WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

L@AWK]@M MG AIGJAI@Q G IJCGJIGXI@Q LIQIA@Q Y LFXE@KGQ

GQAWGK@ ^XFLGQIFJ@K MG IJCGJIGXI@ EGA@JIA@, EGA@JIA@ GKGA]XIA@ Y

EGA@]XFJIA@

AWXQF?

AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

^XFYGA]F?

MIQGÐF MG WJ @E^KILIA@MFX MG @WMIF AK@QG @H

@KWEJFQ?

MI@_ _GC@XX@ E@XIF OGQWQ

XI\GXFQ MIGCF
PWIKK@ MWQ]IJ
 @CWIK@X ]WJI ^@WK

8>02
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

AFJ]GJIMF
Ijtrfmuaaiñj...........................................................................................................................................1
Fhogvf..................................................................................................................................................1
Mgs`rrfkkf...............................................................................................................................................=
Gvfkuaiñj mg kfs `epkila`mfrgs mg pftgjai`......................................................................................=
@epkila`mfrgs ak`sg @H.....................................................................................................................=
]r`jsistfrgs gj siegtrå` afepkgegjt`ri`..........................................................................................7
Mistfrsiñj mg aruag.............................................................................................................................7
^fk`riz`aiñj mgk `epkila`mfr pusb - pukk p`r` fpgr`aifjgs ak`sg @H.................................................<
@epkila`mfr ak`sg @H M`rkijctfj.......................................................................................................<
Misgðf mg `epkila`aiñj mg pftgjai` p`r` `umif....................................................................................3
A`kaukf mg k` ugjtg mg `kiegjt`aiñj.................................................................................................3
A`r`atgråsa`s mg k`s rgsistgjai`s X3 y X2..........................................................................................2
A`r`atgråsa`s mg kfs tr`jsistfrgs P1 y P=........................................................................................2

A`kaukf mg k` rgsistgjai` X7 y X<.........................................................................................................9

@epkila`mfr ak`sg @H M`rkijctfj...........................................................................................................9
A`p`aitfr gj p`r`kgkf afj Xg............................................................................................................0>
A`p`aitfr mg `afpk`eigjtf..............................................................................................................0>
A`p`aitfr mg s`kim`...........................................................................................................................0>
A`p`aitfr a8......................................................................................................................................0>
Misgðf mg prg`epkila`mfr ak`sg @...................................................................................................0>
Qg mgtgreij`rà gk pujtf P mg fpgr`aiñj p`r` gk airauitf.................................................................08
@jàkisis gj AM...................................................................................................................................08
Xgat` mg a`rc` y cr`la`....................................................................................................................01
@jàkisis gj A@...................................................................................................................................01
C`j`jai` mg vfkt`og..........................................................................................................................0=
\ÿegtrf afj Kgms................................................................................................................................0=
Misgðf mgk airauitf vÿegtrf afj kgms...............................................................................................0<
^rugh` lj`k gj gk k`hfr`tfrif...........................................................................................................0<
Afjakusifjgs........................................................................................................................................03
Hihkifcr``...........................................................................................................................................03
@péjmiag..............................................................................................................................................02

8
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

MIQGÐF MG WJ @E^KILIA@MFX
MG @WMIF AK@QG @H
IJ]XFMWAAIÑJ
B`st` `bfr` sg b`j afjsimgr`mf kfs gkgegjtfs `avfs (tr`jsistfrgs) afef mispfsivfs kijg`kgs,
mghimf ` qug gj pgqugð` sgð`k sg prfmuagj pfa`s v`ri`aifjgs `krgmgmfr mgk pujtf mg tr`h`of. Gst`
situ`aiñj jf sg prfmuag gj kfs `epkila`mfrgs mg pftgjai` y` qug éstfs mghgj prfpfraifj`r uj`
sgð`k mg s`kim` cr`jmg, pfr kf qug mghg tgjgrsg gj augjt` tfm` k` a`r`atgråsa` mg tr`jsgrgjai`. ^fr
gsf, gstg pf mg `epkila`mfrgs sg kk`e`j t`ehiéj `epkila`mfrgs mg cr`j sgð`k.

K` gt`p` mg s`kim` mg kfs `epkila`mfrgs gs k` gja`rc`m` mg sueijistr`r k` a`

a`rc`
rc` sgð`kgs pfaf
mistfrsifj`m`s y afj gstfs afjagptfs sg `pkia`j gj gk misgðf y afjstruaaiñj mg uj `epkila`mfr mg
pftgjai`.

K` afjstruaaiñj mg uj `epkila`mfr mg pftgjai` p`r` `umif mg 1>S ` 2 P mg rgsistgjai`. Gj ék sg

gxpfjgj kfs ujm`egjtfs hàsiafs mg kfs `epkila`mfrgs mg pftgjai`, ukiz`jmf gxakusiv`egjtg
afepfjgjtgs hàsiafs, t`kgs afef rgsistgjai`s, a`p`aitfrgs y tr`jsistfrgs4 k` `epkila`aiñj sg rg`kiz`rà
egmi`jtg gk kk`e`mf `epkila`mfr ak`sg @H, auy` a`r`atgråsa` prijaip`k y`ag gj k` pgqugð` afrrigjtg
mg pfk`riz`aiñj qug sg ijygat` p`r` qug kfs tr`jsistfrgs ijvfkuar`mfs gstéj tr`jseigjmf ` k` kkgc`m`
mg k` sgð`k.

Mg icu`k fre` sg mgeugstr`j kfs aàkaukfs ggatu`mfs p`r` c`r`jz` k` gst`hikim`m mgk pujtf mg
ujaifj`eigjtf, kf qug sicjila` qug kfs tr`jsistfrgs jf gjtrgj ` afrtg, p`r` gkkf sg rg`kiz` gk gspgof
mg afrrigjtg. Gk tge` mgk tr`h`of sg rglgrg ` k` egmiaiñj rg`k y virtu`k mg p`ràegtrfs gj uj airauitf
qug ijafrpfr` gkgegjtfs p`sivfs afef rgsistfrgs y gkgegjtfs `avfs afef kfs tr`jsistfrgs HO]
(HM017) y tr`jsistfrgs M`rkijctfj (]I^10 ]I^18).

Lij`kegjtg, t`ehiéj sg gepkg`rà gk misgðf mg uj \ÿegtrf afj kgms p`r` gstg prfygatf gstumi`rgefs
gk airauitf ijtgcr`mf KE190=.

Wj vÿegtrf gs uj mispfsivf qug sg us` ` egjumf gj gquipfs mg `umif, su ujaiñj gs efstr`r gk

jivgk mg k` sgð`k gj ujim`mgs mg vfkuegj (\W).

FHOG]I\F
 Misgð`r y gjs`ehk`r uj `epkila`mfr mg pftgjai` p`r` `umif mg 1> S`s tgjigjmf gj augjt`
kfs `atfrgs qug ijtgrvigjgj.
 Wkiz`r kfs afjfaieigjtfs `mquirimfs mur`jtg gk aursf p`r` a`kauk`r kfs v`kfrgs mg rgsistfrgs,
afrrigjtgs, vfkt`ogs gta.
 Wkiz`r k`s a`r`atgråsa`s mg kfs tr`jsistfrgs gj uj misgðf iepkgegjt`mf qug pgreitg
afjtrfk`r uj vÿegtrf råteiaf.

1
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

MGQ@XXFKKF
G\FKWAIÑJ MG KFQ @E^KILIA@MFXGQ MG ^F]GJAI@
Wj` vgz rg`kiz`m` k` `epkila`aiñj mg tgjsiñj gs jgags`rif `atu`r sfhrg gk egmif `aÿsaf p`r`
`epkila`r k` fjm` sfjfr`. Gk gkgegjtf mfjmg sg prfmuag k` afjvgrsiñj mg k`s v`ri`aifjgs gkéatria`s
gj v`ri`aifjgs mg prgsifjgs gk `kt`vfz. Qi sg quigrg prfmuair uj` cr`j v`ri`aiñj `aÿsa` gs jgags`rif
mispfjgr mg `kt`vfags afj uj cr`j afjf y p`r` efvgr gstg afjf gs jgags`rif qug airaukg uj` gkgv`m`
afrrigjtg. Qg afjsicug afj uj` gt`p` lj`k. K` gt`p` lj`k `epkila` afrrigjtg y jf tgjsiñj. K` gt`p` mg
pftgjai` gs uj` gt`p` `epkila`mfr` mg afrrigjtg.

@E^KILIA@MFXGQ AK@QG @H
Gstg pf mg `epkila`mfrgs ujaifj`j hàsia`egjtg afef kfs `epkila`mfrgs gj ak`sg H, gxagptf gj gk
qug sg ijygat` uj` pgqugð` afrrigjtg mg pfk`riz`aiñj p`r` qug y` gstéj afjmuaigjmf prgvi`egjtg `
k` kkgc`m` mg k` sgð`k. Jf sg misgð`j gj ak`sg @. Qg
Q g misgð`j a`si gj afrtg, pgrf sij kkgc`r ` gst`r gj gsg
gst`mf. Mg gst` fre` sg afjsicug gkieij`r k` mistfrsiñj mg aruag.

K` prijaip`k milaukt`m gs afjsgcuir k` gst`hikim`m mgk pujtf mg ujaifj`eigjtf. (\gr lcur` 0).

Qg mghg c`r`jz`r qug kfs tr`jsistfrgs jf gjtr`r`j gj afrtg.

a frtg. K` egofr sfkuaiñj gs rgaurrir `k
` k gspgof

mg afrrigjtg.

Licur` 0? Lujaifj`eigjtf gj ak`sg @H

Gk gspgof mg afrrigjtg sg h`s` gj k` afjgxiñj gj p`r`kgkf mg mfs mifmfs icu`kgs. QQii sfj icu`kgs y
gjgj k` eise` aurv` a`r`atgråsa`, pfr kfs mfs mifmfs airauk` k` eise` afrrigjtg pugstf qug kfs
pujtfs mg ujaifj`eigjtf sfj iméjafs. ^`r` uj` eise` tgjsiñj àjfmf- aàtfmf gj kfs mfs mifmfs sg
gjg uj` eise` afrrigjtg gj a`m` ujf mg gkkfs.

Qi gk mifmf y gk tr`jsistfr sfj mg sikiaif sg pugmgj afjsimgr`r icu`kgs k` tgjsiñj gj gxtrgefs mgk mifmf
y k` tgjsiñj gjtrg h`sg y geisfr. (\gr lcur` 8). Gj gk sicuigjtg gsquge`, k` afrrigjtg qug airauk` pfr
gk mifmf gs k` eise` qug airauk` pfr k` ujiñj h`sg geisfr.

=
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III
Licur` 8? Gspgof mg afrrigjtg

]X@JQIQ]FXGQ GJ QIEG]XÅ@ AFE^KGEGJ]@XI@
Kfs pfs eàs pfpuk`rgs mg `epkila`mfrgs ak`sg H pusb-pukk qug ukiz`j mfs sgcuimfrgs-geisfrgs y
ugjtgs mg `kiegjt`aiñj t`jtf uj` pfsiv` afef uj` jgc`v`. (\gr lcur` 7)

Gstg gs uj `epkila`mfr afepkgegjt`rif pfrqug uj sgcuimfr-geisfr ukiz` uj tr`jsistfr jpj y gk ftrf

uj pjp, kfs au`kgs afjmuagj gj `ktgrj`jai`s fpugst`s mgk aiakf afepkgtf mg gjtr`m`. Fhsgrvg qug jf
b`y vfkt`og mg pfk`riz`aiñj mg am gj k` h`sg (\H 5 >). Mg gstg efmf, sñkf gk vfkt`og mg k` sgð`k b`ag
qug kfs tr`jsistfrgs afjmuza`j. Gk tr`jsistfr P0 afjmuag mur`jtg gk sgei aiakf pfsivf mg gjtr`m` y
P8 kf b`ag mur`jtg gk sgei aiakf jgc`vf.

Licur` 7? Ak`sg H pusb - pukk 

MIQ]FXQIÑJ MG AXWAG
Au`jmf gk vfkt`og mg am gj k` h`sg gs agrf, `ehfs tr`jsistfrgs sg `p`c`j y gk vfkt`og mg k` sgð`k mg
gjtr`m` mghg gxagmgr \HG `jtgs mg qug afjmuza` uj tr`jsistfr. Mghimf ` gstf, gxistg uj k`psf mg
gepf gjtrg k`s `ktgrj`jai`s pfsiv`s y jgc`v`s mg k` gjtr`m` au`jmf jijcÿj tr`jsistfr gstà
afjmuaigjmf, afef eugstr` k` (lcur` <).

K` mistfrsiñj rgsukt`jtg gj k` fre` mg fjm` mg s`kim` sg kk`e` mistfrsiñj mg aruag

Licur` <? Mistfrsifjgs mg aruag gj uj `epkila`mfr pusb pukk. Kfs tr`jsistfrgs afjmuagj sfkf mur`jtg p`rtgs mg k`
gjtr`m` ijmia`m` pfr k`s àrg`s sfehrg`m`s.

7
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

^FK@XI_@AIÑJ MGK @E^KILIA@MFX  ^WQB - ^WKK ^@X@ F^GX@AIFJGQ AK@QG 
@H
^`r` supgr`r k` mistfrsiñj mg aruag, k` pfk`riz`aiñj sg `oust` p`r` supgr`r `pgj`s gk \HG mg kfs
tr`jsistfrgs4 gstf prfmuag uj` fre` efmila`m` mg fpgr`aiñj kk`e`m` ak`sg @H. @ H. Gj k` fpgr`aiñj
ak`sg @H, k`s gt`p`s pusb-pukk sg pfk`riz`j p`r` uj` kgvg afjmuaaiñj, `uj au`jmf jf gsté jijcuj`
sgð`k prgsgjtg. Gstf sg pugmg b`agr afj uj` afjlcur`aiñj mg mivisfr mg vfkt`og y mifmf, afef
eugstr` k` lcur` 3.

Au`jmf k`s a`r`atgråsa`s mg M0 y M8 kkgc`j ` sgr a`si icu`kgs ` k`s a`r`atgråsa`s mg k`s ujifjgs h`sg-
geisfr, k` afrrigjtg gj kfs mifmfs y k` afrrigjtg gj kfs tr`jsistfrgs sfj k`s eise`s4 gstf sg afjfag
afef gspgof mg afrrigjtg.

Licur` 3? ^fk`riz`aifj mgk `epkila`mfr pusb pukk afj pfk`riz`aiñj egmi`jtg mifmf afef gspgof mg afrrigjtg
 p`r` gkieij`r k` mistfraifj mg aruag. Kfs tr`jsistfrgs fre`j uj` siegtri` afepkgegjt`ri` (pjp y jpj).

<
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

@E^KILIA@MFX  AK@QG @H M@XKIJC]FJ

Licur` 2? @epkila`mfr M`rkijctfj ak`sg @H pusbpukk 

MIQGÐF MG @E^KILIA@AIÑJ MG ^F]GJAI@ ^@X@ @WMIF
Qg v` ` misgð`r uj `epkila`mfr mg pftgjai` p`r` `umif, gj afjtr``sg y ujaifj`jmf gj ak`sg @H. Qg
b` gkgcimf uj` pftgjai` mg 1> S y uj` pgqugð` gt`p` mg `afjmiaifj`eigjtf afepugst`
prijaip`kegjtg pfr uj tr`jsistfr.

K` rgaugjai` ijgrifr mg afrtg sg gkicg mg 8> Bz. Gk gsquge` qug sg v` ` ousla`r gs gk ijmia`mfr gj k`
(lcur` =).

3
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III
Licur` =? Misgðf mg @epkila`mfr mg pftgjai`

A@KAWKF MG K@ LWGJ]G MG @KIEGJ]@AIÑJ

(   ) (  )
8
\  K \  K \   piaf  0
 ^5\  K∓ I  K I  K 5  ^5  ^5  K ∓ \  K pia f
8
58 X K ^
 X K  X K ∟ 8  X K
\aa 5∟ 8 X K∓ ^5 ∟ 8 ( 2 Ω )∓7> S 589.8 \ ≂ 1> \ 

Gk `jtgrifr v`kfr b`kk`mf p`r` k` ugjtg mg `kiegjt`aiñj mg 89.8 \ sg `prfxie` `1>\, kf qug c`r`jz`
qug gk sistge` jf sg s`turg, y sgrà `kcf h`of gstg v`kfr sfhrg gk au`k afjju`rfj kfs sicuigjtgs p`sfs
` gxagpaiñj mgk aàkaukf rgqugrimf p`r` b`kk`r k` afrrigjtg qug mghg sueijistr`r k` ugjtg, afef sg
vgrà ` afjju`aiñj.

K` afrrigjtg eàxie` qug mghgrà sueijistr`r a`m` ugjtg sgrà?

\aa 1> \ 
 Ia 5 5   51.7 @ A`r`atgråsa`s mg kfs tr`jsistfrgs
 X K 2Ω

Kfs tr`jsistfrgs P8 y P1 tgjmràj k`s sicuigjtgs a`r`atgråsa`s?

\aa≧ 1> \  Ia

 Ia ≧ 1.7  @

Kfs tr`jsistfrgs mg pftgjai` ]I^10 y ]I^18 mg `augrmf `k M`t` Qbggt jfs c`r`jz`r` gstfs v`kfrgs
(vgr ikustr`aiñj 0).

Ikustr`aifj 0? M`t` Qbggt ]I^ 10 y ]I^ 18

A@X@A]GXÅQ]IA@Q MG K@Q XGQIQ]GJAI@Q X3 Y X2
K`s rgsistgjai`s X9 y X00 sg gkicgj mg >.=3 fbe. @k sgr mg pftgjai`, gs jgags`rif a`kauk`r k` pftgjai`
8 8
 ^ X 95\ ∓ I 5 X∓ I   ^ X 95 >.=3∓1.7  ^ X 95 = S X9 y X0 sfj rgsistgjai`s mg >.=3 fbes y afj
misip`m`. ^
misip`m`.
uj` a`p`aim`m mg misip`aiñj mg = S.

2
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

A@X@A]GXÅQ]IA@Q MG KFQ ]X@JQIQ]FXGQ P1 Y P=
P8 gs uj tr`jsistfr J^J gj afjlcur`aiñj M`rkijctfj oujtf afj P1.

P= gs uj tr`jsistfr ^J^ gj afjlcur`aiñj M`rkijctfj oujtf afj P7.

P8 y P1 gquiv`kgj ` uj tr`jsistfr J^J mg?

 θ 5 θ 8∓ θ 1

P= y P7 gquiv`kgj ` uj tr`jsistfr J^J mg?

 θ 5 θ =∓ θ 7

A@KAWKF MG K@ XGQIQ]GJAI@ X7 Y X<
^`r` a`kauk`r X7 sg jgagsit` s`hgr k` afrrigjtg y k` migrgjai` mg pftgjai`k gj kfs gxtrgefs. Gj rgpfsf,
k` tgjsiñj gj XK gs > v.

Mgsprgai`jmf k` a`åm` mg tgjsiñj gj k` rgsistgjai` mg >.=3P, k` tgjsiñj gj k` h`sg mg P= gs mg 0.=v

Gk v`kfr eàxief mg k` afrrigjtg pfr k` h`sg gs?

 I a   1
 I h5 5 5 >.3 e@
 θ 0∓ θ 8 8>∓8>>

C`r`jz`jmf k` afrrigjtg qug mghgrà airauk`r si afkfaàr`efs

a fkfaàr`efs uj gk tr`jsistfr P8 `miaifj`k ` k` qug
airauk`rà pfr kfs mifmfs, k` afrrigjtg qug sg tfe`rà gs mg `prfxie`m`egjtg 7 vgags e`yfr ` k`
b`kk`m` afj `jtgrifrim`m? I h 0 7∓ I h I h 051.7 e@
≇

\aa ∘8 (\hg ) 1> ∘8 ( 0.= )

 X 75 5   5 3.33 d Ω
 I h 0 1.7 e@

X75X< pfr siegtrå`

@E^KILIA@MFX  AK@QG @H M@XKIJC]FJ
Gj euab`s `pkia`aifjgs mfjmg sg ukiz` k` afjlcur`aiñj
a fjlcur`aiñj pusb-pukk, k` rgsistgjai` mg a`rc` gs
rgk`v`egjtg pgqugð`. ^fr gogepkf, uj `kt`vfz mg 2 P gs uj` a`rc` afeÿj p`r` uj `epkila`mfr
ak`sg @H pusb-pukk. (\gr lcur` 7).

Afef sg vif gj gk gogepkf prgvif, kfs `epkila`mfrgs pusb-pukk pugmgj prgsgjt`r uj` rgsistgjai` mg
gjtr`m` h`st`jtg h`o` `k `epkila`mfr prgagmgjtg qug kf gxait`.

9
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

Licur` 7? @epkila`mfr M`rkijctfj ak`sg @H pusb pukk 

87 ev
 X¶ ( tft`k) 05 X0 ∧ X8 ∧ θa` ( r g )  θ
'  ' 
θ 588>r g 5 5 >.<87
=> e`

 X¶ (tft`k ) 508 d ∧ =.3> d ∧ 88> ( >.<87 ) 508>.7 Ω

A@^@AI]FX  GJ ^@X@KGKF AFJ X G
ℛ 88>
 Ra 5 5 5 88 Ω
0> 0>
  0   0
A  G 5 5 51<0.3 uL v`kfr
v`kfr afegr
afegrai`
ai`kk A  G 5=3> uL 
8 ώl R A  8 ώ ∓8> Bz∓88 Ω

A@^@AI]FX  MG @AF^K@EIGJ]F
 x a 05 Xa ∧ X2 ∧ X3 ∧ X¶ R A 05 =3> ∧ 0> d ∧ 0> d ∧ 013.7 50>= Ω
  0   0
A 5 5 53< uL v`kfr
v`kfr afegr
afegrai`
ai`kk A 50>> uL  JF]@?
8 ώl R a 8 ώ ∓8> Bz∓0>=
' 
 X¶ 5 θ a `r g 5 88>∓>.<87 5013.7 Ω

A@^@AI]FX  MG Q@KIM@
  0   0
 R s5>.=3 Ω ∧ >.=3 Ω ∧ 2 Ω ∧ 89.87 Ω R s5882.1 e ΩA Q5 5 51= uL 
8 ώl R a 8 ώ ∓8> Bz∓882.1 e Ω

A@^@AI]FX  A8
 R A 5 X2 ∧ X 3 ∧ Xij Xij 5 θ ( r ' g + X K ) Xij
 Xij ¶ <= ( 0 + 2 ) 51<.2 d Ω X 50> d Ω ∧ 0> d Ω ∧ 1<.2 d Ω5 =.= dΩ
8

  0   0
X )5>.0∓=.= d Ω5==> ΩA 85A 1 5 8 ώ ∓ l ∓ R 
 R AA  5 >.0 (  X 5 8 ώ ∓ 8>∓ ==> 5 02 uL ≂ 88 uL 
A 

0>
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

MIQGÐF MG ^XG@E^KILIA@MFX  AK@QG @
Afjmiaifjgs mg misgðf `augrmf ` su m`t` sbggts HM 017 fhtgjgefs jugstr` Ia.

Ia 5 => e@

\ag 5 00\

\aa 5 1> \

Ikustr`aiñj 8? M`t` Qbggt tr`jsistfr HM017

 Wkiz`rgefs uj `epkila`mfr ak`sg ` afj mivisfr mg vfkt`og.

00
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

A`kaukf mg XG y XA sg gkicg uj` afrrigjtg mg afkgatfr mg =>e@, uj pujtf mg fpgr`aiñj gj

ak`sg @ y uj` tgjsiñj mg geisfr mg 2\. ` p`rr mg gstfs m`tfs sg misgð`j k`s sicuigjtgs
rgsistgjai`s?
\g   2 v \aa ∘\agP   1> ∘00
 X G5 5 588> Ω ≂ 88> Ω XA 5   5 5=13.20 ≂ =3> Ω
 I A  => eP 0.0 Ia 0.0 ( => e@ )

 X H5 Xtb 5>.0 ( θ + 0 ) X G 5>.0 ( 8>> + 0 ) (88> ) 5=<=8 Ω

\aa 1>
 X 05  Xtb 5 ( =<=8 )50=.23 d Ω ≂ 0< d Ω\tb 5>.3 +( => e@ )∓8>> 52.3 \ 
\tb 2.3
 Xtb∓ X 0 =<=8∓0=.23 d 
 X 85 5 5=.<7 d Ω ≂ 7 d Ω
 X 0∘ Xtb 0=.23 ∘=<.=8

QG MG]GXEIJ@XÀ GK ^WJ]F P MG F^GX@AIÑJ ^@X@ GK AIXAWI]F

@JÀKIQIQ GJ AM

Licur` <? Qg rgprgsgjt` k`s mirgaaifjgs mg k`s afrrigjtgs

08
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

 K` rgsistgjai` mg am mg gjtr`m` gj k` h`sg sg mgtgreij` mg k` sicuigjtg e`jgr`?

  1>
 Xij ( h`sg )5 θ AM X G58>>∓88> 5== d Ω I  X 05 I  X 85 50.= e@
7 d + 0< d 

\ H 50.= e@ ∓7 d Ω53.0= \ \  G53.0= ∘>.3 5<.= \ I  G 5 I A 589.83 e@

 E`kk` mg s`kim`
\aa ∘ Ia∓ Xa ∘\ag ∘ I  G∓ X G 1> ∘=3>∓89.83 e@ ∘ \ag ∘ 89.83 e@ ∓88> Ω\ag 59.2 \ 

X GA]@
GA]@ MG A@XC@ Y CX@LIA@

Licur` 3? \`ri`aifjgs mg k` afrrigjtg gj gk afkgatfr y mg vfkt`og gj gk afkgatfr afj rgspgatf `k geisfr,

` afjsgaugjai` mg uj` v`ri`aiñj mg k` afrrigjtg gj k` h`sg.

  0   \aa   1>
 Ia 5 \ag + 4\ag 5> Ia 5 5=1.=3 e@ Au`
Au`jmf
jmf Ia 5> 4\ag5\aa 51> \ 
 Xa X G  Xa + X G =3> + 88>

 Ia 89.83
 I H5  5 50=<.17 u@
 θ 8>>

@JÀKIQIQ GJ A@
^`r` `j`kiz`r k` fpgr`aiñj mg uj `epkila`mfr afj sgð`k mg a.`. sg mgs`rrfkk` uj airauitf gquiv`kgjtg
gj A@ mg k` sicuigjtg e`jgr`?

0. Kfs a`p`aitfrg
a`p`aitfrgss A0, A8 y A1 sfj
sfj rggepk`z`m
rggepk`z`mfs fs pfr afrtfs
afrtfs ggavfs
ggavfs pfrqug
pfrqug sus
sus v`kfrgs
v`kfrgs sg
sgkgaaifj`j mg efmf qug RA sg` mgsprgai`hkg ` k` rgaugjai` mg k` sgð`k y sg pugm`
afjsimgr`r qug gs mg > fbes.
8. K` ugjt
ugjtgg mg AM
AM gs rgg
rggepk
epk`z`
`z`m`
m` pfr
pfr grr`
grr`..

01
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

Airauitf gquiv`kgjtg gj A@ mgk `epkila`mfr mg k` lcur` <

Mgtgreijg k` rgsistgjai` mg A@ gj gk geisfr.

  0
87 e@  Xij ( tft`k ) 5 X 0 ∧ X 8 ∧ Xij ( h`sg ) 5 5 =02.12 Ω
 X ’ g 5 5>.27= Ω 0  0  0
 I  G + +
0< d  7 d  =3>

Gk vfkt`og mg k` ugjtg sg mivimg gjtrg Xs y Xij(tft) mg efmf qug gk vfkt`og mg k` sgð`k gj k`

h`sg gs gk vfkt`og ` tr`vés mg Xij(tft).

  Xij ( tft`k )   =02.12

\h5  \s 5 7>> e@ 5 =<=.=3 e\ 
 Xs + Xijt ( tft ) 18 + =02.12

Afef sg pugmg vgr, gxistg uj` `tgju`aiñj sicjila`v` mgk vfkt`og mg k` ugjtg mghimf ` k`
rgsistgjai` mg gst` y ` k` rgsistgjai` mg gjtr`m` mgk `epkila`mfr qug sg afehij`j p`r` `atu`r
afef mivisfr mg vfkt`og.

C@J@JAI@ MG \FK]@OG
K` c`j`jai` gs gk afaigjtg mg uj afkt`og mg s`kim` mg A@ gj gk afkgatfr \a gjtrg gk vfkt`ogs mg gjtr`m`
mg A@ gj k` h`sg \h (lcur` 2).

0=
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

Licur` 2? Airauitf efmgkf p`r` fhtgjgr c`j`jai` mg vfkt`ogs gj A@

 Xa   =3>
 @v5 r g 5 >.27= 577>.17
' 

\ßEG]XF AFJ KGMQ
^`r` gstg prfygatf gstumi`rgefs gk airauitf ijtgcr`mf KE190=

Wj vuegtrf gs uj mispfsivf qug sg us` ` egjumf gj gquipfs mg `umif, su ujaiñj gs efstr`r gk

jivgk mg k` sgð`k gj ujim`mgs mg vfkuegj (\W)

Gstg vfkuegj gstà afjstruimf ` h`sg mgk airauitf ijtgcr`mf KE190= qug jf gs mg eàs qug uj
afjoujtf mg `epkila`mfrgs fpgr`aifj`kgs afjlcur`mfs afef afep`r`mfrgs gj a`sa`m`.

07
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

Licur` 9? Airauitf ijtgcr`mf KE190=

Qg afjgat` gj p`r`kgkf ` kfs hfrjgs mg uj p`rk`jtg, f gjtr`m` mg uj `epkila`mfr.

M`m` k` `kt` iepgm`jai` mg gstg ijtgcr`mf mg 0> egc` fbes gj rgk`aiñj `k r`jcf gjtrg = ` 2fbe qug
sfpfrt`j kfs gquipfs mg `umif, k` afjgxiñj
a fjgxiñj mg gstg airauitf jf prfmuag jijcÿj ggatf mg sfhrga`rc`
pfr kf qug pugmg sgr afjgat`mf sij tgefr `kcujf.

Gstg airauitf ijtgcr`mf frgag 8 efmfs p`r` efstr`r gk vÿegtrf, gk efmf h`rr` qug gs aau`jmf
u`jmf kfs
kgms sg v`j gjagjmigjmf ujf ` afjju`aiñj mgk `jtgrifr f gk efmf pujtf qug sg gjaigjmg uj sfkf
kgm y sg v` mgspk`z`jmf sgcÿj k` sgð`k.

Gk KE190= sfpfrt` uj r`jcf mg tgjsiñj mg 1\ ` 17\, pgrf p`r` gst` `pkia`aiñj us`rgefs uj
rgcuk`mfr mg vfkt`og KE32>7 p`r` tgjgr uj` tgjsiñj mg 7\.

¶^frqué6
Qupfjc`efs qug kf `kiegjt`efs afj 08\, gk KE190= mghg misip`r uj` pftgjai` mg (08\ kgm) >.>02
`prfxie`m`egjtg >.8S pfr a`m` kgm gjagjmimf, si gstà gj efmf h`rr`, `k tgjgr tfmfs kfs kgms
gjagjmimfs sgri`j a`si 8S p`r` misip`r, eàs qug sulaigjtg p`r` qug gk KE190= bigrv` mg

MIQGÐF MGK AIXAWI]F \ßEG]XF AFJ KGMQ
Gk airauitf afjst` mg 1 gt`p`s (vgr lcur` 0>)?

 K` priegr` gs k` mg `kiegjt`aiñj, gjg uj rgcuk`mfr lof ` 7\ afj 8 a`p`aitfrgs qug sfj mg

gst`hikiz`aiñj.
 K` sgcujm` gt`p` gs uj lktr`mf mg k` sgð`k mg `umif qug ijcrgs`, prgvi` ` k` gjtr`m` `k
KE190=, sg pugmg afkfa`r k` gjtr`m` mg `umif mirgat`egjtg `k pftgjaiñegtrf, pgrf sg kg
afkfa` pfr k` sicuigjtg r`zñj4 gstfs airauitfs ijtgcr`mfs sfj mge`si`mf ràpimfs p`r`
rgspfjmgr `k `umif, sg prfhñ gj priegr` ijst`jai` sij uj lktr`mf mg k` sgð`k, kf qug suagmiñ `k
ijcrgs`r gk `umif gj efmf h`rr` `kcujfs kgms mg kfs jivgkgs supgrifrgs gjagjmå`j euy pfaf

0<
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

au`jmf mghgrå`j gst`r afepkgt`egjtg `p`c`mfs, y gk efmf pujtf mirgat`egjtg jf sg

`prgai`h`, gjtfjags sg lktr` k` sgð`k mg `umif p`r` fhtgjgr uj ggatf visu`k eàs prgaisf y
gstéaf gj `ehfs efmf.
 K` gt`p` 1 qug gs gj mfjmg gstà gk ijtgcr`mf KE190=, afj su rgsistgjai` mg =3> fbe qug
mgtgreij` gk hrikkf mg kfs kgms, gk pftgjaiñegtrf mg 0>d qug rgcuk` gk r`jcf mg tr`h`of mgk
vÿegtrf gj ujaiñj mgk jivgk mg k` sgð`k mg `umif y gk ijtgrruptfr mgskiz`hkg p`r` a`ehi`r mg
efmf, mg e`jgr` qug si gstà afjgat`mf gk pij 9 mgk KE190= ` kfs 7\ gstà gj efmf h`rr` y si
sg mgsafjgat`, gj efmf pujtf (fof gk pij 9 `k `irg, jf ` cjm).

Licur` 0>? Misgðf mgk airauitf vÿegtrf afj kgms

^ afjgat` uj cgjgr`mfr
    mg sgð`kgs ` k` gjtr`m` p`r` gxit`r k` priegr` gt`p`
XWGH@ LIJ@K GJ GK K@HFX@]FXIF
Qg

Afjmiaifjgs?

 7> e\p
 8> Bz

AFJAKWQIFJGQ
 Gj gk prgsgjtg prfygatf sg sgkgaaifjñ y `j`kizñ uj `epkila`mfr mg pftgjai` ak`sg @H. ^`r`
gstf sg rgquiriñ mg uj` gxtgjs` rgvisiñj hihkifcràla`, mg k` qug sg Fhtuvf kfs afjfaieigjtfs
jgags`rifs p`r` rg`kiz`r uj gstumif ` fjmf mgk `epkila`mfr, gstf p`r` gjtgjmgr gk

afepfrt`eigjtf cgjgr`k
Eàs mgt`kk`m`egjtg, mgk airauitf,
sg `j`kizñ p`r`mg
a`m` uj` b`agr
k`s 8qug su iepkgegjt`aiñj
gt`p`s ugr`
qug afepfjgj uj eàs sgjaikk`.
`epkila`mfr mg
`umif.

03
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

 Qg afep`rñ gk afepfrt`eigjtf fhtgjimf gxpgriegjt`kegjtg, afj gk afepfrt`eigjtf

mgsaritf gj k` tgfrå` y gj k`s sieuk`aifjgs rg`kiz`m`s. Eimigjmf p`ràegtrfs iepfrt`jtgs mg
a`m` gt`p`, gspgai`kegjtg k` afrrigjtg y gk vfkt`og `k qug sfj pfk`riz`mfs a`m` tr`jsistfr. Kfs
au`kgs gstàj euy `pgc`mfs ` kfs v`kfrgs tgñriafs.

HIHKIFCX@LÅ@
HFYKGQ]@M, XFHGX] K. y J@QBGKQDY, KFWIQ. Gkgatrñjia`? ]gfrå` mg Airauitfs y Mispfsivfs
Gkgatrñjiafs. G@XQFJ GMWA@AIÑJ, Eéxiaf, 8>>9.IQHJ? 932-<>3-==8-898-= Àrg`?
À rg`? Ijcgjigrå`. ppT0<0-
09>U.

LKFYM, ]BFE@Q K. Mispfsivfs gkgatrñjiafs Fat`v` gmiaiñj. ^G@XQFJ GMWA@AIÑJ, Eéxiaf, 8>>2.
IQHJ? 932-93>-8<-0091-< Àrg`? kjcgjigrå`.pp T80<- 870U

Q@\@J] OX, Misgðf gkgatrñjiaf y sistge`s. ]gragr` gmiaiñj, ^g`rsfj gmua`aiñj, Eéxiaf ,8>>>.

02
 

WJI\GXQIM@M A@]FKIA@ MG Q@J]@ E@XI@

LAILL ‑ G^IEEGE
AIXAWI]FQ GKGA]XFJIAFQ III

@^ÉJMIAG

09