\WDA[MAD @º 4: R@MKDK B_\BWMIB@[DN KB ARWXD KB \WBQMC@ KB XD\CW

CGJB[MXCQ

 Frdhma
Frdhmadr
dr nd aur
aurvd
vd bxp
bxpbrm
brmib`
ib`tdn
tdn kb [bipb
[bipbrd
rdtur
turd
d vs \rbsmñ
\rbsmñ`
` kb vd
vdpc
pcrr ac` ncs

pdräibtrcs cgtb`mkcs kurd`tb bn prcabsc kb ac`trcn kb vdamc icstrdkc b` nd tbcréd

kb nd prdatmad y d`dnmzdr su acipcrtdimb`tc
 Frdhmadr nd aurvd tbñrmad kb [bipbrdtu
[bipbrdturd
rd Xs \rbsmñ` kb vdpcr kb dfud cgtb`mkd b`
nd nmtbrdturd
 Kbtbrim`
Kbtbrim`dr
dr ncs pcra
pcrab`td
b`tdjbs
jbs kb kbsvmda
kbsvmdamñ`
mñ` b`trb
b`trb ncs vdnc
vdncrbs
rbs bxpbrmib
bxpbrmib`tdn
`tdnbs
bs y
tbñrmacs
  D`dnmzdr nds
nds kmhbrb`amd
kmhbrb`amds
s b`ac`trdkds
b`ac`trdkds b` digds aurvds
aurvds

KMDFWDID KBN BTRM\C

4.-Gc
4.-Gcigd
igd kb Xdamc:
Xdamc: Kmspcsmtmvc qub sb utmnmzd pdrd arbdr u`d prbsmñ` kb vdaéc b` bn
idtrdz
idtrdz nc qub cadsmc`d
cadsmc`d qub bn smstbid
smstbid bgunnd
bgunnd d u`d tbipbr
tbipbrdtu
dturd
rd m`hbrmcr
m`hbrmcr.. [mb`b
[mb`b u`d
pctb`amd kb 4/; O\
 

7.- Idtrdz
Idtrdz Brnb`i
Brnb`ibyb
bybr:
r:  Wb
Wbam
ampm
pmb`
b`tb
tb kb vm
vmkr
krmc
mc b` bn audn
audn sb kb
kbpc
pcsm
smtd
td`
` ar
arms
mstd
tdnb
nbs
s
dgscrgb`tbs, usdkcs pdrd bvmtdr qub bn dfud b`trb d nd gcigd y qub pbrjukmqub su
hu`amc`dimb`tc. [mb`b u`d adpdamkdk kb ;<<in

1.- \mbzñibtrc c Id`ñibtrc Kmhbrb`amdn: M`kmad nd prbsmñ` kbn smstbid d pdrtmr kbn `mvbn
kb dnturd kbn hnumkc, rbprbsb`td`kc nd prbsmñ` d nd qub sb scibtb kmaod sustd`amd.

;.- Gdnñ` kb 1 Gcads:  m`struib`tc bshírmac qub sb utmnmzd aud`kc bs `babsdrmc dfrbfdr 
daabscrmcs ac` m`struib`tcs kb ibkmamñ` pdrd kbtbrim`dr dnfu`ds vdrmdgnbs kbn smstbid

2.- [bricaupnd:  Qb utmnm

utmnmzd
zd pdrd ibkmr nd tbipbrd
tbipbrdturd
turd kbn smstbid
smstbid ibkmd`
ibkmd`tb
tb sbô
sbôdnbs
dnbs
bníatrmads bxprbsd`kc ncs vdncrbs b` u`d pd`tdnnd kmfmtdn. Bs u` sb`scr kb tbipbrdturd
iäs aciú`ib`tb utmnmzdkc d `mvbn m`kustrmdn.
m`kustrmdn. Bstä ac`stmtumkd
ac`stmtumkd pcr kcs dndigrbs kb kmstm`tc
idtbrmdn, u`mkds b` u` bxtrbic. Dn dpnmadr tbipbrdturd b` nd u`mñ` kb ncs ibtdnbs sb
fb`brd u` vcntdjb iuy pbqubôc, bn audn duib`td ac` nd tbipbrdturd.

8.- Xänvund kb dnmvmc kb prbsmñ`: Bs u` daabscrmc qub sb utmnmzd pdrd nmgbrdr nd prbsmñ` b`
nd trdipd kb vdpcr, pbrimtmb`kc vcnvbr dn bstdkc m`mamdn kb prbsmñ` kbn smstbid.

6.- Id`td kb adnb`tdimb`tc

adnb`tdimb`tc:: Qb bipnbd pdrd adnb`tdr u`mhcribib`tb nd supbrhmamb b`
kc`kb sb b`aub`trd bn hnumkc. Bn néqumkc qub sb vd d adnb`tdr sbrä dfud purd.

?.- Id`fu
Id`fubrds:
brds:  Qc` tugcs oubacs hnbxmgnbs
hnbxmgnbs kmsbôdk
kmsbôdkcs
cs pdrd trd`s
trd`spcrt
pcrtdr
dr hnum
hnumkcs
kcs y sb
b`aub`trd` ac`batdkds dn pmbzñibtrc.

\WCABKMIMB@[C

 Qb nbyñ nd tbipbrdturd kbn smstbid pcr ibkmc kbn tbriñibtrc pdrd ac`cabr nds
ac`kmamc`bs m`mamdnbs kbn smstbid.
 Qb b`ab`kmñ nd id`td kb adnb`tdimb`tc odstd qub bn m`kmadkcr kb tbipbrdturd
icstrdrd u` duib`tc kb 4<¼A kb kmaod vdrmdgnb.
 Qb b`ab`kmñ nd gcigd pdrd m`mamdr bn prcabsc kb ac`trcn kb vdaéc y sb id`tuvc dsm
pcr u` pbrmckc kb tmbipc pdrd qub bn dfud acib`zdrd d dnad`zdr su pu`tc kb
bgunnmamñ`
 Qb dp
dpdf
dfñ
ñ nd gc
gcig
igd
d y sb rb
rbdn
dnmz
mzdr
drc`
c` nds
nds nbat
nbatur
urds
ds kb tbip
tbipbr
brdt
dtur
urd
d y dntu
dnturd
rds
s

rbpcrtdkds ibkmd`tb nd tbricaupnd y bn pmbzñibtrc, rbspbatmvdib`tb.

 

 Qb dgrmñ nd vänvund kb dnmvmc kb prbsmñ` odstd qub bn pmbzñibtrc vcnvmbrd d su

pcsmamñ` m`mamdn pdrd kbspuís abrrdr kmaod vänvund.
 Qb rbpmtmñ bn prcabkmimb`tc vdrmds vbabs b` pbrmckcs kb tmbipc iäs acrtcs odstd
dnad`zdrr u`d tbipbrdturd
dnad`zd tbipbrdturd dprcxmidkd d 4<<ºA, yd qub sbréd bn pu`tc kb bgunnmamñ`
kbn dfud purd d prbsmñ` dticshírmad.

WBQRIB@

Nd prbsmñ` kb vdpcr bs nd prbsmñ` d nd qub d adkd tbipbrdturd nds hdsbs, néqumkd y vdpcr,
dnad`zd` bn bqumnmgrmc. Nd smfumb`tb bxpbrmb`amd tmb`b acic hm`dnmkdk kbtbrim`dr nd aurvd
bxpbrmib`tdn kb nd tbipbrdturd vs prbsmñ` kb vdpcr, auycs kdtcs sb tcidrc` kurd`tb u`
prcabs
prcabsc
c kb ac
ac`tr
`trcn
cn kb vd
vdaéc
aéc.. \c
\cstb
stbrmc
rmcrib
rib`tb
`tb,, sb ad
adnau
naunñ
nñ nd prb
prbsmñ
smñ`
` kb vdp
vdpcr
cr ac` nd
baudamñ` kb D`tcm`b pdrd frdhmadr nd aurvd tbñrmad kb nd prbsmñ` kb vdpcr d nds imsids
tbipbrdturds qub sb rbpcrtdrc` b` bn ndgcrdtcrmc, ac` nd hm`dnmkdk kb acipdrdrnds. \ukc
cgsbrvdrsb qub d ibkmkd qub duib`tdgd nd tbipbrdturd, nd prbsmñ` kb vdpcr duib`tdg
duib`tdgd
d

pdrd digds aurvds. Qm` bigdrfc, ac` ncs vdncrbs cgtb`mkcs td`tc bxpbrmib`tdn acic
tbñrma
tbñrmadi
dib`
b`tb,
tb, sb pr
prca
cabk
bkmñ
mñ d kbtbr
kbtbrim`
im`dr
dr nc
ncs
s pcrab
pcrab`td
`tdjb
jbs
s kb kbsvm
kbsvmdam
damñ`
ñ` b`trb
b`trb bnncs
bnncs,,
pukmí`k
pukmí`kcsb
csb cgsb
cgsbrvdr
rvdr brrcrbs
brrcrbs kb odstd
odstd dprcxmid
dprcxmidkdi
kdib`tb
b`tb ?<%. B` aud`tc
aud`tc dn d`ä
d`änmsms
nmsms
acrrbspc`kmb`tb d nds kmhbrb`amds b`ac`trdkds b`trb digds aurvds, sb sbôdndrc` acic
pcsmgnbs adusds kb brrcr: nbaturds m`acrrbatds b` bn pmbzñibtrc, idnhu`amc`dimb`tc kbn
m`kmadkcr kb tbipbrdturd y idn dmsndimb`tc kbn smstbid. D pbsdr kb nds kbsvmdamc`bs
cgsbrvdkds, pukc ac`anumrsb qub d ibkmkd qub nd tbipbrdturd kb bgunnmamñ` duib`td nd
prbsmñ` kb vdpcr tdigmí`. \drd huturds präatmads sb rbacimb`kd ac`tdr ac` u` smstbid kb
bstukmc gmb` dmsndkc y utmnmzdr bqumpcs qub imkd` nd prbsmñ` kb hcrid kmrbatd.

D\B@KMABQ
  Aänaunc kbn Kmhbrb`amdn kb Dnturd (iiOf y kbspuís d Epd)
∈O9O7-O4

Adnaunc kb \rbsmc` kbn Qmstbid (\d) Bxpbrmib`tdn

 \s9 \dgs + \id `

  Adnaunc kb \rbsmñ` kb Xdpcr

D`tcm`b E\d: n`\s9 D ‑ G/[+A

D 9 48.1?67 G 9 1??2.6 A 9 71<.46
 

Dpí`kmab 4. \rbsmñ` kb sdturdamñ` kbn dfud d kmhbrb`tbs tbipbrdturds.

Hub`tb: Ab`fbn, ]u`fus (7<<8). [brickm`äimad. 2td Bkmamc`. IaFrdw Omnn. \äfm`d ?=<.

 Adnaunc kb nds kbsvmamc`bs b`trb pbxp y ptbcr 

 Br 9  \smstbid∗ \tbñrma
 \tbñrmac
c Ö 4<<
|  \smstbid
 | 4<< %

  Frdhmad
Frdhmad [bñrm
[bñrmad:
ad: \rbsb`td u` acipcrtdimb`tc pdrdgñnmac dsab`kb`tb, bn audn bs
bn acipcrtdimb`tc acrrbatc kb nd rbndamñ` b`trb nd prbsmñ` kb vdpcr kbn dfud purd y
su tbipbrdturd kb bgunnmamñ`.
  Frdhmad
Frdh mad Bxpbrmib`
Bxpbrmib`tdn:
tdn: Bn acipcrtdimb`tc bs gdstd`tb hnuatud`tb scgrb tckc b`
ncs prmibrcs pu`tcs cgtb`mkcs, sm` bigdrfc, smfumb`kc nd tb`kb`amd kb nd imsid,
sb pubkb kbamr qub tmb`b u` arbamimb`tc bxpc`b`amdn, d ibkmkd qub duib`td nd
tbipbrdturd
tbipbrd turd duib`td nd prbsmñ` kb vdpcr kbn dfud. Nds hnuatudamc`bs
hnuatudamc`bs qub pubkb`
cgsbrvdrsb b` bstd frähmad pubkb` tb`br su crmfb` b` kmstm`tds hdnnds, b`trb nds qub
sb b`ac`
b`ac`trd
trdréd
réd`:
`: nbatu
nbaturd
rd m`
m`acr
acrrba
rbatd
td b` bn pmb
pmbzñi
zñibtr
btrc,
c, mipurb
mipurbzds
zds b` bn dfud
dfud,,
pcsmgnbs hufds b` bn dpdrdtc bxpbrmib`tdn, b`trb ctrds. Bs pcr bnnc, nd aurvd `c
smfub bxdatdib`tb u` acipcrtdimb`tc pdrdgñnmac acic nc m`kmad nd tbcréd.
 

\WDA[MAD @º 7: QMQ[BID AC@KRAAMC@ [BWIMAD

CGJB[MXCQ

 Mkb`tmhmadr ncs acipc`b`tbs ibtänmacs prbsb`tbs b` adkd u`d kb nds gdrrds kbn
bqumpc.
 Acipdrdr ncs vdncrbs b`ac`trdkcs ac` ncs rbpcrtdkcs pcr nd nmtbrdturd y bxpnmadr nds

kmhbrb`amds b`ac`trdkds.
 Bstdgnbabr b` hcrid frähmad nd rbndamñ` b`trb nd tbipbrdturd y nd nc`fmtuk pdrd nds
u`mkdkbs kb ärbd ac`std`tb.
 Acipdrdr y d`dnmzdr ncs rbsuntdkcs
rbsuntdkcs cgtb`mkcs kbn adncr trd`shbrmkc
trd`shbrmkc b` nds u`mkdkbs
1 y ;.

KMDFWDID KBN BTRM\C

4.- M`tbrruptcrbs kb pckbr: Qb b`aub`trd` b` bn ärbd kb ac`trcn, sb tmb`b u` m`tbrruptcr 

kb kcs pcsmamc`
pcsmamc`bs
bs C@-CHH
C@-CHH (B`ab`k
(B`ab`kmkc-d
mkc-dpdf
pdfdkc
dkc)) pdrd ncfrdr pc`
pc`br
br b` sbrvmamc
sbrvmamc nds
u`mkdkbs kbn bqumpc kb ac`kuaamñ` tírimad.

7.
7.-- [d`q
[d`qub
ub kb b`hr
b`hrmd
mdim
imb`
b`tc
tc:: Qb b`
b`au
aub`
b`tr
trd`
d` b` nd pd
pdrt
rtb
b supb
supbrm
rmcr
cr kb adkd
adkd gdrr
gdrrd
d
ac`k
ac`kua
uatc
tcrd
rd,, sc`
sc` u` pb
pbqu
qubô
bôc
c rb
rbam
ampm
pmb`
b`tb
tb b`
b`hr
hrmd
mdkc
kc pc
pcrr df
dfud
ud iu
iu`m
`mam
ampd
pdnn qu
qub
b pc
pcsb
sbb
b
ibkmamc`bs kb ncs adigmcs kb tbipbrdturd kbn hnumkc kb b`hrmdimb`tc, rbqubrmkcs pdrd
kbtbrim`dr bn hnujc kb adncr qub dtrdvmbsd nd gdrrd, bxpbrmib`tdnib`tb.

1.- Iuntmsbnbatcr: \brimtb nd sbnbaamñ` kb nd tbricaupnd ac` nd qub sb qumbrb trdgdjdr b`

nds rbspbatmvds u`mkdkbs. Aub`td ac` u`d pbrmnnd sbnbatcrd pdrd sbnbaamc`dr nd gdrrd c
 

u`mkdk (M d MX), dkbiäs m`anuyb u`d R`mkdk X b` nd qub sb pubkb` sbnbaamc`dr nds
tbricaupnds kb nds acrrmb`tbs kb b`trdkd y sdnmkd kbn dfud kb b`hrmdimb`tc. \drd ibkmr nds
tbipb
tbipbrdt
rdturd
urds
s sb tmb
tmb`b
`b u` sbnba
sbnbatcr
tcr iu
iuntm
ntmpu
pu`tc
`tc ac` kmbz
kmbz pcsma
pcsmamc`
mc`bs
bs kb tbric
tbricau
aupnd
pnds
s
acncadkds b` kmhbrb`tbs pu`tcs kb nds gdrrds. Nd tbipbrdturd bs sb`sdkd utmnmzd`kc u`
iuntéibtrc kmfmtdn b` ¼A. \brimtb ic`mtcrbdr nds tbricaupnds, dn ac`batdrnc dn sbnbatcr 

iuntmpu`tc kmspubstc pdrd adkd u`mkdk.

;.-
;.- R`mk
R`mkdk
dkbs
bs kb gdrr
gdrrds
ds M y MM: Ac`s
Ac`smst
mstb`
b` b` kcs
kcs amnm`k
amnm`krcs
rcs ocrmz
ocrmzc`
c`tdn
tdnbs
bs ac
ac`
` kmb
kmbz
z
tbricaupnds b` su ab`trc y ncadnmzdkds d kmhbrb`tbs kmstd`amds. Digds u`mkdkbs bstä`
ac`strumkds ac` kcs ibtdnbs kmhbrb`tbs, nd u`mkdk M pcr ncs ibtdnbs D y G y nd u`mkdk MM pcr 
ncs ibtdnbs A y K. Nds u`mkdkbs bstä` u`mkds
u`mkds d u`d gdrrd, obaod kb dabrc m`cxmkdgnb 4?-
? bstdgmnmzdkc pdrd dntd tbipbrdturd, nd audn bs adnb`tdkd y kb kc`kb sb nbs trd`simtb bn
adncr pcr ac`kuaamñ`.

2.-
2.- R`mk
R`mkdk
dkbs
bs kb gdrr
gdrrds
ds MM
MMMM y MX
MX::  Ac`sm
Ac`smstb
stb`
` b` kcs
kcs amnm`k
amnm`krcs
rcs vb
vbrtm
rtmad
adnbs
nbs ac
ac`
` kmb
kmbz
z
tbricaupnds b` su ab`trc y ncadnmzdkds d kmhbrb`tbs kmstd`amds. Nd R`mkdk MMM bs kb ärbd
vdrmdgnb y, b` adigmc, nd R`mkdk MX bs kb ärbd ac`std`tb. Adkd u`mkdk pcsbb su prcpmc
pndtc adnmb`tb y td`qub kb b`hrmdimb`tc.

8.- M`kmadkcr kb tbipbrdturd:  M`struib`tcs kb m`stdndamñ`, qub pubkb` prcabsdr nd sbôdn

kb sb`scrbs kb tbipbrdturd b m`kmadrncs b` pd`tdnnd.

6.- Xänvund kb b`trdkd:  \brimtb nd b`trdkd kbn hnumkc (adsc kb nd präatmad: dfud) d nds
u`mkdkbs d bipnbdr.

?.- Xänvun
Xänvundd kb sdn
sdnmkd
mkd::  \b
\brim
rimtb
tb ibkmr
ibkmr nd ad
ad`tm
`tmkd
kdk
k kb dfud qub sdn
sdnb
b b` u` tmbipc
tmbipc

kbtbrim`dkc y ac` u`d tbipbrdturd kbtbrim`dkd.

=.- Krb`djb kb dfud.

4<.- Bnbib`tc adnb`tdkcr : Bs u` bnbib`tc bníatrmac qub trdgdjd acic hub`tb kb adncr b`
kc`kb kbsad`sd nd gdrrd rbspbatmvd, adkd u`mkdk pcsbb u`c. Aub`td` ac` u` kmdn pdrd
ac`trcndr su tbipbrdturd djustd`kc nd pctb`amd dn adnb`tdkcr.

\WCABKMIMB@[C B_\BWMIB@[DN

 Qb vbrmhmac qub tckds nds u`mkdkbs bstuvmbrd` b` hu`amc`dimb`tc y sb prcabkmñ d

prbadnb`tdr kurd`tb 7 ocrds

 

 Qb b`ab`kmñ bn iuntmibtrc kmfmtdn

kmfmtdn y sb bspbrc d qub sb bstdgmnmzdrd bn smstbid pdrd
tcidr `ctd kb nd tbipbrdturd rbpcrtdkd
 Qbnb
Qbnbaa
aamc
mc`d
`dic
ics
s nd tb
tbri
rica
caup
upnd
nd pb
pbrt
rtb`
b`ba
bamb
mb`t
`tb
b d nd u`
u`mk
mkdk
dk pc
pcrr ibkm
ibkmc
c kb u`
iuntmsbnbatcr y sb nbb bn vdncr ac` bn iuntmibtrc
 Qb prca
prcabk
bkb`
b` d rb
rbdn
dnmz
mzdr
dr nc
ncs
s pd
pdsc
scs
s 7 y 1 pdrd
pdrd nbbr
nbbr nds
nds tbip
tbipbr
brdt
dtur
urds
ds kb nds
nds

tbricaupnds kb a/u kb nds u`mkdkbs

 Qb dgrmbrc` nds vänvunds kb sdnmkd kb a/u kb nds u`mkdkbs y b` u` amnm`krc frdkudkc
sb imkmñ bn vcnuib` kb nnb`dkc imb`trds qub b` smiuntd`bc sb tcidgd bn tmbipc
kb nnb`dkc ac` u` arc`cibtrc y hm`dnib`tb ibkmr nd tbipbrdturd kb sdnmkd kbn dfud

D\B@KMAB

Adnaunc kb Adukdn (i1/o) 4in 9 4b-8i1

X 
X̋˝  9
X 
t 

Adnaunc kb Hnujc Iäsmac (ef/o)

i˝ 9X  Ö˝ τ
i̋

Adnaunc kb Adncr [rd`shbrmkc (Ej/o) Ap 9 ;.4?6Ej/EfºA

T9 i̋ ÖApÖ ( [s∗[b )

 ˝iÖApÖ

Adnaunc kb Ac`kuatmvmkdk [írimad (Ej/o.i.ºA)

T Ö ( N ; ∗ N 1 )
 1 ;
 E  ∗ 9 D Ö ([   11 ∗[  ;
 ; )

Adnaunc kb Brrcr 

|Xdncr [bcrmac ∗Xdncr Bxpbrmib`tdn|

%B 9   Ö 4<<
Xdncr [bcrmac
 

[dgnd @º4. Ac`kuatmvmkdk [írimad tbñrmad kb kmstm`tcs idtbrmdnbs.

Idtbrmdn   Ac`kuatvmkdk
Ac`kuatvmkdk [írimad

(eJ/o i ¼A)

Dabrc 4;<

Dnuim`mc 4<1<

Idf`bsmc 8<<

@équbn 74<

Ombrrc 48<

Acgrb 416<

B_[WDDDDDQ

\WBQMÑ@ KB XD\CW: D ístd tdigmí` sb nb nndid aciú`ib`tb prbsmñ` kb sdturdamñ`. Bs

nd prbsmñ` d nd qub, d adkd tbipbrdturd, nds hdsbs néqumkds y vdpcr sb b`aub`trd` b`
bqumnmg
bqumnmgrmc5
rmc5 su vdnc
vdncrr bs m`kb
m`kbpb`
pb`kmb`
kmb`tb
tb kb nds ad`tmkd
ad`tmkdkbs
kbs kb néqu
néqumkc
mkc y vdpc
vdpcrr prbsb`tb
prbsb`tbs
s
imb`trds bxmstd` digds. B` nd smtudamñ` kb bqumnmgrmc, nds hdsbs rbamgb` nd kb`cim`damñ`
kb néqumkc sdturdkc y vdpcr sdturdkc. Ncs hdatcrbs iäs m`hnuyb`tbs b` bstd idf`mtuk sc`
nd tbipbrdturd y nd `dturdnbzd kbn néqumkc.

M@HNRB@AMD KB ND [BI\BWD[RWD B@ ND \WBQMC@ KB XD\CW: Kbn imsic ickc,

odgrbics `ctdkc qub nd prbsmñ` kb vdpcr kb sdturdamñ` arbab ac` bn duib`tc kb nd
tbipbrdturd, kb bstd hcrid sm acncadics u` néqumkc pcac vcnätmn acic bn dfud b` u`
rbampmb`tb y nc adnb`tdics, cgtb`krbics bn imsic bhbatc kbn pu`tc d`tbrmcr, bs kbamr u`d
prbsmñ` `ctdgnb dn kbstdpdrnc. Nd rbndamñ` b`trb nd tbipbrdturd y nd prbsmñ` kb vdpcr 
sdturdkc kb nds sustd`amds, `c bs u`d nm`bd rbatd, b` ctrds pdndgrds, sm sb kupnmad nd
tbipbrdturd, `c `babsdrmdib`tb sb kupnmadrä nd prbsmñ`, pbrc sm sb auipnmrä smbiprb, qub
pdrd adkd vdncr kb tbipbrdturd, odgrä u` vdncr hmjc kb prbsmñ` kb vdpcr sdturdkc pdrd
adkd néqumkc.
 

M@HNRB@A
M@HNRB@AMD
MD KB ND @D[RWD
@D[RWDNBZD
NBZD KBN NÉTR
NÉTRMKC
MKC B@ ND \WBQMÑ@ KB XD\C
XD\CW:
W: Bn
vdncr kb nd prbsmñ` kb vdpcr sdturdkc kb u` néqumkc, kd u`d mkbd andrd kb su vcndtmnmkdk, ncs
néqumkcs ids vcnätmnbs (ítbr, fdscnm`d, dabtc`d bta) tmb`b` u`d prbsmñ` kb vdpcr sdturdkc
ids
ids dntd
dntd,, pc
pcrr nc qu
qub
b bs
bstb
tb tmpc
tmpc kb né
néqu
qumk
mkcs
cs,, ac`h
ac`hm`
m`dk
dkcs
cs b` u` rb
rbam
ampm
pmb`
b`tb
tb abrrd
abrrdkc
kc,,
id`tb`krä` d nd imsid tbipbrdturd, u` prbsmñ` idycr qub ctrcs ib`cs vcnätmnbs. Bsc

bxpnmad pcrquí, d tbipbrdturd digmb`tb b` vbrd`c, aud`kc kbstdpdics u` rbampmb`tb ac`

fdscnm`d, `ctdics qub ody u`d prbsmñ` ac`smkbrdgnb b` bn m`tbrmcr, imb`trds qub sm bn
néqumkc bs pcr bjbipnc5 dfud, auyd prbsmñ` kb vdpcr sdturdkc bs ids gdjd, dpb`ds nc
`ctdics aud`kc sb kbstdpd bn rbampmb`tb.

XDWM
XDWMDG
DGNB
NBQ
Q TRB
TRB M@
M@HN
HNR]
R]B@
B@ B@ ND \W
\WBQ
BQMÑ
MÑ@
@ KB XD\C
XD\CW:
W: Nd prbsmñ
prbsmñ`
` kb vd
vdpc
pcr 
r 
sdturdkc kbpb`kb kb kcs hdatcrbs: Nd `dturdnbzd kbn néqumkc y nd tbipbrdturd.

ID[BWMDNBQ AC@KRA[CWBQ: Ncs ibjcrbs ac`kuatcrbs kbn adncr sc` ncs ibtdnbs. Qm`
bigdrfc,
bigdrfc, `c tckc
tckcs
s ncs ibtdnbs
ibtdnbs sc` gub`cs ac`kuatcrb
ac`kuatcrbs
s kbn adncr. B`t
B`trb
rb ncs ibtd
ibtdnbs
nbs

gub`cs ac`kuatcrbs kbn adncr tb`bics dnuim`mc, pndtd, ombrrc, acgrb, crc, zm`a, pndtm`c,
pncic,
pncic, `équ
`équbn
bn qub
qub d su vb
vbzz sc
sc`
` gub`
gub`cs
cs ac
ac`k
`kuat
uatcrb
crbss kb bnb
bnbatr
atrmam
mamkd
kdk.
k. Bxm
Bxmstb
stb`
` ctr
ctrcs
cs
bnbib`tcs `dturdnbs qub prbsb`td` u`d gdjd ac`kuatmvmkdk acic sc` bn sckmc, adnamc,
idf`bsmc, pctdsmc, Gdrmc, b`trb ctrcs.

³B@ TRÍ QB@[MKC HNR]B BN ADNCW3 Bn adncr pubkb trd`shbrmrsb kb u` nufdr d ctrc
pcr trbs iítckcs kmhbrb`tbs:
kmhbrb`tbs: ac`kua
ac`kuaamñ`
amñ` b` sñnm
sñnmkcs,
kcs, ac`vbaam
ac`vbaamñ`
ñ` b` hnum
hnumkcs
kcs (néq
(néqumk
umkcs
cs c
fdsbs) y rdkmdamñ` d trdvís kb audnqumbr ibkmc trd`spdrb`tb d bnnd. Bn iítckc bnbfmkc b`
adkd adsc bs bn qub rbsuntd iäs bhmamb`tb. Qm ody u`d kmhbrb`amd kb tbipbrdturd bn adncr 
smbiprb vmdjdrä kbn nufdr iäs adnmb`tb dn iäs hréc.

KMDFWDID KB HDQBQ: B` tbrickm`äimad sb kb`cim`d kmdfrdid kb hdsb, kmdfrdid kb

bqumnmgrmc kb hdsbs c kmdfrdid kb bstdkcs kb nd idtbrmd, d nd rbprbsb`tdamñ` frähmad kb nds
hrc`tbrds b`trb kmhbrb`tbs bstdkcs kb nd idtbrmd kb u` smstbid, b` hu`amñ` kb vdrmdgnbs
bnbfmkds pdrd hdamnmtdr bn bstukmc kbn imsic. Aud`kc b` u`d kb bstds rbprbsb`tdamc`bs
tckds nds hdsbs acrrbspc`kb` d bstdkcs kb dfrbfdamñ` kmhbrb`tbs sb subnb kb`cim`dr 
kmdfrdid kb adigmc kb bstdkc.

Qc` rbprbsb`tdamc`bs frähmads kb prbsmñ` vs. tbipbrdturd, d nds qub nds hdsbs sñnmkd,
néqumkd y fdsbcsd kb u`d sustd`amd bxmstb`. B` bstd rbprbsb`tdamñ` sb m`anuyb nd vdrmdamñ`

kb prbsmñ` kb vdpcr kbn sñnmkc y kbn néqumkc, y nd vdrmdamñ` kb nd tbipbrdtu

tbipbrdturd
rd kb husmñ` ac`
nd prbsmñ`.
 

\R@[C AWÉ[MAC: B` tbrickm`äimad y b` hmsmacquéimad, u` pu`tc arétmac bs dqubn néimtb

pdrd bn audn bn vcnuib` kb u` néqumkc bs mfudn dn kb u`d idsd mfudn kb vdpcr c, kmaoc kb
ctrc ickc, b` bn audn nds kb`smkdkbs kbn néqumkc y kbn vdpcr sc` mfudnbs. Qm sb imkb` nds
kb`smkdkbs kbn néqumkc y kbn vdpcr b` hu`amñ` kb nd tbipbrdturd y sb rbprbsb`td` ncs
rbsuntdkcs,
rbsuntdkcs, pubkb kbtbrim`drsb nd tbipbrdturd
tbipbrdturd arétmad d pdrtmr kbn pu`tc kb m`tbrsbaamñ` kb

digds aurvds. [bipbrdturd y prbsmñ` pcr b`amid kb nd audn `c sb pubkb ac`kb`sdr u`

fds.

\WBQMÑ@: Nd prbsmñ` bs nd idf`mtuk bsadndr qub rbndamc`d nd hubrzd ac` nd supbrhmamb

scgrb nd audn datúd

\WBQMÑ@ D[ICQHÍWMAD: Bs nd hubrzd pcr u`mkdk kb ärbd qub bjbrab bn dmrb scgrb nd
supbrhmamb tbrrbstrb.

\WBQMÑ@ ID@CIÍ[WMAD
ID@CIÍ[WMAD:: Qb nb nndid kb bstd id`brd d nd kmhbrb`amd b`trb nd prbsmñ`
dgscnutd c rbdn y nd prbsmñ` dticshírmad. Aud`kc bstd bs `bfdtmvd sb nndid prbsmñ` kb
vdaéc. Iuaocs kb ncs kmspcsmtmvcs qub sb utmnmzd` pdrd nd ibkmkd kb prbsmc`bs tcid` nd
prbsmñ` dticshírmad
dticshírmad acic rbhbrb`amd y imkb` nd kmhbrb`amd b`trb nd prbsmñ` rbdn c dgscnutd
y nd prbsmñ` dticshírmad, nndiä`kcsb d bstb vdncr prbsmñ` id`ciítrmad.

\WBQMÑ@ DGQCNR[D: Qb ac`cab acic prbsmñ` dgscnutd d nd prbsmñ` rbdn qub sb bjbrab
scgrb u` pu`tc kdkc. Bn ac`abptc bstä vm`aundkc d nd prbsmñ` dticshírmad y nd prbsmñ`
id`ciítrmad.

\WBQMÑ@ OMKWCQ[Ä[MAD: Bs nd pdrtb kb nd prbsmñ` kbgmkd dn pbsc kb u` hnumkc b`

rbpcsc. B` u` hnumkc b` rbpcsc nd ú`mad prbsmñ` bxmstb`tb bs nd prbsmñ` omkrcstätma
omkrcstätmad,
d, b` u`

hnumkc b` icvm
hnumkc icvmimb`
imb`tc
tc dkbiäs
dkbiäs pubpubkb
kb dpdrbab
dpdrbabrr u`d prbs
prbsmñ`
mñ` omkrckm`
omkrckm`äima
äimad
d dkma
dkmamc`d
mc`dnn
rbndamc`dkd ac` nd vbncamkdk kbn hnumkc.

9ÖÖ℀

\R@[C KB BGRNNMAMÑ@: Aud`kc u` néqumkc bs adnb`tdkc, dnad`zd bvb`tudnib`tb u`d

tbipbrdturd b` nd audn nd prbsmñ` kb vdpcr bs nc gdstd`tb frd`kb qub ac`nnbvd d nd
hcridamñ` kb gurgujds kb`trc kbn aubrpc kbn néqumkc. D kmaod tbipbrdturd sb nb nndid
\u`tc kb Bgunnmamñ`. R`d vbz qub bn néqumkc acimb`a
acimb`ab
b d bgunnmr, nd tbipbrdturd pbrid`b
pbrid`bab
ab
ac`std`tb odstd qub kmaoc néqumkc sb odyd ac`vbrtmkc tckc b` fds.
 

Bn pu`tc kb bgunnmamñ` `cridn kbn dfud purd bs kb 4<<¼A d u`d dtiñshbrd kb prbsmñ`. Nd
bgunnmamñ` kb audnqumbr néqumkc sb tmb`b aud`kc nd prbsmñ` kb vdpcr kbn fds qub sb bsadpd
kbn néqumkc bs mfudn d nd prbsmñ` bjbramkd b` bn néqumkc pcr sus dnrbkbkcrbs.

AC@KRAAMÑ@:   Nd ac`kuaamñ` bs nd trd`shbrb`amd kb adncr, pcr ibkmc kb nd bxamtdamñ`

icnbaundr b` bn m`tbrmcr kbn idtbrmdn, sm` `m`fú` tmpc kb icvmimb`tc b`trb ncs cgjbtcs
cgjbtcs.. Qm u`
bxtrbic kb u`d gdrrd kb ibtdn bstä d u`d tbipbrdturd iäs dntd, b`tc`abs sb trd`shbrmrä
b`brféd odamd bn bxtrbic iäs hréc, kbgmkc d nds acnmsmc`bs kb pdrtéaunds kb dntd vbncamkdk
ac` nds iäs nb`tds, prckuamí`kcsb u`d trd`shbrb`amd `btd kb b`brféd odamd bstds úntmids.

[BI\BWD[RWD: Bs dqubnnd prcpmbkdk hésmad c idf`mtuk qub `cs pbrimtb ac`cabr nds
tbipbrdturds, bs kbamr, kd u`d mkbd kb auä`tc hréc c adncr prbsb`td bn aubrpc kb u`d
pbrsc`d, u` cgjbtc c u`d rbfmñ` kbtbrim`dkd. Qm` bigdrfc, du`qub tb`fd` u`d bstrbaod
rbndamñ`, `c sb kbgb ac`hu`kmr nd tbipbrdturd ac` bn adncr.

Aud`kc kcs aubrpcs, qub sb b`aub`trd` d kmstm`td tbipbrdturd, sb pc`b` b` ac`tdatc, sb

prckuab u`d trd`shbrb`amd kb b`brféd, b` hcrid kb adncr, kbskb bn aubrpc adnmb`tb dn hréc,
bstc caurrb odstd qub nds tbipbrdturds
tbipbrdturds kb digcs aubrpcs sb mfudnd`.
mfudnd`. B` bstb sb`tmkc, nd
tbipbrdturd bs u` m`kmadkcr kb nd kmrbaamñ` qub tcid nd b`brféd b` su trä`smtc kb u`cs
aubrpcs d ctrcs.

Nd tbipbrdturd
tbipbrdturd bs u`d idf`mt
idf`mtuk
uk rbhbrmkd
rbhbrmkd d nd `camñ`
`camñ` kb adncr ibkmgnb
ibkmgnb ibkmd`
ibkmd`tb
tb u`
tbriñibtrc.

[WDI\D KB XD\CW: sc` u` tmpc kb vänvund dutciätmad qub hmntrd bn ac`kb`sdkc (bs

kbamr vdpcr ac`kb`sdkc) y fdsbs `c ac`kb`sdgnbs acic nc bs bn dmrb bstc sm` kbjdr 

bsadpdr dn vdpcr. B` nd m`kustrmd, bn vdpcr bs rbfundrib`tb usdkc pdrd adnb`tdimb`tc c

acic hubrzd ictrmz pdrd u` pckbr ibaä`mac. Nds trdipds kb vdpcr sc` usdkds b` tdnbs
dpnmadamc`bs pdrd dsbfurdr qub `c sb kbspbrkmamb bn vdpcr.

AD\DAMKDK ADNCWMHMAD
ADNCWMHMAD::  Bs bn aca
acamb`
mb`tb
tb b`trb
b`trb nd ad
ad`tm
`tmkd
kdk
k kb b`brf
b`brféd
éd adncré
adncréhma
hmad
d
trd`shbrmkd d u` aubrpc c smstbid b` u` prcabsc audnqumbrd y bn adigmc kb tbipbrdturd
qub bxpbrmib`td.

ADNCW BQ\BAÉHMAC: bs u`d idf`mtuk hésmad qub sb kbhm`b acic nd ad`tmkdk kb adncr
qub ody qub suim`mstrdr d nd u`mkdk kb idsd kb u`d sustd`amd c smstbid tbrickm`äimac

pdrd bnbvdr su tbipbrdturd b` u`d u`mkdk5 bstd sb imkb b` vdrmds bsadnds.

 

GDWCIB[WC:  R` gdrñibtrc bs u` m`struib`tc qub imkb nd prbsmñ` dticshírmad. Nd

prbsmñ` dticshírmad bs bn pbsc pcr u`mkdk kb supbrhmamb bjbramkd pcr nd dtiñshbrd.

\MBZCIB[WC: Bn tugc pmbzciítrmac c id`ñibtrc bs, acic su `cigrb m`kmad, u` tugc b`

bn qub, bstd`kc ac`batdkc pcr u`c kb ncs ndkcs d u` rbampmb`tb b` bn audn sb b`aub`trd u`
hnumkc, bn `mvbn sb bnbvd odstd u`d dnturd bqumvdnb`tb d nd prbsmñ` kbn hnumkc b` bn pu`tc kb
ac`bxmñ` u crmhmamc pmbzciítrmac, bs kbamr odstd bn `mvbn kb adrfd kbn imsic.

KMDFWDID KB HDQBQ KBN DFRD