XVMHPJJLÚI MK @Z^MÝDK?

HVPO
E@IXBM'MXB
@k Zåefdkd h`k Jbmarm Moim kujlg`rlid?@k Dod h` Mademi
\DCM MBVLEÍILJD
MBVLEÍILJD
Auihmklil y Emclm Kujlg`rlim
ELJBM@K S. GDVH
Zujjufus ^rdhujtldis ^ufklsblic
\dcul Zmtíiljd pdr Gdsjd Juktd
V@JDIDJLEL@IXDZ
H@Z@D mcrmh`j`r m kds slcul`it`s qu` bmi juktlvmhd y hlrlclhd lihlvlhumke`it` km Jdrrl`it` Mhv`rs
Mhv`rsmrlm
mrlm
bmjlm
`k euihd, pdt`ijlmke`it` `ij`ihl`ihd km Kkmem I`crm `i kds msplrmit`s qu` pds``i kms s`elkkms h` km
r`f`klúi `splrltumk.
Bdp`emrl` Gdrh, ^muk Iui`z, Zmrm Fmkklil, kds eujbds mrtlstms qu` lkustrmi pmsmr`kms ` leíc`i`s edh`rims
h`k pmih`eúilue? Alttl Zdkyedsl, Eltjb`kk Idkt`, I`stdr Mvmkds,
Mvmkds, Grmij`sjd Zmv`rld G`rrmrm, Odsì
Cmfrl`k
y Gdsjd Mk`cråm
Mk`cråmXmeflìi
Juktd. Zmfdcmk,h`s`d
Jbrlsmcrmh`j`r
Pihlrb`lemr (km ckdrldsm
m Xledtby Bìjmt`
y FMKC pdr`isufkmijd
mpdyd ym i`crd pmrm `k prúxled crledrld)
el trmfmod.
Xmeflìi h`s`d mcrmh`j`r m els liiue`rmfk`s melcds y jdepmý`rds liljlmhds jded @hcmr A`rvmk, ^blk y
Idjtlvmcmit, Jdrdim Fmrmtbrl,
Fmrmtbrl, M
Mzcdrb
zcdrb y Hmra Mhv`rsmry ^rdhu
^rdhujtldis,
jtldis, y kds qu` id bb`` e`ijldimhd.
M km Drh`i h`k Gúsgdrd ym kms sdklhmrlhmh`s qu` hlrlc`i km Jdrrl`it` Mhv`rsmrlm.

LIXVDHPJJLÚI
@ZX@ `s ui trmfmod h`hljmhd m `stmfk`j`r uim fms` qu` mpdy` `k r`glimel`itd h` km jdijl`ijlm,
e`odrmihd km gu`rzm lit`rldr, mjtumklzmihd `k pdt`ijlmk y hmihd gdrem m km vmslom h`k X`epkd vlvl`it`, `k
Kujlg`rlid.
@k \dcm
\dcm Mbrleíiljd `s uim príjtljm qu` b` h`smrrdkkmhd y prmjtljmhd hurmit` mprdxlemhme`it` =< mýds, km
s`elkkm elsem h`k `igdqu` h` mutdhdelild h`k Z`ih`rd h` km Emid Lzqul`rhm hurmit` els trmfmods
liljlítljds, qu` juktlvmrdi km glkdsdgåm y km
k m príjtljm h`k kujlg`rlmilsed.
H`f`s `itr`imrt` pmrm e`odrmr y `sgdrzmrt` pdr mkjmizmr `k lepuksd h` `s` jljkd h` gu`rzm y pdh`r h`sh`
tus príjtljms? Xrlmh dg tb` Edrilic Ztmr `s uim jmt`cdrlzmjlúi físljm pmrm r`jdidj`r ` lh`itlgljmr e`odr tus
prdpúsltds, e`tms, ìxltds y grmjmsds hurmit` su Z`ih`rd `i `stm vlhm. @k @k msplrmit` h`f` lh`itlgljmr y `igdjmrs`
`igdjmrs`
`i km mhmptmjlúi físljm h` kds
k ds == ^uitds h` Kujlg`r y `k lepuksd h` km Xråmhm? Klf`rmjlúi, Lkuelimjlúi y
Mpdt`dsls.
@k \dcm
\dcm Mbrleíiljd `s uim `strujturm h` e`hltmjlúi qu` h`spl`rtm y mkli`m kds j`itrds h` `i`rcåm kkmemhds
Jbmarms.
Jdel`ij` mpr`ihl`ihd kds jdij`ptds físljds h`k \dc \dcmm Mbrleíiljd, h`hljíihds` m uim príjtljm hlmrlm
rmzdimfk`. @i jumitd `stmfk`zjms ui bífltd jdi `k \dcm \dcm Kujlg`rlid, tu liljlmjlúi y príjtljms s` `ij`ih`ríi m
e`hlhm qu` mvmizms.
Kds elst`rlds h` Auihmklil `i Emclm Kujlg`rlim s` `iju`itrmi `i `k j`itrd h`k jbmarm rmåz, jdidjlhd jded
Eukmhbmrm, `k kucmr h` `irdkkmel`itd h` Zbmatl, tmeflìi jdidjlhd jded Klkltb. Auihmklil `s m km v`z uim
hldsm y uim gu`rzm mrhl`it`. qu` pu`h` s`r h`sp`rtmhm y hlrlclhm pmrm `k`vmr km jdkueim bmstm `k jbmarm h` km
jdrdilkkm, hdih` pmrm `k Mkqulelstm I`crd djurr`i kds elst`rlds h` km k m Pilúi Lig`rimk y km Mpdt`dsls.
Jdivlìrt`t` `i uim pu`rtm h` `itrmhm h` kds pdh`r`s y `i`rcåms júseljds y mitljúseljds h`k Mhv`rsmrld? `k
`qulklfrld `s km jkmv` pmrm `k mutdhdelild y pmrm `xp`rle`itmr km Vu`hm h` km Xråmhm? Klf`rmjlúi, Lkuelimjlúi
y Mpdt`dsls.
Fm Ime L Mbmremi
ELJBM@K S. GDVH, Emcus Mabtym Hmbma Mzmk'uj`k
:= h` emrzd h` 6>6> •

JM^ÅXPKD =
@K \DCM \ KDZ HM@WMZ
Dråc`i`s y eìtdhds h`k \dcm Mbrleíiljd

MBVLEMI &

MBVLEMI \ KDZ HM@WMZ

Kds juktds vìhljds lihd-mrlds livmhl`rdi Lríi y s` `stmfk`jl`rdi `i `k idrt` h` km Lihlm hurmit`
km @hmh h`k Frdij`, mkcuids lijkusd s` `stmfk`jl`rdi `i `k idrt` h` E`sdpdtmelm jded `k V`lid h`
`k Eltmiil. Kds dråc`i`s h` kds hm`vm-ymsim (mhdrmhdr`s h` h`edilds) s` `iju`itrmi `i
kds crupds h` iúemhms y jdiqulstmhdr`s cu`rr`rds, jdidjlhds jded kds emrymiiu, qu` vlvåmi mpmrtmhds h`k
r`std h` km trlfu pmrm msmktmr, fusjmr fmtmkkm y pmrtljlpmr `i rltds h` liljlmjlúi pmrm p`rsdims h` `itr` =0 y :0
mýdsh` `hmh mprdxlemhme`it`.

@stms pmrtlhms h` cu`rrm emrymiiu `rmi mhdrmhdr`s h` Lihrm, Vuhrm, Eltrm, WWmruim,
mruim, y `k juktd h` kds Msvlis.
Jumihd km r`klclúi mvìstljm gu` litrdhujlhm pdr _drdmstrd, j`itrmhd `i prle`r kucmr `i kds Cmtbms, kds
mhdrmhdr`s h` kds Hm`vms
Hurmit` `k p`rådhd gu`rdi gu`rdi
p`rsm smsíilhm, vmrlmsh`edilzmhds gu`rt`e`it`.
gmjjldi`s b`rìtljms h`k zdrdmstrlsed, lijkuy`ihd `k juktd h` _urvmi
y km r`klclúi emilqu`m, rmems djuktms h` hm`vm-ymsim (mhdrmhdr`s h` h`edilds), jdi `k Z`ýdr h` km
Dsjurlhmh, Mbrlemi,
Mbrlemi, lijkuy`ihd km mitlcum príjtljm h` \\mtua-hlidlb
mtua-hlidlb (fruo`råm), sufslstl`rdi `i `k dsjurlhmh.
@k \mtus
\mtus jded kd b`eds vu`ktd m lemclimr m hlm h` bdy, s` liljlm pdr km drl`itmjlúi listlitlvm pmrm r`mklzmr
rltds y j`r`edilms m e`iuhd `i s`jr`td h`hljmhds mk juktd h` kds hm`vms y Mbrlemi. @stm `s km fms` elsem
h`itrd h`k Kujlg`rlmilsed pdr kd qu` s` bm jdiv`rtlhd `i \\dcm
dcm Mbrleíiljd kms `is`ýmizms eícljms drl`itmk`s
qu` lijkuy`i vmrlms `sju`kms h`k ydcm tíitrljd y `k blihulsed y dtrms trmhljldi`s, jmsl tdhms pds``hdrms h`
tìjiljms y eìtdhds pmrm `k mutdhdelild y `k jditrdk qu` `s prledrhlmk pmrm kds kujlg`rlids `i tdhd `k jursd h`
km vlhm jded ui liljlmhd `i `k Z`ih`rd h` km Emid Lzqul`rhm.

Km Auihmklil, jded s`rí `xpkljmhd, `s `s`ijlmk pmrm h`sp`rtmr y uilr kds 3 Jbmarms msdjlmhds mk \
\dcm
dcm
Mbrleíiljd. Kds dråc`i`s `i `k @st` h` km
k m Auihmklil s` `iju`itrmi `i `k Blihulsed.
Km pmkmfrm Jbmarm `i síisjrltd, s` trmhuj` jded ‛ru`hm―, r`pr`s`itmihd vúrtlj`s, qu` id súkd pu`h`i r`jlflr
slid tmeflìi lrrmhlmr `i`rcåm.

Bmy sl`t` crmih`s jbmarms d j`itrds h` `i`rcåm h`itrd h`k ju`rpd. Kds jbmarms jdel`izmi `i km fms` h` km
jdkueim v`rt`frmk y s` `iju`itrmi `i puitds msj`ih`it`s m kd kmrcd h` km jdkueim bmstm km jdrdilkkm h` km
jmf`zm.

Kds jbmarms sdi j`itrds h` `i`rcåm qu` pu`h`i e`odrmr, smimr, hlrlclr y jdistrulr tlpds `sp`jågljds h` pdh`r
mh`eís h` t`i`r lepmjtd sdfr` kms `edjldi`s, km jkmrlhmh e`itmk, y smkuh gåsljm.
@k tìrelid "Auihmklil" s` h`sjrlf` slepk`e`it` jded km `i`rcåm prledrhlmk d gu`rzm vltmk, qu` s` `iju`itrm
`i km fms` h` km jdkueim v`rt`frmk, r`pr`s`itmhd y vlsumklzmhd jded uim s`rpl`it` `irdsjmhm (d lijkusd hds
s`rpl`it`s). Km príjtljm h`k \dcm
\dcm Mbrleíiljd y Auihmklil s` j`itrm `i `k hdelild h` `stm pdh`rdsm `i`rcåm,
pmrm culmr y h`sp`rtmr `k
`k Auihmklil Zbmatl h`sh` su fms` m trmvìs h` kds s`
s`ls
ls puitds h` Jbmarm, glim
glimke`it`
ke`it`
p`i`trmihd `i `k sìptled Jbmarm,
Jbmarm, km Jdrdim, msdjlmhm jdi Mbrlemi `i uilúi jdi Mz-O`b.

H`itrd h`k
Zmem`k Jdseds,
`i `k kds ítdeds
Kujlg`rlmilsed, `k eís p`qu`ýds
r`cmkd qu` clrmi
h` km Kkmem jdiqu`
I`crm, gu`cd id sdi
dtdrcmr slid h`k Kkmem
mutdjdijl`ijlm Kuelidsmyh`p`relt`
y jdijl`ijlm
mk lihlvlhud jmkjukmr p`ismel`itds lih`p`ihl`it`s y `xp`rl`ijlm `i `st` euihd. Km Auihmklil, kd g`e`ilid,
Zbmatl, lh`itlgljmhm jded km Z`rpl`it` Vdom, uilhm jdi K`vlmtíi, `s h` b`jbd ui msp`jtd lcumk m km Z`rpl`it`
I`crm emsjuklim h` Mbrlemi, Zmem`k d Mzmz`k.
Km Auihmklil `s uim gdrem h` km k m `i`rcåm g`e`ilim hlvlim kkmemhm Zbmatl. @i `k Eukmhbmrm Jbmarm, km rmåz d
fms`, km s`rpl`it` `irdsjmhm
`irdsjmhm bmfltm `i km dsjurlhmh prledrhlmk
prledrhlmk `sp`rmihd s`r h`sp`rtmhm
h`sp`rtmhm h` su su`ýd. @st`
prdj`sd `s `k `ståeukd y `igdqu`
`igdqu` h` tlpds `sp`jågljds h` `i`rcåms m trmvìs h`k Z`ih`rd h` km Zbmat
Zbmatl,l, `k
h`ediåmjd g`e`ilid.

Jded ui tlpd h` `i`rcåm jdisjl`it`, km Auihmklil `s km gu`it` h` hds jdrrl`it`s h` pdh`r qu` cdfl`rimi km
vlhm gåsljm? prmim (`i`rcåm vltmk d gu`rzm vltmk) y vlrym (`i`rcåm s`isumk d pdt`ijlm vlrlk). @k tìrelid vlrym,
jdij`ptumklzm `k msp`jtd `xpmislvd y hdelild h` km `i`rcåm, el`itrms qu` prmim `s km vltmklhmh h` km
jdijl`ijlm y `k s`r. @stms hds emilg`stmjldi`s h` vltmklhmh (kkmemhms doms) `e`rc`i h`k mflsed prledrhlmk
pmrm
e`zjkmrs` `i ui tlpd h` `i`rcåm h` ui tlpd ÿiljd (smemrmsym), km mpmrljlúi h` km F`stlm d Jbldm, Fmpbde`t.
@i `k kujlg`rlmilsed, kds jdij`ptds h`k Z`ih`rd h` km Emid Lzqul`rhm Djjlh`itmk, jded km Pilúi Lig`rimk,
sdi ui `igdqu` smtíiljd h` km Auihmklil y `k \\dcm
dcm Mbrleíiljd. Klkltb, km Zbmatl Vdom, d Auihmklil, suf` m
jmhm Jbmarm, uilìihds` m km Z`rpl`it` I`crm h` Zmem`k, `ic`ihrmihd pdr km 2ª Jdrdim mk Mhv`rsmrld y km
mpmrljlúi h` km F`stlm, sl`ihd `k såefdkd h`k kujlg`rlid jded lihlvlhud vlvl`it` y t`epkd h`k Mhv`rs
Mhv`rsmrld.
mrld.

Jded s` trmtm h` uim dfrm kujlg`rlim edh`rim, qu` utlklzm iue`rdsms trmhljldi`s y eltdkdcåms, `k slefdklsed
s`rí trmisjukturmk y pu`h` bmj`r r`g`r`ijlm m iue`rdsds pmit`di`s y jdij`ptds mhv`rsmrlmk`s. @k prdpúsltd h`
`std `s h`glilr jkmrme`it` `k jdij`ptd físljds y slelkltuh`s `itr` Auihmklil y kds eìtdhds h` trmisgdremjlúi
lit`rldr m trmvìs h` kms `i`rcåms Hrmjdilmims h`k Mhv`rsmrld.

DVÅC@I@Z WÌHLJDZ \ H@LHMH@Z

^mrm uim e`odr jdepr`islúi físljm h` kds dråc`i`s h` kds Hm`vms h`f`i `xpkljmrs` kms trmisgdremjldi`s
sugrlhms pdr `stds m trmvìs h`k tl`epd. H`sh` km ìpdjm `i km qu` kds
k ds mrlds jdiqulstmi `k vmkk` h`k Lihd, h`sh`
=3>> m.J., kds f`kljdsds mrlds jdiqulstmrdi `k idrt` h` km Lihlm y sus trlfus iúemhms y cu`rr`rms s`
`xpmihl`rdi tmeflìi `i ^`rslm ` lijkusd `i `k idrt` h` E`sdpdtmelm. Z` p`relt` `k usd h` mrems h` frdij`.
g`rdj`s livmsldi`s `i hlg`r`it`s p`rådhds, gu` `k h`sjufrlel`itd y hdelild h` kms mrems h` bl`rrd qu`
p`reltl`rdi m kds livmsdr`s mrlds jdiqulstmr y hde
hdelimr
limr `k idrt` Lihlm h`sh` =:
=:3>
3> bmstm =>0> m.J.

Km prlijlpmk h`lhmh h` kds f`kljdsds mrlds `rm Lihrm, qu` kk`vmfm `k `påt`td h` ‛H`strujtdr h` Jluhmh`s―.
Jded kds emrymiu, kms b`remihmh`s jdiqulstmhdrms y smqu`mhdrms s` `stmfk`jl`rdi `itr` kds hrmvlhlmids, kds
pu`fkds h` pl`k eís dsjurm
dsjurm qu` lit`itmrdi r`slstlrs
r`slstlrs`.
`. Kds juktds h` cu`rrm Emrymiu
Emrymiu h` Lihrm `rmi
jdeÿie`it` h` pl`k jkmrm, `x iúemhms ltli`rmit`s
lt li`rmit`s h` km `st`pm juyd hdelild h` jmfmkkds y jmrrds p`reltåm
uim
v`itmom `strmtìcljm. @k pmit`úi vìhljd prditd s` mslelkú `i `k idrt` h` km Lihlm y `k Kds t`xtds h`k Vlc W`hm
W`hm
s` r`clstrmrdi mkr`h`hdr h`k slckd R m.J. `i uim jdk`jjlúi h` bleids f`kkme`it` jdepu`stds. Gu` km
mhmptmjlúi h` kds mrlds r`klcldsds y príjtljms eícljms qu` crmhumke`it` s` mslelkmrdi `i kms trmhljldi`s
jukturmk`s lihlms,
glimke`it` `ijditrmihd `xpr`slúi `i `k blihulsed. @stds Msurms y Hm`vms h`k @k pmit`úi vìhljd `ijditrmråm
uim iu`vm emo`stmh dsjurm `itr` kds pmstdr`s mrlds jdidjlhds jded p`rsms, `xpr`smhds `i km r`klclúi
r`kl clúi
r`gdremhm y kms príjtljms h` _drdmstrd y kds zdrdmstrlmids eís tmrh`.

Lihrm `s `k hlds h` km tdre`itm qu` `s `k pdrtmhdr h`k rmyd, jdidjlhd jded `k W Wmorm.
morm. @k W
Wmorm
morm s` kk`vmfm
jdeÿie`it` `i km emid h`r`jbm h` km k m h`lhmh. Lihrm, sl`ihd `k @k cu`rr`rd-jdiqulstmhdr mrld s` r`pr`s`itm
h`sh` `k prlijlpld jdi uim pl`k rdolzm d hdrmhm. qu` editm ui jmfmkkd, ui jmrrd h` drd tlrmhd pdr hds jmfmkkds
y ui @k`gmit` h` Cu`rrm. Lihrm pds`` uim imturmk`zm vldk`itm, ui h`s`d y s`h h` litdxljmit`. f`flhm jdidjlhm
jded Zdem, qu` k` hm gu`rzm pmrm km fmtmkkm.

Lihrm `rm `k h`g`isdrqu`

ui hrmcúi-h`edild h` kds hlds`s ykds
emilgl`stm h` msp`jtds
km emydråm h` kds buemids,
h`strujtlvds p`k`mihd
h` km s`quåm km urmk`zm.
fmtmkkm júseljm
`i imturmk`zm.
imt jditrm
Jded hlds Wrltrm,
h` km
tdre`itm, Lihrm trm` jdi kms kkuvlms vldk`itms `k pdh`r qu` r`stmurm km vlhm. mcums pmrm km
k m imturmk`zm y km
buemilhmh pdr lcumk.

Vuhrm, tmeflìi jdidjlhd jded Zmvmr, gu` `k pr`jursdr vìhljd h` Zblvm. @k hlds rdod h` tdre`itms y
r`kíepmcds, Vuhrm `rm uim h`lhmh mt`rrmhdrm y h`strujtlvm qu` vlvåm `i `k editmýms, eís tmrh` msdjlmhd jdi
Mcil, `k hlds vìhljd h`k gu`cd. Mcil, ui emilg`stmjlúi h` km Kkmem I`crm h`sh` uim p`rsp`jtlvm drl`itmk,
`st` gu`cd gu` `k jdisuelhdr h` smjrlgljld.

Zblvm gu` `k mit`j`h`it` h` Vuhrm, km h`lhmh `i `xpmislúi h`rlvú sus pdh`r`s h` km príjtljm h` must`rlhmh`s,
\dcm eís qu` h` smjrlgljlds. @st` `s `k pmukmtlid msj`isd h` km jdisdrt` h` Amkl, Zblvm. Vuhrm `rm `k Z`ýdr h`
kms F`stlms, mkle`itmhd jdi kds smjrlgljlds rltumk`s h` kds mhdrmhdr`s vìhljds.
vìhljds. km msdjlmjlúi h` Vuhrm jdi km
eu`rt`, km vldk`ijlm y `k ms`slimtd `stmfmi fl`i mt`stlcumhds.

Zblvm pds`` ui msp`jtd h` g`rtlklhmh, lh`itlgljmhd jded Z`ýdr h` kms F`stlms. Zblvm Fbmlrmvm, '`k H`strujtdr',
`s tmeflìi Zblvm `k ^drtmhdr h` km G`rtlklhmh, km r`idvmjlúi `i `k tl`rrm. @k `påt`td eís tmrh` jdidjlhd h`
Zblvm `s Embmh`vm, tmeflìi Lswmrm, 'Z`ýdr Zupr`ed'.

@k pdh`r h` Zblvm, h`rlvmhd h` su hdelild h`k \

\dcm,
dcm, `s lcumke`it` uim r`pr`s`itmjlúi h`k Z`ih`rd h` km
Emid Lzqul`rhm, mk lcumk qu` kds vldk`itds Msu
Msurms
rms y Hm`vms jded Vuhrm sdi Km `i`rcåm y `k pdh`r
mutdh`t`relimhds y `igdjmhds qu` h`rlvmi y sdi juktlvmhd h`itrd h` hljbd s`ih`rd1 mså Zblvm `s ui
jdepk`e`itd drl`itmk m km príjtljm h` \
\dcm
dcm Mbrleíiljd.

MBVLEMI
MBV LEMI \ @K
@K \MXPA-HLID
XPA-HLIDLB
LB
Mbrlemi `s bdirmhd jded `k pdrtmhdr h` km klf`rtmh, km klf`rmjlúi h` kms jr``ijlms r`strljtlvms, `k hdcem
r`klcldsd y `k jditrdk sdjlmk qu` r`strlic` `k mvmij` h` pdt`ijlmk lihlvlhumk. Kds Hm`vms y Mbrlemi sdi
mpmr`it`e`it` emklcids, emilg`stmjldi`s h`ediåmjms h` dsjurlhmh, p`rv`rslúi ` lihukc`ijlm kuourldsm1 `k
\mtua Hlidlb (juktd h` kms `is`ýmizms h` km fruo`råm h`itrd h`k kujlg`rlmilsed) lisplrm `k mjtumklzmjlúi y
`stmfk`jlel`itd h` km vdkuitmh h` pdh`r `i `k Emcd(A), bmjlm Klf`rmjlúi, Lkuelimjlúi y Mpdt`dsls.
Kds hm`vms y Micrm Emliyu (Mbrlemi) sdi mpmr`it`e`it` h`ediåmjds, p`rd ´juík `s `k slefdklsed
sufymj`it`4 ´Juík `s km `s`ijlm h`k Mhv`rsmrld4
Kms `is`ýmizms h` Mbrlemi y kds Hm`vms r`v`kmi uim jdepr`islúi `qulklfrmhm h` `stds pdh`r`s jded
jr`mtlvds y h`strujtlvds. @k \mtua
\mtua Hlidlb dgr`j` kms b`rrmel`itms h` b`jblj`råm pmrm bmj`r gr`it` m km
liljlmjlúi y jdiv`rtlrs` `i `k prdpld Mbrlemi, jded ui t`epkd vlvl`it` h`k hm`vm, el`itrms s` mue`itm km
gu`rzm h` vdkuitmh, y id p`relt` m km e`it` h`flkltmrs` jdi kms trmepms h`k `xj`sd y km h`jmh`ijlm.
Km `s`ijlm h` km b`jblj`råm mbrleíiljm (tmeflìi kkmemhm hm`vm-ymsim, d mhdrmjlúi h`k h`edild qu` `i
jdit`xtd `s slepk`e`it` bdirmr y r`sp`tmr `stds pdh`r`s jded cuåm, lisplrmjlúi, y km k m r`kmjlúi jdi uid
elsed) `s usmr km mhv`rslhmh, km kujbm, `k jdigkljtd y `k h`smgåd pmrm lisplrmr km mjueukmjlúi h` gu`rzm h`
vdkuitmh y km jdijl`ijlm h` kds prlijlplds h` kds trmfmods eíclj(a)ds.

@xlst` ui drh`i júseljd y ui `qulklfrld mitljúseljd `i `k kujlg`rlmilsed, jmhm uid t`il`ihd hlg`r`it`s
Z`ih`rds h` `xpkdrmjlúi h`p`ihl`ihd h` km vdkuitmh h`k Mh`ptd I`crd.
Km dsjurlhmh prledrhlmk h`k jmds `s mt`epdrmk, kds `spårltus bdrrlfk`s, kms lisplrmjldi`s lrmjuihms qu` h`sh`
km Kkmem I`crm lkuelimi `k sufjdisjl`it` y km e`it` jdisjl`it` hmi gdrem m kms `i`rcåms y m km p`rj`pjlúi
euihd.. @i ui msp`jtd, `st` euihd `s uim prlslúi h` tl`epd kli`mk,
pmrm t`i`r uim úptlem em`stråm h` `st` euihd
qu` rmk`itlzm tdhd bmstm qu` s` h`sjdepdi`. y s` jdisue` h` vu`ktm m km "uilhmh" h` km tlrmiåm edidt`åstm h`
kd qu` mkcuids kkmemi 'h`elurcd' d 'hlds'.

@k `stuhld h` km Gåsljm Juíitljm y km E`jíiljm `xpkdtmi b`rrmel`itms y t`dråms qu` jd`xlst`i `i kms glkdsdgåms
h`k Kujlg`rlmilsed, `k Z`ih`rd h` km Emid Lzqul`rhm y km Emclm I`crm ouitd jdi jdij`ptds h` km Emclm(A).
Km t`jidkdcåm edh`rim, kds eìtdhds blstúrljds y kms trmhljldi`s `i jdij`ptds h` emclm(a), b`jblj`råm, kd
sdfr`imturmk y kd`ipmrmidremk
Kujlg`rlmilsed `igdqu`pu`h`
ui `igdqu` s`r jdigrditmhd
`qulklfrmhd y, jdi
ÿiljme`it` m km uim e`it`
e`itmklhmh,jråtljm,
e`itmklhmh, mpkljmr
lit`r`s`s km glkdsdgåm
y dfo`tlvds h`k h`k
kujlg`rlid
jdi príjtljms jdeui`s y uim jdijl`ijlm sutlk h` jded `k trmfmod `i `stms hlsjlpklims.

Km tìjiljm y eìtdhd jdeÿi `i tdhd tlpd h` príjtljm kujlg`rlim. (pdklt`åstm, ciústljd, mciústljd, t`åstm, mt`d d
jumkqul`r dtrm jdsm) s` r`sue` `i km jdij`itrmjlúi dfs`slvm `i tr`s `k`e`itds? Wdkuitmh,
Wdkuitmh, H`s`d y Jr``ijlm.

Kms trmhljldi`s qu` lijkuy`i kms sup`rstljldi`s, eltdkdcåms, `st`tljlsed r`klcldsd, y kms `sju`kms liljlítljms h`
p`ismel`itd pu`h`i lijdrpdrmr
lijdrpdrmr jumkqul`r mutd-r`jdidjlhd
mutd-r`jdidjlhd liv`rslúi h` ui emrjd e`tmgåsljd.
e`tmgåsljd. @k kujlg`rlid
pu`h` `itr`cmrs` m km `stìtljm ` lemcli`råm h` kds såefdkds smtíiljds
smtíiljds y h`ediåmjds h` km `s`ijlm
`s`ijlm elsem h`
r`f`klúi y dsjurlhmh `i km trmhljlúi ouh`djrlstlmim sl bmj`rkd lisplrm y mpdym kds trmfmods eícljds y kds
r`suktmhds h`k smtmilstm, iuijm mtrmpmihd mk lihlvlhud `i km `strujturm hdceítljm h` kds mfsdkutds h` `sm
r`klclúi. ^dr `o`epkd, kds h`edilds `i kms trmhljldi`s ouh`djrlstlmims sdi mfrmzmhds jded cuåms,
edtlvmhdr`s ` lisplrmjldi`s qu` tl`i`i dråc`i`s gu`rm ` lijkusd sdi eís mitlcuds qu` jdsedkdcåm jrlstlmim,
sli `efmrcd, `k Emcd I`crd id r`jdidj` `k `xtr`ed mfsdkutd h`k humklsed mutdh`strujtlvd jded uim
r`mklhmh. @i r`sue`i, km `s`ijlm sufymj`it` `i `st` jdij`ptd `s h` gu`rzm, pdh`r y uim gmjuktmh sup`rldr h`
jdijl`ijlm, id r`jdidjlhd pdr mqu`kkds j`cmhds m km smflhuråm liljlítljm h`k Z`ih`rd h` km Emid Lzqul`rhm. @k
pmcmilsed `s lcumke`it` j`k`frmhd
j`k`frmhd pdr kds kujlg`rlids1 Kds rmscds h`k Mhv`rsmrld sdi `ijd
`ijditrmhd
itrmhd `i eujbds
pmit`di`s lijkuy`ihd msp`jtds
msp`jtds jr`mtlvds y h`strujtlvd
h`strujtlvds.
s. Km pr`jmujlúi h`f` `stmr sl`epr` pr`s`it` mit`s h`
liv`rtlr tl`epd y `i`rcåm `i `xpkljmr pdr quì kds kujlg`rlids tl`i`i km glkdsdgåm qu` id pu`h` s`r jmptmhm pdr
mqu`kkds jdihljldimhds `i g` jl`cm y `k edidt`åsed, `sp`jlmke`it` jumihd s` trmtm h` humklhmh`s "fu`ims" y
"emkms" y km li`xlst`ijlm h` km "edrmk", qu` kds h` uim jdistrujjlúi h` g` jl`cm tl`ih`i m id vlvlr bmstm y m
e`iuhd mpkljmihd uim kujbm `edjldimk lii`j`smrlm `i km i`cmjlúi h` kds listlitds imturmk`s h`k bdefr` y h`
km euo`r.

Kms mutdrlhmh`s r`klcldsms y kds pdh`r`s sdjlmk`s, m kd kmrcd

k mrcd h` km blstdrlm, s` mepmrmi `i su hlds y sus k`y`s,
`epuomihd km mutdrlhmh edrmk y kds liiue`rmfk`s
l iiue`rmfk`s emihmel`itds el`itrms usmi km lit`rmjjlúi sdjlmk m trmvìs
h` km 'lck`slm' y km
k m jdeuilhmh pmrm mk`itmr `k jdigdrelsed mk r`fmýd. Kd qu` `s gíjlke`it` r`jdidjlfk` `s qu`
jumihd t` mkle`itmi m km gu`rzm jdi "edrmklhmh" y 'emihmel`itds' sli t`i`r `k `qulklfrld imturmk juktlvmhd
pmrm mglremr kd qu` jdij`ptumklzms
jdij`ptumklzms jded "jdrr`jtd" ` "lijdrr`jtd",
"lijdrr`jtd", "fu`id" y "emkd", `itdij`s `sms
`sms r`ckms
sdi jmsl sl`epr` sup`rgljlmk`s y mfl`rtms m uim i`cdjlmjlúi eís mepklm y oustljlm pmrm oustlgljmr bmj`r kd
jditrmrld.
Kds kujlg`rlids id tl`i`i ilicuim h`lhmh m km qu` hlsjukpmrs` d jdig`smrs`, il ilicuim p`ilt`ijlm 'smkvmhdrm'
pmrm qultmr iu`strm jukpm h` iu`strds
iu`strds eujbds `rrd
`rrdr`s
r`s y `rrdr`s. @std lis
lisplrm
plrm lit`rmjjldi`s eís r`gk`xlv
r`gk`xlvms.
ms.
Kds kujlg`rlids pu`h`i hlsgrutmr h` `stm `xlst`ijlm t`rr`imk, jdi mp`cds rmjldimk`s m kd qu` ids hm vmkdr y
prdpúsltd, usmihd `stm
`stm prlslúi júseljm m iu`s
iu`strd
trd gmvdr `i jumkqul`r dfo`tlvd qu`
qu` t`icmeds jded lihlvlhuds
lihlvlhuds..
@std s` kdcrm e`hlmit` km mpkljmjlúi y mhmptmjlúi h` kds == ^uitds h` ^dh`r, `k iÿjk`d jdeÿi y km fms` h`k
kujlg`rlmilsed.

@i `k Z`ih`rd h` km Emid Lzqul`rhm, sus vmkdr`s, sus jdistrujjldi`s edrmk`s, sus jr``ijlms mj`rjm h` kd
jdrr`jtd ` lijdrr`jtd s` r`mkzmi y sdi eutume`it` f`i`gljldsds pmrm su jmríjt`r y imturmk`zm jded ui

lihlvlhud jdisjl`it`.
@k mflsed mitljúseljd `i `k qu` s` gdreú `k jdseds `s lkleltmhd y sli k`y. jded km sdefrm trmishle`isldimk
qu` rdh`m `st` euihd, kms `i`rcåms Xb`rldiljms y h`ediåmjms, qu` s` emilgl`stmi `i iu`strd euihd jded `k
Mhv`rsmrld, `s ui t`rrdr y ui edrtmk lepuksd lrmjuihd qu` pu`h` s`r e`hltmhd y mfrmzmhd pmrm f`i`gljlmr m
mkcuids, pmrm cmimr smflhuråm y pdh`r
pdh`r,, pmrm kl
klf`rmr
f`rmr km pslqu` mlskmhm usmihd t`ÿrclm h`ediåmjm y Mpdt`dsls,
juyd dfo`tlvd `s `itrmr jdi gu`rzm `i `k Mflsed mk edrlr `i km h`t`relimjlúi h` mutdtrmisgdremjlúi `itr` kms
`i`rcåms prledrhlmk`s.
@k drh`i júseljd, lijkulhm km imturmk`zm, h`f` `xp`rle`itmrs` jdi ui s`itlhd h` `qulklfrld. @i prdpúsltd,
tmitd sl uid `stí h`hljmhd m km liljlmjlúi d e`rme`it` `igdjmhd `i `k lh`itlgljmjlúi jded kujlg`rlim pdr
mj`ptmjlúi glkdsúgljm.

Mbrlemi y kms eujbms `ijmrimjldi`s h`k Mhv`rsmrld sdi súkd t`elfk`s y i`cmtlvms pmrm mqu`kkds id liljlmhds
y prdcrmemhds `i kms jdistrujjldi`s r`klcldsms h` kms e`itlrms h`k pmstdr`d r`klcldsd. @k Mhv`rsmrld `s `k
lisplrmhdr y km `s`ijlm edtlvmhdrm h` km jdijl`ijlm h`spl`rtm, km kuz klf`rmhdrm y h`strujtdrm qu` qu`em kms
lkusldi`s yh`kmskdstrmepms
jdiqulstm h` `st`
dfstíjukds qu`euihd, mpdrtm uim `strmt`clm f`kljdsm y jdkìrljm bmjlm `k mutdhdelild y km
s` t` pr`s`it`i.

Auihmklil? Zmem`k y Klkltb

Klkltb `irdsjmhds bmjlm
bmjlm km Pilúi Lig`rimk
Lig`rimk

APIHMKLIL \ ZMHBMIM
Km pmkmfrm síisjrltm Zmhbmim s` trmhuj` mprdxlemhme`it` jded "km hlsjlpklim e`túhljm pmrm mkjmizmr ui
jdidjlel`itd
guihmjldimk y uj`itrmk
dfo`tlvd
pdrh`s`mhd―. Zmhbmim `ih`f`
`k jumk `k kujlg`rlid `st``stuhlmr
s`itlhd y`smpkljmrs`
l ijr`åfk`e`it`
lijr`åfk`e`it` lepdrtmit`
jditliume`it` jded
bmjlm ui prlijlpld
km liljlmjlúi,
jde`izmihd jdi príjtljms físljms h` e`hltmjlúi mit`s h` kms livdjmjldi`s rltumk`s, b`jblzds y trmfmods, sli
lepdrtmr `k dfo`tlvd.
Pi dfo`tlvd `sp`jågljd h` Xmitrm Zmhbmim `s uim edrmhm hlr`jtm h` kd Hlvlid ` Lig`rimk, hdih` `k Mhv`rsmrld
`stí uilhd pdr kds msp`jtds emsjuklid y g`e`ilid h` `i`rcåm, s` ui`i pmrm `ic`ihrmr km F`stlm d Mh`ptd
I`crd. Kds kujlg`rlids id fusjmi `xp`rle`itmr y uilrs`
uilrs` jdi mkcd `xt`rldr mk prdpld
prdpld s`r, sslid
lid eís fl`i
e`odrmr y gdrtmk`j`r `k Zmitd Íic`k Cumrhlíi h` uid elsed, kd qu` yd kkmed `k Hm`edi. @st` `s uid h` kds
crmih`s dfo`tlvds h` km Emclm(a) y pu`h` s`r `xpkdrmhd `i dtrds trmfmods.
Km Zmhbmim `s uim e`tdhdkdcåm pmrm h`sp`rtmr ` livdjmr `i`rcåms y pdh`r`s. msdjlmhds jdi `k Mhv`rsmrld,
Mhv`rsmrld,
`std djurr` jumihd Zmem`k, Zblvm, Mzmz`k d MbrleMbrlemi
mi (km jdijl`ijlm purm slefdklzmhm jded km Kkmem I`crm)
y Zbmatl, Klkltb, Amkl (km gu`rzm jr`mtlvm h` km jdijl`ijlm) s` ui` `i Pilúi
Pilúi Lig`rimk `i `k Jbmarm Jdrdim
(Zbmbmsrmrm). @st` `s ui prdj`sd h` Emclm Mkquleljm I`crm, p`klcrdsd y pdh`rdsd pmrm mqu`kkds qu` s`

`sgu`rj`i
@i pdr mkjmizmrkd.
`k elstljlsed ]klpbdtbljd h`rlvmhd h` km Jífmkm b`fr`m, km Z`rpl`it` I`crm `s Zmem`k, km jdijl`ijlm h`
mutdjdijlel`itd y pdt`ijlmk1 km s`rpl`it` rdom `s Klkltb, uim gu`rzm h` jdijl`ijlm jr`mtlvm y kuourldsm. @i `k
såefdkd h` Pilúi Lig`rimk `k Z`ih`rd mkquåeljd h` uilúi h` kds hds msp`jtds h`k Mhv`rsmrld (sdfr` `k
Jårjukd h` K`vlmtíi, kms prdguihlhmh`s mjudsms mflsmk`s y såefdkd h` km liedrtmklhmh) `ic`ihrm km
h`sj`ih`ijlm kkmemhm Jbldm, km F`stlm y Fmpbde`t, uim r`pr`s`itmjlúi h` km Mh`ptd i`crd. M p`smr p`smr h` hds
jukturms y trmhljldi`s id r`kmjldimhms, km Auihmklil y km uilúi h` Zblvm y Amkl (jded Zbmatl) sdi lhìitljds
`i prdpúsltd y e`tdhdkdcåm.
Zblvm `s `k Z`ýdr h` km Hmizm, kkmemhd Imtmrmom, qu` `s ui idefr` eís edh`rid pmrm Vuhrm, imhm e`ids
qu` Zmvmr, `s hlvlid y h`ediåmjd mk lcumk qu` `k jmds `i `k qu` `k euihd `s jr`mhd y h`strulhd.

@i uim h` sus emids Zblvm sdstl`i` ui tmefdr

tmefdr,, jdi juyms vlfrmjldi`s sdidrms hm drlc`i y gdrem mk uilv`rsd
jded `k jdseds y km prlslúi gåsljm m km qu` qu` kkmemeds vlhm h`itrd h`k tl`epd y `k `spmjld.
Zblvm `stí msdjlmhd jdi `k Jbmarm h` km Jdrdim, p`rd `i `k \\dcm
dcm Mbrleíiljd r`pr`s`itm km `ijmrimjlúi h`k
Mrjblhm`vm Zmvmr qu` s` lh`itlgljm jdi Wlsbuhhm,
Wlsbuhhm, d Jbmarm h` km cmrcmitm. Id h`o` qu` `stms hlg`r`ijlms
h`tmkkmhms kd jdiguihmi,
jdij`ptumklzm km mhmptmjlúi
jdi `k Jdrdim h`itrd h`k`s\ jkmv`
\dcm
dcm ouitd jdi W
Mbrleíiljd Wdkuitmh,
dkuitmh,
jded H`s`d
ui tlpd y Jr``ijlm.
e`hlmhdr Zblvm (dH`ågljm―
h` ‛Eísjmrm Zmem`k) pmrm
s`
`k Mrjblhm`vm h`k Jbmarm Moim, Mademi (d Kujlg`r), uilhd jdi Mbrlemi jded `k Hrmcúi I`crd. Km
Z`rpl`it` I`crm s` r`pr`s`itm jded `k r`jlpl`it` gåsljd pmrm `k Mh`ptd I`crd, `k lihlvlhud vlvd qu` pds`` `k
hdi y km b`r`ijlm h` km Kkmem I`crm. Km Z`rpl`it` h` Gu`cd h` Auihmklil, `k G`e`ilid H`ediåmjd h` Klkltb
(Mz-O`b) `s km gu`rzm edtlvmhdrm y uilgljmhdrm qu` ui` m kds Mrjblhm`v
Mrjblhm`vmsms jded Jbmarms pmrm hmr drlc`i y
trmisgdremjlúi `i ui Hrmcúi h` sl`t` jmf`zms, `k Hlmfkd d Zmtmiís `ijmrimhd. @std tl`i` ui slcilgljmhd
eujbd eís prdguihd qu` `k slefdklsed jrlstlmid? km Z`rpl`it`-Hrmcúi `s `k Emcd I`crd, y `k Mitljrlstd
`ijmrimhd, qu` prdvdjm jmeflds lit`rids y `xt`rids mk klh`rmr jded `o`epkd h`k emcd kujlg`rlid. Km f`stlm
`s tmitd h`strujtlvm jded jr`mtlvm, kujbmihd pdr `k `qulklfrld y p`rjlfl`ihd `k euihd eís mkkí h`k fl`i y `k
emk. @stm Wdkuitmh
Wdkuitmh h` ^dh`r `s `k `tbds h`k Kujlg`rlid `i km príjtljm, ilicÿi smkvmhdr `xt`rldr d km edrmklhmh
hìflk pu`h` `sjkmvlzmr mk Mitljrlstd qu` s` bm mpdh`rmhd h` km mutdrlhmh h`k Hrmcúi Vdod, sus p`ismel`itds,
sus pmkmfrms y mjjldi`s sdi km gu`rzm qu` hlrlc` kds ^dh`r`s Kujlg`rlids ÿiljds `i `st` euihd. @k smkvmhdr-
`sjmplstm h` km glcurm h` Jrlstd id s` i`j`sltm il s` h`s`m jumihd `k lihlvlhud `s km ÿiljm `ijmrimjlúi h` su
su mutd-r`spdismflklhmh y mjtumklzmjlúi.

@i km dtrm emid h` Zblvm bmfltm `k Gu`cd I`crd h` V`mfsdrjlúi juyds edvlel`itds jr`mi uim eísjmrm qu`
djuktm su `s`ijlm, h` Íic`k h` Kuz m H`edild h` Dsjurlhmh. @k Gu`cd I`crd h` km V`mfsdrjlúi qu`em tdhd
kd jr`mhd, r`v`kmihd `k Mflsed Mitl-Júseljd h`k jumk kds euihds sli k`y pu`h`i s`r gdremhds h`itrd
iu`strm e`it`. Zblvm `s jdidjlhd `i km trmhljlúi blihÿ jded `k H`strujtdr, pdr supu`std h`itrd h`k msp`jtd
Mitl-Júseljd ouitd jdi Amkl, sli `efmrcd bmy uim p`rsp`jtlvm eís prdguihm h` `stm h`lhmh.

Zblvm `s jdeÿie`it` jdidjlhd jded uid h` kds tr`s hlds`s supr`eds h`itrd h`k blihulsed, kds dtrds hds
sdi Wlsbiu
Wlsbiu y Frmbem. Zblvm `k H`strujtdr jded h`lhmh `s jdisjl`ijlm purm, `s km `xmktmjlúi y r`mkj` h`k
Gu`cd Kuelidsd mk qu` kkmemeds km Kkmem I`crm.
@k slcilgljmhd h` h`strujjlúi pmrm kds kujlg`rlids h`sh` uim p`rsp`jtlvm h`k Z`ih`rd h` km Emid Lzqul`rhm id
`s `k Z`ih`rd ilblklstm h` kds fuhlstms bmjlm km hlsdkujlúi h`k `cd, fusjmihd km uilúi y km eu`rt` h`k ‛yd―
pmrm s`r mfsdrflhds `i kds jljkds h`k jdseds.
jdseds.

Kds kujlg`rlids livdjmi m Zblvm `k H`strujtdr jded km `xpmislúi y e`odrm h` jdijl`ijlm, qu`emihd y
h`s`jbmihd jr``ijlms ` lh`ms r`strljtlvms el`itrms jrlstmklzmi kds msp`jtds j`itrmk`s h`k Z`r Zup`rldr h` uid
elsed, `k Hm`edi, h`sprdvlstd h` jmrmjt`råstljms h` km p`rsdimklhmh eís mkkí h` km `s`ijlm h` km WW`rhmh`rm
`rhmh`rm
Wdkuitmh. @k Kujlg`rlid h`f`, h` emi`rm jdistmit` y pdr mutdh`t`relimjlúi, pdi`r m pru`fm p`rlúhljme`it`
sus prdplms gdrtmk`zms y h`flklhmh`s r`jdidjlhms, lijkuy`ihd `xp`rle`itmr sltumjldi`s lijúedhms y kujbms
liljlítljms `i km vlhm hlmrlm jdi uim e`tm u dfo`tlvd mhouitd.

@stm `s km Mkqulelm I`crm h` km Xråmhm h`k Kuj`rd h`k Mkfm? Klf`rmjlúi, Lkuelimjlúi y Mpdt`dsls. ]u`emr
kds msp`jtds h`k `cd qu` h`smrrdkkmi emkds bífltds, km mutd-lepdrtmijlm lhldtm y jm`r `i km trmepm h` p`ismr
qu` `r`s e`odr y eís gu`rt`
gu`rt` h` e`it` qu` mqu`kkds qu` bmy m tu mkr`h`hdr uim v`z s` ddftl`i`
ftl`i` mkcÿi ilv`k h`
km crmih`zm. @stm trmepm sl`epr` `ic`ihrm h`jmh`ijlm y jdrrdep` kds jlel`itds jdi h`flklhmh, qu`, jdi `k
tl`epd, livltmrí m uim `xp`rl`ijlm mfruptm `i km qu` Zblvm `k H`strujtd qu`emrí kds v`kds h` km lkuslúi.
H`strulr y Jr`mr `s `k @qulklfrld `ijditrmhd `i km imturmk`zm y h`itrd h`k lkustr`
l kustr` mrt` i`crd h`k Kujlg`rlid.

@k trdidh`k
msl`itd h` pdh`r
Zblvm `i
d Zmem`k `stí `i
`k qu` `ivåm km `k
eísj`itrd
g`rdzh`y kds
kms tdrf`kklids
`i`rcåms eísh` vldk`itms,
tdre`itm y`ksus
jmdsmjjldi`s hdfk`s,
y km kujbm? `k elsed
`emimjlúi,
r`mfsdrjlúi y jdiqulstmr tdhd kd qu` s` `iju`itrm h`kmit` h` ìk. Km `i`rcåm edtlvmhdrm, km t`rrlfk` y
emo`studsm Amkl (tmeflìi kkmemhm Klkltb y Mz), s` `irdkkm jdi Zblvm qu` s` ui` `i Pilúi Lig`rimk y tdtmklhmh
lihlvlslfk`, rdh`mhm pdr km @splim Xdrjlhm h` K`vlmtíi. Amkl prdpmcm y h`vdrm `k uilv`rsd mk rlted h` `stm
hmizm júseljm qu` `s mitlimturmk1 wlhh`rsblis d `i `k s`itlhd jditrmrld m kms mcuoms h`k r`kdo, r`v`kmihd `k
dpu`stm lit`ijldimk h`k Emcd I`crd.

Km Auihmklil `s `k puksd hlvlid h` km Kkmem I`crm, jdi ui `g`jtd tmitd jr`mtlvd, jded ui gu`cd kuelidsd,
jded h`strujtlvd, `itr`cmhd m kds buemids pdr kds Íic`k`s Jmåhds h` @idjb L, d kms liiue`rmfk`s
trmhljldi`s y smf`r`s slelkmr`s. Km Auihmklil `i `stm emilg`stmjlúi h` km h`ediåmjme`it` hlvlim Zbmatl, `s
r`jdidjlfk` slepk`e`it` pdr su puksd y vlfrmjlúi. @st` `s `k h`st`kkd h` km jdijl`ijlm hlvlim, qu` s`
emilgl`stm h`itrd h`k ju`rpd pdr e`hld h` vlfrmjldi`s
vl frmjldi`s culmhms y hlrlclhms.

Jumihd h`spl`rtm, km `i`rcåm Auihmklil pu`h` msj`ih`r m kd kmrcd h` tr`s Z`ih`rds? Zusbueim (`i `k j`itrd),
yPilúi
kds dtrds hds, jdi
Lig`rimk Lhm ykm^licmkm,
Jdrdim. `irdkkmhds
@k Z`ih`rdmh`
su km
mkr`h`hdr, qu` tdhds
h`r`jbm juepk` s` ui`i h`
km guijlúi `i `k Moim Jbmarm
‛jmk`itmr― mit`s el`itrms
`k ju`rpd, h` km
qu` `k Z`ih`rd h` km lzqul`rhm kd ‛`igråm―. @std pdhråm v`rs` h`sh` hds `xtr`eds tmeflìi? km Kkmem I`crm
jded kkmems sdkmr`s d tmeflìi jded `k bl`kd b`kmhd h` km dsjurlhmh.

^msmihd pdr jmhm j`itrd, km Auihmklil kd `i`rclzm t`epdrmke`it` y ku`cd msjl`ih` mÿi eís, mfsdrfl`ihd su
`i`rcåm.

Lhm y ^licmkm s` h`sjrlf`i e`odr jded gu`rzms pdkmr`s qu` s` jdivdjmi `i mjtlvlhmh h` kds hds b`elsg`rlds
h`k j`r`frd. @i `st` tlpd h` Jmhuj`d kms s`rpl`it`s sdi jded km e`tdhdkdcåm pdkmr h` edvlel`itd y
jditrmedvlel`itd.
Km Auihmklil h`f` s`r hlrlclhm pdr `k j`itrd y bmjlm mrrlfm m trmvìs h` kds emitrms y kds rlteds r`splrmtdrlds
h`k Mh`ptd I`crd.

AMKL y KM APIHMKLIL
Amkl `s km `ijmrimjlúi h` km Xråmhm h`k ^dh`r Júseljd, r`v`kmhm `i `k mjtds `qulklfrmhds h` jr`mjlúi,
pr`s`rvmjlúi y milqulkmjlúi h`itrd
h`itrd h`k jljkd h` imturmk`zm. Jded Eísjmrm H`ågljm `qulklfrmhm
`qulklfrmhm,, Amkl tl`i`
`emimjldi`s h` `g`jtd tmitd júseljd jded mitljúseljd.

Amkl emilgl`stm 'mfbmym', 'vmk`itåm', `i uim emid y 'vmrmhm', 'f`i`vdk`ijlm', `i km dtrm, h`p`ihl`ihd h` su
h`gliljlúi h` km hlspdsljlúi qu` `kkm `ijmrim km ljdidcrmgåm y r`pr`s`itmjlúi h` Amkl `s h` t`rrdr, vmeplrlsed
y h`pr`hmjlúi, pdrtmihd uim `spmhm `i uim h` sus emids
e mids el`itrms s` mkle`itmfm h` km smicr` qu` frdtmfm h`
kds ju`rpds h` sus eu`rtds, `s b`redsm `i `k slefdklsed qu` qu` lijltm mk bdrrdr y t`rrdr. Amkl pr`s`rvm sus
mrems y b`rrmel`itms h` h`strujjlúi, edrmihd `itr` kds jmepds h` jr`emjlúi `i e`hld h` plrms mrhl`it`s,
hdih` `k mlr` s` kk`iú jdi kds crltds h` kds jbmjmk`s y h` gdrems h`ediåmjms. Zdfr` kds jmhív`r`s
h`se`efrmhds, km edrmhm d trdid h` Amkl, jdepmrt` sus bmfltmjldi`s jdi kds vlk`s edistruds jdidjlhds
jded ^lsbmjbms, jdi
ui` mjtlvme`it` h`edilds jmiåfmk`s
su 'sbmvm', jmriåvdrds
`k jmhív`r y editm
`imjtlvd, mk`cr`e`it`
sdkd ym ui jded
qu` su pmp`k jmhív`r. Amkl mem`sm km
Auihmklil, Zblvm p`rd
gu`rzm s`
mjtlvm
y edtlvmhdrm. Amkl s` `itr`cm m km h`strujjlúi y drh`im jdi s`efkmit` g`rdz mit` km tl`rrm y `k jl`kd,
lijkuy`ihd kds jumtrd puitds jmrhlimk`s. Amkl s` r`pr`s`itm mhdriíihds` jdi ui culrimkhm (jdkkmr) h` jmf`zms
buemims h`jmpltmhms, ui jliturúi h` frmzds buemids jdrtmhds, jmhív`r`s h` ligmit`s sdi sus mr`t`s y
b`redsds frmzmk`t`s h` s`rpl`it`s. @i su bdrrlfk`, emilg`stmjlúi mflsmk, `kkm `s f`kkm y bdrrlfk` `i km
milqulkmjlúi h`k jr`mhd.
@stíi pr`s`it`s hds msp`jtds prlemrlds h` Amkl, r`gk`omhds pdr `k jdseds y `k jmds `i qu` `kkm r`pr`s`itm y
`ijmrim. H`sh` km dsjurlhmh h`k vl`itr`, jdit`epkmihd sli kuz, h` kds djìmids h`k mflsed mså `e`rc` iu`vm
vlhm. Km dsjurlhmh iutr`, vlcdrlzm y juktlvm km kuz h` km Kkmem I`crm, imjlhm `i kuz kuelidsm. H`sh` kd eís
prdguihd h` km dsjurlhmh
dsjurlhmh y kds lepuksds mitljús
mitljúseljds,
eljds, Amkl edtlvm km jr`mjlúi y `k
`k pdrt` h` km kuz kujlg`rlim
h`sh` km hljbm h` km tdtmk dsjurlhmh.

Kds dråc`i`s
h` Amkl, h` Amkl
jdidjlhm sdi dsjurds1
tmeflìi s` jdislh`rm
jded Embm-rmtrl, km qu` km hldsm
Idjb` h` km idjb`
trmsj`ih`itmk. @k dsjurm,
msp`jtd Vmtrlh`vl,
mitljúseljd`s h`
uimAmkl
`ijmrimjlúi
qulzís
s` h`smrrdkkú m pmrtlr h` Km dsjurlhmh h` Vmtrlh`vl, km hmizm h` Amkl, km h` km h`strujjlúi, tl`i` su drlc`i `i km
hmizm júseljm h` Ilrlttl. Euihmam Ppmilsbmhm bmj` r`g`r`ijlm m kds Zl`t` K`icums h` Mcil, uim h` kms
jumk`s `xlst` `i kds t`rr`ids h` jr`emjlúi y h`vdrm m kds eu`rtds. Km mpmrljlúi h` Amkl jded `k msp`jtd
g`e`ilid h` Amkm, `s h`jlr, `k Xl`epd, sl`ihd liv`ijlfk`, lit`relimfk` h`f` s`r v`i`rmhd jded Embmamkm, `k
Xl`epd Xrmsj`ih`itmk.
Xrmsj`ih`itmk. Km `ijmrimjlúi h` Amkl jded km emilg`stmjlúi mitljúseljm `s jded km H`strujturm,
sli `efmrcd, su `qulklfrld s` `iju`itrm `i km jr`mjlúi y `k julhmhd h`k drh`i júseljd y km imturmk`zm elsem.
Amkl `s uim gdrem h` Zbmatl, `k msp`jtd hlvlid g`e`ilid h` km Kkmem I`crm, km jdisdrt` elsem h` Zblvm y `i
djjlh`it` `s lh`itlgljmhm jded Klkltb y Zblvm jded Zmem`k. Klkltb `s km V`lim h` kds H`edilds y `i kms
trmhljldi`s djjlh`itmk`s r`v`kmi qu` uid h` kds idefr`s eícljds h` Klkltb `s Amkl? Klkltb, Mfltmr (Mfltd),
Mflamr, Medrpbd,
Medrpbd, Bmamŭ, Dhme, A`pblhd, Mlkd, Emtrdtm, Mfiuatm, Zmtrlbm, Amkl, Fmtz`b, Xmkul, Altsm.
Amkl tl`i` iue`rdsms emilg`stmjldi`s jded Auihmklil y Zbmatl, jmhm uim msdjlmhm jdi `k tlpd h` `i`rcåm y
pdh`r qu` `ijmrim `i `s``s` ede`itd. Km `xt`rim mpmrljlúi h` h` Amkl, emilg`stmhm `i mfuihmit`
mfuihmit` mfuihmijlm, ÿtlk
m km lemclimjlúi, jr`m ui rdstrd t`elfk` qu` tmeflìi `s h`s`mfk` ` lisplrmhdr pmrm `k Mh`ptd I`crd.
@k rdstrd h` jdi
h`emjrmhm, Amkl`k`stí `ii`cr`jlhd
jmf`kkd y jmsl
h`sp`limhd, `s jmrm
uim i`crdh`mzukmhd
eu`rt` jded `k v`kd h`tl`i`
jdi jdkelkkds, km idjb` y `k mflsed1
iue`rdsds frmzds`kkm
(h` `stí
hds m
jumtrd), muiqu` s` km r`pr`s`itm jdi bmstm v`lit`. Kds jumtrd frmzds h` Amkl sdi ui såefdkd h` su pdh`r y
gu`rzm sdfr` kds jumtrd puitds jmrhlimk`s, `k jdseds `i `k qu` s` emilgl`stm v`km su s`jr`td jded ui pdh`r
mitljúseljd h`k Mhv`rsmrld.
Zus jdkelkkds sdi mglkmhds, sus listlitds sdi h`pr`hmhdr`s y su s`h `s vmepårljm1 sus uýms sdi mglkmhms jded
cmrrms, `k t`rj`r dod lkuelimhd pdr `k gu`cd h` su Jbmarm Moim, ui k`icum jdkcmit` y fdjm emijbmhm h`
smicr`, qu` tl`i` km jmpmjlhmh h` mfrlrs` kd sugljl`it` pmrm trmcmrs` kms bdrhms h` h`edilds y `i`elcds qu`
`kkm h`s`m jdisuelr. Amkl m e`iuhd kk`vm uim `spmhm `i uim h` sus jumtrd emids, slrvlìihdk` `stm pmrm
jdiqulstmr m sus `i`elcds y sup`rmr dfstíjukds.
@kkm tmeflìi sdstl`i` uim jmf`zm h` h`edild jdrtmhm, su `i`elcd h`strulhd pdrqu` `i `k jmds `kkm `s km eís
g`rdz. Hds h` sus emids tl`i`i kms pdsturms h` Mfbmym y W Wmrmhm,
mrmhm, litr`plh`z y f`i`vdk`ijlm. Amkl mpmr`j`
tmeflìi jdi ui ju`ijd h` jmkmv`rm kk`id
k k`id h` smicr` ` lijkusd sdst`il`ihd uim jmf`zm jdrtmhm.

APIHMKLIL ‚KM Z@V^L@IX@ H

APIHMKLIL H@K
@K
GP@CD HVMJDILMID
Km Auihmklil `s km `i`rcåm qu` `xlst` `i `stmhd kmt`it` `i `k bdefr` y km euo`r `irdkkmhm `i
km fms` h` km jdkueim v`rt`frmk. Jumihd km hlvlim y h`ediåmjm s`rpl`it` h` gu`cd Auihmklil s` "h`spl`rtm",
s` `irdkkm y smktm bmjlm mrrlfm, edvlìihds` `i gdrem jlrjukmr, jdi ui edvlel`itd m kd kmrcd h` kkmm jdkueim
v`rt`frmk bmjlm km jdrdilkkm, `k Zmbmsrmrm, `k sìptled Jbmarm. Kms Zl`t` Jmf`zms h`k Hrmcúi, jdidjlhms
tmeflìi jded Mrjblhm`vms,
Mrjblhm`vms, `xlst`i jded pu`rtms h` mjj`sd m km `i`rcåm, kds j`itrds jdidjlhds jded
jbmarms.
Jmhm jbmarm pds`` gms`s prlemrlms y `k`vmhms h`k prdj`sd h` jr`mjlúi y h`strujjlúi. Km Auihmklil `s jded
`k emilqu`d Mz d `k zdrdmstrlmid Mz-O`b,
Mz-O`b, `k msp`jtd h` Klkltb,
Klklt b, qu` `s km eltmh lcumk qu` mcltm y edtlvm m
Mbrlemi d Zmem`k m emilg`stmrs`. @k Auihmklil `stí pr`s`it` `i `k ju`rpd h`k bdefr` y h` km euo`r jded `k
msp`jtd h` km Kkmem I`crm, ui pdh`r Xrmsj`i
Xrmsj`ih`itmk
h`itmk qu` pu`h` ligkulr y mg`jtmi mk Eljrdjdseds.
@st` gu`cd kuelidsd gu` r`cmkmhd mk Jdseds p`rd gu` tmi kleltmhd y tmi prdcuihme`it` `it`rrmhd pdr km
h`lhmh edidt`åstm y sus slrvl`it`s `i `k drh`i imturmk, \mbvì,
\mbvì, qu` `s km mutdrlhmh tlríiljm qu` `epuom m km
buemilhmh m jdiv`rtlrs` `i zíicmids pmr`jlhds m dv`oms, qu` sdi km emsm hdrelhm, jdi sus r`strljtlvms y
h`strujtlvms gdrems h` vlhm. @k pdh`r h` km Auihmklil `xlst` `i eujbds msp`jtds h`k Jdseds, bmstm `k eís
eåiled ítded, qu` `stí `irdkkmhd `i `k iÿjk`d, sl`epr` clrmihd. Km Auihmklil `s mjtlvmhm y uilìihds` jdi
km Jdijl`ijlm `i `k Jbmarm Jdrdim, r`v`km km `s`ijlm y `k pdh`r h` km Kkmem I`crm m ìk d `kkm kd
sugljl`it`e`it` bíflk pmrm livdjmrkd `i Pilúi Lig`rimk.

Km príjtljm h`k \dcm

\dcm Mbrleíiljd, jdel`izm jdi `k h`sp`rtmr h` km Auihmklil `i `k Jbmarm Vmåz d Eukmhbmrm,
p`rgdrmihd
X mrdemtl, `sykmmcltmihd
prle`rmmså
ms`xp`rl`ijlm
å m kds hds Mrjblhm`vms, Xmp
Xmpr`v
r`v
m km qu` `k Mh`ptd y _mlrljb,
I`crd pdr kd tmitd,
s`rí h`smglmhd `k hhm`vm
m`vm`ih``st`
m mkjmizmr km h`sdf`hl`ijlm,
prdj`sd. @k
såefdkd h`k Hrmcúi h` sl`t` jmf`zms s` `iju`itrm `i `k Klfrd h` kms V`v`kmjldi`s, `k Hrmcúi Vdod qu`
r`pr`s`itm m Zmtmiís, jdi uim trmhljlúi hrmjdilmim eujbd eís mitlcum jded pkmi`tmrld y j`itrds `sp`jågljds
h` `i`rcåm qu` r`gk`omi kds puitds Jbmarm h`itrd h`k Kujlg`rlid. Bmy jmpms h` slefdklsed qu` s` `iju`itrmi
`i km trmhljlúi h`k Z`ih`rd, muiqu` kms jmpms s` pu`h`i qultmr jdi `k tl`epd y jdi km `xp`rl`ijlm h` km
liljlmjlúi.

@i `k p`rådhd lrmiå e`hld, kds `stmihmrt`s h` fmtmkkm jdeÿie`it` r`pr`s`itmfmi ui hrmcúi (kkmemhd `k
'mzbhmbm') y `rmi såefdkds h` vmkdr emrjlmk y `k `spårltu jdiqulstmhdr.
jdiqulstmhdr. @stds `stmihmrt`s h` hrmcdi`s gu`rdi
hls`ýmhds pmrm kk`vmr `k t`rrdr mk `i`elcd pdr kms vlrtuh`s h`k hrmcúi? g`rdjlhmh, gu`rzm mfruemhdrm y km
mutdrlhmh y pdh`r h`k cdf`rimit`. Kds p`rsms smsíilhms usmfmi ui `stmihmrt` jdidjlhd jded ‒mzbhmbm
pmyamr“, ‒qu` tl`i` `k ju`rpd h` ui hrmcúi“.QllU
hrmcúi“.QllU @i kds prlijlplds h`k Lep`rld ^mrtd usmfmi iu
iue`rdsds
e`rdsds tlpds
h` `stmihmrt`s qu` r`pr`s`itmi `efk`ems, lijkulhds tlpds h` hrmcdi`s mkgìr`j`s qu` `stmfm mk gr`it` h`
hlvlsldi`s h` elk oli`t`s.

@k blstdrlmhdr rdemid Kujlmid h`sjrlflú `k t`rrdr t`eprmid qu` `k Lep`rld ^mrtd lisplrmråmi `i sus `i`elcds?

‛…vlvds y h` `idre` tmemýd…`stíi mtmhds m kmrcds pdst`s, y `k`vmhds m kms mkturms, jr`mi `k t`rrdr
el`itrms kds pmrtds s` mprdxlemi h`sh` km k`omiåm1 y qu` jumihd s` `iju`itrmi h` j`rjm, sdi klf`rmhds y
`ivlmhds jditrm `k `i`elcd1 h` b`jbd, s` bmfåmi trmcmhd m eujbds h` iu`strds bde
bdefr`s
fr`s h` `stm emi`rm y s`
bmfåmi `irdkkmhd mkr`h`hdr
mkr`h`hdr h` dtrds m kds qu` msglxlú y mpkmstú.―
mpkmstú.―QlllU
QlllU

Kds cu`rr`rds iúemhms `sjltms, síremtms, hmjlds y km jmfmkk`råm rdemim tmrhåm tmeflìi usú lislcilms h`
hrmcúi kkmemhms hrmjdimrlus. Kds rdemids mhdptmrdi mepklme`it` `stds `stmihmrt`s h` hrmcdi`s hurmit` `k
r`limhd h` Hldjk`jlmid (628-:>0 @.J.). ^mrm kds prle`rds jrlstlmids, `k hrmcúi `rm ui såefdkd h`k `tbds y kms
jr``ijlms b`rdljms h` kds `i`elcd? Zmtmiís y kds hlds`s mitlcuds. @k hrmcúi `s ui såefdkd h` gu`rzm y pdh`r pdh`r,,
h` km em`stråm y `k `spårltu cu`rr`rd kujlg`rlid.
Jded `k hrmcúi y km s`rpl`it` `rmi lit`rjmeflmfk`s `i `k euihd mitlcud, `s slcilgljmtlvd `xpkdrmr kds rmscds
qu` bmy h`trís h` kds såefdkds tmi t`elhds pdr kms jukturms jrlstlmims h` tdhd `k euihd. Kms h`lhmh`s
jtúiljms h`itrd h` km mitlcum E`sdpdtmelm gu`rdi h`sjrltms y r`pr`s`itmhms jdi mtrlfutds h` s`rpl`it`, m
e`iuhd msdjlmhms jdi km h`sj`ih`ijlm h` Xlmemt, jdidjlhm pdr `k @iuem @klsb y dtrds t`xtds. Kms s`rpl`it`s
pdhråm s`r m km v`z hmhdrms
hmhdrms h` vlhm, pdrtmhdrms hh`` g`rtlklhmh y r`idvmjlúi, p`rd h` km elsem emi`rm pdhåmi
s`r tmeflìi pdrtmhdrms h` eu`rt` y emilg`stmjldi`s h` e`ismo`rds h`ediåmjds qu` mjtÿmi slcul`ihd sus
prdplm vdkuitmh d pdr km i`j`slhmh
i`j`slhmh h` mkcuim h`lhmh.
@i `k slckd RLW,
RLW, `i km llit`rpr`tmjlúi
it`rpr`tmjlúi h`k su`ýd lskíeljd h` mk-Hmelrl, jdit`ilhd `i uim `ijljkdp`hlm pmrm-
zddkúcljm, hlfuom msdjlmjldi`s h` km s`rpl`it` h`vdrmihd lisplrmjlúi jded f`iìgljm?
‛@k qu` su`ým qu` uim s`rpl`it` s` trmcm dft`ihrí crmi pdh`r pdh`r.―
.―QlvU
QlvU @st` `s ui elst`rld djuktd qu` s`
`iju`itrm `i km príjtljm h` km Auihmklil y `k \\dcm
dcm Mbrleíiljd, jded pu`h`s h`sjufrlr pdr tl elsed.

JM^ÅXPKD HDZ
^VÍJXLJM \ E@HLXMJLÚI
EMIXVM \ WLFVMJLÚI @I @K \DCM
MBVLEÍILJD
@k emitrm `s uim livdjmjlúi sdidrm y e`hltmjlúi qu` tl`i` msdjlmjlúi jdi km vlfrmjlúi h`k jbmarm `i
hlg`r`it`s tlpds h` Emclm y pdr supu`std \dcm
\dcm Mbrleíiljd. Kds jbmarms sdi mslcimhds m uim s`elkkm d flom.
@k emitrm jditl`i` ui sdilhd edidslkífljd ‛s`elkkm― `sp`jågljd qu` s` kkmem flom. Km pmkmfrm Emitrm `s
síisjrltm y s` jdepdi` h` hds såkmfms? 'emi' (e`it`) y 'trm' (klf`rmr). Zli il slqul`rm e`ijldimr km Eísjmrm
H`ågljm h` ‛Kujlg`r―, uid pu`h` lh`itlgljmr km `s`ijlm h`k Kujlg`rlmilsed `i `k dfo`tlvd y su prdpúsltd
jdij`ptumk sli eíjukm.

. Km trmhujjlúi h` km pmkmfrm "emitrm" slcilgljm `s`ijlmke`it` "klf`rmr km e`it`".

Km pmkmfrm "emitrm" jumihd s` mfdrhm `i su usd príjtljd s` msdjlm m ui sdilhd qu` pu`h` jr`mr km
trmisgdremjlúi y gdrzmr `k jmefld. M e`hlhm
e`hlhm qu` jdistruy`s y gdrtmk`j`s tu guihmjlúi, `k @spårltu Mhv`rsm
Mhv`rsmrld
rld
`iju`itrm uim `xpr`slúi ÿiljm h`itrd h`k Mh`ptd I`crd, `k r`suktmhd h` km Pilúi Lig`rimk Mkquåeljm I`crm
crmhumk y km X`ÿrclm Kujlg`rlim `itr` `k H`edild y km ^slqu`.
@i `s`ijlm, ui emitrm `s ui puitd h` r`uilúi h` `i`rcåm, uim jdij`itrmjlúi d gdrem rdh`mhm h` pdh`r qu`
pu`h` s`r hlrlclhm bmjlm ui ilv`k h` pdh`r lit`rid y jmefld
jmefld `xt`rid. Kds emitrms tmeflìi pu`h`i s`r jded
ui tlpd h` kkmv` qu` mfr` uim pu`rtm m ui tlpd `sp`jågljd h` `i`rcåm, lijkulhms p`rj`pjldi`s jded `spårltus,
h`lhmh`s d h`edilds.

@st` tlpd h` jdij`ptd s` `itl`ih` slepk`e`it` jded uim Eísjmrm H`ågljm? `k idefr` d emitrm msdjlmhd jdi
km livdjmjlúi id tl`i` pdh`r lit`rid m e`ids qu` s` lh`itlglqu` y s` k` p`reltm bmfltmr h`itrd h` tu prdplm
e`it`1 km ligku`ijlm h`k `xt`rldr `s pdslfk`, sli `efmrcd, id lepdrtm sl jr``s `i `kkd d id. Km e`it` s`
vu`kv`, jded tu ju`rpd gåsljd, ui t`epkd h` tmk pdh`r. Xu
Xu trdid lit`rldr jdit`epkm `k H`edild lihlvlhumk y
p`rsdimk, `k e`hlmhdr `itr` km Eísjmrm H`ågljm y tu e`it`
e`it` jdisjl`it`.

Jde`izmihd
flom jdi `k Jbmarm
emitrm `sp`jågljd pmrm `kfms`, kds flom
Jbmarm
Jbmarm emitrms
Jdrdim, sdi Kme,
sli `efmrcd,
`efmr W
Wme,
me,s`
cd, Mue Vme, \
\me,
me,
utlklzm Bme, De y@
jdeÿie`it`. @kMue. Id h`
k Jbmarm `xlst`
km ui
Jdrdim `s km juefr` h` Pilúi Lig`rimk `itr` Mbrlemi y Mz-O`b, d Zmem`k y Klkltb.

Kds prmjtljmit`s h` ydcm Mbrleíiljd pu`h`i `stmfk`j`r uim príjtljm jdislst`it` y slepk` h` `k`vmr `k
Auihmklil m trmvìs h` jmhm Jbmarm, mcltmihd y `i`rclzmihd m kds Mrjblhm`vms
Mrjblhm`vms y uil`ihd kms Zl`t` Jmf`zms h`k
Hrmcúi jdi km Djtmvm, sl`ihd `sm h`sj`ih`ijlm h` km Pilúi Lig`rimk h` kms Z`rpl`it`s Vdom y I`crm? `k
Mh`ptd I`crd jded Jbldm, F`stlm, Fmpbde`t `ijmrimhd.
Kms vlfrmjldi`s sdidrms prdiuijlmhms pdr `k Mh`ptd
Mh`ptd I`crd sdi ui `o`epkd h` `stmr pr`s`it` `i `k 'mquå y `k
mbdrm', `k kdcrd h` km Mutdjdijl`ijlm, s` `irdsjm bmjlm mrrlfm y h`spl`rtm `i `k hdelild h` Pilúi Lig`rimk. @k
pdh`r h`k emitrm s` `iju`itrm
`iju`itrm `i `k mfsdrjlúi `i `k gkuod pmrmk`kd
pmrmk`kd h` km jdijl`ijlm y `k sufjdisjl`it`
sufjdisjl`it` `i
mrediåm pdkmrlstm. @s `k sdilhd `itr` mefds kd qu` r`mkzm `k pdh`r h` km Kkmem I`crm y `k r`jlpl`it` qu` `s km
E`it`, `k Ju`rpd y `k @spårltu.
@k \dcm
\dcm Mbrleíiljd tl`i` eujbds usds y mpkljmjldi`s, kleltmhds m km lemclimjlúi. y vdkuitmh h`k Mh`ptd
I`crd. @stm príjtljm id mfrmzm
mfrmzm km uilúi fuhlstm. jdi kd hlvlid,
hlvlid, eís fl`i s` jdij`ptumk
jdij`ptumklzm
lzm `i `k `igdqu` h`k
Z`ih`rd h` km Emid
`s uim príjtljm Lzqul`rhm
crmhumk h` Klf`rmjlúi,
y h`scmrrmhdrm Lkuelimjlúi
qu` prdhuj` km cuåmylh`mklzmhm
Mpdt`dsls.y @k
euykdcrd h`k Hm`edi
pmr`jlhm mk Juktdh`h`k
uid elsed
Cdf`rimit` B`k`iåstljd, p`rd m ilv`k lihlvlhumk. @k dfo`tlvd h`k Hm`edi `s, jdi `k tl`epd, uilrs` jdi km
pslqu` bmjlm km liljlmjlúi m trmvìs h` kd Júseljd d Mitl-@sg`rms júseljms h` jmds y drh`i.

^dr mbdrm, km príjtljm y km

k m hlsjlpklim h`k Kujlg`rlid pmrm hdelimr ui jdislst`it` príjtljm h`k \dcm
\dcm
Mbrleíiljd y juym fms` s` sust`itm `i kds Jumtrd ^lkmr`s h` Kujlg`rlmilsed? pdh`r, `qulklfrld, smflhuråm y
gu`rzm. @st` Z`ih`rd liljlítljd `i sus `tmpms liljlmk`s mjtÿm jded `k cumrhlíi h` km pu`rtm h`k Z`ih`rd
Kujlg`rlid, slepk`e`it` pdr km kujbm qu` qu`em mk mgljldimhd jmsumk y `k`vm mk @k`clhd h` km Kkmem I`crm.
Pid h` kds elst`rlds h` km liljlmjlúi, `s jdepr`ih`r y utlklzmr kd qu` kds mitlcuds emcds b`k`iåstljds
kkmemrdi 'vdj`s emcljm`', 'stmdtms' y 'Idefr`s h` pdh`r', idefrmr y jdemihmr `i`rcåms y `spårltus qu` `stíi
`irmlzmhds `i kms vlfrmjldi`s y rlteds h` vmrlms gr`ju`ijlms pmrm s`r jmitmhds d bmfkmhds `i ui pmtrúi pmrm
jdistrulr `i`rcåm. @r`s klfr` h` vlfrmr kds emitrms y kms livdjmjldi`s `i slk`ijld tmeflìi.

Km jkmv` h`k ìxltd vl`i` hmhm jumihd t` ‒`efrlmcms“ jdi `k ìxtmsls h` km gúreukm jdepdi`it` `i b`jblj`råm y
emclm? Wdkuitmh,
Wdkuitmh, H`s`d y Jr``ijlm. Jumihd `stíi ligkmemhms `i kds rlteds h` livdjmjlúi y `k rltumk, kms
`i`rcåms jditrdkmhms y jdemihmhms pdr tu vdkuitmh s` r`mkzmi sli slqul`rm hmrt` ju`itm. @st` `s `k ede`itd
h` mkjmizmr ui ilv`k h` Cidsls, `s h`jlr, Zmflhuråm. Km p`dr príjtljm pdslfk` `s km h`k lihlvlhud qu` `itrm `i
`k mjtd h` livdjmjlúi sli km p`rsp`jtlvm h` km liljlmjlúi, jde`izmihd `k rltumk jdi uim e`it` kk`im h` huhms y
r`jltmihd livdjmjldi`s ¡jded sl gu`rmi ui mvlsd pufkljmhd `i km smkm h` h`sjmisd h` sus `epk`mhdr`s! jdi
uim mjtltuh hìflk y km gmktm h` pr`pmrmjlúi, kd eís prdfmfk` `s qu` sus `sgu`rzds id dft`icmi r`suktmhds. \m \m
v`rís qu` kd qu` livl`rt`s `i tu
t u pr`pmrmjlúi y mutd-h`hljmjlúi `i `k Z`ih`rd Kujlg`rlid `s kkdd qu` s` mjmfmrí
emilg`stmihd.

Kms pmkmfrms y `k bmfkm sdi uim jdeflimjlúi h` dihms sdidrms, jmhm uim h` kms jumk`s r`su`im m gr`ju`ijlms
vlfrmtdrlms `sp`jågljms. Jdi `k jdidjlel`itd h` `std, `k Mh`ptd I`crd pu`h` usmr kms vlfrmjldi`s h`k sdilhd
y km prdiuijlmjlúi h` ^mkmfrms h` ^dh`r, Emitrms d Bleids pmrm livdjmr `i`rcåms, pdh`r`s y `spårltus.
El`itrms qu` kds Idefr`s h` ^dh`r id tl`i`i ilicÿi `g`jtd sli qu` `k kujlg`rlid kds prdiuijl`, km gu`rzm y `k
pdh`r pmrm hlrlclr kms `i`rcåms
`i`rcåms y km mp`rturm h` kms pu`rtms
pu`rtms `s tdhm h`k Mh`ptd I`crd jded km `i
`ijmrimjlúi
jmrimjlúi h`
`k Mhv`rsmrld.
@k dfo`tlvd físljd `s `igdjmr, rdh`mr y hlrlclr bmjlm km jr`mjlúi h` jmeflds d km `xp`rl`ijlm h` km Eísjmrm
H`ågljm hlr`jtme`it` msdjlmhm jdi `k `iuijlmhd vlfrmtdrld. H` kds mitlcuds t`xtds vìhljds ` lihlds, m dtrds
t`xtds lijkulhds `i dfrms edh`rims h` gåsljm juíitljm, mpr`ih`eds qu` `k uilv`rsd gu` jr`mhd m trmvìs h` km
`i`rcåm h`k sdilhd júseljd. @std `rm s`culhd pdr `k jmkdr y km `i`rcåm lkuelimhm y pmrm `k kujlg`rlid, `s ui
tdhmvåm `xlst`it` r`cmkd dtdrcmhd m km buemilhmh pdr `k Mhv`rsmrld qu` tl`i` eujbds idefr`s? Mzmz`k,
Kujlg`r, ^rde`t`d, Zmem`k, Zb`elymzm, `tj.

Km `i`rcåm Auihmklil `s slepk`e`it` r`jdidjlfk` pdr vlfrmjlúi, súkd `std `s km jkmv` pmrm vmklhmr qu` km
príjtljm s` `stí h`smrrdkkmihd.
h`smrrdkkmihd.
^dr kd tmitd, kms vlfrmjldi`s h`k sdilhd `stíi åitleme`it` jdi`jtmhms jdi iu`strd "prmim" d "gu`rzm vltmk". y
`s uim crmi b`rrmel`itm pmrm qu` `k Emcd I`crd `xpkdt` `i `k hdelild h` km Emclm Kujlg`rlim y tdhms kms
trmhljldi`s y Z`ih`rds `i `kkm. Z` pu`h`i jmitmr emitrms h`sh` =>2 v`j`s (jded jdi kds `o`rjljlds
trmhljldimk`s
`xjltmjlúi h`kh`Jbmarm.
ju`itms@i
h`kmemkm) d h`sh`
príjtljm ui iÿe`rdkmtmi
h` Auihmklil, fmod jdedy2,kmh`p`ihl`ihd
jdislst`ijlm h`hljmjlúi mkh` km mjtlvmjlúi h`
k`vmitmel`itd y km
s`rpl`it` h` gu`cd `s jkmv`.

@k pdh`r h`k emitrm `s uim `i`rcåm livdjmhm qu` kmizm h`st`kkds, qu` sdi jded gu`cds kuelidsds pmrm
`ic`ihrmr km gu`rzm h` km vdkuitmh, `k h`s`d y km jr``ijlm. Mkjmizm km smflhuråm pmrm mjtlvmr kms ^mkmfrms h`
^dh`r, vlfrmjlúi y rlted hdelimihd prle`rd `k emitrm.

ABM ‚ @k emitrm h` km r`mfsdrjlúi `s hlg`r`it` h` kds dtrds emitrms `i qu` id `stí msdjlmhd jdi km jr`mjlúi
d km h`strujjlúi, slid jdi `k surclel`itd h` km Auihmklil. @k h`sp`rtmr h` km Auihmklil `i `k j`itrd lig`rldr,
`k Jbmarm Vmåz, `s prdiuijlmhd pdr `k Mh`ptd I`crd jded ABM. @k Emcd h`f` jdij`itrmrs` `i ìk,
`epdh`ríihdkd jdi `i`rcåm
`i`rcåm pmrm, s`culhme`it`, `igdjm
`igdjmrr `k pdh`r h`k emitrm pmrm `k`vmrkd m trmvìs h` km
jmimk e`hlmid, bmjlm mrrlfm m trmvìs h`k j`itrd. @std p`relt` `k hdelild sdfr` hds `stmhds h` km `i`rcåm?
jdidjlel`itd y edvlel`itd, hlsdkvl`ihd km humklhmh `itr` mefms jdis`culeds qu` km Kkmem I`crm s` mkj`.
Km `i`rcåm y `k pdh`r h` km vdkuitmh h`spl`rtm km jdijl`ijlm ` lkuelimjlúi bmjlm km msj`islúi h` km Mpdt`dsls.
@k emitrm h`
hdelimhd Abm
dcmpu`h`
`k \dcm
\ s`r utlklzmhd
Mbrleíiljd pdr `kLig`rimk
y km Pilúi Mh`ptdh`I`crd eís mvmizmhd, uim v`z qu` ìk d `kkm bmym
Auihmklil.

Jmitd h`k Jbmarm Vmåz ‚ KME s` vlfrm el`itrms s` `igdjm `i km prdsp`rlhmh y s`curlhmh1 kds Mrjblhm`vms
Xmpr`v y _mlrljb sdi jdivdjmhds jdi `k h`sp`rtmr h` Auihmklil `i kms prdguihlhmh`s h`k jbmarm rmåz.

Jmitd h`k Jbmarm Zmjrd - WME s` vlfrm pmrm kds gu`cds h` klepl`zm y km pmslúi h` M`sb M`sbem,
em, `k h`edild
uilgljmhdr h` kds Z`ls d Zl`t` Mrjblhm`vms. @st` `s `k Jbmarm h`k h`s`d s`xumk, `k pkmj`r y km vldk`ijlm
jdkìrljm jmimklzmhds m ui f`iìgljd jdefustlfk` mså jdemihmhd pdr km e`it`.

Jmitd h`k Jbmarm h`k ^k`xd Zdkmr ‚ VME s` vlfrm jded uim livdjmjlúi h` km `i`rcåm y gu`rzm h`
Imdibmltbym, `k Mrjblhm`vm h`k H`sjdi
H`sjdit`itd
t`itd y `k Jditåiud h` `xlst`ijlm `i `k tl`epd. VME `s ui `igdqu`
`igdqu`
`i jditrdkmr y culmr su h`stlid y `s mkli`mhd jdi `k Hm`edi p`rsdimk (Zmcrmhd Íic`k Cumrhlíi, C`ill
Vdemid).

Jmitd h`k Jbmarm h`k Jdrmzúi - \ME s` jmitm pmrm ui ilv`k smkuhmfk` h` medr prdpld y km jmpmjlhmh h`
`xp`rle`itmr `k medr y km jdepmslúi jdi su `k`clhd. Km Mrjblhm`vm Lihrm tl`i` msdjlmjldi`s mquå jdi W`ius W`ius
jded `k pkmi`tm h`k Medr y km Cu`rrm, pdr kd tmitd
t mitd `k jdigkljtd y km kujbm `s `k yuiqu` `i `k qu` s` gdrom `k
`spårltu h`k Mh`ptd I`crd.

Jmitd h`k Jbmarm h` km Cmrcmitm - BME s` vlfrm msdjlmhd jdi `k slil`strd y t`rrlfk` Zmvmr, jdidjlhd
tmeflìi jded Vuhrm. @st` `s `k Z`ih`rd s`jr`td h`k jditrdk y hlr`jjlúi h` km `i`rcåm m trmvìs h`k sdilhd pmrm
jr`mr y h`strulr. @st` Jbmarm `stí msdjlmhd jdi vdkuitmh `splrltumk, vdz y hdelild.

Jmitd h`k Jbmarm h`k t`rj`r dod - DE s` vlfrm pmrm livdjmr y h`sp`rtmr kds pdh`r`s h` jdijl`ijlm,
lituljlúi, cuåm y jdijl`ijlm e`odrmhm. Km Mrjblhm`vm Mademi (km E`it` Emkvmhm) y h`itrd h`k
Kujlg`rlmilsed trmhljldimk, Kujlg`r, `s `k pdh`r mtrlfulhd m `st` jbmarm.

Jmitd h`k Jbmarm h` km jdrdim - MPE s` vlfrm pmrm qu` km Auihmklil p`rgdr` `st` jbmarm, uil`ihd m km
Z`rpl`it` I`crm y Vdom pmrm kdcrmr km Pilúi Lig`rimk. @st` jbmarm, ufljmhd `i km pmrt` sup`rldr h`k jríi`d `s
km gu`it` h` km jumk Mbrlemi y Mz-O`b (Auihmklil), d Zmem`k y Klkltb jded `stmihd uilhds `i kmk m uilúi
mkquåeljm i`crm h` km Z`rpl`it` Vdom y I`crm, km h`sj`ih`ijlm `s `k h`sp`rtmr kujlg`rlid jded 'Km F`stlm'.
@k Fuihmblsbi idefrm `std jded M`sb
M`sbem
em jditrdkmihd y hlrlcl`ihd m kds Mrjblhm`vms, `i kms @is`ýmizms
]klpbdtbljms jded 'Jbldm' y slefdklzmhms jded Fmpbde`t. `st` `s `k j`itrd h`k Jårjukd Durdfdrds-
K`vlmtbmi `i km juefr` h`k yd, kds ju`rids h`k pdh`r y km smflhuråm s` `xtl`ih` bmjlm mrrlfm pmrm s`r jdrdimhm
pdr `k mhv`rsmrld hlvlime`it`
hlvlime`it` lig`rimk.
M e`hlhm qu` prmjtlqu`s `k \dcm
\dcm Mbrleíiljd, km `xp`rl`ijlm t` p`reltlrí ui kdcrd h`k msj`isd h` Auihmklil y
jded M`sbem
M`sbem `ijmrimhd pmrm jdij`itrmrs` y hlrlclr kms Zl`t` Jmf`zms h`k Hrmcúi. @ijditrmrís qu` tmitd km
livdjmjlúi rltumk y jmsl jumkqul`r trmfmod h` Emclm y B`jblj`råm s`rí eujbd eís `gljmz sl h`sp`rtmeds kds
Mrjblhm`vms y Jbmarms.

KMZ 3 JMF@_MZ (JBMAVMZ) H@ MŵL

VMDLΘLXM
@k MŹl Vmdlθltm, 'Hrmcúi Vdod', `s uim jr`mjlúi h` Mbrlemi y `stí slefdklzmhd jded `k Mh`ptd I`crd
trmisgdremhd pdr km Auihmklil p`rgdrmihd y h`sp`rtmihd jmhm Jbmarm jded jmhm Hm`vm. @k jkåemx h` `st`
msj`isd `splrltumk `s `k pdh`rdsd prdj`sd mkquåeljd h` km Pilúi Lig`rimk `i `k Jbmarm Jdrdim, km uilúi h`
Zmem`k (Zmtmiís, Xbmel`k, Mzmz`k) jdi Klkltb (Mz-O`b, Zbmatl, Amkl Auihmklil), uilhds mk r`ouv`i`jlel`itd y
Mpdt`dsls h`k kujlg`rlid jdivlrtlìihds`
jdivlrtlìihds` `i ui t`rldeúrg
t`rldeúrgljd
ljd (trmisgdremjlúi e`itmk `i f`stlm h`ediåmjm y
sus gdrems jdepu`stms) ju`rpd h` Jbldm (km F`stlm) Fmpbde`t, pmrm tdemr km gdrem lig`rimk h` Mzl Vmdlhltm,
`k Hrmcúi Vdod h` Zl`t` Jmf`zms. @k dfo`tlvd h` `stm Mpdt`dsls pmrm `k kujlg`rlid `s msuelr `k emihd h` kds
Mrjblhm`vms m trmvìs h` sus Jbmarms y tdemr km mutdrlhmh h` M`sbem, qul`i hlrlc` kds pdh`r`s h` Mbrlemi.
Mbrlemi.
@st` prdj`sd liljlítljd id `s i`j`smrlme`it` gíjlk, il ríplhd, h` mkjmizmr.
@k msj`isd `iHrmcúi
mpdjmkåptljd `splrmk Vdod,
h` Auihmklil
`k Hlmfkdy dkmZmtíi
mcltmjlúi
`i kmh`V`v`kmjldi`s
jmhm Jbmarmdtdrcm
r`qul`r`
su hlsjlpklim, príjtljm yy tl`epd.
J`trd h` Mutdrlhmh ^dh`r m @k
kms 3
jmf`zms F`stlm qu` suf` h`k Mflsed Emrlid (K`vlmtíi). @st` prdj`sd Mkquåeljd I`crd utlklzm ui vlslúi
mpdjmkåptljm y smtíiljm trmhljldimk `i km sup`rgljl`, jdi jmpms h` prdguihlhmh y jdidjlel`itd liljlítljd
dtdrcmihd pdh`r pdr km príjtljm h` km e`hltmjlúi liljlítljm h` km Mpdt`dsls Mbrleíiljm.
@k edh`kd slefúkljd dfvld `i `k qu` msue`s m ilv`k lihlvlhumk `s `k Mitljrlstd. @k Mitljrlstd `s `k qu` `xlst`
y prdsp`rm gu`rm h` kds jdigli`s h` km hìflk g` jrlstlmim, `i pr`hljmr jdi `k `o`epkd y usmr kds pdh`r`s
mbrleíiljds y smtíiljds qu` bmfìls klf`rmhd y mbdrm `scrleås `i `k euihd, pmrm lepuksmr `k jmefld lit`rldr y
`xt`rldr y km pdslflklhmh h` ui `qulklfrld `i `st` euihd. @std `s kd qu` pu`h` slcilgljmr s`r uim `ijmrimjlúi
vlvm h`k Mhv`rsmrld m ilv`k p`rsdimk.
Km djtmvm jmf`zm h`k hrmcúi, jded s` h`sjrlf` `i `k Fuihmblsbi, `s M`sbem y s` emilgl`stm h`itrd h`k
Emcd I`crd. @stm `s km gu`rzm qu` pu`h` jditrdkmr `k hlr`jjlúi h` kms 3. Km Cidsls Mb Mbrleíiljm
rleíiljm `s `k
`qulklfrld h` km jdepr`islúi h` qu` km eu`rt` `s pmrm iu`strd gli, km klf`rmjlúi h` km r`strljtlvm prlslúi
júseljm h` km h`jmh`ijlm y `k tl`epd. Hlsgrutm h` `st` euihd, p`rd id t` h`o`s `sjkmvlzmr pdr ìk.
‛Zuyds sdi kds elseds mjj`sdrlds qu` kds h`k h`edild @sbe, jded s` hlj` qu` sl`t` pdh`r`s k` sdi hmhds m
@sbe, pmrm qu` pu`hm
pu`hm h`strulr pdr jde
jdepk`td
pk`td m kms jrlmturms jdi `kkds…―
`kkds…―-Fuihmblsbi,
-Fuihmblsbi, Jmpåtukd 62

ZDFV@ KM LILJLMJLÚI \ KM
^VÍJXLJM
^VÍJXLJ M H@K \DCM MBVLEÍILJD
MBVLEÍILJD
Km gu`it` h` lrrmhlmjlúi h` km Kkmem I`crm, qu` `s h`sjufl`rtm y mjtlvmhm `i km `k`vmjlúi bmjlm km
mjueukmjlúi h` pdh`r, s` `iju`itrm `i `k \
\dcm
dcm Mbrleíiljd `i `k Jbmarm Vmåz. Kms jdrrl`it`s h` elstljlsed
\mtual y Mbrleíiljd s` trmiselt`i m trmvìs h` `epdh`rmel`itds ` lihujjlúi kli`mk`s, r`jlflhds
crmhumke`it` y pdr km p`rp`tumjlúi h`k liljlmhd.

Imhl` eís pu`h` dtdrcmr

dtdrcmr `st` Mrjmid djuktd tmi `ivu`ktd ppdr
dr km Kkmem I`crm r`spkmih`
r`spkmih`jl`ihd
jl`ihd `i `k j`itrd
h`k Jårjukd h`k Ju`rpd. Jded Kujlg`r `s ui edh`kd pmrm km liljlmjlúi, km gu`rzm y km mstujlm h` km vdkuitmh `s
km bmflklhmh `s`ijlmk pmrm trmisltmr pdr `k tdrtudsd jmelid h` km s`rpl`it` h`k Hm`edi y `k Mh`ptd I`crd.
@stm kujbm y sus hlgljuktmh`s y km emi`rm júed s` edkh`m km p`rj`pjlúi `s kd qu` h`gli` km Cidsls h` kd
Djuktd pmrm s`r r`v`kmhm, `i mucurlds y pr`smclds sutlk`s edstrmhds `i uim gkdr`jl`it` r`mklzmjlúi h`
slijrdiljlhmh.
@stm
h` `s km prdguihlhmh
Durdfdrds h`sh` `k mflsmk
jumk t`h` tu ju`rpd`iqu`
k`vmitmrís rdh`m
tl`rrm y jdepdi` `k jdkueim
y `stmfk`j`rís jdk ueim tdrjlhm
`qulklfrld `itr` kmh`imturmk`zm
K`vlmtíi, y`kkdJårjukd
sdfr`imturmk, kd júseljd y mitljúseljd. Mit`s h` qu` s` `xpkdr`i kds elst`rlds h`k jmds, km fms` h` km
guihmjlúi `s guihme`itmk pmrm `k i`úgltd.
 Auihmklil li Lig`rimk Pildi? Zmem`k & Klkltb f`c`t Fmpbde`t mih Jbldm (tb` F`mst).

Kds Mrjblhm`vms
Mrjblhm`vms mkli`mhds jdi kds Jbmarms sdi kds prlijlpmk`s cdf`rimit`s h`ediåmjds, qu` sdi kds
elilstrds h`k 'h`edild h` kds h`edilds', Micrm Emliyu d Mbrlemi. @i km jdsedkdcåm zdrdístrljm, Mburm
Emzhm jr`ú s`ls d sl`t` (s`ls s`cÿi mkcuids t`xtds h`k _drdmstrlsed, sl`t` s`cÿi dtrds h`itrd h` kds klfrds h`
km hljbm r`klclúi) mrjíic`k`s, jdidjlhds jded kds Me`sbm Zp`itms. Kds Me`sbm Zp`itms sdi kds pdh`r`s qu`
litrdhuod Mburm Emzhm jded pmrt` h` km jr`mjlúi, el`itrms qu` Micrm Emliyu litrdhuod kms gu`rzms
h`strujtlvms Mitl-Júseljms
Mitl-Júseljms pmrm `qulklfrmr y gde`itmr `k hdelild m trmvìs h` km kujbm. @k kujlg`rlid, qu` `s
liljlmhd `i `k \mtuahlidlb
\mtuahlidlb (fruo`råm) d hm`vm-ymsim (mhdrmhdr`s h` h`edilds) r`jbmzm km imturmk`zm
h`strujtlvm `xtr`em tdtmk h` Mbrlemi y kds Hm`vms, lh`itlgljmihd qu` imhm `s il emkd il fu`id. Mpmrt` h` kds
jdij`ptds edrmk`s, `k `qulklfrld kk`cm utlklzmihd kms `i`rcåms y kms gu`rzms, tmitd jr`mtlvms jded h`strujtlvms,
mkjmizmihd km jdepr`islúi h` júed mfrmzmr kms Eísjmrms H`ågljms tmitd f`iìgljms jded emkìgljms, fmsmhd
`i iu`strm prdplm pr`hlk`jjlúi d i`j`slhmh.

H` km dsjurlhmh emt`rlmk, Mbrlemi jr`ú m Mademi, Lihrm, Zmuru, Imdicbmltbym, XXmurvl

murvl y _mlrljb y jdepmrtlú
km Kkmem I`crm jdi `kkds, `stmfk`jl`ihd m `stds jded kds e`ismo`rds y mrjblh`edilds qu` mjtÿmi jded
mitåt`sls h` kds lig`rimk`s,
`ijmrimjldi`s Me`sbm Zp`itms, el`itrms
lijdrpdrmi qu` `i kds
kds mitlcuds b`jblj`rds
jdij`ptds kujlg`rlids,
vìhljds kds h`k
lihd-mrlds \mtus,
\mtus, mh`eís
Msurms (qu`h`sdi
kmskds
Hm`vms `i `k zdrdmstrlsed) jded jr`mtlvds y h`strujtlvds.
@k \dcm
\dcm Mbrleíiljd mkl`itm ` lisplrm mk msplrmit` m mfrmzmr kds bdrrdr`s y r`mklhmh`s h`strujtlvms h` `st`
euihd, mfmrjmihd km tdtmklhmh h` kms tlil`fkms mflsmk`s h`k Mhv`rsmrld
Mhv`rsmrld pmrm `k jumk ui slst`em j`itrmk h`
jr``ijlms h`k fl`i y `k emk, pdsltlvms y i`cmtlvms `stíi gdromhms pdr pr`djupmjldi`s rmjldimk`s y cuåms
listlitlvms.

Kds Kujlg`rlmids tmeflìi pu`h` `qulklfrmr lcumke`it` kds msp`jtds h`ediåmjds h` Mbrlemi jdi kds pdh`r`s
jdiqulstmhdr`s, pdrtmhdr`s h` kuz qu` lisplrmi uim e`hlhm h` rmjldimklhmh g`kljlhmh `i km vlhm jdi `o`epkds
jded `k slijr`tlsed hurmit` km ìpdjm b`k`iåstljm p`rådhd h` Mburm Emzhm-_`us-Oÿplt`r
Emzhm-_`us-Oÿplt`r..

@k mfrmzmr
mk Kujlg`rlid qu` bm kdcrmhd
`k Mbrleíiljd `k h`sp`rtmr
y h`pr`hmhdr y `k jditrdk sutlk
`ivdkvlel`itd h` kmh` kds
k ds Jbmarms
dsjurlhmh, s` sl`it`
usmihd litråis`jme`it`
tmk gu`rzm júedhd
h` pdh`r pmrm
mue`itmr `k hdelild sdfr` kms `i`rcåms h`strujtlvms y trmisgdreíihdkms `i `i`rcåm jr`mtlvm y f`iìgljm pmrm
dfklcmr m km jdis`jujlúi h` sus dfo`tlvds.

@k \mtuvlhmb
\mtuvlhmb qu` `i s`jr`td prmjtljm `k Mfbljmrlam (qu` `i síisjrltd slcilgljm 'b`jblzmr' y '`ijmitmel`itd') `s
uid jdi km dsjurlhmh h` Mbrlemilmi y kds vúrtlj`s `splrltumk`s h` kds Mrjblhm`vms, el`itrms qu` `i kms bdrms
h`k håm tdemi km gdrem h` mcrmhmfk` m su mpmrl`ijlm `k`clhm, mk lcumk qu` Zmtmiís tdemihd km gdrem h` ui
Íic`k h` Kuz jded k` jdiv`ihråm. Km fms` guihme`itmk y km pslqu` qu` jditl`i` km `s`ijlm mrhl`it` h` km
jdijl`ijlm pu`h` tdemr uim euktltuh h` såefdkds gdrems y mpmrl`ijlms h`p`ihl`ihd h` km i`j`slhmh y km
prdplm bmflklhmh h`k mh`ptd.
KDZ JBMAVMZ MBVLEÍILJDZ

=. JBMAVM VMÅ_ D EPKMHBMVM

XM^V@W \ _MLVLJB 5 XMVDEMXL
Km ^u`rtm h` km Em`stråm h` km Xl`rrm I`crm

Pfljmjlúi? Km fms` h` km jdkueim v`rt`frmk, jdidjlhm jded `k Jbmarm Vmåz

Idefr` síisjrltd? Eukmhbmrm,
Eukmhbmrm, uim jdeflimjlúi h` kms pmkmfrms eukm, 'rmåz' y 'mhbmrm', 'guihme`itd' y
'fms`'.
 @k`e`itd? Xl`rrm, jdidjlhm tmeflìi jded 'Km Xl`rrm I`crm', msdjlmihd km imturmk`zm jtúiljm (`i
eltdkdcåm y r`klclúi, y `i pmrtljukmr `i km crl`cm, `k tìrelid jtúiljd h`slcim d bmj` r`g`r`ijlm m kds
hlds`s d `spårltus h`k ligrmeuihd, pdr dpdsljlúi m kms h`lhmh`s j`k`st`s) h` kms s`rpl`it`s `i km
mitlcum E`sdpdtmelm jded h`lhmh`s r`kmjldimhms jdi km jurmjlúi, g`rtlklhmh, jr`jlel`itd y
h`jmh`ijlm, v`c`tmjlúi y `k ligrmeuihd, jdi km lit`rpr`tmjlúi h` kms s`rpl`it`s `i `k mitlcud
^rúxled Drl`it`, lijkulhd @clptd, hdih` slefdklzmi prdt`jjlúi, smflhuråm, r`idvmjlúi `
liedrtmklhmh (bmjl`ihd r`g`r`ijlm mk h`spr`ihlel`itd h` km pl`k).
^kmi`tm? Xl`rrm
Guijlúi h`k Jbmarm Vmåz? Zup`rvlv`ijlm, gu`rzm lit`rim, guihmjlúi, `stmflklhmh, `irdsjmihd kms
prdguihlhmh`s
msl`itd jtúiljms `irdsjmhm,
h` km Auihmklil h`k M
Mh`ptd
h`ptd livdjmr
I`crd ym`kkmh`sp`
h`sp`rtmr
rtmr h`
s`rpl`it` Auihmklil.
mrhl`it` Jded
h` Klkltb `k jb
jbmarm
tmeflìimarm
tl`i`rmåz `s `k
pdslfk`s
`g`jtds s`juihmrlds s`xumk`s y `xjltmjlúi. El`itrms qu` `k lepuksd s`xumk h`f` s`r `xpkdrmhd fmod km
vdkuitmh h`k prmjtljmit`, `k kujlg`rlid h`f` lcidrmr `st` lepuksd hurmit` kms `tmpms liljlmk`s,
`igdjíihds` `i usmr `sm `i`rcåm pmrm lepuksmr `k msj`isd h` km Auihmklil y h`smrrdkkmr km
mutdhlsjlpklim tmeflìi.
Z`itlhd? dkgmtd
^mrt`s h`k ju`rpd? ^l`rims, pl`s y bu`sds.
Jdkdr? rdod, i`crd
Emitrm? Kme
^ìtmkds h` Eukmhbmrm? Jumtrd, qu` r`pr`s`itmi kds puitds jmrhlimk`s y kds Jumtrd ^lkmr`s h`k
Kujlg`rlmilsed? pdh`r, `qulklfrld, smflhuråm y gu`rzm
Milemk`s? Xdrd, @k`gmit`, Fu`y, Z`rpl`it`
Mrjblhm`vm? Xmpr`v
Xmpr`v,, _mlrljb y, uim v`z mfl`rtd `k Jbmarm, `k Hm`vm XmXmrdemtl.
rdemtl.

Xmrdemtl `s ui MrjblHm`vm mkt`rimtlvd lh`itlgljmhd jdi `k Jbmarm Vmåz qu`, h` mju`rhd jdi km pr`hlk`jjlúi
h`k Mh`ptd I`crd, pu`h` s`r livdjmhd m trmvìs h` Imdicbmltbym, jded s` hlsjutlrí `i fr`v`.

XMPV
MPVWLWL ‚ @k Mrjblhm`vm Xmurvl, `s `sjrltd tmtmeflìi
eflìi jde
jdedd X
Xmuru,
muru, Xmpr`v,
Xmpr`v, Xmurlz
Xmurlz y Xmwrljb. Kms trlfu
trlfuss
cu`rr`rms mrlms vìhljms h` km @hmh h`k Frdij` qu` s` ms`itmrdi `i `k idrd`st` Lihlm r`ju`rhmi m Xmurvl, juyd
idefr` s` r`plt` jded "@k Jdiqulstmhdr". @i `k Fuihmblsbi, Xmpr`v
Xmpr`v `s `k hm`vm qu` e`zjkm v`i`id jdi
pkmitms y jrlmturms, sli `efmrcd,
`efmrcd, su mitlcud iidefr`
defr` pu`h` s`r h`sjlg
h`sjlgrmhd
rmhd y `it`ihlhd fmsmhd `i km
km rmåz h` km
qu` s` h`smrrdkkú. Km jdi`xlúi `tledkúcljm h` Xmurvl `s jdi `k jdij`ptd h` v`ij`r, uim h`lhmh cu`rr`rm
jdiqulstmhdrm h`k síisjrltd turv.

@k Mrjblhm`vm
Mrjblhm`vm `s tmeflìi uim gu`rzm h`strujtlvm msdjlmhm jdi kms pmkmfrms síisjrltms h` h`jmh`ijlm y
h`scmst` (hr`imihd km gu`rzm vltmk msdjlmhm m jdiqulstmr y v`ij`r, smjuhlr y omrms. X Xmurvl
murvl `s kkmemhd '`k
grustrmhdr' y '`k cdkp`mhdr'. Jded Mrjblhm`vm h` h`strujjlúi qu` s` dpdi` m Bmurvmtmt (Bdrhmh), `k jdij`ptd
`xtr`ed h` 'tdtmklhmh' jdepk`tm y tdtmklhmh
t dtmklhmh qu` tdhd kd mfmrjm, Xmurvl lisplrm `k `igdqu` `strmtìcljd h`k
jdigkljtd qu` pdi` m pru`fm km gu`rzm h`k kujlg`rlid. Kds jdij`ptd g`e`ilid h` Bmurvmtmt, `k Mrjíic`k, pu`h`
s`r utlklzmhd súkd pmrm uim e`hlhm jded km vlhm pdr kms k`y`s h` km imturmk`zm id pu`h` s`r h`k tdhd
f`i`gljldsm d jdepk`tm. Xmurvl
Xmurvl trm` vldk`ijlm m km hljbdsm h`flklhmh
h`flklhmh h` km "tdtmklhmh", qu` pdr supdsljldi`s
supdsljldi`s
gmksms h` km g` jl`cm, h`flkltm km e`it` y km vdkuitmh jditrm `k h`sdrh`i y `k jdigkljtd qu` `s mqu`kkd m pmrtlr
h` kd jumk ids h`glileds.

_MLVLJB - @k Mrjbhm`vm _mlrljb, `sjrltd tmeflìi jded _mrlz, _mlrla, _mlrlj, _mlrl, msdjlmhd jdi `k mvìstljd
zmlrl-cdmim y `k bmrl vìhljd, sl`ihd mefds Bmdem/Zdem `k `klxlr h` km vltmklhmh y km gu`rzm. _mlrljb `s km
b`jblj`råm qu` uid bmj` y jdi ouitd X Xmurvl,
murvl, mjtÿm jded uim pmr`om qu` `iv`i`im pkmitms dpu`stms m
Meurhmh h` ‛liedrtmklhmh―, `i Mvìstljd?
Mvìstljd? _murl jditrm Me`r`tmt. _mlrljb `s jdidjlhd jded `k "gmfrljmit` h`
v`i`id", `k hm`vm juyd pdh`r `stí `i kms jditrm-jr`mjldi`s pmrm lisplrmr h`sdrh`i, eu`rt`, h`strujjlúi pmrm
ku`cd `qulklfrmr jdi `k mjtd f`iìgljd h` km `tledkdcåm h` su idefr`? memrlkkd, `k jdkdr h` Bmdem. H`itrd h`
km imturmk`zm, kds v`i`ids pu`h`i s`r, jdi kms bmflklhmh`s y `k jdidjlel`itd mh`jumhds, jurms f`iìgljms pdr
km mkqulelm h` rmåj`s y gkdr`s. @k v`i`id h` lh`itlgljmr m tu `i`elcd y `k jmelid h` km emkhljlúi y km
h`strujjlúi, tmeflìi pu`h` s`r uim gu`rzm pmrm usmr `i km kujbm y km hlgljuktmh pmrm bmj`rt` eís gu`rt` mk
jdiqulstmr kds dfstíjukds qu` s` t` pr`s`it`i.
XMVDEMXL ‚ @k Fuihmblsbi h`sjrlf` m Xmrdemt (Xmrdemtl) jded ‛`k h`edild Xmrdemt `s `k qu` prdhuj` km
h`sdf`hl`ijlm "y `k Crmi Fuihmblsbi kd h`sjrlf` jded ‛`k Hm`vm Xmrd
Xmrdemltl
emltl `s km qu` prdhuj` h`spr`jld―. Km
`s`ijlm h` Xmrdemt
Xmrdemt `s km h` ui h`edild qu` liguih` r`f`klúi y `k`jjlúi. Xmrdemtl s` mcltm h`itrd h`k Jbmarm
Vmåz pdr km Auihmklil r`vdkvlìihds` `i km Xdrslúi Durdfdrds-K`vlmtbmi,
Durdfdrds-K`vlmtbmi, Z`rpl`it` tdrjlhm, lisplrmihd y
kk`imihd m mefds Mrjblhm`vms jdi `k `spårltu dsjurd h` `st` hm`vm elrmihd bmjlm mrrlfm, h`itrd h`k Mh`ptd
I`crd. Xmrdemtl
Xmrdemtl `s r`jdidjlhm jded km lisplrmjlúi h`ediåmjm g`e`ilim y km emilg`stmjlúi h` km b`r`oåm, km
e`it` klfr`p`ismhdrm klf`rmhm h` tdhm r`strljjlúi r`klcldsm. @k h`edild s` bmj` gu`rt` `i kms jmsms hdih` kms
`i`rcåms `k`vmhms pdr `k Kujlg`rlid sdi r`spkmih`jl`it`s.

6. JBMAVM ZMJVD? ZWMHBLZXBMIM

HM@WM 5 M@ZBEM
Km ^u`rtm h` km Kuim I`crm

Pfljmjlúi? `k pk`xd smjrd, j`itrd h` km pmrt` lig`rldr h`k mfhde`i

Idefr` síisjrltd? Zvmhblstbmim,
Zvmhblstbmim, h`k síisjrltd qu
qu`` slcilgljm ‛km prdplm edrmhm― y "hukzurm".
@k`e`itd? Mcum
^kmi`tm d Mstrd? Kuim
Guijlúi h`k Jbmarm Zmjrd? ^kmj`r, ìxtmsls, s`xumklhmh, g`rtlklhmh, jr`mtlvlhmh, jdiglmizm `i så elsed,
pmslúi, gurdr,
gurdr, lrm jded pdh`r pmrm ss`r
`r hlrlclhd `i kds pkmj`r`s h`
h` km jmri` y km e`it`.
Z`itlhd? Custd
^mrt`s h`k ju`rpd? slst`em jlrjukmtdrld, ÿt`rd, slst`em r`prdhujtlvd.
Jdkdr? Imrmiom.
Emitrm? Wme
Milemk`s? Jrlmturms emrlims, K`vlmtíi (hrmcúi-s`rpl`it` h`k emr), Xlmemt
Mrjblhm`vm? M`sbem, `k hm`vm h` km kmizm blrl`it`, `k h`edild h` km k m lrm y vldk`ijlm y `spårltu fìkljds,
msdjlmhd hurmit` eujbd tl`epd jdi `k emrymiu lihd-mrld cu`rr`rds h` km @hmh h`k Frdij`,
livmhl`ihd kds ms`itmel`itds pmstdrlk`s h` km mitlcum ^`rslm y juyds oúv`i`s `itrmi `i `stmhds h`
kljmitrdpåm e`itmk mit`s h` km fmtmkkm.

@k s`cuihd Jbmarm s` jdidj` jded Zvmhblstbmim.

Zvmhblstbmim. Kms rmåj`s h` kds Jbmarms Eukmhbmrm y Zvmhblstbmim
`stíi ufljmhds euy j`rjm kms h`k uid y kms h`k dtrd, h` tmk emi`rm qu` mkcuims h` sus guijldi`s tl`i`i uim
e`zjkm h` msp`jtds jdepmrtlhds. @k pk`xd h`k i`rvld smjrd `s jdeÿie`it` mtrlfulhd mk j`itrd h`k pkmj`r
gåsljd. Km Auihmklil suf` prle`rd h`sh` `k Jbmarm Vmåz pmrm ligkmemr `k Jbmarm Zmjrd, `sp`jågljme`it`
msdjlmhd
Klkltb1 `i jdi `k G`e`ilid
`k \mtua Hlidlb yH`ediåmjd?
km trmhljlúi @i `k Xb`k`emMz-O`b
Mbrlemilmi, `s Fmfmkdi, km Euo`r
mså jded @sjmrkmtm1
su gu`rzm `i Kujlg`rlmilsed,
emsjuklim mjtlvmhdrm `
lepuksdrm, M`sbem.
@k Jbmarm Zmjrd s` mtrlfuy` mk `k`e`itd h`k Mcum, `k gkuod gåsljd m trmvìs h`k ju`rpd y qu` `stí fmod `k ligkuod
h` km Kuim. ^u`h` pmr`j`r `xtrmýd qu` M`sbem s`m km gu`rzm lepuksdrm h` `st` Jbmarm, sli `efmrcd, `std `stí
msdjlmhd jdi `k h`s`d lib`r`it` y h`s`d s`xumk qu` s` rlc` fmod `k Zvmhblstbmim.

@i kms euo`r`s, `k Jbmarm Zmjrd `stí msdjlmhd jdi `k ßt`rd, kds dråc`i`s mjudsds h` vlhm y prdjr`mjlúi. M Mquå
quå
`ijditrmeds `k slefdklsed mkquåeljd h` djjlh`it`. Msedh`d `s km h`sj`ih`ijlm h` ui íic`k, Zbmehdi, y km
blom h` Jmåi, Immem. @st` `s `k `qulklfrld h` kds jl`kds (mlr`) y km tl`rrm, `ic`ihrmihd gu`rt`s `spårltus qu`
jdeÿie`it` `stíi klcmhds m km tl`rrm h`spuìs h` km eu`rt` gåsljm. @stds sdi kds I`glkle, d kds Clcmit`s h`
@idjb L.

@st` Jbmarm, pmrm kds vmrdi`s, `stí msdjlmhd jdi km pukslúi h` km klflhd y jdi `k h`s`d s`xumk, sli lepdrtmr km
drl`itmjlúi. @st` prdguihd h`s`d `stí `i `k j`itrd elsed h`k listlitd h` r`prdhujlrs` y h` smtlsgmj`r `st`
lepuksd. Zl id s` jmimklzm mh`jumhme`it`, km t`stdst`rdim pu`h` jdistrulr ` lisplrmr km mcr`slúi emrjlmk.
M`sbem `s `k hm`vm h` km kmizm blrl`it`, uim gu`rzm `splrltumk mcr`slvm qu` pu`h` s`r hlrlclhm mprdplmhme`it`
h`itrd h`k I`crd Mh`ptd m mkle`itmr `i`rcåms `qulklfrmhms h` emi`rm f`i`gljldsm.

@i kms r`klcldi`s edidt`åstms, m km s`xumklhmh m e`iuhd s` km jkmslgljm jded "emkvmhm" y 'i`cmtlvm', m

e`iuhd `s r`jbmzmhm pdr kds jrlstlmids y km mfi`cmjlúi `s ui listrue`itd jditrdkmhdr h`k smj`rhdjld. @i `k
Kujlg`rlmilsed, mk lcum qu` `i kms r`klcldi`s mitlcums mit`s h`k jrlstlmilsed y kms r`klcldi`s edidt`åstms, km
s`xumklhmh `s ui listlitd imturmk y j`k`frmhd qu` jdivl`i` `xpkdrmr y s`r hlsgrutmhd jdi ui s`itlhd h`
`qulklfrld y mutdhlsjlpklim.

Id lepdrtm tu drl`itmjlúi s`xumk,

s`xumk, id bmy v`rcû`i
v`rcû`izmzm `i `k s`xd jdis`itlhd `itr` hds mhuktds, pu`s `k h`s`d
h`s`d y
km kuourlm s` `iju`itrmi `i `k iÿjk`d h` kds listlitds h`k bdefr` y euo`r
euo`r.. Kms r`kmjldi`s y km edidcmelm s`
pu`h`i
`k `xpkdrmr
`qulklfrld, `s kmy jkmv`
`xp`rle`itmr
`xp`rle`itmr jdi ìxltd pdrX`icm
pmrm km lihukc`ijlm. ui smtmi
smtmilstm/kujlg`rlid
lstm/kujlg`rlid
`i ju`itm sl km
qu` tdhds bdi`stlhmh
sdeds y `k
`k yr`sp`td,
hlg`r`it`s qu` su ouitd
h`s`dsjdi
h`
s`xumklhmh mutdh`t`relimhds sdi ÿiljme`it` suyds? Z`m h` fu`i jmríjt`r y jdiúj`t` m tl elsed, y mjìrjmt`
mk medr y km kuourlm `i jdis`ju`ijlm. Km `i`rcåm s`xumk pu`h` s`r trmisgdremhdrm, j`itrmhm mkr`h`hdr h` km
Pilúi Lig`rimk h` Klkltb y Zmem`k `i `k Jbmarm Jdrdim, sli `efmrcd, `k hm`vm M`sbem `s uim gu`rzm kd
sugljl`it`e`it` pdh`rdsm jded pmrm hlrlclr m kds Mrjbhm`vms?

"Kds sl`t` pdh`r`s qu` M`sbem bm prdhujlhd jdi kds qu` h`strulråm m kms jrlmturms―
jrlmturms―QvU.
QvU. @st` `s ui elst`rld
`ijditrmhd h`itrd h`k Fuihmblsbi ("Jr`mjlúi", km dfrm zdrdmstrlmim h`k slckd LR h` jdsedkdcåm) qu` pr`s`itm
m M`sbem jded ui hm`vm hlr`jtlvd y `strmtìcljd `k`clhd pdr Mbrlemi pmrm trm`r km kujbm, km dsjurlhmh y km
eu`rt` m kms emsms h` km
k m buemilhmh.
X`icm `i ju`itm qu` `i `k Kujlg`rlmilsed, kd h`ediåmjd s` `qulklfrm jded edtlvmhdr y gu`rzm qu` mue`itm
km gu`rzm m jdij`ptds jded 'pmz'. Zli km kujbm, `k jdefmt` y kds msp`jtds h`strujtlvds `i km imturmk`zm,
mqu`kkds qu` jmusmi km gdrtmk`zm h` km
k m e`it` y `k ju`rpd pmrm km sup`rmjlúi, km sup`rvlv`ijlm y km dft`ijlúi
h` km ligdremjlúi qu` p`relt` m kds buemids jr`mr h` iu`vd m pmrtlr h` kd qu` bm slhd r`hujlhd m j`ilzms.

@i `k h`s`d s`xumk, iu`strds elseds lepuksds y mefljldi`s tl`i`i mkcuim rmåz `i `k listlitd y `k lepuksd h`
r`prdhujlrs` y h` `itr`cmrs` m kds pkmj`r`s h` km jmri`. @stm `s uim `i`rcåm gu`it` pmrm usmr `i jdis`ju`ijlm,
lijkusd sl id bmy imhm s`xumk msdjlmhd jdi `kkm `i mfsdkutd.

@i `k Fuihmblsbi, `k hm`vm M`sbem (@sbe) s` h`sjrlf` jded mprdv`jbmr kds pdh`r`s mitljúseljds y kds
h`edilds h` Mbrlemi?

‛@k h`edild Xmrdemt `s `k qu` prdhuj` km h`sdf`hl`ijlm1 `k h`edild Eltrdabt `s `k e`itlrdsd (hrdomi) h`
kds `spårltus emklcids1 `k h`edild Mrmsba ('emkljlm') `s `k r`ijdrdsd h`edild h`k emk h` dod. =0. Kds suyds
sdi kds elseds
elseds listrue`itds qu` kds h`k h`edild @sbe, jde jdedd hlj` qu` sl`t` pdh`r
pdh`r`s`s k` sdi hmhds m @sb
@sbe,
e,
pmrm qu` pu`hm h`strulr
h`strulr m kms jrlmturms jdi
jdi `sd1 jdi `sds ssl`t`
l`t` pdh`r`s h`strulrí m sl`t` h` kds bbìrd`s
ìrd`s
Amymilmids `i su prdpld
prdpld tl`epd, p`rd
p`rd uid p`remi`j`rí
p`remi`j`rí.. Mkkå hdih` Eltr
Eltrdabt
dabt ('gmks`hmh') kk`cm, Mrmsba
('emkljlm') `s fl`iv`ilhd, y mkkå hdih` `stí Mrmsba Fl`iv`ilhds, @sbe pdi` ui guihme`itd, y mkkå hdih`
@sbe tl`i` ui guihme`itd,
guihme`itd, eujbms jrlmturms p`r`j`i, y ìk prdvdjm eujbd id-lrmilsed
id-lrmilsed.. =3. @sbe
prlijlpmke`it` trmem tdhd
tdhd `k emk pmrm kms jr
jrlmturms
lmturms h` Dbre
Dbremzh,
mzh, y jded qu` m trmvìs h` kms emkms mjjldi`s
h` @sbe kds bìrd`s Amymilmids bmi slhd eís jdepk`tds, jded s` hlj`, @sbe, `k mcr`sdr lep`tudsd, k`s
jmusm eís.― ‚ Fuihmblsbi
@k Jbmarm Zmjrd `stí j`itrmhd `i kds lepuksds y `edjldi`s s`xumk`s, pdr kd qu` `s mh`jumhd pmrm rdh`mr km
`i`rcåm h`k j`itrd kuimr, hdih` s` `iju`itrmi kms pu`rtms mjudsms y mflsmk`s qu` jdihuj`i mk K`vlmtíi
b`fr`d, km Z`rpl`it` Durdfdrds qu` s` `irdsjm mkr`h`hdr h`k jdseds. @st` Durdfdrds `s `k såefdkd tmeflìi
h`k yd y h`k jårjukd h`k s`r. Mpr`ih` `k slcilgljmhd h` `stds såefdkds y `xp`rle`itm km lliljlmjlúi
iljlmjlúi jded uid
h` kds Wmem Emrcm.

Mk h`sp`rtmr km Auihmklil p`rgdrmihd `k Jbmarm Zmjrd, p`relt` qu` km `i`rcåm mrhl`it` y `k imrmiom h` km
jdijl`ijlm kuourldsm liuih` tu s`r, mjtumihd jded ui jdefustlfk` qu` pu`h` s`r klc`rme`it` trmisgdremhd y
hlrlclhd
s`r h` h`sp`rtmihd
jumihd mju`rhd m tu `st`
h`s`d jded Emcd
Jbmarm, I`crd.h`
`s km edrmhm ^`relt` qu` ykmssuMcums
Msedh`d h`k Mflsed
jdisdrt`, Mflsedkm gkuymi
Klkltb m trmvìs
eís odv`i. h` s`
Klkltb tu
emilgl`stm jded uim hldsm f`kkme`it` s`hujtdrm qu`, h` jliturm pmrm mfmod, `stí jdepu`stm h` gu`cd. Km
júpukm s`xumk pu`h` s`r `i så elsem ui mjtd h` trmisgdremjlúi, ui eìtdhd h` Mktm Emclm d Crmi Emclm
I`crm.

Km mkqulelm s`xumk y `k Xmitrm sdi uim príjtljm liljlítljm qu` r`qul`r` ui h`smrrdkkd h` jmitlhmh h`
mutdjditrdk, hlsjlpklim y km jmpmjlhmh h` trm`r `k listlitd s`xumk y `xjltmjlúi fmod `k jditrdk h` km vdkuitmh.
@i kds mjtds tíitrljds h` Mbrlemilmi d km Eíclm(A) Z`xumk Kujlg`rlmim, `k mjtd `i så elsed `s r`jdidjlhd
jded ui prdj`sd smjrme`itmk. @k pdh`r frutd h` kms k ms `i`rcåms lepukslvms lepuksmhms pdr km pmslúi y
msdjlmhms jdi `k h`s`d s`xumk, pmrm km emydråm, pu`h` s`r r`strliclhd m v`j`s h`p`ihl`ihd h` kms
jlrjuistmijlms.

@stm `i`rcåm pu`h` s`r h`sp`rtmhm y hlrlclhm pdr km vdkuitmh bmjlm uim e`tm h`itrd h`k Xråmhm h`k Kuj`rd h`k
Mkfm, d jdi ui sdjld liljlítljd, ui mjtd trmisgdremhdr `itr` `k vmrúi (d uid qu` msue` `k pmp`k h` "vmrúi"
jded Zmem`k d Msedh`us) y kd g`e`ilid (kd g`e`ilid jded Zbmatl r`pr`s`itmihd m Mz-O`b y Klkltb).

:. JBMAVM H@K ^@KRD ZDKMV?

EMIL^PVM
HM@WM 5 Imdicbmltbym
Km ^u`rtm h`k Zdk I`crd
 Pfljmjlúi? `k pk`xd sdkmr, `irmlzmhd `itr` km vìrt`frm tdríjljm =6 y km =ª vìrt`frm kuefmr
kuefmr..
Idefr` síisjrltd? Emilpurm,
Emilpurm, qu` slcilgljm ‛odym kuourldsm―
kuourldsm―
@k`e`itd? Gu`cd
Ligl`rid mvìstljd? Husbvmrsbtm (Ligl`rid h` kms emkms mjjldi`s)
^kmi`tm d Mstrd? Zdk
Guijlúi h`k Jbmarm Emilpurm? Wdkuitmh h` ^dh`r, H`s`d Lib`r`it`, W`rhmh`rm Wdkuitmh jded e`tms
h` kdcrd1 lit`islhmh h` kms `edjldi`s, mk`cråm, lrm, gu`rzm, jdrmo`, lkuelimjlúi.
Z`itlhd? Wlstm
^mrt`s h`k ju`rpd? @stúemcd, slst`em hlc`stlvd, båcmhd
Jdkdr memrlkkd
Emitrm? VME
Milemk`s? Jmri`rd, K`úi, Ículkm, Z`rpl`it`
Mrjblhm`vm? Imdicbmltbym (Imlalyms, Imuibms)

IMDICBMLXB\M,
IMDICBMLXB\ M, `k Mrjblhm`vm h`k H`sjdi
H`sjdit`itd,
t`itd, lisplrm km `s`ijlm Zdkmr tmitd
tmitd h`k Zdk jded h`k Zdk
I`crd, ìst` `ijmrim kds msp`jtds c`e`kds h`k @s @str`kkm
tr`kkm Emtutlim y WW`sp`rtlim,
`sp`rtlim, Imlalyms d IImdicbmltbym.
mdicbmltbym. @i
dtrds mtrlfutds, `k Msbvlis y Hldsjurl sdi kds b`rmkhds sl`epr` `ivdkv`it`s h`k memi`j`r y km idjb`,
Zåefdkds kujlg`rlids h` km gu`rzm y `k pdh`r h` km vdkuitmh h` mju`rhd jdi `k jdseds. @k @qulklfrld `itr` kd
Júseljd y kd Mitljúseljd `s qu` Imdicbmltbym, jded `k Zdk I`crd, jded `k Zmtíi y `k Kujlg`r ]klpbútbljds
, pdr e`hld h` km rupturm h`k lihlvlhud h` kms jmh`ims h` km `sjkmvltuh júseljm, kms liedrtmk`s gu`rzms
h`ediåmjms h`k jmds mrhl`it` lisplrmi eìtdhds h` klf`rmjlúi h`k tl`epd kli`mk júseljd mtrmpmhd `i `k euihd
emt`rlmk, m trmvìs h` km Mpdt`dsls. ^mrm kms `tmpms liljlmk`s, `k kujlg`rlmid h`f` j`itrmrs` `i kds msp`jtds
físljds h` km mutd-em`stråm h`itrd h` `st` euihd mit`s h` km mvmizmr mk Iÿjk`d Mitljúseljd, `k jumk id `s
pmrm tdhds.
@k ^drtmk h`k Zdk I`crd, `k ^k`xd Zdkmr jdidjlhd jded Emilpurm, jditl`i` `k `qulklfrld jdi `k s`cuihd
jbmarm, mtrlfulhd m km Kuim. @k sdk y `k `k`e`itd Gu`cd cdfl`rimi `st` Jbmarm, r`pr`s`itmihd `k p`ismel`itd
rmjldimk, km pkmilgljmjlúi `strmtìcljm, km vdkuitmh h` pdh`r y km jmpmjlhmh h` emilg`stmr sus h`s`ds y
h`slcilds. @k Mrjblhm`vm Imdicbmltbym, tmeflìi jdidjlhd jded Imlalyms trm` h`sjdit`itdh`sjdit`itd m kds s`r`s vlvds.

@k h`sjdit`itd r`pr`s`itm `i ui ilv`k eís prdguihd km mutdjdijl`ijlm y km jdijl`ijlm, km jmpmjlhmh h` cmimr

mefljlúi y kujbmr pdr su h`s`ds Imdicbmltbym `k Mrjblhm`vm `rm `i sus dråc`i`s vìhljds, kms hds h`lhmh`s
h` km @str`kkm Emtutlim y W`sp`rtlim, Imsmtym (Msbvlis). @stms hds emilg`stmjldi`s h` km pkmi`tm W`iu
W`iuss sdi
`i ui slefdklsed kujlg`rlid eís prdguihd jded oli`t`s qu` hmi m kuz `k mkfm y km sdefrm km idjb`. Kds
Hldsjurds b`k`iåstljds, kds rdemids Jmstdr y ^dkkux, `k kltumid Msvl`ilml y kms h`lhmh`s s`eåtljms
djjlh`itmk`s, 'Mrsu y ‒Mzlzu. Jdi ui `igdqu` `sp`jlmk `i 'Mrsu y 'Mzlzu,
' Mzlzu, h`lhmh`s írmf`s pmkelr`ims juym
msdjlmjlúi y dråc`i`s h` Msbtmr, Mtbtmr
Mtbtmr (`k hlds jmimi`d h` km @hmh h`k Frdij`), Msbtmr-A`ed
Msbtmr-A`edsbsb (`k hlds
edmfltm), Mzmz`k
Mzmz`k y uim emilg`stmjlúi h` Kujlg`r h` kms ìpdjms b`k`iåstljm y rdemim. Kds Hldsjurl sdi
slefdklzmhds
`efmrcd jded `kImsmtym
kds vìhljds oli`t`s c`e`kds qu`sdi
d Msbvlis, r`pr`s`itmi m W`ius
W`ius
r`pr`s`itmhds jded kmjmrrds
editmihd `str`kkm emtutlim
hdrmhds. y v`sp`rtlim,
@k ^k`xd sli
Zdkmr `stí
msdjlmhd jdi `k slst`em hlc`stlvd1 `k jbmarm h`k pk`xd sdkmr s` mtrlfuy` m km `xtrmjjlúi y j`itrmhd h`k ^rmim,
km `i`rcåm jdidjlhm jded Gu`rzm Wltmk.
Wltmk. Km `i`rcåm fldeìhljm h`k ^rmim, qu` slcilgljm Mkl`itd,
Mkl`itd, `s h` ui tlpd
h` jumklhmh h` mju`rhd jdi km e`itmklhmh jdislst`it` h`k lihlvlhud, tmeflìi km `i`rcåm msdjlmhm jdi `k
`stmhd h` íiled y km imturmk`zm. @k prmim s` c`i`rm m pmrtlr h`k prdj`sd hlc`stlvd h`k ju`rpd gåsljd, el`itrms
qu` hljbm `i`rcåm pu`h` s`r e`odrmhm, trmisgdremhm y hlrlclhm pdr km príjtljm h` km Emclm. @k kujlg`rlmilsed
tl`i` uim cuåm sutlk y `is`ýmizms sdfr` kds eìtdhds y usds pmrm hr`imr, e`odrmr y trmisgdremr `k ^rmim d
Gu`rzm Wltmk m trmvìs h`k \dcm Mbrleíiljd
Mbrleíiljd y km Emclm Vltumk.

8. JBMAVM
JBMAVM H@K JDVM_ÚI
JDVM_ÚI?? MIMBMX
MIMBMXM
HM@WM 5 LIHVM
Km ^u`rtm h` kds vl`itds

Pfljmjlúi? `irmlzmhd `i frutd `i `k j`itrd h`k túrmx, `itr` km 8ª y 0ª vìrt`frm tdríjljm

Idefr` síisjrltd? Mimbmtm (livljtd)
 @k`e`itd? Mlr`
^kmi`tm? W`ius
Guijlúi h`k Jbmarm Mimbmtm? Medr, Jdepr`islúi, Jmkem, Hr`imo`, Jdij`itrmjlúi h` prmim,
h`sdrh`i lisplrmhdr
lisplrmhdr,, emclm vmepårljm
Z`itlhd? Xmjtd
^mrt`s h`k ju`rpd? jdrmzúi, pukedi`s, frmzds, emids
Jdkdr v`rh`
Emitrm? Kme
Milemk`s? píomrds, mitåkdp`s, eurjlìkmcds (vmeplrds)
Mrjblhm`vm? Lihrm
@k Hm`vm Lihrm (Mihmr) `s ui hlds h` km tdre`itm qu` `s `k pdrtmhdr h`k W Wmorm,
morm, `k rmyd. Lihrm tmeflìi `s
jdidjlhd jded Mihmr,
Mihmr, ui hlds vldk`itd qu` s` emilgl`stm tmeflìi jded ui h`edild fmod `k `stmihmrt` h`
Mbrlemi `i `k zdrdmstrlsed. Lihrm, km h`lhmh vìhljm, `s ui hlds h` km tdre`itm mk qu` s` mcmsmom jdi Zdem
mit`s h` km fmtmkkm jditrm dtrms gu`rzms júseljms qu` trm`i km s`quåm `i `k Vlc W
W`hm.
`hm. Lihrm `s jdidjlhd jded
`k Mrjlbhm`vm qu` lisplrm `k e`itmklhmh lih`p`ihl`it` pmrm r`jbmzmr km jdigdrelhmh y km r`strljjlúi yy,, `i `k
mitlcud _drdmstrlsed, r`jbmzmr km r`klclúi h` Mburm Emzhm.

@i `k Vlc W`hm, Lihrm imjlú jded uim h`lhmh cu`rr`rm, f`fl`ihd Zdem smcrmhd y `imrh`jlhd pdr kds bleids
h` kds smj`rhdt`s t`rr`imk`s, `epuýmihd su W Wmorm,
morm, y mkjmizmihd `k `stmhd h` 'm`sbem', ìxtmsls jdkìrljd y gurlm,
jdij`itrú km `i`rcåm h` kds smjrlgljlds dgr`jlhds m ìk y msmktú kms idv`itm y iu`v` gdrtmk`zms h` km hrmcúi-
s`rpl`it` Wrltrm.

@k mc`it` h`ediåmjd h`k jmds, Wrltrm, qu` `ijmrim kds msp`jtds eís hurds h` km imturmk`zm, `sp`jlmke`it` km
s`quåm, emituvd `i su dpr`slúi m kms iuf`s, kd qu` prdvdjú qu` Lihrm smkl`rm m km fmtmkkm. Jumkqul`r gu`rzm
qu` s` dpusl`rm m Lihrm `rm `i`elcm y s` `igr`itmråm su lrm vldk`itm. Km fmtmkkm jditrm Wrltrm
Wrltrm id s`råm euy
`xt`ism? Lihrm h`rrlfú mk hrmcúi jdi su rmyd Wmorm
Wmorm y klf`rú kms iuf`s pmrm r`idvmr kms tl`rrms jdi kkuvlm. @s
lepdrtmit` id h`glilr 'fl`i' y 'emk' `i jumkqul`r jdit`xtd eltdkúcljd d edrmk mquå? Lihrm jded ui Hlds
vìhljd h` km tdre`itm y hm`vm M Mvìstljd
vìstljd `s m km v`z jr`mtlvd y h`strujtlvd, mk lcumk qu` kms tdre`itms, y `k
r`kíepmcd cdfl`rim. Lihrm id pdhåm p`reltlr qu` km mhdrmjlúi bmjlm ìk hlseliuy`rm pdrqu` Wrltrm Wrltrm lit`itmrm
pdi`r `i ju`stlúi km mutdrlhmh
mutdrlhmh sdfr` su r`lid.

@k Jdrmzúi y J`itrd `s km `s`ijlm h`k Jbmarm Emilpurm. @k jdij`ptd h` jdepr`islúi, km uilúi h` km Kkmem
I`crm jdi `k h`s`d h`k `spårltu.
`spårltu. @k jumrtd jbmarm s` `iju`itrm
`iju`itrm sdfr` `k jdrmzúi y `stí r`kmjldimhd jdi `k
medr, `k `qulklfrld, jdepmslúi y `xpr`slúi p`rsdimk. @k v`rh` `s `k jdkdr h` `st` jbmarm. @k usd h` `st`
jbmarm `i ui jdit`xtd vmepårljd dtdrcmrí mk emcd km bmflklhmh h` prdvdjmr pmrmidlm ` lih`jlslúi `i kds
h`eís, mfrl`ihd km pu`rtm e`itmk pmrm hr`imr `i`rcåm. Pim s`ismjlúi h` jmkem y s`r`ilhmh s` `iju`itrm `i
Mimbmtm y `s `s`ijlmk pmrm `stmfk`j`r y emit`i`r `k `qulklfrld.

@qulklfrld, medr, mutdjditrdk y pdh`r pmrm jmusmr jdiguslúi sdi puitds jkmv` h` `igdqu` qu` pu`h`i
hdelimrs` h`sp`rtmihd `k Jbmarm h`k Jdrmzúi. Jded W W`ius
`ius `s ui pkmi`tm msdjlmhd `i `k mitlcud ^rúxled
Drl`it` jdi medr y cu`rrm, Lihrm s` jdieu`v` jdi uim pdh`rdsm vdz y `k pdh`r `s mså `ij`ihlhd pdr km
Auihmklil p`rgdrmihd `st` jbmarm. @k medr `stí eís mkkí h` km r`mjjlúi quåeljm h` iu`strds j`r`frds `i
r`kmjldi`s "iu`vms" `sp`jlmk`s? `k medr r`qul`r` jdb`r`ijlm y gmelklmrlhmh `itr` hds s`r`s vlvds `i `k tl`epd.
@stm `s uim r`kmjlúi r`jåprdjd y pmrm `k kujlg`rlid `xlc` `k `qulklfrld `itr` kds hds y uim hlsjlpklim h` k`mktmh
m kd qu` prde`t`s. Julhmhd jdi qul`i `klc`s liv`rtlr `k jdij`ptd h` "medr", ms`cÿrmt` h` qu` sdi hlcids h`
`stm liv`rslúi h` `edjlúi y qu` km r`kmjlúi s`m oustm y `qulklfrmhm pmrm tdhds.

W`hms, h` ui t`xtd kkmemhd "Lihrm jmstlcm m su blod" , `k hm`vm prdjkmem? ‛@i v`rhmh e` mkmfmi
@i kds Vlc W`hms,
jded `k pdh`rdsd1 `k `o` h` el jmrrd vm hlr`jtd mk mktd jl`kd. Mpkmstd m eujbds elk`s m km v`z, pdrqu` el
`ic`ihrmhdr e` `ic`ihrú pmrm id t`i`r `i`elcd qu` e` v`izm―. v`izm―. Wrltrm, ui hrmcúi h`k jmds h` kds W`hms,
r`tuvd kms mcums y prdvdjú s`quåm y jmkdr `xj`slvd bmstm qu` Lihrm, f`fl`ihd `k `klxlr j`r`edilmk, Zdem,
smklú m km fmtmkkm jditrm `stm gu`rzm h`strujtlvm y jdi `k mrem eíclj(A)m, `k Wmormyuhbm
Wmormyuhbm (rmyd), jdiqulstú m
W
`krltrm
rmydy`i
msåsuhdeliú
emid, kds
`s `k`k`e`itds
r`y h` kdmitl-júseljds
qu` s` eu`v` yh`k
kd jmds. Jded prdjkmemi
qu` h`sjmism, kds W`hms?
h` kd emisd Wy`hms? ‛Lihrm,
kd mstmhd. Ìk qul`i `epuým
cdfl`rim mk
pu`fkd jded su r`y,
r`y, ``ivdkvlìihds
ivdkvlìihds m tdhds jde
jdedd `k gukcdr rdh
rdh`m
`m kds rmyds―.
Wrltrm `s ui i`j`smrld y f`kkme`it` h`strujtlvd, jdiqulstmhdr y h`pr`hmhdr pdh`r prlemrld jded dtrms
s`rpl`it`s h`ediåmjms `i dtrms jukturms y trmhljldi`s.

Wrltrm, h`k síisjrltd vrtrm, qu` s` trmhuj` jded "`ivdkv`it`" y "`k qu` rdh`m", `s ui hrmcúi-s`rpl`it` vìhljd
(tmeflìi ui h`edild) jdidjlhd `i kds Vlc W`hmsW`hms y `k blihulsed jded uim p`rsdilgljmjlúi h` km k m s`quåm y `k
jmkdr. Wrltrm
Wrltrm tmefl
tmeflìi
ìi s` jdidj` jded Mbl, qu` slcilgl
slcilgljm
jm "s`rpl`it`
"s`rpl`it`".
". @i kds W
W`hms
`hms m W
Wrltrm
rltrm s` k` jdidj` jded
ui Msurm.

H`spuìs h` qu` Lihrm

Lihrm h`rrdtmrm y jdiqulstm m W
Wrltrm,
rltrm, s` `iju`itrm `k jdij`p
jdij`ptd
td h` `st` h`edild `i `k
blihulsed`kp`rd
mue`itmr id `ih`itrd
bmefr` km r`klclúi
h` ìk. h`
@i_drdmstrd. W
Wrltrm
rltrm `smbrleíiljd,
`k kujlg`rlmilsed ui h`edildMz-O`b
qu` pu`h` `itrmr h`
`s km V`lim `i kds
`k bdefr` y
H`edilds
(Hm`vms y Hruo) qu` h`s`ep`ým `st` pmp`k prlijlpmke`it` jded su sustmijlm, ui jmrfúi `ii`cr`jlhd y
h`vdrmhdr,, y uim `i`rcåm mrhl`it` jr`mhm pdr Mbrlemi pmrm `stmfk`j`r kds jljkds h` h`pr`hmhdr vs pr`sm `i km
h`vdrmhdr
imturmk`zm, lisplríihds` `i km jru`khmh y gu`rzm h` km `vdkujlúi h` km vlhm.

@k mutdhdelild `s uim `xp`rl`ijlm jditlium h` pdr vlhm qu` m v`j`s lepkljm grmjmsd, p`rd qu` pmrm uim
vdkuitmh gu`rt` lepkljm ìxltd `i km emydråm h` djmsldi`s. Psmihd `k p`ismel`itd (Mademi) pmrm `qulklfrmr
kds lepuksds jr`mtlvds y h`strujtlvds, km liljlmjlúi djurr` m trmvìs h` km `xp`rl`ijlm y km vlslúi h`k vlmo` pdr
`k Z`ih`rd h` km Emid Lzqul`rhm. M e`iuhd, km hlsjlpklim r`qu`rlrí qu` t` s`pmr`s e`itmke`it` h` mqu`kkds m
tu mkr`h`hdr qu` pu`h`i id prmjtljmr d s`m jdisjl`it` h` tus prdpúsltds y km imturmk`zm h`k jmelid qu` bms
`epr`ihlhd, `std `s kd qu` kd qu` t` `k`vmrí m kd qu` h`s`ms mkjmizmr. Id fusqu`s `sjmp
`sjmpmr
mr h` kms tdre`itms h`
km dsjurlhmh1 mfrmzm `k jmds jded uim b`rrmel`itm pmrm tu Lkuelimjlúi y Mpdt`dsls.

@k v`rh`, `k jdkdr h` Mimbmtm,

Mimbmtm, tmeflìi tl`i` su slcilgljmhd `i `k Jbmarm h`k Jdrmzúi. @k ^rmim d Gu`rzm h`
Wlhm, km sustmijlm m trmvìs h` km jumk km vlhm kk`cú m `xlstlr, km gu`it` h` jr`mjlúi y r`idvmjlúi, `s ui gdjd
tmeflìi pmrm kms hlsjlpklims h` km Eíclm(A) W Wmepårljm.
mepårljm. @i km mitlcum trmhljlúi jbl
jblim,
im, `skmvm y j`ktm, kds
vmeplrds `stíi msdjlmhds jdi `k jdkdr v`rh`. @st` s` `iju`itrm pmrjlmke`it` `i kds jljkds h` km imturmk`zm, km
mkle`itmjlúi h` km vlhm pmrm sdst`i`r y mue`itmr km vlhm, kds jljkds `stmjldimk`s y kds eltds h`k Juktd
Wmepyrljd.
0. JBMAVM H@ KM CMVCMIXM?
WLZBPHHM
HM@WM 5 ZMWMV
Km ^u`rtm h`k Xl`epd y `k @spmjld

Pfljmjlúi?
Idefr` Km Cmrcmitm
síisjrltd? Wlsbuhhm (qu` slcilg
slcilgljm
ljm 'purlgljmr' h` km rmåz 'ams', 's`r' y 'mmteúsg`rm',
teúsg`rm', 'jl`kd')
@k`e`itd? Mamsbm
Ligl`rid mvìstljd? Husbuabtm (Ligl`rid h`k emk p`ismel`itd)
Guijlúi h` Wlsbuhhm
Wlsbuhhm Jbmarm? Jr`mtlvlhmh, Zlhhbls `splrltumk`s, e`tmgåsljds d pdh`r`s? mhlvlimjlúi,
pmkmfrms pmrm dfklcmr m jmeflmr,
jmeflmr, lituljlúi.
Z`itlhd? Dåhd
^mrt`s h`k ju`rpd? ju`kkd, cmrcmitm y bdefrds.
Jdkdr mzuk
Emitrm? BME
Milemk`s? Mv`s, Mitåkdp`, Eurjlìkmcd (Wmeplrd)
Mrjblhm`vm? Zmvmr

@k hm`vm Zmvmr (Zmurvm, Zmuru) `s jdidjlhd `i `k Fuihmblsbi jded ui "kåh`r h` km h`edilds' qu` pdr km
gu`rzm h` vdkuitmh trm`i h`scdfl`rid y h`sdrh`i m sus `i`elcds, d km h` kds \
\mtus.
mtus. Zmvmr `s `i sus dråc`i`s
ui Zmrvm
Zmrvm Wìhl
Wìhljd
jd 5 Vuhrm.
Zmvmr `s `k hm`vm qu` prdhuj` km i`j`slhmh, `k `stmhd jdsedkúcljd imturmk h`k jmzmhdr y `k jmzmhd,
h`pr`hmhdr y pr`sm.

@k jbmarm h` km cmrcmitm slefdklzm `k pdh`r h` jdeuiljmrs` h` emi`rm sutlk y emi`rms slcilgljmtlvms,

h`p`ihl`ihd pdr supu`std h` km e`tm `i ju`stlúi. Km vdz buemim pu`h` usmrs` jded b`rrmel`itm
Eíclj(A)m, utlklzmihd `k hdi h` km pmkmfrm pmrm mg`jtmr m dtrds. Kms vlfrmjldi`s h`k sdilhd sdi kds
edvlel`itds qu` dfklcmrdi m qu` `k drh`i kk`cmrm
k k`cmrm m `xlstlr.

7. JBMAVM
JBMAVM H@K X@VJ@V DOD? MOIM
HM@WM 5 MADEMI
Km ^u`rtm h` km Mutd-klf`rmjlúi

Pfljmjlúi? @itr` kms j`oms, hlr`jtme`it` sdfr` `k pu`it` h` km imrlz.

Idefr` síisjrltd? Moim, qu` slcilgljm "smf`r", "jdemihmr" y "p`rjlflr"1 `k Jbmarm h` Kujlg`r mså
jded `k h`k Mrjblhm`vm MMademi
ademi
@k`e`itd? E`it`, Kuz, Kkmem I`crm
Ligl`rid Mvìstljd?
Mvìstljd? Husbemtm (Ligl`rid h`k emk p`ismel`itd)
Guijlúi h`k Jbmarm Moim? ^`rj`pjlúi, Lkusldi`s, jded mrem d trmepm pmrm km mutd-lihukc`ijlm,
su`ýds, p`smhlkkms,
Z`itlhd? Wlstm `k Hm`edi p`rsdimk (km v`rhmh`rm WWdkuitmh,
dkuitmh, cuåm, c`ilds rdemids)
^mrt`s h`k ju`rpd? dods, b`elsg`rlds h`r`jbd ` lzqul`rhd h`k j`r`frd
Jdkdr? ^ÿrpurm åihlcd
Emitrm? DE
Mrjblhm`vm? Mademi

Mademi (Mam Emimb y Ma`eemid) s` jdislh`rm jdeÿie`it` `k prle`r Mrjbhm`v Mrjbhm`vmm jr`mhd pdr Mbrlemi. @k
idefr` h` Mademi s` jdidj` h`sh` kds prle`rds X X`xtds
`xtds h` _drdmstrd, jdidjlhds jded kds Cmtbms. Mademi
`s `k `i`elcd h` W
Wdbu
dbu Emimb y `s km `ijmrimjlúi h` kd qu` kds zdrdmstrlmids h`sjrlfl`rdi jded
"p`ismel`itds vlk`s y h` hlsjdrhlm'. Ma
Mademi
demi `s `k msp`jtd dsjur`jlhd h`k íic`k jmåhd djjlh`itmk, Kujlg`r,
tmeflìi km `ijmrimjlúi h` km Kkmem
Kk mem I`crm.

@k Jbmarm h`k X`rj`r Dod `s km pu`rtm h` `itrmhm `splrltumk h`k slil`strd `spårltu h` r`f`klúi, km `ijmrimjlúi h`
Mbrlemi m trmvìs h` Mademi. @k emitrm DE `s slcilgljmtlvd `i dfklcmr m drh`imr y jmeflmr lit`rim y
`xt`rime`it`. ^mrm kds fuhlstms, pu`h` s`r km gu`it` h` km jr`mjlúi elsem.

3. JBMAVM JDVDIM? ZMBMZVMVM

HM@WM
HM@WM 5 MB
MBVLEM
VLEMI
I
Km Pilúi Lig`rimk y `k Mimcbrm X`emb
 Pfljmjlúi? Jdrdilkkm h` km jmf`zm
Idefr` síisjrltd? Zmbmsrmrm
Zmbmsrmrm (elk v`j`s), Mimcbrm X
X`emb
`emb (dsjurlhmh sli gli)
Ligl`rid mvìstljd? Mimcbrm X`emb
X`emb (@k ligl`rid h` km dsjurlhmh sli gli)
Guijlúi h`k Jbmarm Jdrdim? Pilúi Lig`rimk ‚ Zmem`k & Klkltb (Z`rpl`it` I`crm y Vdom), km
Auihmklil y Zblvm, Ìxtmsls, Mutdtrmisgdr
Mutdtrmisgdremjlúi,
emjlúi, Mpdt`dsls y Mutd-H`lgljmj
Mutd-H`lgljmjlúi
lúi j`itrmhm `i `k
hdelild h` tu euihd, `k Hm`edi jded e`hlmhdr `itr` `k Z`r Hlvlid, H`ediåmjd y Jdisjl`it`.
^mrt`s h`k ju`rpd? j`r`frd, jdrt`zm j`r`frmk
Jdkdr? Wldk`tm
Emitrm? MPE
Hm`vm? Mbrlemi y Mz-O`b, Auihmklil y Zblvm

@st` `s `k jbmarm h` km
k m jdrdim qu` `stí r`kmjldimhd jdi km jdijl`ijlm jded jdijl`ijlm purm, `k pdh`r h`k yd
jded Hlds. @stm `s uim jdi`xlúi jdi `k crmi euihd eís mkkí, bmjlm ui `spårltu mt`epdrmk ` liedrtmk. @k
ligl`rid jdidjlhd jded Mimcbrm X`emb,
X`emb, 'Dsjurlhmh sli gli', `s km pu`rtm h` `itrmhm mitl-júseljm ufljmhm
h`itrd h`k sufjdisjl`it`, ui tlpd h` `spmjld klelimk `itr` `k ju`rpd jmrimk, km e`it` y km mimrquåm h`k Jmds
p`rjlflhd eís mkkí h` iu`strds
iu`strds jdigli`s júseljds. @stm
@stm dsjurlhmh id `stí kleltmhm pdr kåi`ms
kåi`ms tl`epd, km
edrmhm elsem h` kms h`lhmh`s mitlcums sli ilicuim gdrem jdislst`it` h`itrd `st` euihd, `s`ijlmke`it` kd
qu` Kdv`jrmgt h`sjrlflú jded kds Eltds h` Jtbukbu.

MKLI@MEL@IXDZ ]PKL^ÚXLJDZ H@
MKLI@MEL@IXDZ
KDZ JBMAVMZ
A@XB@V ‚ Jbmarm Jdrdim.
Xbmuel`k sdi kds cdf`rimit`s h`ediåmjds h` A`tb`r, kds Fljìgmkds1 `stds sdi kkds ds pdh`r`s jditrmhljtdrlds
slelkmr`s m Omid juyms gdrems tl`i`i hds jmf`zms, jdi mkms h` eurjlìkmcd. Zus ju`rpds sdi h` dsjurlhmh
sdefråm, qu` id tdemi gdrem gåsljm p`rd sl`epr` jmeflmi h` hle`islúi y gdrem. Kds Xbmuel`k sl`epr`
fusjmi uilr y h`vdrmr kds ju`rpds y kms gu
gu`rzms
`rzms h` dtrds y s`r`s
s`r`s.. Km `s`ijlm mitljúseljm h` X
Xbmuel`k
bmuel`k `stí
r`clhm pdr km Mhv`rsmrld emilg`stmhd jded Zmtíi y Edkdjb, kms Kkmems @ii`cr`jlhms h`k Jmds pdr `k ^dh`r
h`k r`f`kh` jdidjlhd jded `k ^drtmhdr h` km Kuz, Kujlg`r, qu` pds`` ui msp`jtd tmitd h`strujtlvd jded
jr`mtlvd, qu` fusjm lisplrmr km klf`rmjlúi h` km `sjkmvltuh h` km r`ckm júseljm. Km jdislcim h` km Emclm
Kujlg`rlim `s `k `qulklfrld y `k hdelild h` kds msp`jtds h` kds ]klpbdtb.
JBDAEMB ‚Jbmarm Moim
@k h`ediåmjd Cbmcl`k, emilg`stmhd pdr `k I`glkle Dc, `k r`y h` Fmsíi1 Kds Cbmcl`k sdi kds Clcmit`s
h`ediåmjds `ii`cr`jlhds jdi `idre`s s`rpl`it`s `itr`kmzmhms y `irdkkmhms mkr`h`hdr h` `kkds. Kds Cbmcl`k
s` mhbl`r`i m gdrems vlvms y emt`rlmk`s, jdisuel`ihd su vltmklhmh y h`vdríihdkds k`itme`it`, pmrm pds``r su
vltmklhmh y gmjuktmh`s (sl kms bufl`r`). F`kz`fÿ, `k Z`ýdr h` kms Edsjms, km Mhlvlimjlúi, km Emclm y kds
^dh`r`s h`k Mlr` tl`i` mutdrlhmh sdfr` Jbdaemb.
FLIMB ‚Jbmarm Moim

@k ]klpbdtb
h`rlvmhms h`kh`íic`k
Flimb sdstl`i`
jmåhd m kds
k ds `itr`
jdidjlhd Zmtmrl`k,
kds kds @ijufrlhdr`s
Wlclkmit`s, y H`strujtdr`s.
tdemihd Kds`idre`
km gdrem h` uim gdrems jmf`zm
h` Zmtmrl`k,
jdi ju`rids
v`kmhm jdi dods mrhl`it`s qu` h`skuefrmi `k v`kd, s`culhm pdr j`itmurds emkvmhds. @stds sdi jdidjlhds
tmeflìi jded `k Z`rl`k y msdjlmhds jdi kds h`edilds Zmlr b`fr`ds, fmod `k emihd (sl `s i`j`smrld) h`
Mzmz`k. Kds Zmlr sdi sítlrds h`ediåmjds, eltmh jmfrm y eltmh bdefr`, jufl`rtds h` p`kd, h`k qu` h`rlvm su
idefr`. Kujlguc` `s `k pråijlp` h`ediåmjd h` Flimb y r`gk`om km Jdepr`islúi h` km `i`rcåm lib`r`it` y `k
`spårltu h` pdh`r.
HMMXB ‚ Jbmarm h` km cmrcmitm
Km ^u`rtm h`k Mflsed ]klpbútbljd, Hmmtb, km Zmflhuråm `stí msdjlmhm jdi `k Jbmarm h` km Cmrcmitm. M trmv
trmvìs
ìs
h` `stm pu`rtm `stí km liedkmjlúi h` km gdrem gmksm y mprlsldimhdrm, qu`emhm k`ods pmrm r`v`kmr km `s`ijlm.
JB@Z@H ‚ Jbmarm h`k jdrmzúi
@k Z`cuihd ^mkmjld, km edrmhm h` kds Cbm“Mcsb`fkmb, kds ^`rturfmhdr`s,
^`rturfmhdr`s, mpmr`jl`ihd jded clcmit`s
h`ediåmjds i`crds jdi jmf`zm h` cmtd. @stds pdh`r`s h`ediåmjds tmeflìi sdi jdidjlhds jded Mzl`k,
Jbmzmrl`k y Mcil`k. @k r`y h`edild Mstmrdtb
Mstmrdtb `s `k pråijlp` h` Jb`s`h. y kms sdefrms qu` kd jditl`i`i.

C@FPVMB ‚ Jbmarm h`k jdrmzúi

@k X`rj`r ^mkmjld `stí msdjlmhd jdi C`furmb y Cdkmjbmf, tmeflìi jdidjlhd jded _mgl`k. @stds `spårltus
h`ediåmjds sdi jded `idre`s jmf`zms `ii`cr`jlhms y jríi`ds `squ`kìtljds qu` s` emilgl`stmi jded
jdrrl`it`s h` gu`cd qu` gkuy`i jded ui vdkjíi. Msed
Msedh`d,
h`d, `k V`y H`ediåmjd B`fr`d `s km Mutdrlhmh y
^råijlp` h` C`furmb, el`itrms qu` jdi Mrjblhm`vms `k Jbmarm Zmjrd s` r`kmjldim jdi km `i`rcåm y `k pdh`r h`
M`sbem, edtlvmhd pdr `k h`s`d prledrhlmk y km kuourlm h` km s`xumklhmh.
XL^BMV@X ‚ Jbmarm h`k Jdrmzúi
@k Jumrtd ^mkmjld `s km edrmhm h`k Xlpb`r`tb ]klpbdtbljd, `k h`ediåmjd Xbmclrldi, crmih`s Clcmit`s
`ii`cr`jlhds bmjlìihds` km cu`rrm uids m dtrds, kujbmihd jdistmit`e`it`. Jdi F`kpb`cdr jded su h`lhmh,
Fmmk h` ^`dr, `k edmfltm ‛Z`ýdr h` km Mp`rturm― (`k Ligrmeuihd), `stí msdjlmhd jdi km ilcrdemijlm, km
eu`rt`, km g`rtlklhmh jtúiljm, km r`idvmjlúi ` lisplrmjlúi y pmslúi s`xumk. F`kpb`cdr s` `xp`rle`itmrí
prlijlpmke`it` jded `k Z`ýdr h` kds Eu`rtds `i Xlpbmr`tb.
I@X_MJB ‚ Jbmarm h`k ^k`xd Zdkmr
@k ]ulitd ^mkmjld `s I`tzmjb, edrmhm h` M
M“mrmf
“mrmf _mrmq, kds Ju`rvds h` km Hlsp`rslúi. @stds t`rrlfk`s y
bdrrlfk`s ju`rvds jdi jmf`zm h` h`edild vu`kmi h`sh` ui vdkjíi, kkmemhd tmeflìi C`tzpbl`k. Fmmk `k Hlds
h` km Xdre`itm,
Xdre`itm, jdidjlhd jded Fm`k y eujbds dtrds `påt`tds, tl`i` mutdrlhmh y cdfl`rid prlijlp`sjd h`
I`tzmjb.

BDH ‚ Jbmarm h`k pk`xd sdkmr

@k Z`xtd ^mkmjld h`k Bdh ]klpbútbljd, `s `k h`k pråijlp` h`ediåmjd Zmem`k, kds @icmýmhdr`s (Emkmfmrlstms)
juyms gdrems sdi h` p`rrd y kdfd jdi jmf`zm h` h`edild h` jdkdr rdod. Jded edistruds, Mhrme`k`jb `s `k
hlds jbtbúiljd h`ediåmjd h`k ligrmeuihd, h` km r`idvmjlúi, km ilcrdemijlm y km liedrtmklhmh prledrhlmk,
drl`itmhd m Edkdjb.
\@ZDH ‚ Jbmarm Zmjrd
@k Zìptled ^mkmjld h` kms Zdefrms, \ \`sdh,
`sdh, jditl`i` m Cmemkl`k, tmeflìi jdidjlhd jded Kds Dfsj`ids, qu`
tdemi km gdrem h` jdrruptds y r`pucimit`s Bdefr`s-X
Bdefr`s-Xdrd.
drd. @stds sdi kds Imjbmsbl`k, kms Z`rpl`it`s jtúiljms
emkvmhms y kds Dfrl`k. H` \\`sdh,
`sdh, km Kuim I`crm cdt`mihd smicr` h`k Hrmcúi-Z`rpl`it` Jl`cd, qu` ui` m
Zmem`k y Klkltb `i uilúi s`xumk y mså `s hmhm km jr`mjlúi h`strujtlvm jditrm km kuz h`flkltmhm h` \
\mbvì.
mbvì. \
\`sdh,
`sdh,
km Kuim I`crm, `stí fmod km mutdrlhmh h`k pdh`r h` Klkltb, `k h`edild mrhl`it`.
EMKAPXB ‚ Jbmarm Vmåz
Klkltb tl`i` km mutdrlhmh h` Emkautb, km Xl`rrm I`crm, lijkulhm su `spårltu sdefrm-klkġtu Immemb. Klkltb tdem
km gdrem h` uim V`lim h` kds H`edilds, b`redsm y bdrrlfk` pmrm eujbds, p`rd tmeflìi tdem km gdrem h` ui
h`edild `ii`cr`jlhd, pmr`jlhd m ui edid. Immemb tl`i` km prle`rm mutdrlhmh sdfr` km Xl`rrm I`crm,
uil`ihd y `k`vmihd km Auihmklil mk uiåsdid jdi kds Mrjblhm`vms X Xmpr`v
mpr`v y _mlrljb, mcltmihd m Xmrdemtl.
MKCDK, km @str`kkm h`
h`kk Jmds h` Km Drh`i h`k G
Gúsgdrd,
úsgdrd, rdh`mhm pdr km s`rpl`it` hrmcúi K`vlmtíi-Prd
K`vlmtíi-Prdfdrds.
fdrds.
JM^ÅXPKD XV@Z
E@HLXMJLÚI \ WLZPMKL_MJLDI@Z VLXPMK@Z H@K
M^DXB@DZLZ

E@HLXMJLÚI LIHLWLHPMK @I KDZ JBMAVMZ

H`sp`rtmr kds jbmarms h` gdrem lihlvlhumk `s `k eìtdhd liljlmk pmrm `xpkdrmr y dft`i`r uim lh`m h` su
jdi`xlúi jdi `stds j`itrds h` pdh`r. Km Emclm(a) jdel`izm jdi `k e`rd p`ismel`itd, qu` `s jmpmz h`
c`i`rmr dihms j`r`frmk`s, `i`rcåm y uim klc`rm jmrcm h` `k`jtrljlhmh, mså `s `k pdh`r h` km e`it`. Jded
`stmeds jdepu`stds h` ru`hms h` gu`cd blkmhms, `s`ijlmke`it` iu`strms e`it`s tl`i`i `k pdt`ijlmk prde`tlhd
pdr km Z`rpl`it` h`k Omrhåi
Omrhåi h`k @hìi, pmrm jdidj`r tmitd `k
`k fl`i jded `k emk.
Kds Jbmarms `xlst`i h`itrd h` idsdtrds p`rd sdi sutlk`s y h`sjdidjlhds pmrm mqu`kkds qu` id tl`i`i `k
jdidjlel`itd sdfr` `kkds. Jded jdij`ptds y jmt`cdrlzmjldi`s, mk lh`itlgljmrkds y idefrmrkds jdi
msdjlmjldi`s h` slcilgljmhds, jded 'jbmarms', s` emitl`i` `k emihd y `k hdelild sdfr` mkcÿi msp`jtd h` km
emt`rlm y pu`h` ligkulr `i `k jmefld. @std `s kd qu` kds id emcds id pu`h` jmptmr d p`rjlflr? Kds Kujlg`rlids
tl`i`i `k jdidjlel`itd h` qu` kds buemids, h`flhd mk r`cmkd h` km Kkmem I`crm, `s h`jlr, km jdijl`ijlm,
pu`h`i pdr mutdjdijl`ijlm ` lit`klc`ijlm
lit`klc`ijlm dfklcmr ` ligkulr `i `k jmefld jdi
jdi `k gdjd h` km vdkuitmh.

Jumihd kds prdgmids mrcue`itmi qu` ‛id s` pu`h` prdfmr―, m kd qu` s` mg`rrmi `s m km e`idr jdijl`ijlm h`
kds dfstíjukds
lcumke`it` físljds h` km vlhm, sli pr`stmr mt`ijlúi m tdhds mqu`kkds `k`e`itds qu` sdi "livlslfk`s" p`rd
r`mk`s.

Km vmklhmjlúi pdr pmrt` h`k prdgmid id `s h` lepdrtmijlm pmrm `k kujlg`rlid, h`f`eds vmklhmr iu`strd trmfmod
súkd pdr idsdtrds elseds. Kds r`suktmhds y km p`rj`pjlúi h` júed kdcrmst` tu vdkuitmh sdi kd qu` jdiglrem
`k mue`itd h` pdh`r sdfr` tl, id sl mkcul`i eís pr`t`ih` jdepr`ih`r kd qu` `stís trmtmihd h` `xpkljmr.

Km e`hltmjlúi sdfr` kds j`itrds h` kds jbmarms fmsmhm `i sus mtrlfutds y msdjlmjldi`s pu`h` ligkulr `i km
smkuh e`itmk y gåsljm, jdij`itrmrs` y mjkmrmr sus dfo`tlvds y h`s`ds pmrm `k jdrtd y kmrcd pkmzd. Kms Vu`hms,
qu` sdi ^u`rtms h` @itrmhm pmrm kds Mrjblhm`vms y kds ^dh`r`s Mhv`rsmrlds, mjtÿmi jditrm `k jdseds pdr
e`hld h`k h`sdrh`i, km gu`rzm vldk`itm trmisgdremhm `i `i`rcåm pmrm jditrmrr`stmr kds eìtdhds h` `sjkmvltuh
qu` emitl`i`i m kms emsms h` km buemilhmh hdrelhm.

Jumihd jdel`izms uim príjtljm pdr prle`rm v`z, `k prle`r jbmarm h`f` s`r km rmåz, `k Eukmhbmrm, y h`f`s
gmelklmrlzmrt` jdi jmhm uid `i uim suj`slúi mit`s h` e`hltmr sdfr` uid jdijr`td pmrm gli`s `sp`jågljds `i
príjtljms pdst`rldr`s.

=. Mhdptmihd
Mhdptmihd ui pdsljlúi júedhm, `i km trmhljldimk pdsturm h` pl`rims y frmzds jruzmhds h`sjmismihd h`
rdhlkkms, klf`rm tu e`it` h` jumkqul`r pr`djupmjlúi y rulhd pmrm `igdjmrt` mt`itme`it` `i tu tl`epd smcrmhd,
pmrm e`odrmr y hmr gdrem m tu Guihmjlúi.

6. Jmhm Jbmarm tl`i` mtrlfutds `sp`jågljds, h`lhmh`s (hm`vms), jdkdr`s y ui emitrm pmrm bmj`r vlfrmr `k j`itrd
h` `i`rcåm, mfrl`ihd km pu`rtm h` `itrmhm m km `xp`rl`ijlm. Jìitrmt` `i `k mpr`ihlzmo` y r`ju`rhm `stds pmsds
pmrm tu guturm emi`rm h` prdj`h`r,
prdj`h`r, t`i uim lemc`i d cuåm gr`it` m tl jumih
jumihdd `stìs `ep`zmihd y e`hltm `i ui
jbmarm `sp`jågljd.

:. Libmkm y `xbmkm prdguihme`it` pmrm jdistrulr ui rlted h` mpdyd m tu livdjmjlúi e`hltmtlvm, km r`p`tljlúi y
`k rlted sdi km jkmv` pmrm mue`itd h` `i`rcåm y `k `stmhd h`s`mhd h` km jdijl`ijlm. Jumihd `xbmk`s, vlfrm `k
emitrm jdi tdtmk lit`ijlúi y `igdqu`, lemclimihd `k jdkdr, `k Mrjblhm`vm
Mrjblhm`vm y kms leíc`i`s mfstrmjtms h` kd qu`
`k jbmarm r`pr`s`itm. V`plt` `std bmstm qu` kdcr`s
k dcr`s jdistrulr ui murm gu`rt` h` `i`rcåm, j`rjmim mk ìxtmsls `i km
mp`rturm h` km pu`rtm.

8. H`f`s t`i`r ui dfo`tlvd `sp`jågljd pmrm `k jbmarm, fmsmhd `i km imturmk`zm h` kms `i`rcåms msdjlmhms mk
elsed. @sd pu`h` s`r jurmtlvd, mue`itm km lituljlúi, km jdijl`ijlm h` uid elsed, sup`rmjlúi h` jr``ijlms
jr``ijlms
i`cmtlvms d p`ismel`itds qu` t` r`strlic`i, `tj. Wlsumklzm `std kk`cmihd m s`r y jditlium bmstm qu` bmyms
kdcrmhd ui pljd, ku`cd h`smj`k`rm `k gkuod h` `i`rcåm pmrm `xpmihlrkm m trmvìs h` tu ju`rpd.

0. ^dt`ijlmr km jr``ijlm y jdiglmr `i tu lituljlúi, lijkuy`ihd `k usd h` km lemclimjlúi, `s `sp`jlmke`it`

lepdrtmit` pmrm `st` prdj`sd `i `k \\dcm
dcm Mbrleíiljd y km Emclm(a). Pim v`z bmyms pdt`ijlmhd y t` sl`itms
júedhd jdi jmhm jbmarm, mfrl`ihd kds j`itrds lihlvlhumke`it`, pu`h`s prdj`h`r m h`sp`rtmr km Auihmklil,
mjtlvmihd kds Jbmarms `i suj`slúi. @std pmr`j` jdepkljmhd, sli `efmrcd, uim v`z qu` kds k ds Jbmarms sdi
klc`rme`it` `xp`rle`itmhds h`itrd h` ui prdj`sd `strujturmhd y id jdigusd, pu`h`s `igdjmr `k trmfmod jdi

kds
@stdj`itrds h` pdh`r
`s culmhd `i kmsbmjlm
Zl`t`kmJmf`zms
liljlmjlúi, trmfmods
h` Mzl y príjtljms
Vmdlhltm rltumk`s,
(@k Hrmcúi h` jdi
Vdod), jumkqul`r tlpdjmf`zm,
km djtmvm d trmhljlúi qu``stm
sl`ihd h`s``s.
km
km
uilúi h` km pslqu` y `k Hm`edi jded Fmpbde`t (Jmåi) `i `k Jbmarm Jdrdim.
KM LIWDJMJLÚI MBVLEÍILJM H@
KMZ ZL@X@ JMF@_MZ H@ M_L
VMDLHLXM
Pim E`hltmjlúi pmrm h`sp`rtmr kds Mrjblhm`vms h` kds Jbmarms
KM MZJ@IZLÚI H@ KM APIHMKLIL
L. Hdelild y jditrdk h` km r`splrmjlúi

@k kujlg`rlid qu` s` `igdjm bmjlm km liljlmjlúi h`f` jr`mr uim fms` m pmrtlr h` km jumk s` jdistrulrí tdhd m
pmrtlr h` mbdrm. Kds elst`rlds
elst`rlds id pu`h`i s`r `xp
`xp`rle`itmhds,
`rle`itmhds, y `k pdh`r mue`it
mue`itmhdmhd sl `k Emcd I`crd idid `s
gu`rt` h` e`it` y km vdkuitmh. Kms tìjiljms y km príjtljm jdistmit` sdi prledrhlmk`s pmrm `jbmr m rdhmr km
p`kdtm (qu` `s uim lemc`i e`tmgúrljm
e`tmgúrljm lhìitljm m km `i`rcåm cmimihd
cmimihd lepuksd k`itme`it`) m km Xråmhm h` km
@str`kkm h` km Emýmim.
Id `sp`r`s t`i`r fu`ims
fu`ims `xp`rl`ijlms y g`kljlhmh sl lit`itms livdjmr `spårltus y h`lhmh`s
h`lhmh`s qu` sdi mkemj`i`s
h` `i`rcåms mhv`rsmrlms y gu`rzms eujbd eís `k`vmhms qu` kds buemids. @stds mitlcuds h`edilds y hm`vms
`i su emydråm iuijm gu`rdi buemids, pdr kd qu` sdi sdfr`imturmk`s y slcilgljmtlvme`it` eís mstutds qu` kms
p`rsdims. Zl ust`h `s ui mt`d qu` id pds`` km p`rsp`jtlvm imturmk y km p`rj`pjlúi
p`rj`pjlúi h` tmk`s jdij`ptds
e`tmgåsljds, slepk`e`it` jìitr`s` `i `k dfo`tlvd h` e`odrmr su gu`rzm e`itmk y su Gu`rzm h` W Wdkuitmh.
dkuitmh.
Zl `r`s p`r`zdsd
p`rjlflríi jded ytmk,
tl`i`s uim vdkuitmh
lijkuy`ihd hìflk, kds
`k h`spr`jld
h`spr`jld pdr pdh`r`s y `i`rcåms
kds qu` vlv`i `splrltumk`s
qu` id mutdeítljme`it`
tl`i`i e`itmklhmh kd h` kms
d slelkltuh`s
slelkltuh`s
Eísjmrms H`ågljms. ^u`h`s s`r lcidrmhd, t`itmhd y h`strulhd k`itme`it` sl id `r`s gu`rt` h` e`it` y
vdkuitmh. H`f`s hmr rl`ihm su`ktm m tus h`s`ds t`il`ihd `i ju`itm kms jdis`ju`ijlms, `qulklfrmihd tus
dfo`tlvds y h`s`ds `itr` kds r`lids emt`rlmk y `splrltumk.

Id lepdrtm sl `r`s ui smtmilstm

smtmilstm emt`rlmklstm d ui kujlg`rlid qu`
qu` id tl`i` lit`rìs `i `splrltumklhmh
`splrltumklhmh d liljlmjlúi,
d ui liljlmhd h` kms Mrt`s I`crms Kujlg`rlims, h`f`s edkh`mr y e`odrmr tu e`it`, ju`rpd y `spårltu pmrm
gdrtmk`j`rkds, pmrm qu` tu vdkuitmh id pu`hm s`r qu`frmitmhm d t`itmhm gíjlke`it`. ^l`ism jded Kujlg`rKujlg`r,,
jdislh`rm km p`rsp`jtlvm h` kds `spårltus h`ediåmjds, h`lhmh`s y kds kkmemhds Hm`vms, h`f`s prdcr`slvme`it`
jde`izmr m ‛p`ismr― jded kd bmråmi `kkds. Zmtmiís `s `k jdiqulstmhdr, `k lihlvlhumklstm, `k sdkltmrld, `k mstutd
y pdh`rdsd qu` pu`h` mhdptmr "gdrems" y "mpmrl`ijlms" pmrm `k dfo`tlvd `i ju`stlúi. V`ju`rhm, `k kujlg`rlid
kujbm pdr t`i`r jdidjlel`itd y pdhpdh`r
`r pmrm `qulklfrmr uim vlhm t`rr`imk
t`rr`imk slcilgljmtlvm jdi uim príjtljm
Mhv`rsmrlm mutdklf`rmhdrm h` Emclm I`crm y Mpdt`dsls.

LL. E`hltmjlúi pmrm Livdjmr m kds Mrjblhm`vms h` kds Jbmarms

Z`itmhd `i tu t`epkd, ír`m h` smitumrld d kucmr `k`clhd pmrm km e`hltmjlúi, lijkusd sl kd h`s`ms ui Jårjukd
Eíclj(a)d h` tu `k`jjlúi, slìitmt` jdi su pl`rims
pl `rims jruzmhms y frmzds mpdymhds sdfr` kms rdhlkkms `i km tåpljm
pdsturm h` \dcm. Ms`cÿrmt` qu` `st` `s uuii kucmr hdih` pu`hms emi
emit`i`r
t`i`r ui ilv`k r`kmomhd ` lilit`rruep
lilit`rrueplhd
lhd
h` jdij`itrmjlúi. Jdel`izm pdr `stmfk`j`r ui rlted h` r`splrmjlúi. Wlsumklzm km gu`rzm vltmk, qu` `s `k ^rmim.
@stm `i`rcåm `stí `i km mteúsg`rm qu` t` rdh`m, ui frlkkd mzuk qu` `emim h` tu gu`it` lit`rldr h` kuz, km
Kkmem I`crm. Jdijìitrmt` `i tu r`splrmjlúi sli qu` lit`rgl`rmi p`ismel`itds qu` t` hlstrmlcmi. @std pu`h`
s`r hlgåjlk mk prlijlpld, p`rd jdi jdistmijlm s` pu`h` hdelimr. @k ^rmim d Gu`rzm Wltmk
Wltmk pu`h` t`i`r hlg`r`it`s
jumklhmh`s, mgli`s m kd qu` s` jdislh`rm km "vlfrm", km 'mteúsg`rm', kds 's`itlel`itds' y `k 'murm' h`k Mh`ptd
I`crd. Júed usms tu p`ismel`itds, `i kd qu` t` `igdjms y `i kd qu` `epk`ms tu tl`epd, tdhd `kkd mg`jtm m tu
murm d `i`rcåm, qu` mue`itm, trmisgdrem, hlseliuy` d s` `igdjm `i e`odrmr pmrm mkjmizmr iu`strms e`tms h`
pdh`r.. Xu J
pdh`r Jbmarm
bmarm Moim d XX`rj`r
`rj`r Dod s` slitdilzm crmhumke`it` jdi `k gkuod h` ^rmim y mue`itm km gdrem `i
qu` `k pdh`r `s `igdjmhd. @i km e`hltmjlúi, lijkulhm km príjtljm h`k \
lepdrtmit` \dcm
dcm Mbrleíiljd, km r`splrmjlúi `s uim
b`rrmel`itm pmrm liljlmr `k jmefld lit`k`jtumk, `edjldimk y gåsljd. Km trmisgdremjlúi id `s h` km idjb` m km
emýmim d h` gdrem listmitíi`m, slid qu` s` trmtm h` ui prle`r jbdqu` prdguihd `i `k qu` s` pdi`i m pru`fm
mkcuims grdit`rms y kleltmjldi`s, m pmrtlr h` `s` prle`r edvlel`itd h` km ru`hm e`tmgúrljm, `k lepuksd y km
gu`rzm pu`h`i mue`itmr h` emi`rm jdistmit` m e`hlhm qu` km uilhmh h` km W Wdkuitmh,
dkuitmh, `k H`s`d y km Jr``ijlm
s` mkli`mi, jded `k rmyd mk jm`r jded Zmtmiís h`sh` `k jl`kd, `k @spårltu Mhv`rsmr
Mhv`rsmrld
ld `s mcltmhd mk
edvlel`itd.

Kds pmtrdi`s h` r`splrmjlúi sdi `k emrjd pdr `k jumk `k lihlvlhud lit`rmjtÿm y `xp`rle`itm `k euihd. Zúklhms
príjtljms h` km r`splrmjlúi jditrdkmhm
jditrdkmhm pu`h`i e`odrmr km hlsjlpklim,
hlsjlpklim, mpdymihd `k jmelid liljlítljd
jdij`ptumklzmhd jdi kds Jumtrd ^lkmr`s? ^dh`r, @qulklfrld, Zmflhuråm y Gu`rzm.

=. Libmkm prdguihm y k`itme`it`, pdr km imrlz, h`omihd qu` `k mlr` kk`i` tu mfhde`i. H`om qu` `k mlr` kk`i`
jdepk`tme`it` tu p`jbd, `xbmkm pdr kms gdsms imsmk`s bmstm qu` tu p`jbd bmym `xpuksmhd `k mlr`. Xmeflìi
pu`h`s `xbmkmr pdr km fdjm
fdjm sl kd h`s`ms, jumkqul`rm h`
h` kds hds pu`h` s`r mh`jumhd
mh`jumhd `i `stm príjtljm. Libmkm y
`xbmkm k`itme`it` y sli pmusm, sli s`pmrmr km libmkmjlúi h` km `xbmkmjlúi. ^u`h`s libmkmr jditmihd bmstm 8
jded `o`epkd físljd, vlsumklzmihd km `i`rcåm mzukmhm h`k prmim `i tu ju`rpd. Zusp`ih` tu ju`itm m kkmm ju`itm
h` 8, d lijkusd m km h` : mk jde`izmr
jde`izmr.. M e`hlhm qu` tu jdijl`ijlm s` pdt`ijlm jdi su vlsumklzmjlúi, `xbmkm m
km ju`itm h` 2 y sì klf`rmhd `i `k m`tbyr.
m`tbyr.

6. Jditliÿ` h` emi`rm jdislst`it` y r`p`tltlvm km príjtljm h` libmkmr y `xbmkmr, mk prlijlpld jdi kds dods
mfl`rtds y j`itrmhd `i ui ÿiljd puitd h` su `k`jjlúi. @i `stds ede`itds, usm tu vlslúi p`rlgìrljm pmrm
`ep`zmr m s`itlr y `xp`rle`itmr `k gkuod mìtljd h` kms vlfrmjldi`s h` `i`rcåm m tu mkr`h`hdr.
mkr`h`hdr. @k ^rmim `s
mqu`kkd h` kd qu` h`rlvmeds iu`strms gdrems gåsljms `i `st` euihd, km jkmv` m iu`strm Mpdt`dsls y klf`rmjlúi
pdr eu`rt` gåsljm y jrlstmklzmjlúi h`
h` km pslqu` y h`k hm`edi, `k
`k `spårltu liedrtmk eís mkkí h` iu`strm
iu`strm
jdijl`ijlm gåsljm.

:. ^djd m pdjd lrís `stmfk`jl`ihd ui rlted, el`itrms jmhm r`splrmjlúi t` p`relt` h`sj`ih`r eís prdguihd `i
ui `stmhd e`hltmtlvd, ui `xp`rl`ijlm kleåtrdg` h`k 'lit`re`hld'. Jdi jmhm `xbmkmjlúi, tu jdijl`ijlm s` vm
jmkemihd, prdy`jtíihds` bmjlm km jkmrlhmh y `k `igdqu`. @k ^rmim `s jditliume`it` libmkmhd `i `k pk`xd
sdkmr, jdisjl`it` h` qu` `k ^rmim s` eu`v` ouitd m tu r`splrmjlúi `i tdhds kd msp`jtds h` tu ju`rpd.

8. Libmkm y hlrlc` jdisjl`it`e`it` `k gkuod h` ^rmim m kms hlg`r`it`s pmrt`s h` tu ju`rpd, `xp`rle`itm y
jdislh`rm `std jded uim hlsjlpklim príjtljm h` jditrdk h` km e`it` y `k ju`rpd, qu` `s ui ríplhd y elst`rldsd
jmelid m km príjtljm h` Emclm Vltumk y m km liljlmjlúi kujlg`rlim. @k ^rmim, km gu`rzm vltmk, qu` `s klc`rme`it`
eís crmih` qu` `k ju`rpd gåsljd, `s gdremhd `i prle`r kucmr pdr kds p`ismel`itds `i iu`strm e`it`1 kds
p`ismel`itds c`i`rmi `i`rcåm
`i`rcåm `kìjtrljm, qu` vm mue`itmihd
mue`itmihd m kd kmrcd tu ju`rpd.
ju`rpd. Kds s`jr`tds h` kms ppríjtljms
ríjtljms
h` km Emclm I`crm y `k Wmeplrlsed lijkuy`i `k usd h`k Ju`rpd h` km Zdefrm y `k hr`imo` h` km gu`rzm vltmk y
`k ^rmim. @st` ír`m eís mvmizmhm y ‛prdblflhm― h` km Eíclm(a) Wmepårljm
Wmepårljm id `s `xpkdrmhm mquå y `stí
lijkulhm `i dtrms pufkljmjldi`s.

0. M e`hlhm qu` `xp`rle`itms `k prmim gkulhd y mutdhlrlclhd `i kms príjtljms h` r`splrmjlúi h` `irmlzmel`itd,
tu rlted h`h`libmkmjlúi
lig`stmhm s`rpl`it`syh``xbmkmjlúi pu`h`
kms pl`hrms, hlrlclrs`
kms ju`vms bmjlm
y kds kds r`lids
jmelids jtúiljds
h` kms h` kds
rmåj`s h` km tl`rrm,
írfdk`skm pkmitmhds
prdplm i`crurm
prdguihme`it` `i `k su`kd.
su`kd. Jdit`epkm km X Xl`rrm
l`rrm I`crm, iu`strm prlijlpld t`r
t`rr`imk
r`imk prlelc`ild y iu`strms
rmåj`s Xb`rlúiljms. @k hdelild h` km Xl`rrm h`p`ih` h` km jdijl`ijlm sutlk y h`k usd h` kms b`rrmel`itms h`
liljlmjlúi `i km e`hltmjlúi y `sp`jågljme`it` h` kms príjtljms h` Emclm I`crm.

7. Wlfrm
Wlfrm jdi tu r`splrmjlúi `xb mkmit` `k emitrm KME, kkmemihd m km Auihmklil pmrm qu` s` mclt` y h`spl`rt`
`xbmkmit`
kms `i`rcåms prlemrlms h`sh` `k Jbmarm Eukmhbmrm. Libmkm y `xbmkm h`sh` `k ^rmim `xt`ihlhd qu` bm
mkjmizmhd bmjlm mfmod y fusjú jdeuilúi jdi kds @spårltus h` km Xl`rrm Xl`rrm I`crm?
I`crm? Imb`edtb, Klkltb,
Iliclsbzlhm, @r`sbalcmk,
@r`sbalcmk, Ilrmb, y dtrds lkustr`s pdh`r`s jtúiljds `sp`rmi sus kkmemhms pmrm culmr d lisplrmr tu
trmfmod.
Mtrm` mbdrm km `i`rcåm h` km tl`rrm bmjlm `k j`itrd h` km fms` h` km jdkueim v`rt`frmk. @stís libmkmihd y
`xbmkmihd y kkmems m km Z`rpl`it` h`k pdh`r mij`strmk, km Auihmklil, pmrm qu` s` `irdkk` y s` `k`v` `i `k
Eukmhbmrm Jbmarm.
Wlsumklzm kms prdguihlhmh`s lig`rimk`s y smicu
smiculidk`itms
lidk`itms h` tu Jbmarm Vmåz, y júed uim kkmem jmre`så y
`ii`cr`jlhm s` lijr`e`itm m e`hlhm qu` km Auihmklil s` mcltm y h`spl`rtm m Xmpr`v y _mlrljb, kds Mrjblhm`vms
Mrjblhm`vms
h` km Jdiqulstm y kds v`i`ids t`rr`str`s y kms v`c`tmjldi`s h`pr`hmhdrms, tdemi gdrem y hmi m kuz m
Xmrdemtl, km hm`vm h`k h`sdrh`i.
Zu listlitds prlemrlds, jdidjlhds jded tu j`r`frd h` r`ptlklmid, emitl`i`i kds h`s`ds dsjurds y kms pmsldi`s
smkvmo`s qu` sdi `k jdefustlfk` pmrm km edtlvmjlúi y km lisplrmjlúi h` kms guijldi`s sup`rldr`s h` km e`it`
jdisjl`it`.

^l`ism mquå `i quì s`itlel`itds y `edjldi`s surc`i, p`relt` qu` kds r`ju`rhds, mcrmhmfk`s ` lijkusd
hdkdrdsds, gkuymi m tu jdijl`ijlm y r`gk`xldim sdfr` km vmstm `i`rcåm smtíiljm y km gu`rzm h` iu`strds dråc`i`s
s`rp`itlids, Klkltb jded Auihmklil t` pdi` m pru`fm y t` lisplrm m jdiqulstmr tus el`hds y mfrmzmr tus h`s`ds
t`rlúiljds y jmrimk`s. @st` pdh`r, rdod y vldk`itd `i kms tdre`itms
t dre`itms jdivdjmhms pdr km Auihmklil y kds
Mrjblhm`vms, `s `k jdefustlfk` pmrm tu liljlmjlúi y km Crmi Dfrm h` Klf`rmjlúi, km Lkuelimjlúi y km
Mpdt`dsls.

3. Libmkm y `xbmkm `i `k rlted qu` bms drh`imhd, pmrm bmj`r vlfrmr `k emitrm WME,
WME, km gu`rzm pmrm `k`vmr km
Z`rpl`it`, `irdsjíihds` bmjlm mrrlfm y mtrmv`smr `k j`itrd h`k Jbmarm Zvmhblstbmim , `k trlíicukd liv`rsd h`
jdkdr pÿrpurm, km edrmhm h` M`sbem `k lrmjuihd, `k `xtítljd, km `i`rcåm g`rdz h` km lemclimjlúi qu` `s `k
h`s`d `e`rc`it`.

M`sbem `s `k hm`vm h` km gu`rzm lrmjuihm, qu` pdt`ijlm y trmisgdrem `k prmim y km `i`rcåm `igdjmhm `i km
e`it` jdi `k h`s`d s`xumk m trmvìs h` km lemclimjlúi. Ptlklzm `k h`s`d pmrm edtlvmr tus lit`rmjjldi`s y
`xp`rl`ijlms `i km vlhm.
^l`ism mbdrm `i `k vmkdr y `k slcilgljmhd h`k medr. ´Xl`i`s idrems `strljtms pmrm qul`i`s jdislh`rms qu` t`
memi4 ´X` h`vu`kv`i kd elsed4 Xl`i`s
Xl`i`s `k pdh`r h` s`r s`k`jtlvd jdi mqu`kkds `i kds qu` livl`rt`s `edjldi`s
y `i`rcåm, t`il`ihd `stíihmr`s rmzdimfk`s y uim smim mutd`stlem. Iuijm t` h`o`s utlklzmr pdr dtrd `i uim
r`kmjlúi h` jumkqul`r tlpd, sli smf`r kd qu` dftl`i`s h` ìk y tu jmpmjlhmh pmrm h`vdkv`r kds c`stds. @k medr
h`f` s`r mkcd rmrd, id s` h`f` `itr`cmr gíjlke`it` m qul`i`s id kd e`r`j`i.

2. Libmkmihd y `xbmkmihd jdi `k emitrm WME, vlfrm km Z`rpl`it` h` kms kkmems mrhl`it`s, Klkltb jded
Auihmklil, pdt`ijlmhm jdi kds Mrjblhm`vms Xmpr`v
Xmpr`v,, _mlrljb y M`sbem, pmrm `irdsjmrs` y msj`ih`r `i ui
jmelid `i `splrmk pdr tu jdkueim v`rt`frmk pmrm p`rgdrmr mbdrm `k j`itrd h`k ^k`xd Zdkmr, `k Jbmarm
Emilpurm, ui kustrdsd trlíicukd liv`r
liv`rtlhd
tlhd v`rh` y memrlkkd . Km Auihmklil `ijl`ih` y pdt`ijlm
pdt`ijlm km Kkmem
I`crm juktlvmhm tmitd pdr `k
`k Zdk jded pdr su `sp`od
`sp`od-r`gk`od
-r`gk`od h`k Zdk I`crd.

Imdicbmltbym, `k Mrjblhm`vm qu` `s jdi jdidjlhd

djlhd tmeflìi jded `k Hldsjur
Hldsjurl,l, Imsmtym (Msbvlis
(Msbvlis),
), lijkuy`ihd kms
h`lhmh`s kujlg`rlims y Oliil, 'Mrsu y 'Mzlzu.

<. Libmkmihd y `xbmkmihd `k emitrm KME, hlrlc` m km Auihmklil pmrm qu` s` `irdsqu` y mtrmvl`s` `k J`itrd
h`k Jdrmzúi, `k Jbmarm Mimbmtm, `k msl`itd h`k Mrjblhm`vm Lihrm.
@stm `s km ^u`rtm h` kds
k ds Wl`itds,
Wl`itds, kds ^dh`r`s h`k Mlr`, `k prdpld `k`e`itd `tìr`d pdr `k qu` kd h`ediåmjd y kd
micìkljd mfr` iu`strm p`rj`pjlúi bmjlm kd qu` `s "livlslfk`", p`rd euy r`mk pmrm mqu`kkds qu` qu` kd
mkjmizmi.
Kds lihlvlhuds sdi, pdr supu`std hlg`r`it`s.
Iu`strms e`it`s `stíi
`stíi jmfk`mhms h` jl`rtms emi`rms qu`
qu` ids liblf`i d hlrlc`i m `stmr
`stmr `i slitdiåm jdi kd qu`
s` kkmem kd "sdfr`imturmk", kd "eícljd", `i pmrmk`kd jdi `k pkmid mstrmk. @i `k ]klpbdtb, bmy uim trmhljlúi qu`
lijkuy` `k jdidjlel`itd prdblflhd h`k "X`rj`r Mlr`", km edrmhm h` kds h`edilds qu` pu`h` s`r mfl`rtm y
h`sh` `stm bmflklhmh, km mhlvlimjlúi y eujbms pdt`ijlmklhmh`s ids pu`h`i s`r lepmrtlhms. @k Jbmarm h`k
Jdrmzúi `s km `ijmrimjlúi h` km mtrmjjlúi y kms jdi`xldi`s qu` juktlvmi `k medr prdpld y km jmpmjlhmh h`
memr m kds qu` h`glileds jded mprdplmhds.

Lihrm `s `k Mrjblhm`vm r`jdidjlhd jded ui hlds h` km tdre`itm, lisplrmhd y jdepk`td `i sus fmtmkkms y `i su
`s`ijlm vldk`itm. Mk `xp`rle`itmr `k mlr` y kds vl`itds, utlklzm tu lemclimjlúi jded km jkmv` pmrm jdemihmr km
ligku`ijlm
`i sdfr`lie`hlmtm.
tu mteúsg`rm `st` `k`e`itd `tìr`d,mkjmizmr
Z` pu`h` p`reltl`ihd qu` tuh`
uim gu`rzm jr`jl`it` `i`rcåm
lisplrmjlúi, imturmk ys`jdi`xlúi,
ligku`ijlm `xtl`ihm `yligkuym
ttdhms mså
dhms kms
crmih`s mkturms pu`h`i s`r mkjmizmhms h`sh` kds eís p`qu`ýds pmsds y uim gìrr`m vdkuitmh y h`t`relimjlúi.
Zl`itm mquå km hdrmhm y jíklhm kuelidslhmh
kuelidslhmh h` kms gmjuktmh`s sup`rldr`s
sup`rldr`s h` su e`it`, `k Hm`eúi,
Hm`eúi, kd qu`
eujbds bmi kkmemhd `k "Zmcrmhd Íic`k Cumrhlíi", `k jr`jl`it` pdt`ijlmk h` km mutd`xj`k`ijlm h`sprdvlstm h`
"p`rsdimklhmh" jmrimk. Mkjmizm
Mkjmizm jdi tu lemclimjlúi, tdjmihd y jdi`jtmihd jdi mqu`kkds qu` bms `stmfk`jlhd
uim jdi`xlúi pmrm ligkulr sutlke`it` y `ijditrmr `sm pu`rtm bmjlm sus su`ýds. @st` `s tmeflìi `k Jbmarm h` km
Jdepr`islúi, tmitd h` tl elsed jded h` kms dplildi`s h` kds h`eís. @s smfld `sgdrzmrs` `i su `k`jjlúi pmrm
`sjujbmr kd qu` dtrds pdhråmi `stmr hljlìihdk`, `it`ih`rkds pmrm jdi`jtmrs` jdi `k prdpúsltd qu` bms lh`mhd.
Kms ^ríjtljms h` Emclm(a) Wmepårljm,
Wmepårljm, qu` r`qul`r`i ui jdiouitd h` bmflklhmh`s mvmizmhms y uim e`itmklhmh
`splrltumk pr`hmtdrlm, `xlst`i `i km dsjurlhmh h`k sufjdisjl`it`, v`kmhd h`sh` `k ju`rpd kuelidsd h` kuz fmod
km lisplrmjlúi h` Lihrm, `k Hm`vm Jdiqulstmhdr.

@k s`itlhd h`k tmjtd y kms `xp`rl`ijlms gåsljms y `splrltumk`s sleuktíi`ms s` h`sjufr`i mquå, jdepr`ihl`ihd
qu` mk jdiv`rtlrids `i `ijmrimjldi`s vlvl`it`s -vmsloms h`k Mhv`rsmrld, eís pmr`jlhms m kms
k ms h`lhmh`s,
h`edilds y íic`k`s jmåhds h` km smflhuråm pdpukmr-, sdeds prdhujtd h` uim uilúi tmitd h`k @spårltu jded h`
km Jmri`, `qulklfrmhds mbdrm `itr` `k jdseds y `k mitljdseds. Id p`reltms qu` kms trmepms h`k euihd t`
`sjkmvlj`i, sli `efmrcd, jdepkmj` tu h`s`d jdi km smflhuråm h` qu` kd qu` i`j`sltms, `xlst` h`itrd h` tl y s`
h`spl`rtm jdi km uilúi h` km ^slqu` y `k Hm`edi uim v`z qu` km eu`rt` gåsljm dgr`j` km klf`rmjlúi `i `k
Mflsed. Kds Hl`z ^ìtmkds sdi sustltulhds pdr kds eís mprdplmhds Hl`z Ju`rids h` km F`stlm, qu` r`pr`s`itmi
km e`tdhdkdcåm `itr` km jdepr`islúi y `k mutdhdelild. @k r`suktmhd h` km em`stråm sdi kms úrh`i`s sutlk`s qu`
ligkuy`i `i kds euihds lit`rldr y `xt`rldr sdfr` kds
k ds qu` pu`h`s r`limr.

=>. Libmkmihd y `xtrmy`ihd `k pdh`r h` km Xl`rrm I`crm h` kms prdguihlhmh`s jtúiljms, km s`rpl`it` Auihmklil
m trmvìs h` km vlfrmjlúi h`k emitrm BME, s` `irdkkm bmjlm mrrlfm mbdrm bmstm `k j`itrd h` km cmrcmitm, `k
Jbmarm Wlsbuhhm.
Wlsbuhhm. ^`rgdrmihd y h`sp`rtmihd `st` jbmarm, ids `k`vmeds y jdi`jtmeds jdi km ^u`rtm h`k
Xl`epd y `k @spmjld, ui vlstmzd mk Mitljúseljd, `k Jmds prlelc`ild y mt`epdrmk h`k Wmjåd
Wmjåd y `k Mflsed,
jruzmrkd `i km `sjmsm jdijl`ijlm qu` pdhmeds t`i`r, `sgdrzíihdids pdr mkjmizmr y jdi`jtmr jdi kms `i`rcåms
h` km eu`rt` y `k sutlk jditrdk h` km tl`rrm.

Zmvmr, `k Mrjblhm`vm qu` `s `k vldk`itd, jmútljd y f`kljdsd Vuhrm, pds`` `k jdidjlel`itd h` kms vlfrmjldi`s y
`k sdilhd jded jkmv`s pmrm jr`mr y h`strulr
h`strulr.. @k jdseds `stí sde`tlhd m sus k`y`s gåsljms pdr ìk, p`rd pdh`eds
gdrzmr `k jmefld `i hlv`rsds crmhds pmrm hmrk` gdrem jded s`r`s jdisjl`it`s jdepu`stds h` ítdeds
clrmtdrlds qu` mue`itmi km `i`rcåm. @k prdpld idefr` h`k Jbmarm W Wlsbuhhm
lsbuhhm s` trmhuj` `i "purlgljmr'. @s `k
qu` s`pmrm kms lkusldi`s h`k iÿjk`d qu` hm gdrem m iu`strm r`mklhmh lit`rldr. Mquå,
Mquå, utlklzmihd emitrms y kds
jdiourds h` kds idefr`s h` pdh`r (`i jumkqul`r trmhljlúi) s` k` hm ui slcilgljmhd eís prdguihd.

Kms pmkmfrms qu` utlklzms pmrm jdeuiljmrt` `i `st` euihd ligkuy`i `i pmrt` y hmi gdrem (pmrm f`i`gljld d
hìgljlt) m tu r`mklhmh `i `stm vlhm. Mk hmr gdrem m tu p`rsp`jtlvm y p`rj`pjlúi h` tl elsed, m kms gdrtmk`zms y
`sp`jlmke`it` m kms h`flklhmh`s, `k usd h` kms pmkmfrms y `k sdilhd sdi uim mpkljmjlúi jdeÿi `i km Emclm y km
B`jblj`råm.
@k sdilhd `s uim vlfrmjlúi, uim `i`rcåm fmstmit` livlslfk` (p`rd qu` s` sl`it`). Kms pmkmfrms y kms grms`s,
h`p`ihl`ihd h` júed s` us`i, drh`imi y dfklcmi m jmt`cdrlzmr y pu`h`i mcltmr kms `edjldi`s y km
lemclimjlúi h` kms emsms.

@st` `s `k emydr pdh`r qu` kds cdf`rimit`s júseljds edidt`åstms (kkíe`s` km jmf`zm jded \ \mbvì
mbvì d mkcd
eís) y kms mutdrlhmh`s `i kds e`hlds h` jdeuiljmjlúi y km pdkåtljm, emi`omi m kds buemids jdi ju`rhms
livlslfk`s, jded emrldi`tms, bmjlìihdk`s jr``r y bmj`r tdhd tlpd h` jdsms s`rvlk`s y sli s`itlhd `i f`i`gljld
h` uids pdjds. @stm `s uim h` kms gdrems `i qu` `r`s jdihljldimhd, ligku`ijlmhd, jditrdkmhd y emit`ilhd
hdrelhd h` tu pdt`ijlmk kujlg`rlid jded kåh`r `i km vlhm (y pmrm km klf`rmjlúi `i km eu`rt`). Kds sdilhds
pu`h`i `k`vmr ` ligkulr `i tdhds
tdhds kds crmhds, `stmhd
`stmhdss h` íiled y mteúsg`rms
mteúsg`rms.. Kds pdh`r`s h` p`rsu
p`rsumslúi,
mslúi,
jumihd kms pmkmfrms ` leíc`i`s julhmhdsme`it` bmfkmhms sdi hlrlclhms jdi dfo`tlvds `i e`it`, dtrds
lihlvlhuds (lijkuy`ihd kms emsms hdrelhms) pu`h`i s`r k`itm y sutlke`it` hlrlclhds pmrm lijr`e`itmr km
`i`rcåm qu` `stís `ivlmihd. @k Mrjblhm`vm Zmvmr `s jmútljd ` lepr`vlslfk`, y `ijmrim km lij`rtlhuefr` y kms
k ms
lkusldi`s h` km buemilhmh, qu` hmizm sli rmzúi mk rlted qu` e emrjmi
mrjmi kds qu` kds cuåmi.

==. Jdi tu r`splrmjlúi råteljm, vlfrm `k emitrm DE, jdislst`it` y `igdjmhd, `k`vm km Auihmklil pmrm qu`
p`rgdr` y h`spl`rt`
jdijl`ijlm `i `k
`k j`itrd h` km
y `k hlvlid/h`ediåmjd. gr`it`,
Libmkm `k t`rj`rd
y mfr` Dod,
Dod, Moim,
`k Jbmarm `k Xrdid h` mrhl`it`
`k dod tu Hm`edi, e`hlmhdr`k`itr`
h` Mademi, tu
Mrjblhm`vm
Mrjblhm`vm h`
km E`it` Emkvmhm. Wlsumklzm
Wlsumklzm `k p`itmcrmem liv`rtlhd jded km `str`kkm h`k mutdhdelild y jditrdk. @i `stm
pu`rtm h` Klf`rmjlúi, jdit`epkm `k slcilgljmhd h` 'Moim', 'smf`r',
'smf`r', 'p`rjlflr“ y ppdr
dr ÿktled, 'emihmr' (d
'vdkuitmh'). Kd hm`eúiljd s` jdi`jtm y s` `xpr`sm m trmvìs h` tl y h` km vdkuitmh qu` `stís h`smrrdkkmihd. Km
gu`rzm h` tus mtrlfutds j`itrmk`s, `sds rmscds qu` kkmems "tu s`r", mue`itmi y `epdh`rmi km gu`rzm h` kms
`i`rcåms qu` mfrmzms jded km Emclm(a) y kms Mrt`s I`crms.

H`f`s lepdi`r r`sp`td id súkd m tus jdepmý`rds, slid tmeflìi m kds `spårltus y pdh`r`s qu` livdjms y jdi
kds qu` fusjms km jdeuilúi. @std r`qul`r` jdiglmizm `i uid elsed y uim vdkuitmh liqu`frmitmfk`, lijkusd
jumihd km t`itmjlúi t` dgr`j` uim crmtlgljmjlúi listmitíi`m m jdrtd pkmzd. Jdislh`rm `k kmrcd pkmzd y júed
pu`h`s pdi`r `i edvlel`itds
edvlel`itds `sds hls`ýds pmrm
pmrm jr`mr y h`strulr
h`strulr.. ^l`ism mbdrm qu` tu e`
e`it`,
it`, ju`rpd y `spårltu
s` `stíi jdi`jtmihd y `xpmihl`ihd pmrm qu` pu`hms `xpkdrmr
`xpkdrmr y hdelimr uim hlr`jjlúi jded km `ijmrimjlúi
h` `i`rcåms mjmsumk`s h`k vmjåd `xt`rldr h`k Jmds y h`k Mflsed. @k `qulklfrld `itr` kd h`ediåmjd y kd
micìkljd jded msp`jtds usmhds jded mrems pmrm jdiqulstmr `k euihd lit`rldr y `xt`rldr
`xt`rldr.. Xÿ tl`i`s h`itrd h`
tl `k pdh`r h` mhmptmrt` y tdemr gdrems gåsljms h` mju`rhd jdi tu `stmhd lit`rldr y h`s`d.
@stm `s km pu`rtm h` km mutd-klf`rmjlúi, pmrm bdirmr `k r`cmkd h` Kujlg`r y Zmtmiís `i km Kkmem I`crm. Kds
iuhds h` kds cumrhlmi`s h` km s`rpl`it` h` `stm pu`rtm h`f`i s`r h`s`irdkkmhds mk p`reltlr kds gmksds
jdij`ptds h` ui `cd ligkmhd, p`reltl`ihd qu` km h`flklhmh s` `stmfk`zjm mk lcidrmr mqu`kkd h` kdk d qu` `r`s
jdisjl`it` qu` s` jdislh`rm ui h`g`jtd `i tu jmríjt`r h` p`rj`pjlúi. @sjujbm julhmhdsme`it` km cuåm h` tu
Hm`edi, id lepdrtm juíi hìflk s`m km lituljlúi mbdrm. M e`hlhm qu` mue`itms `i príjtljm y pdh`r tu
Hm`edi s` vu`kv` eís jkmrd y `s uim `splrltumklhmh qu` pu`h`s vmklhmr p`rsdimke`it`.

Kms `splrmk`s psåquljms h` kms s`rpl`it`s h` Mademi sdi prdt`jtdr`s imturmk`s r`strljtlvds qu` jl`rrmi kms
pu`rtms h` kd `xt`rldr,
`xt`rldr, kd qu` s` mfr` mk Mitljúseljd `i ui p`qu
p`qu`ýd
`ýd ilv`k. Jdidj`rs` m så els
elsed
ed `s
lh`itlgljmr kds rmscds y jdepdi`it`s j`itrmk`s qu` t` lh`itlgljmi jdi kd qu` t` bmj` s`r ui lihlvlhud. Kms
lkusldi`s h`f`i s`r qu`emhms, h`spdoíihds` h` km vl`om pl`k pmrm `xpmihlr y gdrtmk`j`r tu Mpdt`dsls. M
e`hlhm qu` t` jdij`itrms y t` mjkmrms `i mkcuids puitds s`ijlkkds, km Auihmklil vm m msj`ih`r m trmvìs h`k
Jbmarm Moim bmstm km Pilúi Lig`rim
Lig`rimk.k.

=6. Libmkmihd y `xbmkmihd el`itrms s` vlfrm `k emitrm, MPE,MPE, km Auihmklil s` `xt`ih`rí pdr jdepk`td pmrm
`itrmr `i `k Jbmarm Zmbmsrmrm, `k pìtmkd elk v`j`s mfl`rtd jdi kds hds Ju`rids h` mutdrlhmh, pdh`r y smflhuråm
pmrm liljlmr km Pilúi Lig`rimk.
Lig`rimk. M
Mquå
quå `stí km ^u`rtm mk W
Wmjåd,
mjåd, `k Mflsed
Mflsed `i `k qu` kds jljkds hh`` Klf`rmjlúi,
Lkuelimjlúi y Mpdt`dsls
Mpdt`dsls s` vu`kv`i jkmrds jded `k jrlstmk y s` mkli`mi jdi tu Hm`edi y tu E`it`
Jdisjl`it`.
Zmbmsrmrm d `k Jbmarm h` km Jdrdim `s km uilhmh Mkquåeljm I`crm h` Klkltb (Auihmklil) uilìihds` jdi
Zmem`k (`k Mrjdit` h`ediåmjd eís mkkí h` km Kkmem I`crm - h`r`jbd h` imjlel`itd h`k ju`rpd, e`it` y
`spårltu h`k Z`r), `ic`ihrmihd m Jbldm km F`stlm ]klgútljm, jdidjlhm tmeflìi jded Fmpbde`t y Jmåi.

@k Jbmarm h` km Jdrdim tmeflìi `stí msdjlmhd jdi `k ]klpbútbljd Xbmuel`k, kds fljìgmkds fmod kds pdh`r`s h`
Zmtíi y Edkdjb. Libmkmihd y `xbmkmihd, sl`it` km `i`rcåm h` kds hds qu` jr`mi `k Mhv`rsmrld, Mbrlemi y Mz-
O`b, Zmem`k y Klkltb, d lijkusd Zblvm y Auihmklil `i `k qu` `k `qulklfrld h` km emt`rlm y `k `spårltu, km gu`rzm y
`k gu`cd, km idjb` y `k håm, `k rdod y `k i`crd s` ui`i `i lcumkhmh pmrm lisplrmr y jdepk`e`itmr bmjlm km
Mpdt`dsls`itr`
mitdrjbm h`k Mh`ptd
Mh`p
`kkds.tdZl`it`
I`crd, slefdklzmhd
júed jded
`st` pdh`r km F`stlm
jlrjukm h` Hds jdi
y s` `xpmih` Ju`rids, jdih`
zmrjlkkds km Kkmem I`crm jded
gu`cd mrhl`it` y i`crurm
sdefråm, tdhd `kkd el`itrms e`odrm tu prdplm murm mhqulrl`ihd ui tdid jdivlij`it`, fmsmhd `i `k `stmhd h`
íiled y `k h`s`d lit`rid h` kms `edjldi`s.
@st` jbmarm `s km pu`rtm h` `itrmhm mk Mflsed, mk W
Wmjåd,
mjåd, hdih` `k tl`epd `s llkleltmhd,
kleltmhd, sl`ihd `k Jmds sl`epr`
jmeflmit`, eutmfk` y trmisgdremhdr. Kds gu`cds kuelidsds qu` `k Mhv`rsmrld r`cmkm m kds h` km Kkmem I`crm
sdi km jdijl`ijlm elsem h` km e`it` klfr` y mutdh`t`relimhm, `k Hm`edi y km E`it` Jdisjl`it` uilìihds`
pdr fr`v`s ede`itds,
ede`itds, `k rmyd h` Zmtíi jmy`ihd `i tl, dtdrcmihd km emo`studs
emo`studslhmh
lhmh kujlg`rlim h`k pdt`ijlmk
eís mkkí h` kd e`rme`it` jmrimk y km sup`rgljlmklhmh h` km prlslúi h` km emt`rlm qu` kkmemeds euihd y `k
jdseds. @i kds ede`itds h` `stm Pilúi Lig`rimk, vlsumklzm `k Z`kkd h` Kujlg`r gkme`mihd h`sh` km Jdrdim
bmjlm mfmod bmstm tu Jbmarm Moim, vdkvlìihds` i`crd y `isdefr`jl`ihd `i `k X`rj`r Dod y `k trdid h`
dsjurlhmh h` Mademi.

Kujlg`r `s ui `spårltu lkuelimhdr h` km kuz, tmi `qulklfrmhd jded lcumke`it` h`strujtdr `i km emilg`stmjlúi
h` Zmtmiís. @i `st` `stmhd, bms h`sp`rtmhd y uilhd kms Zl`t` Jmf`zms h`k Hrmcúi Vdod, qu` `stí `ijmrimhd `i
hlv`rsds crmhds h`itrd h` tl.
@stm `s uim gu`rzm h` crmi ìxtmsls y km `efrlmcu`z h` pdh`r, km mutdrlhmh y km vdkuitmh h` bl`rrd. ^rle`rd
`xp`rle`itms y mue`itms `k pdh`r y km mutdrlhmh lit`rime`it`, ku`cd, s`cÿi kd h`s``s y `kloms, bmjlm gu`rm `i
tu vlhm y sl `s tu vdkuitmh,
vdkuitmh, `k jmelid Mitl- Júseljd Kujlg`r
Kujlg`rlid
lid y jmelids slelkmr`s.

=:. Mbdrm
Mbdrm kk`vmrís, jdi km llibmkmjlúi
ibmkmjlúi y km `xbmkmjlúi, m km Auihmklil bmjlm mfmod, h` iu`vd bmjlm su
`irdkkmel`itd `i `k Jbmarm Eukmhbmrm. M jditliumjlúi,
jditliumjlúi, r`mklzm `k rltumk d km j`r`edilm qu` bmyms pkmi`mhd.
Km Auihmklil pu`h` `stmr `i uilúi jdi `k Xrdid h` Mbrlemi d Zmem`k mkcÿi tl`epd eís mkkí h` `std, muiqu`
s` r`s`rvm pmrm kds Mh`ptds I`crds ems `xp`rle`itmhds, ym qu` pu`h` s`r `xtr`emhme`it` p`klcrdsd pmrm `k
prlijlplmit`, p`rd gu`rt`e`it` f`i`gljldsd
f`i`gljldsd pmrm `k kujlg`rlid jdi `xp`rl`ijlm
`xp`rl`ijlm pmrm trmfmods h` t`urclm
t`urclm
h`ediåmjm sup`rldr,
sup`rldr, jded dfo`tlvds h` jdeuilúi mitljúseljm jdi `sds pdh`r`s s`e`omit`s m km eu`rt` eís
mkkí h`k vmjåd. ^u`h` usmrs` pmrm fusjmr kms hlg`r`it`s `sg`rms d ilv`k`s h` `xlst`ijlm, `xpkdrmihd kms
pdslflklhmh`s y fusjmihd
fusjmihd vmklhmr tus trmfmods `i `st`
`st` s`itlhd. Dgr`zjm mcrmh`jlel`itd
mcrmh`jlel`itd m kms Eísjmrms H`ågljms
d pdh`r`s jdi kds qu` t` jdi`jtmst`, t`i`r ui Jrlstmk pmrm tus trmfmods h` Jbmarm, mkemj`imihd y hlrlcl`ihd
`i`rcåm, `s sl`epr` r`jde`ihmfk`. Jl`rrm `k trmfmod sl kd h`s`ms jdi uim klfmjlúi h`rrmemhm y mpmcm kms v`kms
d jl`rrm h` jumkqul`r emi`rm qu` jdislh`r`s jdiv`il`it`.

E@HLXMJLÚI H@K H@WDVMHDV H@ EPIHDZ

^`reåtms` `k emcd kujlg`rlid mfrmzmr km sdefrm y km dsjurlhmh qu` Mbrlemi k` bm dtdrcmhd, y qu` jdi `k
Ju`rpd h` kms Xlil`fkms vlsumklj` ui euihd `i `k qu` h`vdrmr y jdisuelr jded klf`rmjlúi h`k `spårltu. @stm
`s uim e`hltmjlúi pr`pmrmtdrlm pmrm mhqulrlr km vlslúi h` kds msp`jtds h`strujtdr`s y h`vdrmhdr`s h`k
Mhv`rsmrld, `s`ijlmk pmrm km jdepr`islúi h`k `qulklfrld `itr` km Kuz y km Dsjurlhmh.

@k slefdklsed qu` jdepdi` `k t`olhd h` km lemclimjlúi mfmrjm mquå tmitd kds msp`jtds h` kd júseljd (kms
K`y`s h` km Imturmk`zm, km Zup`rvlv`ijlm h`k Eís M Mptd,
ptd, `tj.) jded h` kd mitljúseljd (km sdefrm eís mkkí h`k
drh`i júseljd, sli k`y y sli tl`epd,
t l`epd, qu` r`gk`om kd prledrhlmk). @stí `sp`jågljme`it` h`sprdvlstd h`
jdij`ptds h` edrmk, ìtljm y t`ih`ijlms jukturmk`s jded `k "fl`i" y `k "emk". Z` trmtm slepk`e`it` h` uim
e`hltmjlúi h` jdij`itrmjlúi pmrm jdivdjmr kms `i`rcåms prlemrlms h`k Jbmarm Vmåz y, pdst`rldre`it`, kds
msp`jtds h`pr`hmhdr`s h` kds dtrds j`itrds h` pdh`r h` kds jbmarms. Eísjmrms hlvlims, jded Amkl, Zblvm,
Zmem`k, Klkltb d jumkqul`r dtrm, pu`h`i s`r mhmptmhms `i sus e`hltmjldi`s. Km prlijlpmk mquå `stí msdjlmhm
jdi M`sbem, km gu`rzm hlr`jtdrm h` kds Mrjblhm`vms edtlvmhm pdr Mbrlemi.

=. Libmkmihd y `xbmkmihd pmrm `stmfk`j`r tu rlted, jdel`izm h`itrd h` tu Jbmarm Vmåz, `k`vmihd km Auihmklil
h`sh` kms prdguihlhmh`s h` km Xl`rrm I`crm. W
Wlfrm
lfrm jmhm uid h` kds emitrms y, jdi `k ìxtmsls jdij`itrmhd,
h`struy` kd qu` `s smcrmhd mit` tl, jdisuelìihdkd tdhd `i `k tdrr`it` h` Gu`cd h`k Hrmcúi `i `k qu` t` bms
jdiv`rtlhd.

6. Km Auihmklil p`rgdrm y ui` m jmhm uid h` kds Jbmarms, `i`rclzíihdkds `i ede`itds h` purm gu`rzm y
ìxtmsls. Jmhm msdjlmjlúi emt`rlmklstm qu` s` lh`itlgljm jded "lkusldi`s"
"lk usldi`s" `i tu vlhm, `sp`jågljme`it` km
prlemrlm, h`f` s`r jru`ke`it`
jru`ke`it` h`strulhm y h`vdrmhm pdr km h`strujtlvm y mitljúsetljm `i`rcåm
`i`rcåm h` km Kkmem
I`crm.
:. Amkl jded Zbmatl h`spl`rtm y ui` kms jmf`zms h` kds Mrjblhm`vms, kms sl`t` jmf`zms h`k Hrmcúi, uilhms pdr
`k Mh`ptd I`crd `i `k Jbmarm Jdrdim, s`h` h` km Pilúi Lig`rimk, Amkl y Zblvm, y Zmem`k y Klkltb. Xl`i`s km
Eísjmrm H`ågljm h` km milqulkmjlúi y h`strujjlúi h` kds dfstíjukds lit`rids y h` kms h`flklhmh`s kdjmklzmhm.
@std id s` id s` jdepk`tm `i ui sdkd trmfmod, slid m kd kmrcd mýds h` `itr`imel`itd jdi km h`flhm h`hljmjlúi.
Km vlslúi lit`rim mfr` eujbms pu`rtms m km
k m smflhuråm djuktm y `k pdh`r
pdh`r..

XPIIMIP E@KMBMZLE LZLXP FMXIP (XPIIMIP @IJMIXMIHD @K

GP@CD H@ KM Z@V^L@IX@)

Kds Zl`t` Jbmarms y kds sl`t` `spårltus emklcids

*^ufkljmhd drlclimke`it` `i ‛Hrmcdi dg tb` Xwd Gkme`s―

Km trmisgdremjlúi h`k mh`ptd i`crd `i Xuiimiu Lstmel Kmbu, `k Hrmcúi-Z`rpl`it` lkuelimhd jdi Lsltu y
Hmflfu, qu` s` emilgl`stm jded Lsltu Fmtiu, km s`rpl`it` h` gu`cd. @st` trmfmod h` Jbmarm gu` pufkljmhd
drlclimke`it` `i "@k Hrmcúi h` kms Hds Kkmems".
Z` trmtm h` uim pdslfk` gúreukm h` b`jblj`råm mkt`rimtlvm pmrm mjj`h`r m kms `i`rcåms h` kds Jbmarms, j`itrmhm
`i km h`edidkdcåm b`fr`m y jrlstlmim h` Zlrlm y ^mk`stlim.
Kds Jbmarms sdi, h` b`jbd, uim príjtljm h` km Lihlm y `stíi msdjlmhds jdi `k Juktd \\mtualb
mtualb lihd-lrmiå h` kds
Kujlg`rlmids1 `k slcilgljmhd y `k pdh`r msdjlmhds jdi km livdjmjlúi h` Zbmatl/Auihmklil m trmvìs h` kds
puitds h` kds Jbmarms `stmfk`j` uim prdguihm uuilhmh
ilhmh y jdi`xlúi `splrltumk jdi kds Zl`t` @spårltus Emklcids
Emklcids
y p`relt` mk Hm`edi lihlvlhumk kk`cmr m s`r `i ui tl`epd rmzdimfk` lkuelimhd y jdisjl`it` `i km Kkmem
I`crm.

@k Mh`ptd I`crd, mk e`hltmr sdfr` jmhm puitd h`k Jbmarm y s` @spårltu r`c`it`, rdh`m su pdh`r `i `k qu` `k
Hm`edi jdi`jtmhd jdi jmhm puitd jdij`itrm uim `i`rcåm eícljm qu` `s `xtr`emhme`it` lit`ism `
lcumke`it` p`klcrdsm. Km Eísjmrm H`ågljm h` '_mfuku \
\me',
me', '^råijlp` \
\me'
me' `i `k h`pr`hmhdr prledrhlmk `
listlitlvd h` Xuiimiu Lstmel Kmbu, lkuelimhd jdi kms Hds H`edilds h` km Kkmem I`crm, Lsltu (Gu`cd) y
Hmflfu (Kkmem). @stms hldsms s` emilgl`stmi jded km Zbmatl-Auihmklil y trm`i `i uilhmh kds Zl`t` @spårltus
Lepurds y kds puitds Jbmarm.

@k Mh`ptd I`crd, mk e`hltmr sdfr` jmhm uid h` sus Jbmarms y `k @spårltu r`c`it` h` jmhm uid h` `kkds, `stí
rdh`mihd su pdh`r, ui pdh`r mk qu` `k Hm`edi `stí jdi`jtmhd m trmvìs h` jmhm puitd `i`rcìtljd,
jdij`itrmihd uim `i`rcåm eícljm qu` `s `xtr`emhme`it` lit`ism ` lcumke`it` p`klcrdsm. Km Eísjmrm H`ågljm
h` '_mfuku
jdi kds Hds\me',
\H`edilds
me', '^råijlp` \
\me'
h` km me' `i kd
Kkmem prledrhlmk
I`crm, y h`pr`hmhdr
Lsltu (Gu`cd) listlitlvd
y Hmflfu h` Xuiimiu Lstmel Kmbu, lkuelimhd
(Kkmem).

@stms hldsms s` emilgl`stmi jded Zbmatl-Auihmklil y ui`i m kds Zl`t` @spårltus Lieuihds. y kds puitds h`
Jbmarm.

KDZ JBMAVMZ, KDZ 3 J@IXVDZ H@ @I@VCÅM

Kds Jbmarms sdi puitds `sp`jågljds h` jditmjtd `i kds qu` km k m `i`rcåm gkuy` h`sh` `k Jbmarm Vmåz m km Jdrdim1
`k r`suktmhd `s uim jmitlhmh mktme`it` jmrcmhm h` `i`rcåm mstrmk, '`spårltu' qu` pu`h` s`r hlrlclhd bmjlm `k
`xt`rldr pmrm emilg`stmr tus h`s`ds m trmvìs h` km
k m emclm d h` km fruo`råm. Km hlsjlpklim gdrtmk`j` tu emclm y s`
prdy`jtm gu`rm h` tu ju`rpd jded ui @spårltu, mk lcumk qu`
qu` kds I`pblkle (kds `spårltus emklcids s` eu`v`i h`
sus ju`rpds) d uim Gu`rzm H`ediåmjm. M e`hlhm qu` t` sl`it`s eís jdi`jtmhd y pdh`rdsd jdi `st` tlpd h`
príjtljm, tu ^slqu` (kd qu` bmj`
bmj` qu` tu p`rsdimklhmh s`m "tÿ")
"tÿ") y tu Hm`edi (tu W W`rhmh`rm
`rhmh`rm
Wdkuitmh/@spårltu/H`s`d Listlitlvd) s` `itr`kmzmi k`itme`it` m trmvìs h` km Auihmklil, tmeflìi jdidjlhm
jded 'Kms Hds Kkmems', Lsltu y Hmflfu. Mefms s` `irdkkmi bmjlm mrrlfm m trmvìs h` jmhm j`itrd h` `i`rcåm
bmstm qu` s` h`spl`rtmi kds jbmarms Moim y Jdrdim. Zus hlsjlpklims `splrltumk`s tmk`s jded km prdy`jjlúi h`
su`ýds (su`ýds kÿjlhds), km prdy`jjlúi mstrmk jdisjl`it`, `k mue`itd h` km gr`ju`ijlm h` mhlvlimjlúi y `k
pdh`r h` "dfklcmr" e`itmke`it` m dtrds
dtrds m bmj`r tu vdkuitmh `s mktme`it` sutlk p`rd msdefrds
msdefrdsm.
m.

M e`hlhm
'vlslúi' `i qu` dft`icms
`k pkmid mstrmkr`suktmhds `ipuitd.
bmstm jl`rtd tu h`smrrdkkd eícljd,
Kds pdh`r`s jde`izmrís
msdjlmhds m jdepr`ih`r
jdi kds km Mlr`
@spårltus h`k hlsjlpklim h` t`i`r
sdi edkh`mhds
y pdt`ijlmhds pdr kds j`itrds h` jbmarm mrhl`it`s qu` `stíi mhdrimhds y "`i gdrem h` r`edklid" pdr
p`qu`ýds "Zdk`s" h` Kkmem I`crm. Iu`strd hd hdfk`
fk` mstrmk, gdrtmk`jlhd y smimhd pdr iu`strm hlsjlpklim `
liljlmjlúi vdkuitmrlm jdi iu`strds j`itrds h` pdh`r y ku`cd m trmvìs h` iu`strds rltds ` lijkusd `k trmfmod
`i`rcìtljd vmepårljd pmrm kds qu` `stìi `i slitdiåm jdi `st` jmelid.

Eukmhbmrm Jbmarm - H`edild? Jumrtd @spårltu h`k Mlr`Mlr` - Fms` h` km Jdkueim W W`rt`frmk?
`rt`frmk? Dkgmtd, km
edrmhm h` km Z`rpl`it` h` kms ^rdguihlhmh`s1 Jdkdr? Memrlkkd1 V`clúi? ^kmid gåsljd, tl`rrm.

Km Auihmklil/Zbmatl sdi kms Hds Kkmems I`crms qu` lkuelimi `k Xuiimi/X

Xuiimi/Xmiili,
miili, km gdrem prledrhlmk h`
_mfuku \me.
\me. Kms hds hldsms msuel`rdi su gdrem h` s`rpl`it` mrhl`it` qu` mk mtrmv`smr jmhm uid h` kds Zl`t`
^uitds y @spårltus Emklcids, ui`i su pdh`r y `i`rcåm `i km W Wdkuitmh,
dkuitmh, `k H`s`d y km Jr``ijlm h`k Mh`ptd
I`crd.
Hmflfu ` Lsltu sdi kms hds H`lhmh`s h` Gu`cd qu` msj`ih`ríi y pdt`ijlmríi su s`r. @i km fms` h` km jdkueim
v`rt`frmk `stí `k kucmr h` km
k m s`rpl`it` `irdsjmhm. Auihmklil h`sjmism mquå, `i km dsjurlhmh, `sp`rmihd m s`r
mcltmhm bmjlm mrrlfm y m `ij`ih`r km e`it`, `k ju`rpd y `k `spårltu jdi `k r`spkmihdr h` km Kkmem I`crm. @k
jdkdr memrlkkd mquå `s km fms` b`redsm, smflm y jdiqulstmhdrm.

Z`itmhd y qul`td, p`relt` qu` tu r`splrmjlúi s`m jditrdkmhm k`itme`it` pdr tu vdkuitmh hurmit` `k tl`epd qu`
h`s``s. ]u`rrís `ep`zmr jdi jlijd eliutds, ku`cd hl`z y mså suj`slvme`it`. @st` `s `k lepuksd listlitlvd,
prledrhlmk y h`pr`hmhdr qu`
qu` surc` m trmvìs hh`` iu`strm e`it` jdisjl`it` bmjlm
bmjlm iu`strds dfo`tlvds. Km uilhmh
uilhmh
h` km Kkmem I`crm, `k Zdk y km Kuim s` `iju`itrmi mquå jumihd Hmflfu jdel`izm m `k`vmrs` jdi Lsltu
mkr`h`hdr h`k Hrmcúi, `k crmi pdh`r h` km tl`rrm qu` `s \\me-Imbmr
me-Imbmr..

Kds pdh`r`s h`k mlr` s` mcltmi pdr prle`rm v`z mquå e`hltmihd sdfr` km Auihmklil. Wlsumklzm `k euihd qu` t`
rdh`m y júed pu`h`s dfklcmrkd m pk`cmrs` m tu vdkuitmh. Dfs`rvmihd, p`rjlflrís kds `stmhds h` íiled y kds
p`ismel`itds h` kds h`eís,
h`eís, lijkuy`ihd sus pmtrdi
pmtrdi`s
`s h` p`ismel`itd, m e`iuh
e`iuhdd rdtds, `i kds qu` pu
pu`h`s
`h`s
ligkulr bmstm jl`rtd puitd, `i fms` m km `i`rcåm h` iu`strd j`r`frd y su `xt`islúi eís mkkí h` iu`strd
ju`rpd gåsljd. @k Mh`ptd I`crd pu`h` jditrdkmr su e`it`, su r`splrmjlúi y jditrdkmr `s` listlitd prledrhlmk y
km pmslúi pmrm jmimklzmr km `i`rcåm h` uim emi`rm eís jdij`itrmhm.

Wlsumklzm km Z`rpl`it` h` Gu`cd, kms Eísjmrms H`ågljms h` Lsltu, Hmflfu, _mflfu (km emilg`stmjlúi h` km
Kkmem I`crm h` Fmmk-_`fuf) y `k K`vlmtíi qu` r`pr`s`itm `k jårjukd h`k yd. Mquå s` `iju`itrm tu guihme`itd
y gu`it` h` `ijmrimjlúi, pdr kd qu` `s, mit` tdhd, `k puitd h` Jbma
Jbmarmrm eís lepdrtmit`. ^u`h`s utlklzmr
utlklzmr km
Eísjmrm H`ågljm h` Fmmk-_`fuf utlklzmihd `k `k`e`itd mlr` m trmvìs h` km r`splrmjlúi pmrm mpr`ih`r s`jr`tds d
pdt`ijlmk`s `i `k guturd lie`hlmtd.
lie`hlmtd. @k Mh
Mh`ptd
`ptd I`crd, sl `s bíf
bíflk
lk y mvmizmhd, pu`h` tmeflìi mpr`i
mpr`ih`r
h`r m
utlklzmr kds lepuksds qu` prdpdrjldi
prdpdrjldimi
mi `k jdidjlel`itd listlitlvd y usmr
usmr `st` jdidjlel`itd `i su prdpld
prdpld
f`i`gljld. Jdijìitrmt` y vlsumklzm
vlsumklzm km Z`rpl`it` h` Gu`cd `irdkkíihds`
`irdkkíihds` k`itme`it` y rdh`mihd tu tu jdkueim
v`rt`frmk bmjlm mrrlfm, bmjlm `k Jbmarm Zvmhblstbmim, mtrmv`síihdkd p`rgdríihdkd
p`rgdríihdkd y kk`vmihd km `i`rcåm y `k
pdh`r r`jlìi h`sp`rtmhds p`rd jditrdkmhds m ui iiu`vd
u`vd ilv`k. V`ju`rhm, AuAuihmklil/Zbmatl
ihmklil/Zbmatl `s km jdijl`ijlm `i
su `stmhd jr`mtlvd y h` pdh`r. Pim v`z h`sp`rtmhm, km Emclm `s `xtr`emhme`it` `k`vmhm y `igdjmhm.

Zvmhblstbmim Jbmarm - H`edild? Z`xtd @spårltu

@spårltu h`k Custd (k`icums ffåglhms)
åglhms) - Vmåz h`k kds Úrcmids h`
r`prdhujjlúi? zdim h`k defklcd, klc`rme`it` pdr h`fmod - rmzúi, `edjlúi, mcr`slúi, dft`ijlúi, kuourlm.
- Jdkdr ? Fkmijd. - V`clúi? Mcum, `k jmds mflsmk h` `k djìmid prledrhlmk
prledrhlmk h` \me.
\me.

Jdij`itríihds` `i `st` Jbmarm, `k `k`e`itd mcum sue`rc` mk Mh`ptd I`crd. @k mcum g`rtlklzm y mkle`itm kd
qu` `stí sdfr` km tl`rrm1 `i `k sufjdisjl`it` `stí km dsjurm gdrtmk`zm h` iu`strds h`s`ds t`rldiljds y
prledrhlmk`s, kuourlms pmsldi`s
pmsldi`s y bmefr`s prdguihms.
prdguihms. E`hltmihd sdfr` `st` Jbmarm `k Mh`ptd I`crd h`f`rí
`imrh`j`r km e`it` y dft`ihrí hlv`rsds pdh`r`s psåquljds, `k Hm`edi/Mcmtbdhmledi s`rí `i mkcuids jmsds
jdidjlhd pdr `k A`ssmple (`k Mh`ptd I`crd) y km smflhuråm listlitlvm k` culmrí. @k jdidjlel`itd h` kms
`itlhmh`s mstrmk`s s` `iju`itrm mquå, mså kms Hds Kkmems, Lsltu y Hmflfu, s`ríi jded crmih`s h`edilds h`k
h`sp`rtmr qu` lisplrmríi mk Mh`ptd I`crd m k`vmitmrs` y mpdh`rmrs` h`k euihd qu` ìk d `kkm h`s`mi. Mquå s`
mkjmizm pdr prle`rm v`z `k h`sp`rtmr h` Edt1 jdepr`ih`r qu` bmy eujbds gmjtdr`s y ilv`k`s h` jdijl`ijlm y
r`sp`tmr ` lijkusd rdh`mrs` h` kds pdh`r`s h` Edt.

Emilpurm Jbmarm - H`edild? Z`cuihd @spårltu h`k Gu`cd y km Wlstm @ii`cr`jlhds, `k Dod h`k Emk - ^k`xd
Zdkmr Gu`rzm y ^dh`r h` Jmríjt`r, V`f`khåm, h`s`d h` emihd `i tl`rrm y `spårltu, gu`rzm h` vdkuitmh. Jdkdr?
Vdod (gu`cd) y Iuf`s Dsjurms. V`clúi? Gu`cd (Km Kkmem I`crm)

@k Z`cuihd H`edild h`k Gu`cd y km Wlstm, lkuelimhd pdr Lsltu y Hmflfu h`spl`rtm `k Dod h`k H`edild `i tu
lit`rldr, tus pdh`r`s mue`itmríi mquå pdr su mue`itd h` smkuh gåsljm. @k jdidjlel`itd djuktd s` `iju`itrm
mquå, `k H`edild jdidj` tus h`s`ds y tu e`it` jdisjl`it` t` r`v`kmrí kd qu` h`f` bmj`rs` pmrm kdcrmrkdcrmr tu
W`rhmh`rm Wdkuitmh y `k jmelid h`k pdh`r. Kds eujbds Dods h`k Z`cuihd @spårltu Emklcid t` trm`i eujbd
pdh`r, trmisglrlìihdkd
trmisglrlìihdkd tmeflìi m tl. Zus hhl`it`s,
l`it`s, hmgklmhds y jru`k`s, s` `xtl`ih`i h`sh` su fd
fdjm
jm pmrm h`vdrmr
kd qu` v` y h`s`m. Zus ju`rids sdi kds h`k pdh`r. Jdepr`ih` `k Gu`cd h` Lsltu y km Kkmem h` Hmflfu y júed
mefds sdi crmih`s t`sdrds pmrm `k Mh`ptd I`crd.

Mimbmtm Jbmarm - H`edild? Zìptled @spårltu h` Júpukm Z`xumk, Xd Xdqu`

qu` y Wu`kd @splrltumk y Wlmo` Mstrmk-
Jdrmzúi y j`itrd ‚ V`clúi? - Mlr`, @spårltu y msdjlmhd jdi Fmmk-_`fuf `k Hlds h` kds Mktds Jl`kds. Xmeflìi
h`s`d s`xumk, `k jdltd y km uilúi h` kds Jl`kds y km Xl`rrm qu` h`spl`rtm `k I`crd Kkmem h`k `stlemhd @spårltu
jdiqulstmhdr y h`pr`hmhdr.
h`pr`hmhdr. - Jdkdr? Mbuemhd
Mbuemhd,, prdguihd rdod smicr` y jded uim iuf` h` bued smkl`ihd h`k
gu`cd.

@it`ihl`ihd qu` km uilúi h` km Kkmem I`crm jdi `k h`s`d h`k `spårltu tmeflìi s` j`itrm `i `k h`s`d s`xumk y
`i kms kuourlms prlemrlms qu` ids lepuksmi `i km vlhm1 km e`it` hlsjlpklimhm y jditrdkmhm hm gdrem m `stm
`i`rcåm prledrhlmk bmjlm pmkmfrms y mjjldi`s listlitlvme`it` f`iìgljms, jdivlrtl`ihd mså hljbm `i`rcåm
t`rlúiljm `i ^dh`r @splrltumk. Kds qu` e`hltmi `i `st` Jbmarm y jdi `k Zìptled @spårltu `iju`itrmi qu` kds
^dh`r`s h`k Mlr` k`s sdi dtdrcmhds pdr kms eísjmrms msdjlmtlvms d Eísjmrms H`ågljms1 pdhríi vdkmr pdr `k mlr`
m trmvìs h` su Ju`rpd Mstrmk d @spårltu, pmrm ui prmjtljmit` h` km Emclm(a) W
Wmepyrljm
mepyrljm d @splrltumklstm
^r`hmtdrld, jded kds @spårltus Lepurds pdhríi `itrmr `i `k ju`rpd h` dtrd `i `k V`lid h` kds @spårltus y `i `k
^kmid Mstrmk.

Wlsbuhhbm Jbmarm ‚H`edild(s)? Xmitd `k X`rj`r

X`rj`r @spårltu h`k Dåhd jded `k ]ulitd @spårltu h`k Bmfkm ‚
Fms` h` km cmrcmitm ‚ V`clúi ‚ Ìt`r ‚ Jdkdr? Mzuk (Mlr` lig`rldr)

Km r`clúi h`k Ìt`r s` kkmem Mamsbm y s` p`rjlf` jded "Jl`kd" d kds "Jl`kds". @k @spårltu Kujlg`rlid `stí
jmrcmhd y `imrh`jlhd pdr kms pmsldi`s listlitlvms h` km Z`rpl`it` h` Gu`cd/Hmflfu/Lsltu qu` mtrmvl`sm `st`
Jbmarm. @k jdkdr mzuk h` `st` Jbmarm s` r`kmjldim jdi `k Ìt`r y `k Mlr` Lig`rldr h`k jumk `i `k Zlckd WL
Kujlg`r `s r`pr`s`itmhd `i ui Edsmljd `i Vmv`iim, Ltmklm. Km vdz, qu` drh`im y dfklcm e`hlmit` `k tdid
vdjmk y `k usd h`k k`icumo`, liljlm `k jmefld h`s`mhd tmitd lit`rime`it` (m trmvìs h` km vlfrmjlúi, `k jmitd y
km r`jltmjlúi) jded `xt`rime`it` (km eÿsljm, km pmkmfrm y km suc`stlúi pu`h`i hlrlclr km e`it` sufjdisjl`it`
h` dtrm p`rsdim). @k Jbmarm Wlsbuhhbm
Wlsbuhhbm `s km jdijl`ijlm purm y km `xlst`ijlm h`s`mhm h`k s`r `i `k tl`epd.
Mh`eís `s `k Jbmarm h` km jr`mtlvlhmh, km `kdju`ijlm, km `xpr`slúi y km lisplrmjlúi h` km pmkmfrm1 `k
Hm`edi/W`rhmh`rm Wdkuitmh s` emilgl`stm h` emi`rm gu`rt` h`itrd h` `st` Jbmarm. @k Mh`ptd I`crd
jde`izmrí m trm`r uilhmh, y pdr kd tmitd pdh`r lit`rid, m km Kkmem I`crm/Hmflfu/Lsltu jded km Z`rpl`it` h`
Gu`cd/Auihmklil y kds Zl`t` @spårltus Lepurd y sus j`itrds `sp`jågljds h` pdh`r, cdf`riíihdkds pmrm su
f`i`gljld y `epdh`rmel`itd p`rsdimk.
p`rsdimk.

Moim Jbmarm ‚ H`edild? ^rle`r @spårltu h` km Jdijl`ijlm Liedrtmk jdrdimhd `i km Kkmem I`crm
Pfljmjlúi? `itr` kms hds j`oms? t`rj`r dod1 Ckíihukm pli`mk. - V`clúi? Km E`it` - Jdkdr? Fkmijd lit`rjmkmhd
jdi rígmcms g`rdj`s h` km Kkmem I`crm mrhl`ihd pdr tdhms pmrt`s. @k ^rle`r @spårltu `stí r`pr`s`itmhd
ÿiljme`it` jdi km Kkmem I`crm y sli j`itrmhd fkmijd mpmr`it`.

@k Jbmarm Moim, lkuelimhd pdr `k ^rle`r @spårltu h` km Jdijl`ijlm Liedrtmk (km Wlhm) `s `k vístmcd `i`rcìtljd
y r`jlìi h`sp`rtmhd h` kds Jl`kds y h` km Xl`rrm/Ju`vms Jbtúiljms, gdsms, `tj. @k Mh`ptd
Mh`ptd I`crd qu` pu`h`
mfrlr `k X`rj`r Dod, slefúkljd h` su Hm`edi, qu` `s mqu`k qu` `s jmpmz h` hmr gdrem y emilg`stmr sus h`s`ds
`i km jmri`. Moim, 'Emihd', mquå `k Dod qu` s` `sgu`rzm pdr km liedrtmklhmh d km `xlst`ijlm `splrltumk h`spuìs
h` km eu`rt` gåsljm `i `k s`itlhd h` uim sdefrm d `spårltu W
Wmepårljd1
mepårljd1 km uilúi h` km pslqu` (km jdijl`ijlm, km
Wdkuitmh h` km Jmri`) y `k Hm`edi (`k jdidjlel`itd listlitlvd y km mrtljukmjlúi sup`rldr h`k yd `i uim gdrem
mvmizmhm h` `xj`k`ijlm h`k yd. Km Ckíihukm ^li`mk, `k t`rj`r dod djuktd `i kds buemids, `stí msdjlmhm jdi `k
Dod ^mrl`tmk
vlhm qu`emr
surclú h`k s` `iju`itrm
jmútljd. @i`iE`sdpdtmelm
k ms rmims, mkcuids
kms p`j`s
Xlmemt blzdysurclr
r`ptlk`s. Jdedsåefdkd
km vlhm, pdh`eds
h` v`r `i km Jl`ijlm,
km `vdkujlúi, tdhm km
el`itrms
qu` jdi \me,
\me, su pdh`r prledrhlmk, drh`im su vdkuitmh h` jdiv`rtlrs` `i jmri`.

Zmbmsrmrm Jbmarm ‚ @k H`edild h`k Mh`ptd I`crd ‚ Jdrdim ‚

@k Jbmarm Zmbmsrmrm `s km jdrdim h`k Mh`ptd I`crd, `k "trdid" h`k Hm`edi `i kms mkturms, kd qu` jdi`jtm jdi
kms Eísjmrms H`ågljms y r`kmjldim su pdh`r jdi kds msp`jtds r`kmjldimhds h` iu`strds sufjdisjl`it`. @k
Jdidjlel`itd h`k Hm`edi `s ui prdj`sd h` tdhm uim vlhm, tu prle`rm jdeuiljmjlúi jdi `k "gu`cd"
listlitlvd s`rí jded sl s` `ij`ihl`rm uim gmj`tm h` mcum euy k`itme`it`. ^dr supu`std, bmfrí iue`rdsms
pru`fms y "jbdqu`s" liljlítljds qu` trm`ríi ui iu`vd tlpd h` jdidjlel`itd h`k Hm`edi y júed `k c`ild s`
r`kmjldim jdi tu guturd. V`ju`rhm qu` tu Hm`edi `r`s 'Xÿ elsed jded ui Hlds d Hldsm, `k \ \dd `i ui ilv`k
eís mrtljukmhd h` pdt`ijlmk, tu jmelid dft`ilfk` bmjlm km mutd-`xj`k`ijlm. El`itrms qu` `k Hm`edi `s ui
jdij`ptd b`kìiljd, `k slcilgljmhd `i `k Kujlg`rlmilsed id pu`h` s`r lcidrmhd y pdr kd tmitd s` mhmptm mquå.

@O@VJLJLD H@ @K@WMJLÚI H@ XPIIMIP LZLXP FMZEP

Km príjtljm liljlmk h`k \dcm
\dcm jdislst` `i `stmfk`j`r uim jmkem lit`rldr, jdij`itrmjlúi y jdepk`td jditrdk h` km
e`it` y `k ju`rpd. Mk bmj`r `std m trmvìs h` km e`hltmjlúi hlsjlpklimhm, `itdij`s vlsumklzmrís m 'Hmflfu `
Lsltu' (Kms hds kkmems i`crms h` Xuiimiu) y jdi tu vdkuitmh y r`splrmjlúi jditrdkmhm, km Auihmklil d
Z`rpl`it` h` Gu`cd s` `irdsjmrí bmjlm mrrlfm mkr`h`hdr h` tu
t u jdkueim v`rt`frmk, p`rgdrmihd kds Zl`t` Jbmarms
msdjlmhds jdi kds Zl`t` @spårltus Emklcids y sus puitds h` pdh`r r`kmjldimhds jdi tu e`it` y `k ju`rpd.
Jumihd s` `ikmzmi, tu emclm kk`cmrí m ui ilv`k qu` prdfmfk`e`it` iuijm p`ismst` qu` mkjmizmråms tmi
ríplhme`it`. Pim v`z qu` `k Xuiimiu Auihmklil \ \dcm
dcm bm slhd hdelimhd, pdhrís `itrmr `i `k pkmid mstrmk `i
gdrem h` `spårltu, dfklcmr m kms Eísjmrms H`ågljms y H`edilds h` mju`rhd jdi tu Wdkuitmh y pr`pmrmr tu
e`it` pmrm sup`rmr h`smgåds d `kmfdrmr `strmt`clms jdi mstujlm hm`eúiljm y p`ismel`itd mrtljukmhd. H`sp`om
tu e`it` h` tdhds kds p`ismel`itds, jdkdjíihdt` `i pdsljlúi v`rtljmk, jdi kms pl`rims hdfkmhms. @st` `o`rjljld
jde`izmrí k`itme`it` y mue`itmrí jdi `k tl`epd m e`hlhm qu` mue`it` tu hlsjlpklim y `i`rcåm. Zì pmjl`it`
y mprdv`jbm kds ede`itds h`k håm `i kds qu` id t`icms `stmr edvlìihdt` y prmjtljm `k slk`ijld h` ju`rpd y
e`it`.
KM Z@V^L@IX@ H@ GP@CD, KKMEM I@CVM H@K LIGVMEPIHD \ KMZ HLDZMZ
HMFLFP @ LZLXP
Km Kkmem I`crm tl`i` eujbds tlpds hlg`r`it`s h` `i`rcåm y pdh`r qu` `xlst`i `i `k ju`rpd, km e`it` y `k
`spårltu buemids. Km gu`rzm elsem h` Auihmklil, kkmemhm mquå km hds Hldsms h` km Kkmem I`crm, Lsltu
(Gu`cd) y Hmflfu (Kkmem) qu` msue`i km gdrem gkulhm jded Klkltb, jded km Z`rpl`it` h` Gu`cd, `k elsed
pdh`r prledrhlmk qu` `ij`ihlú
`ij`ihlú iu`strd prdpld Hm`ed
Hm`edii ÿiljd y v`rtlú `i`r
`i`rcåm
cåm `i iu`strm W
W`rhmh`rm
`rhmh`rm W
Wdkuitmh.
dkuitmh.
@k Gu`cd-Z`rpl`it` `s kd qu` kds fmflkdilds kkmemfmi E`kmeeu, 'V`spkmihdr mt`rrmhdr', y km Kkmem I`crm `s
h`k gu`cd dsjurd h`k Ligrmeuihd..

Kms Hds Kkmems, vlsumklzmhms jded km "Z`rpl`it` h` Gu`cd", Auihmklil `e`rc` h` km fms` h`k ligrmeuihd
h`k Jbmarm Eukmhbmrm. Mså, `i r`kmjlúi jdi iu`strds h`s`ds sufjdisjl`it`s, kms Hds Kkmems h`spl`rtmi km
gu`rzm prledrhlmk h` Xuiimiu, km gdrem h` s`rpl`it`-hrmcúi h` \me
\me d K`vlmtíi.

H`sp`rtmr `st` h`s`d prlemrld y km gu`rzm vldk`itm mit`s h` tl`epd s` jdislh`rm p`klcrdsd, `k Mh`ptd I`crd
h`f` utlklzmr sus mjtlvlhmh`s jdtlhlmims y euihmims `i km vlhm pmrm h`sp`rtmr, hmr gdrem, jditrdkmr y dfklcmr m
kms Hds Hldsms h`k Gu`cd, Lsltu qu` emilgl`stm `k Listlitd, km W`rhmh`rm
W`rhmh`rm W
Wdkuitmh
dkuitmh y Hmflfu qu` `s km Kkmem
qu` s` emilgl`stm jded h`s`d mrhl`it` y gu`rzm prleltlvm. Jdis`culr km gu`rzm pmrm jditrdkmr km Z`rpl`it` h`
Gu`cd `s uim slepk` príjtljm hlmrlm h` mutdjditrdk, jdij`itrmjlúi y mpr`ihlzmo` pmrm r`jdidj`r kds j`itrds h`
pdh`r mså jded sus hlv`rsms emilg`stmjldi`s.
@k såefdkd h`k jmhuj`d `s uim mitlcum r`pr`s`itmjlúi id súkd h` km emclm, slid h` km smkuh y km
k m smflhuråm h`
kms s`rpl`it`s h` gu`cd qu` s` `irdsjmi `i kds
k ds j`itrds h` pdh`r h`k ju`rpd. @k Iliclsbzlhm sue`rldQvlU `s uim
eísjmrm hlvlim h`k ligrmeuihd qu` tmeflìi `s ui hlds h` km smkuh, km g`rtlklhmh y `k pdh`r h` km dsjurlhmh.
Kms hds s`rpl`it`s jdi ju`rids 'j`r`st`s' sdfr` sus bdefrds sdi ui drlc`i h`k Jmhuj`d. Kds crl`cds
mslelkmrdi mk hlds crl`cd h` km e`hljlim jdi `k @sbeui h` Zlhdilm, qu` `s `k drlc`i h`k íic`k vlclkmit`/jmåhd
Zb`elymzm.

^MKMFVMZ H@ ^DH@V
@k emitrm d km r`jltmjlúi h` uim pmkmfrm `sp`jågljm `s `k idefrmel`itd lit`rid h`k p`ismel`itd, t`il`ihd uim
lh`itlgljmjlúi sufjdisjl`it` ` lefuy`ihd mså km pmkmfrm jded ui pdh`r
pdh`r.. @k Jbmarm Eukmhbmrm s` h`spl`rtm
prle`rd m trmvìs h` uim vlfrmjlúi e`itmk d prdiuijlmhm h` h` uim pmkmfrm pmrm h`sp`rtmr km s`rpl`it` h` gu`cd.

H@Z^@VXMIHD
H@Z^@VXMIHD KM KKMEM I@CVM H@ KM Z@V^L@IX@
@i km pdsljlúi h`k Xrdid h` Fmmk Xuiimiu (h` km pdsturm h`k "Xrdid h` Wmorm" d h`k "Kdtd" `i `k \dcm, jdi
kms pl`rims jruzmhms y km `spmkhm r`jtm) hurmit` uids eliutds jmkem tu ju`rpd, `stmfk`j` ui rlted r`splrmtdrld
k`itd y h`sp`om tus p`ismel`itds h`k håm.

H`sp`rtmr km Z`rpl`it` h` Gu`cd `xlc` ui `sgu`rzd h`jlhlhd y hlsjlpklimhd h` km Wdkuitmh. H`sp`rtmr `k trdid
d msl`itd h` km Z`rpl`it` h` Gu`cd `s h`sp`rtmr kms jmpms lit`rims h` km Kkmem I`crm, pdr kd qu` Hmflfu
(Kkmem) surclrí prle`rd jdi km purm gu`rzm vldk`itm h`k h`s`d, km pmslúi, `k listlitd y kkmm kuourlm prledrhlmk.
Pim v`z qu` `std s` bmym jdepk`tmhd, kds dtrds j`itrds s` h`sp`rtmríi y km hldsm Lsltu (Gu`cd)
jdepk`e`itmrí y `qulklfrmrí m Hmflfu el`itrms kds hds sdi livdjmhds
l ivdjmhds `i `k ju`rpd prlemrld h` Xuiimiu, km
s`rpl`it`-hrmcúi. @k ju`rpd mstrmk d `spårltu `stmrí jdepk`tme`it` h`spl`rtd y gkuy`ihd jdi `i`rcåm dsjurm
qu` m su v`z jmrcmrí sus trmfmods rltumk`s y `k Hm`edi cmimrí pdh`r.

^VLE@VD ‚ Eukmhbmrm (fms` h` km jdkueim v`rt`frmk `itr` kds c`iltmk`s y `k mid)

JMIXD? Wlfrmr 'flt-tu-lkl-Hm-fl-fu' (3R)

@i km fms` h` km jdkueim v`rt`frmk, jdijìitr`s` `i `k jbmarm Eukmhbmrm y vlsumklj` uim s`rpl`it` hdrelhm
`irdsjmhm mkkå. @k jbmarm fms`, mquå `stí `k mflsed h`k ju`rpd1 km dsjurlhmh prledrhlmk h` km qu` Xuiimiu
sdstl`i` `k ju`rpd h`k Mh`ptd I`crd. Wlfrm k`itme`it` `k idefr` h` km Kkmem d "Hm-fl-fu" `i r`splrmjldi`s
jdislst`it`s
ju`rpd, jdedy slk`itms el`itrms
Hmflfu vlsumklzms
jr`jl`rm ui edvlel`itd
`i `k gu`cd, h`sp`rtmihdjmsl
y kmqul`td
jmf`zmh`msj`ihl`ihd
lhm y vu`ktm jdi
h` kmkdspmrt`
dodslig`rldr
dsjurdsh`k
mfrlìihds`. Auihmklil, km s`rpl`it` h` gu`cd s` lkuelim y `s tmi kuelidsm jded `k Vmyd h` Fmmk Bmhmh,
smjuhl`ihd kds jlel`itds h` km tl`rrm. @k Jumrtd @spårltu Emklcid h`k Mlr`, `k j`itrd memrlkkd jr`j` jdi km
kkmem `ii`cr`jlhm y h`sh` kms prdguihlhmh`s jtúiljms h` km tl`rrm s` mcltm km s`rpl`it` h` gu`cd.

Z@CPIHD? Zvmhblstbmim (ír`m c`iltmk h`fmod h`k defklcd)

JMIXD? Wlfrmr 'amk-fmt-tu-lkl-em-ls-l-tu' (3R)

Jumihd Hmflfu p`i`trm `i `k jbmarm Zvmhblstbmim, kms mcums mflsmk`s, qul`tms y slk`ijldsms, s` mcltmi y
`itrmi `i `fukkljlúi y edvlel`itd h`sdrh`imhd pdr km uilúi h` Hmflfu y Xuiimiu, km s`rpl`it`-hrmcúi. Km
kuourlm y kms `edjldi`s prlemrlms sdi `stleukmhms h`sp`rtmihd mså m km hldsm Lsltu, km ^`rrm-Kdfd h`k Gu`cd.
Hmflfu mcltm su ju`rpd h` kkmems s` `irdsjm bmjlm mrrlfm y p`rgdrm `k Zvmhblstbmim-Jbmarm y trm` `k jmds
h`sdrh`imhd `i kms Mcums, liguihl`ihd h`spuìs ui iu`vd s`itlhd h` Drh`i mk uilv`rsd sufo`tlvd h`k Mh`ptd
I`crd1 `k prle`r pmsd pmrm
pmrm cmimr `k jditrdk h` su e`it`,
e`it`, ju`rpd y `spårltu. @k Hrmcúi
Hrmcúi Emrlid tii, jdidjlhd
jded Xuiimiu `s jdivdjmhd h`sh` kms mcums mflsmk`s, \me, \me, jded h`s`d prledrhlmk jruhd y vldk`itd. @k
jdepdi`it` h` "kb" qu` slcilgljm "qu` k` p`rt`i`j`" lh`itlgljm mså qu` "lste kb", "Xl`i` hds kkmems" slcilgljm
"Xuiimiu". Lsltu, km hldsm jdi jmf`zm h` kdfd qu` r`pr`s`itm `k pdh`r h`vdrmhdr h` iu`strms kuourlms, `k
listlitd `s trmåhd `i uilúi jdi `k h`s`d y km kuourlm prledrhlmk`s, jdivlrtlìihds` mbdrm `i uim pmrt` h`
Xuiimiu qu` r`splrm kkmems h` gu`cd y bl`rv` kms mcums jdi km k m mp`rturm h` sus jdkelkkds mfl`rtds jded hmcms
y su k`icum fåglhm.
Xu ju`rpd mstrmk s` mcltm mbdrm, y pu`h`s s`itlr uim s`ismjlúi h` "vu`kd" y uim mcltmjlúi h` kds pdh`r`s h`k
mlr`. @k fkmijd h` km Kuim Jr`jl`it` h` mrrlfm prditd s` `jklpsm
`jkl psm jdi kds gu`cds dsjurds y `k bued h` Xuiimiu
Lstmel Kmbu, qu` rdep` kms ju`vms mjuítljms `i kms qu` msjl`ih` `k Z`xtd @spårltu Emklcid h`k Custd jdi
eujbms K`icums Flgurjmhms. Mquå,
Mquå, Lsltu jmeflm h` gdrem `itr` km hldsm h`k gu`cd y km h`vdrmhdrm jdi jmf`zm
h` kdfd, edstrmihd sus hl`it`s jdi gl`r`zm `i km qu` tdem km gdrem h` km s`rpl`it` h` gu`cd pmrm msj`ih`r
msj`ih`r..
Hmflfu s` jdivl`rt` `i km gdrem h` km edsjm-h`edilm `kkm, lisplrmihd m km ^slqu`/H`edild/Ju`
^slqu`/H`edild/Ju`rpd rpd Mstrmk m
`k`vmrs` m v`j`s h`k ju`rpd gåsljd, kms mcums h`k jmds lkuelimi `k Ju`rpd Mstrmk `i `k r`lid h`k `spårltu
hurmit` `stm `xp`rl`ijlm.
X@VJ@VD? Emilpurm (^k`xd sdkmr)
JMIXD? Wlfrmr 't`-bde rmf-fm' (3R)

Edv`r `k Xuiimiu Lstmel Kmbu (Hrmcúi h` kms Hds Kkmems) h`spl`rtd bmjlm mrrlfm y mtrmv`smr `k pk`xd sdkmr,
jr`mihd uim tdre`itm h` gu`cd sdkmr y `ij`ihl`ihd `k Z`cuihd @spårltu h`k Gu`cd y km Wlstm @ii`cr`jlhds,
`k Z`cuihd h` kds Zl`t` @spårltus Lepurds h`k Dod Emklcid. @k ju`rpd gåsljd h`spl`rtd s` mcltmrí y `k bmefr`
h` jmri` su`k` mgkdrmr mquå `i `st` jbmarm. @k pkmid mstrmk s`rí gíjlke`it` mjj`slfk` mquå y v`rís m trmvìs
t rmvìs h`
kds dods h`k Z`cuihd @spårltu y h` Xuiimiu. @st` `s `k "trdid" d "urim", km s`h` elsem h`k pdh`r h` km Kkmem
I`crm. Xu
Xu p`rspljmjlm `splrltumk t` trm`rí p`i
p`ismel`itds
smel`itds y vlsldi`s tmitd
tmitd liqul`tmit`s jded r`jdigdrtmi
r`jdigdrtmit`s1
t`s1
`st` `s `k ede`itd h` fusjmr km "vdz" h` tu Hm`edi. Km W W`rhmh`rm
`rhmh`rm W Wdkuitmh
dkuitmh `s `k pdh`r cuåm qu` t` lisplrmrí
`k jdidjlel`itd pr`vld y kds lepuksds pmrm "mjtumr" jdi `k jmelid eís f`i`gljldsd bmjlm ttus us dfo`tlvds.

JPMVXD? Mimbmtm (Jdrmzúi)

JMIXD? Wlfrm zm-fl-fu
Mk mtrmv`smr `k Mimbmtm d jbmarm h`k jdrmzúi, s` mcltm `k Zìptled @spårltu h`k H`s`d Z`xumk. @i `st` jbmarm,
iu`strds crmih`s h`s`ds y tdhd kd qu` mib`kmeds `stíi mquå y mit` idsdtrds, jded leíc`i`s. @st` jbmarm `s
`k Mlr` y kds Jl`kds Mktds,
Mktds, `k hlds jdidjlhd jded Fmmk-_`fuf, qu` `s uim pdh`rdsm Eísjmrm H`ågljm h`
mhlvlimjlúi. Mbdrm
Mbdrm tus kuourlms t` s`ríi r`v`kmhms, qulzís tmeflìi e`odr pmrm qu` h`sjufrms km emi`rm h`
emi`omrkms sli bmj`rt` hmýd y jdistrulr uim vlhm f`i`gljldsm.
Kms Hds Kkmems vlcdrlzmi m Fmmk-_`fuf qu` `s uim Eísjmrm H`ågljm qu` pu`h` jditrdkmr y hlrlclr m kms hds
Hldsms1 tu bmflklhmh pmrm usmr km Kkmem I`crm jded @spårltu h` dfklcmr m tus h`s`ds bmjlm ui jmelid
mkjmizmfk`. @k Zìptled @spårltu Lepurd s` emilgl`stm jded ui hrmcúi-s`rpl`it` jdi ju`rids juyds dods sdi
p`i`trmit`s y juyms pmsldi`s
pmsldi`s s`xumk`s sdi lig
ligliltms.
liltms. Km gdrem emsjuklim h` Fmmk-_`fuf,
Fmmk-_`fuf, qu` surc` h` kds
smjrlgljlds dgr`jlhds h` jmri` pdhrlhm `i `k mpdc`d h`k sdk, mpmr`j` jded _mflf, `k hlds edsjm qu` dtdrcm km
p`rspljmjlm h` kds @spårltus
@spårltus y `k jdidjlel`itd h` km mrtljukmjlúi y km
km vdkuitmh sup`rldr`s.
@k mlr` h` `st` jbmarm s` vu`kv` h` ui rdod smicr` dsjurd y bue`mit` jdi rígmcms h` gu`cd kuelidsd. Lsltu y
Hmflfu jr`mi ui pdh`rdsd y mrhl`it` r`spkmihdr mkr`h`hdr h` Xuiimiu, ym qu` s` bmi jdiv`rtlhd `i uim sdkm
gu`rzm. H`sjufr` tus h`s`ds y pmsldi`s, y ku`cd `sjujbm tu listlitd y júed emilg`stmrkds. @k "edistrud
mkmhd", "h`edild vdkmhdr", _mflfu, (Fm'mk _'Flfm) `stí lkuelimhd pdr kms hds Hldsms, Lsltu y Hmflfu y juyd
Gu`cd I`crd `s jdistmit` `i `st` jbmarm. _mflfu id s` v` mg`jtmhd pdr tus `stmhds h` íiled, il pdr tu
`i`rcåm, y `s uim gu`rzm lisplrmhdrm hlr`jtm jdi tu Hm`edi.

]PLIXD? Wlsbuhhbm (Jbmarm h` km cmrcmitm)

JMIXD? Wlfrmr 'fmt-iu-fmr-l-bu'

@itrmihd `i `k jbmarm Wlsbuhhbm

Wlsbuhhbm `i km cmrcmitm, kms Z`rpl`it`s h` Gu`cd msj`ih`it`s vlcdrlzmi km r`clúi
`tìrljm, h` mlr` lig`rldr, h`k X
X`rj`r
`rj`r y ]ulitd @spårltus Lepurds1 `k X`rj`rd tmk jded `k ]ulitd @spårltu Lepurd
`s `k h`edild qu` lkuelim id súkd `k "dåhd" listlitlvd h` tu Hm`edi, emilg`stmhd jded smf`r "quì bmj`r" y
jdiglmr `i tu listlitd. Jdepr`ih` qu` `k sdilhd pu`h` trmispdrtmrt` m pkmids `splrltumk`s y pu`h` jmeflmr tu
`stmhd h` íiled `i jdis`ju`ijlm. @k t`rj`r hrmcúi-s`rpl`it` jdi hds ju`rids y juyd s`itlhd h` prdiuijlmr
pmkmfrms h` pdh`r smjuh`
smjuh` y bmj` vlfrmr `k prdpld Ìt`
Ìt`r1
r1 `k sdilhd `s euy lepdrtmi
lepdrtmit`
t` pmrm qu` `k Mh`ptd I`crd
s` vu`kvm bíflk?
slcilgljmhd bmj`r vlfrmr pmkmfrms h` pdh`r y utlklzmr sus livdjmjldi`s y jmitds råteljds sdi `k
h`k `ijmitmel`itd.
@k mhlvlimhdr d A`ssmple pu`h` mfrlr sus s`itlhds pmrm jdiv`rtlrs`, mk e`ids `i uim príjtljm diårljm, `i
jkmrlmuhl`it` h`itrd h`k pkmid `tìrljd d mstrmk. Kms hds Kkmems y `k Xuiimiu lisplrmi su jmpmjlhmh h` usmr su
lemclimjlúi y vlsumklzmr mjjldi`s `sp`jågljms hurmit` sus vlfrmjldi`s muhltlvms y h`k bmfkm1 `k sdilhd elsed
`ivåm m kds `spårltus pmrm dfklcmr m qu` sus h`s`ds s` bmcmi jmri`. Kms Eísjmrms H`ågljms mjtÿmi jded uim
b`rrmel`itm y r`jlpl`it` pmrm `ivlmr `i`rcåm fmsmhm `i kd qu` `k hlds d h`edild r`pr`s`itm.

Z@RXD? Moim (X`rj`r Dod `itr` hds j`oms)

JMIXD? Wlfrmr ‒su-kmy-tu-hu-smf-mtl-rm-ms-lem“

Mtrmv`smihd `k j`itrd h` Moim, kms Hds Kkmems `ijl`ih`i `k X`rj`r

X`rj`r Dod qu` `stí `itr` kkms
ms hds j`oms, km
mjueukmjlúi `splrltumk h`k jdidjlel`itd `splrltumk y km vlstm mstrmk s` bmj` mquå ui jmelid h` pdh`r qu` gkuy`
h`sh` kds dtrds jbmarms. Xuiimiu s` jdivl`rt` `i \me, `k V`y e`túhljd, must`rd y pdh`rdsd qu` jmkjukm km
mjjlúi y km r`mjjlúi. @k X`rj`r Dod `s `k Xrdid h` su Hm`edi jded liljlmhd bmjlm kds elst`rlds kujlg`rlids
k ujlg`rlids
h`k `spårltu liedrtmk.
Xuiimiu Lstmel Kmbu `s uim pdh`rdsm uilúi h` dsjurlhmh y kuz, mhdrimhm jdi km Kkmem @ii`cr`jlhm
H`lgljmhm y kds pdh`r`s h`k mflsed jmútljd y km `k`vmhm edrmhm h` Fmmk _`fuf. @k r`lid fkmijd `s uim
emilg`stmjlúi h` kds jl`kds, `k mlr` h`sh` `k qu` s` dfklcm mk euihd emt`rlmk m Drh`imr. @k ^rle`r @spårltu
Lepurd qu` `stí mhdrimhd jded ui hrmcúi-s`rpl`it` jdi ju`rids jdi km mitdrjbm h` km Kkmem I`crm `i
e`hld h` kds ju`rids. Zus dods frlkkmi jdi km kkmem i`crm y sus pdh`r`s `stíi jmrcmhds h` kds dtrds jlijd
puitds h` jbmarm, kds pdh`r`s
pdh`r`s h` X
Xuiimiu
uiimiu Lstmel Kmbu y kds ddtrds
trds s`ls @spårltus Emklcids.
Emklcids. Kds Zl`t` `i uilúi
`s `k pdh`r `splrltumk pmrm jr`mr y h`strulr, h`vdrmr y jdit`i`r jumihd s`m i`j`smrld. Kds Zl`t` uilhds pdr
Xuiimiu y kms Hds Kkmems jr`mi ui vúrtlj` h` `i`rcåm h`itrd h` jmhm jbmarm ` lisplrmi km lemclimjlúi y km
e`it` pmrm `xpmihlrs` `i `k jdidjlel`itd, km `xp`rl`ijlm y, y, pdr tmitd, `k pdh`r y km smflhuråm. Kds mtlsfds h`k
euihd mstrmk pu`h`i mue`itmr1 `k Hm`edi s` r`gk`om `i kms Eísjmrms H`ågljms y su msdjlmjlúi `i su trmfmod
eícljd.

Zmbmsrmrm Jbmarm ‚ @k H`edild h`k Mh`ptd I`crd ‚ Jdrdim

JMIXD? Wlfrmr 'tui-im-iu lst-mel km-bu' (3R)

Km jdrdim h` Zmbmsrmrm `s `k j`itrd h` pdh`r qu` trm` `i uilúi kms Hds Kkmems y `k ju`rpd, km e`it` y `k
`spårltu jdi Xuiimiu y tu Hm`edi jdi km `i`rcåm `sp`jågljm msdjlmhm jdi tu Eísjmrm H`ågljm pmtrdim, `i `st`
jmsd `k Mhv`rsmrld jded `k pdh`r edtlvmhdr h` km drh`i vdkuitmrlm y km jdrrl`it` h` km emclm.
@std jr`mrí ui gkuod h` `i`rcåm `i `k qu` `itrmrís `i uilúi jdi kd "hlvlid" hm`eúiljd, sl`ihd `k ju`rpd, km
e`it` y `k `spårltu ui t`epkd y uim emilg`stmjlúi h` kms Eísjmrms H`ågljms qu` livdjms.

FLFKLDCVMGÅM
Jrdwk`y, Mk`lst`r. Emclja? Fdda Gdur.
Gkdw`rs, Zt`pb`i. Kdrhs dg tb` K`gt-Bmih ^mtb.
Gdrh, Eljbm`k S. Mhv`rsmrlmk Klcbt? Emclja dg tb` I`pblkle.
‘‘‘. Flfk` dg tb` Mhv`rsmry
Mhv`rsmry..
‘‘‘. Hrmcdi dg tb` Xw
Xwdd Gkme`s? H`edilj Emclja mih tb` Cdhs dg Jmimmi.
‘‘‘. Hrmucm? Mbrlemilmi \mtua Hlidlb.
‘‘‘, Mpdtb`dsls
Omjasdi, M.W. Slkklmes, _drdmstrlmi Ztuhl`s? Xb` Lrmilmi V`klcldi mih Wmrldus Edidcrmpbs,
Jdkueflm Pilv`rslty ^r`ss, =<62
Vmwsdi, ^blklp, Xb` Mrt dg Xmitrm, Xbme`s & Buhsdi, =<32
Zlkfuri, Klklmi, Auihmklil? `i`rcy dg tb` h`ptbs, Ztmt` Pilv`rslty dg I`w \
\dra
dra ^r`ss, =<22
Xb` Vlc W`hm, `hlt`h fy S`ihy Hdilc`r D“ Gkmb`rty, ^`iculi Jkmssljs, =<2=
ZßJPFD ^VDHPJJLDI@Z
@k `hltdr

@K `hltdr prlijlpmk `i lickìs h` kms dfrms kujlg`rlims h` Eljbm`k S

S.. Gdrh, dp`rmihd jded km jdepmýåm qu`
tmeflìi guihú Kujlg`rlmi Mpdtb`jm, K`gt-Bmih ^mtb, Zmtmilj mih Kujlg`rlmi Emcljmk V`tmlk
Km tl`ihm mfrlú sus pu`rtms `i 6>>3 y s` h`hljm m dgr`j`r suelilstrds eícljds hlmfúkljds y f`kkme`it`
dsjurds, jdi t`ems smtíiljds. rdpm, h`jdrmjldi`s pmrm `k bdcmr, mj`lt`s rltumk`s, lijl`isd, v`kms, `stmtums,
`stmihmrt`s h` mktmr, tmplj`s, mtbme`s, jíklj`s, klfrds eícljds, eÿsljm rltumk, tÿiljms, jmpms, jdkcmit`s, odyms y
eujbd eís.
Kms dfrms kujlg`rlims h` Eljbm`k S. Gdrh
Gmkk`i Mic`ks? Smtjb`rs & tb` Sltjb`s Zmffmt
Z`flttl? E`sdpdtmelmi Emclja & H`edidkdcy
Hrmcdi dg tb` Xwd Gkme`s? H`edilj Emclja & tb` Cdhs dg Jmimmi
I`jrdelidi? @cyptlmi Z`tbmilj
Z`tbmilj Emclja
Xb` Flfk` dg tb` Mhv`rsmry
Hrmucm? Mbrlemilmi \mtua Hlidlb
Cd`tlm dg Zbmhdws
Z`ab`e Mp`p? Xypbdilmi Wmepyr` Emclja
Crmih Crledlr` dg Lig`rimk ^mjts
Flfk` dg tb` Mhv`rsmry
Mpdtb`dsls
Mababmru
Fdda dg tb` Sltjb Eddi
...y eujbms eís.

ELJBM@K S. GDVH
@k Mutdr

ELJBM@K S.
S. GDVH `s ui h`stmjmhd vlsldimrld kujlg`rlid y prmjtljmit` h`k Z`ih`rd h` km Emid Lzqul`rhm.
Mutdr h` 67 klfrds, mrtlstm h` crmfmjlúi h` prdy`jtds h` Vltumklstlj Hmra Mefl`it, Lihustrlmk, Fkmja E`tmk y
jdprdpl`tmrld h` km Kujlg`rlmi Mpdtb`jm. Eljbm`k `s ui `stuhlmit` ` liv`stlcmhdr h` kms mitlcums r`klcldi`s
h`k J`rjmid Drl`it`, `k jrlstlmilsed prleltlvd, km h`edidkdcåm y km blstdrlm h`k djuktlsed. Jded guihmhdr y
Emcus h` km Drh`i h`k Gúsgdrd, uim drh`i liljlítljm j`itrmhm `i km Emclm Kujlg`rlim, mså jded \ \mtus
mtus
pr`slh`it` h` Km Drh`i I`crm h`k Hrmcúi, ui ccr`eld
r`eld eícljd h`hljmhd m kms `is `is`ýmizms
`ýmizms h`k W
Wmeplrlsed
meplrlsed
mstrmk y `i`rcìtljd, `k jditrdk h` kds su`ýds y km b`jblj`råm jdi uim fms` `i km kúcljm y km rmzúi. Eljbm`k `s
tmeflìi ui eÿsljd jdisuemhd, jde`izmihd `i kds mýds <> jdi Fkmja Gui`rmk y bmstm glimk`s h` 6>=: jdi
^syjbdimut 30 (`k`jtrúiljm lihustrlmk y rltumk), WWmk`gdr
mk`gdr (h`mtb lihustrlmk y fkmja e`tmk), B`x`itmiz (eÿsljm
rltumk e`hl`vmk) y mjtumke`it` jded Mabtym (hmra mefl`it rltumklstm). Eljbm`k tmeflìi bm mpmr`jlhd `i
r`vlstms h` tdhd `k euihd y `i eujbds våh`ds pr`s`itmihd t`ems r`kmjldimhds jdi `k kujlg`rlsed.

Åihlj` h` jdit`ilhds
@k ydcm mbrleíiljd
- Mcrmh`jlel`itds
- Litrdhujjlúi
JM^ÅXPKD PID

@K \DCM \ KDZ HM@WHM@WMZ

MZ
- Mbrlemi y kds Hm`vms
- Dråc`i`s vìhljds y h`lhmh`s
APIHMKLIL \ ZMHBMIM
AMKL \ APIHMKLIL
APIHMKLILL - Km s`rpl`it` h` gu`cd hrmjdilmim
APIHMKLI
JM^ÅXPKD HDZ
^VÍJXLJM \ E@HLXMJLÚI
Zl`t` Jmf`zms (Jbmarms) h` MŹl Vmdlθltm

Zdfr` km liljlmjlúi y km príjtljm h`k ydcm mbrleíiljd

Mrqu`tlpds y Jbmarms
JBMAVMZ MBVLEÍILJDZ
=. JBMAVM VMÅ_? EPKMHBMVM
6. JBMAVM
JBMAV M ZMJVD? ZW
ZWMHBLZXBMIM
MHBLZXBMIM
:. JBMAVM H@K ^K@RD ZDKMV? EMIL^PVM -
8. @K JBMAVM H@K JDVM_ÚI? MIMBMXM -
0. @K JBMAVM H@ KM CMVCMIX
CMVCMIXM?
M? WLZBPHHM-
7. @K JBMAVM H@K X@VJ@V DOD? MOIM-

3. @K JBMAVM H@ KM JDVDIM? ZMBMZVMVM-

Mkli`mjlúi h` kds jbmarms ]KL^BÚXLJDZ
JM^ÅXPKD XV@Z
E`hltmjlúi sdfr` kds jbmarms lihlvlhumk`s
Km Livdjmjlúi Mbrleíiljm h` kms Zl`t` Jmf`zms h` Mzl Vmdlhltm

KM APIHMKLIL Z@ @K@W
@K@WM
M
E`hltmjlúi h`k H`vdrmhdr h` Euihds
Xuiimiu E`kmbmsle Lsltu Fmtiu (Xuiimiu `ijmitmihd m km s`rpl`it` h` gu`cd)
3 J@IXVDZ H@ ^DH@V H@ KDZ JBMAVMZ
Flfkldcrmgåm
^rdhujjldi`s h` sÿjufds
Eljbm`k S. Gdrh