^BD@QBD ^XBEPAE LDSPBFBSL XB]BP KBFBD

EFLDLE MAXLBPXL (^^E MAXLBPXL)
Q^P@ XQGBO SBELP QGQG @BAXBO FIGHIE PLGQX 
PBOQD 8>8>
 

^AGAXLDPBO EBHQ^BPAD FIGHIE PLGQX 

Q^P@ XQGBO SBELP QGQG @BAXBO FIGHIE PLGQX 
Kf. Ois Cieribglditi Di. 32 Fbhuobd Obkl Fighie Plgur ?3:2:
(>3=:)31>8:32  Agblf ; rsu`fighietlgur32Nmgblf.cig
Pafp. (>3=:)31>8:32 
www.rsu`fighietlgur.ci.l`  
]ahslta ; www.rsu`fighietlgur.ci.l`

Faghbr ^admasbobd
 Di. @ieugad

Pbdmmbf Parhlt

Xavlsl >>

@lslbpebd ifao ;

Eapb
Eapbfb
fb Lds
Ldstb
tbfb
fbsl
sl Xbw
Xbwbt
bt Kbf
Kbfbd
bd @rm.
@rm. Xlze
Xlzey
y Bgru
Bgruff
ffbo
bo

Eatub Eiglta Ga`le @r. @br`ld [bebrlb.,Sp.^E  

@lparlesb Ifao ;
Eapbfb Hbmlbd Pbtb Qsbob [iorl,S.B^
Eapbfb Saesl ^afbybdbd @r. B`a Bdumrbo
 
@lsatukul Ifao ;
@lraetur @r.Sybrlj Ol`bybtuffbo,Sp,H

@lstrlhusl @ieugad ;

Safuruo Hbmlbd /Hl`bdm/Suhhbm/Qdlt/Ldstbfbsl pb`b safuruo Q^P@ XSQ@ FIGHIE 

PLGQX 

HBH L
@AJLDLSL
 

^bd`ub
^bd`ubd
d ^rbetl
^rbetle
e Efldls
Efldls (^^E)
(^^E) ldl gagubt
gagubt padbtb
padbtbfbe
fbesbd
sbdbbd
bbd padybe
padybelt
lt udtue 
udtue 
`lfbe
`lfbesbd
sbdbe
bebd
bd ifao
ifao safur
safuruo
uo `i
`iet
etar
ar `l pi
pifl
flef
efld
ldle
le Q^P@
Q^P@ XSQ@
XSQ@ Figh
Fighie
ie Plgu
Plgur.
r.
^adyusudbd pbd`ubd ldl har`bsbrebd `btb efldls udtue ebsus ld`lvl`u ybdm gadmbcu
 pb`b rajaradsl tarhbru ybdm `ltaguebd tlg padyusud, `bd `bpbt haruhbo salrldm
eagbkubd padmatboubd lfglbo. ^bd`ubd ldl tl`be gagubt safuruo tairl tadtbdm padybelt,
gbebb sbdmbt
gbe sbdmbt `lsbrbd
`lsbrbdebd
ebd satlbp
satlbp `ietar
`ietar ud
udtue
tue gagpaf
gagpafbkbr
bkbrll padybe
padybelt
lt tarsah
tarsahut
ut `admbd
`admbd
gadmmudbebd rajaradsl ybdm `bpbt `lpartbdmmudm kbwbhebd.
Eapbtu
Eapbtuobd
obd tarob`b
tarob`bp
p pbd`ub
pbd`ubd
d ldl tl`be
tl`be gadkbg
gadkbgld
ld easagh
easaghuob
uobd
d `bfbg
`bfbg satlbp
satlbp
ebsus,, tatbpl garupbebd pagharlbd
ebsus pagharlbd pafbybdbd
pafbybdbd easaobtbd `admbd
`admbd upbyb tarhble. Satlbp
`ietar
`ietar hartbdmmud
hartbdmmudm
m kbwbh tarob`bp padmafifbb
padmafifbbd
d pbsladdyb,
pbsladdyb, har`bsbrebd `btb efldls
efldls
 pbslad, plflobd `lbmdistle `bd padmihbtbd ybdm tarsa`lb. @ietar obrus garukue pbslad
ea jbslfltbs pafbybdbd fbld ybdm gaglflel sbrbdb prbsbrbdb ybdm `lhutuoebd, hlfb sbrbdb
 prbsbrbdb ybdm `lhutuoebd tl`be tarsa`lb, gaselpud padybelt ybdm `ltbdmbdl gbsue 
`bfbg ebtamirl padybelt `admbd tldmebt eagbgpubd `ietar gadbdmbdl `admbd tudtbs
`bd gbd`lrl. ^adlfblbd tarob`bp eatapbtbd rukuebd obrus `ldlfbl ebsus par ebsus, `bd
tl`b
tl`be
e `bpb
`bpbtt `l`b
`l`bsb
sbre
rebd
bd obdy
obdybb pb`b
pb`b ei`a
ei`a `l
`lbm
bmdi
disb
sb pa
pady
dybe
belt
lt.. ]bfb
]bfbup
upud
ud tl`b
tl`be 
e 
`lcbdtugebd `bfbg pbd`ubd ldl, serldldm tarob`bp rlslei padybelt garupbebd tumbs
`ietar `l piflefldle.
^bd`ubd ldl `lobrbpebd `bpbt gaghbdtu `ietar udtue `bpbt gadldmebtebd gutu
 pafbybdbd saebflmus gadurudebd bdmeb
bdmeb rukuebd `admbd cbrb ;
2. Gagharl
Gagharl pafbybdbd
pafbybdbd sasubl
sasubl huetl
huetl sbolo tareldl
tareldl ybdm
ybdm cicie
cicie `admbd
`admbd eid`lsl
eid`lsl pbslad,
pbslad,
eafubrmb `bd gbsybrbebtdyb
8. Gadya`lbeb
Gadya`lbebd
d jbslfltbs
jbslfltbs pafbybdbd
pafbybdbd sasubl
sasubl `admbd
`admbd eahutuobd
eahutuobd stbd`br
stbd`br pafbybd
pafbybdbd
bd
3. Gadldmebtebd gbwbs `lrl udtue gadmaghbdmebd padmatboubd `bd
eatarbgplfbd prijaslidbf sasubl `admbd eahutuobd pbslad `bd fldmeudmbd
0. Gagpar
Gagpartbk
tbkbg
bg eagbgp
eagbgpubd
ubd sahbmbl
sahbmbl mbta
mbta eaapar
eaapar pafbybdb
pafbybdbd
d ea`iet
ea`ietarb
arbd
d `admbd
`admbd
gadbpls
gadbpls padybelt
padybelt `bfbg tbobp `ldl udtue `bpbt gafbeuebd
gafbeuebd padbtbfbesbd
padbtbfbesbdbbd
bbd
sacbrb capbt `bd tapbt

HBH LL
  XQBDM FLDMEQ^
 

^^E ldl gaflputl pa`igbd padbtbfbesbdbbd tarob`bp padybelt ybdm `lkugpbl `l

ldstbf
ldstbfbsl
bsl rbwbt
rbwbt kbf
kbfbd
bd Q^P@
Q^P@ XSQ@
XSQ@ Fighi
Fighie
e Plgur.
Plgur. Kadls
Kadls padybe
padybelt
lt gadmbc
gadmbcu
u pb`b
pb`b
^arb
^arbtu
turb
rbd
d Eids
Eidslf
lf Ea`i
Ea`iet
etar
arbd
bd Ld
Ld`i
`ida
dasl
slbb Digi
Digirr 22 Pbou
Pboud
d 8>
8>28
28 ta
tadt
dtbd
bdm
m Stbd
Stbd`b
`br 
r 
Eigpat
Eigpatads
adsll @ietar
@ietar Ld`ida
Ld`idaslb
slb `lgbdb
`lgbdb `ietar
`ietar `lobrb
`lobrbpeb
pebd
d gbgpu
gbgpu gad`lb
gad`lbmdi
mdisls,
sls,
gagharlebd padbtbfbesbdbbd `bd rukuebd ybdm sasubl. ^aglflobd padybelt pb`b ^^E 
ldl har`bsbrebd erltarlb;
2. ^adybe
^adybelt
lt ybdm
ybdm pravbfa
pravbfadsl
dsldyb
dyb cueu
cueup
p tldmml
tldmml
8. ^adybe
^adybelt
lt `admbd
`admbd rlslei
rlslei tldmml
tldmml
3. ^adybelt
^adybelt ybdm gaghutuoe
gaghutuoebd
bd paghlbybbd
paghlbybbd tldmml
tldmml
@bfbg
@bfbg padarb
padarbpbd
pbd ^^E
^^E ldl,
ldl, `lobrbp
`lobrbpebd
ebd parbd
parbd sartb
sartb betlj
betlj safuruo
safuruo pagbdm
pagbdmeu
eu
eahlkbebd easaobtbd udtue gaghldb `bd gadmbwbsl padarbpbd stbd`br pafbybdbd ybdm
 hble mudb gawuku`ebd gutu pafbybdbd ybdm tarhble hbml gbsybrbebt. B`bpud
stbeaoif`ar easaobtbd ybdm harparbd `bfbg padarbpbd stbd`br pafbybdbd ldl b`bfbo ;
`ietar
`ietar spaslbf
spaslbfls,e
ls,eapb
apbfb
fb ldstbf
ldstbfbsl,
bsl, Ebsl ^afbyb
^afbybdbd
dbd,, `bd `lraet
`lraetur
ur rugbo
rugbo sbelt.
sbelt. Sldarm
Sldarmll
safuruo
safuruo pagbdmeu
pagbdmeu eahlkbebd
eahlkbebd easaobtbd
easaobtbd gadkb`l
gadkb`l eudcl
eudcl eaharobslfbd
eaharobslfbd padarbpbd
padarbpbd stbd`br 
stbd`br 
 pafbybdbd ga`le `ietar `l jbslfltbs pafbybdbd easaobtbd tldmebt partbgb.

HBH LLL
PBPBFBESBDB @AOL@XBSL
 

^ADMAXPLBD
@aol`rbsl b`bfbo hareurbdmdyb cblrbd tuhuo titbf, `bpbt harupb olfbdmdyb blr 
fahlo hbdybe `brl Dbtrlug (`aol`rbsl olpartidle), btbu olfbdmdyb blr `bd dbtrlug `bfbg
 kugfbo ybdm sbgb (`aol`rbsl lsitidle), btbu olfbdmdyb dbtrlug ybdm fahlo hbdybe 
`brlpb`b blr (`aol`rbsl olpitidle).
@aol`rbsl olpartidle `ltbd`bl `admbd tldmmldyb eb`br dbtrlug sarug (fahlo `brl
201
201 ggif
ggif/F
/Flt
ltar
ar)) `bd
`bd padl
padldm
dmeb
ebtb
tbd
d isgi
isgifb
fbfl
fltb
tbss aj
ajae
aetl
tljj sa
saru
rug
g (fah
(fahlo
lo `b
`brl
rl 8?
8?1
1
gisgif/Fltar). @aol`rbsl lsitidle `ltbd`bl `admbd dirgbfdyb eb`br dbtrlug sarug (231
 – 201 ggif/Fltar) `bd isgifbfltbs ajaetlj sarug (8=>-8?1 gisgif/Fltar). @aol`rbsl
olpi
olpiti
tidl
dle
e `ltb
`ltbd`
d`bl
bl `adm
`admbd
bd rad`
rad`bo
body
dybb eb`b
eb`brr db
dbtr
trlu
lug
g sa
saru
rug
g (e
(eur
urbd
bdm
m `b
`brl
rl 23
231
1
ggif/Fltar) `bd isgifbfltbs ajaetlj sarug (eurbdm `brl 8=> gisgif/Fltar).
^adtldm `leatboul paruhbobd jlslifiml pb`b uslb fbdkut. Sacbrb ugug, tarkb`l
 padurudbd eagbgpubd oigaistbtle salrldm
s alrldm `admbd hartbghbodyb uslb. Sacbrb eousus,
tark
tarkb`
b`ll pad
adu
urud
rudbd rasp
raspi
ids rbsb
rbsb obu
obus taro
tarob`
b`bp
bp eidslsl
slsl olp
lpi
ivi
vifa
fagl
gle
e `bd
olpa
olpari
risg
sgif
ifbrl
brltb
tbs.
s.@l
@lsbg
sbgpl
pldm
dm ltu
ltu ku
kumb
mb tarkb
tarkb`l
`l pa
padu
duru
rudb
dbd
d fbku
fbku jlft
jlftrbs
rbsll mf
mfig
igaru
arufu
fus,
s,
eagbgpubd
eagbgpubd judmsl
judmsl eidsadtrbsl
eidsadtrbsl mldkbf,
mldkbf, radld,
radld, bf`istarida
bf`istarida,, `bd padurudbd
padurudbd tbdmmbpbd
mldkbf tarob`bp vbsiprasld.

@LBMDISLS
Bdbgdasls
Makbfb efbsle `aol`rbsl sapartl rbsb obus, fl`bo earldm, gadmbdtue.
^agarlesbbd Jlsle 
Besl
Beslfb
fb fa
fagh
ghbh
bh/h
/hbs
bsbo
bo,, suou
suou tu
tuhu
huo
o gadl
gadldm
dmeb
ebtt `b
`brl
rl su
suou
ou hb
hbsb
sbf,
f, `l
`lir
iras
asls
ls
 hareurbdm.^adurudbd turmir `bd gbtb caeudm sarldm tl`be kafbs.^adurudbd harbt hb`bd
beut fahlo `brl 3%.Olpitadsl irtistbtle.
Fbhirbtirlug
Qrld ; harbt kadls (HK) urld ≡2,>2< (tbdpb b`bdyb mfueisurlb `bd pritaldurlb),
sartb rbsli hfii` urab dltrimad/erabtldld ≡2:,< (tbdpb b`bdyb pa`brbobd betlj sbfurbd
cardb).
Erltarl
Erltarlbb ldl `bpbt
`bpbt `lpbeb
`lpbebll `admbd
`admbd sybrbt ; tl`be
tl`be gadmmu
gadmmudbe
dbebd
bd ihbt
ihbt – ihbt
ihbt
sltistbtle, tl`be b`b pa`brbobd sbfurbd cardb, `bd tl`be b`b eid`lsl ivarfib` (mbmbf
 

 kbdtudm eidmastlj, slrisls olpbtls `admbd olpartadsl pirtbf, padybelt mldkbf eridle 
stb`lug targldbf, sld`rig dajritle).
Klebb gagudm
Kle gagudmeld
eldebd
ebd sahble
sahbledyb
dyb `lfbeu
`lfbeuebd
ebd pagarle
pagarlesbbd
sbbd padmue
padmueurb
urbd
d eb`br 
eb`br 
dbtrlug pfbsgb `brbo, isgifbrltbs sarug, `bd taebdbd vadb sadtrbf.

PBPBFBESBDB
Fbeuebd padmueurbd easalghbdmbd cblrbd ybdm gbsue `bd eafubr sacbrb harebfb
sasubl
sasubl eahutu
eahutuobd
obd.. ^b`b
^b`b `aol`r
`aol`rbsl
bsl rldmbd
rldmbd,, tarbpl
tarbpl cblrbd
cblrbd `bpbt
`bpbt `lharl
`lharlebd
ebd sacbrb
sacbrb irbf
irbf
sahbdybe 21>> – 81>> gf/80 Kbg (3> gf/em harbt hb`bd/80 Kbg) udtue eahutuobd
`bsbr, `ltbghbo `admbd padmmbdtlbd `avlslt cblrbd `bd eaolfbdmbd cblrbd ybdm gbslo
 harfbdmsudm. Gadmoltudm eahutuobd cblrbd saobrl, targbsue kugfbo ldsadslhfa wbtar 
fiss sbdmbd parfu `lfbeuebd satlbp obrl.^arobtlebd tbd`b-tbd`b eafahlobd cblrbd sapartl
irtipdab,
irtipdab, sasbe dbjbs, paruhbobd pifb tl`ur, btbu cigpuslid.^
cigpuslid.^agbdtb
agbdtbubd
ubd `lfbeuebd
`lfbeuebd
satlbp
satlbp 0 – ? Kbg tarmbd
tarmbdtud
tudm
m harbtd
harbtdyb
yb `aol`r
`aol`rbsl.
bsl.Cbl
Cblrbd
rbd ybdm
ybdm `lharl
`lharlebd
ebd sacbrb
sacbrb irbf
irbf
tarmbdtudm kadls `aol`rbsl.
 @aol`rbsl olpartidle ; cblrbd ybdm `lbdkurebd b`bfbo blr btbu gldugbd `admbd
ebd`udmbd si`lug rad`bo, kus hubo sapartl bpaf, karue, `bd bdmmur.
 @l
@lol
ol`r
`rbsl
bsl ls
lsit
itid
idlc
lc ; cblrb
cblrbd
d yb
ybdm
dm `lbd
`lbdku
kure
rebd
bd safbl
safbld
d bl
blrr `b
`bd
d supf
supfag
agad
ad yb
ybdm
dm
gadmbd`udm si`lug (kus tigbt), kumb `bpbt `lharebd fbrutbd lsitidlc ybdm b`b `l
 pbsbrbd.
 @aol`rbsl olpitidle cblrbd ybdm `lbdkurebd sapartl `l btbs tatbpl `lhutuoebd eb`br 
si`lug ybdm fahlo tldmml.
^b`b `aol`rbsl sa`bdm sbgpbl harbt `bd pbslad tl`be `bpbt gldug par irbf, safbld
 pagharlbd cblrbd adtarbf, `bpbt `lharlebd `aol`rbsl pbradtarbf. Kleb cblrbd tuhuo ybdm
olfbdm
olfbdm tarutb
tarutbgb
gb b`bfbo
b`bfbo blr,
blr, gbeb
gbeb kugfbo
kugfbo cblrbd
cblrbd raol`r
raol`rbsl
bsl ybdm
ybdm `lhutu
`lhutuoeb
oebd
d `bpbt
`bpbt
`loltudm `admbd rugus ;
@ajlslt cblrbd (Fltar) 7 cblrbd hb`bd titbf (CHP) ybdm `lldmldebd – CHP sbbt ldl
  CHP ybdm `lldmldebd 7 Eb`br Db Sarug x CHP sbbt ldl
20>

CHP sbbt ldl (prlb) 7 1>% x harbt hb`bd (em)

CHP sbbt ldl (paragpubd) 7 01% x harbt hb`bd (em)
 

Kadlss cblrbd
Kadl cblrbd erlstbf
erlstbfil`
il` ybdm
ybdm `lmudb
`lmudbebd
ebd udtue
udtue raol`r
raol`rbsl
bsl tarmbd
tarmbdtud
tudm
m `brl
`brl kadls
kadls
`aol`rbsldyb. ^b`b `aol`rbsl lsitidle `bpbt `lharlebd cblrbd Db CL >,<% btbu @aestrisb
1% `admbd vifuga sahbdybe 81-3>% `brl `ajlslt cblrbd titbf par obrl. ^b`b `aol`rbsl
olpartidle
olpartidle `lmudbebd
`lmudbebd cblrbd DbCL >,01%.
>,01%. @aol`rbsl
@aol`rbsl olpitidle
olpitidle `ltbtbfbesbdb
`ltbtbfbesbdb `admbd
`admbd
gadm
gadmbt
btbs
bsll pa
pady
dyah
ahbh
bh yb
ybdm
dm gad`
gad`bs
bsbrl
brl,, pa
padb
dbgh
ghbo
bobd
bd `l
`lat
at db
dbtrl
trlug
ug,, `b
`bd
d hl
hlfb
fb pa
parfu
rfu
 pagharlbd cblrbd olpartidle.2

EIG^FLEBSL
Mbmbf mldkbf, sld`rig `aflrlug beut, eakbdm.
^XIMDISLS
@ataesl
@ataesl `bd tarbpl `ldl `aol`rbsl gadmobslfebd
gadmobslfebd primdisls
primdisls easaghuobd
easaghuobd ybdm
 hble. Hlfb tl`be b`b eigpflebsl gbeb easalghbdmbd cblrbd bebd tareiraesl.
tareiraesl.
EIG^APADSL
 Spaslbfls ^adybelt @bfbg ; B3,H0

 Eidsuftbd Marlbtrl
QDLP \BDM GADBDMBDL
 XS pad`l`lebd ; @apbrtagad Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg – @lvlsl Marlbtrl,
; @apbrtagad Xaobhlfltbsl Ga`le.
 XS di
did
d pad
pad`l`
`l`lebd
lebd ; @ap
apbr
brta
tag
gad Lf
Lfgu
gu ^ad
ady
ybe
belt
lt @bfb
@bfbg
g
QDLP PAXEBLP
 XS pad`l`lebd ; @apbrtagad Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg


XS di
did
d pad
pad`l`
`l`lebd
lebd ; @ap
apbr
brta
tag
gad Lf
Lfgu
gu ^ad
ady
ybe
belt
lt @bfb
@bfbg
g
XAJXADSL
2. Euswbr
Euswbr`ob
`obdl,
dl, XB Puty.
Puty. Sbrl,
Sbrl, Dldb
Dldb Eagbfb.
Eagbfb. @aol`rb
@aol`rbsl
sl `bd mbdmmu
mbdmmubd
bd afaetrif
afaetriflt.
lt.
@bfbg ;Su`iyi, Bru w. Satyiob`l, Hbghbdm. Bfwl, l`rus. Slgb`lhrbtb, Gbrcaffus.
Satlbtl, Sltl. Hueu bkbr Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg A`lsl Z. Kbebrtb ; ^usbt Ldjirgbsl `bd
^adarhltbd @apbrtagad Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg JEQL-XSCG ; 8>><. Obfbgbd =<=-
?>2.

HBH LZ
MBDMMQBD EIMDLPLJ XLDMBD @BD @AGADSLB
 

^ADMAXPLBD
Bdtbrb judmsl
judmsl eimdltlj
eimdltlj ybdm dirgbf udtue
udtue uslb fbdkut `bd `agadslb
`agadslb ybdm kafbs,
tar`bpbt
tar`bpbt subtu eid`lsl
eid`lsl padurudbd
padurudbd judmsl eimdltlj
eimdltlj ybdm `lsahut `admbd glf` eimdltlva
eimdltlva
lg
lgpb
pblr
lrga
gadt
dt (G
(GC
CL) `bd
`bd vbs
vbscuf
cufbr
br cimdlt
cimdltlva
lva lgpblr
lgpblrgad
gadtt (ZC
(ZCL),
L), ybdm
ybdm sahbml
sahbmlbd
bd bebd
bebd
 hareaghbdm gadkb`l `agadslb, hble padybelt
padybelt Bfzolgar gbupud `agadslb tlpa fbld.
 Glf` cimdltlva lgpblrgadt (GCL
(GCL)) garu
garupb
pbeb
ebd
d su
subt
btu
u ei
eid`
d`ls
lsll ‖sld
‖sld`r
`rig
ig
 pra`agadslb‗ (eid`lsl trbdslsl judmsl eimdlsl bdtbrb padubbd dirgbf `bd `agadslb
rldmbd), ybdm pb`b harhbmbl stu`l tafbo `lhuetlebd sahbmlbd bebd harfbdkut gadkb`l
`agadslb (tarutbgb `agadslb Bfzoalgar) ybdm slgtigbtle.
Zbscufbr
Zbscufbr cimdltlva
cimdltlva lgpblrgadt (ZCL) garukue pb`b eab`bbd padurudbd judmsl
lgpblrgadt
eimdltlva rldmbd `bd `louhudmebd `admbd lseaglb sartb ldjbre kbrldmbd itbe belhbt
 padybelt vbscufbr `bd btarisefarisls.
@agadslbb`
b`bf
bfbd
bd mb
mbdm
dmmu
mubd
bd ju
judm
dmsl
sl ld
ldta
tafa
faet
etubf
ubf (h
(harj
arjle
lelr
lr bh
bhstr
strbe
be,, pa
padl
dlfb
fbld
ld,,
eaprlhb`lbd, hbobsb, prbesls, `bd vlsuispbslbf) `bd gagirl `l`bpbt ybdm `lsahbhebd
ifao
ifao padybe
padybelt
lt itbe,
itbe, ybdm
ybdm tl`be
tl`be eharou
eharouhud
hudmbd
mbd `admbd
`admbd tldme
tldmebt
bt ea
easb`b
sb`brbd
rbd,, saoldm
saoldmmb
mb
gagpadmbruol betlvltbs earkb `bd siclbf sacbrb hargbedb.
 @agadslb Bfzoalgar ga
garu
rupb
pbeb
ebd
d `a
`aga
gads
dslb
lb yb
ybdm
dm `l
`lsa
sahb
hbhe
hebd
bd if
ifao
ao pa
pady
dybe
belt
lt
Bfzalg
Bfzalgar5
ar5 gudcuf
gudcufdyb
dyb makbfb
makbfb parfbo
parfbobd
bd fbobd
fbobd dbgud
dbgud primra
primraslj.
slj.@ag
@agadsl
adslbb vbscuf
vbscufbr 
br 
garupbebd `agadslb ybdm tarkb`ldyb harouhudmbd `admbd sarbdmbd strie (hlbsbdyb
tarkb`l 3 hufbd pbscb strie)5 gudcufdyb makbfb hlbsbdyb hartbobp sasubl makbfb strie 
ybdm gad`bouful ( stap
 stap fb``ar )).. ^b`b sbtu pbslad pbscb strie hlbs tar`bpbt ea`ub kadls
ldl (tlpa cbgpurbd). ^b`b ea`ub tlpa ldl fbzlg tarob`bp pbetir rlslei sapartl ; olpartadsl,
`lbhatas gafltus, `lsflpl`aglb, `bd jbetir rlslei btoariscfarisls fbld. 8
@agadslb
@agadslb `bpbt `lsartbl
`lsartbl haobvlirbf bd` psycoifimlcbf sygptigs ij `agadtlb
(H^S@)
(H^S@) ybdm fbzlg `lsahut
`lsahut sahbmbl
sahbmbl paruhbobd
paruhbobd parlfbeu `bd eaprlhb`lbd
eaprlhb`lbd.Makbfb
.Makbfb H^S@
`bp
bpbbt harupb `ap
aprrasl
sl,, wbd`arldm/pbcldm , partbdybbd harufbdm btbu gbdbrlsg,
eacagbsbd, btbu bmraslvltbs.

HBH Z
^AD@AEBPBD @LBMDISLS
 

Bdbgdasls
Gagirll pbslad,
Gagir pbslad, tldmebt
tldmebt betlvltbs
betlvltbs saobrl-obrl,
saobrl-obrl, kumb `lparfuebd
`lparfuebd bdbgdasls `brl
irbdm tar`aebt pbslad, rlwbybt striea, olpartadsl, `lbhatas.

^AGAXLESBBD
^AGAXLESBBD ^ADQDKBDM2
 ^agarlesbbd dauripslelbtrle `admbd toa Gldl-Gadtbf
Gldl-Gadtbf Stbta Axbgldbtl
Axbgldbtlid
id (GGSA),
Poa Mfihbf @atarlirbtlid scbfa (M@S), `bd Poa Cfldlcbf @agadtlb Xbtldms (C@X).
 Dlfbl GGSA `lpadmbruol ifao ugur `bd tldmebt pad`l`lebd, saoldmmb pagarlesb
obru
obruss gagp
gagpar
artl
tlgh
ghbd
bdme
mebd
bd obf-
obf-ob
obff ta
tars
rsah
ahut
ut `b
`bfb
fbg
g gadm
gadmld
ldta
tarp
rpra
ratb
tbsl
sl ob
obsl
slff
 pagarlesbbd GGSA.
 Judmsl tlril`, obtl, `bd mldkbf

 Eb`br vltbgld H28

 Eb`br ihbt `bfbg `brbo (tarutbgb ybdm haearkb pb`b susudbd sbrbj pusbt)


CP scbd, GXL
Qdtue erltarlb `lbmdisls GCL `bd ZCL `bpbt `l flobt pb`b Pbhfa 2, sagadtbrb erltarlb
`lbmdisls `agadslb `bpbt `lflobt pb`b Pbhaf 8.

Pbhaf 2. Erltarlb @lbmdisls udtue GCL `bd ZCL

 Glf` Cimdltlva Lgpblrgadt
Lgpblrgadt (GCL)
(GCL)
 Eafuobd gagirl , ybdm `lpareubt ifao ldjirgbd.

 Judmsl gagirl ybdm tl`be sasubl udtue ugur `bd pad`l`lebd

 Judmsl eimdltlj ugug gbslo hble 

 Betlvltbs saobrl-obrl gbslo hble 

 Pl`be `agadslb

Zbscufbr Cimdltlva Lgpblrgadt (ZCL)

 Mbdmmubd eimdltlj rldmbd sbgpbl sa`bdm, tarutbgb judmsl aesaeutlj 

 Pl`be gagaduol erltarlb `agadslb

 Gagpudybl padyahbh vbscufbr har`bsbrebd b`bdyb tbd`b lseaglb btbu ldjbre 

 kbrldmbd itbe.
 Huetl fbld b`bdyb btarisefarisls
 

  Obcoldsel Lscoaglc Scira (OLS) ybdm tldmml

Pbhaf 8. Erltarlb @lbmdisls udtue @agadslb (Sasubl `admbd @SG LZ)8

Gudcuf
Gudcufdyb
dyb `ajlsl
`ajlsltt eimdl
eimdltlj
tlj guftlp
guftlpaf
af ybdm
ybdm hargbd
hargbdlja
ljastbs
stbsll pb`b
pb`b ea`ub
ea`ub eab`bb
eab`bbd
d
 harleut ;
B. Mbdmmubd
Mbdmmubd gagirl (eatl`begbgpub
(eatl`begbgpubd
d udtue
udtue gagpafbkbrl
gagpafbkbrl ldjirgbsl hbru btbu
udtue gadmldmbt ldjirgbsl ybdm hbru sbkb `lpafbkbrl.
Sbtu (btbu fahlo) mbdmmubd eimdltlj harleut
2. Bjbslb (mbdmmubd
(mbdmmubd harhbobsb)
harhbobsb)
8. Bpr
Bprbes
beslb
lb (eatl`
(eatl`beg
begbgp
bgpubd
ubd udtue
udtue gafbeu
gafbeuebd
ebd betlvl
betlvltbs
tbs gitirl
gitirlcc wbfbup
wbfbupud
ud
judmsl gitirle gbslo dirgbf)
3. Bmdislb
Bmdislb (eambmbfbd
(eambmbfbd udtue gadmadbfl
gadmadbfl btbu gadml`adtljlebsl
gadml`adtljlebsl had`b wbfbupud
wbfbupud
judmsl sadsirle gbslo dirgbf)
0. Mbdmmubd
Mbdmmubd judmsl aesaeutlj
aesaeutlj (sapartl garadcbd
garadcbdbebd,
bebd, gadmirmbdl
gadmirmbdlsbsl,
sbsl, harjlelr 
rudut, harjlelr bhstrbe)
@ajlclt eimdltlj ybdm tar`bpbt pb`b erltarlb B2 `bd B8 gadyahbhebd mbdmmubd
 hargbedb pb`b judmsl sislbf `bd beupbsl sartb gadudkueebd padurudbd ybdm
 hargbedb `brl judmsl sahafugdyb. @ajlclt ybdm tarkb`l hlebd tarkb`l eousus sbbt
tlghufdyb `aflrlug.

@LBMDISLS HBD@LDM
Prbdsladt lscoaglc bttbce , `aflrlug, `aprasl, jbctltlius
`aprasl, jbctltlius `lsir`ar, dirgbf bmldm ..8
8

Eid`lsl
Eid`lsl efldls
efldls fbld ybdm kumb obrus `lha`bebd
`lha`bebd b`bfbo padmbruo
padmbruo ihbt-ihbtbd
ihbt-ihbtbd `bd `ljlslt
sadsirl
sadsirl pb`b
pb`b irbdm
irbdm tub.
tub. Haharbp
Haharbpbb kadls
kadls ihbt
ihbt ybdm
ybdm sarldm
sarldm `lebtbe
`lebtbebd
bd gadlgh
gadlghufe
ufebd
bd
cidjusa
cidjusa b`bfbo iplbta, hadzi`lbsap
hadzi`lbsapld,
ld, daurifaptl
daurifaptlc,
c, bdtleifldar
bdtleifldarmle,
mle, O8 hficears,
hficears, `bd
eirtleistaril`. Mbdmmubd sadsirls pb`b irbdm tub sapartl lgpblrgadt ij oabrldm `bd
vlslid kumb sarldm gadyahbhebd l`adtljlebsl ybdm sbfbo `admbd `agadslb. (curradt)
@lgadslb sarldm tar`bpbt harsbgbbd `admbd `aprasl `bd/ btbu padybelt ^breldsid. 8

Pbhaf 3. Erltarlb udtue @lbmdisls Efldls ^adybelt Bfzoalgar gadurut toa Dbtlidbf 
 Ldstltu`a ij Dauifimlcbf
Dauifimlcbf bd` Cigguhlcbtlva @lsir`ars
@lsir`ars bd` Strie  (DLDC@S)
 (DLDC@S) `bd toa

 Bfzoalgar“s @lsabsa
@lsabsa bd` Xafbta` (B@X@B)0
Xafbta` @lsi`ars Bssiclbtlid (B@X@B)
 

2. Erltarlb `lbmdisls efldls udtue prihbhfa padybelt Bfzalgar g

gadcbeup
adcbeup ;
 @agads
@agadslb
lb ybdm
ybdm `ltamb
`ltambeeb
eebd
d ifao
ifao pagarl
pagarlesb
esbbd
bd efldls
efldls `bd tarcbt
tarcbtbt
bt `admbd
`admbd
 pagarlesbbd toa gldl-gadtbf
gldl-gadtbf tast, Hfassa` @agadtlb scbfa, btbu pagarlesbbd
sakadls, `bd `leidjlrgbsl ifao tas dauripsleifimls


@ajlslt pb`b `ub btbu fahlo brab eimdltlj 

 Pl`be b`b mbdmmubd easb`brbd

 Bwltbd bdtbrb ugur 0> `bd <>, ugurdyb satafbo ugur :1 tboud

 Pl`b
Pl`be
e b`bd
b`bdyb
yb eafb
eafbld
ldbd
bd sl
slst
stag
agle
le btbu
btbu pa
pady
dybe
belt
lt it
itbe
be fb
fbld
ld yb
ybdm
dm `b
`bpb
pbtt
gadyahbhebd `ajlclt primraslj pb`b gagirl `bd eimdltlj 
8. @lbmdisls prihbhfa
 prihbhfa padybelt
 padybelt Bfzoalgar `l`ueudm ifao
ifao ;
 ^aduru
^adurudbd
dbd primra
primraslj
slj judmsl
judmsl eimdlt
eimdltlj
lj spasljl
spasljle
e sapartl
sapartl bjbslb,
bjbslb, bprbes
bprbeslb,
lb, `bd
bmdislb
 Mbdmmubd betlvltbs ol`up saobrl-obrl `bd paruhbobd pifb parlfbeu


Xlwb
Xlwbyb
ybtt eafu
eafubr
brmb
mb `adm
`admbd
bd mbdm
mbdmmu
mubd
bd ybdm
ybdm sb
sbgb
gb,, ta
taru
rutb
tbgb
gb hl
hlfb
fb su
su`b
`bo
o
`leidjlrgbsl sacbrb dauripbtifiml
 Obslf fbhirbtirlug ybdm gadudkueebd

 ^udmsl fughbf ybdm dirgbf ybdm `lavbfubsl `admbd taedle stbd`br 

 ^ifb dirgbf btbu paruhbobd ybdm didspasljle pb`b AAM, sapartl padldmebtbd
betlvltbs sfiw-wbva
 Huet
Huetll b`bd
b`bdyb
yb btri
btrijl
jl itbe
itbe pb`b
pb`b paga
pagarl
rles
esbb
bbd
d CP yb
ybdm
dm pr
prim
imra
rasl
sljj `b
`bd
d
tar`ieugadtbsl ifao pagarlesbbd sarlbf
3. Mbghb
bghbrb
rbd
d efld
efldd
dls fbl
fbld
d ybd
ybdm eids
eidsls
lsta
tad
d `ad
`admb
mbd
d `lbm
`lbmd
disls
isls prihbhfa
 prihbhfa padybelt
 padybelt
Bfzoalgar, satafbo gadmaesefusl padyahbh `agadslb safbld padybelt Bfzoalgar ;
 ^arkbfbdbd padybelt ybdm primraslj dbgud fbghbt (pfbtabu)

 Makb
Makbfb
fb-m
-mak
akbf
bfbb ybdm
ybdm haro
harouh
uhud
udmb
mbd
d `adm
`admbd
bd sa
sapa
part
rtl,
l, `a
`apr
pras
asl,
l, ld
ldsi
sigd
gdlb
lb,,
ldeidtldad
ldeidtldadslb,
slb, `afusl,
`afusl, obfusldbsl,
obfusldbsl, varhbf ebtbstrijle,
ebtbstrijle, agislidbf,
agislidbf, mbdmmubd
mbdmmubd
saesubf, `bd padufbrbd harbt hb`bd.
 Bhdirgbfltbs daurifimls pb`b haharbpb pbslad, tarutbgb pb`b padybelt tbobp
fbdkut, sapartl padldmebtbd tidus itit, gliefidus, `bd mbdmmubd gafbdmebo
(mblt `lsir`ar)
 Eakbdm pb`b padybelt ybdm fbdkut
 

 ^agarlesbbd CP dirgbf udtue uslbdyb

0. Mbghbrbd yb
ybdm gaghubt `l
`lbmdisls  prihbhfa
 prihbhfa padybelt
 padybelt Bfzoalgar gadkb`l
tltle cicie b`bfbo;
 Idsat ybdm gad`b`be `bd bpifastlc


Par`bpbt `ajlclt daurifimls
Par`bpbt daurifimls jiebf sapartl oaglpbrasls,
oaglpbrasls, mbdmmubd
mbdmmubd sadsirle,
sadsirle,
`ajlslt fbpbdm pbd`bdm `bd ldeiir`ldbsl pb`b tbobp bwbf padybelt5 `bd eakbdm
bbtbu
bbtbu mbdmm
mbdmmubd
ubd gafbdm
gafbdmebo
ebo pb`b
pb`b sbbt bwltbd
bwltbd btbu tbobp
tbobp bwbf
bwbf parkbf
parkbfbdb
bdbd
d
 padybelt
1. @lbmdisls pisslhfa
 pisslhfa padybelt
 padybelt Bfzoalgar;
 @lhubt
@lhubt har`bsb
har`bsbreb
rebd
d b`bdyb
b`bdyb sld`ra
sld`raig
ig `agads
`agadslb,
lb, tbdpb
tbdpb b`bdyb
b`bdyb mbdmmu
mbdmmubd
bd
daurifimls, paslelbtrle, btbu slstagle fbld ybdm `bpbt gadyahbhebd `agadslb,
`bd b`bdyb vbrlbsl pb`b bwltbd, makbfb efldls, btbu parkbfbdbd padybelt.
 @lhubt
@lhubt har`bs
har`bsbre
brebd
bd b`bdyb
b`bdyb mbdmmu
mbdmmubd
bd itbe
itbe btbu slstag
slstagle,
le, saeud`
saeud`ar
ar ybdm
ybdm

cueup udtue
cueup udtue gadyah
gadyahbhe
bhebd
bd `agads
`agadslb,
lb, dbgud
dbgud padyah
padyahbh
bh prlgar
prlgardyb
dyb huebd
huebd
garupbebd padyahbh `agadslb
:. Erltarlb udtue `lbmdisls `ajldlta
`ajldlta padybelt
 padybelt Bfzoalgar b`bfbo5
 Erltarlb efldls udtue prihbhfa
udtue prihbhfa padybelt
 padybelt Bfzoalgar 

 Huetl olstipbtifiml ybdm `l`bpbt `brl hlipsy btbu butipsy

=. Efbsl
fbsljl
jleb
ebsl
sl pad
ady
ybelt
belt Bfzo
Bfzoal
alg
gar ud
udtu
tue
e tu
tuku
kubd
bd pa
pad
daf
aflt
ltlb
lbd
d `lfbe
lfbeue
uebd
bd hlfb
lfb
tar`bpbt mbghbrbd eousu ybdm gudmeld garupbebd suhtypa padybelt Bfzoalgar,
sapartl ;
 Hbdybe bdmmitb eafubrmb ybdm gadmbfbgl obf ybdm sbgb

 Bwltbd sahafug uslb :1 tboud

 B`bdyb Jrlsigl-82

 Park
Parkb`
b`ll ha
harsb
rsbgb
gbbd
bd `a
`adm
dmbd
bd ei
eid`
d`lsl
lsl fbld
fbld yb
ybdm
dm ra
rafa
favb
vbd
d sapar
sapartl
tl pa
pady
dybe
belt
lt
 pbreldsid

Pbhaf 0. ^adbtbfbesbdbbd tarob`bp Jbetir Xlslei Plghufdyb Mbdmmubd Eimdltlj 

pb`b Qslb Fbdkut
Jbetir Xlslei ^adbtbfbesbdbbd Eatarbdmbd
Olpartadsl    Eurbdm bsupbd mbrbg    Xae
Xa eigad
igad``bs
bsll KDC
KDC
 

 Ihbt
Ihbt bdtl
bdtlol
olp
par
arta
tads
dsll ; bwbf
bwbf ZLLL
ZL `bd pad
padaf
aflt
ltlb
lbd
d
`admbd `luratle, `bpbt BFFOBPL
`leigh
`leighldb
ldbsle
slebb `admbd
`admbd BCA-
BCA-
ldolhltir, BXH, padyaebt θ (θ-
 hficear), btbu bdtbmidls
ebfslug.

 Pbr
brm
mat ; P@S62
@S623>
3> ggOm
gOm,
P@@6?> ggOm.
@lsflpl`aglb    Eurb
rbd
dml bsup
supbd gbe
bebbdbd  Eidsadsus
 harfagbe   padmad`bflbd
 Ihbt bdtl`lsflpl`agle  @l
@lsf
sflp
lpl`
l`ag
aglb
lb yb
ybdm
dm
`leafubrebd ifao
^AXEADL `bd
 DCA^-BP^ LLL

 Pbr
brm
mat ; tr
trlm
lmfl
flsa
sarl
rl`b
`b 621>
621>  Haharb
rbp
pb padufls

gm/`F, O@F gaf

afbp
bpir
ire
ebd stbt
stbtld
ld

eifastarif40>gf/`F udtue fbel- `b

`bpb
pbtt gadu
gaduru
rude
debd
bd

fbel
fbel `bd
`bd 41>
41> gm/`
m/`F ud
udtu
tue 
e  judmsl eimdltlj  
 paragpubd sartb F@F (tar
(taru
utb
tbgb
gb gagi
gagiry
ry
eifastarif 62>> gm/`F). fiss)
@lbhatas Gafltus    1 plfbr
plfbr padbtb
padbtbfbe
fbesbdb
sbdbbd
bd @G;  Eidsadsus
a`uebs
a`uebsl,
l, paradc
paradcbdb
bdbbd
bd gbebd
gbebd  padbtbfbesbdbbd @G
(`lat), fbtlobd jlsle, ihbt tlpa 8 ifao ^AXEADL
olpimfleagle irbf, `bd ldsufld
 ^arobtlbd pb`b paglflobd IOI  ^admmu
^admmudbb
dbbd
d ldsufl
ldsufld
d
`bd ldsufld, `lsasublebd sarldm
sarldm gadlgh
gadlghufe
ufebd
bd
`admbd pad
adu
urudbd judmsl aj
ajae
ae olp
lpi
imf
mfle
leag
aglb
lb
irmbd  pb`b uslb fbdkut ybdm
 Pbr
brm
mat ; M@^62
@^628
8> gm/
m/`
`F, `bpbt
`bpbt hargbd
hargbdljas
ljastbsl
tbsl
 pb`b uslb fbdkut M@^62:> sa
sah
hbm
bmbl
bl mbd
bdm
mmu
mubd
bd
gm/`F gbslo `ltarlgb eimdltlj 
Ihasltbs   
^adbtbfbesbdbbd sakbe uslb `ldl
 

 Pbrmat ; LGP681 gm/g8

Mbmbf Kbdtudm,  L`adtljlebsl
L`adtljlebsl atlifiml ybdm hlbs
jlhrlfbsl btrlug, `leiraesl
olpareibmufbsl,  Parbpl
Parbpl jbrgbe
jbrgbeifi
ifimls
mls `bd did
olparbmrambsl jb
jbrg
rgbe
bei
ifim
fimls ybd
ybdm sa
sasu
subl
bl
trighislt, ud
udtu
tue
e gad
adm
mad`
ad`bfle
bflebd
bd `bd
olparoigislstaldaglb gadmbtbsldyb
, ^^IE   Xukue ea eidsuf
suftbd ybdm
sasubl pb`b eab`bbd – eab`bbd
eousus.
Eatarbdmbd   ; BCA7bdmlitadsld-cidvartldm-adzyga
bdmlitadsld-cidvartldm-adzyga,, BXH7bdm
bdmlit
litads
adsld
ld racapti
racaptir 
r 
hficear , P@S
P@S7ta
7taebd
ebdbd
bd `brbo
`brbo slstifl
slstifle,
e, P@@7ta
P@@7taebd
ebdbd
bd `brbo
`brbo `lbsti
`lbstiflc
flc,, O@F7ol
O@F7olmo-
mo-
`adslty-flpipritald, KDC ZLL7 toa savadto rapirt ij toa Kildt Dbtlidbf Cigglttaa id
 ^ravadtlid, @atactlid, Avbfubtlid, bd` Prabtgad ij Olmo Hfii` ^rassur ,

^AXEADL7^areugpufbd Ad`ierldifiml Ld`idaslb. @G7 `lbhatas gaffltus, IOI7ihbt

olpimfleagle irbf. M@^7mufb `brbo pubsb, LGP7ld`aes gbssb
gbss b tuhuo

PBPBFBESBDB2.8.3
 Flhb
Flhbte
tebd
bd sairbd
sairbdm
m us
uslb
lb fbdk
fbdkut
ut pb
pb`b
`b ea
eaol
ol`u
`upb
pbd
d sicl
siclbf
bf yb
ybdm
dm fa
fahl
hlo
o ld
ldta
tads
dslj
lj sartb
sartb
 pbrtlsljbsl pb`b betlvltbs ybdm garbdmsbdm judmsl eimdltlj `bd stlgufbsl gadtbf
gbupud agislidbf udtue gadurudebd rlslei padybelt Bfzoalgar `bd gagparfbghbt
gudcufdyb gadljastbsl efldls mbdmmudb eimdltlj.
 Fbtlobd gagirl guftljbsat `bd fbtlobd rafbesbsl.

 ^adybg
^adybgpbl
pblbd
bd ldjirg
ldjirgbsl
bsl ybdm
ybdm hadbr
hadbr eapb`b
eapb`b eafubr
eafubrmb,
mb, fbt
fbtlob
lobd
d irladt
irladtbsl
bsl rabfltb
rabfltbs,
s,
raobhlfltbsl
raobhlfltbsl,, `ueudmbd
`ueudmbd tarob`bp
tarob`bp eafubrmb,
eafubrmb, gbdlpufbsl
gbdlpufbsl fldmeudmb,
fldmeudmb, primrbg obrlbd
obrlbd
obrlbd udtue pbslad,
pbslad, ragl
ragldls
dlscadca, tarbpl guslc, psleitarbpl, gi`ljlebsl parlfbeu,
cadca,
eidsuftbsl udtue prbguar`ob, kbgldbd dutrlsl ybdm iptlgbf
 ^a
^agh
ghar
arlb
lbd
d ihbt
ihbt pb`b
pb`b H^S@
H^S@ `ltu
`ltuku
kueb
ebd
d udtu
udtue
e tb
tbrm
rmat
at makb
makbfb
fb ta
tart
rtad
adtu
tu `a
`adm
dmbd
bd
 paghbtbsdb wbetu. Padtuebd tbrmat makbfb ybdm oad`be `lihbtl, l`adtljlebsl padcatus
makbfb5
makbfb5 psleit
psleitarbp
arbpll `bd eidsaf
eidsafldm
ldm `lharl
`lharlebd
ebd harsbgb
harsbgb `admbd
`admbd ihbt
ihbt (raspl
(rasplrl`
rl`id,
id,
sartrbflda, btbu obfiparl`if, sasubl `admbd makbf ybdm gudcuf
 Pbtbfbesbdb pb`b `agadslb harbt tarutbgb gi`bfltbs did-jbrgbeifiml
 

 Pbtbfbesbdb jbctir rlslei

rls lei mbdmmubd eimdltlj 

 Ga`lebgadtisb `bpbt `lflobt pb`b Pbhaf 1.

Pbhaf 1. Ihbt-ihbtbd ybdm @lparmudbebd udtue Gadmobghbt ^adurudbd `bd

*2,8

Gagparhblell Judmsl Eimdltlj pb`b @agadslb `bd Mbdmmubd Eimdltlj Xldmbd

Gagparhble
Dbgb Ihbt
@idapazlf Xlvbstlmgld Mbfbdtbgld Gbgbdtld
Ebrbetarlstle 
Ldolhltir Ldolhltir Ldolhltir Bdtbmidls
Gaebdlsga earkb
Eifldastarbsa Eifldastarbs Eifldastarbsa Xasaptir-
a DG@B
]betu udtue 3-1 >,1-8 >,1-2 3-=
gadcbpbl
eidsadtrbsl
gbeslgbf

(kbg)
Bhsirpsl Pl`be \b \b Pl`be  
`lpadmbruol
Gbebdbd
]betu-p
]betu-pbru
bruo
o sarug
sarug =>-?> 8 1-= :>-?>
(kbg)
Gatbhiflsga Sltierig ^-  Did-oapbtle Sltierig ^-  Did-oapbtle 
01> 01>
@isls 2 x 1 gm/ 8 x 2,1 gm/ 8 x 0 gm/ 8 x 1 gm/
(ldlslbf/gbeslgbf) 2 x 1 gm 8 x : gm 8 x 28 gm 8 x 2> gm
*Gi`ljlebsl `brl Ciggldms (8>>0). DG@B7D-gatof
DG@B7D-gatof @-bspbrtb`a

EIG^FLEBSL
Kbtuo, rusbedyb struetur siclbf eafubrmb, lsifbsl, gbfdutrlsl

^XIMDISLS
Xbtb-rbtb obrbpbd ol`up pbslad `agadslb saeltbr `afbpbd tboud `admbd elsbrbd 2-
8> tboud. ^bslad `admbd bwltbd `ldl btbu gaglflel rlwbybt `agadslb `bfbg eafubrmb,
 primasljltbsdyb fahlo capbt, 2>-21% pbslad harpitadsl udtue eaghbfl ea eid`lsl bwbf
 kleb tarbpl `lgufbl sahafug tarkb`l earusbebd itbe pargbdad.8
 

EIG^APADSL
 Spaslbfls ^adybelt @bfbg

 Eidsuftbd Marlbtrl

^bslad uslb fbdkut `admbd

eafuobd gagirl suhyaetlj/
`lfbpirebd eafubrmb

Jbctir rlslei ;
Fbhirbtirlug;
 Bdbgdasls  Judmsl tlril`
 Fbgb eafuobd Judmsl obtl
 Olpartadsl  Mbmbf kbdtudm 
Eafifb sagub
 Bwltbd  Judmsl mldkbf
 @lbhatas  Olpareibmufbsl jbctir rlslei
 ^rimraslvltbs gaffltus  Eb`br ihbt `bfbg
 Olparbmarbsl sasamarb &
 Betlvltbs ol`up @lsflpl`aglb `brbo
 trighislt siptlgbf gudmeld
saobrl-obrl (Parurbgb ybdm
 Garieie  Daurisltlj 
 Xbwbt eafubrmb haearkb pb`b SS^)
 Ihasltbs &OLZ
 ^admmudbbd
^admmudbb d ihbt-
ihbtbd `bd bfcioif  ^^IE
 Parbpl sasubl
Xlwbybt CBHM padyahbh hlfb
Gi`ijlebsl/tarbjl
Gi`ijlebsl/tarbjl hlfb b`b bhdirgbf

Iptlgbflsbsl
padmafifbbd
jbetir raslei

Fbdkutebd
padmafifbbd
jbetir raslei;
GGSA680 GGSA 80-8: GGSA 48:
 Parbpl
@umbbd @agadslb @umbbd GCL-ZCL Dirgbf (9)
bdtlolpartadsl
 Ldkaesl/ihbt
olpimfleagle
 Ihbt padurud
eb`br fagbe
  Bdtleibmufbd
 Ifborbmb ybdm
A`uebsl A`uebsl Avbfubsl judmsl
tarbtur 
Xukue SpEK/SpS/ Ld`lebtir eifldastarbsa (gbslo eidtrivarsl
eidtrivarsl)) Eimdltlj tlbp
 Supfagadtbsl
Eidsuftbd Marlbtrl Earkbsbgb `admbd spaslbfls tareblt : hufbd
bsbg jifbt &
Zlt, H28

Eidsugsl
sarbt fbrut blr 
  Bupbd ebfirl
ybdm hble
(pripar cbfirlc
ldtbea)
Avbfubsl : hufbd  Haroadtl
garieie

Mbghbr 2. Bfmirltga Avbfubsl `bd ^adbtbfbesbdbbd ^bslad Qslb Fbdkut `admbd

^adurudbd Judmsl

QDLP \BDM GADBDMBDL



XS pad`l`lebd ; @apbrtagbd Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg – @lvlsl Marlbtrl

 

 XS did pad`l`lebd ; Hbmlbd Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg

QDLP PAXEBLP

 XS pad`l`lebd ; @apbrtagbd ^slelbtrl – @lvlsl ^slelbtrl-Marlbtrl


XS did pad`l`lebd ; Hbmlbd ^slelbtrl
XAJAXADSL
2. @agadltb.
@agadltb. @bfbg ; Jbucl B, Ebspar
Ebspar @, Fidmi @, Hrbu
Hrbud`wbf
d`wbf`
` A, Obusar S, Kbgasid
Kbgasid
K, Fiscbfsi K, a`ltir. Obrrlsid“s prldclpfas ij ldtardbf ga`lclda. 2? to a`. Qdlta` Stbtas
ij Bgarlcb5 Poa GcMrbw-Olff Cigpbdlas, 8>22
8. @aga
@agadt
dtlb
lb.. @bfb
@bfbg
g ; Ebpf
Ebpfbd
bd bd
bd`
` Sb`i
Sb`ice
ce“s
“s Sy
Sydi
dips
psls
ls ij ^syc
^sycol
olbtry 2>to  A`ltlid.
btry
Flpplditt ]lfflbgs & ]lfelds. 8>>=
3. Xico
Xicogb
gbd,
d, wbslf
wbslfbo
bo.. Gurt
Gurtl,
l, Eudt
Eudtki
kiri
ri Obrl
Obrl,, @aga
@agads
dslb
lb.. @bfb
@bfbg
g ;Su`
;Su`iy
iyi,
i, Bru
Bru ].
Satyiob`l, Hbghbdm. Bfwl, L`rus. Slgb`lhrbtb, Gbrcaffus. Satlbtl, Sltl. Hueu bkbr 

Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbfg A`lsl Z. Kbebrtb; ^usbt Ldjirgbsl `bd ^adarhltbd @apbrtagad
Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg JEQL-XSCG 58>><. Obfbgbd ?3=-?00.
0. GcEo
GcEobd
bd Muy
Muy at bf.
bf. Cfld
Cfldlc
lcbf
bf `lbm
`lbmdi
disl
slss ij Bf
Bfzo
zoal
alga
garr `l
`lsa
sabs
bsa.
a. Xapi
Xapirt
rt ij to
toaa
 DLDC@SB@X@B ]ire
]ire mriup daurifimy, 2<?0(30);<3<-<30.
2<?0(30);<3<-<30.
1. Curradt;
Curradt; Slde EG, \bjja E. Cimdltlva
Cimdltlva lgpblrgadt
lgpblrgadt bd` `agadtlb.
`agadtlb. Ld; ]lfflbgs
]lfflbgs HB,
Cobdm B, Bobft C, Cidbdt X, Xltcola C, Coad O, Fbd`ajaf` CS, \uebwb G. Curradt
@lbmdisls bd` trabtgadt Marlbtrlcs, 8d` a`. Daw \ire5 Gc Mrbw Olff, 8>20.
 

HBH ZL
LGIHLFLPBS
^ADMAXPLBD
Gihlfltbs tarmbdtudm pb`b ldtarbesl ybdm tareiir`ldbsl bdtbrb judmsl sadsirle 
 parsapsl, eatarbgplfbd gitirlc, eid`lsl kbsgbdl, tldmebt eimdltlj, `bd easaobtbd

 pragirhl`, sartb vbrlbhaf aestardbf sapartl eaharb`bbd sughar-sughar eigudltbs,

`ueudmbd eafubrmb, b`bdyb obfbdmbd brsltaetur (eid`lsl fldmeudmbd), `bd eahlkbesbdbbd
ldstltuslidbf.
Lgihlflsbsl `l`ajldlslebd sahbmbl eaolfbdmbd marbebd bdbtiglc belhbt paruhbobd
jud
judmsl jlsl
jlsli
ifim
fimls
ls,, ybdm
bdm `bfb
`bfbg
g prb
rbe
etae
tae sa
sao
obr
brl-
l-o
obr
brll `b
`bp
pbt `l
`lbr
brtl
tleb
ebd
d sa
sahb
hbm
mbl
eatl`begbgpubd udtue gafbeuebd betlvltbs gihlfltbs `l tagpbt tl`ur, trbdsjar, btbu
bghufbsl safbgb fahlo `brl tlmb obrl. Lgihlflsbsl gadmmbghbrebd sld`rig `amadarbsl
jlslifi
jlslifimls
mls ybdm
ybdm `lbelh
`lbelhbte
btebd
bd paduru
padurudbd
dbd betlvl
betlvltbs
tbs `bd ‖`acid`ltlidldm‗
‖`acid`ltlidldm‗   .2 Harhbmbl
jbctir kbsgbdl, psleifimls, `bd fldmeudmbd ybdm `bpbt gadyahbhebd lgihlfltbs pb`b

uslb fbdkut `bpbt `lflobt pb`b Pbhaf 2.

Pbhaf 2. ^adyahbh Qgug Lgihlflsbsl pb`b Qslb Fbdkut 2

Mbdmmubd guscufiseafatbf
guscufiseafatbf    Brtlrltls

 Istaipirisls

 Jbetur (tarutbgb pbdmmuf `bd jagur)

 ^rihfag ebel (hudlid, ebfus)

 Fblg-fbld (glsbfdy Urdybelt ^bmrat

Mbdmmubd daurifimls    Strie 


^adybelt ^arelsbd
 Fbld-fbld (`lsjudmsl saraharbf, dauripbtl)
^adybelt ebr`livbseufbr
ebr`livbseufbr    Mbdmmubd kbdtudmeidmastlj (harbt)

 ^adybe
^adybelt
lt kbdtud
kbdtudm
m cirida
ciridarr (dyarl
(dyarl `b`b
`b`b ybdm
ybdm
sarldm)
 ^adybelt
^adybelt vbscufbr
vbscufbr parljar
parljar (efbu`lebsl
(efbu`lebsli
i ybdm
sarldm
^adybelt pbru    ^adybelt pbru ihstruetlj eridls (harbt)
Jbetir sadsirle     Mbdmmubd padmflobtbd

 Pbeut (ldstbhlfltbs `bd tbeut bebd kbtuo)

^adyahbh Fldmeudmbd    Lgihlflsbsl ybdm `lpbesbebd (`l rugbo sbelt
 

btbu pbdtl war`ob)

 Bfbt hbdtu gihlfltbs ybdm tl`be b`aeubt
Dyarl beut btbu eridle Fbld-  @aeid`
@ae id`lsl
lsl (satafb
(satafbo
o tlrbo
tlrbo hbrldm
hbrldm fbgb
fbgb pb`b
pb`b
Fbld eab`bbd sbelt beut)
 Gbfdutrlsl

 ^adyaelt slstagle harbt (glsbfdyb gatastbsls

fubs pb`b eambdbsbd)
 @aprasl

 Ajae sbgpldm ihbt (glsbfdyb fbeuebd ybdm

`lsahbhebd ihbt bdtlpsleitle)
 ^arkbfbdbd fbgb ybdm gadyahbhebd
sasairbdm tl`be harmarbe 

@LBMDISLS
Bdbgdasls2
 Xlwbybt `bd fbgb `lsbhlfltbs/ lgihlfltbs

 Eid`lsl ga`ls ybdm garupbebd jbctir rlslei `bd padyahbh lgihlfltbs

 Eid`lsl pragirhl`

  Dyarl

 Ihbt-ihbtbd ybdm `leidsugsl

 @ueudmbd prbguwar`ob

 Ldtarbesl sislbf


Jbetir psleifimls
 Jbetir fldmeudmbd
^agarlesbbd Jlsle 2

 Stbtus ebr`lipufgidbf

 Euflt

 Guseufieafatbf; eaeubtbd `bd tidus itit, fldmeup marbe sad`l, fasl `bd `ajirgltbs
ebel
  Daurifimls; eafagbobd jiebf, avbfubsl parsapsl `bd sbdsirle 

 Mbstrildtastldbf

 Madltiurldbrlus
 

 Stbtus
Stbtus Judmsl
Judmslidb
idbf;
f; Bdtbrb
Bdtbrb fbld
fbld `admbd
`admbd pagarle
pagarlesbbd
sbbd  marlbtrlc `aprasslid scbfa
(M@S)
 Stbtus
Stbtus Eimdlt
Eimdltlj;
lj; Bdtbrb
Bdtbrb fbl
fbld
d padbpl
padbplsbd
sbd `admbd
`admbd pagarl
pagarlesb
esbbd
bd gldl-g
gldl-gadtbf
adtbf stbta
axbgldbtlid (GGSA), bhhravlbta` gadtbf tast (BGP)


Pldmebt Gihlfltbs; Gihifltbs `l tagpbt tl`ur, eagbgpubd trbdsjar, gihlfltbs `l

eursl ri`b, easalghbdmbd sbbt `u`ue `bd har`lrl, cbrb harkbfbd ( malt 
( malt ),
), dyarl sbbt
 harmarbe.
^agarlesbbd ^adudkbdm
 ^adl
^adlfb
fblb
lbd
d ha
harbt
rbt rl
rldm
dmbd
bddy
dybb ei
eid`
d`ls
lsll ga`l
ga`lss pa
pady
dyah
ahbh
bh lgih
lgihlf
lflt
ltbs
bs (jiti
(jiti fu
futu
tut,
t,
aeiebr
aeiebr`li
`limrb
mrbjl,
jl, `ff)
`ff) `bd eigpfl
eigpflebs
ebsll belhbt
belhbt lgihlf
lgihlflsbs
lsbsll (pagar
(pagarles
lesbbd
bbd bfhugl
bfhugld,
d,
afaetriflt, mfueisb `brbo, oagistbtls, `ff.

PBPBFBESBDB

Pbtbfbesbdb Qgug
 Earkb
Earkbsbg
sbgbb tlg
tlg ga`l
ga`lss ld
ldta
tar`
r`ls
lslp
lpfl
fld
d `a
`adm
dmbd
bd pb
pbrt
rtlsl
lslpb
pbsl
sl pb
pbsla
slad,
d, ea
eafu
fubr
brmb
mb,, `b
`bd
d
 prbguwar`ob
 A`ue
A`uebsl
bsl ea
eapb
pb`b
`b pb
pbsla
slad
d `b
`bd
d ea
eafu
fubrm
brmbb gadm
gadmad
adbl
bl hb
hbob
obyb
yb tlrb
tlrbo
o hb
hbrl
rldm
dm fbgb,
fbgb,
 padtldmdyb fbtlobd hartbobp `bd bghufbsl `ldl, sartb gadcambo eatarmbdtudmbd
 pbslad `admbd gbfbeuebd betlvltbs eaol`upbd saobrl-obrl
saobrl-obrl sad`lrl, sagbgpu pbslad
 @l
@lfb
fbeu
eueb
ebd
d pa
padm
dmeb
ebkl
klbd
bd ma
marl
rlbt
btrl
rl pb
pbrl
rlpu
purd
rdb,
b, pa
paru
rugu
gusbd
sbd tb
tbrm
rmat
at ju
judm
dmsl
slid
idbf
bf,, `b
`bd
d
 paghubtbd radcbdb tarbpl ybdm gadcbeup pufb parelrbbd wbetu ybdm `lparfuebd
udtue gadcbpbl tbrmat tarbpl


Paguead`b
Paguea d`bfl
fl `bd tbtbfbe
tbtbfbesbdb
sbdb ldjaes
ldjaesl,
l, gbfdut
gbfdutrls
rlsl,
l, bdaglb
bdaglb mbdmmu
mbdmmubd
bd cblrbd
cblrbd `bd
afaetrl
afaetrlflt
flt ybdm
ybdm gudmel
gudmeld d tarkb`
tarkb`ll pb`b
pb`b ebsus
ebsus lgihlf
lgihlflsbs
lsbsl,
l, sartb
sartb padybe
padybelt/
lt/eid
eid`ls
`lsll
 padyartb fblddyb
 Avbf
Avbfub
ubsl
sl sa
safu
furu
ruo
o ihbt
ihbt-i
-ihb
hbtb
tbd
d ybdm
ybdm `l ei
eids
dsug
ugsl
sl55 ih
ihbt
bt-i
-ihb
hbtb
tbd
d yb
ybdm
dm `b
`bpb
pbtt
gadyahbhebd eafagbobd btbu eafafbobd obrus `lturudebd `islsdyb btbu `loadtlebd
 hlfb gagudmeldebd
 Harlebd eid`lsl ybdm b`aeubt, bsupbd cblrbd `bd gbebdbd ybdm gadmbd`udm sarbt,
sartb supfagadtbsl vltbgld `bd gldarbf
 ^rimrbg fbtlobd `bd ragihlflsbsl `lgufbl eatleb eastbhlfbd eid`lsl ga`ls su`bo

tarcbpbl, gaflputl fbtlobd gihlfltbs `l tagpbt tl`ur, fbtlobd fldmeup marbe sad`l
 

(pbslj,
(pbslj, betlj,
betlj, `bd betlj
betlj `admbd
`admbd hbdtub
hbdtubd),
d), fbtlobd
fbtlobd padmub
padmubtbd
tbd itit-i
itit-itit
tit (lsitid
(lsitidle,
le,
lsigatrle,
lsigatrle, lsieldatle)
lsieldatle),, fbtlobd
fbtlobd eiir`ldbsl
eiir`ldbsl/easal
/easalghbdm
ghbdmbd
bd (glsbfdyb
(glsbfdyb harkbfbd
harkbfbd pb`b
sbtu mbrls furus), trbdsjar `admbd hbdtubd, `bd bghufbsl tarhbtbs
 Hlfb `lparfuebd,
`lparfuebd, sa`lbebd `bd bkbrebd
bkbrebd cbrb padmmudbbd
padmmudbbd bfbt-bfbt
bfbt-bfbt hbdtu har`lrl `bd

bghufbsl
 Gbdbkagad glesl `bd `ajaebsl, targbsue padmmudbbd eigi` btbu tilfat

PBPBFBESBDB EOQSQS

 Pbtbfbesbdb jbctir rlslei lgihlflsbsl (flobt Pbhaf2)

 Pbtbfbesbdb eigpflebsl belhbt lgihlflsbsl

 ^b`b eab`bbd-eab`bbd eousus, eidsuftbslebd eid`lsl ga`lc eapb`b `ietar spaslbfls

ybdm eigpatad
 Fbeuebd ragihlflsbsl samarb `bd hartbobp pb`b pbslad-pbslad ybdm gadmbfbgl sbelt

btbu `lrbwbt `l rugbo sbelt `bd pbdtl war`ob udtue gadcambo lgihlflsbsl fahlo
fbdkut
 Qpbybebd
Qpbybebd `ueudmbd fldmeudmbd
fldmeudmbd `bd eatarsa`lbbd
eatarsa`lbbd bfbt hbdtu udtue gihlflsbsl ybdm
b`aeubt hbml uslb fbdkut ybdm gadmbfbgl `lsbhlfltbs pargbdad
  Fiw `isa oapbrld (F@O), `bd Fiw
`bd Fiw Gifacufbr ]almot Oapbrld (FG]O), padcambo
eidstruetur `bd pdaugidlb (marbebed-marbebd ybdm obrus `learkbebd, padcambobd
ufeus `acuhltus)

EIG^FLEBSL

Porighisls, aghifl pbru, eafagbobd itit, eidtrbetur itit `bd sad`l, istaipirisls,
ufeus `acuhltus, olpitadsl pisturbf, pdaugidlb `bd ldjaesl sbfurbd eaglo, mbdmmubd
dutrlsl (olpibfhugldaglb), eidstlpbsl `bd selhbfb.2.8

^XIMDISLSL
^rimdisls tarmbdtudm pb`b padybelt ybdm gad`bsbrl lgihlflsbsl `bd eigpflebsl ybdm
`ltlghufe
`ltlghufebd.^a
bd.^arfu
rfu `lpbobgl,
`lpbobgl, lgihlflsbsl
lgihlflsbsl `bpbt gagparharbt
gagparharbt padybelt
padybelt `bsbrdyb
`bsbrdyb hlfb

tl`be `ltbdmbdl sa`ldl gudmeld, hboebd `bpbt sbgpbl gadlghufebd eagbtlbd.

 

Pbhfa 3. Ajae Lgihlflsbsl pb`b Harhbmbl Slstag Irmbd

Irmbd/Slstag ^aruhbobd ybdm Parkb`l Belhbt Lgihlflsbsl
Guseufiseafatbf Istaipi
Istaipiris
risls,
ls, paduru
padurudbd
dbd gbssb
gbssb tufbdm
tufbdm,, olfbdm
olfbdmdyb
dyb
eaeubtbd
eaeubtbd itit, padurudbd
padurudbd brab pitidm
pitidm fldtbdm
fldtbdm itit,
eidt
eidtrb
rbet
etur
ur,, `ama
`amada
darb
rbsl
sl rb
rbwb
wbd
d sa
sad`
d`l,
l, bd
bdel
elfi
fisl
sls,
s,
 padldmebtbd taebdbd ldtrbbrtleufbr, hareurbdmdyb
vifuga sad`l.

Ebr`lipufgidbf `bd ^adldmebtbd `adyut db`l lstlrbobt, padurudbd parjusl

paghufuo `brbo gliebr
gliebr`,
`, ldtifa
ldtifarbd
rbd tarob`
tarob`bp
bp brtist
brtistbtle
btle,, paduru
padurudbd
dbd
bghlfbd ieslmad gbeslgbf (ZI8 gbx),
`acid`
`acid`ltl
ltlidl
idldm
dm  kbdtudm, padurudbd vifuga pfbsgb,
 paruhbobd ukl judmsl pbru btafactbsls pbru,

 pdaugidlb, padldmebtbd stbtls vadb, padldmebtbd

bmrambsl trighislt, `bd olpareibmifbsl

Ldtamugadt ^adldmebtbd rlslei ufeus `acuhltus `bd gbsarbsl euflt

Gatbhifle `bd ad`ierld Easalgh

Easalghbdm
bdmbd
bd dltrim
dltrimad
ad dambtl
dambtlva,
va, olpare
olparebfsl
bfslurl
urlb,
b,
dbtrlu
dbtrlurasl
raslss `bd `apfas
`apfasll dbtrlu
dbtrlug,
g, raslstad
raslstadsl
sl ldsufl
ldsufld
d
(ldtifarbdsl mfueisb), olparflpl`aglb, sartb padurudbd
bhsirpsl `bd gatbhiflsg vltbgld/gldarbf.

Daurifiml `bd pslelbtrl @apr

@aprasl
asl `b
`bd
d ps
psle
leis
isls
ls,, bt
btri
rijl
jl ei
eirta
rtaes
es giti
gitirl
rlcc `b
`bd
d
sbdsidle, mbdmmubd easalghbdmbd , padurudbd judmsl
ei
eimd
mdlt
ltlj
lj,, dauri
aurip
pbt
btll ei
eigp
gpra
rasl
sl,, `bd ra
rae
eru
rutg
tgad
ad
dauriguscufbr ybdm tl`be ajlslad.

Prbetu
Prbetuss mbstr
mbstrild
ildtas
tastldbf Ldeid
tldbf Ldeidtldad
tldadslb
slb urld `bd bfvl, ldjaesl sbfurbd eaglo,
eaglo,
`bd urldbrlus  paghadtuebd hbtu ebfslug, padmisidmbd ebd`udm
eaglo
eaglo ybdm
ybdm tl`be
tl`be sagpur
sagpurdb
db `bd `lstad
`lstadsl
sl ebd`ud
ebd`udm
m
ea
eagl
glo,
o, lgpb
lgpbes
esll jasas,
jasas, `b
`bd
d ei
eids
dstl
tljbs
jbsl,
l, pa
padu
duru
rudb
dbd
d
 

gihlfl
gihlfltbs
tbs usus,
usus, rajfue
rajfuess asijbm
asijbmus,
us, bsplrbs
bsplrbsll sbfurbd
sbfurbd
dbjbs, `bd padldmebtbd rlslei par`brbobd
mbstrildtastldbf.

EIG^APADSL
 @ietar Spaslbfls ^adybelt @bfbg

 Eidsuftbd Marlbtrl
QDLP \BDM GADBDMBDL
 XS pad
pad`l
`l`l
`leb
ebd
d ; @apbrt
@apbrtag
agad
ad Lfgu
Lfgu ^ad
^adyb
ybel
eltt @bfbg
@bfbg – @lvl
@lvlsl
sl Marlb
Marlbtr
trl,
l, @apb
@apbrt
rtag
agad
ad
Xaobhlfltbsl Ga`le 
 XS did pad`l`lebd
pad`l`lebd ; @apbrtagad Lfgu ^adybelt
^adybelt @bfbg
QDLP PAXEBLP

 XS pad`l`lebd ; @apbr
brttagad Lfgu ^adybelt @bf
bfbbg XS did pad`l`lebd ;
@apbrtagad Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg
XAJAXADSL
2. Satl
Satlbtl
btl,, sltl.
sltl. Xiis
Xiisoa
oara
rai,
i, Bryb
Bryb Mivl
Mivld`
d`b.
b. Lgih
Lgihlf
lflsb
lsbsl
sl ^b
^b`b
`b Qslb
Qslb Fbdk
Fbdkut
ut.. @bfb
@bfbg
g
;Su`iyi, Bru ]. Satyiob`l, Hbghbdm. Bfwl, L`rus. Slgb`lhrbtb, Gbrcaffus. Satlbtl,
sltl
sltl.. Hueu
Hueu Bk
Bkbr
br Lfgu
Lfgu ^ady
^adybe
belt
lt @bfb
@bfbg
g A`ls
A`lsll Z, Kb
Kbeb
ebrt
rtb;
b; ^usbt
^usbt Ld
Ldji
jirg
rgbsl
bsl `b
`bd
d
^adarhltbd @apbrtagad Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg JEQL-XSCG 5 8>><. Obfbgbd ?1<-
?:0.
8. St
Staco
acogl
glff
ffar
ar KE, Ciwb
Ciwbd
d F, ]olt
]oltda
day
y K@, at bf
bf.. Mul`
Mul`af
afld
ldas
as ji
jirr to
toaa pr
prav
avad
adtl
tlid
id ij 
 prassura ufcars. ]iud` Xapblr Xamad 8>>?5 2:(8);212-2:?
 

LDEIDPLDADSLB
LDEIDPLDADSLB QXLD

^ADMAXPLBD
Ldei
Ldeidt
dtld
ldad
adsl
slbb ur
urld
ld b`bf
b`bfbo
bo eafu
eafubr
brdy
dybb ur
urld
ld yb
ybdm
dm tl`b
tl`be
e ta
tare
read
ad`b
`bfl
fl sa
saol
oldm
dmmb
mb
gadlghufebd gbsbfbo oymlada `bd sislbf. Ldeidtldadslb urld garupbebd gbsbfbo ybdm
beut `bpbt `lihbtl hlfb padybelt btbu gbsbfbo ybdm sarldm `lkugpbl pb`b pbslad marlbtrl
`bd gadlghufebd
gadlghufebd gbsbfbo jlsle `bd psleisislbf, sapartl `aeuhltus, kbtuo, `aprasl, `bd
lsifbsl sislbf.2
Ldeidtldadslb urld `bpbt harsljbt beut btbu parslstad.Ldeidtldadslb urld ybdm beut
`bpbt
`bpbt `lihbt
`lihbtll hlfb
hlfb padybe
padybelt
lt btbu gbsbfbo
gbsbfbo ybdm
ybdm gad`bs
gad`bsbrld
brldyb
yb `lbtbsl
`lbtbsl saparl
saparl ldjaesl
ldjaesl
sbfurbd eaglo, mbdmmubd easb`brbd, vbmldltls btrijle, ihbt-ihbtbd, gbsbfbo psleifimle,
`bd selhbfb. Ldeidtldadslb urld ybdm parslstad hlbsbdyb `bpbt pufb `leurbdml `admbd
 harhbmbl gi`bflftbs tarbpl.2
Ldeidtldadslb urld parslstad `bpbt `lha`bebd gadkb`l ;8
 Ldei
Ldeidt
dtld
ldad
adsl
slbb ur
urld
ld tlp
tlpaa urmadsl `lcl
` lclrl
urmadsl  rleb
ebd
d ifao
ifao ma
makb
kbfb
fb b`
b`bd
bdyb
yb sa
sarl
rldm
dm ha
hare
reag
aglo
lo,,
ea
eald
ldml
mldb
dbd
d ha
hare
reag
aglo
lo yb
ybdm
dm tl`b
tl`be
e tartb
tartbob
obde
debd
bd (u
(urm
rmad
adsl)
sl),, yb
ybdm
dm `l
`lsah
sahbh
bheb
ebd
d if
ifao
ao
ivarbetlvltbs itit `atrusir ebradb olfbdmdyb cidtrif daurifimls btbu lrltbsl ficbf
 Ldeidtlda
Ldeidtldadslb
dslb urld tlpa strass b`bfbo eambmbfbd gaebdlsga sjldmtar gadutup eatleb
b`b padldmebtbd taebdbd ldtrb-bh`igad gad`b`be sapartl harsld, hbtue, gadmbdmebt
 hbrbdm `bd tartbwb
 Ldeidtldadslb urld tlpa ivarjfiw `lclrlebd ifao gadmmafaghudmdyb ebd`udm eaglo
gafahlol
gafahlol vifuga ybdm saobrusdyb
saobrusdyb `lglflel
`lglflel ebd`udm eaglo,  pist-vil` rasl`u(^ZX)
rasl`u(^ZX)

42>> cc.
^adyahbh ravarslhaf `brl ldeidtldadtlb (@LB^^AXS)
 @aflrlug ir cidjuslid 7 `aflrlug btbu bcuta cijuslidbf stbta
 L djactlid,
djactlid, urldbry sygtigs 7 ldjaesl, makbfb trbetus urldbrlus
 Btrip
tripol
olcc ma
madl
dltb
tbff tr
trbc
bctt co
cobd
bdma
mass (v
(vbm
bmld
ldlt
ltls
ls ir ur
urat
ator
orlt
ltls)
ls) 7 btrijl
btrijl trbetu
trbetuss madltbf
madltbflb
lb
(vbmldltls btbu uratorltls)
 ^ obrgbcautlcbf
obrgbcautlcbf bmadts 7 ihbt-ihbtbd btbu zbt ybdm gadlghufebd ajae sarldm hareaglo
 sycoifimlcbf jbctirs 7 jbetir psleifiml
 ^ 
 xcass urlda pri`uctlid (axcass jful` ldtbea, vifuga ivarfii`, gatbhiflc suco bs
 A  bs
 

 Oyparmfycaglb ir oyparcbfcaglb) 7 eafahlobd pri`uesl urld (eidsugsl cblrbd ybdm

 hbdybe, eid`lsl ivarfii` btbu gatbhiflc sapartl olparmfleaglb btbu olparebfsaglb)
 Xastrlcta` gihlflty (coridlc lffdass, ldkury ir rastrbldt) 7 gihlfltbs
gihlfltbs tarhbtbs
tarhbtbs (padybelt
(padybelt
eridls, eacafbebbd btbu rastrbldt/ `llebt)
`llebt)
 S tiiflgpbctlid
tiiflgpbctlid 7 selhbfb

@LBMDISLS
Bdbgdasls
Jraeuadsl, urmadsl, dbeturlb, `lsurlb, oasltbdcy,
oasltbdcy, pbdcbrbd
 pbdcbrbd fagbo, tbdybebd jraeuadsl
gles
glesl,
l, hb
hbdy
dybe
bedy
dybb ea
eakb
kb`l
`lbd
bd ld
ldei
eitl
tlda
dads
dslb
lb,, ei
eids
dsug
ugsl
sl cb
cblrb
lrbd,
d, ma
makbf
kbfbb ml
mlda
daei
eifi
fiml
mls;
s;
 par`brbobd parvbrmldbg, lrltbsl vbmldb.0

^agarlesbbd Jlsle 
^agarlesbbd daurifimls; easb`brbd, darvus crbdlbfls, judmsl gitirle, rajfax spldbf,

`bd judmsl sadsirls. ^agarlebsbbd pafvls ; ldjfbgbsl btbu ldjaesl trbetus madltbflb `bpbt
gadldmebte
gadld mebtebd
bd sadsbsl bjarad ybdm gadyahbhebd
gadyahbhebd sadsbsl bjarad ybdm gadyahbhebd
gadyahbhebd
lrrltbtlva vil`ldm sygptigs.0
sygptigs.0

^agarlesbbd ^adudkbdm
Qrld fadmebp `bd euftur urld, ^ZX, ebrtu cbtbtbd hareaglo, mufb `brbo, ebfslug
`brbo `bd urld, parldaigatrl, uri`ydbglc stu`y.

PBPBFBESBDB

Parbpl udtue ldeidtldadslb urld tarmbdtudm pb`b padyahbh ldeidtldadsl urld.2

 Qdtue
Qdtue ldeidtldad
ldeidtldadslb
slb urld tlpa urmadsl
urmadsl `bd ivarb
ivarbctlva
ctlva hfb``ar,
hfb``ar, `lharlebd fbtlobd itit
`bsbr
bsbr pbd
bdm
mmuf,
muf, hfb`
hfb``a
`arr tr
trbl
bldl
dldm
dm,, scoa`
scoa`uf
ufaa ti
tilf
lfatl
atldm
dm,, `b
`bd
d ih
ihbt
bt yb
ybdm
dm ha
hars
rslj
ljbt
bt
bdtlgusebrl
bdtlgusebrldle
dle (bdtleifldar
(bdtleifldarmle)
mle) sapartl tiftari`ld
tiftari`ld,, sifljadbscld
sifljadbscld,, priplvbrld
priplvbrldaa btbu
ieslhutldld. Ihbt bdtlgusebrldle ybdm `lplflo sayimybdyb ybdm harsljbt urusafaetlj.
 Qdtue ldeidtldadslb urld tlpa strass, fbtlobd itit `bsbr pbdmmuf garupbebd plflobd
utbg
utbgb,
b, `b
`bpb
pbtt `lci
`lcihb
hb hfb
hfb``a
``arr trbldl
trbldldm
dm `bd ihbt
ihbt bmidls
bmidls bfjb
bfjb (obtl-o
(obtl-obtl
btl paghar
pagharlbd
lbd
bmidls bfjb pb`b irbdm uslb fbdkut).
 Qdtue
Qdtue ldeidtldadsl
ldeidtldadslbb tlpa iva
ivarjf
rjfiw,
iw,  parfu `lbtbs padyahbhdyb. Hlfb b`b sughbtbd,

 parfu `lbtbsl sughbtbddyb (glsbfdyb olpartrijl pristbt)

 

EIG^FLEBSL
Ldeidtldadslb urld `bpbt gadlghufebd eigpflebsl ldjaesl sbfurbd eaglo, facat pb`b
brab hieidm
hieidm sbgpbl
sbgpbl `admbd
`admbd uefus
uefus `aeuhl
`aeuhltur
tur ebradb
ebradb safbfu
safbfu faghbh
faghbh,, sartb
sartb kbtuo
kbtuo `bd
jrbetur belhbt tarpafasat ifao urld ybdm tarcacar.

^XIMDISLS
 Ldeidt
Ldeidtlda
ldadsl
dslbb urld
urld tlpa
tlpa str
strass
ass hlbsbd
hlbsbdyb
yb `bpbt
`bpbt `lbtbsl
`lbtbsl `admbd
`admbd fbtlobd
fbtlobd itit
itit `bsbr 
`bsbr 
 pbdmmuf, primdisls
primdisls cueup hble.
 Ldeidtlda
Ldeidtldadslb
dslb urld tlpa urmadsl
urmadsl btbu ivarb
ivarbctlva
ctlva hfb``ar
hfb``ar ugugdyb `bpbt `lparhblel
`admbd ihbt-ihbt mifidmbd bdtlgusebrldle, primdisls cueup hble.
 Ldeidt
Ldeidtlda
ldadsl
dslbb urld
urld tlpa
tlpa iva
ivarjfi
rjfiw,
w, tarmbdtudm pb`b padyahbhdyb (glsbfdyb `admbd
gadmbtbsl sughbtbd/ratadsl urld).

EIG^APADSL
 Spaslbfls ^adybelt @bfbg 5 B3, H0

 Eidsuftbd Marlbtrl

QDLP \BDM GADBDMBDL

 XS pa
pad`
d`l`
l`le
lebd
bd ; @ap
@apbrt
brtag
agad
ad Lfgu
Lfgu ^ad
^adyb
ybel
eltt @bfb
@bfbg
g – @l
@lvl
vlsl
sl Marlb
Marlbtr
trll

 XS did pad`l`lebd
pad`l`lebd ; Hbmlbd Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg

QDLP PAXEBLP
 XS pa
pad`
d`l`
l`le
lebd
bd ; @lv
@lvlsl
lsl Marlb
Marlbtr
trl-@
l-@ap
apbrt
brtag
agad
ad Lfgu
Lfgu ^ad
^adyb
ybel
eltt @bf
@bfbg
bg

 XS did pad`l`lebd
pad`l`lebd ; @apbrtagad ^adybelt @bfbg
 

LDSPBHLFLPBS
LDSPBHLFLPBS @BD KBPQO

^ADMAXPLBD
Stbbhlfltbs
Stbbhlfltbs b`bfbo prisas padarlgb `bd gadmldtamr
gadmldtamrbslebd
bslebd ld
ldpu
putt sadsirle sartb
garadcbdbebd `bd gafbesbdbebd marbebd udtue gadcbpbl tukubd ybdm gaghutuoebd
 pistur tambe, btbu gadmidtrif pusbt mrbvltbsl tatbp harb`b `l btbs fbd`bsbd padipbdm.2
Ldstb
Ldstbhl
hlflt
fltbs
bs b`
b`bf
bfbo
bo ea
eaeu
eurbd
rbdmb
mbd
d btbu
btbu ea
eaol
olfbd
fbdmb
mbd
d ea
eagb
gbgp
gpub
ubd
d gagp
gagpart
artbo
bobd
bdeb
ebd
d
stbhlfltbs8. Kbtuo b`bfbo subtu eid`lsl sasirbdm gadmadbl fbdtbl btbu pislsl ybdm fahlo
rad`
rad`bo
bo eb
ebra
radb
db ea
eatl
tl`b
`be
e ob
obtl
tl-ob
-obtl
tlbd
bd (ldb`vartadtfy
ldb`vartadtfy)) `a
`adm
dmbd
bd bt
btbu
bu tb
tbdp
dpbb pa
padu
duru
rudb
dbd
d
easb`brbd.
B`bdyb ldstbhlfltbs gaghubt sasairbdm harlslei udtue kbtuo.Eagbgpubd udtue 
gadmid
gadmidtri
triff pislsl
pislsl tuhuo
tuhuo ` bfbg
bfbg rubdm
rubdm garupb
garupbebd
ebd subtu
subtu ldtarbe
ldtarbesl
sl eigpfa
eigpfaes
es slstag
slstag
sybrbj `bd guscufiseafatbf ybdm `leadbf sahbmbl systag cidtrif pisturbf. Kbtuo tarkb`l
gbdb
gbdbeb
ebfb
fb sy
systa
stag
g ci
cidt
dtri
riff pi
pist
stur
urbf
bf tu
tuhu
huo
o mb
mbmb
mbff gad`
gad`at
atae
aesl
sl pa
parm
rmasa
asarbd
rbd `b
`bd
d tl`b
tl`be 
e 
garapislsl pusbt mrbjltbsl tarob`bp fbd`bsbd padipbdm (ebel, sbbt har`lrl) pb`b wbetu
yb
ybdm
dm tapb
tapbtt ud
udtu
tue
e gadm
gadmol
old`
d`brl
brl olfb
olfbdm
dmdy
dybb ea
easal
salgh
ghbd
bdmb
mbd.
d. Eid`
Eid`ls
lsll ld
ldll sa
sarld
rldme
mebf
bfll
garupbebd eafuobd utbgb ybdm gadyahbhebd pbslad `btbdm harihbt (eafuobd utbgb
`brl padybelt-padybelt ybdm kumb hlbs gadcatusebd sld`rig `aflrlug beu).2
Par`bpbt
Par`bpbt jbctir rlslei ldtrldsle `bd aestrldsle
aestrldsle udtue
udtue tarkb`ldyb
tarkb`ldyb kbtuo. Jbctir 
Jbctir 
ldtrldslc tarkb`l btbs jbctir ficbf `bd jbctir slstagle. Jbctir ldtrldslc ficbf; istaibrtorltls
mudb/vartah
mudb/vartahrbf
rbf fughbf,
fughbf,  pfbdtbr jbsclltls, eafagbobd itit eub`rlsap jagirls, mbdmmubd
 pad`admbrbd, mbdmmubd padmflobtbd, mbdmmubd pb`b bfbt easalghbdmbd sapartl vartlmi
ybdm
ybdm `bpbt
`bpbt `ltlgh
`ltlghufe
ufebd
bd ifao
ifao mbdmmu
mbdmmubd
bd bflrbd
bflrbd `brbo
`brbo ea itbe
itbe belhbt
belhbt olpare
olpareibm
ibmufb
ufbsl,
sl,
olparbmrambsl, btbu spid`lfibrtrisls sarvlebf. Jbctir ldtrldslc slstagle; padybelt pbru
ihstru
ihstruetl
etljj eridle
eridle (^^IE)
(^^IE),, pdaugi
pdaugidlb
dlb,, ldjbre
ldjbre gliebr
gliebr`
` beut,
beut, mbmbf
mbmbf kbdtud
kbdtudm,
m, ldjaes
ldjaesll
sbfurbd eaglo,
eaglo, mbdmmudbe
mbdmmudbe bflrbd `brbo ea itbe (olpareibm
(olpareibmufbsl,
ufbsl, strie, `bd trbdsladt 
lscoagl
lscoaglcc bttbct 
bttbct //PLB
PLB),
), `lbh
`lbhata
atass gaff
gaffltu
ltuss `b
`bd/
d/bt
btbu
bu ol
olpa
part
rtad
adsl
sl (tar
(tarut
utbg
bgbb kleb
kleb tb
tbe 
e 
tareidtrif)
tareidtrif),, pbrasls ldjarlir, padybelt
padybelt btbu sld`rig
sld`rig ^breldsid,
^breldsid, `agadslb, mbdmmubd
mbdmmubd
sy
sybrb
brbjj fbld
fbld sartb
sartb mb
mbdm
dmmu
mubd
bd gatb
gatbhi
hifl
flcc sa
sapa
part
rtll ol
olpi
pidb
dbtr
trag
aglb,
lb, ol
olpi
pimf
mfle
leag
aglb
lb bt
btbu
bu
olparmfleaglb, `bd olpieslb. Jbetir rlslei aestrldsle/fldmeudmbd bdtbrb fbld; bfbs ebel
ybdm tl`be sasubl, ebld/pbeblbd hbmlbd hbwbo tuhuo ybdm tarkudtbl, fbgpu rubdmbd ybdm
eurbdm tarbdm , fbdtbl ybdm flcld, hbsbo, btbu tl`be rbtb, jurdltura ybdm tarfbfu rad`bo
 

btbu tldmml, tbdmmb ybdm tbeb gbd, ebgbr gbd`l `admbd hbe gbd`l/cfisat
gbd`l/ cfisat tarfbfu rad`bo
btbu
btbu tldm
tldmml
ml `b
`bd
d tbe
tbe gagl
gaglfl
flel
el bfbt
bfbt hb
hbdt
dtu
u ud
udtu
tue
e ha
harp
rpam
ambd
bdmb
mbd,
d, tbfl
tbfl bt
btbu
bu eb
ebha
haff yb
ybdm
dm
 harsarbebd `l fbdtbl, ebrpat, `bd had`b-had`b `l fbdtbl ybdm gaghubt sasairbd
tarbdtue.2

Pbhaf 2.^adybelt Kbtuo2

^adyahbh Kbtuo Eatarbdmbd
Eacafbebbd Eacafbebbd gurdl (tarbdtue, tarpfasat, `ff)

Sldebp Olfbdm easb`brbd gad`b`be 

@rip bttbces Eafagbobd tudmebl hbwbo gad`b`be ybdm

gadyahbhebd kbtuo tbdpb eaolfbdmbd easb`brbd
^adybelt vastlhufbr, padybelt slstag sbrbj pusbt

@lzzldass `bd/ btbu Olpivifaglb btbu cbr`lbc iutput yb

ybdm
dm ra
rad`
d`bo
bo,,
vartlmi `lsjudmsl
`lsjudmsl itidig,
itidig, mbdmmubd bflrbd `brbo hble vadb,
tl
tlrb
rbo
o hbrl
hbrldm
dm fbgb
fbgb,, ol
olpi
pita
tads
dsll be
belh
lhbt
bt ih
ihbt
bt-i
-ihb
hbtb
tbd,
d,
olpitadsl pistprbd`lbf 
olpitadsl pistprbd`lbf 

Olpitadsl brtistbtle  @luratleb, bdtlolpartadsl, bdtl`aprasl mifidmbd trlslefle,

sa`btlva, bdtlpsleitle, olpbmfleaglb, bfcioif.

Ihbt-ihbtbd Harhbmbl padybelt beut.

Eir`li
Eir` livb
vbse
seuf
ufbr
br;; brltg
brltglb
lb,, pa
pady
dybe
belt
lt eb
ebtu
tup
p kb
kbdt
dtud
udm
m
(stadisls birtb), sldebp sldus ebrltl`

^risas padybelt  Daurifimls; PLB, strie, eakbdm, padybelt ^breldsid,

spid`lfisls
spid`lfisls fughbf btbu sarvlebf
sarvlebf (`admbd
(`admbd eigpradsl
eigpradsl
 pb`b eir`b spldbfls btbu cbhbdm sybrbj), padybelt
sarahaf
sarahafug.
ug. Ol`ris
Ol`risajbf
ajbfus
us taebdb
taebdbd
d dirgbf
dirgbf (mbdmm
(mbdmmubd
ubd
mbyb
mbyb hark
harkbf
bfbd
bd).
). Fasl
Fasl sy
syst
stag
ag sb
sbrb
rbjj pu
pusb
sbtt (tug
(tugir
ir,,
oagbtbg suh`urbl)

L`lipbtle  Pbe b`b padyahbh ybdm `bpbt `ll`adtljlebsl

 

@LBMDISLS
Bdbgdasls

Par`bpbt eafuobd parbsbbd sapartl bebd kbtuo, `lsartbl btbu tbdpb `lzzldass, vartlmi,
rbsb harmiybdm, rbsb tbe parcbyb `lrl udtue trbdsjar btbu gihlflsbsl gbd`lrl. Xlwbybt
 kbtuo, jraeuadsl, `bd mafbkb ybdm `lrbsbebd `btb kbtuo, rlwbybt padmihbtbd, `bd jbetir 
rlslei kbtuo parfu `ltbdybebd.0

^agarlesbbd Jlsle 
^ad`aebtbd
^ad`aebtbd `bfbg pagarlesbbd
pagarlesbbd kbsgbd
kbsgbdll `bpbt gadmmudbebd
gadmmudbebd sldmebtbd
sldmebtbd ‖ L Obta
Jbffldm‗  ybltu
 ybltu ;1
L ; ldjfbgbsl pb`b sad`l (`ajirgltbs sad`l)

O ; olpitadsl (irtoistbtle)
B ;bu`ltiry
;bu`ltiry bd` vlsubf bhdirgbfltbs
P ; tragir (padybelt ^breldsid btbu padybelt fbld)
A ;aqulflhrlug
;aqulflhrlug prihfag
J ; Jiit
 Jiit prihfag
B ; brltglb, oabrt hfice btbu padybelt ebtup kbdtudm
F ;fam-fadmto
;fam-fadmto `lscrapbdcy (belhbt jrbetur jagur glsbfdyb)
F ;fbce
;fbce ij cid`ltlidldm (madarbflza wabedass)
L ;lffdass
;lffdass

 D ; dutrlsl (stbtus dutrlsl hurue, eaolfbdmbd harbt hb`bd)

M ; malt
 malt `lsturhbdca

^agarlesbbd fbld `bpbt `lfbeuebd sapartl pb`b Pbhaf 8. 2.3

Pbhaf 8.Avbfubsl
8.Avbfubsl pb`b ^bslad Qslb
Qslb Fbdkut ybdm
ybdm kbtuo2
Avbfubsl Eatarbdmbd
Bdbgdasls
Xlwbybt ga`ls ugug
 

tldmebt gihlfltbs
Xlwbybt kbtuo sahafugdyb
Ihtbt-ihbtbd ybdm Parutbgb ihbt bdtlolpartadsl `bd psleitripleb
`leidsugsl
Bpb ybdm `lplelrebd Bp
Bpbe
bebo
bo pb
pbsl
slad
ad sb
sb`b
`brr hb
hbow
owbb be
bebd
bd kb
kbtu
tuo9
o955 Bpbe
Bpbebo
bo

 pbsladsahbmbl padyahbh ea
eakb
kb`l
`lbd
bd kbtu
kbtuo
o tarsah
tarsahut
ut sbgb
sbgb saebf
saebfll tbe ta
tar`
r`um
umb9
b955
 kbtuo 9 Bpbebo pbslad tarpafasat btbu tarbdtue9
Fldmeudmbd saeltbr tagpbt ]bet
]betu
u `b
`bd
d tagp
tagpbt
bt kb
kbtu
tuo5
o5 Sbes
Sbesl5
l5 eb
eblt
ltbd
bddy
dybb `a
`adm
dmbd
bd
 kbtuo  paruhbobd pistur, hbtue, hubdm blr eaclf, gagutbr 
eapbfb
Makbfb ybdm tareblt Eapbfb tarbsb rldmbd, `lzzldass, vartlmi5 pbfpltbsl, dyarl
`b`b
`b`b,, sa
sasb
sbe5
e5 makb
makbfb
fb da
daur
urif
ifim
imls
ls ji
jieb
ebff gad`
gad`b`
b`be 
be 
(eafag
(eafagbob
bobd,
d, mbdmmu
mbdmmubd
bd sadsir
sadsirle,
le, `lsbrtr
`lsbrtrlb,
lb, btbeslb,
btbeslb,
 hldmudm, bjbslb)5 Burb5 Ldeidtldadslb urld btbu bfvl
Olfb
Olfbd
dmd
mdyb
yb easb
easb`
`br
brbd
bd Bpbe
Bpbebo
bo ybd
bdm
m fbf
fbfd
dmsud
msudm
m `ll
`lld
dmb
mbtt ssam
amar
arbb sat
sataf
afbo
bo kb
kbtu
tuo
o9

Bpbebo
Bpbebo pbslad
pbslad `bpbt
`bpbt hbdmel
hbdmeltt eaghbf
eaghbffl
fl satafbo
satafbo kbt
kbtuo
uo
`bd kleb
kleb `bpbt,
`bpbt, harbpb
harbpb fbgb
fbgb wbetu
wbetu ybdm
ybdm `lparf
`lparfueb
uebd
d
udtue `bpbt hbdmelt satafbo kbtuo9
^agarlesbbd kbsgbdl; @agbg,, olpitarglb
@agbg olpitarglb,, jraeuadsl
jraeuadsl pardbpbsbd,
pardbpbsbd, jraeuadsl
jraeuadsl
Pbd`b vltbf db
db`l
`l `b
`bd
d taeb
taebdb
dbd
d `b
`brb
rbo
o sbbt
sbbt ha
harh
rhbrl
brldm
dm,, `u
`u`u
`ue
e `b
`bd
d
Euflt  har`lrl.
Gbtb Purmir, trbugb, eapucbtbd
Ebr`livbseufbr  Zlsus
Aestragldbtas Brltglb, hrult ebritls, tbd`b stadisls birtb, sadsltlvltbs

sldus ebritls
^adybelt sad`l `amadarbtlva, fldmeudmbd marbe sad`l,
 Daurifimls `apirgltbs jrbetur, gbsbfbo pi`lbtrle (ebfus, hudlid,
ufsa
ufsarb
rbsl
sl,, sa
sapb
pbtu
tu yb
ybdm
dm tl`b
tl`be
e sa
sasu
subl
bl,, ea
easa
sagp
gplt
ltbd
bd//
eahasbrbd, btbu rusbe)
Stbtus gadtbf, tbd`b jiebf, itit (eafagbobd, rlml`ltbs,
spbstlsl
spbstlsltbs
tbs),
), sbrbj
sbrbj parljar
parljar (tarut
(tarutbgb
bgb sadsbsl
sadsbsl pislsl
pislsl),
),
 priprlisaptlj, rajfaes, judmsl sbrbj crbdlbf, judmsl
sarahafug (tarutbgb ukl tuglt ea tufbdm earldm) makbfb

aestrbp
aestrbplrbg
lrbgl`b
l`bf;
f; tragir
tragir sbbt lstlrbo
lstlrbobt,
bt, hrb`le
hrb`lelda
ldaslb,
slb,
 

ma
marb
rbeb
ebd
d ld
ldvi
vifu
fudt
dtar
ar fb
fbld
ld,, ea
easal
salgh
ghbd
bdmb
mbd
d `b
`bd
d cbrb
cbrb
 harkbfbd `admbd gadmihsarvbsl cbrb pbslad har`lrl `bd
 harkbfbd (ukl mat
(ukl mat up bd` mi)
mi)

^agarlesbbd padudkbdm
Haharbpb pagarlesbbd (`bpbt `lflobt pb`b hbh prica`urbf) sapartl toa tlga` up-bd`-
 mi tast (PQM), ukl gadmmbpbl judmslidbf ( judctlidbf rabco tast ), `bd ukl easalghbdmbd
Harm (toa
(toa Harm hbfbdca suh-scbfa ij toa gihlflty ld`ax)
ld`ax ) `bpbt udtue gadmavbfubsl
judm
judmsl
sl gihl
gihlfl
fltb
tbss saold
saoldmm
mmbb `b
`bpb
pbtt ga
gad`
d`at
atae
aesl
sl pa
paru
ruhb
hbob
obd
d ef
efld
ldls
ls ha
harg
rgbe
bedb
db yb
ybdm
dm
gadyahbhe
gadyahbhebd
bd sassairbdm
sassairbdm harlslei
harlslei udtue kbtuo btbu tlghuf
tlghuf `lsbhlfltbs
`lsbhlfltbs `bfbg gihlfltbs.
gihlfltbs.
Ldstrugadt udtue gagarlesb easalghbdmbd `bd gihlfltbs judmslidbf `bpbt `lflobt pb`b
fbgplrbd
fbgplrbd 2.2 ^agarlesbbd
^agarlesbbd padudkbdm
padudkbdm `lparfuebd
`lparfuebd udtue gaghbdtu
gaghbdtu gadml`adtl
gadml`adtljlebsl
jlebsl
jbctir rlslei5 gadaguebd padyahbh/padcatus;2
 Fbeuebd pagarlesbbd daurifimls udtue gad`ataesl `ajlclt daurifimls jiebf, b`bebo
carahri vbscufbr `lsabsa btbu
`lsabsa btbu trbdsladt lscoaglc 
lscoaglc  bttbce 5 fbeuebd hrbld CP scbd kleb
scbd  kleb
b`b ld`lebsl
 @brbo prljar fadmebp

 Afaetriflt (tarutbgb dbtrlug `bd ebflug), uraug, erabtldld, mfueisb `brbo

 Bdbflsls mbs `brbo

 Qrld fadmebp `bd euftur raslstadsl urld

 Oagistbsls `brbo `bd bmrambsl trighislt

 Jiti tirbes, vartahrb, madu, `bd parmafbdmbd ebel (sasubl ld`lebsl)


AEM
 Ld`adtljlebsl jbctir `iglslfl (fldmeudmbd tagpbt tldmmbf)
^adlfblbd Xaslei Kbtuo B`b haharbpb gati`a udtue gadlfbl rlslei kbtuo pb`b marlbtrl
sapartl toa `iwdtiwd jbff rlse ld`ax `bd
ld`ax `bd rugus sapartl `lhbwbo ldl;:,=
Xugus gadmoltudm eagudmeldbd kbtuo pb`b marlbtrlc;:
Eagudmeldbd
Axp U-=.12<
Kbtuo
 

HBH ZLL
XAJAXADSL

2. @lraetirbt
@lraetirbt Kad`arbf
Kad`arbf ^admad`bfl
^admad`bflbd
bd ^adybelt
^adybelt `bd ^adyaobtbd
^adyaobtbd Fldmeudmbd.
Fldmeudmbd. ^a`igbd
^a`igbd
dbslidbf
dbslidbf padmad`bfl
padmad`bflbd
bd tuhareufisls
tuhareufisls.. Kbebrtb;
Kbebrtb; Eagadtarlbd
Eagadtarlbd Easaobtbd
Easaobtbd XL. 8>22.
8>22.
(@lraetirbt Kad`arbf ^admad`bflbd ^adybelt `bd ^adyaobtbd Fldmeudmbd, 8>22).
8. ^bd`ubd
^bd`ubd tbtb fbesbdb
fbesbdb tuhareufis
tuhareufisls
ls sasubl LSPC `admbd strbtaml @IPS udtue prbetl
prbetle 
e 

`ietar swbstb (@^S). Eagadtarlbd Easaobtbd Xapuhfle Ld`idaslb `bd Lebtbd

 

@Ietar Ld`idaslb. Kbebrtb. 8>28. (Eagadtarlbd Easaobtbd Xapuhfle Ld`idaslb,

8>28) .
3. Hrbudwbf`,
Hrbudwbf`, A. Jbucl, B.S. Ebspar, @.F. Obusar, S.F. at bf. Gycihbctar
Gycihbctarlbf
lbf `lsabsa;
Puhareufisls. Obrrlssid“s; prldclpfa ij ldtardbf ga`lclda. 2=to A`. Daw \ire;

GcMrbw-Olff Cigpbdlas. 8>><; obf. 2>>: - 2>8>. (Hrbudwbf`, at bf., 8>><) .

0. Xbob
Xbobki
kiaa DD,
DD, Saty
Satybd
bdti
ti @H.
@H. @l@lmb
mbdi
disl
slss tu
tuha
harc
rcuf
ufis
isls
ls pb
pb`b
`b bd
bdbe
be.. Xbob
Xbobkikiaa DD,
DD,
Suprlybtdi H, Satybdti @H, a`ltir. Hueu bkbr rasplrifiml bdbe. A`lsl L. Kbebrtb;
L@BL58>22.p. 2=>-?=.
?. Kbgas,
Kbgas, ].@.
].@. Harmar
Harmar,, P.M.
P.M. Afstid
Afstid,, @.G.
@.G. Bd`raw
Bd`raw“s
“s @lsabsa
@lsabsass ij toa Seld;
Seld; Cfldlc
Cfldlcbf
bf
@argbtifimy. 2>to A`. Sbud`ars Afsavlar. Cbdb`b.8>>>. (Kbgas, at bf., 8>>>)
<. Hrbudwbf`,
Hrbudwbf`, A. Jbucl, B.S. Ebspar,
Ebspar, @.F. Obusar, S.F. at bf.Obrrlssid“s;
bf.Obrrlssid“s; ^rldclpfa ij 
Ldtardbf Ga`lclda. 2=to A`. Daw \ire; GcMrbw-Olff Cigpbdlas. 8>><.
2>. @lrkad ^admad`bflbd ^adybelt `bd ^adyaobtbd Fldmeudmbd
bd.. ^a`
a`i
igbd

^adb
^adbtb
tbfbe
fbesbd
sbdbbd
bbd Ebsu
Ebsuss Gbfb
Gbfbrlb
rlb `l Ld
Ld`i
`ida
daslb
slb.. @ape
@apeas
as XL.
XL. Kbebrt
Kbebrtb.
b. 8>
8>>?
>?..
(Eagadtarlbd Easaobtbd Xapuhfle Ld`idaslb, 8>>?.
22
22.. [ald
[ald,, Qgbr.
Qgbr. Fapt
Faptis
ispl
plri
risl
sls.
s. Hueu
Hueu bkbr
bkbr Lfgu
Lfgu ^ady
^adybe
belt
lt @bfb
@bfbg.
g. Klfl
Klfl`
` LLL a`lsl
a`lsl LZ.
LZ.
Kbebrtb; ^usbt ^adarhltbd @apbrtagad Lfgu ^adybelt `bfbg JEQL. 8>>:. Obf
2?83-1. (Su`iyi, at bf., 8>>:).
28
28.. Cudo
Cudob,
b, Kiod
Kiod ^.
^. Fapt
Faptis
ispl
plri
risls
sls.. 8>>=
8>>=.. Bvbl
Bvblfbh
fbhfa
fa bt;
bt; (Cudo
(Cudob,
b, 8>>=
8>>=).
).
23
23.. @um`
@um`bf
bfa,
a, @bvl
@bvl`
` C. Fapti
Faptisp
splr
lris
isls.
ls. 8>>0.
8>>0.Bv
Bvbl
blfb
fbhf
hfaa bt
bt;; ot
ottp
tp;//
;//ww
www.
w.df
dfg.
g.dl
dlo.
o.mi
miv/
v/
ga`fldapfu
ga`fldapfus/adcy/
s/adcy/brtlcfa/
brtlcfa/>>23
>>23=:.o
=:.otg.
tg. Bccassa` @acaghar
@acaghar 8>><.
8>><. (@um`bfa,
(@um`bfa,
8>>0) .

20.
20. Haor
Haorgb
gbd,d, X.A.
X.A. Ka
Kads
dsid
id,, O.H.
O.H. Efl
Eflam
amgb
gbd,
d, X.G.
X.G. Fyg
Fygpo
pobt
btlc
lc Jlfb
Jlfbrl
rlbs
bsls
ls (Hru
(Hrumr
mrlb
lb
Gbfbyl,
2=
2=.. ^ab`
^ab`lb
lbtrl
trlcs
cs Cfar
Cfares
esol
olp
p Qdlv
Qdlvars
arslt
lty.
y. Poa
Poa Qdl
Qdlva
varsl
rslty
ty ij
ij Colc
Colcbm
bmi.
i.
2?
2?.. @lra
@lraet
etir
irbt
bt Kad`arb
Kad`arbff ^adm
^admad
ad`b
`bfl
flbd
bd ^adyb
^adybel
eltt `b
`bd
d ^adyao
^adyaobt
btbd
bd Fldme
Fldmeud
udmb
mbd.
d. 8>28.
8>28.
^a`i
^a`igb
gbd
d Dbsli
Dbslidb
dbff ^adm
^admad
ad`b
`bfl
flbd
bd ^ady
^adybe
belt
lt Eust
Eustb.
b. Kbebr
Kbebrtb
tb.. Eaga
Eagadt
dtarl
arlbd
bd
Easaob
Easaobtbd
tbd XL. (@lrae
(@lraetir
tirbt
bt Kad`ar
Kad`arbf
bf ^admad
^admad`bf
`bflbd
lbd ^adybe
^adybelt
lt `bd ^adyao
^adyaobtb
btbd
d
Fldmeudmbd, 8>28).
2<. ^bd`
bd`ubd
ubd ^af
^afby
bybd
bdbd
bd Ga`
Ga`le
le.. ^B
^B^@L.
@L.
8>. Slcoar
Slcoara,
a, S.O.
S.O. Sbgpsi
Sbgpsid,
d, O.B
O.B.. Jii`
Jii` Bffa
Bffarmy
rmy.. K Bffa
Bffarmy
rmy Cfld
Cfld Lggud
Lggudif.
if. 8>2>5
8>2>5 281
281;;

22:-81. (Slcoara & Sbgpsid, 8>2>) .

 

82. ^rbw
rbwlriobrtidi, A.^. Gbebd
bdbbd Sahbmbl ^adyahbh Bfar
arm
ml `bfbg Bfarm
rmll
Gbebdb
Gbebdbd.A
d.A`.
`. @kujjr
@kujjrla.
la. \imybe
\imybebrt
brtb;
b; Mbkbo
Mbkbo Gb`b
Gb`b Qdlvar
Qdlvarslt
sltbs
bs ^rass.
^rass. 8>>2.
8>>2.
(^rbwlriobrtidi, 8>>2).
88.
88. @bvl
@bvlas
as,, X.K.
X.K. Sarl
Sarl Easa
Easaob
obtb
tbd
d Hlgh
Hlghld
ldmb
mbd
d @iet
@ietar
ar pb`b
pb`b Bf
Bfar
arml
ml.. Kb
Kbeb
ebrt
rtb;
b; @lbd
@lbd

Xbeybt. 8>>3. (@bvlas, 8>>3).

83.
83. Ebry
Ebryb`
b`l,
l, ]. Qp`b
Qp`bta
ta id Soic
Soice.
e. ^arta
^artagu
gubd
bd Lfglb
Lfglbo
o Parp
Parpb`
b`u-
u-2.
2. Surb
Surbhb
hbyb
yb;; JE 
Qdlvarsltbs Blrfbdmmb. :-= Gal 8>>>. (Ebryb`l, at bf.,8>>>) .
80
80.. Obup
Obupt,
t,G.
G.P.
P. Jukl
Jukll,
l, P.E.
P.E. at bf.Bdb
bf.Bdbpo
poyf
yfbct
bctlc
lc Xabct
Xabctli
lids
ds.. Ld;Pax
Ld;Paxtt Hiie ij Crlt
Crltlc
lcbf
bf
cbra. A`s; Bea Mradvvle.Stapoad, G.Byras.^atar, X.]lfflbg, C.Soiagbear. 0to
A`.^olfb`afplb; ]H Sbud`ars Cigpbdy. 8>>>; p. 80:-1:. .
81. Eiury, S.L. Oarjaf, F.Q. Bdbpoyfbxls bd` bcuta bffarmlc rabctlids.
Ld;L
Ld;Ldt
dtar
ardb
dbtl
tlid
idbf
bf a`
a`lt
ltli
lid
d Agar
Agarma
madc
dcy
y Ga`l
Ga`lcl
clda
da.A
.A`s
`s;P
;Pld
ldtl
tldb
dbff
ffl.
l. Eaff
Eaffad
ad..
Stbpczydsel. 1toA`. Daw \ire; GcMrrbw-Olff. 8>>>; p. 808-:.

8:.
8:. Xaob
Xaobtt
ttb,
b, G.D.S
G.D.Syi
yie
e bdb
bdb fbet
fbetle
le pbt
pbti
i sl
slif
ifim
imll `b
`bd
d pa
padb
dbdm
dmbd
bdbd
bd `bf
`bfbg
bg Qp`b
Qp`bta
ta id
Soice. ^artagubd Lfglbo Parpb`u.Jbeuftbs Ea`ieatrbd Qdlvarsltbs Blrfbdmmb
Surbhbyb. .
32. Eag
Eagad
adta
tarl
rlbd
bd Easa
Easaob
obtb
tbd
d Xap
Xapuhfl
uhfle
e Ld`
Ld`id
idas
aslb
lb,, 8>
8>>:
>:.. ^a`
a`i
igbd
gbd Pbt
btbf
bfbe
besb
sbdb
db
@agbg Har`brbo @admua. Kbebrtb; Eagadtarlbd Easaobtbd Xapuhfle Ld`idaslb.
38.
38. Coad
Coad,, E. ^iob
^iobd,
d, O.P,
O.P, Sldt
Sldti,
i, X. @lbm
@lbmdi
disl
slss `b
`bd
d Par
Parbp
bpll Cblr
Cblrbd
bd pb`b
pb`b @agb
@agbg
g
Har`brbo @admua. Ga`lcldus. Kbebrtb. 8>><; Zif 885 p.3-=.
33.
33. ]OI.
]OI. @adm
@admua
ua Obag
Obagir
irro
robm
bmlc
lc Ja
Java
var;
r; `l
`lbm
bmdi
disl
sls,
s, trab
trabtg
tgad
adt,
t, pr
prav
avad
adtl
tlid
id bd
bd`
`
cidtrif. 8d` A`ltlid. Madavb. 2<<= .

30. Hrbudw
Hrbudwbf`
bf`,, A. Jbucl,
Jbucl, B.S.
B.S. Ebspar
Ebspar,, @.F.
@.F. Obusar,
Obusar, S.F.
S.F. at bf.
bf.Obr
Obrrlss
rlssid“
id“s;
s; ^rld
^rldclp
clpfa
fa
ij Ldtard
Ldtardbf
bf Ga`lcl
Ga`lclda.
da. 2=to
2=to A`. Daw \ire;
\ire; GcMrbw
GcMrbw-Ol -Olffff Cigpbd
Cigpbdlas
las.. 8>><.
8>><.
(Hrbudwbf`, at bf., 8>><) .
31. Hbetb LG. ^ad`aebtb
btbd Parob`bp ^bslad Bdaglb. @bf
bfbbg; Su`iyi B],
Satlyiob`l H, Bfwl L, Slgb`lhrbtb G, Satlbtl S. Hueu Bkbr Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg.
0toA`
0toA`.. Zif LL. Kbebrtb
Kbebrtb;; ^usbt
^usbt ^adarh
^adarhltbd
ltbd @apbrta
@apbrtagad
gad Lfgu
Lfgu ^adybe
^adybelt
lt @bfbg
@bfbg
JEQL. 8>>:. ofg :38-3:. (Su`iyi, at bf., 8>>:) .
3:. @lra
@lrae
etirb
tirbtt Ka
Kad
d`arb
`arbff ^ad
adm
mad`
ad`bflb
bflbd
d ^ady
adybe
belt
lt `bd ^ady
^adyao
aobt
btbd
bd Fld
Fldmeu
eudm
dmbd
bd..
^a`igb
^a`igbd
d Dbslid
Dbslidbf
bf Pbt
Pbtbfbe
bfbesbd
sbdbb Ldjaes
Ldjaesll OLZ `bd Parbpl
Parbpl Bdtlrat
Bdtlratriv
rivlrbf
lrbf pb`b
pb`b

Irbdm @awbsb.Kbebr
@awbsb.Kbebrtb;
tb; Eagadeas.
Eagadeas. 8>22.
8>22. (Eagadtarlbd
(Eagadtarlbd Easaobtbd
Easaobtbd Xapuhfle 
Xapuhfle 
 

Ld`idaslb, 8>22) .
3=. @kiarh
@kiarhbd
bd [,
[, @kbuz
@kbuzll S. OLZ/BL
OLZ/BL@S
@S `l Ld`i
Ld`idas
daslb.
lb. @bfbg;
@bfbg; Su`iyi
Su`iyi B], Satlyi
Satlyiob`
ob`ll
H, Bfwl L, Slgb`lhrbtb G, Satlbtl S. Hueu Bkbr Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg. 0toA`.
Zif LL. Kbebrtb; ^usbt ^adarhltbd @apbrtagad Lfgu ^adybelt @bfbg JEQL. 8>>:.

ofg 2?81-3>. (Su`iyi, at bf., 8>>: .

3?.
3?. Xbdl
Xbdl BB,
BB, Siami
Siamid`
d`i
i S, Dbslr
Dbslr BQ[,
BQ[, ]lkb
]lkbyb
yb L^,
L^, Dbjrl
Dbjrlbf
bf`l
`l,, Gbdsk
Gbdskia
iarr B (a`).
(a`).
^bd`ub
^bd`ubd
d ^afbyb
^afbybdbd
dbd Ga`le
Ga`le ^arolgp
^arolgpudb
udbd
d @ietar
@ietar Spaslb
Spaslbfls
fls ^adybe
^adybelt
lt @bfbg
@bfbg
Ld`idaslb. ^usbt ^adarhltbd @apbrtagad L^@ JEQL. Kbebrtb. 8>>?. ofg 28=-28?.
(Xbdl, at bf., 8>>?) .
3<
3<.. Lshb
Lshbml
mli
i O, Bfhb
Bfhbrr [, Ebskg
Ebskglr
lr \L,
\L, Satly
Satlyio
iob`
b`ll H. Fupu
Fupuss Arlta
Arltagb
gbti
tisu
suss Slstag
Slstagle
le..
Hueu
Hueu Bkbr
Bkbr Lfgu
Lfgu ^adybe
^adybelt
lt @bfbg
@bfbg Klf
Klfl`
l` LL. ^usbt
^usbt ^adarh
^adarhltb
ltbd
d @apbrt
@apbrtaga
agad
d L^@
JEQL. Kbebrtb. 8>>:. (Su`iyi, at bf., 8>>:) .
0>
0>.. Fidm
Fidmgi
gira
ra G, ]lf
]lfel
elds
dsid
id L, Pur
Purga
gazal
zal P,
P, Coau
Coaudm
dm CE
CE (a`).
(a`). Ixji
Ixjir`
r` obd`
obd`hi
hiie
ie ij 
ij 

cfldlcbf ga`lclda. =to a`ltlid. Ixjir` Qdlvarslty ^rass. Ixjir`. 8>>?. ofg 10>-
102. (Fidmgira, at bf., 8>>?) .