FB^AXBD ^CDMBOSFSBD MBD B\SOBD

EC^CXBWB]BD
^BMB ^B\ICD FSEB HBEBX 

AFCO 0

GS\]I BYS ^S]XI MIBO \BXB\WB]I

^>728>82? >>9
\CKC\]CX IZ/\]r.Ecp

ECKCD]CXIBD EC\COB]BD XC^SHFIE IDMADC\IB

^AFI]CEDIE EC\COB]BD MCD^B\BX 
@SXS\BD EC^CXBWB]BD
]BOSD 8>8>
 

FB^AXBD ^CDMBOSFSBD B\SOBD EC^CXBWB]BD

^BMB ^B\ICD MCDGBD LAKHS\]IA (FSEB HBEBX)

B. EAD\C^
EAD\C^ MB\BX
MB\BX ^CDY
^CDYBEI
BEI]
]
2. ^cdgcrtibd
Fueb hbebr bmbfbo subtu trbukb ybdg mischbhebd
mischbhebd afco pbdbs, brus
fistrie hbobd eikib mbd pctir ybdg kcdgcdbi eufit, kueasb mbd `bridgbd
ybdg fchio mbfbk.
Fueb hbebr hisb hcrbsbf mbri hcrhbgbi sukhcr, mbri bpi, kbtbobri,
ubp, fistrie, hbobd eikib, mbd lbirbd btbu hcdmb pbdbs. Fueb hbebr hisb
sb`b obdyb hcrupb fueb ridgbd ybdg hisb miahbti scdmiri btbu eadmisi hcrbt
ybdg
ybdg kcdgbd
kcdgbdlbk
lbk dybwb
dybwb ybdg
ybdg kckhut
kckhutuoe
uoebd
bd pcrbwb
pcrbwbtbd
tbd kcmis
kcmis ybdg
ybdg
idtcdsij.

Lcmcrb idobfbsi bmbfbo ec`bmibd ybdg scridg kcdycrtbi fueb hbebr,

ybdg scridg kcdgbeihbtebd bdgeb eckbtibd ybdg tidggi (3>-:>%). Lcmcrb
id
idob
obfbs
fbsii kcru
kcrupb
pbeb
ebd
d pc
pcdy
dych
chbh
bh utbk
utbkbb ec
eckb
kbti
tibd
bd pb
pbmb
mb ea
earh
rhbd
bd-e
-ear
arhb
hbd
d
echbebrbd. Lcmcrb pufkadcr miefbsijiebsiebd kcd`bmi hchcrbpb ebtcgari0
lcmcrb sbfurbd dbpbs btbs tcr`bmi beihbt pbdbs fbdgsudg btbu cmckb mbpbt
mibtbsi mcdgbd idtuhbsi dbsatrbecbf btbu cdmatrbecbf ybdg midi.5 lcmcrb
idobfbsi mi hbwbo gfatis tcr`bmi beihbt kcdgoirup pramue pckhbebrbd ybdg
timbe
timbe sckpur
sckpurdb
db btbu gbs hcrhbo
hcrhbobyb
byb,, ybdg
ybdg kcdlbe
kcdlbeup
up ecrblu
ecrbludbd
dbd ebrhad
ebrhad
kadaesimb5 mbd mcjce rcstrietij mbpbt kcdychbhebd oifbdgdyb judgsi sifib,

oipc
oipcrs
rsce
cerc
rcsi
si,, cmck
cmckbb kuea
kueasb
sb ybdg
ybdg hc
hcrb
rbt,
t, mb
mbd
d ec
ecku
kudg
dgei
eidb
dbd
d pu
pufb
fb
 hradeaspbskc.
Mbfbk kcdcdtuebd mbfbkdyb fueb hbebr, eitb obrus
kckpcrtikhbdgebd jbetar-jbetar hcrieut idi0
b. Xiwbyb
Xiwbybtt tcr`bmidy
tcr`bmidybb fueb hbebr
hbebr (hbgbikb
(hbgbikbdb
db tcr`bmid
tcr`bmidyb)
yb)
 h. ^cdychbh fueb hbebr, scpcrti dybfb bpi btbu lbirbd ybdg kcdmimio
kcdmimio
l. \uou
\uou bgcds
bgcds ybdg
ybdg kcdych
kcdychbhe
bhebd
bd fueb
fueb hbebr 
hbebr 
m. Fbkbdy
Fbkbdybb eadt
eadtbe
be mcdgbd
mcdgbd bgcds
bgcds
c. ]ch
chbf
bfd
dyb eu
eufi
fitt

 (Hruddcr & \ummbrto, 8>>8).

 

8. Ctiafagi
^cdychbh fueb hbebr0
b. ]crhbeb
]crhbebrr bpi fbdg
fbdgsud
sudg
g btbu
btbu timbe
timbe fbdgs
fbdgsudg
udg,,
 h. ^b`bdbd suou tidggi mbri kbtbobri, fistrie kbupud hbobd eikib
l. ]crsirbk bir pbdbs
pbdbs hbdybe
hbdybe tcr`bmi
tcr`bmi pbmb eclcfbebbd
eclcfbebbd rukbo
rukbo tbdggb.
tbdggb.
m. Xbmibsi
c. Fcmbe
bebbd hak
(Hruddcr & \ummbrto, 8>>8).
<. Efbs
Efbsij
ijie
iebs
bsii Fueb
Fueb Hbeb
Hbebrr

2. Hcrmbsbrebd
Hcrmbsbrebd ecmbfbkb
ecmbfbkbd
d ecrusbebd
ecrusbebd `bridgbd
`bridgbd mihbgi
mihbgi btbs0
b. Fueb
Fueb hbebr
hbebr mc
mcrb`
rb`bt
bt I0 ec
ecru
rusbe
sbebd
bd pb
pbmb
mb fbpisbd
fbpisbd cpimc
cpimcrk
rkis
is mi
mikb
kbdb
db
eu
eufi
fitt tbkp
tbkpbe
be ec
ecri
ridg
dg,, oipc
oipcrck
rckie
ie hc
hcru
rupb
pb critc
critckb
kb tbdpb
tbdpb hu
hufb
fbc.
c.
^cdyckhuobd fueb spadtbd mbfbk wbetu 3 “ 2> obri.

 h. Fueb hbebr mcrb`bt II0 ecrusbebd kcfiputi cpimcrkis mbd schbgibd
mcrkiss ybdg mitbdmbi
mcrki mitbdmbi bmb rcbesi idjfbkbsi
idjfbkbsi miscrtbi
miscrtbi cesumbsi,
cesumbsi, hufbc,
rbsbdyb dycri ebrcdb u`udg sybrbj tcriritbsi, mbsbr fueb hcrwbrdb
kcrbo btbu pulbt
Mcrb`bt II mihbgi btbs0
2. Mcrb`
Mcrb`bt
bt II m
mbd
bdge
gebf
bf (sup
(supcr
crjis
jisib
ibf)0
f)0 ecru
ecrusbe
sbebd
bd kcd
kcdgc
gcdb
dbii hbgib
hbgibd
d
su
supc
pcrj
rjisi
isibf
bf mb
mbri
ri mc
mcrk
rkis,
is, ar
argb
gbd-
d-ar
argb
gbd
d eu
eufi
fitt scpcr
scpcrti
ti ja
jafi
fiec
ecff
rbkh
rbkhut
ut,, ec
ecfc
fcd`
d`br
br schbsc
schbscb,
b, ec
ecfc
fcd`
d`br
br ec
ecri
ridg
dgbt
bt kbsio
kbsio ut
utuo
uo..
^cdyckhuobd tcr`bmi spadtbd mbfbk wbetu 2> “ 2= obri.

8. Mcrb`
Mcrb`bt
bt IIII mbfb
mbfbk
k (Mccp
(Mccp)0
)0 ecru
ecrusbe
sbebd
bd kcd
kcdgc
gcdb
dbii obkp
obkpir
ir scf
scfur
uruo
uo
mcrkis, argbd eufit scpcrti jafiecf rbkhut, ecfcd`br ecridgbt mbd
schbscb schbgibd hcsbr kbsio utuo. ^cdyckhuobd fchio fbkb
ybitu 2 hufbd
l. Fueb
Fueb hbebr
hbebr mcrb`bt
mcrb`bt III0 Ecrusbe
Ecrusbebd
bd kcdgcd
kcdgcdbi
bi scfuruo
scfuruo tchbf
tchbf mcrkis,
mcrkis,
argbd-
argbd-arg
argbd
bd eufit
eufit scpcrti
scpcrti jafiec
jafiecff rbkhut
rbkhut,, ecfcd`
ecfcd`br
br ecridg
ecridgbt
bt mbd
schbscb
schbscb kcdgbf
kcdgbfbki
bki ecrusb
ecrusbebd
ebd,, timbe
timbe mi`ukp
mi`ukpbi
bi hufbc,
hufbc, eufit
eufit ybdg
ybdg
tcrh
tcrhbe
bebr
br hcrw
hcrwbr
brdb
db bhu-
bhu-bh
bhu,
u, tc
tcr`
r`bm
bmii ea
eabg
bguf
ufbs
bsii pr
prat
atci
cid
d yb
ybdg
dg
kcdychbhebd csebr mbd timbe mi`ukpbidyb rbsb dycri ebrcdb u`udg

sybrbj scdsarie kcdgbfbki ecrusbebd.

 

8. Hcrmbs
Hcrmbsbre
brebd
bd fubs
fubs fueb hbebr 
hbebr 
Fueb hbebr sclbrb ukuk migudbebd ‟rufc aj didc’ udtue arbdg mcwbsb
ybitu fubs ecpbfb mbd fcocr, mbmb, pudggudg, haeadg, cestrckitbs btbs
ebdbd eiri, pbob ebdbd eiri, tudgebi mbd ebei ebdbd eiri, kbsidg-
kbsidg 9% sisbdyb 2% bmbfbo gcdctbfib.
 

=. ^btaji
^btajisia
siafag
fagii Fueb Hbeb
Hbebrr (pbto
(pbtowby
wby))

Hbobd Eikib Bpi Xbmibsi Fisrie / ^ctr

Fueb Hbebr

^bmb Wb`bo Ecrusbebd Eufi

Ecrusbebd Kueasb
Gbdggubd Idcgribs @bridgbd ]rbukbte
Eufi Ecrusbebd ^crbobd
Acmckb ]ufbdg ^rikcr

Ecrusbebd ^crscpsi ^ckhcduebd

Acmckb ^crbobdbd ^rikcr
Ahsruesi @bfbd Dbjbs \cdsari
]imbe Bmceub

^cdurudbd Bkhbdg Xisiea Idjcesi

\ufi Dbjbs Gbdggubd Hbbs Dycri
Idcgribs/Eufi

Ectmbecjcetj Hcrsiobd
Dycri Beu
@bfbd Dbjbs

^cdgubpbd Kcdidgeb

^ckhufuo Mbrbo
Ebpifcr Kcdidgeb

Cesrbvbsbsi Lbirbd
(O8A, Cfcerafi mbd
^racid

Lbirbd Idbvbseufcr
Kcdurud

Xisiea Oipavafckie mbd

Ectmbescikhbdgbd Ockaeadscdbsi
Zafukc Lbirbd
 

3. ^ckc
^ckcri
ries
esbb
bbd
d Mibgda
Mibgdast
stie 
ie 
b. Oi
Oitu
tudg
dg mbr
mbrbo
bo fcd
fcdge
gebp
bp
^cdidg
^cdidgebt
ebtebd
ebd Ot bwbf
bwbf kcdud`
kcdud`uee
ueebd
bd ockaea
ockaeadsc
dscdtr
dtrbsi
bsi scouhud
scouhudgbd
gbd

mcdgbd pcrpidmbobd/ecoifbdgbd lbirbd. \cfbd`utdyb kcdurudebd Ot mbd

\MK mbpbt tcr`bmi
tcr`bmi scouhudgb
scouhudgbd
d mcdgbd
mcdgbd ecrusbebd
ecrusbebd afco pbdbs tcrobmbp
cdmatcfiuk pckhufuo mbrbo.
 h. \M^
Fcueasitasis mbpbt tcr`bmi scouhudgbd mcdgbd ecoifbdgbd scf pbmb sisi
fueb mbd rcspads idjfbkbsi tcrobmbp lcmcrb.
l. GMB
Mbsb
Mbsbrr pcdt
pcdtid
idg
g udtu
tue
e eclu
cluri
rigb
gbbd
bd lc
lcmc
mcrb
rb id
ido
obf
bfbs
bsi.
i. ^cd
^cdur
urud
udbd
bd
^bLo
^bLo/p
/pcd
cdid
idge
gebt
btbd
bd ^bLA
^bLA8
8 kudg
kudgei
eid
d tc
tcrf
rfio
iobt
bt pb
pbmb
mb rc
rctc
tcds
dsii eb
ebrh
rhad
ad

kadaesimb
kadaes imb.. Bsimasi
Bsimasiss mbpbt
mbpbt tcr`bmi
tcr`bmi scouhu
scouhudgb
dgbd
d mcdgbd
mcdgbd pcduru
pcdurudbd
dbd
judgsi gid`bf mbd ecoifbdgbd kcebdiskc eakpcdsbsi pcrdbpbsbd.
m. LAOhg
LAOhg (ebrha
(ebrhaesi
esi ockagf
ockagfahi
ahid)
d)
^cdi
^cdidg
dgeb
ebtb
tbd
d fchio
fchio mb
mbri
ri 23
23%
% kcdg
kcdgid
idmi
mieb
ebsie
siebd
bd ec
ecrb
rblu
ludb
dbd
d eb
ebrh
rhad
ad
kadaesimb/lcmcrb idobfbsi.
c. Cfcet
fcetra
rafi
fitt scru
scruk
k
Ebfi
Ebfiuk
uk mb
mbpb
pbtt kcdi
kcdidg
dgeb
ebtt pb
pbmb
mb bwbf
bwbf scouh
scouhud
udgb
gbd
d mc
mcdg
dgbd
bd lc
lcmc
mcrb
rb
 `bridgbd/ecrusbebd \MK mbd pcdurudbd judgsi gid`bf5 oipaebfckib
mb
mbpb
pbtt tcr`
tcr`bm
bmii hifb
hifb kufb
kufbii miur
miurcsi
csis5
s5 kbgd
kbgdcsi
csiuk
uk kudg
kudgei
eid
d kcdu
kcduru
rud.
d.

 Dbtriuk pbmb bwbf kudgeid kcdurud pbmb ecoifbdgbd bir5

oipcrdbtrckib mbpbt tcr`bmi scfbd`utdyb sbbt tcr`bmi eadscrvbsi gid`bf.
j. Dbtr
Dbtriu
iuk
k ur
urid
idcc rb
rbdm
dmak
ak
Fchio
Fchio hcsbr
hcsbr mbri
mbri 8> kCg/F
kCg/F kcdgid
kcdgidmie
miebsie
bsiebd
bd ecfchi
ecfchiobd
obd rcsusit
rcsusitbsi
bsi
lbirbd
lbirbd55 eurbdg
eurbdg mbri
mbri 2> kCq/F
kCq/F kcdmug
kcdmugbb ectimb
ectimbebm
ebmceu
ceubtbd
btbd rcsusit
rcsusitbsi
bsi
lbirbd.
g. Bfe
Bfebfid
bfid ja
jasj
sjbt
bt
^cdidgebtb
^cdidgebtbd
d scouhudgbd
scouhudgbd mcdgbd pcrpidmbobd
pcrpidmbobd lbirbd idtcrstisibf btbu
gbdggubd pakpb dbtriuk.

o. Gfu
Gfueasb
easb sc
scru
ruk
k
 

^cdidggibd kcdud`ueebd rcspads strcs.

i. Bfhukid sc
scruk
Xbsia
Xbsia bfhuki
bfhukid
d btbu gfahuf
gfahufid
id kudgei
kudgeid
d tcrhbfi
tcrhbfie
e scouhu
scouhudgb
dgbd
d mcdgbd
mcdgbd
ecoifbdgbd pratcid pbmb cmckb lbirbd.
 `. HSD btbu ercbtidid
^cdidg
^cdidggib
gibd
d kcdud`
kcdud`uee
ueebd
bd pcduru
pcdurudbd
dbd pcrjus
pcrjusi/j
i/judg
udgsi
si gid`bf
gid`bf55 dbkud
dbkud
ercbtidid mbpbt kcdidgebt ebrcdb lcmcrb `bridgbd.
e. Sridc
Bmbd
Bmbdyb
yb bfhu
bfhuki
kid,
d, Oh,
Oh, mb
mbd
d kiag
kiagfa
fahu
hufi
fid
d kcdu
kcdud`
d`ue
ueeb
ebd
d ec
ecru
rusb
sbeb
ebd
d
 `bridgbd mbfbk mbd ecoifbdgbd pratcid (eoususdyb tcrfiobt pbmb fueb
 hbebr fistrie scrius). Wbrdb oitbk, eckcrbobd pbmb uridc scouhudgbd
mcdgbd
mcdgbd kiagfahid
kiagfahid.. Euftur
Euftur fueb0kudg
fueb0kudgeid
eid mibkhif udtue mbtb mbsbr mbd
miufbdg sclbrb pcriamie.
f. Jata ra
radsc
scd
d mb
mbmb
Mbpbt
Mbpbt tbkpbe
tbkpbe darkbf
darkbf pbmb
pbmb pbslbfu
pbslbfueb
eb hbebr
hbebr midi
midi kcseip
kcseipud
ud mcdgbd
mcdgbd
lcmcrb idobfbsi5 dbkud lcmcrb idobfbsi ybdg scsudgguodyb bebd bmb
sbbt pragrcsij tbdpb jata mbmb (\M^M).
k. Hradea
Hradeasea
seapi
pi scrbt
scrbt aptil
aptil
Hcrgud
Hcrgudbb mbfbk
mbfbk mibgda
mibgdasb
sb fubs
fubs lcmcrb
lcmcrb idobfb
idobfbsi5
si5 obsif
obsif mbpbt
mbpbt kcfipu
kcfiputi
ti
cmckb, pcrmbrbobd, mbd/btbu tuebe pbmb sbfurbd pcrdbpbsbd bfbs.
d. Faap
Faap bfir
bfirbd
bd vaf
vafuk
ukcc
Kckhcr
Kckhcrieb
iebd
d pcdgeb
pcdgeb`ibd
`ibd dad-id
dad-idvbs
vbsij
ij tcrobm
tcrobmbp
bp cjce/f
cjce/fubs
ubsdyb
dyb lcmcrb
lcmcrb
idobfbsi.
a. \ebd pbru
Kudgeid mifbeuebd udtue kcdcdtuebd fubsdyb lcmcrb idobfbsi.
 p. CEG
]bdmb iseckib kiaebrmibf/misritkib mbpbt tcr`bmi pbmb fueb hbebr fistrie.
q. Jata
Jatagr
grbji
bji fu
fueb
eb hb
hbebr 
ebr 
Kckh
Kckhcr
crie
iebd
bd lb
lbtb
tbtbd
tbd ud
udtu
tue
e pc
pcdy
dyck
ckhu
huob
obd
d fu
fueb
eb hb
hbeb
ebrr scfbd
scfbd`u
`utd
tdyb
yb
(Macdgcs, 8>>>).
 

:. ^cdb
^cdbtb
tbfb
fbes
esbd
bdbb
bbd
d
b. ^crbw
^crbwbt
btbd
bd mi
mi ]ckp
]ckpbt
bt Ec`b
Ec`bmi
mibd
bd
^riaritbs pcrtbkb mbfbk pcrbwbtbd mi tckpbt ec`bmibd hbgi scarbdg
earhbd fueb hbebr bmbfbo kcdlcgbo bgbr arbdg ybdg kcdycfbkbtebd
timbe turut kcdgbfbki fueb hbebr. Fbdgebo ecr`b0
2) Kck
Kckbtie
btiebd
bd bp
bpi
Spby
Spbybb pc
pcrt
rtbk
bkbb sbbt
sbbt tcrh
tcrhbe
bebr
br bm
bmbf
bfbo
bo kckb
kckbti
tieb
ebd
d bp
bpii kisbf
kisbfdy
dybb
mcdgbd
mcdgbd kcdycf
kcdycfiku
ikuti
ti mbd kcdutu
kcdutup
p hbgibd
hbgibd ybdg
ybdg tcrhbeb
tcrhbebrr udtue 
udtue 
kcdgocdti
kcdgocdtiebd
ebd pbsaebd
pbsaebd aesigcd
aesigcd hbgi bpi ybdg kcdybfb. Earhbd
mbpbt kcdgusbobebd mcdgbd lcpbt kcd`btuoebd miri mbd hcrgufidg
mbd kcdlcgbo kcfubsdyb hbgibd pbebibd ybdg tcrhbebr. Eadtbe 
mcdgbd hbobd ybdg pbdbs `ugb obrus lcpbt mibeoiri kissbf mcdgbd
kcdlcfupebd hbgibd ybdg tcrhbebr btbu kcdlchurebd miri ec bir 
midgid btbu kcfcpbsebd hb`u ybdg tcrsirbk bir pbdbs. @ieb sukhcr 
fueb hbebrdyb bmbfbo brus fistrie, sukhcr fistrie obrus mipbmbkebd.
8) Kcdm
Kcdmid
idgi
gide
debd
bd fueb
fueb hbeb
hbebr 
r 
^rascs eabgufbsi pratcid scf mi `bridgbd ybdg tcrpb`bd suou tidggi
 hcrfbdgsudg tcrus
tc rus sctcfbo bpi mipbmbkebd scoidggb
s coidggb mcstruesi tctbp
kcfubs. ^rascs idi mbpbt miocdtiebd mcdgbd kcdmidgidebd mbcrbo
ybdg
ybdg tcrhbe
tcrhbebr
br mbd kckpcr
kckpcrtbo
tbobde
bdebd
bd suou
suou midgid
midgid idi pbmb
pbmb `bk
 pcrtbkb. Afco ebrcdb itu kcrcdmbk hbgibd ybdg tcrhbebr scfbkb
fikb
fikb hc
hcfb
fbss kcdi
kcditt pc
pcrtb
rtbkb
kb mb
mbfbk
fbk bir sb
sbdg
dgbt
bt hc
hcrk
rkbd
bdjb
jbbt
bt ud
udtu
tue 
e 
kcdurudebd suou `bridgbd scoidggb ecrusbebd fchio mbdgebf mbd
mipcreclif. Mcdgbd mckieibd fueb ybdg schcdbrdyb kcdu`u mcrb`bt
II mbpbt miocdtiebd pbmb mcrb`bt I btbu fueb ybdg kcd`bmi mcrb`bt III
miocdt
miocdtieb
iebd
d pbmb
pbmb tidgeb
tidgebtt I btbu
btbu II. ^cd
^cdlcfu
lcfupbd
pbd btbu
btbu pcdyir
pcdyirbkb
bkbd
d
mb
mbpb
pbtt mifb
mifbeu
eueb
ebd
d mc
mcdg
dgbd
bd bir
bir bp
bpbb sb
sb`b
`b yb
ybdg
dg mi
midg
dgid
id sc
sceu
eurbd
rbdg-
g-
eurbdgdyb 23 kcdit.
<) Kcfcpb
Kcfcpbseb
sebd
d hcdm
hcdmbb pcdg
pcdgobf
obfbdg
bdg
Kcse
Kcseip
ipud
ud pbeb
pbebib
ibd
d ybdg
ybdg kcdc
kcdckp
kpcf
cf pb
pbmb
mb fu
fueb
eb hb
hbeb
ebrr mb
mbpb
pbtt
mihibrebd, pbebibd fbid mbd sckub hbrbdg pcroibsbd obrus scgcrb
 

mifcpbsebd udtue kcfbeuebd pcdifbibd scrtb kcdlcgbo tcr`bmidyb

eadtriesi sceudmcr beihbt cmckb ybdg tikhuf mcdgbd lcpbt.
=) Kcdu
Kcdutu
tup
p fu
fueb
eb hb
hbeb
ebr 
r 
Fueb
Fueb hbebr
hbebr obrus
obrus mitutu
mitutup
p sclcpb
sclcpbtt kudgei
kudgeid
d udtue
udtue kckpcr
kckpcrecv
ecvif
if
eckudgei
eckudgeidbd
dbd eadtbkidbs
eadtbkidbsii hbetcri
hbetcri mbd kcdgurbdgi
kcdgurbdgi dycri mcdgbd
kcdlcgbo
kcdlcgbo bfirbd umbrb bgbr timbe kcdgcdbi
kcdgcdbi pcrkuebbd
pcrkuebbd eufit ybdg
tcrhbebr.
 h. Kcdgirigbsi Fueb hbebr eikib
Fueb hbebr eikib beihbt hbobd earasij obrus scgcrb mihifbs mcdgbd
bir kcdgbfir. @ieb kcdgcdbi kbtb obrus scgcrb miluli mcdgbd bir hcrsio
ybdg sc`ue.
BHL pbmb sckub pcrbwbtbd fueb hbebr scfbkb pcriamc bwbf pbslb-
fueb hbebr, ybitu0
b.  Birwby
 Birwby (sbfurbd
 (sbfurbd dbpbs)
 h.  Hrcbtoidg  (pcrdbpbsbd)
 (pcrdbpbsbd)
l. Lirlufbtiad
Lirlufbtiad/s
/sir
ireu
eufb
fbsi
si mb
mbrb
rbo
o (m
(mbd
bd Lcrvilb
Lcrvilbff spidc ikkahifizbt
ikkahifizbtiad
iad//
jiesbsi vcrtchrb lcrviebfis `ieb mipcrfuebd).
Birwby mbd hrcbtoidg tcrbpi obrus scgcrb mifbeuebd. @ieb aesigcd
mcdgbd
mcdgbd eadscd
eadscdtrb
trbsi
si ybdg
ybdg tidggi
tidggi itu timbe
timbe mbpbt
mbpbt miscmi
miscmibeb
bebd
d mbfbk
mbfbk
ea
eadm
dmisi
isi ckcr
ckcr`c
`cds
dsi,
i, pc
pckh
khcri
cribd
bd ae
aesig
sigcd
cd fc
fcwb
wbtt kbse
kbsecr
cr bt
btbu
bu eb
ebdu
dufb
fb
oimudg kcrupbebd tidmbebd pcrtbkb ybdg obrus miecr`bebd. Bpbhifb
tcrscmib pctugbs scrtb pcrbfbtbd ybdg kckcduoi sybrbt mbd hifbkbdb
earhbd
earhbddyb
dyb kcdmcr
kcdmcritb
itb gbdggu
gbdggubd
bd pcrdbpb
pcrdbpbsbd
sbd ybdg
ybdg hcrbt
hcrbt btbu
btbu cmckb
cmckb
sbfur
sbfurbd
bd db
dbpb
pbs,
s, pc
pcda
dafa
fadg
dg mb
mbpb
pbtt kckb
kckbsb
sbdg
dg pi
pipb
pb cd
cdma
matrb
trbec
ecbf
bf mb
mbd
d
kckufbi vcdtifbsi kbdubf.
\istck sireufbsi obrus pufb midifbi mcdgbd scgcrb. Mcdyut bpiebf
mbd tcebdb
tcebdbd
d mbrbo
mbrbo mikadi
mikaditar
tar mcdgbd
mcdgbd scridg.
scridg. ]beieb
]beiebrmi
rmibb (jrceuc
(jrceucdsi
dsi
 `bdtudg ybdg bhdarkbf lcpbt) mbd oipatcdsi ridgbd mipcreirbebd tcr`bmi
 pbmb pbsicd ybdg timbe mitbdgbdi scgcrb scsumbo tcr`bmidyb
tc r`bmidyb fueb hbebr.
hb ebr.
^bmb sbbt ybdg sbkb, survci sceudmcr mbri ecpbfb oidggb u`udg `bri
eb
ebei
ei pb
pbsic
sicd
d ud
udtu
tue
e kcdc
kcdcku
kueb
ebd
d lc
lcmc
mcrb
rb fb
fbid
iddy
dybb yb
ybdg
dg hc
hcrp
rpat
atcd
cdsi
si
kcdikhufebd eckbtibd obrus mifbesbdbebd.
 

^cd
cdlc
lcgb
gbob
obd
d sy
syae
ae pbmb
bmb pbs
bsic
icd
d fu
fueb
eb hbeb
hbebrr ybd
bdg
g fu
fubs
bs be
bebd
bd
kckpcrhbiei pragdasis sclbrb kcdgcsbdebd. Ebrcdb itu, pckhcribd
idjus lbirbd mbd cfcetrafit obrus scgcrb mikufbi.
l. ^cdb
^cdbtb
tbfb
fbes
esbd
bdbbd
bbd Kcm
Kcmis
is Mbru
Mbrurbt
rbt
^ri
ria
ari
ritb
tbss pcrt
pcrtbk
bkbb mbfbk
bfbk ru
rubd
bdg
g mbr
bru
urb
rbtt tc
tctb
tbp
p BHL
BHL (birwby,
hrcbtoidg mbd lirlu
lirlufb
fbti
tiad
ad).
). Sd
Sdtu
tue
e lc
lcmc
mcrb
rb pb
pbru
ru yb
ybdg
dg ridg
ridgbd
bd,, um
umbr
brbb
 pcrdbpbsbd mifckhbhebd mbri pbsicd mimaradg supbyb hbtue scoidggb
scerct
scerct sbfurb
sbfurbd
d dbpbs
dbpbs hisb
hisb miecfu
miecfubre
brebd
bd mcdgbd
mcdgbd pcdgis
pcdgisbpb
bpbd.
d. Sdtue 
Sdtue 
situb
situbsi
si yb
ybdg
dg fchi
fchio
o pb
pbrbo
rbo mipc
mipcrfu
rfueb
ebd
d pc
pcdg
dgcf
cfub
ubrb
rbd
d scerc
scerctt mc
mcdg
dgbd
bd
 pcdgisbpbd hradeus mbd pckhcribd prcpbrbt hradeamifbtar scrtb
kueafitie. @ieb tcr`bmi cmckb pbmb `bfbd dbpbs, idtuhbsi cdmatrbecbf
kudgeid kcrupbebd idmiebsi. Ladtiduaus pasitivc birwby prcssurc mbd
vcdtif
vcdtifbsi
bsi kcebdi
kcebdiss kudgei
kudgeid
d pufb
pufb mipcrfu
mipcrfuebd
ebd udtue
udtue kcdgob
kcdgobsif
sifebd
ebd
aesigcdbsi ybdg bmceubt.
\csumbo tcrlbpbi stbtus rcspirbsi mbd sireufbsi ybdg bmceubt,
 pcrobtibd obrus mihcriebd ecpbmb fueb hbebrdyb scdmiri. \ckub
 pbebibd mbd pcroibsbd ybdg miecdbebd pbsicd mifcpbs. ^ckhifbsbd
fueb hbebr eikib mcdgbd bir mitcrusebd.
Ebtctcr urid idmwcffidg mip
mipbsbd
bsbdg
g udtue
udtue kckudg
kckudgeid
eidebd
ebd
 pckbdtbubd obfubrbd urid mbd jbbf gid`bf ybdg fchio beurbt. Difbi-difbi
mbsbr
mbsbr udtue
udtue tidggi
tidggi mbd hcrbt
hcrbt hbmbd,
hbmbd, gbs mbrbo
mbrbo brtcri,
brtcri, ockbta
ockbtaeri
erit,
t,
cfce
cfcetr
traf
afit
it,, ga
gafa
fadg
dgbd
bd mb
mbrb
rbo
o sc
scrt
rtbb ob
obsi
siff pc
pcdl
dlal
alae
aebd
bd-si
-sifbd
fbdg
g (lrass-
kbtl
kbtloi
oidg
dg),
), uri
uridbf
dbfisis
isis,, mbd jata
jata radtgc
radtgcd
d tarbes
tarbes obrus
obrus mimbpb
mimbpbt.
t. @ieb
@ieb
 pbsicd kcdmcritb fueb hbebr fistrie, pckcriesbbd cfcetiaebrmiagrbk
mb
mbsb
sbrr ob
obru
russ mifb
mifbeu
eueb
ebd.
d. Ebrcd
Ebrcdbb fu
fueb
eb hb
hbeb
ebrr kcru
kcrupb
pbeb
ebd
d fu
fueb
eb yb
ybdg
dg
tcreadtbkidbsi, tidmbebd prajifbesis tctbdus pcrfu mifbeuebd `ieb stbtus
ikudisbsi pbsicd timbe `cfbs.
Kcseipud jaeus utbkb pcrbwbtbd scfbkb jbsc mbrurbt hcrupb
st
stbh
bhif
ifisb
isbsi
si ji
jisie
sie,, pc
pcrbw
rbwbt
bt ob
obru
russ kckp
kckpcro
crobti
btieb
ebd
d pu
pufb
fb ec
echu
hutu
tuob
obd
d
 psieafagis pbsicd mbd ecfubrgbdyb.
 

m. ^cki
^ckidm
dmbo
bobd
bd ec Sdi
Sditt Fueb
Fueb Hbeb
Hbebr 
r 
Mbfb
Mbfbk
k mb
mbd
d fu
fubsd
bsdyb
yb fu
fueb
eb hb
hbeb
ebrr pc
pcrf
rfu
u mi
mipc
pcrt
rtik
ikhb
hbdg
dgeb
ebd
d mb
mbfb
fbk
k
kcdcdtuebd bpbebo pbsicd obrus mipidmboebd ec udit btbu rukbo sbeit
eoususs fueb hbebr.
eousu hbebr. @ieb pbsicd bebd mipidmboebd
mipidmboebd ec udit btbu rukbo
sbeit eousus fueb hbebr, tidmbebd hcrieut idi obrus mifbeuebd schcfuk
 pckidmbobd pbsicd0 scfbdg idjus obrus tcrpbsbdg mcdgbd eclcpbtbd
tctcsbd ybdg mipcrfuebd
mipcrfuebd udtue kcdgobsifebd
kcdgobsifebd obfubrbd urid scmieitdyb
scmieitdyb
<> kf pcr `bk5 sbfurbd dbpbs ybdg pbtcd (fbpbdg) mipbstiebd5 tcrbpi
ybdg bmceubt udtue kcrcmbebd dycri mifbeuebd5 mbri sireufbsi pcrijcr 
ybdg kckbmbi miobsifebd
miobsifebd pbmb sctibp cestrckitbs ybdg tcrhbtbs.
tcrhbtbs. Fueb
mitutu
mitutup
p mcdgbd
mcdgbd hbfutb
hbfutbd
d stcrif
stcrif ybdg
ybdg ecridg
ecridg,, mbd ecdybk
ecdybkbdb
bdbd
d scrtb
scrtb
ecobdg
ecobdgbtb
btbd
d tuhuo
tuhuo pbsicd
pbsicd obrus
obrus mi`bgb
mi`bgb.. ^cdifb
^cdifbibd
ibd scrtb
scrtb pcdbdg
pcdbdgbdb
bdbd
d
 pbsicd milbtbt, mbd idjarkbsi idi obrus misbkpbiebd ecpbmb pctugbs
udit fueb hbebr.
c. ^cdbtb
^cdbtbfbe
fbesbd
sbdbbd
bbd Ecoif
Ecoifbdg
bdgbd
bd Lbirbd
Lbirbd mbd \yae 
\yae 
\ctcfbo kcdbdgbdi ecsufitbd pcrdbpbsbd, echutuobd ybdg pbfidg
kcdm
kcdmcsb
csbe
e bm
bmbf
bfbo
bo kcdl
kcdlcg
cgbo
bo tc
tcr`
r`bm
bmid
idyb
yb syae
syae ircvc
ircvcrsi
rsihc
hcff mc
mcdg
dgbd
bd
kcdgg
kcdggbdt
bdtieb
iebd
d lbirbd
lbirbd mbd cfcetr
cfcetrafi
afitt ybdg
ybdg oifbdg
oifbdg.. \cfbdg
\cfbdg idjus
idjus mbd
ebtctcrr urid obrus sumbo tcrpbsbdg
ebtctc tcrpbsbdg pbmb tckpbtdyb
tckpbtdyb schcfuk rcsusitbsi
lbirbd mikufbi. Obsif pcdgueurbd
pcdgueurbd hcrbt hbmbd mbd tcs fbharbtariu
fbharbtariuk
k
 `ugb milbtbt. \ckub pbrbkctcr idi obrus mipbdtbu mcdgbd ectbt mbfbk
 pcriamc scgcrb scsumbo tcr`bmidyb fueb hbebr (pcriamc rcsusitssi).
^cmakb
^cmakbd
d Xukus
Xukus udtue
udtue ^cdggb
^cdggbdti
dtibd
bd Lbirbd
Lbirbd ^bmb
^bmb ^bsicd
^bsicd Fueb
Fueb
Hbebr0
2. Xuku
Xukuss Eads
Eadscd
cdsu
suss

Fbrutbd Xidgcr Fbetbt (btbu fbrutbd sbfidc scikhbdg fbiddyb)0 8-=

kf _ eg HH _ % fubs fueb hbebr.

\cpbruo mihcriebd mbfbk ? `bk pcrtbkb, sisbdyb mihcriebd mbfbk

2: `bk scfbd`utdyb.

8. Xuku
Xukuss Cvbd
Cvbdss

b. Eafaim
Eafaim00 2kf
2kf _ eg
eg HH _ % fubs
fubs fueb
fueb hbebr 
hbebr 
 

 h. Cfcetrafit (sbfidc)0 2kf _ eg HH _ % fubs fueb

fueb hbebr 
l. Gfueasb
Gfueasb (3% mbfbk bir)0 8>>>k
8>>>kff udtue
udtue ecoifbd
ecoifbdgbd
gbd idscdsih
idscdsihfc
fc
Obri
Obri 20 \cpb
\cpbru
ruo
o mihc
mihcri
rieb
ebd
d mb
mbfb
fbk
k ? `b
`bk
k pc
pcrtb
rtbkb
kb,, scpbru
scpbruo
o
sisbdyb mbfbk 2: `bk scfbd`utdyb.
Obri
Obri 80 \c
\cpb
pbru
ruo
o mbri
mbri lb
lbir
irbd
bd cf
cfce
cetr
traf
afit
it mb
mbd
d ea
eafa
faim
im yb
ybdg
dg
mihcriebd pbmb obri schcfukdyb, scfuruo pcdggbdtibd lbirbd
idscdsihfc.
Kbesikuk 2>.>>> scfbkb 8= `bk. Fueb hbecr mcrb`bt II mbd
II
IIII ybdg
ybdg kcfc
kcfchi
hioi
oi 3>%
3>% fu
fubs
bs pc
pcrk
rkue
uebb
bbd
d tu
tuhu
huo
o mi
mioi
oitu
tudg
dg
 hcrmbsbrebd 3>% fubs pcrkuebbd tuhuo.
<. Xukus
Xukus Hraaec
Hraaec Brky
Brky
b. Eafa
Eafaim
im00 >,3k
>,3kff _ eg
eg HH _ % fub
fubss fueb
fueb hbe
hbebr 
br 
 h. Cfcetrafit (fbrutbd ridgcr fbetbt)0 2,3kf _ eg HH _ % fubs fueb
 hbebr 
l. Gfuea
Gfueasb
sb (3% mbfb
mbfbk
k bir)0
bir)0 8>>>kf
8>>>kf udtu
udtue
e ecoifb
ecoifbdgb
dgbd
d idscdsi
idscdsihfc
hfc
Obri
Obri 20 \cpb
\cpbru
ruo
o mihc
mihcri
rieb
ebd
d mb
mbfb
fbk
k ? `b
`bk
k pc
pcrtb
rtbkb
kb,, scpbru
scpbruo
o
sisbdyb mbfbk 2: `bk scfbd`utdyb.
Obri 80 \cpbruo mbri lbirbd eafaim, scpbruo cfcetrafit, scfuruo
 pcdggbdtibd lbirbd idscdsihfc.
  Fueb
Fueb hbec
hbecrr mcrb
mcrb`b
`btt II mb
mbd
d III
III yb
ybdg
dg kcfc
kcfchi
hioi
oi 3>
3>%
% fu
fubs
bs
 pcrkuebbd tuhuo mioitudg hcrmbsbrebd 3>% fubs pcrkuebbd
tuhuo.
=. Xuku
Xukuss ^bre
^brefb
fbdm
dm/H
/Hbx
bxtcr
tcr
Fbrutbd ridgcr fbetbt0 =kf _ eg HH _ fubs fueb hbecr 
Obri 20 \cpbruo mihcriebd mbfbk ? `bk pcrtbkb, scpbruo sisbdyb
mbfbk 2: `bk scfbd`utdyb.
Obri 80 Hcrvbribsi. Mitbkhboebd eafaim
Fbrutbd \bfid Oipcrtadie 
Fbrutbd pcebt dbtriuk efarimb mbd fbetbt mcdgbd eadscdtrbsi
83>-<>> kCq dbtriuk pcrFitcr ybdg mihcriebd pbmb eclcpbtbd ybdg
lu
lueu
eup
p udtu
udtue
e kckp
kckpcr
crtb
tbob
obde
debd
bd va
vafu
fukc
kc ec
ecfu
fubr
brbd
bd ur
urid
id yb
ybdg
dg
miidgideb
miidgidebd.
d. @bdgbd kcdidgebteb
kcdidgebtebd
d eclcpbtbd
eclcpbtbd idjusc scfbkb ? `bk
 

 pcrtbkb pbslb fueb hbecr. Ebmbr dbtriuk scruk obrus mipbdtbu

mcdgbd
mcdgbd ectbt.
ectbt. ]u`ub
]u`ubd0
d0 kcdidg
kcdidgebt
ebtebd
ebd ebmbr
ebmbr dbtriu
dbtriuk
k scruk
scruk mbd
askafbfitbs
askafbfitbs udtue
udtue kcdgurbdgi
kcdgurbdgi cmckb mbd kcdlcgbo
kcdlcgbo eakpfiebsi
eakpfiebsi
 pbru.
3. Ahbt-ahbtbd
Bdti
Bdtihi
hiat
atie
ie si
sist
stck
ckie
ie sp
spcl
cltr
truk
uk fu
fubs
bs mi
mihc
hcri
rieb
ebd
d ud
udtu
tue 
e 
kcdl
kcdlcg
cgbo
bo idjc
idjces
esi.
i. Ybdg
Ybdg hb
hbdy
dybe
be mi
mipb
pbeb
ebii bm
bmbf
bfbo
bo ga
gafa
fadg
dgbd
bd
bkidag
bkidagfie
fieasi
asimb
mb ybdg
ybdg cjceti
cjcetijj tcrobm
tcrobmbp
bp pscuma
pscumakad
kadbs.
bs. Hifb
Hifb bmb
idjces
idjcesi,
i, bdtihi
bdtihiati
atill mihcri
mihcriebd
ebd hcrmbs
hcrmbsbre
brebd
bd obsif
obsif hibebd
hibebd mbd u`i
ecpcebbd
ecpcebbd eukbd.
eukbd. Bdtbsimb
Bdtbsimb mihcriebd
mihcriebd udtue pcdlcgbobd
pcdlcgbobd tuebe 
strcss mbd bdtipirctie mihcriebd hifb suou tidggi.
 Dutrisi obrus mihcriebd lueup udtue kcdutup echutuobd
eb
ebfa
fari
ri mb
mbd
d ec
ecsci
scikh
khbd
bdgb
gbd
d di
ditr
trag
agcd
cd yb
ybdg
dg dc
dcgb
gbti
tivc
vc pb
pbmb
mb jbsc
jbsc
ebtbha
ebtbhafisk
fiskc,
c, ybitu
ybitu schbdy
schbdybe
be 83>>-<
83>>-<>>>
>>> ebfari
ebfari scobri
scobri mcdgbd
mcdgbd
ebmbr pratcid tidggi. Ebfbu pcrfu kbebdbd mihcriebd kcfbfui pipb
fbkhudg btbu mitbkhbo pbrcdtcrbf.
^cdmcritb ybdg kufbi stbhif ecbmbbddyb pcrfu jisiatcrbpbi
udtue kckpcrfbdlbr
kckpcrfbdlbr pcrcmbrbd
pcrcmbrbd mbrbo mbd kcdlcgbo
kcdlcgbo ecebeubd
ecebeubd
scdmi.
^c
^cdm
dmcr
crit
itbb fueb
fueb hbec
hbecrr ob
obru
russ mi
mipb
pbdt
dtbu
bu tc
tcru
rus-
s-kc
kcdc
dcru
rus,
s,
echcrobsifbd pckhcribd lbirbd mbpbt mifiobt mbri miurcsis darkbf
ybitu
ybitu sceurb
sceurbdg-
dg-eur
eurbdg
bdgdyb
dyb 2kf/eg
2kf/egHH/
HH/`bk
`bk.. Ybdg
Ybdg pcdtid
pcdtidg
g `ugb
`ugb
bpbebo sireufbsi darkbf/timbe.
<. Mchri
rim
mckcd
Mchr
Mchrim
imck
ckcd
cd kcru
kcrupb
pbeb
ebd
d si
sisi
si fb
fbid
id pb
pbmb
mb pc
pcrbw
rbwbt
btbd
bd fu
fueb
eb hb
hbeb
ebr.
r.
]idmbebd idi kckifiei mub tu`ubd0
b. Sdtue
Sdtue kcdgoifb
kcdgoifbdgebd
dgebd `bridgbd
`bridgbd ybdg
ybdg tcreadtb
tcreadtbkidbsi
kidbsi afco hbetcri
hbetcri
mbd
mbd hcd
hcdmb bsi
sid
dg, sc
scoi
oid
dgg
ggbb pb
pbsi
sicd
cd mifid
ifidmu
mudg
dgii tc
tcro
robm
bmbp
bp
eckudgeidbd idvbsi hbetcri
 h. Sdtue kcdgoifbdgebd `bridgbd ybdg sumbo kbti btbu csebr 
mbfbk pcrsibpbd hbgi grbjt mbd ecsckhuobd fueb
 

\csumbo
\csumbo tcr`bmi
tcr`bmi fueb
fueb hbebr
hbebr mcrb`bt
mcrb`bt-mu
-mubb mbd tigb,
tigb, hbetcri
hbetcri ybdg
ybdg
tcrmbpbt pbmb bdtbrkueb `bridgbd ybdg tcrhbebr mbd `bridgbd vibhcf
ybdg
ybdg bmb mi hbwbod
hbwbodyb
yb sclbrb
sclbrb hcrsdg
hcrsdg-su
-sur-bd
r-bdgsu
gsur.
r. bebd
bebd kcdlbir
kcdlbirebd
ebd
scrbhut-scrbhut eafbgcd ybdg kcdbobd csebr pbmb tckpbtdyb scfbkb
kidggu pcrtbkb btbu ecmub pbslb-fueb hbebr.
Kblbk-kblbk mchrimckcd0
b.  Mchrimckcd Bfbki. ^bm
^bmbb pcristi
pcristiwb
wb mchrim
mchrimckc
ckcd
d bfbki,
bfbki, `bridg
`bridgbd
bd
kbtii bebd
kbt bebd kckisbo
kckisboebd
ebd miri
miri sclbrb
sclbrb spadtb
spadtbd
d mbri
mbri `bridg
`bridgbd
bd vibhcf
vibhcf
yb
ybdg
dg bm
bmbb mi hb
hbwb
wbod
odyb
yb.. Dbku
Dbkud,
d, pc
pckb
kbeb
ebib
ibd
d pr
prcp
cpbr
brbt
bt ta
tapi
pieb
ebff
bdtihbetcri lcdmcrudg kckpcrfbkhbt  prascs
  prascs pckisbobd csebr ybdg
bfbki idi.
 h.  Mchrimckcd Kcebdis. Mchrimckcd kcebdis kcfiputi pcdggudbbd
gudti
gudtidg
dg hcmbo
hcmbo mbd jarscp
jarscp udtue
udtue kckisbo
kckisboebd
ebd mbd kcdgbd
kcdgbdgeb
gebtt
csebr.
l.  Mchrimckcd Hcmbo. Mch
Mchrim
rimckc
ckcd
d hcmbo
hcmbo kcrupb
kcrupbebd
ebd tidmbe
tidmbebd
bd
apcrbsi mcdgbd kcfihbtebd cesisi prikcr scfuruo tchbf eufit sbkpbi
jbsib (cesisi tbdgcdsibi) btbu mcdgbd kcdgupbs fbpisbd eufit ybdg
tcrhbe
tcrhbebr
br sclbrb
sclbrb hcrtbo
hcrtbobp
bp oidggb
oidggb kcdgcd
kcdgcdbi
bi `bridg
`bridgbd
bd ybdg
ybdg kbsio
kbsio
vibhcf mbd hcrmbrbo.

=. Grbjt
@ieb fuebdyb mbfbk (juff-toiledcss) btbu sbdgbt fubs, rccpitcfibfisbsi
spad
spadtb
tbd
d timb
timbe
e kudg
kudgei
eid
d tcr`
tcr`bm
bmi.
i. Ebrc
Ebrcdb
db itu
itu mi
mipc
pcrf
rfue
uebd
bd gr
grbj
bjtt

(pcdlb
(pcdlbeae
eaebd)
bd) eufit
eufit mbri
mbri pbsicd
pbsicd scdmir
scdmirii (butag
(butagrbj
rbjt).
t). Mbcrbo-m
Mbcrbo-mbcrb
bcrbo
o
utbkb grbjt eufit kcdlbeup mbcrbo wb`bo mcdgbd bfbsbd easkctie mbd
 psieafagie5 tbdgbd mbd hbgibd judgsiadbf fbiddyb scpcrti ebei5 mbd
mb
mbcr
crbo
bo-m
-mbc
bcrbo
rbo yb
ybdg
dg kcfi
kcfipu
puti
ti pc
pcrsc
rscdm
dmib
ibd.
d. Grbjt
Grbjt kcku
kckudg
dgei
eide
debd
bd
 pcdlbpbibd eckbkpubd judgsiadbf ybdg fchio midi mbd bebd
kcdgurbdgi eadtrbetur. Ebfbu fueb hbebrdyb sbdgbt fubs, mbcrbo mbmb
mbd bhmakcd mbpbt milbdgeae tcrfchio mboufu udtue kcdgurbdgi fubs
fueb hbebr.
\cfbkb prascs ecsckhuobd fueb bebd tcrhcdtue `bridgbd grbdufbsi.

@brid
@bridgb
gbd
d id
idii be
bebd
bd kcdg
kcdgis
isii ru
rubd
bdgb
gbd
d yb
ybdg
dg mi
miti
tikh
khuf
ufeb
ebd
d af
afco
co fu
fueb
eb,,
 

kckhcd
kckhcdtue
tue hbricr
hbricr ybdg
ybdg kcridt
kcridtbdg
bdgii hbetcr
hbetcrii mbd hcrjud
hcrjudgsi
gsi schbgb
schbgbii
mbsbr (hcm) udtue pcrtukhuobd scf cpitcf.
3. Butagrbjt
Butagrbjt hcrbsbf mbri eufit pbsicd scdmiri. Hcdtue lbdgeaebd idi
 hisb hcrupb spfit-toiledcss,
hcrupb  spfit-toiledcss, juff-toiledcss, pcmilfc jfbps btbu cpitcfiuk
ybdg mieuftur. Juff-toiledcss
mieuftur. Juff-toiledcss mbd
mbd pcmilfc
 pcmilfc jfbps fchio scridg migudbebd
udtue
udtue pckhcmbobd
pckhcmbobd rceadstruesi,
rceadstruesi, mbd mifbesbdbeb
mifbesbdbebd
d hchcrbpb
hchcrbpb hufbd
btbu tboud scsumbo tcr`bmidyb lcmcrb pcrtbkb.
^cdggu
^cdggudbb
dbbd
d cpitcf
cpitcfiuk
iuk ybdg
ybdg mieuft
mieuftur
ur kbsio
kbsio hcrbmb
hcrbmb mbfbk
mbfbk tbobp
tbobp
cespri
cesprikcd
kcd pbmb
pbmb hchcrbp
hchcrbpbb rukbo
rukbo sbeit
sbeit eousus
eousus fueb
fueb hbebr.
hbebr. \clbrb
\clbrb
kcdmbsbr, prascmur idi kcfiputi hiapsi eufit pbsicd mi mbcrbo ybdg
timbe
timbe tcrhbeb
tcrhbebr.
r. Eckumi
Eckumibd
bd ecrbti
ecrbtidas
dasit
it miisaf
miisafbsi
bsi mbd scf-scf
scf-scf cpitcf
cpitcf
mieu
mieuft
ftur
ur mb
mbfbk
fbk fbha
fbharb
rbta
tari
riuk
uk.. \b
\bkp
kpcf
cf sc
scff cp
cpit
itcf
cf yb
ybdg
dg bsfi
bsfi mb
mbpb
pbtt
kcdgbm
kcdgbmbebd
bebd kuftip
kuftipfie
fiebsi
bsi oidgg
oidggbb ueurbd
ueurbddyb
dyb kcdlbp
kcdlbpbi
bi 2>.>>
2>.>>>
> ebfi
ebfi
ueurbd
ueurbd sbkpcf
sbkpcf sckufb
sckufb mbfbk
mbfbk tckpa
tckpa <> obri.
obri. \cf-scf
\cf-scf idi eckumi
eckumibd
bd
mitckpcfebd pbmb fueb hbebr. ^rascmur idi tcfbo mifbparebd mcdgbd
 hcrhbgbi mcrb`bt echcrobsifbd tctbpi obsif-obsif tcrschut lueup
kcdggckhirbebd (Wadg & Kudstcr, 299<).
:. Ecfbid
Ecfbidbd
bd pbmb
pbmb ^cdyck
^cdyckhu
huobd
obd Fueb
Fueb
Ecfbidbd-pcdyckhuobd fueb pbmb pbsicd fueb hbebr tcr`bmi beihbt
 prascs pcdyckhuobd ybdg sclbrb bhdarkbf hcrfchiobd btbu beihbt
 pckhcdtuebd `bridgbd hbru ybdg timbe kckbmbi ^ckhcdtuebd pbrut
ybdg oipcrtrajie mbd ecfaim tcr`bmi beihbt ecsckhuobd ybdg bhdarkbf
mbd hcrfchiobd.

b. ^brut.
^brut (siebtries) ybdg oipcrtrajie mbd eadtrbetur fueb fchio hcsbr 
ec
ecku
kudg
dgei
eidb
dbdd
ddyb
yb ud
udtu
tue
e tcr`
tcr`bm
bmii `ieb
`ieb fu
fueb
eb hb
hbeb
ebrr yb
ybdg
dg pr
prik
ikcr 
cr 
kcfbkpbui tidgebt fbpisbd mcrkis ybdg mbfbk. Ecsckhuobd fueb
 hbebr ybdg mbfbk idi tcr`bmi beihbt pcdggbdtibd idtcgukcd ybdg
da
dark
rkbf
bf mc
mcdg
dgbd
bd `brid
`bridgb
gbd
d yb
ybdg
dg sc
sclbr
lbrbb kctbh
kctbhaf
afie
ie sbdgb
sbdgbtt be
beti
tij 
j 
scoidggb eurbdg kcdgbdmudg brsitcetur eufit ybdg darkbf. Mbfbk

fbpisbd eafbgcd mi hbwbo cpifcfiuk tcrmbpbt hbdybe scf jihrahfbst

 

ybdg kcdgbfbki prafijcrbsi sclbrb hcrtbobp. \cf-scf kiajihrahfbst

ybdg kckifiei eckbkpubd udtue hcreadtrbesi `ugb tcrmbpbt mbfbk
fueb ybdg ikkbtur. Ectieb udsur-udstir idi hcreadtrbesi, scrbhut
eafb
eafbgc
gcd
d ybdg
ybdg dark
darkbf
bfdy
dybb tc
tcrf
rfct
ctbe
be mb
mbfb
fbk
k hc
hcre
rebs
bs yb
ybdg
dg mb
mbtb
tbr 
r 
lcdmcrudg udtue kckhcdtue larbe ybdg hcrgcfakhbdg. Beoirdyb
 hcrebs eafbgcd tcrschut kcdgobsifebd pcdbkpbebd supcr-eaif mbd
tcrhcdtue
tcrhcdtue damuf-damu
damuf-damuff eafbgcd.
eafbgcd. @bridgbd
@bridgbd pbrut hcrwbrdb
hcrwbrdb sbdgbt
kcrbo (ebrcdb sijbt oipcrvbseu
oipcrvbseufbritbs
fbritbs-dyb),
-dyb), kcdad`af mbd ecrbs.
^cdbdgbdbd
^cdbdgbdbd pbrut tcrutbkb
tcrutbkb mifbesbdbe
mifbesbdbebd
bd mbfbk jbsc rcobhifitbsi
rcobhifitbsi
scsumbo
scsumbo fueb
fueb hbebrdy
hbebrdybb kcdutu
kcdutup.
p. ^brut
^brut ybdg
ybdg oipcrtr
oipcrtraji
ajie
e mbpbt
mbpbt
kcdychbhebd eadtrbetur ybdg ochbt pbmb pcrscdmibd ybdg tcrecdb.
 Dbkud mckieibd, pbrut idi obdyb tcrhbtbs pbmb mbcrbo fueb hbebr 
mb
mbd
d sclbrb
sclbrb hc
hcrbd
rbdgs
gsur
ur-b
-bdg
dgsu
surr be
bebd
bd kcdg
kcdgbf
bfbk
bkii rcgrc
rcgrcsi
si mc
mcdg
dgbd
bd
 hcrfbfudyb wbetu.
 h. Ecfaim
^bmb schbgibd pbsicd ybdg fbid, kbssb `bridgbd pbrut ybdg hcsbr 
mb
mbd
d hc
hcrt
rtuk
ukpu
pue
e be
bebd
bd tcr`b
tcr`bmi
mi mb
mbd
d mb
mbpb
pbtt kcfu
kcfubs
bs sb
sbkp
kpbi
bi mi fu
fubr 
br 
 pcrkuebbd fueb. Kbssb idi midbkbebd eafaim. Ecfaim lcdmcrudg
mitckuebd pbmb arbdg ybdg eufitdyb hcrpigkcd (hcrwbrdb gcfbp),
tukhuo mi fubr tcpi fueb mbd fchio hcsbr eckudgeidbddyb udtue 
tikhuf eckhbfi scsumbo mifbeuebd cesisi.
l. Ecgb
Ecgbgb
gbfb
fbd
d udtu
udtue
e \c
\ckh
khuo
uo
Ecgbgbfbd fueb udtue sckhuo mbpbt mischbhebd afco hbdybe jbetar 
ybdg
ybdg kcdlbeu
kcdlbeup
p idjces
idjcesii mbd dutrisi
dutrisi ybdg
ybdg timbe
timbe bmceub
bmceubt.
t. Ebmbr 
Ebmbr 
bfhuki
bfhukid
d scruk
scruk mi hbwbo
hbwbo 8 gk/mf
gk/mf hibsbd
hibsbdyb
yb kcd`bm
kcd`bmii sbfbo
sbfbo sbtu
sbtu
jbetar ybdg kcdggbdggu ecsckhuobd pbmb pbsicd fueb hbebr.
m. Eadtrbetur 
Eadtrbetur
Eadtrbetur kcrupbebd kbsbfbo fbid ybdg mieobwbtirebd
mieobwbtirebd tcr`bmi
tcr`bmi
ectieb fueb hbebrdyb sckhuo. @bridgbd tuhuo ybdg tcrhbebr bebd
kckcdmce ebrcdb gbyb ybdg mitikhufebd afco scf-scf jihrahfbst
mbd jfcesi atat mbfbk prascs ecsckhuobd fueb ybdg bfbki. Gbyb
fbwbd ybdg mitikhufebd afco himbi, trbesi mbd pcdgbturbd pasisi
 

scrtb fbtiobd gcrbe ybdg hcrtu`ubd obrus migudbebd udtue kcfbwbd

mcjarkitbs pbmb fueb hbebr ybdg kcdgcdbi pcrscdmibd.

7. Eakp
Eakpfi
fieb
ebsi
si Fueb
Fueb Hbeb
Hbebrr
Eakpfiebsi ybdg scridg tcr`bmi pbmb fueb hbebr bmbfbo0
2. Oipcrtraji `bridgbd pbrut
]crhcdtue oipcrtraji `bridgbd pbrut mipcdgbruoi afco0
 h. Ecmbfbkbd fueb hbebr 
l. \ijbt eu
eufit
m. Ssib ef
eficd
c. Fbkb
Fbkbdy
dybb wbe
wbetu
tu pc
pcdu
dutu
tupb
pbd
d
@bridgbd pbrut tcrhcdtue sclbrb betij pbmb : hufbd past fueb hbebr 
mcdg
mcdgbd
bd wbrd
wbrdbb bwbf
bwbf kcrbo kumb mbd kcdikhufebd rbsb gbtbf.
^ckhcdtu
^ckhcdtuebd
ebd `bridgbd
`bridgbd pbrut
pbrut tcrus hcrfbdgsu
hcrfbdgsudg
dg mbd
mb d wbrdb hcruhbo kcrbo,
kcrbo tub mbd sbkpbi laefbt kumb mbd tcrbsb fchio fckhut
8. Eadtrbetur 
Eadtrbetur kcrupbebd eakpfiebsi ybdg scridg kcdycrtbi fueb hbebr 
scrtb kcdikhufebd gbdggubd judgsi pcrgcrbebd. Hchcrbpb obf ybdg
mbpbt kcdlcgbo btbu kcdgurbdgi tcr`bmidyb eadtrbetar bdtbrb fbid0
b. ^ckhcr
^ckhcribd
ibd pasi
pasisi
si ybdg
ybdg hbie
hbie mbd
mbd hcdbr
hcdbr sc`be
sc`be midi
midi
 h. Fbtiobd XAK hbie pbsij kbupud betij 
l. ^r
^rcs
csur
urcc gb
gbrk
rkcd
cd yb
ybit
itu
u pb
pbeb
ebib
ibd
d yb
ybdg
dg mbpbt
mbpbt kckh
kckhcr
crie
iebd
bd tc
tceb
ebdb
dbd
d
ybdg
ybdg hcrtu`
hcrtu`ubd
ubd kcdceb
kcdcebd
d tikhu
tikhufdy
fdybb oipcrt
oipcrtraj
rajii slbr (Hrudd
(Hruddcr
cr &
\ummbrto, 8>>8).
 

H. EAD\C^
EAD\C^ MB\BX
MB\BX B\SOBD
B\SOBD EC^CX
EC^CXBWB]
BWB]BD
BD

2. ^cdgeb`i
^cdgeb`ibd
bd Ecpcrbwbt
EcpcrbwbtbdLa
bdLakhus
khustia/
tia/ Fueb Hbebr
2) Im
Imcd
cdti
titb
tbss efi
eficd
cd
Kcfi
Kcfipu
puti
ti00 db
dbkb
kb,, bfbk
bfbkbt
bt,, ukur
ukur,, `c
`cdi
diss ec
ecfbk
fbkid
id,, bg
bgbk
bkb,
b, sueu
sueu,,
 hbdgsb, pcdmimiebd, pcecr`bbd, tbdggbf KX\, mibgdasb kcmis,
da. Xcgistcr.
8) Ecfuob
Ecfuobd
d utbkb
utbkb
Hibsbdyb pbmb fueb hbebr bebd kcdgbfbki pcdidgebtbd pbdbs

mbfbk tuhuo mbd miscrtbi dycri pbmb mbcrbo ybdg tcrhbebr.

<) Xiwbybt
Xiwbybt pcdybeit
pcdybeit scebrbdg
scebrbdg
Xiwbybt pcdybeit fueb hbebr hibsbdyb tcr`bmidyb ebrcdb eadtbe 
mcdgbd suou tidggi, scpcrti0 bpi, bir pbdbs, fistrie, hbobd eikib
mbd rbmibsi.
=) Xiwb
Xiwbyb
ybtt pcdyb
pcdybei
eitt mbouf
mboufu
u
^crfu mitbdybebd bdtbrb fbid bpbebo eficd pcrdbo kcdgbfbki
 pcdybeit idi (fueb hbebr) btbu pcrdbo pudyb pcdybeit ybdg
kcdufbr / kcdurud schcfukdyb.

3) ^afb-pa
^afb-pafb
fb judgsi
judgsi ecscob
ecscobtbd
tbd
b. ^afb pcrscpsi mbd tbtbfbesbdb oimup scobt
^crfu mitbdybebd echibsbbd eficd, bpbebo eficd sueb afco
rbg
rbgb, kcra
kcrae
eae,
ae, pcd
cdg
ggu
gud
dbb
bbd
d bf
bfe
eao
aoaf
af /p
/pcd
cdg
ggu
gudb
dbbd
bd
tckhbebu.
 h. ^afb dutrisi mbd kctbhafiskc
^crfu mitbdybebd bpbebo kcdgbfbki gbdggubd pcdurudbd
dbjsu kbebd pbmb eficd mcdgbd lakhustia mihubtebd miit
]E]^.

l. ^afb cfikidbsi
cfikidbsi
 

]cr`
]cr`bm
bmii gb
gbdg
dggu
gubd
bd cfik
cfikid
idbs
bsi,
i, `ieb
`ieb fu
fueb
eb hb
hbeb
ebrr kcdg
kcdgcd
cdbi
bi
mbcrbo gcdctbfib.
m.^afb timur mbd istirbobt
Echibsb
Echibsbbd
bd pafb
pafb timur
timur mbd istirbo
istirbobt
bt kcdgbf
kcdgbfbki
bki gbdggu
gbdggubd
bd
ybdg
ybdg mischb
mischbheb
hebd
d afco
afco dycri,
dycri, kisbfd
kisbfdyb
yb dycri
dycri ybdg
ybdg ochbt
ochbt
 pbmb atat mbd tufbdg.
c. ^afb betivitbs
betivitbs mbd fbtiobd
fbtiobd
Betijitbs mbd fbtiobd kcdgbfbki pcruhbobd btbu gbdggubd
beihbt mbri pcdybeitdyb, scoidggb echutuobd eficd pcrfu mi
 hbdtu hbie afco pcrbwbt btbu ecfubrgb.
j. ^afb pcrscpsi
pcrscpsi mbd
mbd eadscp
eadscp miri
^bmb eficd mcdgbd pcdybeit fueb hbebr hibsbdyb kcdgbfbki
gbdggubd pcrscpsi btbu eadscp miri.
g.^afb scdsari mbd eagdatij 
^crfu mitbdybebd schcrbpb hcrbt eficd kcrbsb dycri.
o. ^afb
^afb rc
rcpr
pram
amue
uesi
si sc
sces
esub
ubff
Hifb eficd sumbo hcrecfubrgb mbd kckpudybi bdbe kbeb
bebd
bebd kcdgbf
kcdgbfbki
bki pafb
pafb scesub
scesubff mbd rcpram
rcpramues
uesi,
i, `ieb
`ieb eficd
eficd
 hcfuk hcrecfubrgb kbeb timbe bebd kcdgbfbki gbdggubd
mbfbk rcpramuesi scesubf.
i. ^afb ouhudgbd
ouhudgbd mbd pcrbd
pcrbd
^crfu mitbdybebd hbgbikbdb ouhudgbd eficd mcdgbd arbdg
fbid, idtcrbesi eficd mcdgbd arbdg fbid.
 `. ^afb pcdbdggufbdgbd strcss
^crfu mitbdybebd bpb ybdg kckhubt eficd kcd`bmi strcss
mbd hbgbikbdb lbrb kcdbdggufbdgidyb.
e.^afb tbtb difbi mbd ecpcrlbybbd
^crfu mitbdybebd bpbebo eficd kbsio kcd`bfbdebd ihbmbo
scpcrti hibsbdyb.
:) ^ckcriesbbd pcdud`bdg
Xbmiafagi.
^ckcriesbbd fbharbturiuk.
 

(Kbrtydd C. Macdgcs, 8>>2)

8. Mibgdasb
Mibgdasb Ecpcrbwb
Ecpcrbwbtbd
tbd Lakhusti
Lakhustia/
a/ Fueb
Fueb Hbebr
Hbebr
b. Xisi
Xisiea
ea ecti
ectimb
mbes
esci
cikh
khbd
bdgb
gbd
d vafu
vafukc
kc lb
lbir
irbd
bd hc
hcro
rouh
uhud
udgb
gbd
d mc
mcdg
dgbd
bd
 pcrpidmbobd lbirbd mbri idtrbvbseufcr ec mbfbk radggb idtcstidbf.

 h. Gbdggubd idtcgritbs eufit hcrouhudgbd mcdgbd lcmcrb eikibwi eufit

(fueb hbebr)
l. Dycri
ycri Beut
Beut hcr
cro
ouh
uhu
udg
dgbd
bd mc
mcdg
dgbd
bd ecr
cru
usb
sbeb
ebd
d eu
eufi
fitt / `b
`bri
ridg
dgbd
bd,,
 pckhcdtuebd cmckb.
m. Xisiea
Xisiea idjcesi
idjcesi hcrouhud
hcrouhudgbd
gbd mcdgbd
mcdgbd gbdggubd
gbdggubd idtcgrit
idtcgritbs
bs eufit
eufit
c. Hcrsiobd
Hcrsiobd `bfbd
`bfbd dbpbs
dbpbs timbe cjcetij
cjcetij hcrouhudg
hcrouhudgbd
bd mcdgbd
mcdgbd tcrpb`bd
tcrpb`bd bsbp,
ahstruesi `bfbd dbpbs

<. Idtc
Idtcrv
rvcd
cdsi
si Ecpcr
Ecpcrbw
bwbt
btbd
bd

Da
Mibgdasb Ecpcrbwbtbd ]u`ubd mbd Eritcrib Obsif Idtcrvcdsi
.
2 Xisiea \ctcfbo mifbeuebd bsuobd \IEI
ectimbescikhbdgbd ecpcrbwbtbd
ecpcrbwbtbd scfbkb ...x 8= `bk Kbdb`ckcd lbirbd
vafukc lbirbd miobrb
rbp
pebd pbsicd kbkpu - Kad
Kaditar
itar stbt
stbtus
us oi
oim
mrb
rbsi
si
 hcrouhudgbd mcdgbd kckcduoi eritcrib obsif schbgbi (ecfck
(ecfckhbh
hbhbd
bd kckhrb
kckhrbd
d
 pcrpidmbobd lbirbd mbri  hcrieut 0 kueasb, jrceucdsi dbmi,
idtrbv
idtrbvbse
bseufc
ufcrr ec mbfbk
mbfbk \FEI0 ec
eceu
eubt
btbd
bd dbmi
dbmi,, be
berb
rbf,
f,
radggb idtcstidbf. b. Ecsc
Ecscik
ikhb
hbdg
dgbd
bd Lbir
Lbirbd
bd  pcdgisibd ebpifcr, turgar 

h. ^cdy
^cdyck
ckhu
huob
obd
d Fueb
Fueb eufit, tcebdbd mbrbo
l. \tbt
tbtus Lbir
birbd - Kaditar hcrbt hbmbd
Eritcrib Obsif 0 obribd
- Bsu
supb
pbd
d lbi
lbirb
rbd
d kcd
kcdid
idge
gebt
bt - Kaditar hcrbt hbmbd
- Obfubrbd urid mbd sc
sch
hcf
cfuk
uk mb
mbd
d sc
scsu
sum
mbo
ecfc
ecfckh
khbp
bpbd
bd kckh
kckhrb
rbd
d mibfisis
kueasb kcdidgebt - Kaditar obsif
- ]cebdbd mbrbo, dbmi,  pckcriesbbd
suou
suou tuhuo
tuhuo mbfbk
mbfbk hbtbs
hbtbs fbharbtariuk

darkbf (ockbtaerit, Db, E, Lf,

 

- Cmck
mckb pbm
pbmbb sisi
sisi fu
fueb
eb mbd  hcrbt `cdis uridc, HSD)
mcoimrbsi kcdurud - Kaditar stbtus
- ]urgar eufit mbd oc
ocka
kami
midb
dbki
kie
e (KB^
(KB^,,
kckhrbd kueasb LZ^, ^B^, ^LW^ `ieb
kckhbie  tcrscmib)
- Dycri mbd pcrbmbdgbd - Lbtb
Lbtbtt id
idtb
tbec
ec-a
-aut
utpu
putt mb
mbd
d
fueb kcdurud oitudg hbfbdlc lbirbd 8=
 `bk
- Hcri
Hcrieb
ebd
d bs
bsup
upbd
bd lb
lbir
irbd
bd,,
scsubi echutuobd
- Hcriebd lbirbd
idtrbvcdb, `eb pcrfu
- Eafb
Eafbh
har
arbs
bsii pckh
ckhcr
crib
ibd
d
miurctie, `ieb pcrfu
8 Gbdggubd idtcgritbs \ctcfbo mifbeuebd bsuobd \IEI
eufit hcrouhudgbd ecpcrb
ecpcrbwbtbd
wbtbd scfbkb ...x 8= `bk
^crb
^crbwb
wbtb
tbd
d Idtc
Idtcgr
grit
itbs
bs
mcdgbd
mcdgbd lcmcrb
lcmcrb eikibw
eikibwii miobrb
rbp
pebd pbsicd kbkpu
Eufit
eufit (fueb hbebr) kckcduoi eritcrib obsif schbgbi
 hcrieut 0 - Im
Imcd
cdtij
tijie
iebsi
bsi pc
pcdy
dych
chbh
bh
\FEI0 gbdggubd idtcgritbs eufit
b. Idtcgritbs (kis. ^cruhbobd
Eufit mbd @bridgbd sire
sireuf
ufbs
bsi,
i, pcru
pcruh
hbo
bobd
bd
h. ^cdyckhu stbtus dutrisi, pcdurudbd
obd Fueb ecfckhbpbd suou
Eritcrib Obsif0 fidg
fidge
eud
udgb
gbd
d ce
cest
strc
rck,
k,
- Idtcgritbs eufit ybdg hbie   pcdurudbd kahifitbs
 hisb mipcrtbobdebd - Shbo pasisi tibp 8 `bk
(scdsbsi
si,, cfbsti
stisitbs,  `ieb tirbo hbridg
tckpcrb
rbttur, si, - Fbe
oimrbsi, beu
uebd pcki`btbd
 pigkcdtbsi)  pbmb brcb pcdad`afbd
tufbdg, `ieb pcrfu
- ]imbe bmb fueb/fcsi pbmb
- Hcrsio
sioebd pcrid
ridcbf
eufit mcdgbd bir obdgbt,
 

- ^crjusi `bridgbd hbie  tcrutbkb scfbkb

 pcriamc mibrc
- Kcdud`ueebd
- Gudbebd pramue  
 pckbobkbd mbfbk
 hcrhbobd pctrafcuk
 prascs pcrhbiebd eufit
btbu kidybe pbmb eufit
mbd kcdlcgbo tcr`bmidyb
ecridg
scmcrb hcrufbdg
- Gudbebd pramue  
- Kbkpu kcfidmudgi eufit  hcrhbobd ridgbd/bfbki
mbd kckp
ckpcr
crtb
tbo
obd
bde
ebd mb
mbd
d oi
oipa
pabf
bfcrg
crgie
ie pb
pbmb
mb
ecfc
ecfckh
khbh
bhbd
bd eu
eufi
fitt mb
mbd
d eufit scdsitivc
 pcrbwbtbd bfbki - Oidmbri pramue  
 hcrhbobd mbsbr bflaoaf
- Kcdud`ueebd tcr`bmidyb
 pbmb eufit ecridg
 prascs pcdyckhuobd
- Bd
Bd`u
`ure
rebd
bd kidu
kiduk
k bi
bir 
r 
fueb
ybdg lueup
- Bd`urebd
kcdidg
kcdidgebt
ebtebd
ebd bsupbd
bsupbd
dutrisi
^crbwbtbd Fueb Hbebr
- Imc
Imcdti
dtijie
jiebsi
bsi pcdych
pcdychbh
bh
fueb hbebr 
- Imcdtijiebs
bsii murbs
bsii
tcrecdb fueb hbebr mbd
riwb
riwby
ybt pcd
cdbd
bdg
gbd
bdbd
bd
fueb hbebr schcfukdyb
- Ka
Kadi
dita
tarr ea
eadm
dmisi
isi fu
fueb
eb
(kis. ^crscdtbsi ueurbd
fueb, mcrb`bt fueb,
 pcrmbrbobd, wbrdb
mbsbr fueb, idjcesi,
cesumbt, hbu fueb,
eadmisi tcpi fueb)
 

- Gudbebd tcedie bscptil

scfbkb kcrbwbt fueb
- Fcpbsebd hbfutbd fbkb
mc
mcdg
dgbd
bd kcdg
kcdgoi
oidm
dmbr
brii
dycri mbd pcrmbrbobd
- Xcdmbk mcd
cdg
gbd bir 
stcrif `ieb hbfutbd
fcdgect pbmb fueb
- Hcrsioebd fueb mcdgbd
lbirbd stcrif (kis. DbLf
>.9%, lbirbd bdtiscptil
- Fbeuebd tcrbpi
rcfbesbsi udtue  
kcdgurbdgi dycri
- @b
@bmw
mwbf
bfeb
ebd
d jrce
jrceuc
ucds
dsii
 pcrbwbtbd fueb
 hcrmbsbrebd bmb btbu
timbedyb idjcesi,
 `ukfbo cesumbt, mbd
 `cdis hbfutbd ybdg
migudbebd
- Gudbebd kamcrd
mrcssidg scsubi mcdgbd
eadmisi fueb (kis.
Oyralaffai
Oyralaffaim,
m, pafykcr,
pafykcr,
lrystbffidc lcffufasc)
- Hc
Hcri
rieb
ebd
d mi
mict
ct mc
mcdg
dgbd
bd
ebfari <>-<3
ee
eebf
bf/e
/eg
gHH/o
HH/obr
brii mbd
 pratcid 2,83-2,3
g/egHH/obri
- Hcriebd supfckcd
 

vi
vitb
tbki
kid
d mb
mbd
d kidc
kidcrb
rbff
(kis. Zitbkid B,
vitbki
vitbkid
d L, Pidl,
Pidl, bsbk
bsbk
bkida) scsubi idmiebsi
- @c
@cffbseb
sebd tbdmb mbd
gc`bfb idjcesi
- Bd`urebd kcdgadsuksi
kbebdb
kbebdbd
d tidggi
tidggi ebfari
ebfari
mbd pratcid
- Ea
Eafb
fbha
harb
rbsi
si pr
pra
asc
scmu
mur 
r 
mchrimckcdt (kis.
Cdzi
Cdzikb
kbti
tie,
e, hi
hiaf
afag
agis
is,,
kcebdis, butafitie), `ieb
 pcrfu
- Eaf
Eafbha
bharbsi
rbsi pckhcr
pckhcribd
ibd
bdtihiatil, `ieb pcrfu
< Dycri be
beut hc
hcrouhudgbd \ctcfbo mifbeuebd bsuobd \IEI
mcdgbd trbukb, prascmur  ecpcrb
ecpcrbwbtbd
wbtbd scfbkb ...x 8= `bk Kbdb`ckcd Dycri
 hcmbo. miobrb
rbp
pebd pbsicd kbkpu - Imcdtijiebs
bsii faebsi,
si,
kckcduoi eritcrib obsif schbgbi eb
ebrb
rbet
etcr
crist
istie
ie,, mu
murb
rbsi
si,,
 hcrieut 0 jrceucdsi, eubfitbs, mbd
\FEI idtcdsitbs dycri
b. Eadtra
Eadtraff Dycri
Dycri - Imcdtijiebsi sebfb dycri
Eritcrib Obsif0 -   Im
Imcd
cdti
tiji
jieb
ebsi
si rc
rcsp
spad
ad
- Kcdgcd
Kcdgcdbfi
bfi dycri
dycri (sebfb,
(sebfb, dycri dadvcrhbf
idtcdsitbs,
idtcdsitbs, jrceucdsi
jrceucdsi mbd - Imcdtijiebsi jbltar ybdg
tbdmb dycri) kcdidgebt kckpcrhcrbt mbd
- Eckbkpubd kckpcridgbd dycri
kcdgg
cdggu
udb
dbeb
ebd
d tc
tced
edie 
ie  - Imcdtijiebsi
dad-jbrkbeafagi  pcdgctboubd mbd
kcdidgebt ecybeidbd tcdtbdg dycri
- Mbpbt kcdgcdbfi - Im
Imcd
cdti
tiji
jieb
ebsi
si pc
pcdg
dgbr
bruo
uo
 pcdychbh dycri  humbyb tcrobmbp rcspad
 

- Ecfuobd dycri kcdurud dycri

- Kcfbparebd dycri - Im
Imcd
cdti
tiji
jieb
ebsi
si pc
pcdg
dgbr
bruo
uo
tcreadtraf dycri pbm
bmbb eubfitbs
oimup
- Kad
Kadita
itarr cjce
cjce sbkpidg
sbkpidg
 pcdggudbbd bdbfgctie 
- Hcriebd tcedie  
dadjbrkbea
dadjbrkbeafagis
fagis udtue 
kcdgur
kcdgurbdg
bdgii rbsb dycri
dycri
(kis. ]CD\,
]CD\, oypdasis,
oypdasis,
beuprcsur, tcrbpi kusil,
 hiajccmhble, tcrbpi
 pi`bt, brakbtcrbpi,
tcedie ikb`idbsi
tc
tcrh
rhik
ikhi
hidg
dg,, ea
eakp
kprcs
rcs
ob
obdg
dgbt
bt/m
/mid
idgi
gid,
d, tc
tcrbp
rbpii
 hcrkbid)
- Ea
Eadt
dtra
raff fid
fidge
geud
udgb
gbd
d
ybdg kckpcrhcrbt rbsb
dycri (kis. \uou
rubdgbd,
rubdgbd, pcdlbobybbd
pcdlbobybbd,,
echisidgbd)
- Jbsi
Jbsifit
fitbsi
bsi istirbo
istirbobt
bt mbd
timur 
- ^c
^crt
rtik
ikhb
hbdg
dgeb
ebd
d `c
`cdi
diss
mbd sukhcr dycri
mbfbk pckifiobd
str
strbtcgi kcrc
rcm
mbe
bebbd
dycri
- @c
@cfb
fbse
sebd
bd pcd
cdy
ych
chbh
bh,,
 pcriamc, mbd pckilu
dycri
 

- @cfbsebd strbtcgi
kcrcmbebd dycri
- Bd
Bd`u
`ure
rebd
bd kcka
kckadi
dita
tar 
r 
dycri sclbrb kbdmiri
- Bd`urebd
kcdggudbebd bdbfgctie 
sclbrb tcpbt
- B`brebd tcdtbdg tcedie 
dad jbrkbeafagis udtue 
kcdgurbdgi dycri
- Eaf
Eafbha
bharbsi
rbsi pckhcr
pckhcribd
ibd
bdbfgctie, `ieb pcrfu
= Xisiea idjcesi \ctcfbo mifbeuebd bsuobd \IEI
mitbdmbimcdgbdgbdggubd ecpcrb
ecpcrbwbtbd
wbtbd scfbkb ....x 8= `bk ^cdlcgbobd Idjcesi
idtcgritbs eufit, miobrb
rbp
pebd pbsicd kbkpu - Kaditar tbdmb mbd
ikudasuprcsi. kckcduoi eritcrib obsif schbgbi gc`bfb idjcesi faebf mbd
 hcrieut 0 sistckie 
DAL0 -  hbtbsi `ukfbo
b. ]idgeb
]idgebtt Idjces
Idjcesii  pcdgud`udg
h. \tbtu
\tbtuss Ikud
Ikud -  hcriebd pcrbwbtbd eufit
l. Eadtra
Eadtraff Xisiea
Xisiea  pbmb brcb cmckb
- Lu
Luli
li tb
tbdg
dgbd
bd schcf
schcfuk
uk
Eritcrib Obsif0 mb
mbd
d sc
scsu
sumb
mbo
o ea
eadt
dtbo
bo
a Efic
Eficd
d hc
hchb
hbss mb
mbri
ri tb
tbdm
dmbb mcdgbd pbsicd mbd
mbd gc`bfb idjcesi fidgeudgbd pbsicd
a Kcdmcseripsi
Kcdmcseripsiebd
ebd prascs - ^crt
^crtbo
bobd
bde
ebd tc
tce
edi
die 
e 

 pcdufbrbd pcdybeit, bsc

scp
ptil pbmb pbsic
sicd

jbetar ybdg  hcrisiea tidggi

kckpcdgbruoi pcdufbrbd - @c
@cffbseb
sebd tbdmb mbd

scrtb pcfbesbdbbddyb gc`bfb idjcesi

a Eckbkpubd udtue   - B`b

B`breb
rebd
d lbrb
lbrb kcdlul
kcdlulii

kcdlc
cdlcgb
gbo
o tik
tikhuf
ufd
dyb tbdgbd mcdgbd hcdbr 
- B`brebd lbrb
 

idjcesi kcdidgebt kckcriesb eadmisi fueb

a Ebmb
Ebmbrr sc
scff mb
mbrb
rbo
o puti
putio
o btbu fueb apcrbsi
kckhbie - Bd`urebd
a Kcdu
Kcdud`
d`ue
ueeb
ebd
d pc
pcrif
rifbe
beu
u kcdidg
kcdidgebt
ebtebd
ebd bsupbd
bsupbd
dutrisi
oimup scobt
- Bd`urebd
kcdidg
kcdidgebt
ebtebd
ebd bsupbd
bsupbd
lbirbd
- Eaf
Eafbha
bharbsi
rbsi pckhcr
pckhcribd
ibd
ikudisbsi, `ieb pcfu

^crbwbtbd ]irbo Hbridg

- Kaditar eadmisi eufit
- Ka
Kad
ditar
itar ea
eakp
kpfi
fieb
ebsi
si
tirbo hbridg (kis.
Ecoifbdgbd
Ecoifbdgbd kbssb atat,
sbeit pudggudg,
eadstipbsi, strcss,
mcprcsi
mcprcsi,, echidg
echidgudg
udgbd,
bd,
 pcruhbobd irbkb timur,
idjces
idjcesii sbfurb
sbfurbd
d eckio,
eckio,
su
sufi
fitt hu
hubd
bdg
g bi
birr ec
ecli
lif,
f,
 pdcukadib)
- ]ckpb
]ckpbtebd
tebd pbmb ebsur 
tcrbpcutie, `ieb tcrscmib
- ^a
^asi
sisi
sieb
ebd
d sc
scdy
dybk
bkbd
bd
kudgeid
- ^c
^crt
rtbo
bobd
bd scprci
scprci tc
tctbp
tbp
ecridg, hcrsio mbd timbe 
eusut
- ^b
^bsbd
sbdg
g simc
simcrb
rbfi
fis,
s, `ieb
`ieb
 pcrfu
 

- ^as
^asisi
isiebd
ebd tckpbt
tckpbt timur 
timur 
mcebt mcdgbd dursc
stbtiad, `ieb pcrfu
- Mc
Mceb
ebte
tebd
bd pa
pasi
sisi
si kc`b
kc`b
tckpbt timur 
- Hc
Hcri
rieb
ebd
d fb
fbti
tiob
obd
d gc
gcrbe 
rbe 
betij btbu pbsij 
- ^crtbobdebd echcrsiobd
 pbsicd
- Jb
Jbsif
sifit
itbs
bsii pc
pckc
kcdu
duob
obd
d
echutuobd scobri-obri
- Hcriebd staleidg
bd
bdti
tick
ckh
haf
afis
isk
kc, `ie
`ieb
 pcrfu
- Sh
Shbo
bo pa
pasi
sisi
si sc
scti
tibp
bp 8
 `bk
- @c
@cfb
fbse
sebd
bd tu
tu`u
`ubd
bd tirb
tirbo
o
 hbridg
3 Hcrsiobd `bfbd dbpbs \ctcfbo mifbeuebd bsuobd \IEI 0
timbe cjcetij ecpcrbwbtbd … x 8= `bk ^cdgoisbpbd @bfbd
 hcrouhudgbd mcdgbd miobrbpebd kbsbfbo Dbpbs
tcrpb`bd bsbp, ahstruesi ectimbecjce
ectimbecjcetijbd
tijbd hcrsiobd
hcrsiobd `bfbd - Im
Imcd
cdti
tiji
jieb
ebsi
si ec
echu
hutu
tuob
obd
d
 `bfbd dbpbs dbpbs mbpbt tcrbtbsi mcdgbd mifbeuebd pcdgoisbpbd
\FEI0 - Buse
Buseuf
uftb
tbsi
si subrb
subrb dbpb
dbpbss
sc
sch
hcf
cfu
uk mb
mbd
d sc
sctc
tcfb
fbo
o
b. Hcrs
Hcrsio
iobd
bd @b
@bfb
fbd
d Dbp
Dbpbs
bs
mifbeuebd pcdgisbpbd
h. ^crt
^crtue
uebr
brbd
bd Gbs
Gbs
- Kaditar stbtus
Eritcrib Obsif0 ae
aesig
sigcd
cdbsi
bsi (sba8
(sba8 mb
mbd
d
sva8), stbtus dcurafagis
- Jrceucdsi dbpbs mbd pafb
(stbtus kcdtbf, tcebdbd
dbpbs kckhbie 
id
idtr
trbl
blrb
rbdi
dibf
bf,, tc
tceb
ebdb
dbd
d
- \ufit h
hiilbrb kcdurud
 pcrjusi scrchrbf), mbd
- Mispdcb mbd dbpbs lupidg stbt
stbtus
us oc
ocka
kami
midb
dbki
kie 
e 
 

oimudg kcdurud (KB^ mbd irbkb

 `bdtudg) schcfuk,
scfbkb mbd sctcfbo
tidmbebd
- Kaditar mbd lbtbt
wbrdb, `ukfbo mbd
eadsistcdsi sclrct
- Gudb
Gudbeb
ebd
d tce
tcedi
die
e bscp
bscpti
till
(kis.
(kis. Gudbe
Gudbebd
bd sbrudg
sbrudg
tbdgbd, eblb kbtb btbu
kbsecr, `ieb pcrfu)
- Gudbebd pralcmurbf
stcrif mbd mispasihcf
- Gudbebd tcedie  
 pcdgoisbpbd tcrtutup,
scsubi idmiebsi
- ^ifio ueurbd ebtctcr 
sultiad
sultiad ybdg kcdutupi
kcdutupi
timbe fchio mbri
sctcdgb
sctcdgbo
o mibkct
mibkctcr
cr ctt,
fb
fbeu
eueb
ebd
d pc
pcdg
dgoi
oisb
sbpb
pbd
d
kufut, dbsajbridg,
trbecb mbd/btbu
cdmatrblocbf tuhc (ctt)
- Hcriebd aesigcd
mc
mcd
dgbd
gbd ead
adsc
scd
dtrbs
trbsii
tidg
tidggi
gi (2
(2>>
>>%)
%) pb
pbfi
fidg
dg
scmieit <> mctie  
sc
sch
hcf
cfu
uk mb
mbd
d sc
sctc
tcfb
fbo
o
tidmbebd
- Fbe
beue
uebd
bd pcd
cdg
goi
oisb
sbpb
pbd
d
fchio mbri 23 mctie 
 

- Fbe
beue
uebd
bd pcd
cdg
goi
oisb
sbpb
pbd
d
ctt mcdgdb tce
cebbdbd
rcdmbo (?>-28> kkog)
- Fbe
beue
uebd
bd pcd
cdg
goi
oisb
sbpb
pbd
d
obdyb mi sc
scp
pbd`bdg
C]] udtue kckidifebd
idvbsivc
- Ocdt
Ocdtie
iebd
bd pcd
cdg
goi
oisb
sbpb
pbd
d
mbd hcriebd tcrbpi
aesigcd `ieb kcdgbfbki
eadmisi scpcrti
 hrbmiebrmi, pcdurudbd
sbturbsi
- Fbeu
Fbeueb
ebd
d euft
euftur
ur mbd
mbd u`i
u`i
scdsiti
scdsitijit
jitbs
bs sclrct,
sclrct, `ieb
`ieb
 pcrfu
- Bd`urebd kcfbeuebd
tc
tced
edie
ie db
dbp
pbs mbfb
mbfbk,
k,
sc
sch
hcf
cfu
uk kcf
cfbe
beue
uebd
bd
 pcdgoisbpbd mi
dbsatoblocbf
- Bd`urebd hcrdbpbs
mbfbk mbd pcfbd scfbkb
idscrsi ebtctcr sultiad
 

=. Ikpf
Ikpfck
ckcd
cdtb
tbsi
si Ecpcrb
Ecpcrbwb
wbbd
bd

Mifbeuebd scsubi idtcrvcdsi

3. Cvbfubsi
Cvbfu
Cvbfubsi
bsi Jarkbt
Jarkbtij
ij 0 Kcrcjfc
Kcrcjfcesi
esiebd
ebd ah
ahscrv
scrvbsi
bsi pcrbwb
pcrbwbtt mbd bdbfis
bdbfisis
is tcrobmb
tcrobmbp
p
eficd tcrobmbp rcspad fbdgsudg pbmb idtcrvcdsi ecpcrbwbtbd
Cvbfu
Cvbfubsi
bsi \ukbti
\ukbtijj 0 kcrcjfc
kcrcjfcesi
esiebd
ebd rcebpi
rcebpituf
tufbsi
bsi mbd sydaps
sydapsis
is ah
ahscrv
scrvbsi
bsi mbd
bdbfisis kcdgcdbi stbtus ecscobtbd eficd tcrobmbp wbetu

( ^acr, 8>28 )
 

MBJ]BX ^S\]BEB

Hruddc
Hruddcrr & \ummbr
\ummbrtt (8>>8)
(8>>8) ‖ Hueu B`br Ecpcrbwbtbd Kcmiebf-Hcmbo‛,
Kcmiebf-Hcmbo‛,
@bebrtb 0 BGL.
Macdgcs, K. C., Kaaroausc, K. J. & Gcissfcr, B. L. (8>>>) ‖ Xcdlbdb
‖ Xcdlbdb

 Bsuobd Ecpcrbwbtbd‛
Ecpcrbwbtbd‛, @bebrtb 0 CGL.
Guytad & Obff (2997) ‖ Hueu B`br Jisiafagi Ecmaetcrbd‛,
Ecmaetcrbd‛, @bebrtb 0 CGL.
Oumbe & Gbffa (2997) ‛ ^btajisiafagi Fueb Hbebr‛, @bebrtb0 CGL.
^rilc, \ & Wifsad, F. K. (2993) ‖ ^btajisiafagi 0 Eadscp Efidis ^rascs-
 prascs ^cdybeit‛,@bebrtb
^cdybeit‛,@bebrtb 0 CGL.
\umaya Bru, mee (8>>:) ‖Ifku ^cdybeit Mbfbk‛. @bebrtb0 JESI.
\uc Kaaroc
Kaarocbm
bm mee.
mee. 8>2<.
8>2<. Dursid
Dursidg
g Autlak
Autlakcs
cs Lfbssij
Lfbssijilb
ilbtia
tiad
d (DAL).
(DAL).
 @bebrtb. CF\CIZCX
]ik
]ik ^ae`
^ae`bb \MEI
\MEI M^^
M^^ ^^DI
^^DI.. 8>2:
8>2:.. \btd
\btdmbr
mbr Mibgdasb
Mibgdasb Ecpcrbwbtb
Ecpcrbwbtbd
d

 Idmadcsib Cmisi 2. @bebrtb \cfbtbd 0 M^^ ^^DI

]ik ^ae`b \FEI M^^ ^^DI. 8>29. \tb
\tbdmb
dmbrr Fubrbd
Fubrbd Ecpcrbw
Ecpcrbwbtb
btbd
d
 Idmadcsib Cmisi 2 Lctbebd II. @bebrtb \cfbtbd 0 M^^ ^^DI
]ik ^ae`
^ae`bb \IEI
IEI M^^ ^^DI
^^DI.. 8>
8>2?
2?.. \tbd
\tbdmbr
mbr Idtcrvcdsi
Idtcrvcdsi Ecpcrbwbtb
Ecpcrbwbtbd
d
 Idmadcsib Cmisi 2 Lctbebd II. @bebrtb \cfbtbd 0 M^^ ^^DI