\UDC[OCRN NOCHJHGO
‚[roihpaythm, Bpokbnopaythm kdm
 Noirhsphrun„

HJBA

Mdnd 6 Mo \utu Kbmod Ydro

MON
MON 6\
\<7
<79;
9;<4
<41<
1<44
44

Cbjds
Cbjds 6 5D

CBNBM[BUODM CBYBAD[DM UB\REJOC OMKHMBYOD

\HJO[BCMOC CBYBAD[DM KBM\DYDU

FRURYDM [BCMHJHGO JDEHUD[HUORN NBKOY

5<5<
 

D. [roiahpaythm sp.
4. \bmgb
mgbrtod
rtodm
m
[roiahpaythm sp. nbrupdcdm fdnur ydmg tbrndsuc kdjdn ghjhmgdm
Kbutbrhnyibtbs dtdu fdnur tokdc sbnpurmd (`umgo onpbr`bito), cdrbmd
sbjdnd aokupmyd admyd nbnojoco `dsb vbgbtdto` (`dsb dsbcsudj) sdfd,
ydotu nbjdjuo pbnebmtucdm chmokod. @dsb gbmbrdto`myd (`dsb sbcsudj)
tokdc kotbnucdm (\rodmth, 5<<4).
Nbmuru
Nbmurutt @rheos
@rheosabr
abr dmk @ubrt‟
@ubrt‟ss (4?19)
(4?19) [roiah
[roiahpay
paythm
thm sp, kdpdt
kdpdt
kocjdso`ocdsocdm sbedgdo ebrocut 6
 Comgkhn 6 @umgo

 @ojun 6 Dsihnyihtd

 Cbjds 6 Burhtohnyibtbs

 Hrkh 6 Hmygbmdjbs


@dnojod 6 Drtarhkbrndtdibdb
 Gbmus 6 [roiahpaythm

 Ypbsobs 6 [roiahpaythm ruerun

Gbmu
Gbmuss [ro
[roiah
iahpay
paythm
thm nbnpr
nbnprhkuc
hkucso
so edmydc
edmydc nocrhchmo
nocrhchmokod
kod kbmgdm
kbmgdm
cdrdctbrostoc
cdrdctbrostoc ebrebmtuc
ebrebmtuc  poro`hrn sdnp
sdnpdo
do ijd
ijdvdt
vdtbb kbmgdm ucurdm 5-9 x
5-
5-;
; nn kd
kdm
m sbkoc
sbkocot
ot dtdu
dtdu tokd
tokdc
c dk
dkdd ndcr
ndcrhc
hchm
hmok
okod
od yd
ydmg
mg nbno
nbnojo
joco
co
cdrdct
cdrdctbros
brostoc
toc ebrkom
ebrkomkom
komg
g topos
topos kdm adjus,
adjus, ebrebm
ebrebmtuc
tuc ij
ijdv
dvdt
dtbb sdnpdo
 `uso`hrn kbmgdm ucurdm ;-1 x 1-2< nn om sozb (Whj`` bt dj, 5<<1)

5. Nhr`
Nhr`hj
hjhg
hgoo [roi
[roiah
ahpa
payt
ythm
hm

Yb
Ybid
idrd
rd nocr
nocrhs
hsch
chpo
pos,
s, [r
[roi
oiah
ahpa
payt
ythm
hm sp.
sp. nbno
nbnojo
joco
co ao
ao`d
`d kb
kbmg
mgdm
dm
 ebebrdpd pbridedmgdm, ununmyd idedmg-idedmg ydmg konojoco pbmkbc 
kdm nbrupdcdm adsoj kdro pbrtumdsdm ao`d. Ao`d dtdu nosbjoun tbrsbeut
ununmyd tokdc ebrsbcdt, cbiudjo pdkd ao`d ydmg dcdm nbnebmtuc dtdu
nbmgadsojc
nbmgadsojcdm
dm chmokod.
chmokod. Chmokod
Chmokod ydmg konojoco
konojoco [roiah
[roiahpayth
paythm
m sp. kdpdt
 ebrebmtuc ndcrhchmokod ndupum nocrhchmokod. Ndcrhchmokod ydmg
konojo
konojoco
co ebrebm
ebrebmtuc
tuc pbmsoj
pbmsoj kdm tbrkoro
tbrkoro kdro
kdro ebebrdp
ebebrdpdd sbj, sbkdmg
sbkdmgcdm
cdm
nocr
nocrhc
hchm
hmok
okod
od ebre
ebrebm
bmtu
tuc
c jhmf
jhmfhm
hmg
g kd
kdm
m eb
ebrk
rkom
omko
komg
mg topo
topos.
s. Fd
Fdnu
nur 
r 
 

[roiahpaythm sp. pdkd nbkod pbrtuneuadm nbnpbrjoadtcdm ao`d dtdu

nosbj
nosbjou
oun
n yd
ydmg
mg ad
adju
juss eb
ebrw
rwdrm
drmdd pu
puto
toa
a kd
kdm
m td
tdnp
npdc
dc sb
sbpb
pbrt
rtoo cd
cdpd
pds,
s,
nbscopum cdkdmg kdpdt fugd ebrwdrmd jdom tbrgdmtumg kdro pognbm
ydmg konojocomyd (Ydputrd, 5<4;).

9. Fbmos
Fbmos-f
-fbmo
bmoss [roiah
[roiahpay
paythm
thm
d. [roiahpaythm nbmtdgrhpaytbs

[roiahpay
[roiahpaythm
thm nbmtdgrhpa
nbmtdgrhpaytbs
ytbs dkdjda kbrndth`otd
kbrndth`otd sdmgdt
unun
unun kotbjot
kotbjotoo ko jdehrd
jdehrdthr
throun
oun ko sbjuru
sbjurua
a kumod.
kumod. [roiah
[roiahpa
payth
ythm
m
 ebrebkd kdro Noirhsphrun kdm Bpokbrnhpaythm, ydotu kbmgdm
nbnojo
nbnojoco
co ioro
ioro soj
sojomk
omkbr,
br, ijdvdt
ijdvdtb.
b. Rmtuc
Rmtuc ydmg
ydmg ebrebm
ebrebmtuc
tuc ibrutu,
ibrutu,
 ebrkomkomg topos dtdu ebrkomkomg tbedj, kdm ndcrhchmokod adjus.
Ybeuda
Ybeuda chneomdso
chneomdso cdrdctbrostoc
cdrdctbrostoc (ndcrhschpo
(ndcrhschpoc
c kdm nocrhschpo
nocrhschpos)
s)
kdro ndsomg-ndsomg nbkod kopbrjucdm umtuc okbmto`ocdso kdm tokdc 
dk
dkdd sdtu
sdtu tbs
tbs tu
tumg
mggd
gdjj sbnpu
sbnpurm
rmdd Nhr`h
Nhr`hjh
jhgo
go nocr
nocrhs
hsch
chpo
poss pd
pdkd
kd
[r
[roi
oiah
ahpa
payt
ythm
hm Nbmt
Nbmtdg
dgrh
rhpa
payt
ytbs
bs,, sb
sbpt
ptdt
dtbb ao
ao`d
`d kd
kdpd
pdtt ko
kojo
joad
adt.
t.
Nocrhchmokod ko kdjdn sbjueumg, eueuc cujtur adkor nbmgadsojcdm
 edmydc eujdtdm, pdkd chmokoh`hr ebridedmg 5 kdm ebrgbrhnehj
sbpbrto dmggur. Cujtur noirhihmokod kbmgdm ioro euju adjus jbeoa
cbioj, ebrebmtuc dor ndtd, kdm funjdamyd jbeoa sbkocot. Ebrebkd
kdro [. Uuerun ydmg tokdc tbrkdpdt ndcrhchmokod. Mdnum, focd
dkd, ndcrhchmokod kotbnucdm kdjdn cujtur pronbr dwdj sbcotdr 
 ebrusod 2 sdnpdo 4< adro. Ndcrhchmokod dkdjda fdnur ebrebmtuc 
ib
ibru
rutu
tu,, ebrk
ebrkom
omko
komg
mg topo
toposs kd
kdm
m nbmg
nbmgdm
dmku
kumg
mg 4 sd
sdnp
npdo
do 0 sb
sbj.
j.
Ndcrhchmokod ydmg nbmbnpbj ao`d kbmgdm idrd sbnpot. Nhr`hjhgo
chjhmo
chjhmo togd
togd vdrobtd
vdrobtdss utdnd
utdnd [. Nbmtdg
Nbmtdgrhp
rhpay
aytbs
tbs dkdjda
dkdjda sbreuc-
sbreuc-
grdmuj
grdmujdr,
dr, ebrebm
ebrebmtuc
tuc ebjukr
ebjukru
u kdm ebreuj
ebreuju
u adjus.
adjus. Causus
Causus strdom
strdom
 ebrebmtuc cdpds tbrcdot kbmgdm ndmusod kdpdt nbmgom`bcso
sbjurua edgodm pbrnucddm tueua kdm ununmyd dgbm pbmybede
Dtajbtb
Dtajbtb‟s
‟s `hht.
`hht. [roiah
[roiahpay
paythm
thm nbmtdg
nbmtdgrhp
rhpay
aytbs
tbs dkdjda
dkdjda tuneua
tuneua
sbidrd nhkbrdt ydmg ndtur pdkd 7 sdnpdo 4< adro. Adsoj cujtur 
kdpdt ebrvdrodso kdjdn ndmo`bstdso kdro cdpds, ebreuju adjus kdm
 

 ebrwdrmd putoa umtuc sbreuc, grdmujdr kdm eu``. Chjhmo numgcom

numiuj ebrwdrmd nbrda nukd dtdu cumomg. Ybedjocmyd, numgcom
wdrmd cujtur tokdc ebrwdrmd, cumomg, ihcjdt dtdu nbrda. Nbkod
dg
dgdr
dr gdrd
gdrdn
n Yd
Ydeh
ehur
urdu
duk
k dkdj
dkdjda
da tb
tbss yd
ydmg
mg sd
sdmg
mgdt
dt ed
edoc
oc um
umtu
tuc 
c 
nbnebkdcdm [. nbmtdgrhpaytbs kdro [. Uuerun. Ybedgdo chjhmo
[. Nbmtdgrhpaytbs tuneua kbmgdm sdmgdt edoc pdkd nbkod dgdr 
omo koedmkomgcdm [. Uuerun. \dkd nbkod dgdr omo kdm eodsdmyd
nbmg
nbmgad
adsoj
sojcd
cdm
m wdrm
wdrmdd pogn
pognbm
bm ca
cads
ds ih
ihcj
cjdt
dt gb
gbjd
jdp
p cb
cbnb
nbrda
rdadm
dm..
Ybedjocmyd, [. Nbmtdgrhpaytbs dcdm nbmgadsojcdm wdrmd cumomg-
ihcjdt sdnpdo nbrda nukd-ihcjdt pdkd todp pognbm kbmgdm nbkod
dg
dgdr
dr Jditr
Jditrot
otnb
nbjj kd
kdm
m [roi
[roiah
ahpa
payt
ythm
hm.. \d
\dkd
kd dg
dgdr
dr pb
pbpt
pthm
hm 4%,
4%, [.
nbmtdgrhpaytbs vdrodso omtbrkogotdjb nbnojoco pbrnucddm sbpbrto
 ebreuju adjus. Ybkdmgcdm [. Nbmtdgrhpaytbs vdrodso
nbmtdgrhpa
nbmtdgrhpaytbs
ytbs nbnojoco
nbnojoco cdrdctbrostoc
cdrdctbrostoc sbpbrto grdmujdr
grdmujdr (Yhusd,
(Yhusd, bt
dj,. 5<49).

Ndcr
Ndcrhs
hsch
chpo
pos6
s6 Chjh
Chjhmo
mo eb
ebrw
rwdr
drmd
md pu
puto
toa
a cr
crbn
bn kb
kbmg
mgdm
dm
 pbrnucddm sbpbrto gumkucdm. Kdsdr tokdc ebrwdrmd aomggd ihcjdt.
Nocr
Nocrhs
hsch
chpo
pos6
s6 Kofu
Kofunp
npdo
do ed
edmy
mydc
dc nocr
nocrhc
hchm
hmok
okod
od eu
eujd
jdtt yd
ydmg
mg
 ebrgbrhnehj, fdrdmg ydmg ebrebmtuc ibrutu, tbrcdkdmg kofunpdo
ao`d spordj.
 

Gdnedr4. Ndcrhschpos
( Noirhsphrun
nbmtdgrhpaytbs)

Gdnedr 5.
Nocrhschpos
( Noirhsphrun
nbmtdgrhpaytbs)
 

 e. [roiahpaythm ruerun

[roi
[roiah
ahpa
payt
ythm
hm ru
ruer
erun
un ([.
([. ru
ruer
erun
un)) dk
dkdj
djda
da kb
kbrn
rndt
dth`
h`ot
ot yd
ydmg
mg
 ebrpbrdm pdjomg khnomdm ydmg nbmybedecdm sbedgodm ebsdr om`bcso
 fdnur supbr`osodj ko sbjurua kumod (Ndkrok, bt dj,. 5<44). Kbrndth`ot
dkdjda edgodm kdro fdnur ydmg nbnojoco cbndnpudm umtuc nbmybrdmg
 fdromgdm cbrdtom, sbpbrto cujot, rdneut, kdm cucu (Erbssdmo, bt dj,. 5<45).
5<45).

Ybcbjhnphc fdnur kdpdt nbmybedecdm om`bcso ko ndmd sdfd pdkd

cujot. Mdnum, nbrbcd pdjomg sbromg nbmybrdmg pdkd edgodm cdco, kdbrda
omguomdj, cbtodc, cujot cbpdjd, kdm cucu. Adsoj om`bcso pdkd gbfdjd romgdm
sdnpdo sbkdmg gbfdjd kbrndthjhgos, kbmgdm ebredgdo tomgcdt cbpdrdadm
om`bcso. Pdrodso tbrsbeut koydcomo dcoedt kdro rbsphm onum tueua umtuc 
nbjdwdm nocrhhrgdmosnb. Ubsphm omo kotoneujcdm hjba cbrdtomhsot, ydmg
nbrupdcdm gdros pbrtdadmdm pbrtdnd tbradkdp nocrhhrgdmosnb, sbpbrto
[. ruerun. Ebebrdpd rbsbpthr [hjj-jocb, sbpbrto [JU5, [JU;, [JU0, kdm
Ndmusod
Ndmusod Ebtd kb`bmsom (AEK) -4, AEK-5, OJ-4E, kdm OJ-1, komydtdcdm
komydtdcdm
sbedgdo edgodm kdro pbrtdadmdm tudm runda dwdj (Ndkrok, bt dj,. 5<44).
Ndmo`bstdso kdro [. ruerun, sbpbrto tombd pbkos, tombd iruros, kdm tombd
ihrphros, pbmydcot ndmusod cujot ydmg pdjomg unun tdnpdc ko sbjurua
kumod. Ybcotdr 1<% kdro pdsobm kbmgdm rbsphm kbrndth`othsos dcut, edoc 
tbradkdp pbmghedtdm dmto fdnur thpocdj. Mdnum, cbnukodm 5<% sosdmyd
cb kd
kdjd
jdn
n cb
cbdk
dkddm
ddm cr
crhm
hmos
os kb
kbrn
rndth
dth`ot
`oths
hsos
os,, yd
ydmg
mg rbsost
rbsostbm
bm tb
tbra
radk
dkdp
dp
 pbmghedtdm dmtofdnur (Wdjkndm, bt dj,. 5<4<).

Ioro cads kdro rbsphm onum tbradkdp [. ruerun dkdjda edawd od

nbnojo
nbnojoco
co cdpdsot
cdpdsotds
ds umtuc
umtuc nbmgom
nbmgom`bc
`bcso
so edoc
edoc sbidrd
sbidrd jdmgsu
jdmgsumg
mg kosbeu
kosbeutt
Onnb
Onnbko
kodt
dtbb (OA)
(OA) dtdu
dtdu rbsph
rbsphm
m tokd
tokdc
c jd
jdmg
mgsu
sumg
mg ko
kosb
sbeu
eutt Kbjd
Kbjdyb
ybk
k [ypb
[ypb
Aypb
Aypbrsb
rsbms
msot
otov
ovot
oty
y (K[A)
(K[A).. Om
Omoo tbrg
tbrgdm
dmtu
tumg
mg pd
pdkd
kd tu
tueu
eua,
a, kd
kdm
m pd
pdpd
pdrd
rdm
m
sbebjun
sbebjunmyd
myd kdro
kdro dmtogb
dmtogbm.
m. Rnunm
Rnunmyd,
yd, rbsphm
rbsphm K[A kocdotc
kocdotcdm
dm kbmgdm
kbmgdm
om
om`b
`bcs
csoo dc
dcut
ut,, kb
kbmg
mgdm
dm pb
pbmo
momg
mgcd
cdtd
tdm
m fu
funj
njda
da om
om`j
`jdn
dndt
dthro
hro.. Ubsp
Ubsphm
hm OA
kocdotcdm kbmgdm om`bcso kbrndth`othsos crhmos. Gbfdjdmyd, tdmpd kurdso

dkdjda ioro cads kdro rbsphm K[A.

 

Ndcrhschpos6 Chjhmo ebrwdrmd putoa ebrtunpuc ko tbmgda kdm

drhhm pdkd tbpomyd, ebrwdrmd ndrhhm pdkd edgodm kdsdr. Nocrhschpos6
Ebebrdpd nocrhchmokd ebrebmtuc sbpbrto tbtbsdm dor, kdm ndcrhchmokod

 ebrebmtuc pbmsoj fdrdmg ko funpdo.

Gdnedr 9.
Ndcrhschpos
[roiahpaythm
ruerun

Gdnedr ;.
Nocrhschpos
[roiahpaythm
ruerun
 

i. [roiahpaythm siahbmjbomoo

Ndcrhschpos6 Chjhmo ebrupd tunpucdm tokdc ebrdturdm kbmgdm

wdrmd
wdrmd putoa
putoa cbcumo
cbcumomgd
mgdm
m aomggd
aomggd ihcjdt
ihcjdt.. Nocrhsc
Nocrhschpo
hpos6
s6 Kofunp
Kofunpdo
do ao`d
ao`d
kbm
bmg
gdm cmhe ebrebmtuc tdmkuc rusd, kdm kofunpdo edmydc 
cjdnokhchmokod

Gdnedr 2. Ndcrhschpos Gdnedr 0. Nocrhschpos

[roiahpaythm siahbmjbomoo [roiahpaythm siahbmjbomoo

k. [roiahpaythm thmsurdms

Ndcr
Ndcrhs
hsch
chpo
pos6
s6 eb
ebmt
mtuc
uc kd
kdm
m wdrm
wdrmdd ch
chjh
jhmo
mo eb
ebrv
rvdro
drods
dso.
o. Kdpd
Kdpdtt
 ebrebmtuc sbpbrto tbpumg sdnpdo ebjukru. Kdpdt ebrwdrmd putoa, crbn,
cumomg,ihcjdt dtdu ndrhhm. Wdrmd kdsdr eodsdmyd nbrda. Nocrhschpos6
Edmydc
Edmydc nocrhc
nocrhchmo
hmokod
kod ebrdmb
ebrdmbcd
cd ebmtuc
ebmtuc kdm cdkdmg
cdkdmg ndcrhc
ndcrhchmo
hmokod
kod
 ebrebmtuc ibrutu.

Gdnedr 7. Ndcrhschpos [roiahpaythm thmsurdms

 

Gdnedr 1. Nocrhschpos
[roiahpaythm thmsurdm
 

b. [roiahpaythm vbrruihsun

Ndcrhschpos6 Chjhmo cbioj kdm ebrtunpuc, cdkdmg kdtdr, wdrmd

 putoa aomggd deu cbcumomgdm. Nocrhschpos6 Udmtdo cjdnochmokod pdkd
YKD. Ndcrhchmokod ydmg pdmfdmg kdm topos sbpbrto ‚bchr tocus„.

Gdnedr ?. Ndcrhschpos Gdnedr 4<. Nocrhschpos

[roiahpaythm vbrruihsun [roiahpaythm vbrruihsun

`. 
`.   [roiahpaythm vohjdibun

Ndcrhschpos6 Ybpbrto jojom kdm ebrtunpuc, wdrmd nbrda vohjbt.

Kbmg
Kbmgdm
dm wdrm
wdrmdd kd
kdsdr
sdr vohj
vohjbt
bt.. Nocr
Nocrhs
hsch
chpo
pos6
s6 ao
ao`d
`d orrb
orrbgu
gujb
jbrr kb
kbmg
mgdm
dm
cjdn
jdnochm
ochmok
okod
od ko dm
dmtd
tdrd
rdm
myd.
yd. \dkd
\dkd YKD
YKD tok
tokdc dk
dkdd noc
nocrh dt
dtdu
du

ndcrhchmokod.

Gdnedr 44. Ndcrhschpos Gdnedr 45. Nocrhschpos

  [roiahpaythm vohjdibun [roiahpaythm vohjdibun
 

E.  Bpokbnopaythm
4. \bmgb
mgbrtodm
odm
Bpokbrnhpaythm dkdjda gbmus fdnur ydmg nbmybedecdm kdmgcdj kdm cujot
nochsos, tbrndsuc B. `jhiihsun, pbmybede tombd ihrphros (curdp), tombd iruros
(gdtdj-gdtdj), tombd pbkos (cdco dtjbt), kdm hmochnochsos dtdu tombd umguoun, om`bcso
 fdnur cucu. Ybedgdondmd ununmyd fdnur, ndcd fdnur fdnur pbmybede curdp omo
 ebrcbnedmg eodc kbmgdm sphrd. sdmgdt nukda nbmujdr kdm nbmybedr. Gbmus
 Bpokbrnhpaythm nbnojoco cdrdctbrostoc ebrkomkomg adjus, nbnprhkucso 5-; sbj
ndcrhchmokod. [okdc nbmgadsojcdm nocrhchmokod (Womm, 5<<0)
 Comgkhn 6 @umgo

 \ayjun 6 Dsihnyihtd

 Ijdss 6 Ydiiadrhnyibtbs

 Hrkbr 6 Ydiidadrhnyibtdibjbs


@dnojy 6 Ydiiadrhnyibtdibdb
 Gbmus 6 Bpokbrnhpaythm

 Ypbsobs 6 Bpokbrnhpaythm `jhiihsun, Bpokbrnhpaythm

6 Bpokbrnhpaythm Bpokbrnhpaythm sthickdjdb

5. Fb
Fbmo
moss Bpok
Bpokbr
brnh
nhpa
payt
ythm
hm
Fbmos Bpokbrnhpay
Bpokbrnhpaythm
thm tbrkoro kdro kud fbmos3  Bpokbrnhpaythm `jhiihsun 
`jhiihsun  kdm
 Bpokbrnhpaythm sthickdjbdb.
sthickdjbdb.  B. sthickdjbdb 
sthickdjbdb  kocbmdj
kocbmdj sbedgdo
sbedgdo mhm-pdthgbm
mhm-pdthgbmoc,
oc,
sbkd
sbkdmg
mgcd
cdm
m  B. `jhiihsun 
`jhiihsun  sdtu-sdt
sdtu-sdtumy
umydd fbmos
fbmos ydmg
ydmg nbmybe
nbmybedec
decdm
dm om`bcso
om`bcso pdkd
pdkd
ndm
dmus
usod
od..  B. `jhiihsun 
`jhiihsun  dkdjda
dkdjda sdtu pbmybe
pbmybede
de tbrsbro
tbrsbromg
mg kbrndt
kbrndth`o
h`oths
thsos
os pdkd
pdkd

omkovoku tokdc sbadt.

Nbmg
Nb mgom
om`b
`bcs
csoo cu
cujo
jott (t
(tom
ombd
bd ih
ihrp
rphr
hros,
os, tomb
tombdd ir
irur
uros,
os, tomb
tombdd pb
pbko
kos)
s) kd
kdm
m cu
cucu
cu
(hmyiahnyihsos). Om`bcso tbredtds cbpdkd jdposdm chrmbun cujot judr. chjhmo B.
chjhmo B.
 `jhiihsun tuneua
 `jhiihsun  tuneua ibpdt kdm ndtur kdjdn 4< adro. Koocuto omcuedso pdkd suau
52¼I pdkd dgdr phtdth-kbxtrhsb, chjhmo cumomg cbihcjdt-ihcjdtdm (Dmhmynhus,
5<44)
d. Bpok
Bpokbr
brnh
nhpa
payt
ythm
hm `jhii
`jhiihs
hsun
un
 Bpokbrnhpaythm `jhiihsun nbno
nbnojo
joco
co gd
gdne
nedr
drdm
dm ndcr
ndcrhs
hsch
chpo
poss
 ebrebmtuc sbpbrto euju kbmgdm wdrmd cumomg cbaofdudm pdkd pbrnucddm kdm

cumomg cbihcjdtdm pdkd edgodm kdsdr sbkdmgcdm gdnedrdm nocrhschpos tokdc 

dkd kofunpdo nocrhchmokod tbtdpo kofunpdo edmydc ndcrhchmokod ebrebmtuc 
gdkd. ebrkomkomg topos kdm adjus.
 

Gdnedr 49. Ndcrhschpos Gdnedr 4;. Nocrhschpos

 Bpokbrnhpaythm `jhiihsun Bpokbrnhpaythm `jhiihsun

I. Noir
Noirhs
hsph
phru
run
n
4. \bmgb
mgbrtod
rtodm
m
Noirhsphrun dkdjda gbmus fdnur ydmg nbmybedecdm tombd idpotos,
tombd ihrpus, curdp,kdm kbrndthpaythsbs jdom om`bcso fdnur pdkd cujot.
Ebmtuc Noirhsphrun cbkud ndirhihmokod structur rbprhkucso dsbcsudj
 ebsdr) kdm noirhihmokod (structur rbprhkucso dsbcsudj jbeoa cbioj) pdkd
chmokoh`hr pbmkbc Gbmus  Noirhsphrun nbnprh
nbnprhkuc
kucso
so edmydc 
edmydc 
ndcrhchmo
ndcrhchmokod
kod ydmg nbnpumydo
nbnpumydo cdrdctbrosto
cdrdctbrostoc
c nujtosbptd,
nujtosbptd, ebrkomkom
ebrkomkomg
g
tbedj, komkomg sbj biaomujdtb dtdu vbrruihsb ydmg tbedj kbmgdm ucurdm
7-
7-5<
5< x 9<
9<-4
-40<
0< ²n kd
kdm
m sb
sbko
koco
cott dt
dtdu
du tokd
tokdc
c dk
dkdd nocr
nocrhc
hchm
hmok
okod
od yd
ydmg
mg
 ebrebmtuc sbpbrto tbtbsdm dor dtdu bjops, tbrocdt jdmgsumg cb soso aopd
kbmgdm ucurdm 5,2 - 9.2 x ; -7 ²n (@rby bt dj, 4?12)
 Comgkhn 6 @umgo

 Kovosohm 6 Dsnhnyihtd

 Ijdss 6 Burhtohnyibtbs

 Hrkb 6 Hmygbmdjbs

 @dnojy 6 Drtarhkbrndtdibdb

 Gbmus 6 Noirhsphrun

 Ypbsobs 6 Noirhsphrun dukhuomoo, Noirhsphrun

idmos, Noirhsphrun ihhcob, Noirhsphrun bquomun, Noirhsphrun

 

`brru
`brrugo
gomb
mbun
un,, Noirh
Noirhsp
sphr
hrun
un `u
`ujv
jvun
un,, Noir
Noirhs
hsph
phru
run
n gd
gdjj
jjom
omdb
db,,
Noirh
Noirhsp
sphr
hrun
un gy
gyps
psbu
bun,
n, Noirh
Noirhsp
sphr
hrun
un md
mdmu
mun,
n, Noir
Noirhs
hsph
phru
run
n
 pbrsoihjhr.
5. Fbmo
Fbmoss Noirh
Noirhsp
sphr
hrun
un
d.  Noirhsphrun dukhuomoo
Ndcrhs
Ndcrhschp
chpos
os 6 Ebmtuc
Ebmtuc chjhmo
chjhmo kdtdr
kdtdr kdm ebrwdrm
ebrwdrmdd pu
putoa
toa
cb
cbde
deud
udm
m pd
pdkd
kd pb
pbrn
rnuc
ucdd
ddm
m kd
kdm
m cb
cbih
ihcj
cjdtd
dtdm
m pd
pdkd
kd ed
edgo
godm
dm kd
kdsdr
sdr..
Nocrhschpos 6 Kdpdt kofunpdo tbrnomdj cjdnokhchmokod kdm ao`d
 ebrebmtuc sbpbrto sosor.

 
 

  Gdnedr 42. Gdnedr 40. Nocrhschpos

Ndcrhschpos  Noirhsphrun dukhuomoo
 Noirhsphrun dukhuomoo
 

 e.  Noirhsphrun idmos

Ndcrhschpos6 Ebmtuc chjhmo kdtdr ebrwdrmd putoa cbcumomgdm, kbmgdm

djur-d
djur-dju
jurr rd
rdko
kodj
dj yd
ydmg
mg rdpdt
rdpdt.. \d
\dkd
kd ed
edgo
godm
dm kd
kdsdr
sdr eb
ebrw
rwdr
drmd
md cb
cbcu
cumo
momg
mgdm
dm..

Nocrhschpos6
Nocrhschpo s6 [brkdpdt
[brkdpdt ebebrdpd
ebebrdpd nocrhchmo
nocrhchmokod
kod kdm edmydc
edmydc ndcrhchmo
ndcrhchmokod
kod
 ebrkomkomg tbedj kdm ebrgbrogo kbmgdm cmhe
cmhe pdkd ufumgmyd.
ufumgmyd.

Gdnedr 47. Ndcrhschpos Gdnedr 41. Nocrhschpos

 Noirhsphrun idmos Noirhsphrun idmos

i.  Noirhsphrun gypsbun

Ndcr
Ndcrhs
hsch
chpo
pos6
s6 Chjh
Chjhmo
mo eb
ebre
rebm
bmtu
tuc
c gr
grdm
dmuj
ujbr
br kb
kbmg
mgdm
dm po
pogn
gnbm
bm ih
ihcj
cjdt
dt
cbcumomgdm. Nocrhschpos6 Kotbnucdm ebebrdpd nocrhchmokod kdm sbfunjda
ndcrhchmokod ebrkomkomg topos tdmpd cmhe.

Gdnedr 5.7. Ndcrhschpos Gdnedr 5.1. Nocrhschpos

 Noirhsphrun gypsbun   Noirhsphrun gypsbun

 

KD@[DU \RY[DCD

Dmhmynhus. 5<44. [bcmoc kdm Idrd Eukokdyd Fdnur Cupomg (Hmjomb),

attp//www.Yrdgbm.gh.ok

Erbssdmo, P.H., Ydmto, [.M., Khnomgubs-@brrbord, N., Djnbokd, D., Kudrtb, D.F.Y.,

(5<4
(5<49
9 Ndy)
Ndy) Iadrd
Iadrdit
itbr
brozd
ozdtoh
tohm
m h` ta
tabb ibjju
ibjjujd
jdrr onnu
onnumo
moty
ty om pd
pdto
tobm
bmts
ts
 prbsbmtomg bxtbmsovb kbrndthpaythsbs kub th [roiahpaythm ruerun.
Nyihsbs. 5<49 Ndy 6 20(9)6514-1.

@rby, K., Hjk`objk, & U.F., Erokgbr, U.I., 4?12. D Ihjhur Dtjds h` \adthgbmoi

@umgo. Ahjjdmk6 Ynbbts-Wbbrt.

@rheosabr dmk @ubrt‟s. 4?19. Nocrheohjhgy om Abdjta dmk Kosbdsb (4;ta bkm).

Ejdicwbjj Yiobmto`oi \uejoidtohm. Hs`hrk6Jhmkhm

Gdriod-Ndkrok, J.D,. Auozdr-Jùpbz, N.K.U,. @jhrbs-Uhnh, J,. Osjds-Uhkrîgubz,

Osjds- Uhkrîgubz,

D.B
D.B (5
(5<4
<44)
4).. [roia
[roiahp
hpay
ayth
thm
m ru
ruer
erun
un ndmo
ndmopu
pujdt
jdtbs
bs ta
tabb om
ommd
mdtb
tb onnu
onnumb
mb
`umitohms h` aundm cbrdtomhiytbs. Ibmt. Bur. F. Eohj. 0, ?<5’?4<.

Ausmo, A., Dsro, B., & Gustod, U. (5<41). Okbmto`ocdso Kbrndth`otd \dkd Yosor 

[ucd
[ucdmg
mg \dmg
\dmgcd
cdss Ko Cbju
Cbjurd
rdad
adm
m Fd
Fdto
to Chtd
Chtd \dkd
\dkdmg
mg..  Furmdj Cbsbadtdm
 Dmkdjds,, 7 (9),
 Dmkdjds (9), 994. attps6//kho.hrg/4<.52<77/fcd.v7.o9.p994-992.
attps6//kho.hrg/4<.52<77/fcd.v7.o9.p994-992.5<41
5<41

\rodmth, F. 5<<4. Dtjds \drdsothjhgo Cbkhctbrdm. Fdcdrtd 6 \[ Grdnbkod \ustdcd

Rtdnd.

Ydputrd, U. 5<4;. \bmgdrua Fbmos \bjdrut tbradkdp Funjda Bcstrdc kdm Kdyd

Dmto
Dmto`u
`umg
mgoo Kdum
Kdum Cbtb
Cbtbpb
pbmg
mg Iomd
Iomd (I
(Ids
dsso
sodd dj
djdt
dtdd J.)
J.) tb
tbra
radk
dkdp
dp Fd
Fdnu
nur 
r 
[roiahpaythm sp. [bsos. ROM Yujtdm Yydro` Cdson, Uodu
 

Yhusd NG[, Ydmtdmd GE, Irodkh \U dmk Ebmdrk G (5<42) Iarhmoi wokbsprbdk

kbrndthpaythsos kub th [roiahpaythm ruerun6 d symkrhnb dsshiodtbk wota

d [roiahpaythm-spbio`oi `umitohmdj kb`bit h` padghiytbs. @rhmt. Noirheohj.
061<4. kho6 4<.991?/`noie.5<42.<<1<4
4<.991?/`noie.5<42.<<1<4

Wdjkndm, D,. Ybgdj, U,. Ebrkoibvscy, O. Gojadr, D. (5<4<). IK;+ dmk IK1+ [

ibjjs nbkodtbk korbit iyththxoi b``bit dgdomst [roiahpaythm ruerun dmk

[roiahpaythm nbmtdgrhpaytbs. Omt. F. Kbrndthj. 5<4<, ;?, 4;?’427.

Whj`` C., Ghjksnota J.D., Cdtz Y.O., Gojiarbst E.D., \djjbr D.Y., Jb``bj K.F.

(5<<1). @otzpdtroic‟s Kbrndthjhgy om Gbmbrdj Nbkoiomb. 7ta Bkotohm. Mbw

_hrc 6 [ab Ni Grdw Aojj Ihnpdmobs. p6 4144.

Womm, U. [. kdm G. [. Jdmb. 5<<0. D`jdthxom \rhkuitohm hm Aoga Nhosturb Ihrm

dmk Yhrgaun wota d Jonotbk Omiuedtohm. Fhurmdj h` Kdory Yiobmib 046 705-
70;