag rfspimsgleaejgj fs
kibpgrtejg fmtrf ag Gjbemestrgkeûm Kfmtrga y ags KKGG.
[f `ustecekg pirquf sf kimsejfrg g ag cgbeaeg fspg÷iag kibi mðkafi
fjukgtevi cumjgbfmtga y pir su setugkeûm kimkrftg, kibi p.f`., ag
emkirpirgkeûm jf ag bu`fr ga trglg`i, quf gjfbçs gsubf
bgyiretgregbfmtf ais kuejgjis

c g b e ae g r f s . I tr i s f ` f b p a i s , gubfmti jfa
j f sk f m s ijf jagfpilagkeûm,
fmvf`fkebefmti ag m g[us t g il`ftevis
a e j gj sim0
, ft k .
- emkrfbfmtgr ag kgaejgj jf vejg jf ags cgbeaegs (il`ftevi cemga y
 preiretgrei)
- cibfmtgr ag siaejgrejgj emtfrdfmfrgkeimga
- gpiygr g ags cgbeaegs fm setugkeimfs
fspfkegafs. [us fstrgtfdegs sim0
- Kimkeaegr ag vejg cgbeaegr y aglirga. F`.,gbpaegr fa tefbpi jf
 pfrbesis jf bgtfrmejgj.
- Bf`irg fm ag icfrtg jf sfrvekeis pgrg fa kuejgji jf bfmirfs jf ;
g÷is. F`.,mufvgs pagzgs fm fskufags emcgmteafs.
- Gbpaegkeûm jf sfrvekeis pgrg bgyirfs y jeskgpgketgjis y
sus cgbeaegs. F`., ag tfafgsestfmkeg.
- Bf`irgs jf ags prfstgkeimfs jf ag [fdurejgj [ikega pir oe`i g
kgrdi.
 7?

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

- Bf`irg fm ag piaâtekg ceskga y jf rfmtgs.

- Jfsgrriaai jf [frvekeis jf Irefmtgkeûm y Bfjegkeûm Cgbeaegr.
-  Mufvg Afy jf Xritfkkeûm g ags cgbeaegs mubfrisgs.
- Gpiyi g ags cgbeaegs fm setugkeimfs fspfkegafs.
- Cibfmti jf ag pgrtekepgkeûm sikega, silrf tiji gpiyi g ags IMDs.
Xijfbis jfker kibi emtfrvfmkeûm quf, fs umg rfspufstg emstetukeimga pgrg
gktugr fm setugkeimfs cgbeaegrfs fspfkegafs. Fa pagm kimtfbpag gktugkeimfs
fm ; çbletis0
7. Irefmtgkeûm Cgbeaegr,  kibi gyujg fm
setugkeimfs
jf kimcaekti fmtrf ais befblris jf ag cgbeaeg.
<. Bfjegkeûm Cgbeaegr, pgrg ag siaukeûm pgkâcekg
jf kimcaektis quf surdfm fm ais prikfsis
jf sfpgrgkeûm y jevirkei jf ag pgrf`g.
;. Xumtis jf fmkufmtri cgbeaegr. 
<. Bijfai [frvekeis gktugmji pir Xridrgbgs.
Gpgrfkf pirquf ais [frvekeis [ikegafs jf gtfmkeûm g ag cgbeaeg trglg`gm g
trgvås jf pridrgbgs.
Fstç jeredeji cumjgbfmtgabfmtf g fskiagrfs y sus cgbeaegs.
Ag irefmtgkeûm ag rfgaezgm pricfsirfs cirbgjis fm kursis y gyujgjis pir fa
rfsti jf pricfsirfs, pgjrfs y sfrvekeis fxtfrmis.
Fm Fspg÷g tefmf umg fstrukturg irdgmezgtevg jf um bijfai sfrvekeis (fquepis
 psekipfjgdûdekis y jfpgrtgbfmti jf irefmtgkeûm), pfri kim fmciquf y prgxes
g trgvås jf pridrgbgs.
Fa irefmtgjir fs tgbleåm fa gsfsir jfa tutir y jf ais prikfsis jf emtfrvfmkeûm
fjukgtevg.
Fs um bijfai prfvfmtevi y jfa jfsgrriaai, kimtgmji kim um
fspfkegaestg kibi sipirtf tåkmeki y jf gsfsirgbefmti.
Zga vfz sfg fa ðmeki bijfai kgpgz jf krfgr fa kimtfxti y kimjekeimfs pgrg ag
emtfdrgkeûm jf kimtfxtis fjukgtevis y jf irefmtgkeûm.

BIJFAI ZFKMIAÛDEKI
Fs um kim`umti jf gpaekgkeimfs ga kgbpi jf0
7) Ag emcirbgkeûm y ag irefmtgkeûm vikgkeimga.
<) Ag emtfrvfmkeûm irefmtgjirg fm dfmfrga.
G b l gs s f j f r ev gm j f a i s b f j e i s j f i b u m ek g
Ag s b g y i rf s gp i r tg k e i m fs s f o g m k f mt rg j i
k e û m y jf a g s M u f v g s Z f k m i a i d â g s .
f m a g I re f m t g k eû m S ik g k e i m g a j f mtri jfa bgrki jfa
bijfai Kimsuatg.

BIJFAI Z\EJEBFM[EIMGA JF J\GXFAG

Kimsejfrg kibi cumkeimfs lçsekgs fa gsfsirgbefmti, ag kimsuatg y ag supfrveseûm.
Jebfmseimfs0
g) Jfstemgtgreis.
 l) Xrilafbçtekg.
k) Fstrgtfdegs.
Dfmfrg um bijfai jf kuli jf :? kgseaags.
 75

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

BIJFAI[ JF EMZF\SFMKEÛM FM FA ÇBLEZI X[EKIFJVKGZESI U [IKEIFJVKGZESI

7) Bijfai jf jegdmûsteki. ([edbuj Crfuj y Gmmg Crfuj Nafem).

[f lgsgm fa ag Zfirâg jfa Ui, fm bfkgmesbis jfcfmsevis y
jf jegdmûsteki/emtfrvfmkeûm. [u il`ftevi fs gyujgr g ag pfrsimg kim
prilafbgs rfagkeimgafs, fskiagrfs i aglirgafs. F`., emtfrvfmkeûm fm setugkeimfs jf
refsdi pir kibpirtgbefmtis veiafmtis.
<) Bijfai jf \fsiaukeûm jf Xrilafbgs. (@gbfs y Jfwfy).
Lgsgji fm fmciqufs prgdbçtekis y jf cumkeimgbefmti kidmetevi jfa yi. [u il`ftevi
fs, umg vfz sgleji fa prilafbg, kiaglirgr fm ais il`ftevis y fa prikfsi
jf rfsiaukeûm. F`., bfjegkeûm pgrg ag \fsiaukeûm jf Kimcaektis.
;) Bijfai Fkiaûdeki. (Fskufag jf Koekgdi, kim Xgrn y Ludfss).
Xribufvf fa kgblei fm ags irdgmezgkeimfs y kibumejgjfs ogkeg um jfsgrriaai sikega
y kibumetgrei, tfmefmji fm kufmtg ag jevfrsejgj y ags mfkfsejgjfs quf sf jfrevgm jf
åstg. F`., prikfsis jf bfjegkeûm emtfrkuaturga.
:) Bijfai Cumkeimgaestg. (Jfwfy, \gmn y Bfgj).
[f lgsg fm ag irefmtgkeûm jf krfkebefmti emjevejuga rfspfkti g ag jedmejgj jf ags
 pfrsimgs. [f kfmtrg fm fa emjevejui kibi bfjei jf ebpuasi jfa
cumkeimgbefmti sikega. F`., pribikeûm jfa gutifbpafi fm pgrgjis jf agrdg jurgkeûm y
fm bu`frfs.
6) Bijfai jf Irdgmezgkeûm Kibumetgreg. (Xgrsim y Bfrtim).
[jfu fimlt`fmtejveib fefsm atgi ekmutfatdurgka.eûm sikega jf ais drupis y fa kimsfmsi
sikega. F`., prikfsis
3) Bijfai jf Kreses. (Aemjfrbgm y Kgpagm).
Lgsgji fm ag Zfirâg jfa Fstrås y fm ag Xsekiaidâg jfa Fdi. [u il`ftevi fs ag
rffstrukturgkeûm jf ais bijis jf kimjuktg jf umg pfrsimg y fa
jfsgrriaai jf ogleaejgjfs lçsekgs. F`., emtfrvfmkeimfs jf kgrçktfr tfrgpåuteki.
4) Bijfai jf Bijecekgkeûm jf Kimjuktg. (Fskufag Kimjuktevestg jf
Xgvaiw, Tgtsim y [nemmfr).
Gsubf quf kugaquefr kibpirtgbefmti fs cruti jfa rfcufrzi kimtemdfmtf, pir ai quf
 pufjfm usgrsf fstâbuais pgrg bijecekgr ag kimjuktg i pgrg quf sf
prijuzkg fa gprfmjezg`f. [u gpaekgleaejgj fstç rfstremdejg g kgsis fm ais quf
fstç aebetgjg ag kgpgkejgj jfa gprfmjezg`f.
?) Bijfai jf Zfrgpegs Cgbeaegrfs.
Xrfjibemgm ags prçktekgs fkaåktekgs. Ogy jis tfmjfmkegs0
- Bijfai seståbeki0
jf sulsestfbgs jimjf ag ycgbeaeg
quf emtfrgktðgm fs kibi
sf emcauyfm um kim`umti
fmtrf sâ,
fxpfrebfmtgm
kekais vetgafs y bufstrgm um fqueaelrei oibfistçteki.
- Bijfai Xsekisikega .
5) Bijfai Zrgmsgkkeimga. (Lfrmf).
[f lgsg fm ag Zfirâg psekigmgaestg jf Crfuj. [f pgrtf jf ags jecekuatgjfs sikegafs y
fbikeimgafs pgrg supfrgrags. F`.,kgsis jf fmcfrbfjgj i jfcekefmkeg jf umi i vgreis
befblris jf ag cgbeaeg.
 <8

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

BIJFAI[ FJVKGZESI[ JF \EF[DI

[im ais kgusgmtfs jf jfsgjgptgkeûm, crgkgsi fskiagr, kimjuktg gmtesikega y jfprfseûm
(jfprfseûm emcgmtea). Xufjf privikgr vgreis trgstirmis bfmtgafs0
 lg`g ebpaekgkeûm y supfrveseûm. Fsteai mfdaedfmtf.
 jeskepaemg emkiofrfmtf. Ais pgjrfs mi trgtgm fa tfbg jf ag fjukgkeûm i
mi sf pimfm jf gkufrji. Ais oe`is sf gprivfkogm jf fstg setugkeûm y ag
bgmepuagm.
 jeskepaemg râdejg f emcafxelaf.  Mi fxestf mfdikegkeûm, me jeçaidi
me rgzimgbefmti.
 jeskepaemg kiaårekg y fxpaisevg. [f trgmsbetf g ais me÷is gdrfsevejgj,
quf faais pufjfm gprfmjfr, pujefmji jfrevgr fm umg pfrsimgaejgj
veiafmtg.

BIJECEKGKEÛM JF AG KIMJVKZG
Fs umg tfkmiaidâg quf gpaekg ais premkepeis jfa kibpirtgbefmti oubgmi g setugkeimfs jf
 prfvfmkeûm y jf rfsiaukeûm jf prilafbgs.
Fm fa çbleti cgbeaegr, ag prfvfmkeûm y ag rfsiaukeûm jf prilafbgs sf cumjgbfmtgm fm ais
rfsuatgjis jf ag psekiaidâg lçsekg y jfa gprfmjezg`f, jf ag kidmetevg y jf ag fxpfrebfmtga
fm dfmfrga.

BIJECEKGKEÛM JFA GBLEFMZF CÂ[EKI

Z å k m ekg ki m j u k tu ga p g r g c g k a t i c i b f t g r a g g p
F a f sp k e câ s e i o j f b i j ec ek gr s f f m c um k e û m j f
g re k e û m j f ki m ju k tg s j f s fg a s .
ai s i l ` f te v s . V m l u f m g b le fm t f câseki emvetg g ag
kibumekgkeûm.
Fstg tåkmekg cgkeaetg fa gprfmjezg`f jf kimjuktgs sikegafs f emstrukkeimgafs.
Ais fcfktis pisetevis sim jf agrdg jurgkeûm.

BIAJFGBEFMZICflrfri 8: G
Zåkmekg kimjuktuga pgrg cgkeaetgr i cibfmtgr ag gpgrekeûm jf kimjuktgs jfsfglafs.
Ag kimjuktg i gadumis jf sus kibpimfmtfs ogm jf sfr ebetgjis pgrg quf fa su`fti pufjg
sfr rfcirzgji, yg quf pgrg ag gpgrekeûm jf kimjuktgs mufvgs, sf og jf jespimfr jf
 prfkfjfmtfs (rfcufrzis, fstâbuais jeskrebemgtevis).
Fs um prikfjebefmti pgrg rfcirzgr sfafktevgbfmtf ais kibpirtgbefmtis, pgrg
rfcirzgr kgjg umg jf ags gprixebgkeimfs g ag kimjuktg cemga.
[f uteaezg bukoi fm irefmtgkeûm y fm tfrgpeg cgbeaegr, y fs ðtea fm prilafbgs kim fa
tglgki i fa kimsubi bijfrgji jf gakioia y jridgs.
Fs jf fcfkti agrdi.

MFKF[EJGJ JF EMZFD\GKEÛM [IKEGA

Ebpaekg ag gjquesekeûm jf ejfmtejgj, fa aidri jf gutimibâg y fa jfsgrriaai jf kgpgkejgj
jf kibumekgkeûm kim ais sfbf`gmtfs.

I\EFMZGKEÛM CGBEAEG\ Cflrfri 8; G y L,[fptefblrf 8;, Cflrfri 8: G, Cflrfri 86 G

Xrikfsi sestfbçteki jf gyujg, kuyi cem ðatebi fs cgkeaetgr ag jemçbekg cgbeaegr pisetevg,
siaukeûm jf prilafbgs y tibg jf jfkeseimfs, gjfbçs jf pitfmkegr ais pripeis rfkursis
fjukgtevis.  Ebpaekg jgr gpiyi, sfdurejgj y gcfkti, trgmsbeter vgairfs, fmcrfmtgr
y siaukeimgr prilafbgs, ftk.
Kimstetuyf um çrfg jf emtfrvfmkeûm buatejeskepaemgr y buatepricfseimga.
IL@FZESI0
cgbeaeg kibi bf`irgr ag kgaejgj
drupi emtfdrgji jf vejg
fm itris jf ais
drupis su`ftis fm fa sfmi cgbeaegr y fa jf ag
sikegafs.
 <8

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

[f ejfmtecekg kim Fjukgkeûm pgrg ag Sejg Cgbeaegr.
 <7

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

X\F\\FWVE[EZI[
[im ais kibpirtgbefmtis ebprfskemjelafs i sucekefmtfs quf fa su`fti tefmf quf pisffr 
 pgrg gakgmzgr fa il`ftevi cemga.
X\FSFMKEÛM
Kimkfpti kagvf fm fjukgkeûm y fm kugaquefr itri çbleti sikega. Emtfrvfmer
ebpaekg ejfmtecekgr ais cgktirfs kgusgmtfs jf setugkeimfs prilafbçtekgs kibi rfqueseti
prfvei
 pgrg jesf÷gr ag fstrgtfdeg jf gktugkeûm. Fxestfm ; mevfafs0
- Xrfvfmkeûm Xrebgreg0 fvetgr ag gpgrekeûm jf prilafbgs y setugkeimfs jf
refsdi fm fa çbleti cgbeaegr. [e sf gpaekg fm cgbeaegs sem memdðm refsdi,
oglagbis jf prfvfmkeûm kfri. Cflrfri 8: G, Cflrfri 86 L
- Xrfvfmkeûm [fkumjgreg0 umg vfz bgmecfstgji fa prilafbg, pgaegr ais
fcfktis mfdgtevis y rfsiavfr ag setugkeûm kugmti gmtfs. Cflrfri 8: L
- Xrfvfmkeûm Zfrkegreg0 sf kfmtrg fm jescumkeimgaejgjfs quf
aafvgm gcfktgmji um tefbpi. [f trgtg jf rfkupfrgr ags kgpgkejgjfs
pfrjejgs f ebpfjer quf ags kimsfkufmkegs mfdgtevgs sedgm gvgmzgmji.

X\EMKEXEI JF X\FBG\N 
Zåkmekg pgrg emkrfbfmtgr kimjuktgs jfsfglafs (ags quf yg fxestfm).
Kimsestf fm uteaezgr gktevejgjfs viaumtgregs (vfr ag tfaf, affr, fskreler,...) pgrg rfcirzgr ag
fobgkefsreaûim s ej gfm itftrsg osg jkf aligs` jgf clrfrkfusf. mkeg. F`, um me÷i quf
ogletugabfmtf sf ag tfaf pijrç Jf fcfkti agrdi se sf gpaekg gjfkugjgbfmtf.
[f uteaezg fm gblefmtfs fskiagrfs y fxtrgfskiagrfs.
X\ID\GBG
Xripufstg quf sestfbgtezg tijgs y kgjg umg jf ags gkkeimfs kimjukfmtfs ga
jesf÷i, jfsgrriaai y fvgaugkeûm jf ags emtfrvfmkeimfs psekipfjgdûdekgs y sikei-
fjukgtevgs irefmtgjgs g ag sgtescgkkeûm jf ags mfkfsejgjfs jf ais jfstemgtgreis.

\FCI\PGBEFMZI JF KIMJVKZG[ GAZF\MGZESG[

Zåkmekg pgrg rfjuker i fxtemduer kimjuktgs emgjfkugjgs.
[f rfcufrzg siagbfmtf gqufaags kimjuktgs emkibpgtelafs kim ag quf sf quefrf fxtemduer.
F`, dretgr fs emkibpgtelaf kim oglagr fm viz lg`g.
Fcekgz fm fskufags, gumquf jf fcfkti afmti.
\FCI\PGBEFMZI JECF\FMKEGA JF IZ\G[ KIMJVKZG[ I FMZ\FMGBEFMZI FM IBE[EÛM

Zåkmekg pgrg rfjuker i fxtemduer kimjuktgs emgjfkugjgs.

Emjekgjg pgrg pfrsimgs jecâkeafs y jf gati refsdi fm gblefmtfs fjukgtevis y sikegafs.
Jg lufmis rfsuatgjis fm cirbgkeûm y fmtrfmgbefmti g cgbeaegs kim oe`is quf tefmfm
 prilafbgs jf kibpirtgbefmti.
[f rfcufrzg kugaquefr kimjuktg pisetevg fxkfpti ag quf sf quefrf faebemgr.
\FCI\PGBEFMZI JECF\FMKEGA JF ZG[G LG@G Cflrfri 86 L
Zåkmekg pgrg rfjuker i fxtemduer kimjuktgs emgjfkugjgs.
[f uteaezg pgrg rfjuker (mi fxtemduer) ag crfkufmkeg jf umg rfspufstg gkfptgjg pfri quf
 pir su crfkufmkeg fs biafstg. F`, oglagr bukoi fm kagsf sem jf`gr emtfrvfmer g ais jfbçs.
 <<

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

[iai sf rfcufrzg um jftfrbemgji mðbfri jf rfspufstgs ce`gjgs prfvegbfmtf, fm mðbfri

emcfreir g ag aâmfg lgsf y fm um tefbpi prfjftfrbemgji. [e supfrg fa
mðbfri jf rfspufstgs mi sf rfkibpfmsg.
[e mi sf gpaekg gjfkugjgbfmtf pufjf rfcirzgr kimjuktgs emgjfkugjgs. Vmg siaukeûm
sfrâg rfcirzgr jf vfz fm kugmji ags kimjuktgs jfsfglafs.

\FCI\PGBEFMZI EMZF\BEZFMZF
Zåkmekg pgrg bgmtfmfr kimjuktgs bijecekgjgs.
Kimsestf fm gjbemestrgr ais rfcirzgjirfs sûai fm gadumgs kimjuktgs quf sf
quefrfm
bgmtfmfr, pgrg bgmtfmfr ag fxpfktgtevg, bitevgkeûm y mi privikgr sgkefjgj.
Cgkeaetg ag krfgkeûm jf oçletis y fa surdebefmti jf ag bitevgkeûm emtrâmsfkg.

\FCI\PGBEFMZI EMZF\BEZFMZF JF EMZF\SGAI CE@I [fptefblrf 86

Zåkmekg pgrg bgmtfmfr kimjuktgs bijecekgjgs.
[f rfcufrzg ag kimjuktg, sefbprf ag kimjuktg fbetejg, fm um pfreiji jf tefbpi ce`i.
Fs jf fcekgkeg bijfrgjg pirquf ag pfrsimg yg sglf kugmji sfrç rfkibpfmsgjg.

\FCI\PGBEFMZI EMZF\BEZFMZF JF EMZF\SGAI SG\EGLAF

Zåkmekg pgrg bgmtfmfr kimjuktgs bijecekgjgs.
Fs rfcirzgjir sf gpaekg ga su`fti sefbprf quf fbetg ag rfspufstg fm emtfrvgais jf tefbpi

 pqruefb ofgrgm rjfs psufrf stegf bfbpertfe jge sftmem ftia st.e fAbgp rif
kpirfbcep`gfgjmjisig ( ksfg jg ;rç, 3em, b5 fbjemgutgtbisf, mftfk .j).fspuås jf ag Jf
fcekgkeg supfreir ga rfcirzgbefmti jf emtfrvgai ce`i, yg quf ag pfrsimg jfskimikf
kugmji vg g rfkeler su rfkibpfmsg.

\FCI\PGBEFMZI EMZF\BEZFMZF JF \GPÛM CE@G

Zåkmekg pgrg bgmtfmfr kimjuktgs bijecekgjgs.
Ag rfkibpfmsg sf jgrç g kgjg mðbfri ce`i jf rfspufstgs fbetejgs.
Xgrg sfr fcekgz, mi jflf bgmtfmfrsf jurgmtf bukoi tefbpi, yg quf ag pfrsimg sf ogletðg
y pefrjf bitevgkeûm.

\FCI\PGBEFMZI EMZF\BEZFMZF JF \GPÛM SG\EGLAF [fptefblrf 86

\fsfrvg
Zåkmekg pgrg bgmtfmfr kimjuktgs bijecekgjgs.
[f rfcufrzgm laiqufs
embfjegtgbfmtf jf agrfspufstgs
jfspuås. F`, vgreglafs,ga me÷i
bgjrf rfkibpfmsg y agqufrfkibpfmsg sfpir
pejf ags kisgs gjbemestrg
cgvir,
ag 7ª, ;ª y 76ª vfz.
[ervf pgrg bgmtfmfr y pgrg gprfmjfr kimjuktgs.
\FCI\PGBEFMZI MFDGZESI
Zåkmekg pgrg emkrfbfmtgr kimjuktgs jfsfglafs (ags quf yg fxestfm).
[f uteaezg pgrg emkrfbfmtgr kimjuktgs jfsfgjgs i gkfptgjgs sikegabfmtf, pfri quf sf
jgm kim pikg crfkufmkeg. Mi fs ai besbi quf kgstedi (pgrg faebemgr
rfspufstgs jesruptevgs i rfkogzgjgs sikegabfmtf).
Kimsestf fm emkrfbfmtgr ag kimjuktg jfsfgjg g pgrter jf ag rfjukkeûm i jfsgpgrekeûm jf
fstâbuais gvfrsevis.
 <;

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

\FCI\PGBEFMZI XI[EZESI
Zåkmekg pgrg emkrfbfmtgr kimjuktgs jfsfglafs (ags quf yg fxestfm).
[f uteaezg pgrg gubfmtgr ag crfkufmkeg jf ags rfspufstgs gkfptgjgs sikegabfmtf,
bfjegmtf ag gjbemestrgkeûm jf rfcirzgjirfs i fstâbuais gdrgjglafs. [f gpaekg bukoi fm
IC.
Jf fcfkti agrdi se sf gpaekg gjfkugjgbfmtf.
Kagsfs jf rfcirzgjirfs0
-   Mgturgafs0 sgtescgkkeûm jf umg mfkfsejgj> kibfr kugmji sf tefmf ogblrf.
-   um
Grtecekegafs0 pgrg emkrfbfmtgr umg kimjuktg jfsfgjg> jgr um kgrgbfai g
me÷i quf og rfkideji su ogletgkeûm.
-   [fkumjgreis0  sim ais gprfmjejis> gprfmjfbis g sfr gtfmjejis y
fstf jfsfi pfrbgmfkf g ai agrdi jf tijg ag vejg.

\FAG@GKEÛM BV[KVAG\ 
Zåkmekg pgrg rfjuker y faebemgr ag gmsefjgj.
[im prikfjebefmtis quf prfstgm drgm gyujg ga kgbpi jf ag sgauj, ag psekiaidâg kaâmekg y
fskiagr.
Fs um prikfsi jf emtfrgkkeûm fmtrf ai ceseiaûdeki y ai psekiaûdeki. [u cemgaejgj ðatebg fs
kgpgketgr g ag pfrsimg pgrg quf pufjg fmcrfmtgr setugkeimfs kitejegmgs i fspfkâcekgs quf
af privikgm gmsefjgj.
Zepis0
- Xrgisdevrgf.sevg.
- Gutûdfmg.
- \fspufstgs jf rfag`gkeûm.
Zåkmekg buy fcekgz fm irefmtgkeûm fjukgtevg y cgbeaegr. Emjekgjg pgrg
siaukeimgr 
 prilafbgs jf gmsefjgj privikgjis pir cilegs, oepfrgktevejgj, tgrtgbujfz, gutikimkfpti
 lg`i, prfseûm fm fa trglg`i i fm fa guag.
[f og jf gjfkugr g ag pfrsimg, quf jflf fstgr emcirbgjg jfa il`ftevi jf ag besbg.
\F[IAVKEÛM JF X\ILAFBG[ Cflrfri 8;
Zåkmekg kidmetevg.
[f rfagkeimg kim fa usi jfa kimikebefmti y jf ags ogleaejgjfs prfvegbfmtf gjquerejgs
 pgrg fmcrfmtgrsf g setugkeimfs jf ags quf sf kimikf fa il`ftevi cemga pfri mi fa
 prikfjebefmti pgrg fmcrfmtgrsf g faags.
Xrilafbg0 rfagkeûm jeskrfpgmtf fmtrf ag rfgaejgj y ais il`ftevis jfsfgjis, fmtrf ai
 pfjeji y ag piseleaejgj jf rfspufstg gjfkugjg.
[iaukeûm0 kugaquefr rfspufstg kim ag quf sf emtfmtg gcrimtgr fa prilafbg.
[im fcekgkfs se aidrgm ais il`ftevis bemebezgmji ais kistfs mfdgtevis y bgxebezgmji
ais
 pisetevis.
\F[XFZI
Fs ag kimsfkufmkeg aûdekg jf ag gkfptgkeûm pisetevg emkimjekeimga y jf ag kibprfmseûm
fbpçtekg.
[upimf rfkimikfr fm fa itri ag kgpgkejgj pgrg fskidfr aelrfbfmtf y fa jfrfkoi g
tibgr sus pripegs jfkeseimfs.
 <:

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

\F[XIM[GLEAEJGJ
Fs umg gktetuj y kgrgktfrâstekg jfa irefmtgjir cgbeaegr.
Fs ag kgpgkejgj pgrg ag gutijerfktevejgj, quf sf fmtefmjf kibi fa fstâbuai
jfa irefmtgjir ga irefmtgji pgrg quf åstf gsubg ag jerfkkeûm jf su pripeg vejg, pgrg
quf gkfptf ag rfspimsgleaejgj jf sus gktis y tibf jfkeseimfs.

\EF[DI [IKEGA
[f og jecumjeji lg`i fa tårbemi -fxkauseûm sikega‒. [f lgsg fm jis rgsdis0
- kimkfpti buatejebfmseimga 0 sus fcfktis rfkgfm fm tijis ais çbletis jf ag
vejg.
- kimsfkufmkeg jf um prikfsi0 cruti jf umg jemçbekg quf pir
sus kgrgktfrâstekgs, kimjukf ga su`fti g setugkeimfs jf bgrdemgkeûm.
Irâdfmfs jf umg setugkeûm jf refsdi0
 umg jfsdrgkeg sðletg.
 Kreses prfveg.
 Kreses jf jfsgrriaai0 emcejfaejgj fm ag pgrf`g, gjiafskfmtfs,ftk.
 Kreses fstrukturga0 sfpgrgkeûm, jevirkei, ftk.
 Kreses jf jfsvgaebefmti0 fmcfrbfjgj, tixekibgmâgs, ftk.

[GKEFJGJ U X\ÇKZEKG MFDGZESG Cflrfri 86 G

Zåkmekg plgrsg rjfgj ufkme r aig fxtpemfdreufemr keigm jkiutketjgesg emg.j

Kfkiumgsjesgtsf. fm gpaekgr fm kirti tefbpi fa rfcirzgjir ogstg aafdgr g ag
sgturgkeûm. Ai quf ga premkepei rfkibpfmsg, ga cemga, se sf glusg, biafstg. F`, um me÷i
quf fskrelf fm ags pgrfjfs jfa agvgli, sf af fmvâg g fskreler fm ag pezgrrg jurgmtf fa
tefbpi quf sf af jedg.
[iai og jf uteaezgrsf se ogm cgaagji itrgs tåkmekgs.
[IL\F KI\\FKKEÛM
Zåkmekg pgrg rfjuker i fxtemduer kimjuktgs emgjfkugjgs.
Emjekgji pgrg fxtemduer kimjuktgs mi jfsfglafs. Kimsestf fm ogkfr quf ag pfrsimg quf
gatfrû fa gblefmtf, jfstruyû fa bgtfrega, ftk, ai rfstgurf> jfviaveåmjiai ga fstgji
iredemga i bf`irçmjiai.
Fxestfm jis tepis0
- Ag rfstetutevg.  Kimsestf fm quf ag pfrsimg rfstgurf ais fcfktis prijukejis.
- Xrçktekg pisetevg . Fa trgsdrfsir og jf rfpfter vgregs vfkfs ag
kimjuktg
 pisetevg. F`, se vufakg umg pgpfafrg tfmjrç quf rfkidfr åsg y gadumgs bçs.
[us fcfktis sf dfmfrgaezgm y sim rçpejis y jf jurgkeûm agrdg.

[IKEGAEPGKEÛM
Xrikfsi kibpaf`i pir fa kuga ais emjevejuis gjquefrfm y sf ejfmtecekgm kim fa sestfbg jf
mirbgs y pgutgs jf kibpirtgbefmti jf ag sikefjgj. Xgrtf jf ags Mfkfsejgjfs
jf kibumekgkeûm, kimsejfrgkeûm y fstrukturg.
- Kibumekgkeûm0
- \fgaezgkeûm oubgmg fm sus jebfm. gcfktevg, kidmetevg y sikega.
- Kimstrukkeûm jf gprfmjezg`fs g trgvås jf ag emtfrgkkeûm.
- Lefmfstgr psâqueki.
- Xrfvfmkeûm jf pgtiaidâgs.
- Kimsejfr-gkeûJmf0 skfu rlfrcebfref mgt iag j mfa k-fisterjig‒j y j jff va
 <:

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

g-ayirg‒k. eûm y fstebg, rfspfti,...
- Fstrukturg0 gaujf g ais pumtis jf rfcfrfmkeg, jf rfdags, jf kimtria y jf pijfr.
 <6

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

[IKEFJGJ
Gdrupgkeûm mgturga i pgktgjg jf pfrsimgs kim fa cem jf kubpaer, bfjegmtf ag butug
kiipfrgkeûm, tijis i gadumis cemfs jf ag vejg. Fs um kim` paurejebfmseimga fm
ag kibumek y gsikegkeûm oubgmg, quf vf g ag cgbeaeg kibi umejgj lçsekg jf ag
sikefjgj.

[VXVF[ZI[ JF AG EMZF\SFMKEÛM
[im ais f`fs fm tirmi g ais kugafs sf pagmecekg, jfsgrriaag y fvgaðg fa prikfsi jf gyujg g
ags cgbeaegs jf ais premkepeis jf ag emtfrvfmkeûm fm IC.
[
mçaeses fxpfrebfmtga jf ag kimjuktg, y cumjgbfmtgjgs fm ais gutirfs emspergjis fm ags tfses jfa kimjekeimgbefm
pgrg cgkeaetgr i cibfmtgr ag gpgrekeûm jf kimjuktgs

- Bijecekgkeûm jfa gblefmtf câseki.

- Kibumekgkeûm pisetevg.
- Emstedgkeûm vfrlga.
- Bijfagji.
- Bijfagji fmkulefrti.
- Biajfgbefmti.
- JFmftsrvfgmgfbkebfmetfim pti rj fd fagm frsgtaeebzgukageûkmeûm
prfkfjfmtf.
- Fmkgjfmgbefmti.
EE. Zåkmekgs pgrg emkrfbfmtgr kimjuktgs jfsfglafs (ags quf yg fxestfm).
- \fcirzgbefmti pisetevi.
- \fcirzgbefmti mfdgtevi.
- Xremkepei jf Xrfbgrn.
- Kimtrgti jf kimtemdfmkegs.
EEE. Zåkmekgs pgrg bgmtfmfr kimjuktgs bijecekgjgs .
- \fcirzgbefmti emtfrbetfmtf.
- \fcirzgbefmti emtfrbetfmtf jf emtfrvgai ce`i.
- \fcirzgbefmti emtfrbetfmtf jf emtfrvgai vgreglaf.
- \fcirzgbefmti emtfrbetfmtf jf rgzûm ce`g.
- \fcirzgbefmti emtfrbetfmtf jf rgzûm vgreglaf.
ES. Zåkmekgs pgrgkimjuktgs
fa jf fxtemduer rfjuker iquf
fxtemduer kimjuktgs
emtfrcefrfm emgjfkugjgs.
fm ag jemçbekg cgbeaegr,[u il`ftevi
fskiagr y fs
sikega.
- \fcirzgbefmti jecfrfmkega jf tgsg lg`g.
- \fcirzgbefmti jecfrfmkega jf itrgs kimjuktgs i fmtrfmgbefmti fm
ibeseûm.
- \fcirzgbefmti jf kimjuktgs gatfrmgtevgs.
- Kistf jf rfspufstg.
- Fkimibâg jf cekogs.
- Zefbpi cufrg jfa rfcirzgbefmti.
- [ilrf kirrfkkeûm.
 \fstetutevg.
 Xrçktekg pisetevg.
- [gkefjgj y prçktekg mfdgtevg
 <6

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

- KgstediX. ir gpaekgkeûm.
 Xir suprfseûm.
 <3

DAI[G\EI JF IC  Embg \ilafs Afûm

S. Zåkmekgs pgrg rfjuker y faebemgr ag gmsefjgj. [f jfstemgm g su`ftis

gmseisis, fm pfrsimgs ebpuasevgs, ags quf pgjfkfm befjis y cilegs y fm me÷is
kim MFF.
- Emoelekeûm rfkâprikg i jfsfmseleaezgkeûm sestfbçtekg.
- Ebgdemgkeûm fbitevg.
- \fag`gkeûm buskuagr.
SE. Zåkmekgs kidmetevgs . Lgsgjgs fm ag psekiaidâg kidmetevg, jfstgkgmji fa pgpfa
jf ags pfrkfpkeimfs, pfmsgbefmtis y krffmkegs fm ag kimjuktg.
Gut ikim tr i a.
-  G u ti rrfdestri. \fdestri y fvgaugkeûm jf
ag pripeg kimjuktg.
 Gutifvgaugkeûm.
 Gutirrfcufrzi.
- Gutiemstrukkeimfs.
- \fsiaukeûm jf prilafbgs.
 Xrilafbg.
 [iaukeûm.
ZEFBXI CVF\G JF \FCI\PGBEFMZI
Zåkmekg pgrg rfjuker i fxtemduer kimjuktgs emgjfkugjgs.
Kimsestf fm sfpgrgr tfbpirgabfmtf ga su`fti jfa setei jimjf ipfrgm ais rfcirzgjirfs i
rfkibpfmsgs. Fsti sf ogkf embfjegtgbfmtf jfspuås jf ag kimjuktg. F`, sfpgrgr g jis
ofrbgmis quf sf pfafgm y fmvegrais g su ogletgkeûm.
[f uteaezg bukoi fm ag cgbeaeg.
Z\GLG@GJI\ [IKEGA
Fs um gdfmtf jf emtfrvfmkeûm quf sf ikupgrç premkepgabfmtf jfa lefmfstgr sikega jf ags
 pfrsimgs, ag sgauj y su kgaejgj jf vejg.
SG\EGLAF[ BIJVAGJI\G[
Cgktirfs quf rfduagm ais fcfktis jf ais fstrfsirfs. Fxestfm <0
7. Gpiyi [ikega. Fs fa bçs ebpirtgmtf pgrg kimtriagr ais fcfktis mfdgtevis
y fstrfsgmtfs quf fa kuejgji y gtfmkeûm jf bgyirfs jfpfmjefmtfs
privikg fm ag sgauj câsekg y bfmtga jf ag cgbeaeg.
<. Gcrimtgbefmti. Jfsgrriaag kibpftfmkegs y ogleaejgjfs quf pfrbetfm ga
kuejgjir fmtfmjfr ag setugkeûm y bgmf`grag.
Cgatg0
- Kfmtris jf Xagmecekgkeûm Cgbeaegr
- Bijfai seståbeki
- Xremkepei jf pagstekejgj fm dfrimtiaidâg
Fstis ogm sgaeji fm [fptefblrf 86 \fsfrvg