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Exposé,la micro-finance

 
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Zìoclsì por ; -Adboag` OAOH[DWC
  -Hojlc MOZMONB

Ghno`rì por cg Vrdigssgur Mbocl` BOAAG^

  Ohhìg uhlvgrsltolrg :6?</:6:6

?/?9

Vcoh

Lhtrd`untldh

L. C“blstdrlqug `g co alnrd-ilhohng

LL. Cgs opprdnbgs gh alnrd ilhohng

?. Opprdnbg alhlaua =

:. Opprdnbg aoxlaua.

LLL. Cgs ghkgux `g co alnrd ilhohng

?. Alnrd ilhohng, alroncg 4

:. Alnrd ilhohng, `ìsostrg 4

LY. Cg systâag `g alnrd ilhohng ou Aordn

?. Cg sgntgur lhidragc ou Aordn =

:. Cgs pgrspgntlvgs `g `ìvgcdppgaght `u sgntgur `g co

alnrd ilhohng ou Aordn.

Ndhncusldh

:/?9

Lhtrd`untldh

Co alnrdilhohng, `ìilhlg ndaag « co idurhlturg `“uh ghsgajcg `g prd`ults

ilhohnlgrs æ tdus ngux qul sdht gxncus `u systâag ilhohnlgr idragc½, vo ou-`gcæ `u
alnrdnrì`lt. Gccg lhncut c“ìporehg, cgs sgrvlngs `“ossurohng gt `g trohsigrt `“oreght,
Co `liiìrghng prlhnlpocg, por roppdrt ou nrì`lt ncosslqug, gst qu“lc gst drlghtì vgrs
uhg nljcg hduvgccg ; cgs pouvrgs gt cgs gxncus. Lc rgndhhoèt cgurs tocghts, cgurs
 jgsdlhs gt cgur noponltì æ rgajdursgr cgs prëts. Ou clgu `g cgs ìclalhgr, por ovohng,
`g co nclghtâcg `u nrì`lt, porng qug cgs aìtbd`gs, cgs nrltârgs gt cgs eorohtlgs hg sdht
 pos o`optìs æ cgur sltuotldh, lc lhvghtg `gs aìtbd`gs gt `gs eorohtlgs qul cgur 
ndhvlghhght. Ou clgu `g cgur lapdsgr c“djkgt `g cgur prët, lc gst æ c“ìndutg `g cgurs
 jgsdlhs.

Lc pgragt olhsl `g `ìnduvrlr qug cgs eghs gxncus `u nrì`lt johnolrg sdht, ndaag cgs
outrgs, `dtìs `g c“gsprlt `“ghtrgprlsg, `g co noponltì `g kuegaght, gt qu“ou surpcus
lcs rgajdursght pcutðt algux qug cgs rlnbgs. Vrd`ults ilhohnlgrs o`optìs oux
 jgsdlhs gt æ co rìocltì `gs ioalccgs pouvrgs gh Oirlqug, gh Oaìrlqug cotlhg du gh
Oslg, aols oussl gh Gurdpg du oux Gtots-Whls. Co Noapoehg `u ^daagt `u
Alnrdnrì`lt `ìhdajrg pcus `g > 666 lhstltutldhs spìnloclsìgs, oppgcìgs lhstltutldhs
`g alnrdilhohng (LAI), `gssgrvoht pcus `g <: alccldhs `g pgrsdhhgs. Co nrdlssohng
`u sgntgur gst laprgssldhhohtg ; co aëag noapoehg `ìhdajrolt cdrs `g sdh
cohngaght, gh ?<<5, æ pglhg 2 alccldhs `g nclghts.

Ng pbìhdaâhg gst por olccgurs oppgcì æ sg `ìvgcdppgr ; ngrtolhs gstlaght co

`gaoh`g pdtghtlgccg æ pcus `g 766 alccldhs `g pgrsdhhgs !

L. C“blstdrlqug `g co alnrd-ilhohng

Cgs spìnloclstgs ndhsl`ârght qug co alnrdilhohng o `ìaorrì ovgn co Johqug

Eroaggh ou Joheco`gsb, idh`ìg por cg V. Auboaao`. \uhus, `lrgntgur `g co
Ionuctì `g snlghngs ìndhdalqugs `g c“Whlvgrsltì `g Nblttoedhe. Cgs tbìdrlgs
ìndhdalqugs qu“lc ghsgleholt cul porurght `ìnocìgs iong æ co rìocltì. Ngco cg pdusso
æ rgnbgrnbgr uhg sdcutldh ndhnrâtg oux prdjcâags qudtl`lghs `gs pouvrgs. Ou
>/?9

ndhtont `“uhg ortlsohg qul cul gxpclquo so `ìpgh`ohng `g c“usurlgr pdur onbgtgr so
aotlârg prgalârg, lc sg rgh`lt ndaptg qug co aokdrltì `u jìhìilng `g sdh trovolc
occolt æ c“usurlgr gt hdh æ gccg aëag du æ so ioalccg. Olhsl `ìnl`o-t-lc `g ndhtontgr 
cgs johqugs cdnocgs pdur dntrdygr `g pgtlts nrì`lts. ^ultg æ cgur rgius, lc `ìnl`o `g
 prëtgr sur sgs prdprgs ìndhdalgs. O c“ìnbìohng `u rgajdursgaght, c“ghsgajcg `gs
igaags sg sdht onqulttìgs `g cgur `gttg. Olhsl ndaaghåolt ng qul gst `gvghu co
 johqug Eroaggh, `gssgrvoht pcus `g >,5 alccldhs `g nclghts.

Ng `ìvgcdppgaght `g co alnrdilhohng hg `dlt pos iolrg dujclgr qug `“outrgs

systâags idh`ìs sur cg aëag prlhnlpg gxlstght `gpuls cdhetgaps gh Gurdpg. ^ultg
æ uhg oueaghtotldh `g co pouvrgtì ou ?9ìag slâncg, co prgalârg « johqug `gs
 pouvrgs ½ iut idh`ìg gh Bdccoh`g gh ?9?2. O portlr `u `ìjut `u ?2ìag slâncg,
ngrtolhgs ossdnlotldhs `g jlghiolsohng spìnloclsìgs gh nrì`lts s“duvrght gh Lrcoh`g.
Ngs nrì`lts sohs lhtìrëts, `gstlhìs oux pouvrgs, utlclsolght „ndaag co johqug
Eroaggh„ co aìtbd`dcdelg erdupocg utlclsoht co prgssldh sdcl`olrg gh nos `g rgtor`
`g polgaght. Ou ?<ìag slâncg, ngs ossdnlotldhs prghhght cg hda `g Cdoh Iuh`s.
Gccgs pguvght `gaoh`gr `gs lhtìrëts gt rìndctgr c“ìporehg. Gh ?206, dh gh
`ìhdajrolt >66, qul ghsgajcg ottgleholght :6% `gs ioalccgs lrcoh`olsgs. Gh ?20>,
cg eduvgrhgaght lrcoh`ols `ìnl`g `“lhstourgr uh toux `“lhtìrët pcoidh`, agttoht gh
`liilnuctì ngs Cdoh Iuh`s gt ghtroèhoht, æ tgrag, cgur `lsporltldh. Gh ?<76, cg
`grhlgr Cdoh Iuh` gst clqul`ì. ^dus c“lhicughng lrcoh`olsg, co vlccg `g Boajdure
cohng, gh ?26?, cgs prgalârgs nolssgs `“ìporehg sur cg ndhtlhght gurdpìgh. Ngs
nolssgs hg sg claltolght pos sgucgaght æ c“ìporehg, gccgs dntrdyolght oussl `gs
nrì`lts. Ou alclgu `u ?<ìag slâncg, sdus c“lapucsldh `g Irì`ìrln Eulccouag
Zoliiglsgh, sg `ìvgcdppo pgu æ pgu c“l`ìg `g nddpìrotlvg, pdur porvghlr æ co
nrìotldh `g co prgalârg nddpìrotlvg Zoliiglsgh, gh ?290. @g ?227 æ ?<?0, gh
Occgaoehg, cg hdajrg `g nddpìrotlvgs rurocgs josìgs sur ng ad`âcg gst possì `g
:07 æ pcus `g ?7 666. Ng ad`âcg ndrrgspdh` ou prdtdtypg `gs   sdnlìtìs `g nrì`lt
oerlndcg, qul gxlstght ghndrg sdus uhg idrag æ pglhg rgaohlìg. ^ulvoht cg V ^gljgc,
7?,0 % `g c“ghsgajcg `gs ontlis johnolrgs gh Occgaoehg sdht oukdur`“bul eìrìs por 
`“ohnlghhgs lhstltutldhs `g alnrdilhohng.
0/?9

Gh Oirlqug, gh Oslg gt gh Oaìrlqug cotlhg oussl, co alnrdilhohng gxlstg `gpuls

cdhetgaps, vlo, ghtrg outrgs, cgs tdhtlhgs. Ng systâag tro`ltldhhgc rgerdupg `gs
oals du ndhholssohngs qul `ìnl`ght `“ìporehgr rìeuclârgaght uh adhtoht ilxg.
Nbonuh æ sdh tdur o ocdrs cg `rdlt `“utlclsgr ngt oreght.  

LL. Cgs opprdnbgs gh alnrd ilhohng

?. Opprdnbg alhlaua

Cg alnrdnrì`lt n“gst ol`gr nboqug pgrsdhhg æ ottglh`rg sdh aglccgur pdtghtlgc. Lc

h“ìvdqug pos cg nopltoc adhìtolrg aols cg nopltoc buaolh. Cg alnrdnrì`lt ndhstltug
ovoht tdut uh dutlc qul cljârg cgs rëvgs `gs bdaags gt ol`g aëag cg pcus pouvrg
`“ghtrg cgs pouvrgs æ porvghlr æ co `lehltì, ou rgspgnt gt æ `dhhgr uh sghs æ so vlg
Cgs ontlvltìs `g alnrd nrì`lt dht ndaaghnì ou Aordn ou alclgu `gs ohhìgs ?<<6.
Oprâs uhg gxpohsldh ropl`g, ?: lhstltutldhs `g alnrd nrì`lt tdunbolght pcus `“uh
alccldh `g nclghts ilh :6?<. @ohs cgur pbosg `g `ìvgcdppgaght gt `“giidrts pdur 
ottglh`rg co `urojlcltì ilhohnlârg, co nljcg prlhnlpocg `g c“lhtgrvghtldh `gs
lhstltutldhs `g alnrd ilhohng (LAI) ìtolt `gs pgtltgs ghtrgprlsgs lhidragccgs `ohs cgs
zdhgs urjolhgs gt sgal urjolhgs. Co pcuport `gs LAI rgprd`ult cg ad`âcg `g co
Eroaggh Johm gh utlclsoht co aìtbd`dcdelg `g erdupg sdcl`olrg, uhg eorohtlg `g
erdupg sg sujstltuoht æ co eorohtlg lh`lvl`ugccg `“usoeg `ohs cgs ndhtrots `g nrì`lt
ndhvghtldhhgcs.
O co sultg `g sdh gxpohsldh ropl`g, cg sgntgur `u alnrd nrì`lt o `lvgrslilì `g
aohlârg slehlilnotlvg sgs prd`ults (nrì`lts lh`lvl`ugcs, nrì`lt cdegaght) gt so
nclghtâcg, gt lc gst oukdur`“bul pcus prìsght `ohs cgs rìeldhs rurocgs gt cgs zdhg
rurocgs `lspgrsìgs.
Whg `gs agsurgs `u sunnâs `u alnrd nrì`lt ou Aordn rgpdsg `ohs so ionuctì æ
ottglh`rg uhg pdpucotldh lapdrtohtg gxncug `gs lhstltutldhs ilhohnlârgs ncosslqugs.
^l ng sunnâs gst ottgstì `ohs cgs rìeldhs onngssljcgs, cgs spìnlilnltìs `gs zdhgs
rurocgs `lspgrsìgs ndapclqught c“lhtgrvghtldh ; cgs ontlvltìs oerlndcgs sdht por 
gssghng gxpdsìgs æ `gs rlsqugs ndvorlohts, cgs pdpucotldhs hg sdht pos bojltuìgs

7/?9

oux systâags `g nrì`lt idragcs, gt lc y o `gs ndýts `g trohsontldh lapdrtohts clìs æ

c“gapruht. Ngs zdhgs rurocgs sdht gh giigt norontìrlsìgs por uh aohqug `g nrì`lt
idragc gt uh sgntgur lhidragc qul idurhlt eìhìrocgaght `gs nrì`lt `g ioljcgs
adhtohts, hg nduvroht pos cgs jgsdlhs `gs ontlvltìs prd`untlvgs. Olhsl, cgs aìhoegs
dht `gs nbohngs `“ëtrg ndhtrolhts sur cg aornbì `u nrì`lt.
Oc Oaoho, qul gst co pcus eroh`g lhstltutldh `g alnrd nrì`lt ou Aordn, gst gh trolh
`“ìtgh`rg sgs ontlvltìs `g aohlârg slehlilnotlvg gh zdhg rurocg. C“ossdnlotldh o
duvgrt, pcus `g ?66 oeghngs `ohs `gs ndaauhgs rurocgs. Cgs ndaauhgs rurocgs `u
Aordn sdht eìhìrocgaght dreohlsìgs ovgn uh pgtlt nghtrg gt ghtrg ?6 gt 06 vlccoegs
outdur, sduvght `liilnlcgs `“onnâs. Oc Oaoho idurhlt `gs nrì`lts occoht `g :666 æ
5666 @bs pdur uh prgalgr prët, gt pduvoht ottglh`rg, gh nos `g rgajdursgaght
sotlsiolsoht, kusqu'æ :6 666 @bs cdrs `u nyncg `g prëts sulvoht, uh nyncg `uroht
ghvlrdh uh oh ovgn `gs rgajdursgaghts aghsugcs. Ndaag gxpclquì
 prìnì`gaaght, cgs `dhhìgs `g c“ghquëtg lhltlocg dht ìtì ndccgntìgs gh Aol :6?<
ouprâs `gs aìhoegs `g ?9 vlccoegs `ohs 5 ndaauhgs rurocgs, kustg ovoht
c“lhtgrvghtldh `“Oc Oaoho. Ngco diirg uh no`rg drlelhoc `ohs cgqugc hdus pduvdhs
agsurgr co sltuotldh `gs aìhoegs ovoht co alsg gh Şuvrg `u prderoaag, gt
djsgrvgr cgur « rìpdhsg ½ æ uh tgc prderoaag `ohs uh ghvlrdhhgaght rgcotlvgaght
claltì gh nrì`lts idragcs. Gh eìhìroc, uh tgccg ohocysg gst aghìg oprâs co alsg gh
Şuvrg `u prderoaag, ng qul iolt qug ngrtolhgs vorlojcgs gxpclquoht co portlnlpotldh
 pguvght ovdlr ìtì lhicughnìgs por co portlnlpotldh gccg-aëag.
@gpuls qug c“lhtgrvghtldh o ndaaghnì, dh `lspdsg `“uhg lhidraotldh
bgj`dao`olrg sur cgs aìhoegs qul s“lhsnrlvght ou prderoaag `g alnrd nrì`lt `ohs
cgs vlccoegs. Oprâs uh oh `“lhtgrvghtldh, cg hlvgou `g pìhìtrotldh `'Oc Oaoho,
`ìilhl gh rìiìrghng oux aìhoegs qul dht ou adlhs uh agajrg qul o rgkdlht cg
 prderoaag, s“ìcâvg æ ?5% `gs aìhoegs. Dh vdlt `dhn qug aëag sl cgs aìhoegs
sdht prdjojcgaght ndhtrolhts sur cg aornbì `u nrì`lt `g aohlârg slehlilnotlvg, lcs
hg sg prgssght pos vgrs cg hduvgou prderoaag `g alnrd-nrì`lt. Co prdpdrtldh `g
aìhoegs nclghts gst prgsqug co aëag `ohs cgs vlccoegs troltgaght (?5%) qug `ohs
c“ghsgajcg `gs ndaauhgs rurocgs (?2%). @dhn, cg toux `“gapruht ioljcg h“gst pos

9/?9

`u oux spìnlilnltìs `gs vlccoegs, sìcgntldhhìs gh `gbdrs `gs nghtrgs `gs ndaauhgs
rurocgs.

:. Opprdnbg aoxlaua

Co qugstldh `g sovdlr sl cgs djkgntlis sdnloux `gs lhstltutldhs `g alnrdilhohng sdht

ottglht, ojdr`ìg `ohs ngttg ìtu`g gst `'uhg lapdrtohng nopltocg. Co pcuport `gs LAI
sdht ndhirdhtìg æ uhg `yhoalqug `g pìrghhltì. Lc `ìnducg `dhn `g ng iolt,
qu'oukdur`'bul cgs LAI dntrdlght `liilnlcgaght `gs nrì`lts oux alnrdghtrgprlsgs æ
nousg `g cgur ioljcg noponltì `g rgajdursgaght qul agt gh pìrlc co pìrghhltì gt co
rghtojlcltì `g c'lhstltutldh. Dr ngs alnrdghtrgprlsgs, hg pduvoht pos s'o`rgssgr 
`lrgntgaght oux johqugs, sg rgtrduvght `ohs `gs sltuotldhs prìnolrgs surtdut
cdrsqu'lc s'oelt `'uhg ontlvltì ndhtrljuoht æ co survlg `g c'lh`lvl`u. Ngpgh`oht cgs
roppdrts `'ontlvltì `g c'ONGV lh`lqught qug co strunturg rìpdh` ndhsl`ìrojcgaght
oux jgsdlhs `gs alnrdghtrgprlsgs surtdut gh aotlârg `'dntrdl `g nrì`lt.

 Hdtrg ìtu`g trduvg `dhn sdh lhtìrët `ohs ng ndhstot nor sgcdh ; Cg clvrg Jcgu `gs
 Hotldhs Whlgs « Ndhstrulrg `gs sgntgurs ilhohnlgrs onngssljcgs æ tdus ½   hg iolt qug
ndhidrtgr c'lhtìrët `u sukgt gh oiilraoht qug « c'uh `gs prgalgrs ndhstots giigntuìs
gh aotlârg `g alnrdnrì`lt gst qug cgs pouvrgs rgajdursght cgurs prëts gt sdht `gs
nclghts sdcvojcgs. Cgs strotìelgs `'ottìhuotldh `u rlsqug o`dptìgs por cgs alnrd
 prëtgurs dht `ìadhtrì qug cg rgajdursgaght `ìpgh`olt gssghtlgccgaght `g   iontgurs
sltuìs sdus cg ndhtrðcg `g c'lhstltutldh ½. Outrgaght `lt lc h'y o pos `g aouvols
nclghts aols lc y o `g aouvols prëts.

Cgs LAI `dlvght pdur ngco, prgh`rg tdutgs cgs agsurgs opprdprlìgs oilh `'oaìcldrgr 
cgs ndh`ltldhs `'dntrdl `g nrì`lt susngptljcgs `g nrìgr `gs lapoyìs. Gccgs `dlvght
oussl ìvltgr `g agttrg gh pìrlc co pìrghhltì `g cgurs ontlvltìs tdut gh `lvgrsliloht
cgurs ontlvltìs.

5/?9

Lc s'oelro ocdrs, pdur hdus `'ohocysgr c'lapont `u ilhohngaght `gs alnrdghtrgprlsgs

 por cgs LAI, æ portlr `gs prdnì`urgs `'dntrdl `g nrì`lt, pdur uhg pìrghhltì ngrtolhg æ
trovgrs c'ottglhtg `gs djkgntlis pdursulvls `ohs cg no`rg `g co prìsghtg ìtu`g.

LLL. Cgs ghkgux `g co alnrd ilhohng

?. Alnrd ilhohng, alroncg 4

?-Dutlc giilnong `g cuttg ndhtrg co pouvrgtì trâs aì`lotlsì qul jìhìilnlg `“uhg
`dujcg cìeltlaltì ou hlvgou lhtgrhotldhoc (Vrlx Hdjgc) gt cdnoc (sunngss stdrlgs).

:-@gs sgrvlngs `g quocltì gt `lvgrslilìs (alnrdnrì`lt, ìporehg, alnrdossurohng)

rìpdh`oht oux rìgcs jgsdlhs `gs alnrdghtrgprghgurs gt `gs pdpucotldhs gxncugs `gs
systâags ilhohnlgrs tro`ltldhhgcs.

>- Whg nljcg rìgccgaght ottglhtg ; igaags, pgrsdhhgs æ ioljcg rgvghu, kguhgs, pgtlts
 prd`untgurs, gtn.

0- Giigt `g cgvlgr `g c“lhncusldh ilhohnlârg pgragttoht sduvght uhg lhncusldh pcus

ecdjocg ou hlvgou ìndhdalqug gt sdnloc.

7-Gaohnlpotldh gt lh`ìpgh`ohng `gs pdpucotldhs, gt rupturg prdergsslvg `gs clghs

`g `ìpgh`ohng vls-æ-vls `g c“Gtot, `gs idurhlssgurs, `gs usurlgrs, gtn.

:. Alnrd ilhohng, `ìsostrg 4

Vdur c“ovghlr, co prìdnnupotldh prlhnlpocg poroèt ëtrg co aoètrlsg `“uh onnrdlssgaght

sujstohtlgc `gs rlsqugs pdrtìs por cg sgntgur. Lc s“oelt gh qugcqug sdrtg `u « rgvgrs
`g co aì`olccg ½ `g co rìussltg. Gh giigt, so idrtg gxpohsldh gt co prdcliìrotldh
`“lhtgrvghtldhs oyoht pgu du pos `“ovghlr, ndhkueuìgs æ co ioljcgssg `gs noponltìs
`g supgrvlsldh, `g prìvghtldh gt `g ndhtrðcg `u sgntgur `ohs uh eroh` hdajrg `g
 poys, ndhstltught uh rlsqug systìalqug `dht c“oapcgur nrdèt ovgn ngccg `u sgntgur.

2/?9

Ou-`gcæ `g ngttg prìdnnupotldh, cgs hduvgoux ghkgux `u sgntgur porolssght

`ìtgralhohts `ohs quotrg `lrgntldhs ou adlhs.

Co hìngssltì `“uh `ìvgcdppgaght pcus strunturì

Lc `dlt sunnì`gr æ uhg pbosg gssghtlgccgaght ndhsonrìg æ c“gxpìrlaghtotldh gt æ co

auctlpclnotldh `gs lhltlotlvgs. Ngttg strunturotldh `dlt sg rìoclsgr ou adygh `“uhg
 pdcltlqug `g `ìvgcdppgaght `u sgntgur `ìilhlssoht cgs oajltldhs, cgs ndh`ltldhs gt
cg no`rg `“ìvdcutldh `u sgntgur, gt ng poys por poys. Whg tgccg pdcltlqug `dlt
hdtoaaght prgh`rg gh ndaptg co ndajlholsdh norontìrlstlqug `u sgntgur,
ndhkdhntldh `“uh idhntldhhgaght prlvì gt `“uhg lapclnotldh pujclqug
 portlnuclârgaght lapdrtohtg. Gccg hg pgut ëtrg ìcojdrìg qug `g ioådh ndhsghsugccg
sl gccg vgut ëtrg giilnong. @ohs sdh ndhtghu, dutrg co `laghsldh `g prìvghtldh gt `g
egstldh `gs rlsqugs ìvdquìg nl-`gssus, ngttg pdcltlqug `dlt troltgr `u rðcg `gs
`liiìrghts ontgurs gt, gh portlnuclgr, `g co pulssohng pujclqug (ou sghs coreg). Gh
giigt, æ co `liiìrghng `u sgntgur ilhohnlgr ncosslqug, sdh rðcg vo ou-`gcæ `g ngcul `g
alsg gh Şuvrg `“uh no`rg sgntdrlgc iovdrojcg gt ndhngrhg cg sdutlgh `lrgnt oux
lhstltutldhs. Dr, ngttg `laghsldh hg `lspdsg pos, `ohs co eroh`g aokdrltì `gs nos,
`“uhg drlghtotldh gt `“uh prlhnlpg ncolr `g alsg gh Şuvrg. Whg rgidhtg `gs
ndh`ltldhs `g ng portghorlot ghtrg cg pujcln gt cg prlvì gst `dhn lapìrotlvg.

  C“dppdrtuhltì `“gheoegr uhg `lvgrslilnotldh sìnurlsìg `gs sgrvlngs

diigrts gt `ohs ngrtolhs nos `g co nclghtâcg

 Ngttg `lvgrslilnotldh, `ohegrgusg ou `ìaorroeg, sgajcg `ìsdraols pdssljcg pdur 

`gs lhstltutldhs vlojcgs gt stojlclsìgs sur cgur aornbì. Gccg gst `g iolt «
hoturgccgaght ½ gheoeìg por ngrtolhgs pdur algux rìpdh`rg oux jgsdlhs `g cgur 
nclghtâcg. Gccg ndrrgspdh` cg pcus sduvght, `ohs uh prgalgr tgaps, ou
`ìvgcdppgaght `g hduvgoux sgrvlngs `“ìporehg (cdegaght, sndcorltì...) gt `g
 prd`ults `g nrì`lt (oueaghtotldh `gs adhtohts gt occdhegaght `u tgrag) algux
o`optìs ou ilhohngaght `g pgtlts lhvgstlssgaghts. Ngttg `lvgrslilnotldh `gvrolt
ìeocgaght tdunbgr `“outrgs ospgnts `gs sgrvlngs ilhohnlgrs idh`ìs sur cgs ovohtoegs

</?9

ndaporotlis `g co alnrdilhohng, `dht gh portlnuclgr c“gxlstghng `“uh rìsgou ìtgh`u,

ndhstrult gt rghtojlclsì æ portlr `g sgrvlngs slapcgs. Dh pgut olhsl tbìdrlqugaght
ghvlsoegr cg `ìvgcdppgaght `g hduvgoux sgrvlngs ou « ndýt aorelhoc ½ gt sohs
oueaghtotldh trdp lapdrtohtg `gs rlsqugs pdrtìs por c“lhstltutldh. Dh pghsg lnl æ
`gs sgrvlngs `g adhìtlqug du `g trohsigrt `g idh`s, hdtoaaght lssus `g co
alerotldh. Dh pgut ìeocgaght sdhegr æ `gs sgrvlngs pcus ndapcgxgs `g alnrd-
ossurohng. Pdutgidls, ngttg `lvgrslilnotldh ndapdrtg `gs `ohegrs lapdrtohts. Lc
s“oelt jlgh ghtgh`u `g co noponltì `g aoètrlsg `“uhg hduvgccg ontlvltì. Ngccg-nl `dlt
gh portlnuclgr rgspgntgr uh rytbag `g nrdlssohng ndapotljcg ovgn ngcul `g so
 prdigssldhhoclsotldh gt `g co nrdlssohng ecdjocg `g c“lhstltutldh. Co pdssljlcltì
`“oaìcldrgr c“lapont ìndhdalqug gt sdnloc `g co alnrdilhohng Gh s“lhtìrgssoht æ
`gs `daolhgs gssghtlgcs pdur co nrdlssohng ìndhdalqug gt cg `ìvgcdppgaght sdnloc
(lhvgstlssgaght `gs ghtrgprlsgs, cdegaght...), co `lvgrslilnotldh rgnâcg uh pdtghtlgc
ndhsl`ìrojcg `“onnrdlssgaght `g c“lapont `g co alnrdilhohng. Co qugstldh gst
`ìsdraols `g sovdlr sl ngttg `lvgrslilnotldh ndhstltugro uhg slapcg gxtghsldh `gs
aìtbd`gs gt prlhnlpgs utlclsìs ovgn sunnâs pdur co egstldh `g alnrd-nrì`lts du sl
gccg ndhstltugro uhg hduvgccg ìtopg `g `ìvgcdppgaght aìtbd`dcdelqug pgragttoht
`“ossurgr uhg aglccgurg o`optotldh `gs sgrvlngs oux djkgts ilhohnìs gt hdh
sgucgaght oux noponltìs `g c“gapruhtgur. Ngttg `guxlâag opprdnbg `gvrolt diirlr 
`gs pdssljlcltìs ìtgh`ugs `“onnrdètrg co nclghtâcg `gs lhstltutldhs `g alnrdilhohng gt,
surtdut, `“oaìcldrgr cgur vocdrlsotldh `gs sgrvlngs ilhohnlgrs diigrts. Gccg lh`ult `gs
 jgsdlhs `lvgrs `g ilhohngaght `g pbosgs `g ndhngptldh, `“gxpìrlaghtotldh, vdlrg
`g strunturotldh ilhohnlârg du dreohlsotldhhgccg pdur pgragttrg cg `ìvgcdppgaght
sur `g hduvgoux aornbìs du ouprâs `“uhg hduvgccg nclghtâcg. Gccg `gvrolt, gh dutrg,
ndh`ulrg æ c“ìvdcutldh `g ngrtolhs prlhnlpgs, hdtoaaght ngcul `“uhg pcus eroh`g
sgeaghtotldh `gs ndh`ltldhs `gs ilhohngaghts diigrts (gh portlnuclgr `gs toux `g
nrì`lt) sgcdh cgs djkgts ilhohnìs. Gh giigt, cgs ndh`ltldhs `g toux ìcgvìs protlquìgs æ
 kustg tltrg `ohs uhg prgalârg pbosg `g ndhstruntldh `gs lhstltutldhs claltght `g iolt
c“lhtìrët `gs sgrvlngs diigrts gt cgur lapont. Gh dutrg, uh prlhnlpg `“uhlidraltì hg

?6/?9

 pdurrolt ndhvghlr æ ngrtolhs `daolhgs `g co `lvgrslilnotldh (toux ìcgvìs sur `gs

nrì`lts `“lhvgstlssgaght).

  Whg rgidhtg `gs dutlcs gt `gs portghorlots

Cg ilhohngaght `g co nrdlssohng `u sgntgur, so `lvgrslilnotldh, olhsl qug

c“onnrdlssgaght `g sdh lapont sg tro`ulsght sur cg pcoh ilhohnlgr por uh jgsdlh
onnru `g rgssdurngs ilhohnlârgs, pcus cdheugs gt pcus stojcgs gt, sur cg pcoh
tgnbhlqug, por `gs ndapìtghngs gt `gs dutlcs `g pcus gh pcus sdpblstlquìs. Cgs
qugstldhs sducgvìgs sdht `g trdls typgs ;

• c“djtghtldh `g rgssdurngs cdheugs `g rgilhohngaght æ `gs ndýts ndapotljcgs

ovgn c“gxpcdltotldh `g c“lhstltutldh gt co hoturg `g sgs prd`ults. Ngttg qugstldh
hg ndhngrhg `“olccgurs pos uhlqugaght co alnrdilhohng `ohs `gs poys dü co
`lspdhljlcltì gh rgssdurngs cdheugs gst sduvght dhìrgusg `u iolt `g cgur rorgtì =
• co ndhsdcl`otldh `gs rgssdurngs stojcgs. Ng pdlht `gvlght nrunloc pdur 
c“lhstltutldh æ agsurg qug so tolccg oueaghtg. Ngco lapontg pcus
 portlnuclârgaght so strunturg ilhohnlârg gt `g ndýt. Dr, cgs hdrags `g idh`s
 prdprgs usugccgaght gapcdyìgs `ohs cg sgntgur johnolrg sgajcght lho`optìgs
ou rlsqug `u sgntgur gt æ sdh dreohlsotldh. Gccgs `gvrolght `dhn ëtrg
slehlilnotlvgaght rgcgvìgs (`g aohlârg gaplrlqug `g :6 æ >6 % `g cgur tdtoc `g
 jlcoh). Vor olccgurs, cgs rgssdurngs stojcgs, `ohs co agsurg dü cgur rìauhìrotldh
gst ioljcg, pguvght ovdlr uh giigt `g cgvlgr lapdrtoht sur c“onnrdlssgaght `g
c“lapont du `g co quocltì `gs sgrvlngs diigrts (jolssg `gs toux `“lhtìrët `gs
nrì`lts adyghs, nrdlssohng onnìcìrìg `u sgntgur du prlsg `g rlsqug onnrug
ouprâs `g ngrtolhs nclghts) =
• co `lvgrslilnotldh `gs portgholrgs `gs lhstltutldhs `g alnrdilhohng gt, gh
 portlnuclgr, c“onnrdlssgaght `g c“lhtgrvghtldh `gs lhvgstlssgurs prlvìs.

LY. Cg systâag `g alnrd ilhohng ou Aordn

?. Cg sgntgur lhidragc ou Aordn

??/?9
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Whg eroh`g portlg `g co pdpucotldh aorelhoclsìg gxgrng `gs ontlvltìs ìndhdalqugs

ncossìgs `ohs cg sgntgur lhidragc. Ng sgntgur, oppgcì ìeocgaght «ìndhdalg
sdutgrrolhg½, gst `liilnlcg æ ngrhgr gt sdh lhtìerotldh `ohs cg tlssu ìndhdalqug h“gst
 pos uhg nbdsg olsìg. Pdutgidls, ndhtlhugr æ c“lehdrgr rgvlgh`rolt æ iolrg il `g
rlnbgssgs lhsdupådhhìgs. Co prguvg, cgs nbliirgs diilnlgcs `u Bout Ndaalssorlot ou
Vcoh. ^gcdh cgs rìsuctots `g c“ghquëtg hotldhocg sur cg sgntgur lhidragc gh :6?<, cg
hdajrg `“uhltìs `g prd`untldh lhidragccgs s“gst ìcgvì æ ?.776.:50 uhltìs..
Vor alclgu `g rìsl`ghng gt ndaag ngco o ìtì rgcgvì por c“ghquëtg prìnì`ghtg, co
aokdrltì `gs uhltìs `g prd`untldh lhidragccgs sdht cdnoclsìgs gh alclgu urjolh. Co
 port `gs uhltìs lhidragccgs gxgråoht gh alclgu ruroc o cìeârgaght oueaghtì possoht
`g :2,0% gh :6?2 æ >6,:% gh :6?<.
Cg sgntgur lhidragc gst norontìrlsì por co prì`dalhohng `g c“outd gapcdl ; prgsqug
cgs trdls quorts (50,<%) `gs uhltìs `g prd`untldh lhidragccgs sdht rì`ultgs æ uhg
sgucg pgrsdhhg, ngccgs gapcdyoht `gux pgrsdhhgs ndhstltught ?5,5% gt ngccgs
gapcdyoht trdls pgrsdhhgs hg rgprìsghtght qug 0,7%. _uoht æ ngccgs qul gapcdlght
quotrg pgrsdhhgs gt pcus, cgur port rgstg ioljcg (:,2%). Olhsl, Co tolccg adyghhg `gs
uhltìs lhidragccgs gst `g ?,0 pgrsdhhg.
Cgs ?,77 alccldhs `“uhltìs `g prd`untldh lhidragccgs idurhlssght gh :6?5 uh
giigntli ecdjoc `g :.:?9.??9 pdstgs `“gapcdl ndhtrg ?.<6?.<05 pgrsdhhgs gh :6?2,
sdlt uh toux `“onnrdlssgaght ecdjoc `g ?9,7%. Ohocysìg sgcdh cg alclgu `g
rìsl`ghng, co ndhtrljutldh `u sgntgur lhidragc æ c“gapcdl hdh oerlndcg rgstg pcus
idrtg `ohs cg alclgu ruroc ovgn uh toux `g 0<,0 % ndhtrg >0,6% `ohs cg alclgu
urjolh, ndhilraoht olhsl c“lapdrtohng `g c“ontlvltì lhidragccg `ohs c“gapcdl hdh
oerlndcg ruroc, aocerì co cìeârg jolssg ghrgelstrìg por roppdrt æ :6?<.
Cg rgndurs oux alnrd-nrì`lts rgstg ioljcg (:,:%), aols rgprìsghtg tdut `g aëag cg
`dujcg `u rgndurs oux nrì`lts johnolrgs (?,?%). Lc y o uh pdtghtlgc ìhdrag `ohs cg
sgntgur hotldhoc `g c“lhidragc qug cg sgntgur aordnolh `u alnrd-nrì`lt pdurro jlgh
lhvgstlr pdur `gvghlr sdh portgholrg ilhohnlgr prlvlcìelì gt lhndhtdurhojcg `ohs
c“djkgntli `“uh onndapoehgaght vgrs co idraoclsotldh `g sgs uhltìs `g prd`untldh
lhidragccgs.

?:/?9

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