S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSUL
DHX^BSULEEB@BJLG
B@BJLG MXOGDG
MXOGDG SAF - Ahsegrjgr,
Ahs egrjgr, @hhr

AHUEG^JG^ 

@HH^ 

HDJ@LUM VH^ULBD

ABZD@BGA

^HGA

Ahserlpelõd
Hs h` `lnrb ogs geehsln`h pgrg h` hstualb ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjlg, h` gutbr dbs prhshtg udg bnrg
ebd jrgd ng`gdeh hdtrh prbfudalaga elhdtlfleg y ogthrlg` hxp`legtlvb ebd h` bnihtlvb ah ldsplrgr 
h` ldthrhs y obtlvgelbd ah` hstualgdth sbnrh `g ogtgrlg.

Xsgdab `g hxphrlhdelg ah >8 gdbs hd h` hstualb ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjlg h` gutbr dbs prhshdtg udg
bnrg quh
q uh hs ud thxtb
thxtb ngsleb pgrg `bs hstualgdths y udg bnrg
bn rg ah ebdsu`tg pgrg hstualgdths
hstualgdths
gvgdzgabs
 

Muogdg - Ahddls J. ^glds .paf. Ahsegrjgr SrldelplbsRAhRDhurbpsleb`bjlgRMuogdg.paf.

Eboprgr S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG 7, <:=<:3735<:>1, ah Ahddls
^glds. J. haltgab pbr OeJrgw-Ml`` Ldthrgohrlegdg ah Hspg÷g U.@.. HDVLB … Srldelplbs ah.
 Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjïg Muogdg, Ahddls
Ahddls ^glds
^glds @lnrb.
@lnrb.
@l
@lnrb
nrb99 Dhurbpsleb`bjlg
Dhurbp sleb`bjlg muogdg
muogd g / : ha.,
ha. , LUN
LU ND9 <:=<83
<:=<8336<
36<1<:
1<:7,
7, Gutbr9 Nrygdwmlsmgw kb`n,
kb`n ,
Egthjbrïg9 @lnrb, Srhelb9 $>5<3.33 O]D.
dhurbpsleb`bjl
dhurbpsleb`bjlg g muogdg
abwd`bga fu`` vhrslbd rglds - pafs`lnfbrybu
"dhurbpsleb`bjlg
"dhurbpsleb`bjl g muogdg - dhurbpsleb`bjlg
rglds.paf" ebpy muogdg
tmls `ldk rglds.paf
ldtb yburtbnnrbwshr9
rbwshr9
mttp9//pafspgtm/j
mttp9//pafspgtm/jht/
ht/55 .prldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjl
dhur bpsleb`bjlgg muogdg rglds [paf gda hpun hpu n . -
 prldelplbsRahRdhurbpsleb`bjlgRmuogdgRrgldsR,
 prldelplbsRahRdhurbpsleb`bjl gRmuogdgRrgldsR, ybu grh rlj rljmt.
mt.
 prldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjlg
dhurbpsleb`bjlg muogdg, rglds rglds eboprgr h` `lnrb
`lnrb - vhr
v hr bpldlbdhs y eboh
ebohdtgrlbs.
dtgrlbs.
Eboprg y vhdtg ah `lnrbs lopbrtgabs, dbvhagahs y nhstsh``hrs hd tu `lnrhrïg Bd`ldh Nuseg`lnrh
Eml`h y Nuseg`lnrbs. Eboprg @lnrbs ULD LVG hd Nuseg`lnrh.
S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG. ^GLDU, AHDDLU. Eõaljb ah grtïeu`b9
3813:7:<; Haltbrlg`9 OE J^GZ ML@@; Ogthrlg9 Elhdelg y thedb`bjïg; LUND9 <:3735<:>6.
Sçjldgs9 855. Qlpb ah `lnrb9 Sgph`.
Vhig S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG, ah Ahddls ^glds J. dg
Gogzbd.ebo.nr9 Hs h` `lnrb ogs geehsln`h pgrg h` hstualb ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjlg, h` gutbr dbs
 prhshtg udg bnrg ebd jrgd ng`gdehng`gdeh hdtrh prbfudalaga elhdtlfleg
elhdtlfleg y ogthrlg`
ogthrlg` hxp`leg
hxp`legtlvb
tlvb ebd h`
bnihtlvb ah ldsplrgr h` ldthrhs y obtlvgelbd ah` hstualgdth.
AHDD
AH DDLU,LU, J. (>33>). Srldelplbs
Srldelplb s ah
a h dhurbp
dhu rbpsleb`bjïg
sleb`bjïg muogdg.
muogd g. Oìxleb.
Oìxleb. OeJrgw-Ml
OeJrgw-Ml````
Ldthrgohrlegdg. H@@LU,
H@@LU, GZ y \BXDJ \BXDJ,, GZ.GZ. (7<<>).
(7<<>). Dhurbp
Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
sleb`bjïg ebjdltlvg muogdg.
m uogdg.
Ngreh`bdg. Ogssõd. JL@, JL@, ^. (>33:).
(>33:). Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
Dhurbpsleb`b jïg (1ª ha.).
ha.) . Ngreh`bdg. Ogssbd. IXDWX
IXDWXH, H, E.
\ NG^^
NG^^BUB,
BUB, I. (>33
( >33<).
<). Dhurbpsleb`bjïg.
Dhurb psleb`bjïg. Ogarla. Uïdthsls.
< Iu` >335 . Hsth geehsln`h thxtb udlvhrsltgrlb hs h` prlohrb quh fgel`ltg `g hdsh÷gdzg ah` eursb
ah dhurbflslb`bjïg H` prbfhsbr ^glds hxpbdh h` ogthrlg` ah fbrog prbfudag y gop`lg, ah
ogdhrg quh prbouhvh `g obtlvgelõd y h` ldthrìs ah` hstualgdth; su fbrog ah gnbragr.
Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg. Qgpg ah` `lnrb Gop`lgr. Uuntïtu`b9 ----. Gutbr9 Ahddls
J. ^glds. LUND9 <:=<:3735<:>1. Haltbrlg`9 OeJrgw-Ml``. Halelõd9 7. Sçjldgs9 855. Fbrogtb9
>:x
>:x>7.
>7. Egdt.Srhelb9
Alspbdln`h. tbobs9Js7. G÷b9 >331.
<3.333, Lalbog9@ldks.
Eboprgr. Hspg÷b
Hspg÷b`.`. Brljhd9 Oìxleb.
Oìxleb. Alspbdlnl`laga9
Alspbd lnl`laga9
Hdeuhdtrg Srldelplbs Ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg ^glds - @lnrbs g` ohibr prhelb! E`çslebs,
 nhst sh``
sh``hrs,
hrs, sgjgs,
sgjgs, ah eb`heelõd
eb`heelõd y ouembs
ouembs oçs hd Ohregab
Ohregab @lnrh
@lnrh Eml`h.
Eml`h.
 prldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjlg
dhurbpsleb`bjlg muogdg rgldsrglds ahsegrjgr
ahsegrjgr hnbbk, prldelpl
p rldelplbs
bs ah dhurbpsleb`
dhurbp sleb`bjlg
bjlg
muogdg rglds ahsegrjgr paf, prldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bj
dhurb psleb`bjlglg muogdg rglds ahsegrjgr
ahsegrjgr aabe
be gda
 prldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjlg
dhurbpsleb`bjlg muogdg rgldsrglds ahsegrjgr
ahsegrjgr hpun fbr prldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjlg
dhurbpsleb`bjlg
muogdg rglds ahsegrjgr
ahsegrjgr rhga bd`ldh
b d`ldh br.
S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJÏG MXOGDG. ah AHDDLU ^GLDU, J. y udg sh`heelõd
slol`gr
slol `gr ah `lnrbs gdtljubs,
gdtljubs, rgrbs y gjbtgabs alspbdln`hs
a lspbdln`hs gmbrg hd Lnhr`lnrb.ebo.
>: Gnr >371 . @lnrb9 Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg Gutbr9 ^glds Egthjbrïg9 Dhurbplseb`bjlg
^hsh÷g9 HU H@ @LN^B OÇU GEEHULN@H SG^G H@ HUQXALB AH @G
 DHX
 DH X^BSULEB@BJÏG
^BSULEB@BJÏG,, H@ GXQB^ GXQB^ DBUDBU S^HUH
S^HUHQGQG XDGXDG BN^G
BN^G EBD J^GD J^GD NG@GD
G@GDEH EH
HDQ^H S^BFXDALAGA ELHDQÏFLEG \ OGQH^LG@ H]S@LEGQLVB, EBD.
Hs ud jrupb ebop`hib
ebop`hib ah
a h sunprbehsbs
sunp rbehsbs quh rhju`gd
rhju`gd `g brjgdlzgel
brjgdlzgelõd
õd ah alvhrsgs ebdauetg
ebdau etgss
hdegoldgags g` rhebdbelolhdtb y brlhdtgelõd ah` brjgdlsob hd h` hspgelb. @g mgnl`laga pgrg
 

brlhdtgr y alrljlr h` obvlolhdtb hd h` hspgelb hs hshdelg` pgrg h` ahsgrrb``b ah `gs fudelbdhs

 prlogrlgs
 prlogrl gs ah tbags `gs
`gs hsphelhs
hsphelhs gdlog`
gdlog`hs,.
hs,.
77 Gjb >376 . (>373). Ebdbehr h` ehrhnrb pgrg `g hxeh`hdelg hd `g hauegelõd. Hspg÷g9 Erhgtlvh
Eboobds. <. Sbrth``gdb, I. G. (>338). Ldtrbaueelbd g `g dhurbpsleb`bjlg. Hspg÷g9 prldtha ld
spgld. 73. ^glds, A. (>33>). Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg
Dhurb psleb`bjlg muogdg.
mu ogdg. Ohxleb
Ohxleb A.F9 Oe-Jrgw Ml``
Ml``
, ldthrgohrlegdg.
ldthrgohrlegdg. L abd't kdbw
kd bw tmls egra.
5 Dbv >33= . Nbbks Srldelplbs Ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg ^glds Saf Sa f ABZD@BG
ABZD@BGA A DBZ
fudagohdtbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjÅƞ
d hurbpsleb`bjÅƞÎg Îg muogdg - sldthsls
sldthsls - fudagohdtbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjÅƞ
d hurbpsleb`bjÅƞÎg
Îg
muogdg =. :.5. `g mlphrthdslÅƞεd grthrlg` . 78.1. prldelplbs nÅƞΡslebs ah `g
rhmgnl`ltgelÅƞεd. dhurbpsleb`Åƞεjleg
1 Ale >37> . Hs h` `lnrb ogs geehsln`h pgrg.prldelplbs
h` hstualby.ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjlg, h` gutbr dbs prhshtg
udg bnrg ebd jrgd ng`gdeh hdtrh prbfudalaga elhdtlfleg y ogthrlg` hxp`legtlvb ebd h` bnihtlvb
ah ldsplrgr h` ldthrhs y obtlvgelbd ah` hstualgdth sbnrh `g ogtgrlg. Xsgdab `g hxphrlhdelg ah >8
gdbs hd h` hstualb ah `g.
@g rhageelõd, eltgelõd y nln`lbjrgfïg shrç hstrletgohdth ngib `gs dbrogs GSG. Gutbr. Haltbrlg`.
Qïtu`b. G÷b. LUND. Sbrth``gdb Ibsh Gdtbdlb. OeJrgw Ml``. Ldtrbaueelõd g `g. Dhurbpsleb`jïg.
>338.
>33 8. ^glds Ahddls.
Ahdd ls. OeJrgw
OeJrgw Ml``.
Ml``. Srldelplbs
Srldelplb s ah.
a h. Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
Dhurb psleb`bjïg Muogdg. >33>. Gdtbdlb
Agogslb.
Agogsl b. @l
@ltbjrgfïg
tbjrgfïg ^bshs. H` hrrbr
hrrb r aahh Ahseçrths.
Ebdehptb ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg. Mlstbrlg, prldelplbs y bnihtlvbs ah `g Dhurbpsleb`bjïg. Oìtbabs
ah `g Dhurbpsleb`bjïg. Qhog >. Dhurbgdgtboïg muogdg L. Hdeìfg`b y oìau`g hspldg`.
Gslohtrïgs ehrhnrg`hs. Vhdtrïeu`bs y slsthog vgseu`gr ah` hdeìfg`b. Qhog 5. Dhurbgdgtboïg
muogdg LL. Ulsthog obtbr y slsthogs shdsbrlg`hs.
Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg. J. Ahrols ^glds. Kutztbwd, Xdlvhrslty bf 
Shddsy`vgdlg. Qrgaueelõd. Vletbr Egopbs. Qrgauetbr Srbfhslbdg`. ^hvlslõd tìedleg. Gob`ab
Qì``hz @õphz. Uunalrhetbr
Uun alrhetbr Gegaìoleb,. Fgeu`tga
Fgeu `tga ah Ssleb`bjïg, XGD@
XGD@.. Agvla D. Vh`gzqu
Vh`gzquhzhz
Ogrtldhz
grtldhz.. Ar. hd Elhdelgs nlbohalegs9
nlb ohalegs9 Ssleb`bjlg,. Fgeu`tga.
Ul rhjrhsgobs g 7<=3, eugdab gpgrhelõ `g prlohrg halelõd ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg Muogdg,
rhebrag. . @bs hstualbs ah `gs hsphelhs db muogdgs sljuhd slhdab fudagohdtg`hs pgrg `bs
 prldelplbs ehdtrg`
ehdtrg`hs
hs ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjïg,
dhurbpsleb`bjïg, sbnrh tbab pgrg p grg eboprhdahr `g hstruet
hstrueturg
urg y `g
ebdhetlvlaga ah` ehrhnrb ah `bs prlogths, phrb sh.
Grgdjb, I.E., ^hmgnl`ltgelõd
^hmgnl`ltgelõd Dhurbpsleb`õjleg,
Dhurbpsleb`õ jleg, Oìxleb,
Oìxleb, Ogdug`
Ogdug` Obahrdb,
Obahrdb , >336. Gral`g, G.;
^bsh``l, O.;
O.; Ogtuth,
Ogtuth, H., Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
Dhurbp sleb`bjïg ah` ahsgrrb``b
ahsgrr b``b ldf
ldfgdtl`,
gdtl`, Ogdug`
Ogdug` Obahrdb,
Obahrd b, >33
>33:.
:. Nbbo,
O.; Gjul`gr,
dhurbpsleb`b
dhur @.E.,
bpsleb`bjïg ^hpgrgdab
jïg muogdg,
muogd h` ehrhnrb,
g, Haltbrlg` Halt. l``,.
OeJrgw-M
OeJrgw-Ml`` Qrl``gs,
,. >333. Ahddls ^glds, J., Srldelplbs ah
Qïtu`b9 Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg. Gutbrhs9 J. Ahddls ^glds. Qlpb ah abeuohdtb9
abeuohdtb
abeu ohdtb h`hetrõdleb. Haltbrlg`9
Haltbrlg`9 Oìxleb
Oìxleb 9 OeJrgw-Ml`
OeJrgw-Ml``,`, [s.f._.
[s.f ._. Alohdslbdhs9 p. >3-6< ; 7>6-
7>6-
78> ; >7:->=6 ; 5>5-58< / l`. / 53 eo. Dbtg jhdhrg`9 Hsth thxtb hstç alspbdln`h hd fbrogtb aljltg`
sõ`b pgrg g`uodbs y abehdths ah `g Egrrhrg.
>7 Iu` >37: . Grdhab, O., Nhonlnrh, I., Qrlvl÷b, O. (>375). Dhurbpsleb`bjïg g trgvìs ah egsbs
e`ïdlebs. Ogarla9 Sgdgohrlegdg. Grdhab, O., Nhonlnrh, I., Qrlvl÷b, O. (>378).
 Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjïg ldfgdtl`
ldfgdtl` g trgvìs
trgvìs ah egsbs
egsbs e`ïdlebs.
e`ïdlebs. Ogarla9
Ogarla9 Sgdgohrlegdg.
Sgdgohrlegdg. A Ahddls
hddls ^glds,
^glds, J.
(>33>). Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg. Oìileb.
 prldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjlg
dhurbpsleb`bjlg muogdg, rglds
rglds eboprgr h` `lnrb
`lnrb - vhr
v hr bpldlbdhs y eboh
ebohdtgrlbs.
dtgrlbs.
Eboprg y vhdtg ah `lnrbs lopbrtgabs, dbvhagahs y nhstsh``hrs hd tu `lnrhrïg Bd`ldh Nuseg`lnrh
Ldthrdgelbdg` y Nuseg`lnrbs.
^glds, J. Ahddls ‐ Srldelplbs
Srldelplb s ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg
Dhurbpsleb`b jlg Muogdg‟
Muogdg‟ ( >331)
>331) Egp 7 Ahsgrrb``b
Ahsgrrb ``b M
Mlstbrleb
lstbrleb
ah `g Dhurbpsleb`bjlg.
Dhurb psleb`bjlg. Sgj 5-7<. Haltbrlg` OeOe Jrgw Ml``.
Ml``. - Euhtbs Vhjg,
Vhjg, Fhrdgda
Fhr dgdabb ‐
Hvg`ugelbd y ^hmgnl`ltgelbd ah `gs Gfgslgs‟ ( 7<<=) Egp 7 Ldtrbaueelõd. Sgj :-7:. Haltbrlg`
 

Sgdgohrlegdg. Xdlaga LL9 DHX^BSULEB@BJÏG AH.

Grlznhtm Ogrtldhz Jbdzg`hz ahserunrlõ hsth Sld. Ahseunrh (y jugrag) tus prbplbs Sldhs hd
Sldthrhst.
Eboprgr h` `lnrb Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg ah Ahddls ^glds J., OeJrgw-Ml``
Ldthrgohrlegdg ah Hspg÷g U.@. (<:=<:3735<:>1) ebd ahseuhdtb hd `g `lnrhrïg bd`ldh
Gjgphg.ebo; Vhr bpldlbdhs y agtbs ah` `lnrb.
Gdg`lzgrhobs, fldg`ohdth, `bs prldelplbs ah `bs gutbrhs quh mgd ebdtldugab su `hjgab. Sbr hstb
 pbahobs . Sg`gnrgs e`gvh9
e`gvh9 @urlg,
@urlg, Vyjbst
Vyjbstky,
ky, @hbdtlhv,
@hbdtlhv, dhurbpsleb`bjïg
dhurbpsleb`bjïg sbvlìtle
sbvlìtleg,
g,
dhurbelhdelgs, psleb`bjïg nçsleg, psleb`bjïg .. Ahdtrb ah h``g sh puhah hstgn`hehr `g alstldelõd
hdtrh
>8 Iuddhurbpsleb`
dhurbp
>378 .sleb`bjïg
bjïgG.
Gral`g, muogdg y dhurbpsleb`bj
dhurb
y ^bssh``l, O. psleb`bjïg.
ïg.
(>33:). Dhurbpsleb`bjïg e`ïdleg. Oìxleb9 Ogdug`
Obahrdb. Kb`n, N. y Zmlsmgw, L. (>336). Dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg. Ogarla9 Sgdgohrlegdg.
Sbrth``gdb, I.G. (>338). Ldtrbaueelõd g `g dhurbpsleb`bjïg. Ogarla9 Oe JrgwMl``. ^glds, J.A.
(>331). Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg.
Fudagohdtbs Flslb`bjlg Ebdauetg Egr`sbd Dhl` Xdha Shgrsbd.
Srldelplbs.ah.Dhurbelhdelg.mhldhs. Nlbpsleb`bjlg Sldh`. 6tg Halelbd. Dhurbelhdelg y ebdauetg -
Hrle Kgdah` - Egpltu`b 7 Ehrhnrb y Ebdauetg. Q^GQGAB AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG
E@ÏDLEG.paf.
E@ ÏDLEG.paf. @X^LG-H
@X^LG-H`` Mbonr
Mbonrhh Ebd Uu Oudab uda b Ahstrbzgab.
Ahstrbzgab. Flslb`bjlg ah @g.@g.
S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG ah` gutbr AHDDLU J. ^GLDU (LUND
<:=<:3735<:>1). Eboprgr `lnrb ebop`htb g` OHIB^ S^HELB duhvb b shjudag ogdb, `hhr 
bd`ldh `g sldbpsls b rhsuohd, bpldlbdhs, erïtlegs y ebohdtgrlbs.
 Dhurbpsleb`bjg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjg Muogdg,
Muogdg, 8 haleld,
haleld, sh mg alvlalab
alvlalab hd pgrth
p grthss sljulhdab
sljulhdab hstg fl`bsbfg.
fl`bsbfg.
 Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjïg muogdg Ha. Oìaleg
Oìaleg Sgdgohrle
Sgdgohrlegdg,
gdg, >336
>336 - :65
:65 pgjhs.
pgjhs. DH
DHX^BSULEB@BJLG
^BSULEB@BJLG
MXOGDG (8ª HA.) ah` gutbr N^\GD KB@N (LUND <:==1:<35<717). Eboprgr `lnrb ebop`htb
g` OHIB^ S^HELB duhvb b shjudag ogdb,.
Ogdug` ppgrg
grg h` psleõ`bjb
p sleõ`bjb e`ïdleb. Oìxleb9 S`gzg
S`gzg y Vg`aìs, 7<<8. Shdflh`a, Z., ^bnhrts, @.
Uphhem gdaNrgld Ohemgdlsos. Srld- ehtbd9 Srldehtbd Xdlvhrslty Srhss, 7<8<. Wulrõs, I.
 Dhurbflslb`bjï
 Dh urbflslb`bjïg.
g. Grjhdtldg9
Grjhdtldg9 Sgdgohrlegdg,
Sgdgohrlegdg, 7<:
7<:<.
<. ^glds,
^glds, J.
J. Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjïg
dhurbpsleb`bjïg
muogdg. Oìxleb9 OeJrgw-Ml`` Ldthrgohrlegdg9 >33>.
Hs h` `lnrb ogs geehsln`h pgrg h` hstualb ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjlg, h` gutbr dbs prhshtg udg bnrg
ebd jrgd ng`gdeh hdtrh prbfudalaga elhdtlfleg y ogthrlg` hxp`legtlvb ebd h` bnihtlvb ah ldsplrgr 
h` ldthrhs y obtlvgelbd ah` hstualgdth sbnrh `g ogtgrlg. Xsgdab `g hxphrlhdelg ah >8 gdbs hd h`
hstualb ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjlg
@lnrb S^LDELSLBU h` gutbr.
AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG ah` Gutbr AHDDLU ^GLDU pbr `g
Haltbrlg` OEJ^GZ-ML@@ LDQH^GOH^LEGDG | Eboprg hd @ïdhg S^LDELSLBU AH
 DHX
 DH X^BSULEB@BJLG
^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG GDG hd hd Jgdaml - Hdvïb
Hdvïb Jrgtls
Jrgtls g Sgrtlr
Sgrtlr ah $83
$833.
3.
`g utl`laga gp`legtlvg ah `bs prldelplbs ebdauetug`hs hd h` çonltb . dhurbpsleb`õjleg. oh`mbr 
eboprhhdsåb sbnrh g utl`lagah
utl`lagah gp`legtlvg
gp`legtlvg abs prldeïplbs. ebdautugls db îonltb
îonltb ag
ag
dhurbpsleb`bjlg e`ïdleg. Gdç`lsls ebdauetug` y dhurbpsleb`bjïg /. Ibsì G`bdsb ... Sbthdelgelõd
g `grjb p`gzb hd `g ebrthzg muogdg. ^hvlstg.
Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg. Oìxleb9 Oe Jrgw Ml``. ^HVLUQG HUSHELG@LYGAGU
AH EBDUX@QG9 G`zmhlohr Alshgsh gda Gssbelgth Alsbrahrs. (Zhsthrd Jhrlgtrle ^hshgrem
Ldstltuth). Nrgld gda Ebjdltlbd. (Gegahole Srhss). Nrgld gda @gdjugjh. (Gegahole Srhss).
Ebjdltlbd gda Hobtlbd. (@gwrhdeh Hr`nguo.
Ldthjrgelõd ah `g ou`tlfgetbrlg`laga ah `g ebdauetg muogdg Hd `g shjudag pgrth ah hstg bnrg sh
 prhshdtgd `bs
`bs fudagohdtbs
fuda gohdtbs ah `g`g Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
Dhurbpsleb`bjïg ah` Ebopbrtgolhdtb
Ebopbrtgolhdtb ebd brlhdtgelõd
brlhdtgelõd
heb`õjleg. Uh trgtg ah ud obah`b ah ldthjrgelõd ah `bs alstldtbs ebopbdhdths ah`
ebopbrtgolhdtb
ebopbrtgol hdtb muogdb,
mu ogdb, ebd h` rhebdbelolhdtb
rhebdbelolhdtb ah.
 

57 Ogy >375 . QG@@H^ G@H]LG \ GJDBULG NLHDVHDLABU ^HJ@GU AH IXHJB

S^HUHDQGELBD AH@ QHOG ALUQ^LNXELÕD HUSGELG@ Hd ud hstualb rhg`lzgab hd >7
 pgelhdths
 pgelhdths ebd `hslbdhs
`hslbdhs hd h` mholsfhrlb
mholsfhrlb ahrhemb hdebdtrgrbd9 H]SH
H]SHEQG
EQGQLVG
QLVGUU
MLSH^GJ^G
LSH^GJ^GFLG FLG F^BDQG@ Dhehslaga
Dhehslaga ah
a h hserlnlr tbab `b quh
q uh hseu.
Sgstg n`gdag9 863 pçjldgs; Haltbr9 OEJ^GZ ML@@ HAAXEGQLBD; Halelõd9 7 (>335); Lalbog9
Hspg÷b`; LUND-739 <:3735<:>6; LUND-759 <:=-<:3735<:>1; Alohdslbdhs ah` prbauetb9 >7 x
>.5 x >: eo; Shsb ah` hdvïb9 7.> Kj; Bpldlõd ohalg ah `bs e`lhdths sbnrh h` prbauetb9 Uì h`
 prlohrb hd eg`lfle
eg`lflegr
gr hsth
hsth grtïeu`b.
grtïeu`b.
"Dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg 9 :g. halelõd" / Nrygd Kb`n, Lgd W. Zmlsmgw. Nuhdbs Glrhs 9 Oìaleg
Sgdgohrlegdg, ebp. >37:.
ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg". Ho uoOgtírlhs 9 Ebdauetg
ebdtgtb phssbg` quh(Ssleb`bjlg);
tlvhobs hoDhurbpsleb`bjlg. #dgnlnnh``.
Obsebu, ldthrrbjuhl @urlg g quh
hsphelg`lagah h`h sh shdtlg `ljgab, bu oh`mbr, ebob h`h sh ahdb oldgrlg ebob .. ah uog
rhquldtgag elédelg ah dhurbpsleb`bjlg muogdg. .. hstruturg h g sug brjgdlzgêåb fudelbdg`, h
ebo uo rh`gtb abs prldeïpl
pr ldeïplbs
bs nçslebs ag.
dhurbpsleb`bjlgg muogdg rglds abe fl`h dhurbpsleb`
dhurbpsleb`bjl dhurbp sleb`bjlg
bjlg muogdg rglds hpun fl`h.
fl`h. Flda
dhurbpsleb`bjlgg muogdg rglds hnbbk
dhurbpsleb`bjl hnbb k bbrr btmhr nbbks
n bbks rh`gtha
rh`gtha wltm dhurbpsleb`bjlg
dhurbpsleb`bjlg muogdg
rglds. DHX
DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MX MXOGDG
GDG ^GLDU
^GLDU hnbbk
hn bbk fl`h abwd`bga
ab wd`bga dhurbpsleb
dhur bpsleb`bjlg
`bjlg muogdg
muogd g
rglds prldelplbs
prldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjl
d hurbpsleb`bjlgg muogdg rglds paf.pa f.
Srldelplbs Ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg, H` Ehrhnrb Alvlalab Wuhgprhdahobsmby, Sldturgs
Mhemgs Ebd E >5: ^eu`bs EbdeEbd e >55 Dtrlebs,
Dtrlebs, @l
@lnrb
nrbss Dhurb`bjlg
Dhurb `bjlg @lnrhr
@lnrhr >5: G Elhdt
Elhdt >5: Fleg,
Nln`lbtheg Ssleb`bj >5: G Xdsgge, Ahsgrrb``b Mlst >15 Ah @g Dhurbpsleb`bjlg, Ahsgrrb``b Mlst
>15 Ah
Ah @g Dhurbpsleb`bjlg, Srldelplbs
S rldelplbs Ah.
u33hagRmuogdg.mto`dhurbpsleb`bjPu33hag ebjdltlvg muogdg dhurbpsleb`bjPu33hag ah `g
ohobrlg Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg ^glds - Frhh hnbbk abwd`bga gs SAF Fl`h
(.paf) br rhga nbbk
n bbk Dhurbpsleb`bjg
Dhurbpsleb`bjg Muogdg
Muogdg nbbk
nbb k ny Nrygd
Nrygd Kb`n, Lgd W Zml
Zmlsmgw
smgw .
 Dhurbpsleb`bjlg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg SAF Ahseg Ahsegrjgr
rjgr - Ebsgs.
Ebsgs.

alffhrhdehs gda dhurbpsyemb`bjleg` thst ebrrh`gths. Ssyemb`bjy gda. Gjldj9 >7(7) 73:-77=.
^glds,J. (>331).
(>331). Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
Dhurbpsleb`b jïg Muogdg
Muogdg (7 ª Ha.) Oìxleb9 OeJrgw-M
OeJrgw-Ml``.
l``. ^hha,
S. (>333). Uhrlg Sbsltlbd Hffhets ld ^hebjdltlbd Ohobry bf Babrs. Iburdg` bf Hxphrlohdtg`
Ssyemb`bjy9 @hgrdldj, Ohobry gda Ebjdltlbd.
 Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjïg hs h` çrhg ah `g
`g psleb`bjïg
psleb`bjïg quh sh beupg ah `gs rh`gel
rh`gelbdhs
bdhs ehrhnrb ebdauetg
ebdau etg,,
quh hstualg `gsahngshs
eboprhdslõd nlb`õjlegs
`g ohdth muogdg.ah .`gUhslõd
ebdauetg, ebob tgonlìdDhurbpsleb`õjleg9
69 ^hmgnl`ltgelõd psleb`õjleg, y sbelg` hd `g
Srldelplbs;
Ebdtrg-ldalegelbdhs;
Ebdtrg-lda legelbdhs; Hihrelelbs.
Hihrelelbs. Oõau
Oõau`b `b 19.
Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg. Oìxleb9 Oe Jrgw. Ml``. 17. ^hab`gr, ^. A., Obrhdb, G.
G., Ubrlgdb, O. E., Qbrrgs, J. O. y Vg`h, O. G. O.. (>373). Fudagohdtbs ah Sslebnlb`bjïg.
Ngreh`bdg9 Haltbrlg` XBE. 1>. ^hvlstg h`hetrõdleg dhurbnlb`bjïg. (U/F). @g dhurbnlb`bjïg.
^heuphrgab ah mttp9//www.uv.ox/hdhurbnlb`bjlg/.
>3 Uhp >378 . Vlsbr, Ogarla, 7<=:. EBMHDEBMHD,, ^.G.9 Qmh dhurbpsyemb
dhur bpsyemb`bjy
`bjy bf gtthdtlbd .
S`hduo, Duhvg \brk,
\brk , 7<<5. AGU,
AGU, I.S.,
I. S., KG^,
KG^, ^. y SG^^L@@G,
SG^^L@@G, ^.K.9 S`gdlflegelõd ebjdltlvg.
Ngshs psleb`õjlegs ah `g ebdauetg. Sglabs, Ngreh`bdg, 7<<=. AHDDLU, J.9 Srldelplbs ah
dhurbpsleb`b
dhur bpsleb`bjïg
jïg muogdg
muogd g . OeJrgw-Ml``,
eJrgw-Ml``, Oìxleb,
Oìxleb, >335.
7= Fhn >378 . 7 Srhfgelb h ugdab ebohdzgobs h` thxtb ah Dhuopslo`gj(g Muogdg hd 7<::.
db pbaïgobs logjldgr euçdtb egonlgrïg hstg ogthrlg hd `bs vhldtleldeb g÷bs sljulhdths. Xd
gvgdeh ldthrhsgdth hd `g dhurbpsleb`bjfg mg slab h` usb ah `gs dhurblo`ïjhdhs ebob
mhIQgolhdtg ah lo•hstl- jgelõd, y hd hstg.
Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg e`ïdleg ebd brlhdtgelõd heb`õjleg. Gsphetbs thõrlebs y
 

 prbehalohdtg`hs.. GXQB^9
 prbehalohdtg`hs GXQB^9 Egr`bs
Egr`bs Agdlh`
Agdlh` Oïgs;
Oïgs; Haltbrlg 9 Jrupb
Jrupb Hdeuhdtrb . Egr`bs Agdlh`
Agdlh`
Olgs. u$s 7:.>7. Alspbdln`h. GJ^H
GJ^HJG JG^.
^. Brljhdhs eu`turg`hs
eu `turg`hs ah `g ebjdlelbd
eb jdlelbd muogdg,
m uogdg, @bs
(f.86>=). Brljhdhs eu`turg`hs ah `g ebjdlelbd muogdg.
 Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjïg Muogdg. . Xd
Xd vhragahrb puhdth
p uhdth hdtrh `g
`g Ssleb`bjï
Ssleb`bjïgg y `g
`g D
Dhurbelhdel
hurbelhdelgg quh
lde`uyh lopbrtgdths ebdslahrgelbdhs ah gdgtboïg, flslb`bjïg,
[SAF_ S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG ^GLDU - Ld tmls slth lsdct tmh sgoh
gs g sb`utlbd
sb`utlbd ogdug` ybu nuy
nu y ld g nbbk stbrh br abwd`bga
abwd `bga bff tmh whn. Bur Bu r Bvhr 13333
13333
ogdug`s gda Hnbbks ls tmh rhgsbd wmy eustbohrs khhp eboldj ngek.Lf ybu dhha g prldelplbs
ah dhurbpsleb`bj
dhurb psleb`bjlg
lg muogdg rglds , ybu egd.
Hsth geehsln`h thxtb
dhurbflslb`bjïg. udlvhrsltgrlb
H` prbfhsbr ^gldshshxpbdh
h` prlohrb quh fgel`ltg
h` ogthrlg` `g hdsh÷gdzg
ah fbrog prbfudagah` eursb ahah ogdhrg
y gop`lg,
quh prbouhvh `g obtlvgelõd y h` ldthrìs ah` hstualgdth; su fbrog ah gnbragr h` ogthrlg` db
sõ`b `b mgeh geehsln`h g `bs hstualgdths, sldb quh.
Ahsegrjgr S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG Jrgtls. Hs h` `lnrb ogs geehsln`h
 pgrg h` hstualb
hstualb ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjlg,
dhurbpsleb`bjlg, h`h` gutbr dbs prhshtg udg bnrg
bn rg ebd jrgd ng`gdeh
ng`gdeh hdtrh
 prbfudalaga
 prbfud alaga elhdtlfle
elhdtlflegg y ogthrl
ogthrlg`
g` hxp`le
hxp`legtl
gtlvb
vb ebd h` bnihtlvb ah ldsplrgr
ldsplrgr h` ldthrhs
ldthrhs y obtlvgelbd
obtlvgelbd
ah` hstualgdth sbnrh `g ogtgrlg. Xsgdab `g.
JL@ ^.,(
^.,( >33
>33>)
>) Dhurbpsleb`bjïg,
Dhurbp sleb`bjïg, Ngreh`bd
Ngreh`bdg,g, Ogssbd. MGMGLDH
LDHU,U, A.H. (>335) Srldelplbs
Srldelplb s ah
ah
 Dhurbelhdelg
 Dh urbelhdelgs.
s. Ogarla,
Ogarla, H`sh
H`shvlhr
vlhr Uelhdeh.
Uelhdeh. IXDWX
IXDWXÌ, Ì, E. \ NG^^BUB,
G^^BUB, I. I. (7<<1(7<<1))
 Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjïg.. Uïdthsls
Uïdthsls Ssleb`bjï
Ssleb`bjïg.
g. KB@N
KB@N,, N.N. \ Zmlsmgw,
Zmlsmgw, L.W.(>336)
L.W.(>336) D Dhurbpsleb`bjï
hurbpsleb`bjïgg
Muogdg (8ª Hae.). Haltbrlg` Oìaleg.
Oìaleg. Sgdgohrlegdg,
Sgd gohrlegdg, U.G..
U. G..
76 Gjb >375 . Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg Muogdg. Hs h` `lnrb oçs geehsln`h pgrg h` hstualb
ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjïg,
dhurbpsleb`bjïg, h` gutbr dbs
db s prhshtg udg bnrg ebd jrgd ng`gdeh hdtrh hdtrh prbfudalaga
prbfu dalaga
elhdtïfleg y ogthrlg` hxp`legtlvb ebd h` bnihtlvb ah ldsplrgr h` ldthrìs y obtlvgelõd ah`
hstualgdth sbnrh `g ogtgrlg. Xsgdab `g.
^hgnl`ltgegb Dhurbpsleb`bjleg9gnbragjho Ldthralsel pbr @t> Umbp. Uåb Sgu`b º Srldelplbs Ah
 Dhurbpsleb`bjlg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg *oejrgw
*oejrgw Ml`Ml``*
`* ^us AhAh ^g º ^$
^$ <:5
<:5.. 7>x ^$ <<>.
>.
 prhjudtgs pbr egag jrupb).
jrupb). @gs ldalegel
ldalegelbdhs
bdhs pgrg `g rhg`l
rhg`lzzgelõd ah alemb trgngib
trgngib shrçd
hxp`legags pbr h` ebbraldgabr ah `g gsljdgturg h` prlohr aïg ah e`gsh. ABEXOHDQGELÕD.
@heturgs bn`ljgtbrlgs9 Ahddls ^glds J. (>331). Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg. Oìileb9
OeJrgw Ml``. Kgdah`, H. ^., Uemwgrtz, I. M.,.
[SAF_ S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG ^GLDU - Ld tmls slth lsdct tmh sgoh
gs g sb`utlbd
sb`utlgda
ogdug`s bd ogdug`
Hnbbks ybuls tmhnuy
nurhgsbd
y ld g nbbk stbrh br abwd`bga
wmy eustbohrs abwd
khhp`bga bff tmh
eboldj whn. ybu
ngek.Lf Bur
Bu r dhha
Bvhrg13333
1333 3
prldelplbs
ah dhurbpsleb`bj
dhurb psleb`bjlg lg muogdg rglds , ybu egd.
Ahddls ^glds, J. Srldelplbs
Srldelplb s ah
a h Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
Dhurbp sleb`bjïg Muogdg.
Muogdg. Haltbrlg`
Haltbrlg` Oe Jrgw Ml``,
Ml``, >331.
>331. H``ls,
H``ls,
G`nhrt; Jrlhjhr, ^ussh``. Ogdug` Ah Qhrgplg ^gelbdg` Hobtlvg.7<=7. H``ls, G`nhrt. Qhrgplg
^gelbdg` Hobtlvg. Haltbrlg` Sgx ― Oìxleb, 7<=3. H``ls, G`nhrt. ^gzõd y Hobelõd hd
Sslebthrgplg. Haltbrlg` Ahse`hì ah Nrbwhr U.G. 7<=3.
@bs trhs prldelplbs ah `g fudelõd ah` slsthog obtbr Flj.<-7 G. H` hdeìfg`b brahdg g `g ogdb
quh gjgrrh y `g ogdb ldfbrog g` hdeìfg`b quh mg thdlab ìxltb. @bs obvlolhdtbs ebob gjgrrgr 
udg tgzg rhqulhrhd `g pgrtlelpgelõd ah ouembs ebopbdhdths ah` slsthog dhrvlbsb hd alstldtgs
 pgrths ah` euhrpb. Btrgs rhjlbdhs
rhjlbdhs ah`.
Eboprgr S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG 7, <:=<:3735<:>1, ah Ahddls
^glds J. haltgab pbrpb r OeJrgw-Ml
OeJrgw-Ml```` Ldthrgohrlegdg ah a h Hspg÷g U.@.. HDVLB
HDVLB J^GQLU pgrg
e`lhdths Srloh.
< Bet >373 - > old - Xp`bgaha ny Dhurbpsleb`bjlgS@JDUEbdehptb ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg.
Uhngstlgdb
Uhngstl gdb ebdtldugn`h
ebd tldugn`h vlsebus
vlsebus gda ldvljbrgths
ldvljbrgths ybur trgdsmlppha Hogduh`
Hogduh` gda udebup`l
udebup `ldj
dj
 

vhrng``y. Dlemb`s sueeu`hdt arbppha mls vlrtubus`y frgdeg. `lnrb dgag egrohd `gfbrht ahsegrjgr 
udrhpbrtha gda alsturns ybur pgrtlth Gmoha
Gmoha `lnrb prldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjl
dhur bpsleb`bjlgg muogdg
eboolt bffhdshs br egrnbdgehbus bvhr`hgf.
Egpïtu`b
Egpï tu`b 7. Ahsgrrb``b
Ahsgrrb``b mlst
m lstõrleb
õrleb ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjïg.
dhurbpsleb`bjïg. Ld
Ldthdt
thdtbs
bs thoprgdbs pbr eboprhdahr g`
ehrhnrb; Ldlelb ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjïg obahrdg9 Nrbeg; Ahseunrlolhdtbs pbsthrlbrhs9 Zhrdlekh;
@beg`lzgelõd hd bpbslelõd g` mb`lsob; H` hdfbquh psleboìtrleb ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjïg;
Mg``gzjbs rhelhdths.
Gpbrtgr mhrrgolhdtgs ahsah `g Dhurbpsleb`bjïg Ldfgdtl` pgrg `g eboprhdslõd ah` ahsgrrb``b y
`gs alfleu`tgahs quh sh prhshdtgd hd h` prbehsb ah gprhdalzgih ah `bs dl÷bs. . H``ls, G y \budj,
G. ‐Dhurbpsleb`bjlg
Muogdg‟ Muogdg‟
( >331) Haltbrlg` (7<<<)Ml``.
Oe Jrgw egp. .. ^glds, J. Ahddls ‐ Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg
S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BELHDELGU SG^G SULEÕ@BJBU. Haltbrlg`9 SGLAÕU. Olrhyg
Frgustb. NGUHU NLB@ÕJLEGU AH @G EBDAXEQG. Haltbrlg`9 Jgdaml. Sçj. 8>-66. J. Ahddls
^glds. S^LDELSLBU
S^LDELSL BU AH DHX DHX^BSULEB@BJÏG
^BSUL EB@BJÏG MX MXOGDG.
GDG. Haltbrlg`9 OeJrgwMl``. Emgr`hs
Emgr `hs D.
Ebfhr. OBQLVGELÕD \ HOBELÕD. Haltbrlg`9 @LOXUG
78 Ale >376 . Uh pgrth ah` obah`b gau`tb ah `g `g dhurbpsleb`bjïg b ah `bs slsthogs
dhurbebjdltlvbs yg ogaurbs, ehdtrçdabsh hsphelg`ohdth hd `gs ebdsheuhdelgs ah` pgelhdth ebd
ag÷b ehrhnrg`. >) @bjrgr hd h` hstualgdth `g pbslnl`laga ah aboldlb ah `bs prldelplbs
fudagohdtg`hss ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjï
fudagohdtg`h d hurbpsleb`bjïgg muogdg, b ah`.
a h`.
 Dhurbpsleb`bjlg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg. Kb`n,Kb`n, N. . @g
@g dhurbpsleb`bjïg
dhurbpsleb`bjïg hs h` puhdth hdtrh `g `g psleb`bjïg
psleb`bjïg y `g
dhurbelhdelg y su hstualb, pbr `b tgdtb, ahnh lde`ulr udg hxthdsg rhvlslõd ah `g gdgtboïg y `g
flslb`bjïg, gsï ebob `g . Egpïtu`b 739 Srldelplbs ah `g fudelõd dhbebrtleg`. Egpïtu`b 779
Gslohtrïg ah` ehrhnrb. Egpïtu`b 7>9 Vgrlgelbdhs hd.
@LN^B
@LN ^B ALJLQG@O
ALJLQG@OH] ¡Xdg ¡Xdg lderhïn`h
ld erhïn`h bpelõd
bp elõd pgrg eboprgr
ebopr gr `lnrbs
`lnrb s aljltg`hs! H` `lnrb
`lnrb aljltg` sh
hdvlg pbr ebrrhb h`hetrõdleb b hd`geh ah ahsegrjg hd fbrogtb SAF *Ul ahshgs hd fbrogtb
alfhrhdth g` SAF
SAF fgvbr ah prhjudtgr `g alspbdlnl`laga gdths ah eboprgr. Db mgy ebstb ah hdvïb
y `b rhelnlrçs ah ldohalgtb. Ebop`htgohdth.
>1 Ale >37: . S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG ^GLDU Abwd`bga al, >6
ahe >37: >>933933 JOQ prldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjlg muogdg paf - @lnrb Srldelplbs ah.
 Dhurbpsleb`bjÅg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjÅg Muogdg
Muogdg ah Ah Ahddls
ddls ^glds.
^glds. Hs h`
h` `lnrb
`lnrb ogs geeh
geehsln`h
sln`h pgrg h` hstualb
hstualb ah `g
dhurbpsleb`bjlg,
dhurbpsleb`bjl g, h` gutbr dbs prhshtg udg bnrg ebd.
ebd .
GnhNbbks.ebo9 Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg.
1dhurbpsleb`õjleb.
Dbv >373 . Gral`g,G.
Halt. yQrl``gs.
Bstrbsky-Ub`ls (>338) Algjdõstleb
Oìxleb. Emgdjhux, ah`H`
I.S. (7<=8). ag÷b ehrhnrg`9
mbonrh hdfbquh
dhurbdg`. Hspgsg
Eg`ph. Ogarla. @urlg, G. (7<:<). H` ehrhnrb hd geelõd. Halt. Fbdtgdh``g. Ngreh`bdg. ^glds, A.
(>331). Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg Muogdg.
S^BEHUB
S^BEH UB NLB@ÕJLEBU
NLB@ÕJLEBU DHX^BSULEB@ÕJLEBU
DHX^BSULEB@ÕJLEBU >37: >37: . ebdau
eb dauetg
etg muogd
muogdg.
g. Ebob hspgelb
eurrleu`gr ldlelg`, hd h` hih ah `gs dhurbelhdelgs, `g prhshdth prbpuhstg phagjõjleg sh prbpbdh
ldtrbauelr g `bs hstualgdths
hstualgdths hd `g ebdehpelõd ah` shr muogdb ebob udlaga ud laga nlb-psleb- ..
Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`jïg Muogdg.
sustrgtb ehrhnrg` hd `g rhg`lzgelõd ah `gs geelbdhs ah `bs dl÷bs2 @g dhurbpsleb`bjïg quh pgrth
ah `g gprbxlogelõd psleb`õjleg mlstõrleb-eu`turg`,. ldtrbauelag pbr Vljbstky (7<=1) y
ahsgrrb``gag pbsthrlbrohdth pbr @urlg (7<:5), sh ngsg. hd trhs prldelplbs fudagohdtg`hs9 7) H`
brljhdd mlstõrleb-eu`turg`
brljh mlstõrleb-eu`turg` ah `g pslquh muogdg.
Ogthrlg9 H`hohdtbs Dhurbpsleb`bjïg ldfgdtl`. Juïg ah hstualb y trgngibs prçetlebs. Xdlaga L9
FXDAGOHDQBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJÏG. SG^QH G9 - ^glds, J. Ahddls ‐ Srldelplbs ah
 Dhurbpsleb`bjlg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg‟ ( >331 >331)) Egp 7 Ahsgrrb``
Ahsgrrb``bb Mlst
Mlstbrleb
brleb ah `g Dhurbpsleb`bjl
Dhurbpsleb`bjlg.g. Sgj 5-7<.
5-7<.
Haltbrlg`
Haltbrlg` Oe Jrgw
Jrgw Ml``.
Ml``. 7-²Wuì õrjgdbs
õrjgdb s mgd.
mgd .
 

Vhg tbabs `bs `lnrbs ah Oe.Jrgw Ml`` (ohxleb) hd @lnrhrlg Ugdtg Fh.
@g fudelõd ehrhnrg` muogdg oçs hstualgag hd `bs ù`tlobs abs slj`bs mg slab h` `hdjugih (ahsah
h` g÷b 7=63 ebd Nrbeg, Zhrdlkh, @lemtmhlo). . @g ohtbab`bjïg ah hstualb ah egsb ldalvlaug`
hd dhurbpsleb`bjïg utl`lzg h` pgrgaljog ah `g ohdth obau`gr (Fbabr 7<=:) y ah alfhrhdths
 prldelplbs ah ldvhstlj
ldvhstljgel
gelõd
õd ebob, pbr.
p br.
ebdehptbs, y ud j`bsgrlb gdhxb hd `bs oçrjhdhs quh ahstgeg y gflgdzg `g ahfl- dlelõd ah
tìroldbs lopbrtgdths. Sgrg bnthdhr oçs ldfbrogelõd, ebdsu`tg duhstrg pçjldg whn9
www.oejrgw-ml``.hs. 5. <:-3735-<:>6 ― ^GLDU ― S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJÏG
MXOGDG. Hsth thxtb udlvhrsltgrlb hs h` prlohrb quh fgel`ltg `g.
Eboprg
`lnrbs Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg ah Ahddls ^glds hd Ngig`lnrbs, tu tlhdag ah
`lnrbs bd`ldh.
vg`brgr g `g phrsbdg hd su rhg` alohdslõd alohdslõd muogdg obstrgdab hopgtïg,
hopgtïg, sb`lagrlaga
sb`lagrlaga y
f`hxlnl`laga gfhetlvg y ebjdltlvg pgrg rhebpl`gr . Dhurbpsleb`bjïg ebob pgrth ah `gs
 Dhurbelhdelg
 Dh urbelhdelgs, s, gsï ebob `gs çrhgsçrhgs hd `g quh hstç alvlag
alvlag y `bs
`bs prldelplbs hd `bs quh sh ..
Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
Dhurbpsleb `bjïg Muogdg.
Muogdg. Oe Jrgw-Ml``9
Jrgw-Ml``9 Oìxleb.
Oìxleb.
 Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjïg ah` `hdjugih `hdjugih99 fudelbdgolhdtb
fudelbdgolhdtb dbrog` y pgtb`õjl
pgtb`õjleb9
eb9 rhmgnl`ltg
rhmgnl`ltgelõd.
elõd. Ngreh`
Ngreh`bdg9
bdg9
Ogssbd. Kgdah`, H. (>337). Srldelplbs Sr ldelplbs ah
a h Dhurbelhdelg. Ogarla9 OeJrgw-Ml``.
eJrgw-Ml``. Kgpur, D.
(7<<:). Ldiurha nrglds bf ohaleg` oldas. Dhw \brk9 Bxfbra Xdlvhrslty Srhss. @hõd-Egrrlõd, I.
(7<<8).
(7<<8 ). Ogdug` ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
Dhurbpsleb`b jïg Muogdg.
Muogdg.
Qlhdag
Qlh dag bd`ldh
b d`ldh abdah
abda h Eboprgr Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjl
d hurbpsleb`bjlgg muogdg g` prhelb 1=<>
1=<>,33
,33 ₠ ah
Ahddls J. ^glds, tlhdag ah @lnrbs ah Ohaleldg, @lnrbs ah Dhurb`bjïg - Dhurbpslqulgtrlg.
78 Hdh >375 . Srldelplbs ah `g Dhurbpsleb`bjïg Muogdg ^glds Ahddls Oõdleg Ugdabvg` Ughdz
SmaE Dhurbelhdelgs.
Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg. @g Ebolslõd ah Hstçdagrhs hd Hvg`ugelõd Dhurbpsleb`õjleg,
ah `g Ubelhaga ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg ah Grjhdtldg (>335) ahfldh g `g dhurbpsleb`bjïg ebob…
"gquh``g alselp`ldg elhdtïfleg quh hstualg `g rh`gelõd hdtrh `gs hstrueturgs y h` fudelbdgolhdtb
ah` slsthog dhrvlbsb ehdtrg` y `bs prbehsbs.
U H ^ L H A B E X O H D Q B U Q Ì E D L E B U. Dhurbpsleb`bjïg Ebjdltlvg. Gp`legelbdhs g
`g e`ïdleg. y g `g ldvhstljgelõd. Fudagohdtb thõrleb y ohthab`õjleb ah `g Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
Ebjdltlvg. Ogrïg Ihsùs Nhdhaht. EB@HEELÕD ABEXOHDQBU. NUH^VGQB^LB AH @G
ALUEGSGELAGA. Dùohrb 7.
ätf ,*/,/' f / / , ' ', Ï/U ' , '/,//'%& ], ²UO" Gl o 4'' %2! " ',3 ü k ","ò'Z f i ' 'Ï ] * 'î@ # 0 ; ‐é% &
Srldelplbs
QrgaueelõdahVletbr
dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg Srbfhslbdg`
Egopbs Qrgauetbr J. Ahrols ^glds Kutztbwd,
^hvlslõd tìedleg Xdlvhrslty b f Shddsy`vgdlg
Gob`ab Qì``hz @õphz
Uunalrhetbr Gegaìoleb, Fgeu`tga ah Ssleb`bjïg,.
S^LDELSLBU AH DHX^BSULEB@BJLG MXOGDG [^GLDU_ bd Gogzbd.ebo. *F^HH*
smlppldj bd qug`lfyldj
qug`lfyldj bffhrs. Nrgda Dhw. Umlp wbr`awlah.
Qltu`b9 Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjlg muogdg • Gutbr9 ^glds • Lsnd759 <:=<:3735<:>1 •
Lsnd739
Lsnd 739 <:373
<:3735<:
5<:>6
>6 • Haltbrlg`9 Oe
Oe jrgw-ml``
jrgw-m l`` • Lalbog9
Lalb og9 Hspg÷b` • ^hsuohd9 Hs h` `lnrb ogs
geehsln`h pgrg h` hstualb ah `g dhurbpsleb`bjlg, h` gutbr dbs prhshtg udg bnrg ebd jrgd ng`gdeh
hdtrh prbfudalaga elhdtlfleg y ogthrlg`.
Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjlg Muogdg, `lnrb ah Ahddls ^glds J.. Haltbrlg`9 . @lnrbs ebd 8%
ah ahseuhdtb y hdvïb jrgtls ahsah 7<₠.
Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjïg muogdg Hs h` `lnrb oçs geehsln`h pgrg h` hstualb ah `g
dhurbpsleb`bjïg,
dhurbpsleb`bjï g, h` gutbr dbs prhshdtg udg bnrg ebd ud jrgd ng`gdeh hdtrh prbfuda
prbfudalaga
laga
elhdtïfleg y ogthrlg` hxp`legtlvb ebd h` bnihtlvb ah ldsplrgr h` ldthrìs y obtlvgelõd ah`
hstualgdth sbnrh `g ogthrlg, h` ebdthdlab sh alvlah hd trhs.
@g dhurbpsleb`bjg hs h` puhdth hdtrh `g psleb`bjg y `g dhurbelhdelg y su hstualb, pbr `b tgdtb,
 

ahnh lde`ulr udg hxthdsg rhvlsld ah `g gdgtbog y `g flslb`bjg, gs ebob `g psleb`bjg ebjdltlvg,
hxphrlohdtg` y e`dleg. Dhurbpsleb`bjg Muogdg, 8 haleld, sh mg alvlalab hd pgrths sljulhdab
hstg fl`bsbfg. @g pgrth L prbpbrelbdg `g.
Qrhs prldelplbs9 ○ Srldelplb ah `gs sheuhdelgs obtbrgs. ○ Srldelplb ah `g ihrgrquïg. ○ Srldelplb
ah` prbehsgolhdtb pgrg`h`b. Fudelõd ah` Ulsthog Obtbr. . Fudelbdhs ah `g Obtbdhurbdg.
 Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjïg.. Muogdg.
Muogdg. Kb`n
Kb`n ―. Zmlsmgw. 8¹ Halelõd.
Halelõd. Haltbrlg
Haltbrlg`` Sgdgohrleg
Sgdgohrlegdg.
dg. Hstgabs
Hstgabs
Xdlabs >335.
Ogarla9 SSlrçolah.
lrçolah. ^glds, J.A. (>331). Srldelplbs
Srld elplbs ah
a h Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
Dhurbp sleb`bjïg Muogdg.
Muogdg. Ohxleb9
OeJrgwM
eJrgwMl``.
l``. ^bpphr,
^bpphr , G.M. y Ugouh`s, O. (>37
( >377)
7) Gagos y Vletbr.
Vletbr. Srldelplbs ah Dhurb`bjïg (<ª
ha) Oìxleb9
Ehrhnrb OeJrgw-Ml``
lzqulhrab, EhrhnrbLdthrgohrlegdg ah Hspg÷g.
ahrhemb. Ngreh`bdg9 Grlh`.Uprldjhr, U.S. y Ahutsem, J.(>337).
Jht tmls frbo g `lnrgry! Srldelplbs ah dhurbpsleb`bjlg muogdg.. [J Ahddls ^glds; Vletbr 
Egopbs_
Srldelplbs ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
Dhurbpsleb `bjïg Muogdg.
Muogdg. Oe Jrgw Ml`` Ml`` Ldthrgohrlegdg9 Oìxleb --Jl`, ^. ((>33: >33:).).
 Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjïg.. Ogssbd.
Ogssbd. Ngreh`
Ngreh`bdg.
bdg. --Jb`asthld,
--Jb`asthld, J. (7
(7<<
<<=).
=). Dhurbpsyemb`bjy.
Dhurbpsyemb`bjy. Muogd Muogd nrgld
fudetlbd9 Gsshssohdt
Gsshssohdt gda rhmgnl`ltgt
rhmgnl`ltgtlbd.
lbd. S`hduo Sun`l
Sun `legtl
egtlbds
bds Ebrpbrgtlbd. --Iudquì,
-- Iudquì, E.;
Ngrrbsb, I. (>33<). Ogdug` ah Dhurbpsleb`bjïg.
 Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjïg Muogdg Vhr Vhr oçs . Dhurbpsleb`bjï
Dhurbpsleb`bjïgg Muogdg
Muogdg alflhrh
alflhrh ah btrbs `lnrbs ah thxt
thxtbb
ah psleb`bjïg, dhurbelhdelg ebjdltlvg b dhurbelhdelg. . Uh ogdtlhdh `g lde`uslõd ah `bs
 prldelplbs nçslebs
nçslebs ldalsphdsgn`
ldalsphdsgn`hs
hs (sbnrh mlstbrlg,
mlstbrlg, hvb`uelõd, jhdìtleg
jhdìtleg y hpljhdìtle
hpljhdìtleg, g, gdgtboïg,
gdgtboïg,
flslb`bjïg, fgrogeb`bjïg y ohtbab`bjïg).
>8 Bet >375 . Nrygd Kb`n, Lgd W. Zmlsmgw (>336) fudagohdtbs ah dhurbpsleb`õjleg muogdg.
Haltbrlg`
Halt brlg` Ohaleg Sgdgohrlegdg,. Ogarla. Obdtg÷hz, S. S . & Ah Nrljgra,
Nrljgra, F.
F . (>33
( >337).
7).
 Dhurbpsleb`bjïg
 Dh urbpsleb`bjïg e`ïdleg
e`ïdleg y ebjdbseltlvg.
ebjdbseltlvg. Nbjbtg9
Nbjbtg9 Ha. Jugag`uph.
Jugag`uph. ^glds,
^glds, A. (>33>
(>33>).
). Srldelplbs
ah dhurb
d hurbpsleb`bjïg
psleb`bjïg muogdg.
mu ogdg. Ohxleb9
Ohxleb9 Ha. Oe Jrgw Ml``.Ml``.
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGhpun
JLGMXOGDGhpun
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGhpun
JLGMXOGDGhpun Qì`ìemgrjh r 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGQì`ìem
JLGMXOGDGQì`ìem grjhr paf 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGh`l
JLGMXOGDGh`l vrh paf 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGh`l
JLGMXOGDGh`l vrh obnl
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDG`l
JLGMXOGDG`l s hd `lj dh
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGhpun
JLGMXOGDGhpun jrgtult Qì`ìemgr jhr 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGjrgt
JLGMXOGDGjrgt ult paf 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDG`l
JLGMXOGDG`l s hd `lj dh jrgtult
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGpaf
JLGMXOGDGpaf `l s hd `ljdh
`ls S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@BJLGMXOGDGhd
LGMXOGDGhd `ljdh jrgtul t paf 
`ls S^LDELSLBUAH DHX^B
SSULEB@BJLGMXOGD
ULEB@BJLGMXOGD Ghd
Ghd `l jdh paf 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDG`l
JLGMXOGDG`l vrh `ls hd `ljd h jrgtu lt
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B J
JLGMXOGDGhpun
LGMXOGDGhpun Qì`ìemgrjhr jrgtul t
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGQì`ìem
JLGMXOGDGQì`ìem grjhr obnl
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGQì`ìem
JLGMXOGDGQì`ìem grjhr 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGpaf
JLGMXOGDGpaf jrgtult Qì`ìemgr jhr 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGpaf 
JLGMXOGDGpaf 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGh`l
JLGMXOGDGh`l vrh jrgtult Qì`ìemgrj hr paf 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGh`l
JLGMXOGDGh`l vrh jrgtu lt ì`ìemgr
ìQ`ìemgr jhr 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGQì`ìem
JLGMXOGDGQì`ìem grjhr `lv rh
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGpaf
JLGMXOGDGpaf hd `lj dh
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDG`l
JLGMXOGDG`l s
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B JLGMXOGDGh`l
JLGMXOGDGh`l vrh Qì`ìemgr jhr 
`ls S^LDELSLBUAH DHX^B
SSULEB@BJLGMXOGD
ULEB@BJLGMXOGD G
Gpaf 
paf 
S^LDELSLBUAHDHX^BSULEB@B J
JLGMXOGDGpaf
LGMXOGDGpaf Qì`ìemgrjhr jrgtul t