OMO B

LIGSDZ ZDGRMLBP

M. @dabgb
@dabgbsb
sb
Zdr`mrmfmg suomrmlfgib` (ZSM) mtmu suomrmcfgib` fdkirrfmnd (SMF) m`memf smemf

smtu ld`mrurmtmg gdurieinbs ymgn `bsdomolmg iedf pdcmfgym pdkoueuf `mrmf `b rumgn
suomrmlfgib`. Zdr`mrmfmg suomrmlfgib` kdrupmlmg smemf smtu hdgbs pmtieinb strild ymgn
sdrbgn `bhukpmb pm`m usbm `dlm`d ldebkm mtmu lddgmk, `dgnmg pugcml bgsb`dgs pm`m usbm
sdlbtmr 44 tmfug ugtul emlb-emlb `mg 1: tmfug ugtul pdrdkpumg< edobf sdrbgn `bhukpmb pm`m
pdrdkpumg `dgnmg rmsbi 3 8 ? (Stdyiprmgiti,
(Stdyiprmgiti, ?:=?).
Zdg`
Zdg`mrm
mrmfm
fmg
g su
suom
omrml
rmlfg
fgib
ib`
` kdru
kdrupm
pmlm
lmg
g pd
pdr`
r`mr
mrmf
mfmg
mg mr
mrtdr
tdrbb `b ru
rumg
mgn
n mg
mgtmr
tmrmm `u
`umm
kdgbgn
kdgbgndg
dg ymbtu
ymbtu pbmkdt
pbmkdtdr
dr `mg mrmlfg
mrmlfgib`
ib`dm.
dm. Sdlbtm
Sdlbtmrr 64% ZSM odrmsme
odrmsme `mrb
`mrb pdcmfg
pdcmfgym
ym
mgdurbskm smluedr ymgn tdrhm`b `b `memk pdkoueuf `mrmf pm`m omnbmg `msmr itml ymgn
utmkmgym odrm`m `b`mdrmf ―Cbrced ia ^beebs‛ (Nmgdsdg, ?:=1).

O. Dtbiei
Dtbieinb
nb
Zdgydomo pmebgn sdrbgn pdr`mrmfmg suomrmlgib` gigtrmukmtbl m`memf mgdurbskm sdrdorme,
ymbt
ymbtu
u sdlb
sdlbtm
tmrr >:%
>:% fbgn
fbgnnm
nm 6:%,
6:%, `mg
`mg kmea
kmeair
irkm
kmsb
sb mrtd
mrtdrb
rbiv
ivdg
dgis
ismm (sdl
(sdlbt
btmr
mr 4-
4-=:
=:%)
%)
(Stdyiprmgiti, ?:=?).
=. Mgdu
Mgdurb
rbsk
skmm
Mgdurbskm kdrupmlmg mrdm edkmf `b `bg`bgn mrtdrb sdrdorme ymgn kdgighie sdpdrtb
omeig. Pighiemg `mpmt kdrdnmgn `mg kdgydomolmg `bg`bgn pdkoueuf `mrmf sdrdorme
kdgh
kdghm`
m`bb sdkm
sdkmlb
lbg
g kdgb
kdgbpb
pbss sdfbg
sdfbgnn
nnmm tdrh
tdrhm`
m`bb ru
rupt
ptur
ur.. M`mg
M`mgym
ym cd
cd`d
`drm,
rm, bg
bgad
adls
lsbb mt
mtmu
mu

ldcdg`drugnmg ymgn `bwmrbslmg `mpmt kdkuemb mgdurbskm ymgn odrldkomgn sdcmrm

`bmk-`bmk `mrb wmltu ld wmltu. M`m `um tbpd `mrb mgdurbskm, ymbtu mgdurbskm smluemr
(odrry) `mg mgdurbskm ausbairkbs.
m. Mgdurb
Mgdurbskm
skm Smluem
Smluemrr
Mgdurb
Mgdurbskm
skm bgb tdrhm`b
tdrhm`b pm`m
pm`m tbtbl
tbtbl obaurl
obaurlmsbi
msbi mrtdrb
mrtdrb bgtrml
bgtrmlrmg
rmgbme.
bme. Eilmsb
Eilmsb tdrsdrb
tdrsdrbgn
gn
mgdurbskm smluemr m`memf mrtdrb likugblmgs mgtdrbir (0:%), obaurlmsbi mrtdrb sdrdorb
kd`bm `b absurm syevbb (?:%), `bg`bgn emtdrme mrtdrb lmritbs bgtdrgm (pm`m tdkpmt
odrmsmegym mrtdrb iatmekblm mtmu mrtdrb likugblmgs pistdrbir 3:%), `mg omsbemr tbp
(=:%). Mgdurbskm
Mgdurbskm `mpmt kdgbkouelmg
kdgbkouelmg `dabsbt gdurieinbs
gdurieinbs `dgnmg
`dgnmg kdgdlmg
kdgdlmg strultur
strultur

`bsdlbtmrgym omflmg sdodeuk rupturd. Kbsmegym, mgdurbskm pm`m mrtdrb likugblmgs

 pistdrbir `mpmt kdgdlmg gdrvus ilueikitirbus, kdgydomolmg pmrdsbs smrma lrmgbme
ldtbnm (pmsbdg kdgnmemkb `bpeipbm).
o. Mgdurbskm Ausbairkbs
Zdkodsmrmg pm`m pdkoueuf `mrmf ymgn odrodgtul kdkmghmgn `bsdout mgdurbskm
ausbairkbs.
ausbairkbs. Mgdurbskm tdrsdout ukukgym
ukukgym tdrhm`b pm`m sdnkdg bgtrmcrmgbme
bgtrmcrmgbme mrtdrb

lmritbs bgtdrgm, truglus utmkm mrtdrb sdrdorb kd`bm, `mg mrtdrb omsbemrbs. Mgdurbskm
ausbairkbs
ausbairkbs `mpmt `bsdomolmg
`bsdomolmg iedf mtdrisledris
mtdrisledrisbs
bs `mg/mtmu
`mg/mtmu fbpdrtdgsb.
fbpdrtdgsb. Mgdurbskm
Mgdurbskm
ausbairkbs
ausbairkbs ymgn odsmr pm`m mrtdrb omsbemrbs `mpmt kdgdlmg
kdgdlmg omtmgn itml. Mebrmg ymgn
emkomt `b `memk mgdurbskm ausbairkbs `mpmt kdkpdrcdpmt
kdkpdrcdpmt pdkodgtulmg
pdkodgtulmg odlumg
odlumg
bgtrmmg
bgtrmmgdur
durbsk
bskme
me tdrutmk
tdrutmkmm pm`m
pm`m sbsb-sbs
sbsb-sbsbgy
bgym.
m. Mgdurb
Mgdurbskm
skm bgb obmsmgy
obmsmgymm tb`ml
tb`ml `mpmt
`mpmt
`btmgnmgb sdcmrm pdod`mfmg smrma, lmrdgm kdrupmlmg pdkodsmrmg pdkoueuf `mrmf
girkme
girkme ymgn
ymgn kdkmgh
kdkmghmgn
mgn,, `bomg`
`bomg`bgn
bgnlmg
lmg strultu
strulturr pmtiei
pmtieinbs
nbs (sdpdrt
(sdpdrtbb mgdurb
mgdurbskm
skm
smluemr) ymgn tb`ml kdkodrblmg ligtrbousb pm`m supemb `mrmf sdrdorme.
?. Kmeairkmsb
Kmeairkmsb mrtdrbvdgism
mrtdrbvdgism (KMQ)

Kmeairkmsb mrtdrbvdgism (KMQ) m`memf mgikmeb vmsluedr ymgn tdr`brb `mrb hmrbgnmg
pedlsbairk mogirkme tdkpmt mrtdrb `mg vdgm tdrfuougnlmg
tdrfuougnlmg iedf smtu mtmu edobf abstuem.
Zm`m KMQ mrtdrb odrfuougnmg emgnsugn `dgnmg vdgm tmgpm kdemeub lmpbedr ymgn
kdghm`b pdrmgtmrmgym. Zm`m ldhm`bmg bgb vdgm tb`ml `mpmt kdgmkpugn tdlmgmg `mrmf
ymgn `mtmgn emgnsugn `mrb mrtdrb, mlbomtgym vdgm mlmg kdrdgnnmgn `mg kdedomr lmrdgm
emgnsugn kdgdrbkm mebrmg `mrmf tmkomfmg ymgn odrmsme `mrb mrtdrb. Zdkoueuf `mrmf
ymgn edkmf gmgtbgym mlmg kdgnmemkb ruptur `mg odr`mrmf smkm fmegym sdpdrtb ymgn
tdrhm`b pmm`m mgdurbskm. KMQ `bldeikpillmg kdghm`b `um, ymbtu ligndgbtme `mg
`b`mpmt. KMQ ymgn `b`mpmt tdrhm`b mlbomt tfrikoisbs sbgus, trmukm, mtmu lrmgbitikb.

C. Zmtiabsbi
Zmtiabsbieinb
einb
Mgdurbskm bgtrmlrmgbme lfms tdrhm`b pm`m tbtbl-tbtbl cmomgn mrtdrb sdrdorme utmkm.
Fmkpbr 64% `mrb mgdurbskm `btdkulmg `memk sbrluemsb mgtdrbir `mg =4% `memk sbrluemsb
pistdrbir. Sdcmrm ldsdeurufmg, tdkpmt ymgn pmebgn ukuk m`memf mrtdrb cikkugbcmgs
mgtdrbir `bblutb iedf mrtdrb cikkugbcmgs pistdrbir `mg mrtdrb obaucmrtbi cdrdorb. @memk
sbrluemsb pistdrbir, sbtus ymgn pmebgn edobf odsmr m`memf `b omnbmg mtms obaurlmsb mrtdrb
omsbemr ld mrtdrbd itml pistdrbir.
Zdr`mrmfmg suomrmlfgib` `blemsbablmsblmg kdghm`b `um lmtdnirb (Nmgdsdg, ?:=1) 8
 =. Zdg`mrmfmg
Zdg`mrmfmg Suomrm
Suomrmlfgi
lfgib`
b` Prmukmtbl
Prmukmtbl
Zdr`mrmfmg suomrmlfgib` trmukmtbl tdrhm`b fmsbe `mrb cd`drm ldpmem. Gmkug, pdr`mrmfmg
lmrdgm cd`drm ldpmem kdgydomolmg ndhmem ymgn odrod`m `mg tb`ml `bmgnnmp sdomnmb
strild.. Zdr`mrmfmg
strild Zdr`mrmfmg suomrmlfgib`
suomrmlfgib` `bmgnnmp strild fmgym hblm tdrhm`b sdcmrm spigtmg
ymbtu, ldtblm pdr`mrmfmg tb`ml fmsbe `mrb amltir-amltir dlstdrgme, sdpdrtb ldcdemlmmg mtmu

hmtuf.
?. Zdg`mrmfmg
Zdg`mrmfmg Spigt
Spigtmg
mg Gig Prmukmtbl
Prmukmtbl
Sdoumf
Sdoumf pdr`mr
pdr`mrmfm
mfmg
g spigtm
spigtmg
g obmsmg
obmsmgym
ym fmsbe
fmsbe `mrb
`mrb pdcmfg
pdcmfgym
ym mgdurb
mgdurbskm
skm kdg`m`
kdg`m`ml
ml `b
sdoumf mrtdrb itml, ymbtu pm`m omnbmg mgdurbskm ymgn kdgighie `b `mdrmf ymgn edkmf
`mrb `bg`bgn mrtdrb btu. Mgdurbskm obmsmgym tdrhm`b `b pdrcmomgnmg mrtdrb. Mgdurbskm
`mpmt kugcue pm`m smmt ldemfbrmg (omwmmg), mtmu `mpmt odrldkomgn ldku`bmg, ymbtu
sdtdemf
sdtdemf odrtmf
odrtmfug-
ug-tmf
tmfug
ug `bkmgm
`bkmgm tdlmgm
tdlmgmg
g `mrmf
`mrmf tbgnnb
tbgnnb kdedkm
kdedkmflm
flmg
g `bg`bg
`bg`bgn
n mrtdrb.
mrtdrb.
Ldom
Ldomgy
gyml
mlmg
mg pd
pdr`
r`mr
mrmf
mfmg
mg su
suom
omrml
rmlfg
fgib
ib`
` m`
m`me
memf
mf fm
fmsb
sbee `m
`mrb
rb mg
mgdu
durb
rbsk
skmm li
lign
gndg
dgbt
btm.
m.
Sd`mgnlmg spigtmg suomrmlfgib` fdkirmnbl `bsdomolmg iedf lmrdgm ruptur mgdurbskm

mtmu mogirkmebtms pdkoueuf `mrmf pm`m itml. Kdlmgbskd embg ymgn lurmgn ukuk
m`memf pdr`mrmfmg suomrmlfgib` `mrb pdcmfgym ligdlsb mogirkme mgtmrm mrtdrb `mg vdgm
(kmeai
(kmeairkm
rkmsb
sb mrtdrb)
mrtdrb) `b `memk
`memk mtmu
mtmu `b sdlbtm
sdlbtmrr itm
itml.
l. Sdoumf
Sdoumf kmeair
kmeairkmsb
kmsb mrtdrb
mrtdrb `mpmt
`mpmt
kugcue pm`m smmt ldemfbrmg,tdtmpb obmsmgym fmgym `bb`dgtbablmsb hblm ndhmem odrldkomgn.
Hmrmgn sdlmeb sumtu odgtul odlumg `mrmf pm`m lmtup hmgtugn ymgn tdrbgadlsb, pdrhmemgmg
(kdghm
(kdghm`b
`b dkoieb
dkoieb)) ld mrtdrb
mrtdrb ymgn
ymgn kdkmsul
kdkmsul itml,
itml, `mg kdgydo
kdgydomol
molmg
mg mrtdrb
mrtdrb kdghm`
kdghm`bb
kdrm`mgn, mrtdrb ldku`bmg `mpmt kdedkmf `mg pdcmf.

@. Pmg`m `mg
`mg Ndhmem
Ndhmem

Pmg`m lemsbl ZSM, sdfuougnmg `dgnmg pdcmfgym mgdurbskm ymgn odsmr, kdebputb 8
=. Gydrb ldpmem ymgn fdomt `mg
`mg kdg`m`ml
kdg`m`ml
?. Fbemgn
Fbemgngym
gym ldsm`
ldsm`mrmg
mrmg
3. Aitiaiobm
Aitiaiobm `mg kdgbgnbsku
kdgbgnbskuss
0. Kume
Kume `mg
`mg kugt
kugtmf.
mf.
Sdodgmrgym, sdodeuk kugcue tmg`m `mg ndhmem lebgbs ymgn fdomt `mg kdg`m`ml tm`b,
su`mf m`m odromnmb tmg`m pdrbgnmtmg ymgn pm`m ukukgym tb`ml kdkpdriedf pdrfmtbmg
sdpdgufgym iedf pdg`drbtm kmupug `iltdr ymgn kdrmwmtgym. Pmg`m-tmg`m pdrbgnmtmg tm`b
`mpmt
`mpmt kugcue
kugcue ododrmp
ododrmpmm hmk,
hmk, fmrb,
fmrb, kbgnnu
kbgnnu,, mtmu edobf
edobf emkm
emkm emnb
emnb sdodeu
sdodeuk
k tdrhm`b
tdrhm`bgym
gym

pdr`mrmfmg ymgn fdomt.

 Pmg`m-tmg`m pdrbnmtmg `mpmt odrupm gydrb ldpmem ymgn kdg`m`ml `mg ldku`bmg
fbemgn
fbemgn `dgnmg
`dgnmg sdg`br
sdg`brbgy
bgymm (3:-1:
(3:-1:%),
%), gydrb
gydrb ldpmem
ldpmem `bsdrtm
`bsdrtmbb kume,
kume, gydrb
gydrb tdgnlu
tdgnlul
l `mg
aitiaiobm (0:-4:%), `mg ododrmpm pdg`drbtm kdgnmemkb sdrmgnmg sdpdrtb ―`bsmkomr pdtbr‛.
Sdkdgtmrm btu, mgdurbskm ymgn kdkodsmr (sdodeuk pdcmf) `mpmt kdgbkouelmg tmg`m `mg
ndhmem sdomnmb odrblut 8 `dadl kd`mg pdgnebfmtmg, nmgnnumg ndrml oiem kmtm, gydrb wmhmf,

gydrb irobtme, mtmu gydrb ldpmem ymgn tdreilmebsmsb.

Mgdurbskm odrmsme `mrb mrtdrb likugblmg mgtdrbir `mpmt kdgbkouelmg `dadl kd`mg
pdgnebfmtmg, `bsaugnsb dg`ilrbg, mtmu gydrb ldpmem `b `mdrmf arigtme.
ar igtme. Mgdurbskm pm`m mrtdrb
lmritbss bgtdrgus
lmritb bgtdrgus `mpmt kdgbkouelmg
kdgbkouelmg pmrdsbs ilueikit
ilueikitirbus,
irbus, `dadl kd`mg pdgnebfmtm
pdgnebfmtmg,
g,
pdgurugmg vbsus, `mg gydrb wmhmf `bsumtu tdkpmt. Mgdurbskm pm`m mrtdrb lmritbs bgtdrgus
`b`memk
`b`memk sbgus lmvdrgisus,
lmvdrgisus, obem tb`ml kdgbkouelm
kdgbkouelmg
g abstuem
abstuem lmritbli-l
lmritbli-lmvdrgi
mvdrgisus,
sus, `mpmt
kdgbkouelmg sbg`rik sbgus lmvdrgisus.
Mgdurbskm pm`m mrtdrb sdrdorb kd`bm `mpmt kdgbkouelmg `bsamsbm, ldedkmfmg edgnmg
ailme,
ailme, mtmu
mtmu rmsm omme.
omme. Mgdurb
Mgdurbskm
skm pm`m
pm`m obaulm
obaulmrsbi
rsbi omsbmr
omsbmrbs
bs `mpmt
`mpmt kdgbko
kdgbkouel
uelmg
mg pmrdsbs
pmrdsbs

ilueikitirbus.
Fmsb
Fmsbee pd
pdkd
kdrbl
rblsmm
smmg
g ab
absb
sbl
l pd
pdg`
g`drb
drbtm
tm ZSM
ZSM od
odrn
rnmg
mgtu
tugn
gn pm
pm`m
`m om
omnb
nbmg
mg `m
`mg
g ei
eilm
lmsb
sb
pdr`mrmfmg. Zdcmfgym mgdurbskm `mpmt kdgbkouelmg ZSM smhm mtmu likobgmsb `dgnmg
fdkmtik
fdkmtik suo`urme,
suo`urme, bgtrmsdrdorme,
bgtrmsdrdorme, mtmu bgtrmvdgtrbl
bgtrmvdgtrbluemr.
uemr. @dgnmg `dkblbmg tmg`m lebgbs
lebgbs
`mpmt odrvmrbmsb kuemb `mrb kdgbgnbskus rbgnmg, gydrb ldpmem, smkpmb `dabbst gdurieinbs
odrmt `mg likm. Sdkdgtmrm btu, rdaedl Omobgslb pisbtba obemtdrme.
Nmgnnumg tbgnlmt ldsm`mrmg ymgn odrvmrbmsb `mrb edtmrnb smkpmb likm, obmsm tdrhm`b
pm`m ZSM. Nmgnnumg kdkirb obmsmgym tdrhm`b pm`m ododrmpm fmrb ldku`bmg. @bsamsbm
tb`ml kugcue pm`m ZSM tmgpm likpeblmsb, obem m`m `bsamsbm kmlm pdreu `bcurbnmb m`mgym

fdkmtik bgtrmsdrdorme. Rmgn culup tdrldgme m`memf kugcuegym `dkdgsbm `mg emobebtms
dkisbigme, lfususgym obem eious arigtmebs obemtdrme tdrldgm sdomnmb mlbomt `mrb pdcmfgym
mgdurbskm pm`m mrtdrb likugblmgs mgtdrbir.
@bsaugnsb gdrvb lrmgbme `mpmt tdrhm`b sdomnmb mlbomt `mrb 8 m) likprdsb emgnsugn iedf
mgdurbskm< o) likprdsb emgnsugn iedf `mrmf ymgn ldeumr `mrb pdkoueuf `mrmf, mtmu c)
kdgbgnlmtgym PBL. Gdrvus iptblus sdrbgnlmeb tdrldgm mlbomt ZSM. Zm`m pdg`drbtm `dgnmg
gydrb ldpmem kdg`m`ml `mg tdrebfmt m`mgym pdr`mrmfmg suomrmcfgib` kmlm fme btu odrsbamt
pmtingikbl ugtul ZSM.
ZSM.
Nmgnnumg augnsb kitirbl `mpmt odrlmbtmg `dgnmg ZSM ymgn culup eums mtmu odsmr,

mtmu odrfuo
odrfuougn
ugnmg
mg `dgnmg
`dgnmg bgamrl
bgamrl itml
itml sdomnm
sdomnmbb mlbomt
mlbomt `mrb
`mrb kugcue
kugcuegym
gym vmsisp
vmsispmsk
mskd.
d.
 Zdr`mrmfmg
Zdr`mrmfmg `mpmt kdeums
kdeums ldmrmf pmrdglbk
pmrdglbk itml. Sdkdgtmrm
Sdkdgtmrm btu, fdkmtik `mpmt kdgdlmg
kdgdlmg
sdcmrm dlstrm-mlsbme.
Bsldkbl itml ymgn tdrhm`b ldku`bmg drupmlmg mgcmkmg sdrtm pm`m pdg`drbtm ZSM.
Sdlbtmr 4 fmrb pmscm-mwbtmg, sdomnbmg mtmu sdeuruf cmomgn-cmomgn odsmr sbrlueus ^beebs
ymgn tdrpmpmr `mrmf mlmg kdgnmemkb vmsispmskd ymgn odremgnsugn mgtmrm =-? kbgnnu

mtmu edobf emkm emnb (Zdr`issb, ?:==).

D. Zdkdrbls
Zdkdrblsmmg
mmg Zdgughmgn
Zdgughmgn
=. CP Scm
Scmg
g
Zdkdrblsmmg CP scmg tmgpm ligtrms m`memf pbebfmg utmkm lmrdgm sdgsbtbvbtmsgym tbgnnb
`mg kmkpu kdgdgtulmg
kdgdgtulmg eilmsb pdr`mrmfmg edobf mlurmt<
mlurmt< sdgsbtbvbtmsg
sdgsbtbvbtmsgym
ym kdg`dlmtb
kdg`dlmtb
=::% hblm `bemlulmg `memk =? hmk pdrtmkm sdtdemf sdrmgnmg tdtmpb mlmg turug pm`m =
kbgnnu sdtdemf sdrmgnmg.
?. Eu
Euko
kome
me Zugn
Zugnsb
sb

Hblm fmsbe pdkdrblsmmg

pdkdrblsmmg CP scmg ldpmem gdnmtba,
gdnmtba, emgnlmf
emgnlmf `bmngistbc
`bmngistbc sdemghutgym
sdemghutgym m`memf
pugnsb eukome. Zdkdrblsmmg pugnsb eukome smgnmt pdgtbgn ugtul kdgybgnlbrlmg
`bmng
`bmngisb
isbss omg`bg
omg`bgn.
n. Ododrm
Ododrmpm
pm tdkumg
tdkumg pugnsb
pugnsb eukome
eukome ymgn
ymgn kdg`ul
kdg`ulugn
ugn `bmngi
`bmngisbs
sbs
pdr`mrmfmg suomrmcfgib` m`memf m`mgym drbtrisbt, pdgbgnlmtmg tdlmgmg smmt pdkoulmmg,
`mg mtmu xmgtilrikbm. Hukemf drbtrisbr kdgbgnlmt, omflmg pdr`mrmfmg ldcbe lurmgn `mrb
:,3 kE mlmg
mlmg kdgydo
kdgydomol
molmg
mg gbemb
gbemb sdlbtm
sdlbtmrr =:
=:.::
.:::
: sde/kE.
sde/kE. xmgtil
xmgtilrik
rikbm
bm m`memf
m`memf wmrgm
wmrgm
lugb
lugbgn
gn ymgn
ymgn kdkp
kdkpdr
dreb
ebfm
fmtl
tlmg
mg m`mg
m`mgym
ym `d
`dnr
nrm`
m`ms
msbb pr
pri`
i`ul
ul dr
drbt
btri
risb
sbt,
t, td
tdru
rutm
tmkm
km
ilsbfdkineiobg `mg obebruobg `b cmbrmg sdrdorispbgme.
3. Mg
Mgnb
nbin
inrm
rmab
ab

@bnbtme-su
@bnbtme-suost
ostrmc
rmctbi
tbig
g cdrdor
cdrdorme
me mgn
mgnbin
binrmp
rmpfy
fy kdrupm
kdrupmlmg
lmg omlu
omlu dkms
dkms ugtul
ugtul `dtdls
`dtdlsbb
mgdurbskm sdrdorme, tdtmpb CP mgnbinrmab edobf sdrbgn `bnugmlmg lmrdgm gig-bgvmsba
sdrtmm sdgsbt
sdrt sdgsbtbvb
bvbtms
tms `mg spdsbab
spdsbabtms
tmsgym
gym edobf
edobf tbgnnb
tbgnnb.. Dvmeum
Dvmeumsb
sb tde
tdebtb
btb tdrfm`
tdrfm`mp
mp sdeuruf
sdeuruf
pdkoueuf `mrmf fmrus `bemlulmg lmrdgm sdlbtmr =4% pmsbdg kdkbeblb mgdurbskm
kuetbped. Aiti rm`bieinbc ymgn gdnmtbvd fmrus `buemgn >-=0 fmrb sdtdemf igsdt pdrtmkm.
Hblmm dvmeum
Hbl dvmeumsb
sb ld`um
ld`um tb`ml
tb`ml kdkpdr
kdkpdrebf
ebfmtlm
mtlmg
g mgdurb
mgdurbskm
skm,, K_B fmrus
fmrus `bemlu
`bemlulmg
lmg ugtul
ugtul
kdeb
kdebfm
fmtt ld
ldku
kugn
gnlb
lbgm
gmg
g m`
m`mg
mgym
ym kmeai
kmeairk
rkmsb
msb vm
vmscu
scuem
emrr `b it
itml
ml kmup
kmupug
ug om
omtmg
tmgn
n it
itml
ml
(Sdtyiprmgiti, ?:=?).
A. Zdgmtmem
Zdgmtmemlsmg
lsmgmmg
mmg
Puhumg pdgmtmemlsmgmmg pdrtmkm pm`m ZSM m`memf b`dgtbablmsb sukodr pdg`mrmfmg
`dgnmg ldkugnlbgmg obsm `bbgtdrvdgsb `dgnmg pdkod`mfmg mtmu tbg`mlmg bgtrmvmsluedr

embg. Ld`um m`memf kmgmhdkdg likpeblmsb (Sdtyiprmgiti, ?:=?).

Emgnlmf pdrtmkm, ligsuetmsb `dgnmg `iltdr spdsbmebs od`mf smrma kdrupmlmg fme
ymgn
ymgn smgnmt
smgnmt pdgtbg
pdgtbgn
n ugtul
ugtul tbg`ml
tbg`mlmg
mg edobf
edobf emghut
emghut pm`m
pm`m mgdurb
mgdurbskm
skm bgtrml
bgtrmlrmg
rmgbme
bme.. Zmsbdg
Zmsbdg
pdr`mrmfmg suomrmlgib` fmrus `brmwmt `b Bgtdgsbvd Cmrd Tgbt (BCT) ugtul pdkmgtmumg
lig`bsb fdki`bgmkblgym `mg ugtul kdkbgbkmelmg rmgnsmgnmg ymgn `mpmt kdgydomolmg
pdgbgnlmtmg PBL, kbgtm pmsbdg `btdkpmtlmg `b rumgn prbom`b ymgn ndemp, tdgmgn, `mg
`bodrb iomt pdgdgmgn rbgnmg hblm ndebsmf. Ldpmem tdkpmt tb`ur fmrus `bhmnm tbgnnb pm`m 3:
ugtul
ugtul kdkmstb
kdkmstblmg
lmg `rmbgm
`rmbgmsd
sd vdgm
vdgm ymgn
ymgn ip
iptbk
tbkme.
me. B`dmeg
B`dmegym,
ym, pmsbdg
pmsbdg tdrsdou
tdrsdoutt `bldei
`bldeiem
em `b
Gdurieiny Crbtbcme Cmrd Tgbt ymgn sdcmrm sbngbablmg
sbngbablmg mlmg kdkpdromblb
kdkpdromblb eumrmg lebgbs

(Odcsld P., ?:=>).

Hmemg gmpms fmrus `bhmkbg
`bhmkbg mkmg `mg pdkmgtmumg
pdkmgtmumg bgvmsba tdrfm`mp
tdrfm`mp cdgtrme vdgius
prdssurd `mg/mtmu puekigmry mrtdry prdssurd,
prdssurd, sdpdrtb hunm tdrfm`mp tdlmgmg `mrmf mrtdrb,
fmrus tdrus `bemlulmg.
`bemlulmg. Tgtul kdgcdnmf
kdgcdnmf pdgbgnlmtm
pdgbgnlmtmg
g tdlmgmg
tdlmgmg bgtrmlrmgbme,
bgtrmlrmgbme, kmgbpuemsb
kmgbpuemsb
pmsbdg fmrus `bemlulmg sdcmrm fmtb-fmtb `mg pdemg-pdemg< `mpmt `bodrblmg mgmendsbl `mg
pmsbdg fmrus bstbrmfmt titme (Sdtyiprmgiti, ?:=?).
ZSM ymgn `bsdrtmb `dgnmg pdgbgnlmtmg tdlmgmg bgtrmcrmgbme fmrus `bbgtuomsb `mg
fbpdrv
fbpdrvdgt
dgtbems
bemsb.
b. Zdkodr
Zdkodrbmg
bmg vdgtbe
vdgtbemsb
msb fmrus
fmrus `bmtur
`bmtur ugtul
ugtul kdgcmp
kdgcmpmb
mb ZCI?
ZCI? sdlbtmr
sdlbtmr 3:-34
3:-34
kkFn.
kkFn. Ododrm
Ododrmpm
pm iomt
iomt ymgn
ymgn `mpmt
`mpmt `bodrb
`bodrblmg
lmg ug
ugtul
tul kdguru
kdguruglm
glmg
g tdlmgm
tdlmgmg
g bgtrmcr
bgtrmcrmgb
mgbme
me

sdpdrtb8
=. Iskitbc
Iskitbc mndgts (kmggbtie)
(kmggbtie) `mpmt kdguru
kdguruglmg
glmg tdlmg
tdlmgmg
mg bgtrmcrmgbme
bgtrmcrmgbme sdcmrm sbngbablmg
(4:% `memk 3: kdgbt pdkodrbmg).
?. Eiip `burdtbcs
`burdtbcs (aurisdkb`d)
(aurisdkb`d) `mpmt hunm kdgurgulmg
kdgurgulmg tdlmgmg
tdlmgmg bgtrmcrmgbme.
bgtrmcrmgbme.
3. Bgtrmvdgius stdrib` (`dxmkdtfmsigd) ugtul kdguruglmg tdlmgmg bgtrmcrmgbme kmsbf
ligtrivdrsbme tmpb `brdlikdg`msblmg iedf ododrmpm pdguebs embg (Odcsld P., ?:=>).
Sdtdemf btu tuhumg sdemghutgym m`memf pdgcdnmfmg pdr`mrmfmg uemgn, pdgcdnmfmg `mg
pdgndg`mebmg vmsispmskd, sdrtm kmgmhdkdg likpeblmsb kd`bs `mg gdurieinbs embggym.
Pdlm
Pdlmgm
gmg
g `m
`mrmf
rmf fm
fmru
russ `bhmn
`bhmnmm `m
`mem
emk
k om
omtms
tms gi
girk
rkme
me `m
`mg
g hblm
hblm pd
pdreu
reu `b
`bod
odrb
rb io
iomt
mt-io
-iomt
mt

mgtbfbpdrtdgsb bgtrmvdgm, sdpdrtb emodtmeie `mg gblmr`bpbg. Mlmg tdtmpb, rdlikdg`msb smmt bgb
 kdgnmghurlmg pdgnnugmmg iomt-iomt mgtb fbpdrtdgsb pm`m ZSM hblmemu KMZ `bmtms =3:
kkFn. Mgmendsbc sdrbgnlmeb `bpdreulmg, iomt-iomt gmrlitblm `mpmt `bodrblmg odr`msmrlmg
bg`blmsb. @um amltir pdgtbgn ymgn `bfuougnlmg `dgnmg eumrmg ourul m`memf fbpdrnebldkbm
`mg fbpdrtdrkbm,
fbpdrtdrkbm, lmrdgm btu ld`umgym
ld`umgym fmrus sdndrm `blirdlsb. Cmecbuk cfmggde oeicldr
`m
`mpm
pmtt kdgn
kdgnur
urmg
mgnb
nb rbs
rbsbl
bli
i li
likp
kpeb
eblm
lmsb
sb bs
bsld
ldkb
kbl,
l, `b
`brdl
rdlik
ikdg
dg`m
`msbl
sblmg
mg gb
gbki
ki`b
`bpb
pbg
g ir
irme
me

(Sdtyiprmgiti, ?:=?).
Fmsbe pdgdebtbmg tdrmlfbr ymgn `bemlulmg kdgndkulmlmg omfwm pdgmkomfmg iomt
cbeistmzie irme pm`m kbcrisurnbcme cebppbgn `mpmt kdgcdnmf ldhm`bmg vmsispmskd sdrdorme
`dgnmg
`dgnmg kdguru
kdguruglm
glmg
g rdsbli-
rdsbli-rdsb
rdsbli
li ymgn
ymgn kdkpdr
kdkpdrpmrm
pmrmf
f ldhm`b
ldhm`bmg
mg vmsisp
vmsispmsk
mskdd sdrdor
sdrdorme
me
(Odcsld P., ?:=>).

N. Likpeblms
Likpeblmsbb
Qmsispmskd `mg pdr`mrmfmg uemgn m`memf likpeblmsb pmebgn sdrbgn pm`m pdr`mrmfmg
suomrmcfgib`. Pmg`m `mg ndhmem vmsispmskd `mpmt odrupm stmtus kdgtme, `dabcbt gdurieinbs

ailme. Qmsispmskd mlmg kdgydomolmg bsldkbm sdrdorme tdrtug`m `dgnmg `um piem utmkm,
ymbtu bgamrl lirtblme tugnnme `mg edsb kuetbped eums.
Zdr`mrmfmg uemgn kdkpugymb kirtmebtms >:%. Tgtul kdgnurmgnb rbsbli pdr`mrmfmg
uemgn sdodeuk `bemlulmg
`bemlulmg pdromblmg mgdurbskm,
mgdurbskm, tdlmgmg
tdlmgmg `mrmf fmrus `bldeiem
`bldeiem fmtb-fmtb
fmtb-fmtb
`dgnmg
`dgnmg `bodrbl
`bodrblmg
mg iomt
iomt adgbed
adgbedarbg
arbg,, girdpb
girdpbgda
gdarbg
rbg,, `mg `ipmkb
`ipmkbgd
gd (fbpit
(fbpitdgs
dgsb),
b), emodtme
emodtmeie,
ie,
dskieie,
dskieie, `mg gblmr`bpb (fbpdrtdgsb).
(fbpdrtdgsb). Pdlmgmg
Pdlmgmg `mrmf sbstiebl fmrus `bpdrtmfmg
`bpdrtmfmglmg
lmg 7=::
kkFn
kkFn ugtul
ugtul sdkum
sdkum pmsbdg
pmsbdg sdemkm
sdemkm ½?= fmrb. Sdodeu
Sdodeuk
k m`m pdromb
pdromblmg
lmg,, tdlmgm
tdlmgmg
g `mrmf
`mrmf
sbstieb
sbstiebl
l fmrus
fmrus `bpdrt
`bpdrtmfm
mfmglm
glmg
g `bomwm
`bomwmf
f =1: kkFn
kkFn `mg sdemkm
sdemkm m`m ndhmem
ndhmem vmsisp
vmsispmskd
mskd,,
tdlmgmg `mrmf sbstiebl mlmg kdgbgnlmt smkpmb ?:: fbgnnm ??: kkFn.

Sdembg vmsipmskd `mg pdr`mrmfmg uemgn, likpeblmsb embg ymgn `mpmt tdrhm`b m`memf
fb`risdameus, fbpigmtrdkbm, fbpdrnebldkbm `mg dpbedpsb (Sdtyiprmgiti, ?:=?).
 OMO BB

^IC (^DO IA CMTSMPBIG)

OMO BBB
LIGSDZ MSTFMG LDZD_M^MPMG

M. Zdgnlmhbmg Ldpdrmwmtmg
Ldpdrmwmtmg
=. B`dg
B`dgtb
tbtm
tmss lebd
lebdg
g
Kdebputb 8 gmkm, ukur, hdgbs ldemkbg, stmtus, sulu, mnmkm, memkmt, pdg`b`blmg,
`bmngism kd`bs, tmgnnme K_S, `mg tmgnnme pdgnlmhbmg `bmkobe.
?. Ld
Ldeu
eufm
fmg
g utmkm
utmkm
Ldeufmg ymgn sdrbgn kdghm`b memsmg lebdg ugtul kdkbgtm pdrtieignmg ldsdfmtmg m`memf
ldedkmfmg mgnnitm ndrml sdodemf om`mg, obcmrm pdei, tb`ml `mpmt odrlikugblmsb, `mg
pdgurugmg tbgnlmt ldsm`mrmg.
3. _bwmym
_bwmymtt pdgymlbt
pdgymlbt sdlmrmg
sdlmrmgn
n
Sdrmgnmg strild fdkirmnbl sdrbgn lmeb odremgnsugn smgnmt kdg`m`ml, pm`m smmt lebdg
sd`mgn kdemlulmg mltbvbtms. Obmsmgym tdrhm`b gydrb ldpmem, kume, kugtmf omflmg ldhmgn
smkpmb tb`ml sm`mr, `bsmkpbgn ndhmem ldeukpufmg sdpmrif om`mg mtmu nmgnnumg augnsb
itml ymgn embg.
 M`mgym pdgurugmg mtmu pdruomfmg pm`m tbgnlmt ldsm`mrmg `bsdomolmg pdruomfmg `b
`memk bgtrmlrmgbme. Ldeufmg pdruomfmg pdrbemlu hunm ukuk tdrhm`b. Sdsumb
pdrldkomgnmg pdgymlbt, `mpmt tdrhm`b emtdrnb, tb`ml rdspigsba, `mg likm.
likm.
0. _bwmym
_bwmymtt pdgymlbt
pdgymlbt `mfueu
`mfueu
M`mgym rbwmymt fbpdrtdgsb, `bmodtds kdebtus, pdgymlbt hmgtugn, mgdkbm, rbwmymt trmukm
ldpmem, ligtrmsdpsb irme ymgn emkm, pdgnnugmmg iomt – iomt mgtbo limnuemg, mspbrbg,
vmsi`bemtir, iomt – iomt m`bltba, ldndkulmg. Zdgnlmhbmg pdkmlmbmg iomt-iomt ymgn
sdrbgn `bnugmlmg lebdg, sdpdrtb pdkmlmbmg mgtbfbpdrtdgsb, mgtbebpb`dkbm, pdgnfmkomt
odtm, `mg embggym. M`mgym rbwmymt kdrilil,
kdrilil, pdgnnugmmg melifi
melifiee `mg pdgnnugmmg iomt
ligtrmsdpsb irme. Zdgnlmhbmg rbwmymt bgb `mpmt kdg`ulugn pdgnlmhbmg `mrb rbwmymt
pdgymlbt sdlmrmgn `mg kdrupmlmg `mtm `msmr ugtul kdgnlmhb edobf hmuf `mg ugtul
kdkodrblmg tbg`mlmg sdemghutgym.
4. _bwmym
_bwmymtt pdgymlbt
pdgymlbt ldeumrn
ldeumrnmm
Obmsmgym m`m rbwmymt ldeumrnm ymgn kdg`drbtm fbpdrtdgsb, `bmodtds kdebtus, mtmu m`mgym
rbwmymt strild `mrb ndgdrmsb tdr`mfueu.
1. @mtm Obi-Zsbli-S
Obi-Zsbli-Sisbme-S
isbme-Spbrbtu
pbrbtume
me
m. Odrg
Odrgma
mams
ms
Zmsbdg `mpmt kdgnmemkb sdsml, piem gmams tb`ml dadltba.

o. Gutrbsb
Kdgnmemkb ldedkmfmg itit pdgnugymf sdfbgnnm pmsbdg tb`ml `mpmt kdgnugymf
kmlmgmg ldrms omflmg `bpmsmgn GNP.
c. De
Debk
bkbg
bgms
msbb
Pdrhm`b ldedkmfmg itit pmgnnue `mg sprbgntdr pm`m mgus sdfbgnnm `mpmt
kdgydomolmg pmsbdg kdgnmemkb ligstbpmsb.
`. Mltb
Mltbvb
vbtm
tmss
Pdrhm`b nmgnnumg kiobebtms mlbomt fdkbpmrdsbs pm`m smtu sbsb mgnnitm ndrml.
@bsmrmglmg od` rdst titme.
d. Bstb
Bstbrm
rmfm
fmtt
Zmsbdg bstbrmfmt `dgnmg girkme.
a. Zdgn
Zdgnmt
mtur
urmg
mg Sufu
Sufu
Sufu tuouf pmsbdg obmsmgym `memk omtms girkme.
n. Ldodrsb
Ldodrsbfmg
fmg/Fy
/Fynbd
nbdgd
gd
Zmsbdg tb`ml `mpmt kdemlulmg pdrsigme fynbdgd sdcmrm kmg`brb mlbomt ldedkmfmg
ymgn `bmemkb.
 f. _msm
_msm mkmg
mkmg
Zmsbdg `mg ldeumrnm obmsmgym kdrmsm lfmwmtbr tdrfm`mp pdruomfmg ymgn tdrhm`b
sdpdrtb lddkmfmg mgnnitm ndrml, nmgnnumg odrobcmrm `ee.
b. _msm
_msm Gymkm
ymkmg
g
Lm`mgn pmsbdg mlmg kdgnmemkb gydrb fdomt pm`m omnbmg ldpmem ymgn kdgnmlbomtlmg
pmsbdg tb`ml gymkmg sdrtm kdrmsm ldpmem odrputmr.
h. Sisbme
Pdrhm`b nmgnnumg pm`m pmsbdg smmt odrlikugblmsb pm`m irmgn `bsdlbtmrgym.
l. Zdgndt
Zdgndtmfu
mfumg/
mg/Ode
Odemhmr
mhmr
Ldomgymlmg pmsbdg tb`ml kdgndtmfub pdgymlbt ymgn `bmemkbgym sdrtm mpm pdkbcu
kugcuegym strild tdrsdout.
e. _dlrdmsb
Zmsbdg tb`ml `mpmt omgnug `mrb tdkpmt tb`ur mtmu pug ldeumr rukmf lmrdgm
`bsmrmglmg od` rdst titme.
k. Spbrbtume
Spbrbtume
Zmsbdg kugnlbg tb`ml `mpmt kdemlulmg mltbvbtms spbrbtume sdpdrtb obmsm lmrdgm
fmkomtmg kiobebtms absbl mtmu pug pdgurugmg ldsm`mrmg.

>. Zdkdrbl
Zdkdrblsmmg
smmg absbl
absbl
m. Ldm`
Ldm`mm
mmg
g ukuk
ukuk
Kdemgnmemkb pdgurugmg ldsm`mrmg, sumrm obcmrm 8 lm`mgn kdgnmemkb nmgnnumg ymbtu
sulmr `bkdgndrtb, lm`mgn tb`ml obsm obcmrm/ mamlsbm. Pmg`m – tmg`m vbtme 8 P@
kdgbgnlmt, gm`b odrvmrbmsb.
o. Sbstdk bgtdnukdgt
Pb`ml tmkpml bltdrus, pdrkulmmg luebt ldrbgn, tdlstur lmsmr, pdruomfmg wmrgm luebt<
kulm tmkpml pucmt.
c. Ldpmem
Girki cdpfmebc, sbkdtrbs, obmsmgym tdr`mpmt gydrb ldpmem/smlbt ldpmem.
`. Kulm
Msbkdtrbs, itit kulm `mg rmfmgn ldlumtmg edkmf.
d. Kmtm
Mebs kmtm, ldeipml kmtm girkme, lighultbvm mgdkbs (+/+), pupbe bsilir, scedrm
bltdrus (-/-), rdaedl cmfmym pisbtba. Pmhmk pdgnebfmtmg tb`ml `mpmt `bdvmeusmb,kmtm
tmkpml ciwign.
 a. Pdebgnm
Sdcrdt, sdrukdg, odg`m msbgn, kdkormg tbkpmgb `memk omtms girkme.
n. Fb`u
Fb`ugn
gn
@dairkbtms, kulism, sdcrdt, omu, iostrulsb tb`ml m`m, pdrgmamsmg cupbgn fb`ugn tb`ml
m`m.
f. Kueut
Kueut `mg amrbgn
amrbgn
Obmsmgym tdrpmsmgn GNP.
b. Edfdr
Sbkdtrbs, lmlu lu`ul, tb`ml m`m odghiemg ebkpfd gi`ue.
h. Pfirmls
Ndrmlmg `m`m sbkdtrbs, rdtrmlsb suprm stdrgme (-), rdtrmlsb bgtdrcistd (-), pdrlusb
rdsigmg, rfigcfb -/- pm`m omsme pmru, wfddzbgn -/-, vicme ardkbtus tb`ml
tdrb`dgtbablmsb.
l. Hmgt
Hmgtug
ugn
n
Omtms hmgtugn lbrb bcs ? stdrgme lbrb `mg bcs 0 stdrgme lbrb, omtms lmgmg bcs ? stdrgme
lmgmg `mg bcs 4 kb` mxbeem lmgmg.pdrlusb `ueegdss. Ougyb S= `mg S? tugnnme< `memk
omtms girkme, nmeeip(-), kukur (-). cmpbeemry rdabee ? `dtbl .

e. Mo`ikdg
Pdrhm`b `bstdgsb mo`ikdg, Obsbgn usus kdgurug.
k. Ndgbtmebm-Mgu
Ndgbtmebm-Mguss
Zdkodgnlmlmg pdkoueuf ebkad tb`ml m`m., tb`ml m`m fdkirib`, tdrpmsmgn lmtdtdr.
g. Dlstr
Dlstrdk
dkbt
btms
ms
Mlrme fmgnmt, lmhb d`dkm , lmhb ldlumtmg itit , ndrml ymgn tb`ml `bsm`mrb , mtripb mtmu
tb`ml, cmpbeemry rdabee, pdrbadr tmkpml pucmt mtmu tb`ml.

O. @bmngism
@bmngism Ldpdrmwm
Ldpdrmwmtmg
tmg

@bmngism ymgn kugcue pm`m pmsbdg pdgymlbt

@bmngism pdgymlbt suomrmcfgib
suomrmcfgib`
` fdkirrfmnd
fdkirrfmnd (SMF) ymbtu
(S@LB,?:=>) 8
=. Nmgnnumg
Nmgnnumg Sbrluemsb
Sbrluemsb Spigtmg
Spigtmg o/` Zdr`mrmfmg
Zdr`mrmfmg Bgtrmlrmgbme
Bgtrmlrmgbme
?. Zdgurugmg
Zdgurugmg curmf
curmf hmgtugn
hmgtugn o/` pdruomfmg
pdruomfmg matdreim`
matdreim`
3. Nmgnnumg
Nmgnnumg _msm
_msm Gymkmg
Gymkmg o/` Ndhmem
Ndhmem Zdgymlbt
Zdgymlbt
0. Nmgnnumg
Nmgnnumg Kiobebtms
Kiobebtms Absbl o/`
o/` prinrmk
prinrmk pdkomtmsmg
pdkomtmsmg ndrml
C. Bgtdrvdgsb Ldpdrmwmtmg
Ldpdrmwmtmg
=. Nmgnnumg
Nmgnnumg Sbrluemsb
Sbrluemsb Spigtmg
Spigtmg o/` pdr`mrmfmg
pdr`mrmfmg bgtrmlrmgbme
bgtrmlrmgbme

Puhumg `mg Lrbtdrbm Fmsbe

Sdtdemf `bemlulmg tbg`mlmg ldpdrmwmtmg, sbrluemsb
sbr luemsb spigtmg kdgbgnlmt
@dgnmg lrbtdrbm fmsbe8
- Ardludg
Ardludgsb
sb gmams
gmams `mrb
`mrb kdgb
kdgbgnl
gnlmt
mt hm`b
hm`b kdgur
kdgurug
ug
- Ardludg
Ardludgsb
sb gm`b
gm`b `mrb
`mrb kdgb
kdgbgn
gnlmt
lmt hm`b
hm`b kdgu
kdgurug
rug
BGPD_QDGSB
Zdgnigtriemg pdr`mrmfmg
Iosdrvmsb
- Kigb
Kigbti
tirr tdl
tdlmg
mgmg
mg `mrm
`mrmf
f

- Kigb
Kigbti
tirr bgtm
bgtmld
ld `mg
`mg iut
iutpu
putt cmbr
cmbrmg
mg
Pdrmpdutbl
- Zisbsbl
Zisbsblmg
mg pmsbd
pmsbdg
g sdkb
sdkb-aiw
-aiwedr
edr mtmu
mtmu aiwed
aiwedrr
- Odrb
Odrblm
lmg
g prinr
prinrmk
mk pdk
pdkom
omtm
tmsmg
smg ndr
ndrml
ml
- Odrb
Odrblm
lmg
g tdr
tdrmp
mpbb ils
ilsbn
bndg
dg

D`ulmsb
- Mghurl
Mghurlmg
mg odrml
odrmltbv
tbvbtms
btms absbl
absbl sdsumb
sdsumb tiedrm
tiedrmgsb
gsb
Liemoirmsb
- Liemoi
Liemoirmsb
rmsb `mem
`memk
k pdkodr
pdkodrbmg
bmg iomt
iomt mgtb
mgtb pdr`mr
pdr`mrmfm
mfmg
g
?. Zdgurugmg
Zdgurugmg curmf
curmf hmgtugn
hmgtugn o/` pdruomfmg
pdruomfmg matdreim`
matdreim`
Puhumg `mg Lrbtdrbm Fmsbe8
Sdtdemf `bemlulmg tbg`mlmg ldpdrmwmtmg, curmf hmgtugn kdgbgnlmt
@dgnmg lrbtdrbm fmsbe8
- Ldlumt
Ldlumtmg
mg gm`b
gm`b pdrbad
pdrbadrr `mrb kdgu
kdgurug
rug hm`b
hm`b kdgbg
kdgbgnlm
nlmtt
- Ldeufm
Ldeufmg
g edemf
edemf `mrb
`mrb kdgbg
kdgbgnlm
nlmtt hm`b
hm`b kdgur
kdgurug
ug
- Pdlmgm
Pdlmgmg
g @bsti
@bstiee `mrb
`mrb kdko
kdkouru
urul
l hm`b
hm`b kdko
kdkombl
mbl
- Pdlmgm
Pdlmgmg
g Sbsti
Sbstiee `mrb
`mrb kdko
kdkouru
urul
l hm`b
hm`b kdko
kdkombl
mbl
BGPD_QDGSB
Zdrmwmtmg Hmgtugn
Iosdrvmsb
- Kigb
Kigbti
tirr tdl
tdlmg
mgmg
mg `mrm
`mrmf
f
 - Kigb
Kigbti
tirr bgtm
bgtmld
ld `mg
`mg iut
iutpu
putt cmbr
cmbrmg
mg
- Kigb
Kigbti
tirr DLN
DLN =? sm
sm`m
`mpm
pmg
g
Pdrmpdutbl
- Zisbsbl
Zisbsblmg
mg pmsbd
pmsbdg
g sdkb
sdkb-aiw
-aiwedr
edr mtmu
mtmu aiwed
aiwedrr
- Odrb
Odrblm
lmg
g `bdt
`bdt rd
rdg`
g`mf
mf nm
nmrmk
rmk
- Odrb
Odrblm
lmg
g tdr
tdrmp
mpbb ils
ilsbn
bndg
dg
D`ulmsb
- Mghurl
Mghurlmg
mg odrml
odrmltbv
tbvbtms
btms absbl
absbl sdsumb
sdsumb tiedrm
tiedrmgsb
gsb
Liemoirmsb
- Liemoi
Liemoirmsb
rmsb `mem
`memk
k pdkodr
pdkodrbmg
bmg iomt
iomt mgtbf
mgtbfbpd
bpdrtdg
rtdgsb
sb
3. Nmgnnumg
Nmgnnumg _msm
_msm Gymkmg
Gymkmg o/` Ndhmem
Ndhmem Zdgymlbt
Zdgymlbt
Puhumg `mg lrbtdrbm fmsbe8
Sdtdemf `bemlulmg tbg`mlmg ldpdrmwmtmg, stmtus ldgymkmgmg kdgbgnlmt
@dgnmg lrbtdrbm fmsbe8
- Ldeufm
Ldeufmg
g tb`ml
tb`ml gymkm
gymkmg
g `mrb kdgb
kdgbgnl
gnlmt
mt hm`b
hm`b kdguru
kdgururg
rg
- Ldeufm
Ldeufmg
g kdrbg
kdrbgtbf
tbf `mrb
`mrb kdgb
kdgbgnl
gnlmt
mt hm`b
hm`b kdgur
kdgurug
ug
BGPD_QDGSB
Kmgmhdkdg Gydrb

Iodsdrvmsb
- B`dgtbablmsb
B`dgtbablmsb eilmsb,
eilmsb, lmrmltdr
lmrmltdrbstbl,
bstbl, `urmsb,
`urmsb, ardludgsb
ardludgsb,, l
lumebtm
umebtmss gydrb
gydrb
- B`dg
B`dgtb
tbab
ablm
lmsb
sb slm
slmem
em gyd
gydrb
rb
- B`dg
B`dgtb
tbab
ablm
lmsb
sb gyd
gydrb
rb gig
gig vd
vdro
rome
me
Pdrmpdutbl
- Odrblmg
Odrblmg tdlgbl
tdlgbl ggamrkmlie
ggamrkmlieinbs
inbs ugtul
ugtul kdgnur
kdgnurmgnb
mgnb rmsm gydrb
D`ulmsb
- Hdemsl
Hdemslmg
mg strmt
strmtdn
dnbb kdrd`
kdrd`ml
mlmg
mg gydr
gydrbb
- Hdemslmg
Hdemslmg pdgydo
pdgydomo,
mo, pdrbi
pdrbi`d,
`d, `mg
`mg pdkbc
pdkbcu
u gydrb
gydrb
Liemoirmsb
- Liemoi
Liemoirmsb
rmsb `memk
`memk pdkodr
pdkodrbmg
bmg mgmend
mgmendtbl
tbl
0. Nmgnnumg
Nmgnnumg Kiobebtms
Kiobebtms Absbl o/`
o/` prinrmk
prinrmk pdkomtmsmg
pdkomtmsmg ndrml
Sdtdemf `bemlulmg tbg`mlmg ldpdrmwmtmg, tiedrmgsb kdgbgnlmt
@dgnmg lrbtdrbm Fmsbe8
- Ardludg
Ardludgsb
sb gm`b
gm`b `mrb
`mrb kdgu
kdgurug
rug hm`b
hm`b kdgb
kdgbgnl
gnlmt
mt
- Ldeufm
Ldeufmg
g edemf
edemf `mrb
`mrb kdgbg
kdgbgnlm
nlmtt hm`b
hm`b kdgur
kdgurug
ug
 - _bsbli
_bsbli Hmtuf
Hmtuf `mrb
`mrb kdgb
kdgbgnl
gnlmt
mt hm`b
hm`b kdgu
kdgurug
rug
BGPD_QDGSB
Zdgcdnmfmg Hmtuf
Iosdrvmsb
- Lmhb
Lmhb tbg
tbgnl
nlmt
mt rb
rbsb
sbl
li hhmt
mtuf
uf
- Kigb
Kigbti
tirr ttbg
bgnl
nlmt
mt ti
tied
edrmg
rmgsb
sb ml
mltb
tbvb
vbtm
tmss
Pdrmpdutbl
- Odrb
Odrblm
lmg
g ebg
ebgnl
nlug
ugnm
nmg
g ymg
ymgn
n mkm
mkmg
g
- Odrb
Odrblm
lmg
g pmn
pmnmr
mr pdk
pdkom
omtm
tmss pm`m
pm`m tdk
tdkpm
pmtt tb`u
tb`urr
- Amsbe
Amsbebt
btmsb
msb pm
pmsbd
sbdg
g kdg
kdghm
hmem
emgb
gb emt
emtbf
bfmg
mg abs
absbl
bl
D`ulmsb
- Hdemsl
Hdemslmg
mg rmg
rmgnl
nlmbm
mbmg
g amsd
amsd rdfm
rdfmob
obetm
etmsb
sb hmgt
hmgtug
ugn
n
- Mghu
Mghurl
rlmg
mg kdgh
kdghme
memgb
mgb mlt
mltbv
bvbt
btms
ms sdsum
sdsumbb tiedr
tiedrmg
mgsb
sb
- Mghurl
Mghurlmg
mg pmsbd
pmsbdg
g `mg ldeumr
ldeumrnm
nm ugtu
ugtul
l ki`ba
ki`bablm
blmsb
sb amltir
amltir rbsb
rbsbli
li

@MAPM_ ZTSPMLM

Omdfr K, & Aritcsfdr K. ?:=?. @bmngisbs Pipbl Gdurieinb @TTS Mgmtikb, Absbieinb, Pmg`m,
Ndhmem.. 0tf d`. Hmlmrtm 8 DNC.
Ndhmem
Odcsld
Odcsld P. ?:=>.
?:=>. Suomrmcfgib` Fdkirrfmnd Prdmtkdgt & Kmgmndkdgt . Kd`scmpd _dadrdgcd
@r
@run
uns,
s, @b
@bsd
sdms
msdd & Zric
Zricd`
d`ur
urds
ds.. @b
@bml
mlsd
sdss pm
pm`m
`m tmgn
tmgnnm
nmee :6 Mprb
Mprbee ?:
?:=6
=6 `mrb
`mrb fttp
fttps8
s8//
//dd
kd`bcbgd.kd`scmpd.cik/mrtbced/==1030=-trdmtkdgt.
Nmgdsd
Nmgdsdg,
g, S.S.
S.S. ?:=1.
?:=1. Slrbpsb8 Stu`b Zdgnnugmmg Gbki`bpbg Zm`m Zmsbdg Strild Zdg`mrmfmg
Suomrmlfgib` Gig Prmukmtbl Odr`msmrlmg Nmkomrmg Mgnbinrmab Sdrdorme . Surmomym 8
Amlue
Amluetms
tms Amrkms
Amrkmsbb Tgbvdr
Tgbvdrsbt
sbtms
ms Mbremg
Mbremgnnm
nnm.. @bmlsd
@bmlsdss pm`m
pm`m tmgnnm
tmgnnmee :6 Mprbe
Mprbe ?:=6
?:=6 `mrb
`mrb

fttp8//rdpisbtiry.ugmbr.mc.b`/40>=1/=3/AA.AL
fttp8//rdpisbtiry.ugmbr.mc.b`/40>=1/=3/AA.AL.%?:=>-=1%?:Nm
.%?:=>-=1%?:Nmg%?:s-kbg.p`a.
g%?:s-kbg.p`a.
Zdr`issb. ?:==. Oulu Mhmr Gdurieinb
Gdurieinb Lebgbs.
Lebgbs. Rinymlmrtm 8 TNK.
Sdtyiprmgiti, Bskmbe. ?:=?. Zdgmtmemlsmgmm
Zdgmtmemlsmgmmg
g Suomrmlfgib`. C@L-=22
C@L-=22 vie. 32 gi.==. @bmlsds
pm`m tmgnnme :> Mprbe ?:=6 `mrb fttp8//www.lmeodkd`.cik/Zirtmes/1/:4Y=22
fttp8//www.lmeodkd`.cik/Zirtmes/1/:4Y=22
Zdgmtmemlsmgmmg%?:
Zdgmtmemlsmgmmg%?: pdr`mrmfmg%?:suomrmlgib`.p`a.
pdr`mrmfmg%?:suomrmlgib`.p`a.
Pbk Zilhm S@LB @ZZ ZZGB. (?:=>). Stmg`mg @bmngisbs Ldpdrmwmtmg Bg`igdsbm 8 @dabgbsb
`mg Bg`blmtir @bmngistbl. D`bsb =, Cdtmlmg BBB. Hmlmrtm 8 @ZZ ZZGB
Pbk Zilhm SBLB @ZZ ZZGB.
ZZGB. (?:=6). Stmg`mr Bgtdrvdgsb Ldpdrmwmtmg Bg`igdsbm 8 @dabgbsb
@mg Pbg`mlmg Ldpdrmwmtmg.
Ldpdrmwmtmg. D`bsb =, Cdtmlmg BB. Hmlmrtm 8 @ZZ ZZGB

Pbk Zilhm SELB @ZZ ZZGB. (?:=2). Stmg`mr Eumrmg Ldpdrmwmtmg Bg`igdsbm 8 @dabgbsb @mg
Lrbtdrbm Fmsbe Ldpdrmwmtmg. D`bsb =, Cdtmlmg
Cdtmlmg BB. Hmlmrtm 8 @ZZ ZZGB