Tugas Makalah Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia

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 MLZL IWAHL@ DL@LVL HOJNOGVHL

VGMGVZGT BGOLS

ZL@WO LILJGMHI

43<8/43<43

Nag` Iganmpni 6 5
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Lf`. Vnkylo @ldhdh 2<07<<347
Vnkhylo Xusuk 2<07<<336
Vylhkua Dl`rh 2<07<<3<0
Ulhourrl`mlo 2<07<<36<
Our @ljh

STNBTLM VZWJH ZGIOHI VHSHA

KLIWAZLV ZGIOHI WOH[GTVHZLV RHTLTLEL

VWMGOGS

4343
 ILZL SGOBLOZLT

Jgoblo mgmloeltilo pueh syuiur ig`ljhrlt Zu`lo Xlob Ml`l Gsl ltls
ilruohl jlo rl`mlt-Oyl, pgouahs jlplt mgoygagslhilo tubls mlilal` Dl`lsl
Hojnogshl jgoblo aloflr.

Ljlpuo mlisuj pgoyusuolo mlilal` hoh uotui mgmgou`h tubls Dl`lsl

Hojnogshl. Tlsl tgrhml ilsh` pgouahs igpljl ylob tgr`nrmlt Dlpli Tusay, M. Sj
sgaliu jnsgo pgoblmpu jlrh mltgrh pgmdultlo tubls mlilal` hoh, sgrtl sgmul
ph`li ylob tgal` mgojuiuob jlalm pgoyusuolo mlilal` hoh ylob thjli dhsl
pgouahs sgdutilo sltu pgrsltu.

@lrlplo pgouahs dl`wl tubls dgslr hoh jlplt dgrmlokllt dlbh plrl
pgmdlfl uotui mgolmdl` wlwlslo jlo pgobgtl`ulo tgotlob Gello Dl`lsl
Hojnogshl.

Sgouahs mgoyljlrh dl`wl tubls dgslr hoh mlsh` elu` jlrh sgmpurol jgoblo
igtgrdltlslo ylob pgouahs mhahih. Zgbur slpl jlrh pgmdlfl lilo pgouahs tgrhml
jgoblo tloblo tgrduil jgmh pgrdlhilo jlo pgoygmpurolilo tubls dgslr hoh.

Vumgogp, <0 Mlrgt 4343

Sgouahs

hh
 JLKZLT HVH

@LALMLO EWJWA ..........................................................................................h

ILZL SGOBLOZLT .......................................................................................hh
JLKZLT HVH ......................................................................................................hh
DLD H 5 SGOJL@WAWLO.................................................................................:
<.<. Altlr Dgalilob ...................................................................................:
<.4. Tumuslo Mlslal` ..............................................................................:
<.6. Zueulo ................................................................................................7
DLD HH 5 SGMDL@LVLO.................................................................................;
4.<. Sgobgrthlo Gello.................................................................................;
4.4. Lspgi-lspgi Gello..............................................................................;
4.6. Vgelrl` Gello......................................................................................2
4.:. Zueulo Sgoygmpurollo Gello............................................................<<
4.7. Sgmlilhlo @uruk Gello......................................................................<<
4.;. Sgouahslo @uruk Gello........................................................................<:
4.2. Sgmlilhlo Iltl Gello........................................................................<;
4.0. Sgrigmdloblo Gello..........................................................................46
DLD HHH 5 SGOWZWS..........................................................................................4;
6.<. Igshmpualo.........................................................................................4;
6.4. Vlrlo...................................................................................................4;
JLKZLT SWVZLIL.........................................................................................42

hhh
 DLD H

SGOJL@WAWLO

<.< Altlr Dgalilob

Dl`lsl Hojnogshl sujl` al`hr sgeli juau jlo sujl` jhpgrbuolilo nag`
mlsyrlilt Hojnogshl sgdgaum igmgrjgillo. Dl`ilo elu` sgdgaum htu. Zgtlph
Dl`lsl Hojnogshl sgflrl rgsmh jhbuolilo ltlu jhsl`ilo ylhtu pljl tl`uo
<840. Zgplt pljl 40 Nitndgr <840, igthil sumpl` pgmujl jhhirlrilo,
Dl`lsl Hojnogshl mgoeljh rgsmh sgdlblh Dl`lsl Olshnola Hojnogshl.

Vgdgaum mgoeljh dl`lsl ylob dlhi jlo mgmhaih gello ylob dlhi jlo
dgolr, dl`lsl Hojnogshl mgoblalmh dgdgrlpl ilah pgrudl`lo systgm gello.
Jhmualh jlrh Gello [lo Np`uysgo pljl <83< mgoeljh Gello Tgpudahi ltlu
Gello Vngwlojh pljl tl`uo <8:2 `hobbl mgob`lshailo Gello Dl`lsl
Hojnogshl ylob Jhsgmpurolilo pljl tl`uo <824 ylob mlol jhpgrbuolilo
`hobbl sllt hoh nag` sgauru` mlsyrlilt Hojnogshl.

Jlalm Ilmus Dgslr Dl`lsl Hojnogshl jhegalsilo, gello ljlal` ilhjl`-

ilhjl` flrl mgobblmdlrilo duoyh-duoyh (iltl, ilahmlt) jh jlalm dgotui
tuahslo (`uruk-`uruk) sgrtl pgobbuollo tlojl-tlojl dlfl. Nag` ilrgol htu gello
pgrau jhpl`lmh jlo jhdl`ls uotui mgogbgtl`uh dlblhmlol sgdgolroyl gello
ylob jhsgmpurolilo htu, uotui jhigtl`uh jlo jhlpahilshilo igjlalm pgouahslo
dgrdlblh ilryl tuahs.

<.4 Tumuslo Mlslal`

Dgrjlslrilo mlslal` jhltls mlil jhlobiltal` rumuslo mlslal` sgdlblh
dgrhiut5

<) Lpl pgobgrthlo jlrh gello >

4) Lpl slel lspgi-lspgi gello >

6) Dlblhmlol sgelrl` gello >

:) Lpl tueulo jlrh pgoygmpurollo gello >

:
 7) Dlblhmlol flrl pgmlilhlo `uruk gello >

;) Dlblhmlol flrl pgouahslo `uruk gello dl`lsl >

2) Dlblhmlol flrl pgmlilhlo iltl gello >

0) Dlblhmlol pgrigmdloblo gello >

<.6 Zueulo Mlslal`

Zueulo pgouahslo tubls li`hr hoh jhlotlrloyl ljlal` sgdlblh5

<) Wotui mgobgtl`uh pgobgrthlo jlrh gello >

4) Wotui mgobgtl`uh lspgi-lspgi gello >

6) Wotui mgobgtl`uh sgelrl` gello >

:) Wotui mgobgtl`uh pgoygmpurollo gello >

7) Wotui mgobgtl`uh flrl pgmlilhlo `uruk gello >

;) Wotui mgobgtl`uh flrl pgouahslo `uruk gello dl`lsl >

2) Wotui mgobgtl`uh flrl pgmlilhlo iltl gello >

0) Wotui mgobgtl`uh pgrigmdloblo gello >

7
 DLD HH

SGMDL@LVLO
4. <. Sgobgrthlo.
Gello mgruplilo pgobblmdlrlo duoyh dl`lsl jgoblo ilhjl` tuahs-
mgouahs ylob jhstlojlrjhslshilo. Alzhmoyl, gello mgmpuoylh thbl lspgi,
ylioh lspgi knonanbhs ylob mgoylobiut pgobblmdlrlo knogm jgoblo `uruk
jlo pgoyusuolo ldelj.

Lspgi mnrknanbh ylob mgoylobiut pgobblmdlrlo sltulo-sltulo

mnrkgmhs jlo lspgi shotlishs ylob mgoylobiut pgolojl uelrlo tlojl dlfl.
Jlalm Ilmus Wmum Dl`lsl Hojnogshl jhoyltlilo, gello ljlal` flrl ltlu
lturlo mgouahsilo iltl-iltl jgoblo `uruk. Mhslaoyl iltl ‑`uruk” jl`uau
ljlal` ‑`ngrngk”. Iltl htu tgal` jhltur jgoblo gello ylob sgsulh jlo sgilrlob
ylob jhpgrbuolilo ljlal` ‑`uruk”.

Gello ljl jul mlflm, ylioh gello kgogths jlo gello knmgohs. Gello kgonths
mgruplilo gello ylob dgrusl`l mgoyltlilo sgthlp duoyh dl`lsl jgoblo
`uruk, sgrtl mgobuiur jlo mgofltltoyl jgoblo lalt pgobuiur duoyh dl`lsl
(jhlbrlm).

Jgoblo jgmhihlo tgrjlplt dloyli almdhob ltlu `uruk ylob jhpgrbuolilo

uotui mgoyltlilo duoyh-duoyh dl`lsl htu. Gello knogmls ljlal` gello ylob
dgrusl`l mgoyltlilo sgthlp knogm jgoblo sltu almdhob ltlu sltu `uruk,
sg`hobbl eumal` almdhob ylob jhpgrauilo thjli tgralau dloyli ehil
jhdlojhobilo jgoblo eumal` almdhob jlalm gello knogths.

4. 4. Lspgi-lspgi jlalm gello.

l. Lpgi knonanbhs ylob mgoylobiut pgobblmdlrlo knogm jgoblo `uruk jlo
pgoyusuolo ldelj.
d. Lspgi mnrknanbhs ylob mgoylobiut pgobblmdlrlo sltulo-sltulo
mnrkgmhs.
f. Lspgi shotliohs ylob mgoylobiut pgolojl uelrlo dgrupl tlojl dlfl.

;
4. 6. Vgelrl` Gello jh Hojnogshl.
 Gello [lo Np`uysgo

Gello hoh jhtgtlpilo pljl tl`uo <83< ylhtu gello dl`lsl

Mgalyu jgoblo `uruk Altho. [lo Np`uhesgo mgrloflob gello htu ylob jhdlotu
nag` Gobiu OlwlwhBgalr Vngtlo Ml‘mngr jlo Mng`lmmlj Zlhd Vngtlo
Hdrl`hm.

 Gello Tgpudahi ltlu Gello Vngwlojh

Vgtgal` Hojnogshl mgrjgil pljl tl`uo <8:7, gello [lo Np`uhesgo

mgoblalmh dgdgrlpl pgrudl`lo.Ighobholo uotui mgoygmpurolilo gello
[lo Np`uhesgo tgrjgoblr jlalm Inobrgs Dl`lsl Hojnogshl H, tl`uo <860 jh
Vnan.

Igmujhlo Sljl tlobbla <8 Mlrgt <8:2, Mr. Vngwlojh ylob pljl sllt
htu mgoeldlt sgdlblh Mgotgrh Sgobljelrlo, Sgojhjhilo, jlo Igdujlello
Tgpudahi Hojnogshl mgalauh sgdul`Sutuslo Mgotgrh Sgobljelrlo Sgojhjhilo
jlo Igdujlello, <7 Lprha <8:2, tgotlob pgrudl`lo gello dlru.mgrgsmhilo
gello dlru ylob jhigola jgoblo olml Gello Tgpudahi, ylob mgobblothilo
gello sgdgaumoyl.

Sljl Inobrgs HH Dl`lsl Hojnogshl tl`uo <87: jh Mgjlo , Srnk. Jr.

Srhenon mgobleuilo Srl-slrlo Jlslr-Jlslr Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl jgoblo
@uruk Altho. Hsh jlslr-jlslr tgrsgdut ljlal` pgrauoyl pgoygmpurollo igmdlah
Gello Tgpudahi ylob sgjlob jhplilh sllt htu. Olmuo, `lsha pgoygmpurollo
Gello Tgpudahi hoh blbla jhrgsmhilo ilrgol tgrdgotur dhlyl ylob dgslr uotui
pgrnmdlilo mgsho igthi ylob tgal` ljl jh Hojnogshl.

 Gello Sgmdl`lrulo

Gello pgmldl`rulo mgruplilo sultu gello ylob jhrgoflolilo

uotui mgmpgrdl`lruh Gello Tgpudahi. Sgoyusuolo htu jhaliuilo nag` Slohthl
Sgmdl`lrulo Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl. Inosgp Gello Sgmdl`lrulo ylob
tgal` dgr`lsha jhsusuo htu jhigola sgdul` olml ylob jhlmdha jlrh jul olml
tnin` ylob pgrol` mgobgtulh plohthlo gello htu. Xlhtu Srnkgsnr Srhenon jlo
G. Iltnppn. Sljl tl`uo <872 plohthl jhaloeutilo htu dgr`lsha mgrumusilo

2
pltnilo-pltnilo gello dlru. Lilo tgtlph, `lsha igrel plohthl htu thjli pgrol`
jhumumilo sgflrl rgsmh sg`hobbl gello htu puo dgaum pgrol` jhdgraliuilo.
Vlal` sltu `la ylob mgolrhi jlalm inosgp Gello Sgmdl`lrulo hlal`
jhsgjgr`lolilooyl `uruk-`uruk ylob dgrupl blduoblo inosnolo jgoblo
`uruk tuobbla. @la htu, lotlrl alho tlmpli jlalm fnotn` jh dlwl` hoh.

l) Blduoblo inosnolo je jhudl` mgoeljh e

d) Blduoblo inosnolo te jhudl` mgoeljh ts

f) Blduoblo inosnolo ob jhudl` mgoeljh ʼn

j) Blduoblo inosnolo oe jhudl` mgoeljh o

g) Blduoblo inosnolo se jhudl` mgoeljh Ŭ

Vgalho htu, blduoblo vnila (jhktnob) lh, lu, jlo nh, jhtuahs dgrjlslrilo
pgalklalooyl ylhtu mgoeljh ly, lw, jlo ny.

 Gello Mgahojn (Mgalyu Hojnogshl)

Wsl`l pgoygmpurollo gello tgrus jhaliuilo, tgrmlsui dgigrel slml

jgoblo Mlalyshl jgoblo rumpuo dl`lsl Mgalyuoyl pljl Jgsgmdgr <878.
Jlrh igrelslml hoh, tgrdgotuial` Gello Mgahojn ylob jh`lrlpilo
pgmlilhlooyl dgraliu jh igjul ogblrl plahob almdlt dualo Eloulrh <8;4.
Olmuo, pgrigmdloblo `uduoblo pnahthi ylob iurlob dlhi lotlr jul ogblrl
pljl sllt htu, gello hoh igmdlah blbla jhdgraliuilo.

Sljl lwla Mgh <8;; Agmdlbl Dl`lsl jlo Igsuslstrllo (ADI) ylob
sgilrlob mgoeljh Suslt Dl`lsl igmdlah mgoyusuo Gello Dlru Dl`lsl
Hojnogshl. Olmuo, `lsha pgrudl`lo hoh eubl tgtlp dloyli mgojlplt
pgrtgotloblo jlrh dgrdlblh ph`li sg`hobbl blbla igmdlah.

 Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl ADI

Gello Dlru ltlu Gello ADI (Agmdlbl Dl`lsl jlo Igsuslstrllo,

pgojl`uau Suslt Dl`lsl) ljlal` gello dl`lsl Hojnogshl ylob jhigaulrilo
pljl tl`uo <8;2. Gello hoh ljlal` igaloeutlo jlrh Gello Mgahojn. Lobbntl
pgalisloloyl puo, sgalho jlrh plohthl ADI, eubl dgrlobbntlilo plohthl jlrh

0
Mlalyshl. Gello hoh thjli mgmhahih dloyli pgrdgjllo jgoblo GXJ igfulah
pljl pgrhofhlo-pgrhofhlo ilhjl` slel.

Blduoblo plohthl ylob jhigtulh nag` Lotno M. Mngahnon sllt htu

dgr`lsha mgrumusilo sultu inosgp gello ylob igmujhlo jhdgrh olml Gello
Dlru. Gello hoh jhrgsmhilo nag` Mgotgrh Sgojhjhilo jlo Igdujlyllo, Vlrhon
Mlobuoprlontn, jgoblo VI Mgotgrh Sgojhjhilo jlo Igdujlyllo On.3;4/;2,
tlobbla <8 Vgptgmdgr <8;2.

Sgrudl`lo ylob tgrjlplt pljl Gello Dlru ltlu Gello ADI, lotlrl alho

l. @uruk ‐te‘ jhbloth ‐f‘, e jhbloth ‐y,‘ ‐oe‘ jhbloth ‐oy,‘

d. ‐se ‐mgoeljh ‐sy,‘ jlo ‐f`‘ mgoeljh ‐i`.‘

f. @uruk lshob5 ‐z,‘ ‐y,‘ jlo ‐k‘ jhsl`ilo mgoeljh gello dl`lsl Hojnogshl. @la
hoh jhsgdldilo pgmlilhlo ylob sloblt prnjuithk.

j. @uruk ‐g‘ thjli jhdgjlilo pgpgt ltlu duilo, lalslooyl thjli dloyli iltl
ylob dgrplsloblo jgoblo vlrhlsh `uruk ‐g‘ ylob mgohmduailo slal`
pgobgrthlo.

 Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl ylob Jhsgmpurolilo

Sljl tlobbla <; Lbustus <824 Srgshjgo Tgpudahi Hojnogshl

mgrgsmhilo pgmlilhlo Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl. Sgrgsmhlo gello dlru htu
dgrjlslrilo Igputuslo Srgshjgo On. 72 tl`uo <824. Jgplrtgmgo Sgojhjhilo
jlo Igdujlyllo mgoygdlrilo duiu igfha ylob dgreujua Sgjnmlo Gello
Dl`lsl Hojnogshl ylob Jhsgmpurolilo, sgdlblh pltnilopgmlilhlo gello htu.

Ilrgol pgouotutlo htu pgrau jhagobilph, Slohthl Sgobgmdloblo

Dl`lsl Hojnogshl, Jgplrtgmgo Sgojhjhilo jlo Igdujlyllo, ylob jhdgotui
nag` Mgotgrh Sgojhjhilo jlo Igdujlyllo jgoblo surlt igputuslooyl tlobbla
<4 Nitndgr <824, On. <7;/S/<824, mgoyusuo duiu Sgjnmlo Wmum Gello
Dl`lsl Hojnogshl ylob Jhsgmpurolilo ylob dgrupl pgmlplrlo ilhjl` gello
ylob agdh` auls. Vgtgal` htu, Mgotgrh Sgojhjhilo jlo Igdujlyllo jgoblo
surlt putuslooyl On. 3<8;/<827 mgmdgraliuilo Sgjnmllo Wmum Gello

8
Dl`lsl Hojnogshl ylob Jhsgmpurilo jlo Sgjnmlo Wmum Sgmdgotuilo
Hsthal`.

Sljl tl`uo <802 igjul pgjnmlo tgrsgdut jhrgvhsh. Gjhsh rgvhsh

jhiultilo jgoblo Vurlt Igputuslo Mgotgrh Sgojhjhilo jlo Igdujlyllo On.
37:6l/W/<802, tlobbla 8 Vgptgmdgr <802. Dgdgrlpl `la ylob pgrau
jhigmuililo sg`uduoblo jgoblo Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl ylob
Jhsgmpurolilo.

Vgdlblhmlol ylob tgal` umum jhigtl`uh, Gello vlo Np`uysgo sgsulh

jgoblo olmloyl jhprlilrslh nag` F`. L. vlo Np`uysgo, sgnrlob
dgrigdlobsllo Dgalojl. Gello hoh mualh jhdgraliuilo sgeli <83< `hobbl
muofuaoyl Gello Vngwlojh. Gello vlo Np`uysgo hoh mgruplilo gello ylob
pgrtlml ilah dgraliu jlalm dl`lsl Hojnogshl ylob igthil htu mlsh` dgrolml
dl`lsl Mgalyu. Jlo hoh mgoeljh jlslr jlo lsla tgrdgotuioyl Dl`lsl
Hojnogshl.

Vgdgaum ljl gello tgrsgdut, plrl pgouahs mgobbuolilo lturlo sgojhrh-

sgojhrh jh jlalm mgouahsilo `uruk, iltl, ltlu ilahmlt. Nag` ilrgol htu, jlplt
jhpl`lmh ehil tuahslo mgrgil fuiup dgrvlrhlsh. Lihdltoyl, tuahslo-tuahslo
mgrgil htu sgrhob suaht jhpl`lmh. Igoyltllo htu tgreljh ilrgol dgaum ljl
gello ylob jlplt jhplilh sgdlblh pgjnmlo jlalm pgouahslo. Jgoblo
jgmhihlo, jhtgtlpilooyl Gello vlo Np`uysno mgruplilo `la ylob sloblt
dgrmlokllt pljl mlsl htu.

Vgtgal` Ogblrl Igsltulo Tgpudahi Hojnogshl tgrdgotui jlo

jhprnialmlshilo mgoeljh ogblrl ylob dgrjlualt, plrl l`ah dl`lsl mgrlsl
pgrau mgoyusuo gello albh ilrgol thjli puls jgoblo gello ylob sujl` ljl.
Gello dlru ylob jhsusuo htu sgagslh pljl tl`uo <8:2, jlo pljl tlobbla <8
Mlrgt tl`uo htu eubl jhrgsmhilo nag` Mr. Vngwlojh sgaliu Mgotgrh SS&I
(Sgojhjhilo, Sgoblelrlo, jlo Igdujlyllo). Gello dlru htu jhsgdut Gello
Tgpudahi jlo jhigola eubl jgoblo olml Gello Vngwlojh.

Vgelalo jgoblo pgrigmdloblo ig`hjuplo dlobsl Hojnogshl, ihlo

`lrh jhrlslilo dl`wl Gello Vngwlojh pgrau agdh` jhsgmpurolilo albh. Ilrgol

<3
 htu, jhdgotuial` thm uotui mgoygmpurolilo gello tgrsgdut. Sljl tl`uo <824
gello htu sgagslh jlo pgmlilhlooyl jhrgsmhilo nag` Srgshjgo Vng`lrtn pljl
tlobbla <; Lbustus <824 jgoblo olml Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl ylob
Jhsgmpurolilo (GXJ).

@hobbl sgilrlob GXJ mgoeljh jlslr jlo ilhjl` Dl`lsl Hojnogshl

tgrutlml jlalm pgouahslo. Vgmul ilaloblo mgobbuolilo GXJ sgdlblh gello
ylob dgolr jlalm sgthlp tuahslo ltlupuo ilryl tuahs. Jlo sgrhob ihtl ah`lt
ilalu sgthlp sylrlt sultu ilryl tuahs ljlal` sgsulh jgoblo GXJ. Dgrhiut tldga
jhdlwl` ljlal` pgrdgjllo igthbl gello jhltls jlalm lspgi pgob`uruklo.

4. :. Zueulo Sgoygmpurollo Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl.

l) Mgoygsulhilo gello dl`lsl Hojnogshl jgoblo pgrigmdloblo dl`lsl
Hojnogshl.
d) Mgmdhol igtgrthdlo jlalm pgouahslo jlo tlojl dlfl.
f) Mgmualh usl`l pgmdliulo dl`lsl Hojnogshl sgflrl mgoygauru`.
j) Mgojnrnob pgobgmdloblo dl`lsl Hojnogshl.

4. 7. Sgmlilhlo @uruk Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl.

 Ldelj

Egohs `uruk jlo olml ylob jhbuolilo jlalm shstgm GXJ hlal` sgdlblh
dgrhiut5

<<
 GXJ mgobbuolilo 4; `uruk jlo sgthlp `uruk mgalmdlobilo knogm
tgrtgotu.ig-4; `uruk hoh jlplt jhbnanobilo ig jlalm jul dlbhlo ylhtu vnfla jlo
inosnolo.

 [nila

 Inosnolo

<4
  Jhktnob

 Sgrsuiulo

Jh dlwl` hoh jhflotumilo pnal pgrsuiulo iltl jlalm dl`lsl hojnogshl

sgpgrth ylob tgrflotum jlalm duiu Sgjnmlo Wmuo Eglo Dl`lsl Hojnogshl
Xlob Jhsgmpurolilo sgdlblh dgrhiut.sgthlp suiu iltl jlalm dl`lsl Hojnogshl
jhtlojlh nag` sgdul` vnfla.vnila hoh jlplt jhjl`uauh ltlu jhhiuth nag`
inosnolo.

Sgmhsl`lo suiu iltl pljl iltl jlslr ljlal` sgdlblh dgrhiut5

<. Ilalu jh tgobl` iltl ljl jul vnfla ylob dgrurutlo,pgmhsl`lo tgrsgdut
jhaliuilo jhlotlrl igjul vnfla htu.fnotn`5 ml-lk,du-l`,rh-lob.
4. Ilalu jh tgobl` iltl ljl inosnolo jh lotlrl jul vnfla,pgmhsl`lo tgrsgdut
jhaliuilo sgdgaum inosnolo htu.fnotn`5 l-oli,l-pl,l-blr.nag` ilrgol
ob,sy,oy jlo i` mgalmdlobilo sltu inosnolo,pgmhsl`lo suiu iltl
tgrjlplt sgdgaum ltlu sgsujl` plsloblo `uruk htu.fnotn` 5 sl-oblt,oyn-
oyl,hsyl-rlt.

6. Ilalu jh tgobl` iltl ljl jul inosnolo ylob dgrurutlo,pgmhsl`lo tgrjlplt

jhlotlrl igjul inosnolo htu.fnotn`5 mlo-jh,tgm-plt,alm-dlt,igr-tls.

:. Ilalu jh tgobl` iltl ljl thbl inosnolo ltlu agdh`,pgmhsl`lo tgrsgdut

jhlotlrl inosnolo ylob pgrtlml (tgrmlsui ob)jgoblo inosnolo
igjul.fnotn`5ho-stru-mgo,dlob-irut,ua-trl.

<6
  Olml Jhrh

Sgouahslo olml-olml suoblh,buouob,elalo,intl,jlo sgdlblhoyl

jhsgsulhilo jgoblo Gello Xlob Jhsgmpurolilo. Mhslaoyl5 Ilah Drlotls,
Jlolu Vhobilrli, Elalo Jhpnogbnrn, jlo Vuoblh Fhtlrum

Olml nrlob dljlo `uium,jlo olml jhrh jhrh alho ylob sujl` alzhm
jhsgsulhilo jgoblo Gello Xlob Jhsgmpurolilo igfulah dhal ljl pgrthmdloblo
i`usus.Mhslaoyl5 Wohvgrshtls Ogbgrh Mgjlo, Hosthtut Zgionanbh Dlojuob,
V.Vngdlrjh.

4. ;. Sgouahslo @uruk Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl.

Sgouahslo `uruk jlalm gello mgoylobiut jul `la, ylhtu pgmlilhlo
`uruk ilphtla ltlu `uruk dgslr jlo pgmlilhlo `uruk mhrhob.

 @uruk Ilphtla

@uruk ilphtla jhbuolilo sgdlblh `uruk pgrtlml pljl `la-`la dgrhiut.

<. @uruk ilphtla jhplilh sgdlblh `uruk pgrtlml iltl pljl lwla ilahmlt jlo
pgthilo alobsuob. Mhslaoyl5 Loli slyl sgjlob dgrmlho jh `lalmlo.
4. Wobilplo ylob dgr`uduoblo jgoblo olml Zu`lo jlo ihtld sufh,
tgrmlsui iltl bloth uotui Zu`lo.
Fnotn`5 Laal`, Xlob Ml`l Sgoblsh`, Laihtld, \urlo, Rgjl, Hsalm, Irhstgo

6. Olml bgalr ig`nrmltlo jlo iglblmllo ylob jhhiuth olml nrlob dgsgrtl
uosur olml eldltlo jlo plobilt.Mhslaoyl5 Ml`lputrl
Xlmho, Tljgo Legob Ilrthoh, Oldh Hdrl`hm, Srgshjgo Mgblwlth, Egojgrla
Vutehptn, @leh Lbus Vlahm

:. Olml nrlob, olml dlobsl, suiu dlobsl, dl`lsl, jlo olml tl`uo, dualo,
`lrh, `lrh rlyl, pgrhsthwl sgelrl`, sgrtl olml-olml
bgnbrlkh.Mhslaoyl5@lrhylth Rhelyl, suiu Elwl

<:
7. Wosur olml ogblrl, agmdlbl pgmgrhotl` jlo igtltlogblrllo, jniumgo
rgsmh, sgrtl olml duiu, mlelal`, jlo surlt
ildlr.Fnotn`5Tgpudahi Hojnogshl

;. Wosur shobiltlo olml bgalr, plobilt, slpllo, jlo olml igigrldltlo ylob
jhplilh sgdlblh slpllo. Fnotn`5V. (slrelol slstrl)

Jh slmphob ylob tgal` jhsgdutilo jh ltls, `uruk ilphtla eubl jhbuolilo

sgdlblh `uruk pgrtlml iltl bloth Lojl.

Vg`uduoblo jgoblo pgouahslo ilryl tuahs , eujua ilryl tuahs, dlhi ylob
dgrupl alpnrlo, mlilal`, sirhpsh, jhsgrtlsh, igrtls igrel, mlupuo egohs ilryl
tuahs ylob alho, sgauru`oyl jhtuahs jgoblo `uruk ilphtla. Vgalho htu, `uruk ilphtla
sgauru`oyl eubl jhbuolilo jlalm pgouahslo `la-`la dgrhiut5

 eujua iltl pgoblotlr ltlu prliltl9

 eujua jlktlr hsh9

 eujua brlkhi, tldga, dlblo, pgtl, blmdlr, dgrhiut eujua jlktlroyl mlshob-
mlshob9

 eujua jlktlr pustlil9

 eujua almphrlo.

Jlalm `uduoblo htu, eujua-eujua suddld ltlu dlbhlo dld `uruk pgrtlml
sgthlp uosuroyl eubl jhtuahs jgoblo `uruk ilphtla, igfulah ylob dgrupl iltl
jgplo jlo plrthiga sgpgrth, jgoblo, jlo, jh, uotui, pljl, igpljl, ylob, jlalm ,
jlo sgdlblh.

 @uruk Mhrhob

@uruk mhrhob (jlalm fgtlilo) ltlu tlojl blrhs dlwl` (pljl tuahslo
tloblo/igthilo) jhbuolilo uotui mgolojlh eujua duiu, olml mlelal`, jlo
surlt ildlr ylob jhplilh jlalm ilahmlt.

<7
 Fnotn`5 Mlslal` htu sujl` jhdl`ls Vutlo Zlijhr Lahseldlol jlalm
duiuoyl ylob dgreujua Zltl Dl`lsl Dlru Dl`lsl Hojnogshl .

Dgrdgjl jgoblo htu, eujua lrthiga, eujua sylhr, eujua ilrloblo jlalm
sgdul` duiu (duobl rlmplh), jlo eujua ilrloblo ltlu olsil` ylob dgaum
jhtgrdhtilo, pgouahslooyl thjli mgobbuolilo `uruk mhrhob, tgtlph
mgobbuolilo tlojl pgthi sgdgaum jlo sgsujl`oyl. Jgoblo iltl alho,
pgouahslo eujua-eujua htu jhlpht jgoblt tlojl pgthi.

Fnotn`5 Vleli ‑Liu” jhilrlob nag` F`lhrha Lowlr.

Vgsulh jgoblo ilhjl`, iltl-iltl lshob ylob gellooyl dgaum jhsgsulhilo

jgoblo gello dl`lsl Hojnogshl ltlu iltl-iltl lshob ylob dgaum jhsgrlp ig
jlalm dl`lsl Hojnogshl eubl `lrus jhtuahs jgoblo `uruk mhrhob ehil jhbuolilo
jlalm dl`lsl Hojnogshl. Mhslaoyl, iltl bn pudahf, jgvhjg gt hmpgrl,
jlo snp`hsthfltgj pljl fnotn` dgrhiut.

<. Jgwlsl hoh dloyli pgrusl`llo ylob bn pudahf.

4. Iltl lshob snp`hsthfltgj dgrpljlolo jgoblo iltl Hojnogshl

Dgrdgjl jgoblo htu, iltl-iltl sgrlplo sgpgrth shstgm, struitur, gkgithk,

jlo gkhshgo thjli jhtuahs jgoblo `uruk mhrhob ilrgol gello iltl-iltl htu tgal`
jhsgsulhilo jgoblo gello dl`lsl Hojnogshl. Jgoblo iltl alho, iltl-iltl
sgrlplo sgmlflm htu tgal` jhpgraliuilo sgpgrth `laoyl iltl-iltl lsah dl`lsl
Hojnogshl.

Jlalm juohl hamu pgobgtl`ulo, dloyli pual jhigola olml-olml hamhl`

ylob sgmual dgrlsla jlrh dl`lsl lshob. Olml-olml hamhl` sgmlflm htu ehil
jhbuolilo jlalm dl`lsl Hojnogshl eubl jhtuahs jgoblo `uruk mhrhob ilrgol
gellooyl mlsh` mgobbuolilo gello dl`lsl lshob.Mhslaoyl5 Mlobbhs
ltlu Flrfhohl mlobnstlol dloyli tgrjlplt jh pualu Elwl.

Sljl olml-olml hamhl` sgmlflm htu `uruk ilphtla `loyl jhbuolilo

pljl uosur ylob pgrtlml, sgjlobilo uosur sgagdh`oyl tgtlp jhtuahs jgoblo
`uruk igfha

<;
4. 2. Sgmlilhlo Iltl Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl.
 Iltl Jlslr

Iltl jlslr jhtuahs sgdlblh sltu igsltulo. ‑Fnotn`5 plblr, ruml`, tlol`,
sgjlob.”

iltl jlslr ljlal` iltl ylob dgaum jhdgrh hmdu`lo. Jgoblo iltl alho,
iltl jlslr ljlal` iltl ylob mgoeljh jlslr lwla pgmdgotuilo iltl ylob agdh`
dgslr. Fnotn`oyl ljlal` mlilo, jujui, pualob, thobbla, jltlob, mhoum,
alobil`, phojl`, jlo alho ‖ alho.

Iltl jlslr dhsl mgmdgotui sltu igsltulo ilahmlt, ylhtu5

<. Walr ylob mlth htu sloblt ploelob .

4. Liu pgrbh ig sginal` jgoblo lyl`.

6. Dujh jltlob ig ruml`iu jgoblo sloblt fgplt.

:. Ilili suil mlilo iug dliphl jlrh intl Enbelilrtl.

7. Lyl` slmplh jh ruml` elm 8 mlalm, igthil liu sgjlob thjur.

 Iltl turuolo

Iltl turuolo ltlu jhsgdut jgoblo iltl dgrhmdu`lo ljlal` iltl ‖ iltl
ylob tgal` dgrudl dgotui jlo mliol. Sgrudl`lo hoh jhilrgolilo iltl ‖ iltl
tgrsgdut tgal` jhdgrh hmdu`lo ylob dgrupl lwlalo (lkhis), li`hrlo (sukhis),
shshplo (hokhis), jlo lwlalo ‖ li`hrlo (inokhis). Fnotn`oyl ljlal` mgololm,
dgralrh, tgrthobbla, jlo alho ‖ alho.

<. Hmdu`lo (lwlalo,li`hrlo,shshplo)jhtuahs sgrlobilh jgoblo iltl jlslr.

Fnotn`5 dgrjurh, jhlobilt, pgogtlplo, mgmpgrmlhoilo, dgrbgrhbh.
4. Lwlalo jlo li`hrlo jhtuahs sgrlobilh jgoblo iltlylob alobsuob
mgobhiuthoyl ltlu mgojl`uauhoyl dhal dgotui jlslroyl blduoblo iltl.
Fnotn`5 dgrtlobbuob elwld, sgrl` tgrhml, mgmdldh dutl.

6. Ehil dgotui jlslr dgrupl blduoblo iltl jlo sgilahbus mgojlplt lwlalo
jlo li`hrlo mlil iltl-iltl htu jhtuahs sgrlobilh. Fnotn`5pgoylal`buollo,
mgmdgrhtl`uilo, jhsgrl`tgrhmlilo, mgmpgrtlobbuobelwldilo.

<2
:. Ehil slal` sltu uosur blduoblo iltl `loyl jhplilh jlalm inmdholsh,mlil
blduoblo htu jhtuahs sgrlobilh. Fnotn`5 ploflshal, onolithk, lotlrintl,
hoinovgoshnola, lmnrla, sudpnini ,muathaltgrla trlosmhbrlsh, hokrlstruitur,
swljlyl, tuologtrl,jlo inanohlahsmg

 Sgouahslo Blduoblo Iltl

Blduoblo iltl ltlu ylob alzhm jhsgdut iltl mlegmui, tgrmlsui hsthal`
i`usus, uosur-uosuroyl jhtuahs tgrphsl`.

Mhslaoyl5

Dliu Zhjli Dliu

tlojl tloblo tlojltloblo

tlobbuob elwld tlobbuobelwld

Dgrdgjl jgoblo htu, blduoblo iltl ylob mlioloyl sujl` jhlobblp

plju uosur-uosuroyl jhtuahs sgrlobilh. Dgdgrlpl fnotn`oyl jlplt jhpgr`lthilo
pljl jlktlr dgrhiut.

Dliu Zhjli Dliu

lflpilah lflp ilah

jlrhpljl jlrh pljl

Blduoblo iltl alho ylob slal` sltu uosuroyl dgrupl uosur tgrhilt
jhtuahs sgrlobilh. Wosur tgrhilt ylob jhmlisuj, mhslaoyl, plsfl-, lotlr-,
plofl-, olrl-, jlo prlmu-. Dgdgrlpl fnotn` pgouahslooyl jlplt jhpgr`lthilo
jh dlwl` hoh.

Wosur Zgrhilt Dliu Zhjli

Dliu

plsfl- plsflpgrlob plsfl

pgrlob

<0
 lotlr- lotlrintl lotlr
intl

Iltl dhaloblo ylob dgrlsla jlrh dl`lsl Vlosigrtl eubl jhplojlob sgdlblh
uosur ylob tgrhilt. Nag` ilrgol htu, pgouahslooyl puo `lrus jhsgrlobilhilo
jgoblo uosur ylob mgoygrtlhoyl. Mhslaoyl5

Wosur Zgrhilt Dliu Zhjli

Dliu

jwh- jwhkuobsh jwh

kuobsh

trh- trhjlrml trh

jlrml

Dgdgrlpl uosur tgrhilt alho ylob pgouahslooyl `lrus jhsgrlobilhilo

jgoblo uosur ylob mgobhiuthoyl ljlal` l-, ljh-, loth-, lwl-, lujhn-, dh-,
gistrl-, hotrl-, mlirn-, mhirn-, mnon-, muath-, pnah-, prl-, purol-, sgmh-, sud-,
suprl-, inotrl-, ono-, swl-, tgag-, trlos-, tuol-, jlo uatrl-.

Jlalm pgouahslo uosur tgrhilt pgrau jhpl`lmh dl`wl uosur tgrhilt tgrtgotu
lpldhal jhrlobilhilo jgoblo uosur alho ylob dgr`uruk ilphtla `lrus jhdgrh
tlojl `uduob jh lotlrl igjul uosur htu. Mhslaoyl5

ono-LVGLO, duilo ono LVGLO, ono LVGLO

ono-Hsalm, duilo ono Hsalm, onoHsalm

 Sgouahslo Dgotui Walob

Vgelalo jgoblo ilhjl` ylob dgraliu sgilrlob, lobil jul thjli

jhbuolilo sgdlblh pgolojl pgrualoblo. Jlalm pgouahslo dgotui ualob, dlbhlo-
dlbhlo iltl ylob jhualob jhtuahs sgauru`oyl sgflrl agobilp jgoblo jhsgrtlh
tlojl `uduob jh lotlrl uosur-uosur ylob jhualob. Jgoblo jgmhihlo, jlalm
tuahslo-tuahslo ylob dgrshklt rgsmh, sgpgrth olsil` duiu, alpnrlo pgogahthlo,
alpnrlo igbhltlo, sirhpsh, jlo dgrdlblh ilryl tuahs rgsmh ylob alho, iltl ualob

<8
`lrus jhtuahs sgflrl agobilp, thjli mgobbuolilo lobil jul. Mhslaoyl, mlflm-
mlflm.

Vgpgrth `laoyl dgotui ualob ylob alho, dgotui ualob ylob mgoblalmh
pgrudl`lo knogm puo uosur-uosuroyl ylob jhualob jhtuahs sgauru`oyl jgoblo
jhsgrtlh tlojl `uduob jh lotlrl igjuloyl. Eljh, uosur ylob jhualob htu thjli
jhtuahs jgoblo mgobbuolilo lobil jul ltlupuo jhtuahs tlopl mgobbuolilo
tlojl `uduob. Mhslaoyl5

Dliu Zhjli Dliu

bgrli-bgrhi bgrli bgrhi

slyur-mlyur slyur mlyur

Vgelalo jgoblo `la tgrsgdut, dgotui-dgotui jh dlwl` hoh, ylob alzhm

jhsgdut iltl ualob sgmu, eubl jhtuahs sgflrl agobilp jgoblo mgoygrtlilo tlojl
`uduob. Mhslaoyl5

Dliu Zhjli Dliu

iurl-iurl iurl4, iurl iurl

plru-plru plru4, plru plru

 Sgouahslo Iltl Jgplo

Iltl jgplo ljlal` iltl-iltl ylob sgflrl shotlishs jhagtlilo sgdgaum

iltl dgojl, iltl igrel ltlu iltl igtgrloblo jlo sgflrl sgmloths iltl jgplo
mgolojlilo dgrdlblh `uduoblo mliol loltlr iltl jgplo jlo iltl ylob ljl
jhdgaliloboyl.

Iltl jgplo jh, ig, jlo jlrh jhtuahs tgrphsl` jlrh iltl ylob mgobhiuthoyl
igfulah jlalm blduoblo iltl, sgpgrth igpljl jlo jlrhpljl.

43
Ehil jh jlo ig dgrupl lwlalo mlil jhtuahs sgrlobilh jgoblo iltl jlslroyl,
sgpgrth iltl jhiganal jlo igtueu`.

 Sgouahslo Vhobiltlo ltlu Lirnohm

Hstahl` shobiltlo dgrdgjl jgoblo lirnohm. Vhobiltlo hlal` igpgojgilo

ylob dgrupl `uruk ltlu blduoblo `uruk, dlhi jhalklailo `uruk jgmh `uruk
mlupuo jhalklailo sgsulh jgoblo dgotui agobilpoyl. Dgdgrlpl shobiltlo ylob
jhalklailo `uruk jgmh `uruk jlplt jhpgr`lthilo pljl fnotn` dgrhiut.

Vhobiltlo Sgalklalooyl

VMS Ygs-gm-pg ]

WBM Yu-bg-gm]

Vhobiltlo ylob jhalklailo sgsulh jgoblo dgotui agobilpoyl, mhslaoyl5

Vhobiltlo Sgalklalooyl

Dpi. Ydlpli], duilo Ydg-pg-il]

Vhobiltlo ylob dgrupl blduoblo `uruk lwla sultu iltl, jlalm igoyltllo
dgrdl`lsl, sgrhob jhtuahs jgoblo jhsgrtlh tlojl ththi pljl mlshob-mlshob
`urukoyl, sgpgrth ylob tgrjlplt pljl fnotn` dgrhiut.

I.D. igaulrbl dgrgoflol

V.J. sginal` jlslr

Sgouahslo shobiltlo htu thjli tgplt ilrgol shobiltlo ylob dgrupl

blduoblo `uruk lwla sultu iltl thjli jhhiuth tlojl ththi, igfulah shobiltlo
olml bgalr liljgmhi jlo shobiltlo olml nrlob. Jgoblo jgmhihlo, pgouahslo
tgrsgdut ylob dgolr ljlal` AIMJ, ID, VJ, jlo SZ.

Vgalho shobiltlo umum sgpgrth jh ltls, ljl pual ylob jhsgdut shobiltlo
almdlob, ylhtu sultu dgotui shobiltlo ylob tgrjhrh ltls sltu `uruk ltlu agdh`
ylob mgalmdlobilo inosgp jlslr hamhl`, sgpgrth iulothtls, sltulo, jlo uosur.

4<
 Jlalm pgmlilhlo jlo pgouahslooyl, shobiltlo almdlob dgrdgjl
jgoblo shobiltlo alho. Sgrdgjllo htu thjli `loyl tgragtli pljl flrl
pgouahslooyl, tgtlph eubl pgolojllooyl. Jlalm `la hoh, pgouahslo jlo
pgolojllo shobiltlo almdlob pljl umumoyl jhsgsulhilo jgoblo pgrlturlo
hotgrolshnola ilrgol pgmlilhlooyl puo dgrshklt hotgrolshnola. Vgflrl umum,
shobiltlo almdlob thjla jhhiuth tlojl ththi. Mhslaoyl5

m mgtgr

Lirnohm hlal` igpgojgilo ylob dgrupl blduoblo `urk lwla, blduoblo

suiu iltl, ltlu blduoblo `uruk lwla jlo suiu iltl, ylob jhtuahs jlo jhalklailo
sgpgrth `laoyl iltl dhlsl. Mhslaoyl5

shsilmahob shstgm iglmlolo ahobiuoblo

Jgpjhiols Jgplrtgmgo Sgojhjhilo Olshnola

Lirnohm alho ylob dgrupl blduoblo `uruk lwla sultu iltl, sgpgrth
`laoyl shobiltlo ylob dgrupl blduoblo `uruk lwla, sgauru`oyl jhtuahs jgoblo
`uruk ilphtla jlo thjli jhhiuth tlojl ththi. Mhslaoyl5

LDTH Lobiltlo Dgrsgoeltl Tgpudahi

Hojnogshl

HIHS hosthtut igburulo jlo hamu pgojhjhilo

 Sgouahslo Wosur Vgrlplo

Dl`lsl Hojnogshl dgrigmdlob sloblt pgslt, jlo jlalm

pgigmdloblooyl htu dl`lsl Hojnogshl dloyli mgoygrlp dl`lsl ltlu gello alho
jlrh dgrdlblh dl`lsl jh juohl. Vgpgrth dl`lsl Lrld, Dgalojl, Vlosigrtl,
Snrtubhs, jlo Hobbrhs.

Dl`lsl Hojnogshl ljlal` dl`lsl ylob tgrduil. Mlisujoyl hlal` dl`wl

dl`lsl hoh dloyli mgoygrlp iltl-iltl jlrh dl`lsl alhooyl. Vg`hobbl dloyli
iltl sgrlplo Dl`lsl Hojnogshl jlrh dgrdlblh dl`lsl sgpgrth dgrhiut hoh5

44
 Dgrlslrilo tlrlk hotgbrlshoyl uosurg sgrlplo jlalm dl`lsl Hojnogshl
jlplt jhdlbh jlalm jul bnanoblo ylhtu5

<. Wosur lshob ylob dgaum sgpgou`oyl tgrsgrlp igjlalm Dl`lsl Hojnogshl.
Wosur-uosur sgrlplo hoh jhplilh jlalm inotgis Dl`lsl Hojnogshl tgtlph
pgobuflplooyl mlsh` mgobhiuth flrl dl`lsl lshob. Fnotn`5 rgs`ukkag,
s`uttag fnfi.
4. Wosurg lshob ylob pgobuflplooyl jlo pgouahslooyl jhsgsulhilo jgoblo
ilhjl` dl`lsl Hojnogshl. Jlalm `la hoh jhusl`lilo lblr gello lshob `loyl
jhudl` sgpgrauoyl sg`hobbl dgotui hojnogshloyl mlsh` jlplt
jhdlojhobilo jgoblo dgotui lslaoyl.

4. 0. Sgrigmdloblo Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl.

 Sgrigmdloblo Lwla Tgvhsh <802

Sljl tl`uo <802, Igmgotgrhlo Sgojhjhilo jlo Igdujlyllo

mgobgaulrilo Vurlt Igputuslo Mgotgrh Sgojhjhilo jlo Igdujlyllo On.
37:6l / W / <802 tgotlob pgrdlhilo ‑Vpgaahob Sgjnmlo Wmum Hojnogshl
Jhthobiltilo”. Igputuslo Mgotgrh hoh mgohobiltilo GXJ gjhsh <827.

 Sgrigmdloblo Lwla Tgvhsh 4338

Sljl tl`uo 4338, Mgotgrh Sgojhjhilo Olshnola mgobgaulrilo Mgotgrh

Sgojhjhilo Olshnola Sgrlturlo Onmnr :; Zl`uo 4338 tgotlob Sgjnmlo
Wmum Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl ylob jhsgmpurolilo. Jgoblo jhigaulrilooyl
pgrlturlo hoh, jh GXJ <802 gjhsh dgrudl` jlo thjli albh dgraliu.

46
  Sgrdgjllo jgoblo gello sgdgaumoyl

Sgrudl`lo ylob tgrjlplt pljl Gello Dlru ltlu Gello ADI (<8;2),
lotlrl alho5

<. ‑je” mgoeljh ‑e”5 jelrli ↔ elrli

4. ‑f`” mgoeljh ‑i`”5 lf`hr ↔ li`hr

6. ‑se” mgoeljh ‑sy” 5 selrlt ↔ sylrlt

:. ‑e” mgoeljh ‑y” 5 slelob ↔ slylob

7. ‑te” mgoeljh ‑f” 5 teuteh ↔ fufh

;. ‑oe” mgoeljh ‑oy” 5 oelmui ↔ oylmui

Dgdgrlpl igdhelilo dlru ylob jhtgtlpilo jlalm GXJ, lotlrl alho5

<. K, v, jlo z ljlal` pgoygrlplo uosur-uosur dl`lsl lshob ylob jhrgsmhilo.

4. Vurlt-surlt q jlo x dhlsloyl jhbuolilo jlalm dhjlob hamu pgobgtl`ulo
tgrus jhbuolilo, mhslaoyl, kurqlo iltl, jlo xgono.

6. Lwlalo ‑jh-” jlo iltl dgrhiutoyl ‑jlalm” tuahs jhdgjlilo. Srgpnshsh ‑jh”
jlalm fnotn` jh ruml`, jh aljlob, tuahslo jhphsl`ilo nag` splsh, sgmgotlrl
‑ylob” jhdgah ltlu jhmlilo jlalm sgrh jhtuahs jgoblo iltl-iltl ylob
mgobhiuth.

:. Tg-jhtuahs iltl pgou` jgoblo gagmgo mgobualobh. Jylj thjli jhbuolilo

sgdlblh pgolojl igilmdu`lo

Vgflrl umum, `la-`la ylob jhltur jlalm GXJ ljlal`5

 Mgouahs surlt, tgrmlsui mnjla jlo mhrhob.

 Mgouahs iltl-iltl.

 Mgouahs tlojl dlfl.

 Mgouahs shobiltlo jlo lirnohm.

4:
 Mgouahs lobil jlo onmnr shmdna.

 Mgouahs gagmgo pgoygrlplo.

Vgdgaumoyl ‑ng” sujl` mgoeljh ‑u” sllt Gello [lo Np`uhesgo jhbloth
jgoblo Tgpudahi Vpgaahob. Eljh sgdgaum GXJ, ‑ng” thjli jhbuolilo. Wotui
pgoegalslo agdh` aloeut tgotlob mgouahs tlojl dlfl, mgouahs jlplt jhah`lt pljl
tlojl dlfl GXJ ylob tgplt.

Dl`lsl Hojnogshl mgruplilo dl`lsl ylob mgmhahih gello ylob tgal`

jhsgsulhilo. Gello tgrsgdut mgmhahih pgrudl`lo ylhtu sgdloyli thbl ilah sgtgal`
dl`lsl htu jhbuolilo sgdlblh dl`lsl olshnola. Igthbl shstgm gello htu
mgo`lshailo gello ylob dliu jlo jhpgrbuolilo slmplh sllt hoh nag` sgthlp
nrlob tgrutlml liljgmhsh, pgouahs, wlrtlwlo jlo alho sgdlblhoyl. gello htu
ljlal` Gello ylob jhsgmpurolilo (GXJ).

Jlalm Gello Dl`lsl Hojnogshl, dloyli `la ylob `lrus jhah`lt jlo
jhpl`lmh. Ilrgol dgbhtu rumht jlo dloyli ehil jhah`lt jlrh sgbh `uruk, iltl,
ilahmlt, tlojl dlfl dlhi jlalm pgmlilhlo, pgouahslo jlo pgalklalooyl. @uruk
mgmhahih dloyli flrl pgouahslo jlo pgmlilhlo, sgpgrth ldelj ylob mgruplilo
vnfla jlo inosnol, jhktnob, pgrsuiulo, jlo olml jhrh. Vgjlobilo
pgouahslooyl, jhbuolilo pljl `uruk flphtla jlo `uruk mhrhob. Jgmhihlo eubl
iltl, mgmhaih ilhjl` pgmlilhlo ylob jhltur jlalm gello dl`lsl Hojnogshl.
Vgpgrth, iltl jlslr, turuolo, blduoblo, iltl bloth, shobiltlo jlo lirnohm.

Wotui pgouahslo `uruk mgoeljh iltl jlo iltl mgoeljh ilahmlt, pgrau
jhbuolilo tlojl dlfl. Zlojl dlfl mgmhahih pgrlo pgothob jlo htu sujl` jhltur
jlalm gello dl`lsl Hojnogshl.

47
 DLD HHH
IGVHMSWALO

7.<. Igshmpualo

Gello mgruplilo pgobblmdlrlo duoyh dl`lsl jgoblo ilhjl` tuahs-mgouahs

ylob jhstlojlrjhslshilo. GXJ (Gello ylob Jhsgmpurolilo) mgruplilo tltl
dl`lsl jlalm Dl`lsl Hojnogshl ylob mgobltur pgobbuollo dl`sl hojnogshl
jlalm tuahslo, mualh jlrh pgmlilhlo jlo pgouahslo `uruk ilphtla jlo `uruk
mhrhob, sgrtl pgouahslo uosur sgrlplo. Sgrigmdloblo gello jh Hojnogshl tgal`
mgoblalmh dgdgrlpl pgrblothlo, mualh jlrh gello [lo Np`uysgo `hobbl gello
ylob jhsgmpurolilo (GXJ).

7.4. Vlrlo

Vujl` mgoeljh igwlehdlo ihtl sgdlblh pgalelr uotui sgalau mgobhobltilo

igpljl mlsylrlilt buol jlplt mgobbuolilo ilhjl` tltl dl`lsl Hojnogshl
ylob dlhi jlo dgolr. Ilrgol dlblhmlolpuo dl`lsl mgmhahih pgrlo pgthob
jlalm prnsgs pgmdlobuolo ilrlitgr mlsylrlilt. Jgoblo mgmpgalelrh gello,
mlil prnsgs pgmdgalelrlo, pgml`lmlo, jlo pgouahslo dl`lsl Hojnogshl lilo
mgoeljh agdh` mujl`.

4;
 JLKZLT SWVZLIL

Sgrmgojhiduj Onmnr 73 Zl`uo 43<7 tgotlob Sgjnmlo Wmum Gello Dl`lsl

Hojnogshl (SWGDH).

Tusahy. 43<2. @lojnut Dl`lsl Hojnogshl. Zhjli Jhtgrdhtilo.

`ttps5//www.burupgojhjhilo.fn.hj/gello-dl`lsl-hojnogshl/ (jh lisgs pljl tlobbla

43 mlrgt 4343)

`ttps5//juohlilmpus2.danbspnt.fnm/43<:/36/pgobgrthlo-gello-dl`lsl-
hojnogshl.`tma>m=< (jh lisgs pljl tlobbla <7 mlrgt 4343)

`ttps5//hj.m.whihpgjhl.nrb/whih/Gello^Sgmdl`lrulo (jh lisgs pljl tlobbla <7

mlrgt 4343)

`ttps5//hj.m.whihpgjhl.nrb/whih/Gello^Dlru (jh lisgs pljl tlobbla <7 mlrgt 4343)

42

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