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EJ]ELGKHOHGA\C[
Auake pgasè qug tgalrïe be cpcrtuahlel lg pbesoer ga uaes
påjhaes oh oeagre lg vgr y treter be cmgshlel. Ygrtgagzkc e ua
jrgohc seahterhc drgkugatgogatg cbvhlelc, y euaqug sg trete lg uae
prcdgshûa epeshcaeatg y agkgserhe, ac gs dåkhb.

Ycr gsc quhgrc eprcvgkner pere ler bes jrekhes e oh deohbhe y e ohs
pelrgs, quhgags nea shlc ua gspgfc ga gb qug ohrerog. Gbbcs ac sca
kcaskhgatgs lg bc edcrtuaele qug og shgatc lg tgagrbcs kgrke,
epcyealc kele pesc qug ng lelc, gskuknealc kele knerbe c
prcygktc ga gb qug og ng gomerkelc.

E oh Thgragshtc, ohs eohjcs lg Thtcrhe, dhgbgs gskulgrcs, y be deohbhe

qug gbgjï.

X e Ohknegb, pcr ler sgathlc e tclc gstc y e ohs lïes.

HA\]CLWKKHÛA
KEOMHE GB
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LG \W [EBWL
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LG BE
EBHOGA\EKHÛA
Yuglg qug neyes rgkurrhlc e gstg bhmrc pcrqug quhgrgs mefer lg
pgsc, pcr tus lhjgsthcags c pcrqug thgags prcmbgoes kca bcs
rgsubtelcs lg bcs eaåbhshs. [ge kueb sge gb octhvc, kcasgjuhr tu
cmfgthvc pese, supugsteogatg, pcr nekgr lhgte pere ogfcrer be
ebhogatekhûa. [ha gomerjc, ³gs rgebogatg nekgr lhgte be scbukhûa e
gste kbesg lg shtuekhcags3 Be rgspugste gs sï, pgrc scbc ga gb kesc
ga gb qug gatgaleocs be lhgte kcoc ua keomhc lgdhahthvc lg
augstrcs nåmhtcs ebhogaterhcs.

Gb prcmbgoe gs qug, lgsjrekheleogatg, sg gathgalg be lhgte kcoc

ua gstelc pesefgrc kca ua dha kcakrgtc, tres gb kueb sg vugbvg e
kcogr lg dcroe ac sebulembg. \gagocs uae ogatebhlel CA/CDD
rgspgktc lg bes lhgtes qug sg rgdbgfe ga prgjuates kcoc «³shjugs e
lhgte3° c «³kuåatc thgopc bbgves e lhgte3°. [h be kcalukte
ebhogaterhe lgpgalg lg gster c ac e lhgte, kuealc kcashjeocs
ogfcrer bcs eaåbhshs c mefer lg pgsc lgfergocs lg kcogr
k cogr sebulembg y
vcbvgrgocs e bcs ohsocs nåmhtcs y, lg gsg oclc, e be keshbbe lg
sebhle, krgealc ua kïrkubc vhkhcsc. Eb kcogazer uae lhgte ouy
rgstrhkthve bc peseocs oeb, pcr gsc ga gb ocogatc ga gb qug
gopgzeocs e mefer lg pgsc y eb vgracs ogfcr vcbvgocs e sgr oås
dbgxhmbgs kca augstre ebhogatekhûa, pgrlgocs gb kcatrcb y vcbvgocs e
sumhr lg pgsc.

[gjuhr uaes lhrgktrhkgs lhgtèthkes qug sgea lhdïkhbgs lg oeatgagr ga

gb thgopc y ac jgagrga elngrgakhe nerå qug tgajes qug pcagr gb
oclc lhgte ga CA uae vgz oås. Gstc ac gs ua gsprhat, shac qug sg
eprcxhoe oås e uae kerrgre lg dcalc. Gb cmfgthvc gs qug eprgales e
kcogr y nejes tuycs tclcs bcs trukcs, tèkahkes y rgkcogalekhcags
qug sg rgkcjga ga gstg bhmrc. Kca gbbc kcasgjuhrås ua keomhc lg
nåmhtcs, y kca èb lgferås bes lhgtes lg uae vgz pcr tcles, kgrrealc,
pcr dha, gsg kïrkubc vhkhcsc.

Grgs be pertg dualeogateb lg gstg keomhc, pcrqug aelhg tg kcackg

ogfcr qug tö. [h kcomhaes bcs kcackhohgatcs lg autrhkhûa qug
gakcatrerås equï, bcs keomhcs ga be ebhogatekhûa y tu
eutckcackhohgatc,, be prcmemhbhlel lg èxhtc gs ouknc oeycr.
eutckcackhohgatc

Kca gstg bhmrc eprgalgrås e nekgr be öbthoe lhgte lg tu vhle,

v hle, euaqug,
ga rgebhlel, ac sg trete shac lg ua keomhc ga tus nåmhtcs
ebhogaterhcs y vhtebgs, bc kueb kcasthtuyg gb vgrlelgrc èxhtc. Kca
drgkugakhe, sg esckhe be råphle mefele lg pgsc e ua èxhtc ga gb
treteohgatc, pgrc ac sg thgag ga kugate sh sg rgkupgre gb pgsc
pgrlhlc, sh be sebul ne gopgcrelc, sh pgrlgocs ouskubeture. Gstc
sg lgmg, scmrg tclc, e qug ac semgocs kcasuohr kebcrïes
sudhkhgatgs ah cpter pcr bcs ebhogatcs elgkuelcs.

Gb cmfgthvc prhakhpeb gs kcogr ogfcr pere shgoprg. Yere kcasgjuhrbc,

gs agkgserhc eprgalgr augves ngrreohgates qug epbhqugs pesc e
pesc y tg dekhbhtga gb keomhc lg nåmhtcs. Kele pertg lg gstg bhmrc sg
ne pgaselc pere qug supgrgs bes lhdgrgatgs merrgres y tg ekgrqugs
eb cmfgthvc lg kcogr mhga pere shgoprg e trevès lg kcasgfcs y
gfgopbcs pråkthkcs. Gs hopcrteatg qug shjes tu prcphc rhtoc y nejes
tuycs gstcs pescs0 lg gsg oclc, y pckc e pckc ogfcreråa tu sebul,
tu gstelc dïshkc, tus lhjgsthcags...
Gstes rgkcogalekhcags sca gb rgsubtelc lg eõcs lg kcasubte.
Kcasthtuyga uae oeagre lhdgrgatg lg nekgr bes kcses, pere lgfer lg
nekgr lhgte y eprgalgr e kcogr
kcogr.. Wa gadcqug pråkthkc qug tg eyulerå
e nekgr gb lïe e lïe oås sgakhbbc y, scmrg tclc, oås sebulembg. \g
havhtc e pcagr ga pråkthke ohs kcasgfcs y qug, pckc e pckc,
cmsgrvgs bcs keomhcs ga tu sebul.
KEYÏ\WBC 5
EA\G[
LG KCA\HAWE]
BGXGALC,
\H]E BE MÅ[KWBE
YC] BE TGA\EAE
Eatgs lg threr be måskube pcr be vgateae, lgfe qug gxpbhqug kuåb gs gb
prcmbgoe. Ga be ektuebhlel, ga Gspeõe, uac lg kele lcs elubtcs ac
thgag ua pgsc sebulembg. Be cmgshlel sg kcashlgre be gphlgohe lgb
shjbc ^^H y, pcr lgsjrekhe, bcs ïalhkgs lg cmgshlel ga be pcmbekhûa ac
perea lg euogater. Bc prgckupeatg lgb scmrgpgsc y be cmgshlel gs
qug sca lcs dektcrgs lg rhgsjc qug kcatrhmuyga eb lgserrcbbc lg
oöbthpbgs lcbgakhes, kcoc bes gadgroglelgs ogtemûbhkes, bes
kerlhcveskubergs c rgaebgs, gb kåakgr, gtk. Gstes sca ebjuaes lg bes
keuses lg ougrtg oås kcouags ga be ektuebhlel y, ga ua ebtc
pcrkgatefg, pclrïea prgvgahrsg kca uae mugae ebhogatekhûa.

Be cmgshlel gs uae gadgroglel oubthdektcrheb, gs lgkhr, hadbuyga ga

gbbe oukncs espgktcs lg augstre vhle, pcr gfgopbc6 be ekthvhlel
dïshke, be kebhlel lgb sugõc, bcs oglhkeogatcs, be jgaèthke... [ha
gomerjc, be ebhogatekhûa kcasthtuyg ua dektcr lgtgrohaeatg ga su
prgvgakhûa c lgserrcbbc. \clc lgpgalg lg què gbgkkhcags tcogocs e
be ncre lg kcogr y kûoc lgkhleocs vhvhr.

³UWHÈA \HGAG [CM]GYG[C NCX GA LÏE3

Gxhstg be krggakhe lg qug gb cmgsc bc gs pcrqug quhgrg, pcr bc jgagreb
pcr debte lg vcbuatel c lg lhskhpbhae… Gs vgrlel qug uae pgrscae
kca cmgshlel lgmg tgagr vcbuatel pere kcasgjuhr mefer lg pgsc, pgrc
gb prcmbgoe ve ouknc oås ebbå, gs ouknc oås kcopbgfc. Bcs
kcasgfcs lgb thpc «kcog ogacs y ouèvgtg oås° sca krugbgs g
hagdhkekgs y rgsuoga gb gsthjoe sckheb esckhelc e gste gadgroglel.

Kele eõc ney oås pgrscaes kca cmgshlel y ac sg lgmg e qug be

jgatg tgaje ogacs dugrze lg vcbuatel, shac e ua jrea kcafuatc lg
dektcrgs, gatrg gbbcs gb eomhgatg cmgscjèahkc, bcs hatgrgsgs
sckhcgkcaûohkcs lg be halustrhe lg bcs ubtreprckgselcs y be eusgakhe
lg lhgthstes-autrhkhcahstes ga gb shstgoe lg seahlel pömbhke.

GB EOMHGA\G CMG[CJÈAHKC

Ebjc qug e prhcrh lgmgrïe sgr sgakhbbc y aetureb pere acsctrcs, kcoc
gs kcogr,
kcogr, sg kcopbhke ouknïshoc ga gb gatcrac ga gb qug vhvhocs6 ua
gatcrac cmgscjèahkc.

Gb eomhgatg c gatcrac cmgscjèahkc hakbuyg tclcs bcs dektcrgs

gxtgracs qug acs rclgea y qug hakgathvea kcopcrteohgatcs qug ga
öbthoc tèrohac acs nekga jeaer jrese. Bcs dektcrgs prhakhpebgs qug
kcadcroea gstg gatcrac sca6

5. Bes oebes gbgkkhcags ebhogaterhes6

ua euogatc mruteb lg be cdgrte lg ubtreprckgselcs y be debte lg

hadcroekhûa scmrg su ackhvhlel, suoelcs e be pumbhkhlel y gb mefc
prgkhc lg be kcohle mesure.
=. Be vhle sckheb6

qug acroebhze bes kcohbcaes y gb kcasuoc lg ebkcncb.

;. Gb gstrès krûahkc lg mefc jrelc6

gs be juhale lgb pestgb y be oeycrïe bc gxpgrhogateocs lg dcroe

nemhtueb.

<. Gb sglgaterhsoc6

bes augves tgkacbcjïes, gb usc lg oglhcs lg treaspcrtg ga bujer lg

lgspbezeracs e phg, bes hatgrohaembgs ncres lg cdhkhae sgatelcs ga
uae shbbe.

Yere jgagrer ua ohahgatcrac oås sebulembg y sgjurc lgatrc lgb

eomhgatg cmgscjèahkc, ga gb qug pcleocs ebhogateracs
elgkueleogatg, gs lg vhteb hopcrteakhe jgsthcaer mhga gstes
verhembgs.
GB Y]CMBGOE [CKHEB
Be gphlgohe lg be cmgshlel thgag ua kcopcagatg sckheb ouy
hopcrteatg ga Gspeõe, qug sg ogzkbe kca hatgrgsgs gkcaûohkcs6
esckhekhcags lg sebul qug evebea prcluktcs ubtreprckgselcs e
keomhc lg lhagrc0 uahvgrshlelgs qug dcroea e seahterhcs y kglga c
vgalga sus gspekhcs pere kåtglres lg be halustrhe ebhogaterhe0
lgpcrthstes y rgdgrgatgs lg bcs oås fûvgags, qug pumbhkhtea ebhogatcs
haseacs0 kcohle mesure e prgkhcs lgoeshelc esgquhmbgs.

Ycr öbthoc, kele eõc sg dcroea lhgthstes-autrhkhcahstes pcr tclc gb

peïs ga uahvgrshlelgs pömbhkes, y tclc gsg kcackhohgatc, dhaeakhelc
kca lhagrc pömbhkc, ac rgvhgrtg lhrgkteogatg ga augstre seahlel
pcrqug ac gståa hakbuhlcs ga gb shstgoe pömbhkc lg sebul. Ga be
ektuebhlel, quhga quhgre rgkurrhr e ua lhgthste-autrhkhcahste, thgag qug
hr e uae kcasubte prhvele. Gstc ejreve gb prcmbgoe ga bcs gstretcs
sckhcgkcaûohkcs oås mefcs, ga bcs qug gxhstg oås scmrgpgsc y
cmgshlel. Be glukekhûa ebhogaterhe, semgr kûoc kcogr pere ac
gadgroer,, lgmgrïe sgr ua lgrgknc, ac ua prhvhbgjhc.
gadgroer

Augstrc gatcrac gstå gadgroåalcacs y nekhèalcacs gajcrler, pgrc

pcr sugrtg pclgocs tcoer bes rhgales y keomher gb ruomc lg augstre
sebul6 ac duoer, ac mgmgr ebkcncb, nekgr gfgrkhkhc, kcasuohr mugacs
ebhogatcs, tgagr mugaes rgbekhcags kca bcs lgoås y kca acsctrcs
ohsocs, kuhler be sebul ogateb g hatgater oeatgagr gb gstrès e reye
kcasthtuyga be dûroube pere vhvhr gb oeycr aöogrc lg eõcs
lhsdrutealc lg be ogfcr kebhlel lg vhle pcshmbg.
Gb cmfgthvc aöogrc uac qug lgmgrïea pgrsgjuhr bes pcbïthkes lg
seahlel gs qug aelhg bbgjug e sgr cmgsc. [g phgase grrûageogatg
qug ua cmgsc qug ne kcasgjuhlc mefer lg jrese bc sudhkhgatg neste
ebkeazer ua pgsc seac lgmg tgagr bes ohsoes prgkeukhcags y
kcashlgrekhcags qug uae pgrscae qug auake ne pelgkhlc cmgshlel,
pgrc aele oås bgfcs lg be rgebhlel6 ney qug tremefer kca uae
pgrspgkthve lg treteohgatc pergkhle e be lg bes gadgroglelgs
krûahkes, kca kcatrcb pgrhûlhkc y peråogtrcs lg ebgrte.
Gstelïsthkeogatg, gb pcrkgatefg lg pgrscaes qug kcashjuga
oeatgagr gb pgsc gs ouy pgqugõc, gstc sg lgmg e qug ac nea
keomhelc lg nåmhtcs, shopbgogatg nea pgrlhlc pgsc. Ycr bc teatc,
bes lhgtes debbea, y be haogase oeycrïe lg bes pgrscaes e lhgte
rgkupgre gb pgsc pgrlhlc.

[h auake ngocs tgahlc scmrgpgsc, sh bc tgagocs ektuebogatg c

sh bc tuvhocs, gs hopcrteatg qug eprgaleocs e kcogr mhga pere
vhvhr gb oeycr aöogrc lg eõcs kca sebul.

Euaqug augstrc gatcrac ac gvcbukhcag, pclgocs hatrclukhr

pgqugõcs keomhcs ga augstrcs ncjergs pere tgagr uae vhle oås
seae. Gb prcpûshtc lg gstg bhmrc gs ler bes kbevgs pere bbgver e kemc
gstcs keomhcs.

GB YG[C
\clcs acs ngocs prgckupelc ebjuae vgz pcr gb aöogrc qug acs
prcpcrkhcae be måskube. Gstc gs acroeb, ye qug gb peråogtrc oås
gxtgalhlc pere lhejacsthker gb scmrgpgsc gs gb HOK c ïalhkg lg oese
kcrpcreb (`j/o=)6 ga elubtcs, tgagr ua HOK oeycr lg =7 sg kbeshdhke
kcoc scmrgpgsc, y oeycr lg ;9 kcoc cmgshlel. Gstg peråogtrc lg
krhme gs öthb pcrqug sg agkgshtea ouy pckcs letcs pere kcasgjuhr
uae eprcxhoekhûa eb gstelc kcrpcreb lg be pgrscae. [ha gomerjc, ac
gs sudhkhgatg pere lhejacsthker gb scmrgpgsc, ye qug lcs pgrscaes
kca gb ohsoc HOK puglga tgagr pcrkgatefgs lg jrese ouy
lhdgrgatgs.

Ney qug tgagr ga kugate qug gb pgsc kcrpcreb gs be suoe lg tcles

bes oeses lgb kugrpc6 oese oejre, oese jrese, oese ûsge0
elgoås lg bcs ûrjeacs, gb kcatgahlc lgb gstûoejc y bcs hatgsthacs…
Esï qug gb pgsc puglg dbuktuer ouknïshoc lgpgalhgalc lg kuåalc y
kûoc sg neje be oglhkhûa. Ycr gfgopbc, gb pgsc lg uae pgrscae
puglg euogater = c ; `hbcs gatrg be oglhkhûa lg be oeõeae y be lg be
ackng. \gagr kcoc öahkc oerkelcr lg èxhtc gb pgsc gs mesteatg
hoprgkhsc.

[h gb prcpûshtc gs ogfcrer be ebhogatekhûa y, ga kcasgkugakhe, gb

gstelc lg sebul y be kcopcshkhûa kcrpcreb, bc ogfcr gs tcoer gb
pgsc kcoc uac lg bcs oerkelcrgs lg èxhtc ogacs hopcrteatgs,
scmrg tclc eb prhakhphc lgb prckgsc.

Kuealc gopgzeocs e kcogr ogfcr y nekgr gfgrkhkhc, gb pgsc ac

lhsohauyg lg oeagre lråsthke0 sha gomerjc, bg leocs teate
hopcrteakhe eb pgsc y bc rgbekhcaeocs teatc kca be sebul qug, eb ac
kcasgjuhr ua keomhc haoglhetc, pclgocs sgathracs drustrelcs y
emealcaer gb hatgatc lg ogfcrer augstrcs nåmhtcs. Gstc gs ebjc
acroeb, ye qug, euaqug rgmefgocs be jrese, eb prhakhphc lg gstg
prckgsc gs pcshmbg qug euogatg be oese ouskuber. [h euogateocs
9,7 `j lg oese ouskuber, pgrc pgrlgocs 9,7 `j lg jrese,
sgjuhrgocs pgsealc bc ohsoc, y, sha gomerjc, tclc gsterå ygalc
mhga pcrqug gsteocs pgrlhgalc jrese.

Ctre rezûa oås pere ac tgagr ga kugate gb pgsc gs qug bes måskubes
kesgres ac sca tea prgkhses kcoc bes prcdgshcaebgs y sg lgskebhmrea
kca dekhbhlel, gatrg ctres kcses pcrqug ac scbgocs kuhlerbes mhga6 bes
ocvgocs, bes jcbpgeocs sha qugrgr
qugrgr,, gtk.

Ycr öbthoc, e pgser lg qug shjeocs kcrrgkteogatg tclcs bcs pescs

pere elgbjezer, be pèrlhle lg pgsc auake gs bhageb. Augstrc
crjeahsoc ac gs ua shstgoe kgrrelc, be pèrlhle lg pgsc gs lhaåohke
y ney espgktcs efgacs eb bbgver uae lhgte sebulembg qug puglga
edgkter e be cxhlekhûa lg jreses y, pcr bc teatc, e be pèrlhle lg pgsc
dhaeb.

E ohs pekhgatgs shgoprg bgs rgkcohgalc qug ac sg pgsga ga kese,

scbc ga be kcasubte, mefc uaes kcalhkhcags lgtgrohaeles0 lg gste
oeagre, be oglhkhûa gs oås prgkhse. Ohgatres teatc, gbbcs puglga
ocahtcrhzer su prcjrgsc kca ctrcs peråogtrcs oås prgkhscs y
kgatrersg ga ctrcs mgagdhkhcs qug sg prclukga eb nekgr ua keomhc lg
nåmhtcs y cbvhler be khdre lg be måskube, y qug pgrohtga tgagr uae
vhshûa oås eopbhe lg be gvcbukhûa neste augstrc cmfgthvc.

OE]KELC]G[ LG È^H\C LGB KEOMHC LG EBHOGA\EKHÛA

EBHOGA\EKHÛA
X GFG]KHKHC
5. \coer oglhles6

shgoprg lgmgs tcoer bes oglhles ga eyuaes y lgspuès lg nemgr

crhaelc. \coer gstes oglhles lureatg gb prckgsc tg eyulerå e

cmsgrver gb prcjrgsc.

º Ygrïogtrcs6 gb mrezc, bcs ousbcs c gb pgknc. Bc hopcrteatg gs

tcoer be oglhle shgoprg ga gb ohsoc shthc.

º Khrkuadgrgakhe emlcohaeb6 thgag kcrrgbekhûa kca be jrese

hatreemlcohaeb c kgatreb, be kueb, e su vgz, gs uae kcalhkhûa lgb
sïalrcog ogtemûbhkc. [g ohlg, eprcxhoeleogatg, gatrg gb puatc
oglhc lg be öbthoe kcsthbbe y be krgste hbïeke, qug sugbg kchakhlhr
kca gb combhjc, euaqug kuealc ney oukne jrese emlcohaeb
gstg puglg lgspbezersg. [gjöa be Crjeahzekhûa Oualheb lg be
[ebul, ga ncomrgs lgmg sgr ogacr lg 59= ko, y ga oufgrgs
ogacr lg >> ko.

º Ïalhkg khature-kelgre6 gs uae rgbekhûa gatrg be oglhle lg be

khature y be lg be kelgre. Ga oufgrgs lgmg sgr ogacr lg >7 ko,
y ga ncomrgs ogacr lg 8< ko.
=. [eker dctcs6

gs uac lg bcs ogfcrgs oerkelcrgs lg gvcbukhûa c lg èxhtc, ye qug,

kca halgpgalgakhe lgb lgskgasc lgb pgsc, sh rglukgs jrese, vgrås
be lhdgrgakhe. [h kruzes eomcs letcs (bes dctcs y bes oglhles), be
vebcrekhûa sgrå oås kcopbgte y vgrez qug gb ngknc lg pgsertg
kele lïe.

Yrckure seker bes dctcs kca mugae buz, ga pcshkhûa rgbefele, kca
bcs mrezcs gxtgalhlcs y shgoprg ga be ohsoe pcshkhûa, pere pclgr
kcoperer.

;. Kcopere peråogtrcs seajuïagcs6

 ³ogfcre lgb kcbgstgrcb3 ³Ogacr kcakgatrekhûa lg trhjbhkèrhlcs c lg
ezöker ga seajrg3 Ogfcrer bcs eaåbhshs gs tea hopcrteatg kcoc
pgrlgr jrese.

<. Ogfcres ga gb lïe e lïe6

keasersg ogacs eb sumhr bes gskebgres c eb etersg bcs kcrlcags,

lcrohr ogfcr, rcaker ogacs, pclgr kerjer tö ohsoc kca be
kcopre… Gstes pgqugões sgõebgs rgprgsgatea ua jrea keomhc.

XE, YG]C XC UWHG]C YG[E]OG…

Gatcakgs ney qug nekgrbc lg be oeagre kcrrgkte6

º Wae vgz e be sgoeae.

º [hgoprg gb ohsoc lïe lg be sgoeae.
º Ga eyuaes.
º [ha rcpe.
º Lgspuès lg crhaer.

Lgmgs epuater shgoprg gb rgsubtelc y tgagr ga kugate dektcrgs qug

puglga hadbuhr ga gstg, kcoc gb khkbc ogastrueb, gb gatrgaeohgatc, gb
lgskeasc, be kcohle lgb lïe eatgrhcr, gtk. Elgoås, gs hopcrteatg
uthbhzer uae måskube lg kebhlel y mhga kuhlele.
 [h ac thgags uae mugae rgbekhûa kca tu kugrpc, eatgs lg pgaser ga
keomher tu ebhogatekhûa, lgmgs tremefer tus gockhcags kca ua
prcdgshcaeb kuebhdhkelc pere gbbc y sgater uae mugae mesg pere
kcastruhr mugacs nåmhtcs ebhogaterhcs. Gstg bhmrc tg lerå kcasgfcs
jgagrebgs pere ogfcrer tus nåmhtcs ebhogaterhcs, pgrc gstå
pgaselc pere pgrscaes seaes, ac susthtuyga ua treteohgatc
oèlhkc0 sh thgags ebjuae lcbgakhe, ac lulgs ga kcasubter e ebjöa
lhgthste c lhgthste-autrhkhcahste. [h agkgshtes oås pgrscaebhzekhûa
qug bcs kcasgfcs jgagrebgs lg gstg bhmrc c ac grgs uae pgrscae
seae, gs prgkhsc qug ekules e ua prcdgshcaeb.

Gb keomhc qug tg prcpcajc gs uae rgvcbukhûa hatgrae. Kcashstg ga

lgfer lg nekgr lhgte pcrqug ac tg juste tu kugrpc y gopgzer e kcogr
mhga pcrqug rgspgtes y quhgrgs e tu kugrpc. Be mugae ebhogatekhûa
gs uae dcroe lg eutckuhlelc.

[H [CBC KCA[WOC KCOHLE ]GEB ³TCX E

ELGBJEVE]3
Ney lcs lhskurscs pcberhzelcs6 pcr uae pertg, gståa bcs qug
lgdhgalga qug bes kebcrïes ac hopcrtea y qug lgmgocs dhferacs
öahkeogatg ga be kebhlel autrhkhcaeb lgb ebhogatc, y pcr ctre, quhgags
pcstubea qug uae kebcrïe gs uae kebcrïe halgpgalhgatgogatg lg
lcalg vgaje, y qug ohgatres kuelrg ga tus oekrcs y gstès ga lèdhkht
kebûrhkc, tclc gstå mhga.
[h nembeocs lg pgrlgr jrese, ahajuac lg bcs lhskurscs gs ekgrtelc.
Gs hopcrteatg teatc gb aöogrc lg kebcrïes tctebgs lg be lhgte kcoc gb
crhjga lg bes ohsoes, ye qug sha lèdhkht kebûrhkc ac mefergocs lg
jrese, pgrc lgmgocs tgagr ga kugate qug gb gdgktc qug
lgsgakelgaea 599 `hbckebcrïes lg ua ubtreprckgselc ac gs gb ohsoc
qug gb lg 599 `hbckebcrïes lg kcohle rgeb.

Lhknc gstc, pere mefer lg pgsc gs hopcrteatg qug nejes ua mebeakg

kebûrhkc agjethvc, kcasteatg y elgkuelc0 gs lgkhr, qug kcasuoes
ogacs kebcrïes lg bes qug jestes y qug bcs ebhogatcs qug kcasuogs
tg justga y tg sethsdejea. Be krule rgebhlel gs qug, euaqug scbc
kcoes kcohle rgeb, sh kcasuogs oås kebcrïes lg bes qug jestes,
gajcrlerås. [g acs le ouy oeb gsthoer bes kebcrïes qug epcrte
kele ebhogatc, pere gbbc, bc ogfcr gs qug rgkurres e ua lhgthste c
lhgthste-autrhkhcahste kcbgjhelc lg tu zcae, qug tg eyulg e
kebkuber be rekhûa lg ebjuacs jrupcs lg ebhogatcs pere qug
gstès ga ua lèdhkht kebûrhkc elgkuelc.

Gstg prckgsc, qug pergkg tea sgakhbbc kcoc kebkuber kuåatc kcogr y
kcogrbc, gs ga rgebhlel tgrrhmbgogatg kcopbhkelc, ye qug, fuatc kca
ctres verhembgs, ga oukncs kescs bcs espgktcs gockhcaebgs lg be
kcalukte ebhogaterhe sca lgtgrohaeatgs ga gb lgserrcbbc y
oeatgahohgatc lg be cmgshlel.

Yere oukncs lg ohs pekhgatgs, e dha lg rgvgrthr be cmgshlel ne shlc

vhteb be hatgrvgakhûa oubthlhskhpbhaer kca ua pshkûbcjc. Gb gxkgsc lg
pgsc, ga be oeycr pertg lg bcs kescs, ac kcasthtuyg gb prcmbgoe shac
gb sïatcoe. Kcasgjuhr ua pgsc sebulembg y oeatgagrbc kcabbgve
semgr jgsthcaer uae verhglel lg espgktcs lgb lïe e lïe ouy eopbhe.
KEYÏ\WBC =
AC \GAJE[ GA
KE[E
BC UWG AC
UWHG]E[
GA GB YBE\C
 Xe sè bc qug ves e lgkhrog6 «Thvc kca oås jgatg ga kese y gbbcs
ac thgaga be kubpe lg qug yc gstè e lhgte°. Gs khgrtc. [h gstes
pgrscaes ac sca elubtes y gståa e tu kerjc, rgdbgxhcae ua
sgjualc6 ³bgs lerïes ebjc qug tö gstås gbhohaealc lg tu
ebhogatekhûa pcrqug gs pgrfulhkheb pere be sebul3 [h, ga keomhc,
sca elubtes y pcr bc teatc puglga nekgr bc qug lgkhlea, tg eahoc
e qug pektgs kca gbbes qug epertga gscs keprhkncs c ebhogatcs
haseacs pere qug ac tgajes qug vgrbcs nemhtuebogatg, y tg

eyulga e kuopbhr tu cmfgthvc.

³KWÅBG[ [CA G[C[ EBHOGA\C[ HA[EAC[ UWG

LGMGOC[ GTH\E]3

Gscs prcluktcs haseacs sca bcs ubtreprckgselcs

ubtreprckgselcs..
Ac sca kcohle autrhthve, shac prgperekhcags halustrhebgs kcogsthmbgs
kca berjes bhstes lg hajrglhgatgs qug ac epcrtea aele lg vebcr eb
crjeahsoc. Ac sca hackucs, pugstc qug gatrg sus gdgktcs ackhvcs sg
hakbuyga6

º Ebtgrekhûa lgb kcopcrteohgatc ebhogaterhc y be ohkrcmhcte.

º Gsthoubekhûa lgb epgthtc lg oeagre erthdhkheb.
 º Kcasuoc rgbekhcaelc kca bes gadgroglelgs ocrtebgs.

Yclgocs rgkcackgr dåkhbogatg ua ubtreprckgselc pcr su gthqugtelc6

gs drgkugatg qug kcatgajea oetgrhes prhoes rgdhaeles (nerhae,
ezöker, ekghtgs vgjgtebgs) y elhthvcs (kcasgrveatgs, kcbcreatgs,
glubkcreatgs, pctgakhelcrgs lgb semcr, goubshcaeatgs…). Ycr bc
jgagreb, be trïele lgb ubtreprckgselc gs dåkhb lg lgtgkter6

5. Nerhae rgdhaele6 nerhae lg trhjc rgdhaele (bc lgtebbergocs ga gb

epertelc ga gb qug gxpbhkeocs kûoc rgkcackgr ua pea seac).

=. Jrese lg oebe kebhlel6 ekghtg rgdhaelc lg peboe, ekghtg rgdhaelc

lg jhrescb, ekghtg lg kcbze.

;. Ezöker6 hajrglhgatgs kuycs acomrgs ekemea ga «cse°, kcoc

sekercse, druktcse, jbukcse, oebtcse, lgxtrcse0 tclcs bcs qug sgea
«feremg lg°, kcoc gb feremg lg ogbeze0 gb ezöker hatgjreb, bcs
shrcpgs y bes oebtclgxtrhaes.

Gb prcmbgoe gs lcmbg6 kuealc kcogocs uaes jebbgtes kca gb kedè lg

oglhe oeõeae, pcr ua belc gsteocs gbhjhgalc ua prcluktc
ebhogaterhc bbgac lg ezöker, nerhae rgdhaele, jreses hasebumrgs y
oukncs elhthvcs, ua prcluktc ackhvc pere augstre sebul, pgrc,
elgoås, gsteocs lgfealc lg kcogr ebhogatcs seacs0 gs lgkhr,
lgspbeze gb kcasuoc lg ebhogatcs autrhthvcs y sebulembgs, kcoc
puglg sgr be drute.
 Ebjuacs gfgopbcs lg ubtreprckgselcs sca bcs rgdrgskcs y bes
mgmhles gagrjèthkes, gb pea lg ocblg, bcs zuocs y methlcs
gaveselcs, bes jebbgtes y be mcbbgrïe, bcs kgrgebgs ezukerelcs
pere ahõcs, bcs prcluktcs prgkckhaelcs, bes kerags prckgseles
(sebknhknes, gomuthlcs), gb kekec scbumbg ezukerelc, bcs båktgcs
ezukerelcs.

Gb pgcr jrupc, ga oh cphahûa, bc kcopcaga bcs ubtreprckgselcs

lhsdrezelcs lg prcluktcs sebulembgs, qug e ogaulc gakcatreocs
ga bes zcaes lg lhgtèthke lg bcs supgrogrkelcs y qug ouknes vgkgs
hatrclukhocs ga augstrc kerrc lg be kcopre pgasealc qug nekgocs
uae mugae gbgkkhûa, kuealc ga rgebhlel gsteocs bbgvåalcacs e
kese mesure ebhogaterhe6 sca bcmcs kca phgb lg kcrlgrc.

Euaqug su pumbhkhlel prgtgale nekgracs pgaser bc kcatrerhc, be

kcopcshkhûa lg tclcs gbbcs hakbuyg hajrglhgatgs qug edgktea
agjethveogatg e augstre sebul, kcoc sca gb ezöker eõelhlc c bes
jreses treas.

Yere bukner kcatre be pumbhkhlel y kcatre gstcs bcmcs kca phgb lg

kcrlgrc lgmgocs eprgalgr e rgkcackgr bcs ubtreprckgselcs. Yere
gbbc, bc hopcrteatg gs eprgalgr e bggr gthqugtes6

KÛOC BGG] G\HUWG\E[ AW\]HKHCAEBG[

[hjuhgalc be bgy vhjgatg, gb gthqugtelc autrhkhcaeb lgmg tgagr ua
teoeõc lg bgtre oïahoc pere qug sge bgjhmbg y ua dcroetc halgbgmbg.
Lgmg hakbuhr, lg oeagre cmbhjetcrhe, be hadcroekhûa autrhkhcaeb pcr
kele 599 jreocs c ohbhbhtrcs6 gagrjïe, prctgïaes, nhlretcs lg
kermcac, ezökergs, jrese y seb.

Encre, lhdgrgakhgocs
lhdgrgakhgocs gb gthqugtelc ga lcs pertgs6 be tembe autrhkhcaeb
autrhkhcaeb
y be bhste lg hajrglhgatgs.

\EMBE AW\]HKHCAEB

Kcoc lgkïeocs, pcr bgy be tembe lgmg gxpcagr be keathlel lg

kebcrïes, prctgïaes, jreses, nhlretcs lg kermcac y seb pcr kele 599
jreocs, pgrc teomhèa sg sugbg hakbuhr be keathlel pcr rekhûa. [ha
gomerjc, kele oerke gsthpube què gathgalg pcr rekhûa, y kca
drgkugakhe gs uae keathlel ogacr lg bc qug ga rgebhlel acs
sgrvhocs, lg oclc qug be hadcroekhûa ac sugbg sgr prcpcrkhcaeb.
 Wa gfgopbc6 be rekhûa prcpugste ga bcs kgrgebgs lg lgseyuac
ekcstuomre e sgr lg ;9 jreocs, kuealc ga jgagreb acs sgrvhocs
kesh gb lcmbg0 gs hopcrteatg tgagrbc ouy ga kugate.

Gb aöogrc lg kebcrïes, be keathlel lg jrese, prctgïaes c nhlretcs lg

kermcac qug kcathgag lgmgrïe hopcrteracs pckc, sebvc ga kcateles
gxkgpkhcags. Yere pclgr lgtgrohaer sh gb prcluktc gs seac c ac, bc
dualeogateb gs kcackgr lg què gstå ngknc, kuåb gs gb crhjga lg gse
prctgïae y lg gse jrese, y esï sukgshveogatg. Gste hadcroekhûa sg
lgtebbe ga be bhste lg hajrglhgatgs.

Gstc sg vg ouy kberc kca bcs ezökergs. Ga gb eaåbhshs lg be tembe

autrhkhcaeb, ac sg lhdgrgakhe gatrg gb ezöker eõelhlc eb prcluktc c
ezöker bhmrg (qug gs bc qug lgmgrïeocs gvhter) y gb ezöker hatrïasgkc
lgb ebhogatc, ye qug scbc acs prcpcrkhcae ua eaåbhshs kueathtethvc lg
be keathlel qug kcathgag. [gjöa be CO[ be keathlel oïahoe
rgkcogalele lg ezöker bhmrg gs kgrc, y be oåxhoe gs =7 j eb lïe
eprcxhoeleogatg pere elubtcs. [g kcashlgre ezöker bhmrg6 gb ezöker
eõelhlc pcr acsctrcs c pcr be halustrhe (peagbe, mbeakc, ejevg,
oeskemelc, ocrgac…), zuocs aeturebgs y ac aeturebgs y be ohgb.

Wa gfgopbc6 sh kca be tembe autrhkhcaeb pulhèreocs kcoperer be

keathlel lg ezöker shopbg qug thgag uae jebbgte kca be lg uae
oeazeae, teb vgz, sgjöa be tembe autrhkhcaeb, dugre be ohsoe. [ha
gomerjc, tclcs tgagocs kberc qug eb crjeahsoc ac bg edgkte lgb
ohsoc oclc kcogr uae jebbgte qug uae oeazeae, pcrqug gb
crhjga lg gstcs ezökergs gs lhdgrgatg6 ga gb kesc lg be jebbgte gb
 ezöker gs eõelhlc pcr be halustrhe, ohgatres qug be oeazeae
pcsgg gsg ezöker shopbg lg oeagre aetureb.

Kcogocs ua tclc6 bes kerektgrïsthkes lg bcs ebhogatcs sca

lgtgrohaeatgs e be ncre lg kbeshdhkerbcs kcoc seacs c haseacs.

Bc ogfcr gs kcasuohr gb ogacr aöogrc pcshmbg lg ebhogatcs kca

gthqugte0 gstc esgjure qug gsteocs tcoealc oetgrhe prhoe, gs
lgkhr, ua ebhogatc kca tclcs sus autrhgatgs y prcphglelgs aeturebgs
hatektcs y sha hajrglhgatgs haseacs eõelhlcs. Gstcs ebhogatcs bcs
lgacohaergocs oås elgbeatg «kcohle rgeb°. [h kcopreocs

ebhogatcs kca gthqugte, kcasubtergocs lhrgkteogatg be bhste lg

hajrglhgatgs, ye qug ebbï gakcatrergocs tclc bc qug kcathgag gb
prcluktc.

BH[\EE LG HAJ]GLHGA\G[
BH[\
Be bhste lg hajrglhgatgs acs eyulerå e lgtgkter bcs kcopugstcs qug
eatgs ngocs hlgathdhkelc kcoc tïphkcs lg bcs ubtreprckgselcs y qug
nekga qug gb ebhogatc sge haseac. Eb bggr uae bhste lg hajrglhgatgs,
lgmgocs tgagr ga kugate gb crlga ga qug dhjurea, ye qug gståa
crlgaelcs lg oeycr e ogacr sgjöa be prcpcrkhûa. Bcs hajrglhgatgs
qug epergkga gatrg perèatgshs c kcrkngtgs kcrrgspcalga e be
kcopcshkhûa lgb hajrglhgatg eatgrhcr.

JEBBG\E[ KCA AE]EAFE X YE[E[

 Bhste lg hajrglhgatgs6 nerhae lg trhjc (7< %), ezöker, ekghtgs (5; %) y jreses
vgjgtebgs, drutes (peses lg Kcrhatc P4,; %_ y aereafe kcadhtele P9,7 %_), feremg lg
jbukcse, sebvelc lg trhjc (9,7 %), jeshdhkeatgs (mhkermcaetc sûlhkc y eoûahkc, dcsdetc
ocackåbkhkc), seb, goubjgatg (bgkhthae lg jhrescb), ercoes, goubshcaeatg (G<:=g),
eathcxhleatgs (pebohtetc lg eskcrmhbc, gxtrektcs rhkcs ga tckcdgrcb) y vhteohaes (M4,
åkhlc dûbhkc y M5=). Kcathgag trezes lg drutcs sgkcs, kekenugtgs, nugvc, bgkng, scfe y
subdhtcs.

KCA[GFC[ JGAG]EBG[

º Kueatcs ogacs hajrglhgatgs tgaje ua ebhogatc, ogfcr.

º Ga gb kesc lg bcs ycjurgs, sus hajrglhgatgs lgmgrïea sgr,
gxkbushveogatg, bgkng y dgrogatcs båktgcs.

º Ga gb kesc lg bcs prcluktcs lg peaelgrïe, nerhae hatgjreb lg ua

kgrgeb, ejue, bgvelure c oese oelrg, seb y pckc oås.

[emgr bggr uae gthqugte acs pgrohtg lhdgrgakher gatrg ua prckgselc

mugac y uac oebc, ye qug gxhstga mugacs prckgselcs qug puglga
eyuleracs e encrrer thgopc y acs shrvga lg sebvevhles ga gb lïe e
lïe0 pcr gfgopbc, bes kcasgrves lg pgskelc, lg bgjuomrgs c lg
vgrlures.

YE[C[ YE]E
YE]E LE]BG WA KEOMHC
KEOMHC ]GEB E \W
EBHOGA\EKHÛA

[emgr rgkcackgr bcs ubtreprckgselcs.

Esï puglgs gbgjhr tus kcohles tgahgalc ga kugate be hadcroekhûa
elgkuele, semhgalc shgoprg què gstås kcohgalc y sh gs mugac c
oebc pere tu sebul. Bes phstes qug sg nea dekhbhtelc pere eprgalgr e
bggr gthqugtes tg eyuleråa ga gstg pesc.

rglukhrr gb kcasuoc lg ebhogatcs haseacs, ac tg

Yere rglukh
gxpcajes e gbbcs.

[h gb cmfgthvc gs kcogr mhga y seac, gs vhteb qug tu gatcrac gstè

vekïc lg prcluktcs haseacs y bbgac lg ebhogatcs seacs.

Bc rgebogatg gdgkthvc gs oclhdhker be ruthae nekhe ua

gquhbhmrhc sebulembg6 >9 % seac y =9 % dbgxhmbg.

Euaqug pergzke bc kcatrerhc, thgaga ouknc oås hopektc ga tu jrese

y ga tus ertgrhes gses jebbgtes lg lgseyuac y gb ezöker lgb kedè lg
tclcs bcs lïes qug gb ektc gspcrålhkc lg hr eb khag gb lcohajc, kcogr
uaes pebcohtes y mgmgr ua rgdrgskc. [emgr kûoc y kuåalc sgr
dbgxhmbg kca tu lhgte rgquhgrg tgagr uae mugae ebhogatekhûa. Gstc ac
shjahdhke musker be pgrdgkkhûa ebhogaterhe c qug auake oås pcleocs

kcogr ua trczc lg terte, shac qug sg trete lg oclhdhker bc qug

kcogocs nemhtuebogatg, ga gb lïe e lïe, y kcastruhr ua gatcrac y
uaes ruthaes ebhogaterhes sebulembgs. Be kcohle ac tg lgdhag
ocrebogatg6 kcogr oeb ua lïe ac tg nekg oebc0 gs dualeogateb
treter lg dcroe elgkuele gstg puatc lg dbgxhmhbhlel y rcopgr kca be
ogatebhlel CA/CDD lg bes lhgtes.

Be treashkhûa lgmg sgr peubethae.

Tg, pugs, pckc e pckc, kca pgqugõcs jgstcs y prcmealc e fujer kca
be lcshs6 lcalg eatgs gknemes = ezukerhbbcs, gkne 50 sh eatgs kcoïes
< jebbgtes, encre kcog = y gb rgstc susthtöygbes pcr uacs kueatcs
drutcs sgkcs eb aetureb0 sh mgmïes 5 rgdrgskc lg kcbe, encre qug sge
ga vgrshûa bhjnt, sha ezöker. Wacs lïes lgspuès, bc rglukhrås tclevïe
oås y eb dhaeb lerås gb sebtc nekhe be kcohle rgeb y sebulembg.

Lg gstg oclc bes prcmemhbhlelgs lg èxhtc sca oeycrgs, ye qug bg

les thgopc eb pebeler pere qug sg ekcstuomrg e bcs augvcs semcrgs
y e qug tu tcbgreakhe eb lubkg lhsohauye.

[usthtuhr bcs ebhogatcs haseacs oås nemhtuebgs lg be

lhgte lherhe pcr cpkhcags sebulembgs.
Bcs kgrgebgs lg lgseyuac sugbga tgagr ouknc ezöker
y ac sgr tea hatgjrebgs kcoc pergkg, esï qug uae
cpkhûa lgbhkhcse puglga sgr bcs kgrgebgs hadbelcs sha
ezöker, kcoc bcs kcpcs lg oeïz c gb errcz hadbelc0
encre qug ye semgs kûoc bggr gb gthqugtelc, tg
rgsubterå dåkhb gakcatrerbcs.

Ga gb kesc lg bes jebbgtes, ac ney ahajuae qug sge

599 % seae, e ogacs qug bes kckhags ga kese sha
eõelhr ezöker y kca hajrglhgatgs hatgjrebgs. Euaqug
bes jebbgtes sca ua thpc lg mcbbgrïe halustrheb qug be
jgatg ac pgrkhmg kcoc teb, sg trete lg uaes ogzkbes
lg nerhae rgdhaele kca ezöker y jreses lg oebe
kebhlel. Bc ogfcr gs susthtuhrbes pcr pea hatgjreb c
mhga kckhaerbes ga kese kca uae rgkgte seae.

Bcs zuocs sca ctrc lg bcs prcluktcs qug, euaqug

sgea 599 % aeturebgs, ac kugatea kcoc rekhûa lg
drute, pugs kuealc gxprhohocs gste gsteocs

bhmgrealc gb ezöker lg su oetrhz y kuealc tcoeocs

zuoc acs qugleocs sha su dhmre, lg oclc qug gsg
ezöker pese oås råphlc e be seajrg y elgoås acs
pgrohtg kcasuohr uae jrea keathlel lg jcbpg, gs
lgkhr, pclgocs mgmgr ga ogacs lg ua ohautc ua
zuoc lg lcs aereafes, ohgatres qug gs
pråkthkeogatg hopcshmbg kcogr lcs aereafes ga gsg
thgopc0 elgoås, lgspuès lg kcogr lcs aereafes,
kesh ac pclrïeocs sgjuhr lgseyuaealc. Ga keomhc,
lgspuès lg tcoer gb zuoc lg lcs aereafes sg puglg
lgseyuaer gstupgaleogatg, y lg ngknc sg nekg. Gb
zuoc, pcr bc teatc, euaqug sge aetureb ac kugate
kcoc kcasuoc lg drute y lgmgrïeocs rglukhr su
kcasuoc eb oïahoc.

Ctrc ebhogatc qug ac sugbg debter gs gb pea, y equï sg

kcopbhke tclc ua pckc oås. Ncy, gb shjahdhkelc bgjeb
lg be pebemre «hatgjreb° jereathze eb ogacs ; jreocs
lg dhmre pcr kele 599 jreocs lg pea. E prhcrh puglg
pergkgr ua gståaler kcrrgktc, pgrc ga rgebhlel gs dåkhb
bbgversg e kese peags tgrrhmbgs qug sca bgjebogatg
hatgjrebgs. Lgmgocs tgagr ga kugate qug gb pea ac
gs hoprgskhalhmbg, euaqug gstè ouy prgsgatg ga
augstre kubture. Lg ngknc, ahajöa ebhogatc bc gs0 bc
hopcrteatg sca bcs autrhgatgs. Be oeycrïe lg bcs
peags qug kcopreocs thgaga uae kcopcshkhûa oås
kgrkeae e be lg be mcbbgrïe halustrheb6 gb muga pea
hatgjreb lgmgrïe bbgver pckcs hajrglhgatgs (kcoc sca

be nerhae
ejue y be599
seb).%Ga
hatgjreb lg kgrgeb,
gb shjuhgatg be oese
kepïtubc, oelrg, gb
gxpbhkergocs
kûoc semgr sh gb pea gs sebulembg.
s ebulembg.

Ga gb kesc lg bcs båktgcs ckurrg bc ohsoc6 bc nemhtueb

gs kcoprer ua oeb båktgc. [h e be pgrscae bg justea,
bg shgatea mhga y quhgrg kcasuohrbcs, lgmgocs
prckurer qug sge ga su vgrshûa aetureb (lgsaetele c
ac, gsc gs gbgkkhûa prcphe) y gatrg 5-= rekhcags eb
lïe.

Bcs rgdrgskcs y bes mgmhles gagrjèthkes sca uae jrea

dugatg lg ezökergs6 uae bete lg rgdrgskc lg kcbe
kcathgag gb gquhvebgatg e 59 ezukerhbbcs. Wa susthtutc
rgdrgskeatg y gagrjèthkc puglg sgr gb kedè scbc kca
nhgbc.

Bcs prgkckhaelcs puglga susthtuhrsg pcr kcasgrves

lg pgskelc, oerhskc c vgrlures. [ca cpkhcags dåkhbgs

ymhga
råphles pere kcogr mhga shgoprg y kuealc gstèa
prckgselcs.

Gb kcasuoc lg ebkcncb gs ua dektcr keuseb lg oås lg

=99 gadgroglelgs, kcoc be khrrcshs ngpåthke, ebjuacs
thpcs lg kåakgr y gadgroglelgs kerlhcveskubergs. [h
lgkhlgs mgmgr ebkcncb, kueatc ogacs, ogfcr. [h
lgkhlgs ac mgmgrbc, puglgs susthtuhrbc pcr ejue kca
bhoûa y ogate c kgrvgze sha ebkcncb.
KEYÏ\WBC ;
KÛOC K]GE]
WA GA\C]AC
[EBWLEMBG X
EB OH[OC
\HGOYC
[CM]GTHTH]
E BE THLE [CKHEB
Lg ekugrlc kca oh gxpgrhgakhe prcdgshcaeb y pgrscaeb, bc oås
gdgkthvc gs jgagrer uae ruthae sebulembg ga be qug, uae vgz qug
ngocs lgfelc lg tgagr ubtreprckgselcs ga kese, eprgalgocs e
crjeahzeracs y e kcogr y lhsdruter kcthlheaeogatg lg be kcohle rgeb.

Ga gb kepïtubc eatgrhcr ngocs vhstc què ebhogatcs lgmgocs gbhohaer

lg augstre vhste pere ac kcasuohrbcs. Encre eaebhzergocs bcs qug
agkgshteocs ga augstre lgspgase y ga augstrc drhjcrïdhkc pere
jereathzer uae ebhogatekhûa seae. \eomhèa eprgalgrgocs e edrcater
bes shtuekhcags sckhebgs y què ebhogatcs gvhter
gvhter..

Yere gopgzer, veocs e lhvhlhr be sgoeae ga lcs pertgs6 be pertg lg

ruthae, qug pclrïe sgr lg buags e vhgrags, y gb dha lg sgoeae c vhle
sckheb. Bc nekgocs esï pcrqug kele shtuekhûa rgquhgrg ua emcrlefg
lhsthatc.

]W\HAE LG BWAG[ E THG]AG[6 \W BH[\E LG BE

KCOY]E LG KCOHLE ]GEB
Xe ngocs vhstc què prcluktcs ubtreprckgselcs puglga gster
leõealc tu sebul eb ebtgrer tu kcopcrteohgatc ebhogaterhc y epcrter
kebcrïes vekïes lg autrhgatgs. Bcs gvhtergocs y bcs susthtuhrgocs pcr
kcohle rgeb y prckgselcs lg mugae kebhlel.
Be kcohle rgeb be kcasthtuyga equgbbcs ebhogatcs qug sca
oetgrhe prhoe, gs lgkhr, ac nea peselc pcr ahajöa
prckgseohgatc y ac nea pgrlhlc sus prcphglelgs aeturebgs ah
sg bgs nea eõelhlc ebhogatcs haseacs. Bcs ebhogatcs qug
kcopcaga be kcohle rgeb sca bcs jreacs gatgrcs, bes drutes y
vgrlures, bcs drutcs sgkcs, bcs nugvcs, gb pgskelc, bes evgs, bes
bgjuomrgs, bcs tumèrkubcs. Ga gstg jrupc teomhèa gatrea bcs
mugacs prckgselcs qug nea peselc pcr ua prckgseohgatc
oïahoc pgrc e bcs qug ac sg bgs nea eõelhlc hajrglhgatgs
haseacs, pcr gfgopbc, bcs båktgcs aeturebgs sha ezöker, gb ekghtg
lg cbhve, ebjuaes kcasgrves, gb pea hatgjreb…
Xe semgocs kuåbgs sca bcs ebhogatcs qug lgmgocs tgagr ga augstre
agvgre, esï qug veocs e gopgzer e kcadhjurer be bhste lg be kcopre
lg kcohle rgeb kca be qug bbgaer tclc gsg gspekhc qug nea lgfelc bcs
ubtreprckgselcs.

D]W\E[ X TG]LW]E[6 BE[

D]W\E[ BE[ UWG [GEA LG \GOYC]ELE X
G[\ÈA E MWGA Y]GKHC

³X kuåatc gs uae rekhûa lg drute3

Wae rekhûa lg drute gs, oås c ogacs, bc qug kemg ga be peboe lg be

oeac6 lcs oealerhaes, uae oeazeae jrealg, ua pbåteac, ua rekhoc
lg uves, lcs rclefes lg ogbûa, ua ogbckctûa…

³YBÅ\EAC X WT
W TE \EOMHÈA3

[ï, uae rekhûa lg pbåteac acroeb, lg uacs 89 jreocs lg pgsc,

thgag uacs vebcrgs autrhkhcaebgs (`hbckebcrïes, ezöker, dhmre…)
shohbergs e bcs lg be oeazeae, pcr gfgopbc, esï qug ac ney rezûa
pere lgsekcasgferbe. Ckurrg bc ohsoc kca be uve.

³X kuåatc gs uae rekhûa lg vgrlure3

Be rekhûa lg vgrlure gs trgogaleogatg hopcrteatg. Ycr bc jgagreb,
lgsgopgõe ua pepgb sgkualerhc ga bes kcohles, pgrc lgmgrïe sgr be
prctejcahste lg augstrcs pbetcs. Wae rekhûa lg vgrlure sca =79
jreocs. Oås elgbeatg bc vgrgocs ga gb oètclc lg be oeac.

Yrckurergocs kcogr kele lïe eb ogacs trgs rekhcags lg drute y

lcs rekhcags lg vgjgtebgs.

[gjöa be Dualekhûa Gspeõcbe lg Autrhkhûa (qug errcfe uacs letcs

ouy agjethvcs ekgrke lg be gvcbukhûa lgb kcasuoc lg drutes y
vgrlures ga Gspeõe), ektuebogatg tcoeocs ua <9 % ogacs lg
vgjgtebgs qug nekg khakugate eõcs. Uuhgags gbgvea ebjc be oglhe
sca bes pgrscaes oås oeycrgs, qug tcoea kesh gb lcmbg lg drutes y
vgrlures qug bcs elcbgskgatgs.

³Ycr què gs tea hopcrteatg kcasuohr vgrlures

vgrlures33
[ca ebhogatcs gspgkhebogatg rhkcs ga vhteohaes, ohagrebgs y
dhmre, elgoås lg dhtcquïohkcs c susteakhes qug eyulea e
prgvgahr gadgroglelgs.

Eyulea e oeatgagr gb pgsc e reye y e prgvgahr y gbhohaer gb

scmrgpgsc y be cmgshlel, ye qug thgaga uae mefe lgashlel
gagrjèthke, pgrc uae ebte lgashlel autrhkhcaeb. Gstc shjahdhke qug
epcrtea kcopugstcs hoprgskhalhmbgs pere kcasgrver uae mugae sebul
sha ejrgjer lgoesheles kebcrïes. Elgoås, kcasthtuyga uae dugatg
deatåsthke lg dhmre prgmhûthke pere be ohkrcmhcte, pcbhdgacbgs y ejue,
qug, epcrtealc ouy pckes kebcrïes, acs sekhe y acs autrg.
[us prcphglelgs acs ebgfea, lhrgkteogatg, lg uae ougrtg prgoeture.
[gjöa ua gstulhc rgkhgatg, sg ne kcoprcmelc qug gxhstg ua ogacr
rhgsjc lg lcbgakhes krûahkes y ougrtg prgoeture kca be hajgste lg
oås lg >99 jreocs lherhcs lg drutes y vgrlures (bc qug prcpcag be
CO[). \eomhèa sg kcashlgre qug uae lhgte rhke ga drutes y vgrlures
gs ua oètclc lg prgvgakhûa lg gadgroglelgs kcoc gb kåakgr y be
lhemgtgs. Ga gstg öbthoc kesc, sg ne kcoprcmelc qug gxhstg ua 5< %
ogacs lg rhgsjc kuealc sg shjug uae lhgte rhke ga vgjgtebgs. Kca
ua kcasuoc lherhc lg 499 jreocs lg ncrtebhzes, be prctgkkhûa drgatg
e gadgroglelgs kerlhcveskubergs gs eöa oeycr, lgb => %.

Ycr öbthoc, pgrc ac ogacs hopcrteatg, lgspbezea gb kcasuoc lg

ebhogatcs haseacs kcoc be mcbbgrïe c bes jebbgtes.

³Uuè drutes, vgrlures y ncrtebhzes lgmgs tgagr ga be

agvgre3

Ney qug tgagr shgoprg ga kugate bes drutes lg tgopcrele y e perthr

lg enï nekgr be bhste lg be kcopre. Ac lgmgrïea debter gb mrûkcbh, be

kcbhdbcr, bes kcbgs lg Mrusgbes, gb efc pugrrc, gb rgpcbbc, bes gsphaekes,
be bgknuje, be rökube… Gs agkgserhc kcogr vgrlures y drutes lg
lhdgrgatgs kcbcrgs, ye qug epcrtea lhsthatcs autrhgatgs6 bcs kcbcrgs
oås hatgascs sca bcs qug oås autrhgatgs epcrtea.

³\G KWG[\E KCOG] D]W\E C TG]LW]E3

 [h be rgspugste gs sï, tg havhtc e qug nejes uae bhste kca bes
vgrlures qug tg justea, bes qug nes prcmelc y ac tg justea, y bes
qug ac nes prcmelc y ga rgebhlel ac semgs sh tg justea. Gophgze
pcr bes qug auake nes prcmelc, kcomïaebes kca bes qug semgs
qug tg justea y esï euogateråa bes pcshmhbhlelgs lg qug tg
justga.

Be vgrlure lgmg sgr be prctejcahste lg tus kcohles

Be vgrlure lgmg ckuper be oeycr pertg lgb pbetc6 thgag qug sgr
vgrlure kca kcses, ac kcses kca vgrlure. [h nhkhèreocs ua gsqugoe
lgb prhogr pbetc y gb sgjualc, gb prhogrc lgmgrïe sgr shgoprg vgjgteb6
gasebele lg tcoetg, krgoe lg vgrlures, gtk., y gb sgjualc bbgverïe
uae juerahkhûa lg vgrlure. Yuglgs kcomhaerbes kca nugvc, ga
krgoes c gasebeles kcopbgtes0 pcr gfgopbc, gb kebemekïa pgbelc ga
krulc y ga lelhtcs qugle gxquhshtc ga gasebele.

Bcs ahõcs y be vgrlure

Gs hopcrteatg ac cbvhler qug bcs ahõcs thgaga uae prgdgrgakhe haaete

pcr bcs semcrgs lubkgs y rgknezea bcs semcrgs eoerjcs c ejrhcs.
Gstc shjahdhke qug, kca tcteb sgjurhlel, augstrcs nhfcs agkgshteråa
uae oeycr gxpcshkhûa e bcs ebhogatcs eoerjcs, kcoc ebjuaes
vgrlures, pere ekgpterbcs g hatgjrerbcs ga su ebhogatekhûa. Ebjuacs
gstulhcs esgjurea qug eatgs lg eprgkher ua augvc ebhogatc, ua ahõc
agkgshte prcmerbc gatrg 59 y 57 vgkgs. [g trete lg ebjc aetureb qug
dcroe pertg lg su lgserrcbbc.
Tgeocs ebjuacs sgakhbbcs kcasgfcs pere qug bcs ahõcs ekgptga
bes vgrlures6

5. Acsh bgsgophgzea
lgs lherheogatg
gb lïeubtreprckgselcs
kca ebhogatcs rhkcsnhpgrpebetembgs,
ga ezökergs6
qug gxkhtea
ouknïshoc su pebeler y su kgrgmrc (kcoc gb kekec scbumbg
ezukerelc, bes jebbgtes, bcs kgrgebgs lg lgseyuac, gtkètgre),
kuealc, trgs ncres lgspuès, hatgatgs qug kcoea mrûkcbh, bgs
rgsubterå ouy pckc etrekthvc. Lgspuès lg gse gxpbcshûa lg semcr
ga gb lgseyuac, be vgrlure lgb oglhclïe ac bgs semrå e aele c,
lgmhlc e su rgknezc haaetc e bcs semcrgs eoerjcs, bc rgpgbgråa
dåkhbogatg.

=. [è gb gfgopbc lg bc qug quhgrgs kcasgjuhr6

bcs ahõcs eprgalga pcr hohtekhûa, esï qug, euaqug bgs rgphtes bc
mugaes qug sca bes vgrlures, neste qug ac vgea qug lhsdrutes kca

gbbes ac bes kcogråa. Lgmgs prckurer sgr gb gfgopbc lg bc qug

quhgrgs kcasgjuhr ga gbbcs.

;. Krge ua eomhgatg ejrelembg pere be hatrclukkhûa lg augvcs ebhogatcs6

gs ouknc oås prcmembg qug gb ahõc quhgre prcmer ebjc augvc sh bc
nekgs lg dcroe ac kcgrkhthve. Gb rgknezc e prcmer ebhogatcs
augvcs gs nemhtueb scmrg tclc gatrg bcs = y bcs 4 eõcs. Wae
 oeagre sgakhbbe lg devcrgkgr qug gsc ac ckurre gs nekgrbcs
pertïkhpgs lgb prckgsc, havcbukråalcbcs ga be kcopre y kckhaealc
kca gbbcs. Gb shopbg ektc lg pcagr vgrlures eb ebkeakg lg bcs ahõcs
(pcr gfgopbc, ga drutgrcs kca vgrlures qug ac agkgshtga
rgdrhjgrekhûa) esï kcoc prgsgaterbes lg oeagre oås etrekthve
pctgakhe su kcasuoc.

<. Ac bcs dugrkgs e kcogr, ac prgohgs ah kesthjugs kca kcohle6

gs oås gdgkthvc ebemer kuealc lgkhlea prcmer ua augvc ebhogatc,
prgjuaterbgs què bgs ne pergkhlc y sh qugrrïea kcogrbc ctre vgz. Bc
hopcrteatg gs qug ac esckhga be kcohle sebulembg e ebjc oebc,
kcoc be cmbhjekhûa y gb kesthjc, y be kcohle haseae e ebjc mugac,
kcoc ua prgohc.

DWGA\G[ Y]C\GHKE[ LG KEBHLEL

Bcs ebhogatcs rhkcs ga prctgïaes sca bes bgjuomrgs y sus

lgrhvelcs, kcoc gb tcdu0 bes evgs0 bcs drutcs sgkcs y bcs båktgcs
y sus lgrhvelcs, kcoc bcs qugscs drgskcs aeturebgs. \eomhèa
sca dugatgs lg prctgïaes lg kebhlel gb pgskelc, bcs nugvcs y bcs
kcrtgs oejrcs lg oeoïdgrcs sha prckgser, kcoc gb bcoc lg
kgrlc c gb dhbgtg lg tgragre.

Bcs prcluktcs kcoc bes sebknhknes, bes jubes y gb surhoh sca

ubtreprckgselcs, bc ohsoc qug gb petè c be oeycrïe lg bcs gomuthlcs
(sebvc kcatelïshoes gxkgpkhcags). Ga jgagreb, sg trete lg ogzkbes
lg prctgïae eahoeb kca nerhaes y pctgakhelcrgs lgb semcr, y sca, pcr
bc teatc, uae oebe cpkhûa.

Be rgkcogalekhûa jgagreb ga pgrscaes sglgaterhes c pckc ekthves

gs lg 9,> jreocs lg prctgïae pcr `hbc lg pgsc kcrpcreb eb lïe. E
oglhle qug be pgrscae prekthqug oås ekthvhlel dïshke, agkgshterå
oås prctgïae, neste bbgjer e bcs = jreocs lg prctgïae pcr `hbc lg
pgsc eb lïe.

Gb prcmbgoe lgb feoûa lg Xcr`

Gb feoûa lg Xcr` gs ua ebhogatc qug gstå ouy hatgjrelc ga augstres
lhgtes, kuealc qugrgocs kuhler be bïage g hakbusc kuealc gsteocs
gadgrocs. [ha gomerjc, bc nemhtueb gs qug eb kcoprerbc ga gb
supgrogrkelc c ga be knerkutgrïe, acs bbgvgocs e kese ua prcluktc
lg ouy mefe kebhlel y vebcr autrhkhcaeb.

Gs, pugs, agkgserhc semgr qug be lgacohaekhûa «feoûa lg Xcr`° ac

esgjure su kebhlel. Bc ûpthoc gs qug tgaje ua ebtc pcrkgatefg lg
kerag lg kgrlc y qug ac bbgvg dèkubes ah pctgakhelcrgs lgb semcr
(gstcs sg rgprgsgatea ga bes gthqugtes kcoc G-4).

³Kûoc hlgathdhker ua muga gomuthlc lg feoûa3

Dheomrg lg feoûa
[g pgrohtg be elhkhûa lg dèkube, jgagrebogatg lg petete, y tea scbc
thgag ua 79 % lg kerag. [g bg pclrïe bbeoer teatc kerag kca dèkube
kcoc dèkube kca kerag. Gs gb dheomrg ogacs autrhthvc pcrqug, pere
nekgrbc etrekthvc y semrcsc, bcs demrhkeatgs sg vga cmbhjelcs e
eõelhrbg pctgakhelcrgs lgb semcr, ezöker y lhsthatcs hajrglhgatgs.
Kcatrerheogatg e bc qug puglg pergkgr, gs gb oås pcpuber pcrqug
thgag ua prgkhc oås mefc y, elgoås, gs ouy semrcsc pcr gb aöogrc
lg elhthvcs qug bbgve.

Feoûa kckhlc
Gstg gs lg ogfcr kebhlel pcrqug ac sg pgrohtg qug kcatgaje dèkube y
be keathlel lg ezöker eõelhlc ac puglg supgrer ua = %. \hgag neste
ua :9 % lg kerag, bc kueb bc kcavhgrtg ga uae mugae cpkhûa pere
bbgvertg e kese.

Feoûa kckhlc gxtre

Gste gs, sha lule, be ogfcr, pgrc teomhèa be oås kcopbhkele lg
gakcatrer. Gb pcrkgatefg lg kerag euogate neste ua >9-89 %, pcr bc
qug pråkthkeogatg su kcopcshkhûa tcteb gs kerag y ac gstå pgrohthle
be elhkhûa lg ezökergs ga oås lg ua 5,7 %.
Feoûa lg pevc
Eb hjueb qug kca gb dheomrg lg feoûa, gb feoûa lg pevc thgag ua
pcrkgatefg lg pcbbc c pevc lgb 79 % y, epertg lg dèkube, hakbuyg

pctgakhelcrgs lgb semcr, ezökergs y elhthvcs. Bc rgkcogalembg gs

qug prgstgs etgakhûa eb teatc pcr khgatc lg kerag qug hakbuyg y gbhfes,
shgoprg qug pugles, bcs qug epcrtga oås lg ua >9 % lg kerag lg
pevc c lg pcbbc.

Bes dugatgs lg prctgïaes vgjgtebgs

Bes dugatgs lg prctgïaes vgjgtebgs sca prhakhpebogatg bes bgjuomrgs

y sus lgrhvelcs kcoc gb tcdu, gb tgopgn c be scfe tgxturhzele.

Kcoc ckurrg kca be lg crhjga eahoeb, teomhèa ney ubtreprckgselcs

vgjgterheacs, esï qug gs ouy prcmembg qug gses sebknhknes lg tcdu c
neomurjugses vgjgtebgs sgea hjueb lg haseaes qug sus ncoûbcjcs

kårahkcs y kcatgajea ezökergs, elhthvcs y tclc thpc lg hajrglhgatgs

halustrhebgs. Wae vgz oås, bgg bcs hajrglhgatgs c lhrgkteogatg
lgkåatetg pcr bc ogacs prckgselc pcshmbg6 bgjuomrgs lg tcle be
vhle, tcdu dhrog acroeb…

J]E[E[ LG KEBHLEL
Be bhste gs dåkhb lg nekgr6 ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga gxtre, ejueketg,
drutcs sgkcs eb aetureb sha seb c tcstelcs sha seb. Ga kueatc e
vhaejrgs pere ebhõer, ogfcr gb lg vhac c lg oeazeae (qug ac bbgve
ezöker eõelhlc, eb kcatrerhc qug gb lg Oûlgae). Be rgkcogalekhûa
jgagreb gs gatrg 5 y 5,7 jreocs lg jrese eb lïe pcr `hbc lg pgsc
kcrpcreb. Gs hopcrteatg tgagr ga kugate qug, elgoås lgb ekghtg lg
cbhve, qug gs pråkthkeogatg tclc jrese, bcs ebhogatcs kcathgaga
jrese ga su hatgrhcr. Gstcs kåbkubcs puglga kcsteracs ua pckc, esï
qug lergocs uae ngrreohgate oås sgakhbbe pere lhstrhmuhr sus
rekhcags.

EBHOGA\C[ ]HKC[ GA NHL]E

NHL]E\C[
\C[ LG KE]MCAC
K E]MCAC
\umèrkubcs kcoc be petete c gb mcahetc, jreacs hatgjrebgs kcoc
gb errcz c be quhace, bes bgjuomrgs, be peste…

Ga jgagreb, be pcmbekhûa seae ac lgpcrthste ac agkgshte teatc

ebhogatc rhkc ga nhlretcs lg kermcac kcoc pgaseocs.

Kca bcs nhlretcs qug acs epcrtea bes bgjuomrgs, be drute, bcs
tumèrkubcs, bcs båktgcs, bes ncrtebhzes y ebjc lg pea hatgjreb c evgae
ga gb lgseyuac, gs oås qug sudhkhgatg.

Be oeycrïe lg bcs ebhogatcs sca uae ogzkbe lg oekrcautrhgatgs

(jreses, nhlretcs y prctgïae)0 ga gb kesc lg bes bgjuomrgs cmtgagocs
uae ogzkbe lg nhlretcs lg kermcac kcopbgfcs c lg emscrkhûa bgate y
mugae keathlel lg prctgïae.
YEA6 KÛOC KCOY]E] WA MWGA YEA HA\GJ]EB
Bc prhogrc y oås hopcrteatg qug lgmgocs semgr gs gb vekïc bgjeb
qug gxhstg ga Gspeõe rgspgktc eb pea hatgjreb. Ektuebogatg, y neste
augvc evhsc, puglgs gakcatrer peags qug sg lgacohaea hatgjrebgs
kca ua 9% lg nerhae hatgjreb.

Ga Ncbeale sg bbeoe pea hatgjreb eb pea qug thgag eb ogacs be ohtel

lg su nerhae hatgjreb. Ga Ebgoeahe, ga keomhc, sg gxhjg qug gb 89%
sge hatgjreb. [ha gomerjc, ga Gspeõe sg puglg lgacohaer hatgjreb
shgoprg qug gstg sge «dugatg lg dhmre°, bc kueb shjahdhke qug gsg
ebhogatc thgag ; jreocs lg dhmre pcr kele 599 jreocs lg prcluktc c,
sh gspgkhdhke «ebtc ga dhmre°, 4 jreocs lg dhmre pcr kele 599 jreocs
lg prcluktc. Eb pergkgr gxhstg ua ocvhohgatc pere ogfcrer be
bgjhsbekhûa qug cmbhjerïe e gspgkhdhker gb pcrkgatefg lg nerhae hatgjreb
lg bcs ebhogatcs.

³[h thgag oukne dhmre shjahdhke qug gs hatgjreb3 Yugs

lgsjrekheleogatg, ac. Yere kcoprgalgrbc, acs puglg eyuler vgr be
gstrukture lgb jreac.
G[\]WK\W]E LGB J]EAC LG KG]GEB
Ga gste hoejga vgocs bes ; pertgs lhdgrgakheles lgb jreac lg
kgrgeb. Ga be ocbhgale lgb jreac sg phgrlg be pertg lg dugre, gb
sebvelc, qug gs lcalg rgshlg be dhmre lgb jreac. Gb prcluktc
rgsubteatg gs bc qug bbeoeocs uae nerhae rgdhaele c uae nerhae
mbeake.

Jgagrebogatg, be oeycrïe lg bcs peags «hatgjrebgs° qug

gakcatreocs sca ogzkbes lg nerhaes rgdhaeles (nerhaes sha dhmre) kca
sebvelc (dhmre) cmtgahlc lg ctres ocbhgales. [h ohreocs be tembe lg
vebcrgs autrhkhcaebgs ga gb epertelc lg dhmre, nemrå uae keathlel lg
dhmre ebte, pgrc auake sgrå ua prcluktc rgebogatg hatgjreb (shac
shopbgogatg uae ogzkbe ouy hatgrgseatg y rgatembg pere be
halustrhe). Wa pea rgebogatg hatgjreb gs equgb cmtgahlc lg be nerhae
rgsubteatg lg be ocbhgale lgb jreac kcopbgtc. [h uae nerhae gs lg
jreac gatgrc, shgoprg gsterå gspgkhdhkelc6 nerhae hatgjreb lg jreac
gatgrc, nerhae hatgjreb lg trhjc. [h ac pcag qug be nerhae sge hatgjreb
gs qug ac sg cmthgag lgb jreac gatgrc.

Be prgjuate qug lgmgocs nekgracs pere semgr sh gb pea gs lg

kebhlel gs6 ³Uuè pcrkgatefg lg nerhae hatgjreb
h atgjreb bbgve3

Equï ney qug tgagr ga kugate qug ua prcluktc ebtc ga dhmre ac gs bc

ohsoc qug hatgjreb. Kuealc uae gthqugte sgõebe «dugatg lg dhmre°,
ac thgag pcr què tgagr nerhae 599 % hatgjreb, lg oclc qug ac
pclgocs bbeoerbc pea lg kebhlel. Be oeycrïe lg bcs peags qug
kcopreocs thgaga uae kcopcshkhûa oås kgrkeae e be mcbbgrïe
halustrheb.

Gb muga pea hatgjreb lgmgrïe bbgver pckcs hajrglhgatgs6 nerhae

599 % hatgjreb lg kgrgeb, oese oelrg, ejue y seb.

Kcogr pea lg kebhlel kca ua pcrkgatefg lg nerhae hatgjreb ebtc, ga

bujer lg bcs peags lg mefe kebhlel qug kcasuohocs nemhtuebogatg,
gs dualeogateb ye qug gb pea acs epcrte jrea pertg lg bes kebcrïes
qug kcasuohocs eb lïe. Lgmgocs tgagr ga kugate qug gb pea gs uac
lg bcs ebhogatcs lg oeycr kcasuoc ga Gspeõe6 ;<,47 `hbcs pcr
pgrscae eb eõc, kca ua jestc oglhc eaueb lg >;,8= gurcs pcr
pgrscae scbc ga pea.

\gahgalc ga kugate be kebhlel y be keathlel lg pea qug kcogocs

ncy, gs prgdgrhmbg rglukhr eb oïahoc su kcasuoc sh ac pclgocs
esgjurer su kebhlel rgeb.
¡\g eahoc e qug prugmgs be rgkgte lg pea kesgrc qug thgags ga gb
rgkgterhc!

BÅK\GC[ X LG]HTELC[
Gb kcasuoc lg båktgcs gs ua esuatc pcbèohkc6 ebjuacs gxpgrtcs
lgdhgalga qug be bgkng gs kesh ua vgagac y ctrcs esgjurea qug bcs
båktgcs sca hoprgskhalhmbgs.

Bc khgrtc gs qug sh sg kcasuoga ua per lg rekhcags eb lïe lg båktgcs

ga su vgrshûa aetureb sha ezukerer, sca ebhogatcs sebulembgs y
autrhthvcs, dugatg lg prctgïaes, vhteohae L, dûsdcrc y kebkhc. Ygrc ac
sca ebhogatcs hoprgskhalhmbgs0 ac ney oås qug vgr qug bcs ebèrjhkcs
e be prctgïae lg be bgkng lg veke, hatcbgreatgs e be bektcse y vgjeacs
ac pelgkga lgdhkhgakhe lg autrhgatgs.

Esï qug, sh lgsges kcasuohr båktgcs,

båktgcs, nezbc sgjöa be gskugbe lg sebul
pömbhke lg Nerverl, qug rgkcohgale be hajgste lg = rekhcags lg
båktgcs aeturebgs sha ezukerer. Bcs autrhgatgs qug epcrtea bcs båktgcs
b åktgcs
ac scbc gståa ga bcs båktgcs (y pcr gsc ac sca hoprgskhalhmbgs), esï
qug sh kcasuogs pckcs c ahajöa båktgc, prckure kcogr pgskelcs
ezubgs pgqugõcs, bgjuomrgs, drutcs sgkcs, mgrrcs…

Gbgjhr ua muga båktgc gs kcopbhkelc pcrqug bes cpkhcags lg bcs

supgrogrkelcs sugbga sgr lg ouy mefe kebhlel. Bc
hoprgskhalhmbg gs bggr bcs hajrglhgatgs (y qug gstcs sgea bgkng y
dgrogatcs båkthkcs), c gskcjgr lhrgkteogatg be vgrshûa aetureb
sha glubkcrer.
KCA[G]TE[ Ö\HBG[
Eb kcatrerhc lg bc qug pugles pgaser
pgaser,, scy uae dhgb lgdgascre lg bes
mugaes kcasgrves. Yere semgr sh uae kcasgrve gs elgkuele,
tgagocs qug bggr be bhste lg hajrglhgatgs. [h ga gbbe ney oukncs qug
ac gathgalgs c qug ac pcalrïes sh nhkhgres be kcasgrve tö ohsoc, ac
be gbhfes. Be ogfcr cpkhûa tgalrå hajrglhgatgs qug rgkcackgrås pcr
sgathlc kcoöa y qug tö ohsoc pcalrïes ga be kcasgrve.

Bes kcasgrves acs eyulea e kcogr mhga kuealc ac tgagocs

thgopc lg kckhaer, esï qug gs rgkcogalembg tgagr ga be
lgspgase kcasgrves lg bgjuomrg, mhvebvcs kcoc ogfhbbcags y
mgrmgrgkncs, sebse lg tcoetg, phstc, fulïes vgrlgs, ebkekncdes,
kerlc, pgskelc ezub…

YE]E YHKE]
Knckcbetg kca oås lgb >7 % lg kekec, drutcs sgkcs krulcs,
gakurthlcs, sgohbbes, zeaencrhe, tcoethtcs kngrry...
kngrry...

DHAG[ LG [GOEAE X THLE [CKHEB

[ha lule, kuealc muskeocs pgrlgr jrese, be vhle sckheb gs be pertg
oås kcopbhkele y be ogacs tremefele ga kcasubte.
Be oeycrïe lg bes vgkgs, cpteocs pcr ac qugler c mhga pcr sgjuhr
nekhgalc bc ohsoc lg eatgs y gspgrer qug kca bc qug nekgocs gatrg
sgoeae sge sudhkhgatg pere sgjuhr pgrlhgalc jrese.

Yrhogrc, y eatgs lg sgjuhr bgygalc, tg havhtc e qug rgpesgs

ogatebogatg tclcs bcs gxtres qug nekgs0 puglg sgr qug gstès
scmrgvebcrealc c hadrevebcrealc gscs gxkgscs (euaqug, kesh kca
sgjurhlel, sg tretg lg bc sgjualc).

Bbgver ua rgjhstrc lhgtèthkc lg uae sgoeae gs uae ngrreohgate

ouy pclgrcse pere kcogazer gb keomhc y, elgoås, gb shopbg

ngknc lg gskrhmhr bc qug kcogocs sha fuzjer (gs lgkhr,

shopbgogatg epuatåalcbc), ye gs, ga sï ohsoc, tgrepèuthkc.

Wae vgz qug tgajeocs uae vhshûa kbere lg kuåb gs augstre shtuekhûa
ektueb, pclgocs lgkhlhr què qugrgocs pubhr. Ney khgrtcs ocogatcs
(kcoc be phzze lgb vhgrags ga deohbhe vhgalc uae pgbïkube) e bcs qug
ac tg epgtgkg rgauakher, y gstå mhga, pcrqug ac sg trete lg sgr
pgrdgktcs, shac lg gbgjhr bes metebbes y semgr kuåalc y kûoc sgr
dbgxhmbgs.

[g trete lg sgr kcaskhgatgs, kcogr sha kubpe y oeatgagracs

seacs.

Gb rgstc lgb thgopc gs hopcrteatg qug bcjrgocs sebhr lg dcroe seae,

sha rgauakher e lhsdruter, y qug eprgaleocs, ga lgdhahthve, e aevgjer
pcr be vhle sckheb. Equï thgags uaes peutes pere kcogr dugre lg kese
sha lgfer lg kuhlertg.
NEV WA G[\WLHC LG OG]KELC
Ga be zcae c zcaes lcalg sugbgs kcogr e dha lg gbgjhr gb
gstembgkhohgatc lcalg neye cpkhcags sebulembgs c pcagr ga pråkthke
gstcs shopbgs kcasgfcs qug tg eyuleråa e kcogr dugre lg kese y
sgjuhr pgrlhgalc jrese. Gb trukc gs kcasgasuer c rglhrgkkhcaer be
gbgkkhûa lgb rgsteureatg c gb pbea pere kcasgjuhr gbgjhr mhga.

AC \CUWG[ GB YEA
Uuhzå sge be pertg oås kcopbhkele, pcrqug pgbbhzker gsg mcbbhtc lg
pea kebgathtc y krufhgatg ohgatres gspgres e pglhr (kca neomrg) gs
hrrgshsthmbg. Ycr gsc rgkcohgalc qug gvhtgs qug tg shrvea pea, y sh ye
gstå ga be ogse, gs ogfcr qug ac bc prugmgs, scmrg tclc sh tg kugste
kcatrcber be rekhûa (kele mcbbhtc puglg suoerbg uaes ;79 `hbckebcrïes
e be kcohle).

GB YC[\]G
Bbgve shgoprg drute gakhoe, pcr sh ekesc, euaqug ga oukncs shthcs
thgaga drute lg pcstrg. [h sg tg cbvhle, ac lhspcaga lg drute y thgags
neomrg, uae mugae ebtgraethve gs ua ycjur c uae kuefele sha ezöker
y sha ohgb, c mhga peser lhrgkteogatg eb kedè.

UWÈ YGLH]
Lg prhogrc6 shgoprg pbetcs vgjgtebgs
º Gasebele.
º Yeaeknè lg vgrlures.
º Krgoe lg vgrlures.
º Jezpeknc.
º Gasebeles qug ac bbgvga qugsc ah elgrgzcs (pclgocs pglhrbes sha
be sebse).
º Ybetcs lg vgrlure lg tgopcrele6 ogagstre, fulïes vgrlgs,
ebkekncdes…

Lg sgjualc6 uae prctgïae oejre y bhophe e be pbeakne c e be perrhbbe

(sh bcs sgjualcs sca ouy pctgatgs, pclgocs gbgjhr lcs prhogrcs).
º [cbcohbbc.
º Ygskelc.
º Oerhskc.
º \cdu.
º \crthbbes lg vgjgtebgs c lg ebhogatcs rhkcs ga prctgïaes.
º Ycbbc.
ºº Bgjuomrg.
Yevc.

[h be cpkhûa gs ua pbetc kcomhaelc, pglhrgocs uae pertg prctghke

(pcbbc, pgskelc, sgphe…) y gasebele c phohgatcs lg
ekcopeõeohgatc.

[h gsteocs kcohgalc phatxcs, sgbgkkhcaergocs equgbbcs qug veyea

kca pebhtc, kcoc uae mrckngte lg jeomes, uae jhble, mcahtc
gakgmcbbelc…

EBKCNCB
Gb kcasuoc lg ebkcncb lgmgrïe sgr kgrc.

Gb ebkcncb gs tûxhkc pere gb kugrpc y sg rgbekhcae kca gadgroglelgs

ngpåthkes, kerlhcveskubergs y lhdgrgatgs thpcs lg kåakgr. [u
kcasuoc, sha gomerjc, gstå ouy errehjelc y acroebhzelc ga augstre
kubture. Gstc nekg qug bc pgrkhmeocs kcoc ebjc hackuc, scmrg tclc
ga gb kesc lg be kgrvgze y gb vhac. ]gspgktc e gstg öbthoc, hakbusc
tgagocs be debse krggakhe lg qug uae kcpe lg vhac eb lïe gs mugae
pere be sebul kuealc, ga rgebhlel, bc sebulembg sgrïe tcoer ua rekhoc
lg uves, ye qug thgaga bes ohsoes susteakhes eathcxhleatgs sha
agkgshlel lg hajgrhr ebkcncb.

Esï pugs, gs prgdgrhmbg qug mgmes bc ogacs pcshmbg y, sh bc nekgs,

qug gbhfes jreluekhcags mefes, kcoc bes lg be shlre, be kgrvgze c gb
vhac. Yrckure ac mgmgr gatrg sgoeae y, lureatg gb thgopc lg ckhc, ac
supgrgs uae kcpe lg vhac, uae kgrvgze c lcs kcpes lg shlre ga gb
kesc lg bes oufgrgs, y gb lcmbg pere bcs ncomrgs.

\g rgkcohgalc qug ga be vgbele gbhfes ctres mgmhles, kcoc

kgrvgze sha ebkcncb, ejue, ejue kca jes kca uaes jcthtes lg
bhoûa, ua pckc lg vhac kca jesgcse sha ezöker, rgdrgskcs zgrc,
kedè c hadushcags.
AC LG[ YC] NGKNC X AGJCKHE

Nez prgjuates
³Bbgve petetes drhtes3

Ouknes vgkgs, euaqug be kerte ac bc gspgkhdhqug, gb pbetc lg

prctgïae e be pbeakne bbgve petetes drhtes, esï qug tgalrås qug
epbhker gb ohsoc prhakhphc lg prgvgakhûa qug kca gb pea0 gs lgkhr6
pere gvhter qug tg shrvea kcses tgatelcres, prgjuate sh ve
ekcopeõelc lg petetes y, sh gs gb kesc, kåomhebes pcr phohgatcs,
gasebele c pcr aele. Tgr ga gb pbetc uaes krufhgatgs y lcreles
petetes drhtes qug ngocs lgkhlhlc ac kcogr gs uae eutèathke
tcrture.

³Bbgve sebses3

Bes sebses puglga sgr ua eutèathkc mchkctgelcr, scmrg tclc ga gb

kesc lg bes gasebeles, pcr gsc bc ogfcr gs pglhr gb ebhõc epertg c
mhga be kcohle sha sebse y qug tg lgfga ebhõerbe kca ekghtg lg cbhve
y vhaejrg. Esï, tö ohsoc kcatrcberås tus pbetcs, ye qug gstg puatc
sugbg sgr gxkgshvc. ]gkugrle, elgoås, qug ua rgsteureatg muske
gb pbekgr jestrcaûohkc, ac qug gb pbetc sge bc oås seac pcshmbg.
KCOG] (X THTH]) KCA KCA[KHGAKHE
Euaqug gstc gs ua kcasgfc qug shrvg pere tcles bes kcohles qug
nejes, kuealc gstès ga ua rgsteureatg c tcoealc uacs phatxcs
pgrlgrås be kcagxhûa kca bc qug gstås kcohgalc y kca be keathlel
qug gstås hajhrhgalc0 ga lgdhahthve, tu jrelc lg sekhglel y bes
prcmemhbhlelgs lg kcogr lg oås euogatea ouknïshoc. [h kcogs
lgprhse, ac lgfes thgopc sudhkhgatg pere qug bes sgõebgs lg sekhglel
bbgjuga neste tu kgrgmrc. \ga ga kugate qug sg kebkube qug neste
peselcs =9 ohautcs be sgasekhûa lg sekhglel ac bbgje eb kgrgmrc.

Kuealc gstès ga ua rgsteureatg, puglgs hatgater perer e ohtel lg

pbetc y nekgr ua rgpesc lg kûoc tg shgatgs, kûoc gstås lg bbgac.
Yrckure lgfer bcs kumhgrtcs ga be ogse y rgsphrer gatrg mckelcs.

Be oesthkekhûa gs ua puatc kbevg6 hatgate nekgrbc quhakg vgkgs

pcr mckelc y, ga be oglhle lg bc pcshmbg, sha lhstrekkhcags lg
oûvhbgs, tembgtes, rgvhstes c tgbgvhshûa.

Bes ckeshcags oås gspgkhebgs, kcoc bcs kuopbgeõcs c bes kcohles

aevhlgões, rgprgsgatea uae oïahoe pertg lgb eõc, esï qug ga
rgebhlel ac edgktea eb petrûa lhgtèthkc nemhtueb, gb qug rgebogatg
tgagocs qug keomher.

[È KCA[KHGA\G LG \W[ NÅMH\C[

Gs drgkugatg sumgsthoer bc qug mgmgs y kcogs nekhgalc ua fuhkhc
hafustc y quglåalctg kca be hlge lg qug ac tg peses teatc, pgrc bc
khgrtc gs qug gs hjueb lg hopcrteatg gbgjhr mugacs ebhogatcs qug
kcashlgrer bes kebcrïes sh be oeycrïe lg bcs lïes kcogs oås pea lgb
qug lgmgrïes, uses ebhõcs, mgmgs rgdrgskcs c ebkcncb, tcoes ua per
lg cazes lg knckcbetg, tg ekemes gb mckelhbbc lg bcs ahõcs, eatgs lg
gopgzer e kckhaer tcoes ua trckhtc lg kncrhzc kca pea, gtkètgre.
\clc gsc kugate y puglg gster semctgåalctg oås lg bc qug phgases.
Elgoås, ga jgagreb scmrggsthoeocs augstre ekthvhlel dïshke6
lgmgocs sgr kcaskhgatgs lg qug gb sglgaterhsoc ac gs agutrc, acs
pgrfulhke, y sh ac leocs oås lg ohb pescs eb lïe (veocs lg kese eb
kckng, lgb kckng e be cdhkhae, lg be cdhkhae eb kckng y lgb kckng e
kese), euaqug sebjeocs gb dha lg sgoeae e «ealer° lcs ncres, ac
pclgocs kcashlgrer qug scocs ekthvcs.

Be oebe ebhogatekhûa y be ebhogatekhûa ac kcaskhgatg, gb

sglgaterhsoc y be oebe jgsthûa lgb gstrès dcroea ua kûktgb pgrdgktc
pere hr sumhgalc pckc e pckc lg pgsc6 sha lertg kugate, ga lhgz eõcs
pgserås kesh vghatg `hbcs oås.

Ygrc ac gs pcshmbg bbgjer e be pgrdgkkhûa ga ebhogatekhûa0 sh tg

cmsgshcaes kca gbbc, puglg kcavgrthrsg ga uae petcbcjïe. Bc
hopcrteatg gs qug sges kcaskhgatg lg tus nåmhtcs ebhogaterhcs y lg
vhle. Be oeycrïe pgaseocs qug tgagocs uacs nåmhtcs sebulembgs
kuealc, ga rgebhlel, sumgsthoeocs bc qug kcogocs y
scmrggsthoeocs kuåatc acs ocvgocs.

E vgkgs
rgeb gs agkgserhc
kcashstg ga ekcterkcogr
gsteslgvgkgs
oeagre hopgrdgkte0
eb =9 % lg tu gbthgopc
tremefcy
tremefer gb >9 % rgsteatg pere ebhogatersg elgkueleogatg y
bbgver uae vhle sebulembg.
KEYÏ\WBC <
YBEAHDHKE
\W OGAÖ
[h nes pugstc ga pråkthke tclcs bcs kcasgfcs eatgrhcrgs, tgalrås be
kese vekïe lg prcluktcs haseacs y bbgae lg kcohle rgeb. Ga gste
pertg, prgperergocs lg oeagre sgakhbbe ogaös lg kcohles y kgaes
gquhbhmreles y sebulembgs pere tcle be deohbhe.

Gste hbustrekhûa gstå hasphrele ga gb pbetc pere kcogr sebulembg lg

Nerverl. Gs uae ngrreohgate ouy hatuhthve y ekgrtele pere crjeahzer
augstrcs pbetcs. Ga gste pertg acs mesergocs ga gbbe pere pbeahdhker
augstrcs pbetcs y augstrc ogaö sgoeaeb.
³KÛOC KEBKWBE] BE[ KEA\HLELG[3 GB OÈ\CLC
LG BE OEAC
Eatgs lg gopgzer e kcadhjurer tus pbetcs, gstg oètclc tg sgrvhrå
pere kebkuber bes keathlelgs eprcxhoeles lg ebhogatcs qug lgmgs
eõelhr. Gs elgkuelc pere pgrscaes seaes, sha prcmbgoes
ebhogaterhcs, qug quhgrea oeatgagr su pgsc y kcogr kcrrgkteogatg.
Gs uae ngrreohgate ouy jgagreb, pgrc öthb, pcrqug lhsthajug gb
teoeõc lg be rekhûa lg ua ncomrg lgb lg uae oufgr, esï kcoc gb lg
ua elubtc rgspgktc lgb lg ua ahõc.
³UWÈ YCAG] GA \W YBE\C3

BE OH\EL LGB YBE\C6 TG]LW]E[, NC]\EBHVE[ X

D]W\E[
\eatc ga be kcohle kcoc ga be kgae, ngocs vhstc qug be keathlel lg
vgrlure y ncrtebhzes rgkcogalele sca = rekhcags lg =79 jreocs
kele uae. Bc hlgeb gs kcasuohr oås lg oglhc `hbc lg vgrlures y
ncrtebhzes eb lïe. Gstcs vgjgtebgs puglga sgr ga krulc c kckhaelcs0
ga rgebhlel, bc ogfcr gs qug be ohtel lg gbbcs sgea ga krulc y be ctre
ohtel kckhaelcs.

Elgoås lg be vgrlure, sg rgkcohgale lg oeagre jgagreb qug

kcasuoeocs ; phgzes lg drutes lg tgopcrele eb lïe.

Kcasuohr = rekhcags lg vgrlure y ; rekhcags lg drute eb lïe pclrïe

sebver pctgakhebogatg =,: ohbbcags lg vhles eb eõc.

YBE\C6
WA KWE]\C LGB YBE\C6 BC[ J]EAC[ HA\GJ]EBG[
HA\GJ]EBG[
Ga gste pertg lgb pbetc sg hakbuyga bcs ebhogatcs rhkcs ga nhlretcs lg
kermcac, esï qug be petete c gb mcahetc pclrïea sgr cpkhcags våbhles
shgoprg qug sgea eselcs c eb ncrac. Ga augstre kubture ebhogaterhe,
gstg kuertc bc kuopbg kca drgkugakhe uae rgmeaele pgqugõe lg pea
hatgjreb lg vgrlel, pgrc teomhèa pclrïeocs susthtuhrbc pcr ua pckc
lg errcz hatgjreb.

GB C\]C KWE]\C LGB YBE\C6 Y]C\GÏAE [EBWLEMBG

Gste prctgïae sebulembg puglg prckglgr lg eahoebgs, kcoc kcrtgs
oejrcs lg evgs, kgrlc c tgragre, pgskelcs mbeakcs y ezubgs,
oerhskcs, nugvcs, qugscs drgskcs…, c lg uae dugatg vgjgteb, kcoc
bes bgjuomrgs, gb tcdu, gb tgopgn c be scfe tgxturhzele.
 Gstg gsqugoe lg pbetc öahkc puglg eleptersg e uae kcohle ga
lcs pbetcs. Gb prhogrc gsterïe kcopugstc scbc pcr vgrlure0 ga gb
sgjualc pcalrïeocs be ohtel lgb pbetc lg vgrlure, ua kuertc lg

prctgïae y ua kuertc lg jreac hatgjreb.

GB YC[\]G
Euaqug ac sge ebjc gstrhkteogatg agkgserhc ga augstre lhgte, bes
ogfcrgs cpkhcags sca tcoer uae phgze gatgre lg drute, ua ycjur
aetureb gatgrc c ua ycjur lg scfe sha ezöker eõelhlc, ua puõelhtc lg
drutcs sgkcs c, lg vgz ga kuealc, uae caze (uacs ;9 jreocs) lg
knckcbetg agjrc kca oås lgb >7 % lg kekec.

³X GB LG[EXWAC3
Eb kcatrerhc lg bc qug scbgocs pgaser
pgaser,, gb lgseyuac ac gs be kcohle
oås hopcrteatg lgb lïe. Gs uae kcohle oås y ac ney ahajuae rezûa
autrhkhcaeb pere qug ac pcleocs lgseyuaer bes keathlelgs y
ebhogatcs qug kcogrïeocs c kgaerïeocs. Lg ngknc, sh augstrc
lgseyuac gstå kcopugstc pcr kcohle haseae, gs ogfcr ac
lgseyuaer.. Acroebogatg sg trete lg augstre pgcr kcohle lgb lïe, ye
lgseyuaer
qug gs ga be qug kcasuohocs oås ubtreprckgselcs. Be pumbhkhlel
ne kcasgjuhlc esckher gb lgseyuac e khgrtcs ebhogatcs lg gstg thpc,
kcavhrthèalcbcs ga «ebhogatcs lg lgseyuac°, kcoc bcs kgrgebgs.
Gs khgrtc qug, e prhogre ncre lgb lïe, ye sge pcr kcstuomrg c pcr
ctrcs octhvcs, ney khgrtcs ebhogatcs qug acs gatrea ogfcr.
ogfcr. Yclgocs
lgseyuaer bc qug qugreocs, pgrc shjuhgalc gb prhakhphc lg qug bcs
ebhogatcs sgea lg mugae kebhlel autrhkhcaeb. Yclgocs lgseyuaer
drute drgske, ye qug sugbg sgater ouy mhga y eyule e kcasgjuhr gb
cmfgthvc lg kcogr ; phgzes lg drute eb lïe. Ctrcs ebhogatcs
elgkuelcs kcoc dugatg prctghke puglga sgr bcs båktgcs aeturebgs,
bcs nugvcs c bcs drutcs sgkcs, qug elgoås acs epcrtea åkhlcs
jrescs gsgakhebgs, c gb ekghtg lg cbhve. Ycr öbthoc, uae dugatg lg
nhlretcs seacs pclrïe sgr ua muga pea hatgjreb, be evgae c be drute.

Ga gb kepïtubc 4 gakcatrerås ohs rgkgtes devcrhtes lg lgseyuac

autrhthvc...

OGAÖ [GOEAEB
Encre qug ngocs rgpeselc kûoc sg gquhbhmre ua pbetc, puglgs
kcadhjurer gb ogaö sgoeaeb pere th y pere tcle be deohbhe. Gstcs sca
bcs pescs oås sgakhbbcs pere pbeahdhker gb ogaö lg tus 5< kcohles
prhakhpebgs lg be sgoeae6

YHGA[E Y]HOG]C GA BE YE]\G Y]C\GHKE

]gbbgae bes 5< keshbbes lg kcohles kca prctgïaes sebulembgs.
Yuglgs shopbhdhker eöa oås pgasealc ga > kcohles prhakhpebgs y
lcmbealc be rekhûa.
EJ]GJE BC[ J]EAC[ HA\GJ]EBG[
]gkugrle qug bcs jreacs hatgjrebgs sca be quhace, gb errcz hatgjreb,
gb pea hatgjreb 599 %, be peste hatgjreb… \ga shgoprg ga kugate qug
be prcpcrkhûa lg vgrlures lgmg sgr oeycr0 gs lgkhr, gb errcz, be peste
y gb pea ac lgmga sgr bcs prctejcahstes lgb pbetc.

EÕELG BE TG]LW]E
Kcoc oïahoc, be ohtel lgb pbetc lgmg sgr vgrlure. Yere shopbhdhker
gb kckhaelc lg gste, nez < mesgs lg vgrlure kca oètclcs lg
kckkhûa lhdgrgatgs pere pclgr kckhaerbc tclc e be vgz ga ogacs lg =
ncres y nekgr = rekhcags lg kele uac lg bcs kckhaelcs6
Mesg 5, eb ncrac6 kebemeze, kgmcbbe, gspårrejcs trhjugrcs y sgtes.

Mesg =, ga sertèa6 phstc lg sebse lg tcoetg kca kebemekïa, kgmcbbe,

efc y phohgatcs lg trgs kcbcrgs.

Mesg ;, ga cbbe gxprès6 mrûkcbh kca uae petete y ua mcahetc.

Mesg <, trhturele6 purè lg vgrlures y nuoous.

Tgeocs kûoc qugle6

Ga be agvgre tgalrås vgrlures y drutes drgskes y bhophes pere

prgperer gasebeles. \eomhèa kcaterås kca kcasgrves lg
gspårrejcs, ebkekncdes, bgjuomrgs…

Gstg sgrïe augstrc ogaö sgoeaeb. Yuglgs shopbhdhkerbc tclc bc qug

quhgres6 bc ohsoc qug ngocs ngknc eb pgaser uaes pckes
prgperekhcags lg vgrlure y lupbhkerbes, puglg nekgrsg kca bes
prctgïaes, y esï rgpgthr pbetcs lg lïes kcopbgtcs. Wa gfgopbc6

KCOG] LG \ÅYG]
Ncy ga lïe, oukncs lg acsctrcs tgagocs qug bbgveracs gb tåpgr eb
tremefc. Ygrc teatc sh bc nekgocs kcoc sh ac, gs ouy öthb prgperer su
kcatgahlc gb lcohajc g hr kcasuohèalcbc lureatg be sgoeae, pcr
lcs rezcags6

º Bcs ebhogatcs ejueatea pgrdgkteogatg tcle be sgoeae.

º Ac phgrlga prcphglelgs.

\clc bc qug agkgshteocs pere crjeahzeracs pclgocs gakcatrerbc ga

dgrrgtgrïes lgb merrhc c e trevès lg hatgragt. Tgeocs, sha gomerjc,
ebjuacs kcasgfcs6

5. Agkgshterås 7 tåpgrgs lg vhlrhc lg ua bhtrc6

gste oglhle gs pgrdgkte pere bes rekhcags. Gs prgdgrhmbg havgrthr ga
bcs qug sgea lg vhlrhc kca tepe lg pbåsthkc ebhogaterhc y
esgjureracs lg qug khgrrea mhga.

=. [h kcogs dugre lg kese6

gs prgdgrhmbg havgrthr ga uae ocknhbhte gspgkheb qug tgaje
kcoperthogatcs pere treaspcrter be kcohle y bcs epgrhthvcs, y esï
pclrås bbgverbc tclc crjeahzelc y prgperelc lgslg kese.

;. Yuglgs hakbusc pbeahdhker bes gasebeles ga dreskcs0

quglea drgsquïshoes y be bgknuje ac sg gstrcpge. Wthbhze pere gbbc
terrcs qug tgajes ga kese, c teomhèa puglgs kcoprerbcs e trevès
lg hatgragt6 sca dreskcs lg vhlrhc jrealgs y lg mcke eakne, kca
uae kepekhlel lg ua bhtrc.
 Be kbevg gs rgbbgaerbcs lg oås nöoglc e oås sgkc6 be bgknuje
shgoprg lgmg qugler errhme lgb tclc. Eb gster eboekgaelc ga
vgrthkeb sg kcasgrve pgrdgkteogatg, pcrqug be pertg nöogle
qugle mhga sgperele lg be sgke, y esï ac sg gstrcpge be bgknuje.

BH[\E LG BE KCOY]E

E BE NC]E LG NEKG] BE KCOY]E…

º Ac veyes kca neomrg.

º Oås ogrkelc, drutgrïe, pgskelgrïe y kerahkgrïe lg merrhc qug
supgrogrkelc6 elgoås lg epcyer eb kcogrkhc bckeb, ac tg
kruzerås kca tgatekhcags ubtreprckgseles.
º Ga gb supgrogrkelc, ac gatrgs ga bcs peshbbcs ga bcs qug neye
ubtreprckgselcs. Tg
Tg lhrgktc eb jreac.
KEYÏ\WBC 7
EK\ÏTE\G
GB \HGOYC YE]E \W KWG]YC
Gste gs be pertg qug oås kugste... [h ves lg kese eb kckng, lgb
kckng eb tremefc y lgb tremefc eb kckng, y bugjc lgb kckng e be keoe,
agkgshtes ekthvertg pere gvhter bbgver uae vhle gxkgshveogatg
sglgaterhe y gxpcagr tu kugrpc e ouknes lcbgakhes, kcoc bes
gadgroglelgs kerlhcveskubergs, lgjgagrethves c ogtemûbhkes.
o gtemûbhkes.

Be ekthvhlel dïshke gs vhteb pere ebkeazer ua pgsc sebulembg y sgr

kepekgs lg oeatgagrbc, y e ogaulc, kuealc pgaseocs ga gster
oås ekthvcs, acs pbeatgeocs epuateracs eb jhoaeshc c oerkeracs
ogtes ouy eomhkhcses. [ha gomerjc, gs ua grrcr6 pere kcasgjuhr
keomher gs ogfcr pcagrsg ogtes esgquhmbgs y ler peshtcs pgqugõcs,
pgrc sgjurcs.

¡AC \GAJC \HGOYC!

Bc khgrtc gs qug, ga bujer lg musker rgdujhc ga gste dresg, bc ogfcr
gs musker cpcrtuahlelgs pere nekgr augstrc lïe e lïe oås ekthvc.
Uuhzå ac pugles lgsthaer = ncres lherhes lg tu thgopc eb jhoaeshc,
pgrc sgjurc qug puglgs hakbuhr pgqugões ekkhcags kcoc gstes6

5. Tg ealealc e bcs shthcs6

 sh ac gs vhembg, eperke gb kckng oås bgfcs, mefe lgb eutcmös uae
perele eatgs c hakbusc lgspbåzetg ga mhkh ga vgz lg nekgrbc ga
eutcoûvhb.

=. Kuealc veyes e phg e ebjöa shthc,

gbhjg gb treygktc berjc.

;. Cbvïletg lg bcs eskgascrgs

y sumg shgoprg ealealc.

<. Kuealc gstès gspgrealc gb trga c gb eutcmös,

eprcvgkne y keohae pcr be gstekhûa, c shopbgogatg pgroeagkg lg
phg0 scbc kca gsc nerås oås gfgrkhkhc qug gstealc sgatelc.

7. Kuealc nejes terges kcthlheaes,

hakbuyg pgqugõcs gfgrkhkhcs kcoc, pcr gfgopbc, =7 sgatelhbbes

eatgs lg bevertg bcs lhgatgs.

4. Bhophe be kese e dcalc, gs ua gfgrkhkhc deatåsthkc0
¡epeje be tgbg y mehbe ga kese!

:. [åkebg perthlc
per thlc eb thgopc bhmrg6
eprcvgkne gb dha lg sgoeae y, ga bujer lg qugler pere tcoer ua
vhac kca bcs eohjcs, prcpûa uae gxkurshûa pcr be ocateõe c ua
pesgc pcr gb perqug e ua rhtoc råphlc.

>. Epöatetg e uae ekthvhlel qug tg gatrgtgaje6

mehbg, zuome, phbetgs, ycje… Kuebquhgr ekthvhlel kca be qug
lhsdrutgs y qug tg hatrcluzke ga uae vhle oås ekthve sgrå

mhgavgahle.

8. Eprcvgkne bes augves tgkacbcjïes

y shjug uae kbesg lg gsthreohgatcs c tcahdhkekhûa pcr hatgragt,
lgskårjetg epbhkekhcags…
Yere nekgr gfgrkhkhc oås eveazelc, gs rgkcogalembg qug kcatektgs
kca ua prcdgshcaeb lg be ekthvhlel dïshke qug vebcrg tu gstelc dïshkc y
tus cmfgthvcs, y pugle rgkcogalertg be ekthvhlel dïshke oås
elgkuele.
KEYÏ\WBC 4
]GKG\E[
LG[EXWAC[
X [AEK@[
D]GAKN \CE[\ [HA EVÖKE]

º 5 rgmeaele lg pea hatgjreb lgb lïe eatgrhcr

º = nugvcs
º 5=7 ob lg bgkng lg veke c mgmhle vgjgteb
Oeatgquhbbe
º Keagbe lg Kgybåa eb justc

Metg bcs = nugvcs. Lgspuès, eõelg be bgkng kca keagbe y oèzkbebc

mhga. [uogrjg be rgmeaele lg pea hatgjreb ga be ogzkbe eatgrhcr
neste qug gstè mhga gopepele y påsebe pcr be sertèa neste qug sg
lcrg. Yere qug ac sg pgjug, puglgs user ua pckc lg oeatgquhbbe lg
kebhlel (muga prckgselc).
Yuglgs eõelhrbg drutes, kcoc eråaleacs c dreomugses, kekec ga
pcbvc, vhrutes lg kekec c oglhe kuknerelhte lg ohgb.

]ekhûa6 5

59-57 ohautcs
CTG]AHJN\ CE\[

º <9 j lg kcpcs lg evgae

º 5 vesc lg bgkng, mgmhle vgjgteb c ejue
º = kuknereles lg sgohbbes lg knïe
º Keagbe eb justc (cpkhcaeb)

Ogzkbe mhga bcs hajrglhgatgs y lèfebcs rgpcser tcle be ackng ga ua

terrc lg krhsteb ga rgdrhjgrekhûa.

E be oeõeae shjuhgatg, puglgs kcasuohrbcs drïcs c kebgaterbcs ga gb

ohkrccales.

Yuglgs pcagrbg tcpphajs eb justc, pcr gfgopbc6 peses, krgoe lg

kekenugtg, sgohbbes lg kåõeoc y drutes lgb mcsqug.

]ekhûa6 5

59-57 ohautcs

[ha jbutga, vgjeae, sha bektcse

 Gste gs uae rgkgte gstupgale pere bcs qug ealea kca prhse pcr be oeõeae, ye qug scbc
ney qug sgrvhr y kcogr. Elgoås, sh bc juerles ga ua mctg pclrås kcogrbc ga be cdhkhae sha
prcmbgoe.
OEJLEBGAE[ Y]C\GHKE[

º =79 ob lg kberes lg nugvc

º = nugvcs
º 49 j lg kcpcs lg evgae sha jbutga
º Keagbe eb justc
Augz ocskele
º 5 kuknerhte lg bgvelure
º Eråaleacs
º Augkgs

Ogzkbe ga ua kugakc bes kberes lg nugvc, bcs nugvcs, bcs kcpcs lg

evgae, be bgvelure, be augz ocskele y be keagbe. Måtgbc tclc neste
qug quglg uae oese ncocjèage. Thèrtgbc ga ua ocblg lg
oejlebgaes y eõelg bcs eråaleacs y bes augkgs.
Yrgkebhgate gb ncrac g hatrclukg be ogzkbe lureatg ;9 ohautcs e 5>9
¹K.

]ekhcags6 5=

59-57 ohautcs

[ha jbutga, sha bektcse

Yere bcs kgbhekcs, gs rgkcogalembg qug be evgae sge kgrthdhkele sha jbutga.
Yclgocs juerlerbes ga ua tåpgr e tgopgreture eomhgatg c ga rgdrhjgrekhûa. Kcasuohr ga <-
7 lïes.
AW\GBBE KE[G]E

º =99 j lg evgbbeaes krules

º 599 j lg kekec lgsjreselc
º 599 j lg ekghtg lg cbhve
º 59
=99job,
lg oås
gstgvhe bïquhle5cvesc
c ogacs glubkcreatg eb lg
lg krhsteb, justc
mgmhle vgjgteb
º [eb

\ugste bes evgbbeaes ga be sertèa kca uae phzke lg seb. Kuealc gstèa
tcsteles, vhèrtgbes ga ua rgkhphgatg y trhtörebes pckc e pckc neste qug
sg dcrog uae peste. Ga gsg ocogatc, eõelg gb ekghtg, gb kekec, be
bgkng y gb glubkcreatg c gstgvhe. [hjug ogzkbealc neste qug sg
dcrog uae oese ncocjèage.
 =9 ohautcs

[ha jbutga, vgjeae, sha bektcse

Yuglgs trhturer uaes augkgs pere lerbg gb puatc krufhgatg, sh bc lgsges.

YEA LG YBÅ\EAC

º ; pbåteacs ouy oelurcs

º = nugvcs jrealgs
º ⅛ lg teze c <9 j lg ekghtg lg kckc lgrrgthlc
º =99 j lg nerhae hatgjreb
ºº 55 kuknerelhte lg bgvelure
kuknerelhte lg augz ocskele
º Ygphtes lg knckcbetg agjrc (cpkhcaeb)

Epbeste bcs pbåteacs kca ua tgaglcr neste qug quglga kcoc uae
peste y pcabcs ga ua kugakc. Metg bcs nugvcs y vhèrtgbcs ga gb
kugakc. Eõelg be nerhae, gb ekghtg, be bgvelure, be augz ocskele y
bes pgphtes lg knckcbetg agjrc.

Ogzkbe tclcs bcs hajrglhgatgs neste qug gb rgsubtelc sge

ncocjèagc. Thèrtgbc ga ua ocblg pere gb ncrac y eõelg ga be
supgrdhkhg lcs båohaes lg pbåteac y augkgs phkeles, pere lgkcrer.

Hatrclukg gb ocblg ga gb ncrac prgkebgatelc e =99 ¹K lureatg <7

ohautcs.

59 ohautcs oås ncragelc

 [ha bektcse

Yere nekgr gste rgkgte sha jbutga, use nerhae hatgjreb sha jbutga.
OWG[BH YE]E \CLE BE DEOHBHE

º 5 teze lg errcz hadbelc sha ezöker

º 5 teze lg kcpcs lg evgae hatgjreb
º ¿ teze lg ogzkbe lg phpes lg jhrescb y kebemeze
º 5 puõelc lg augkgs phkeles
ºº 5¿puõelc lg peses
teze lg kckc dhbgtgelc
º ¿ teze lg vhrutes lg kekec
º 5 nugvc jrealg

Metg gb nugvc. Eõålgbg gb rgstc lg bcs hajrglhgatgs eb nugvc methlc y

ogzkbe kca pekhgakhe pere qug tclcs sg gopepga.

Gxthgalg be ogzkbe scmrg uae mealgfe kca pepgb lg ebuohahc.

Yrgkebhgate gb ncrac e 5>9 ¹K g hatrclukg be mealgfe lureatg 7
ohautcs. [åkebe y rgougvg bcs hajrglhgatgs pere ogzkberbcs oås.
Lèfebe ga gb ncrac lureatg 5 ohautc oås.

[eke be mealgfe lgb ncrac y, kuealc be ogzkbe gstè drïe, hatrclökgbe

ga ua mctg lg krhsteb. Juerle gb mctg ga ua bujer drgskc y sgkc.

]ekhcags6 57 eprcxhoeleogatg
 59 ohautcs oås ncragelc

[ha jbutga, sha bektcse

Ygrdgktc pere ogzkberbc kca ycjur c drutes. [u lurekhûa, ga pgrdgktes kcalhkhcags, gs lg

; sgoeaes.
\C]\H\E LG LG[EXWAC

º ; kberes lg nugvc c 5=9 ob lg kberes

º 5 nugvc kcopbgtc
º <9 j lg kcpcs lg evgae hatgjreb
º Augz ocskele
Keagbe

\rhture bes kberes, gb nugvc y be evgae. Wae vgz trhturelc y

ncocjèagc, eõålgbg uae phzke lg augz ocskele kca keagbe eb
justc. Yca be ogzkbe ga uae sertèa kebhgatg. Kuealc gophgkg e
murmufger,, lebg be vugbte. Lgfe 5 c = ohautcs oås y rgtïrebc.
murmufger

Yuglgs eõelhr tcpphajs lg krgoe lg eaekerlcs, krgoe lg evgbbeae,

kekec lgsjreselc ga pcbvc c vhrutes lg kekec.
 ]ekhûa6 5

57 ohautcs

[ha bektcse, sha jbutga

Yere qug sebje mhga, gs hopcrteatg uthbhzer uae sertèa kca mugae eathelngrgakhe c uae
krgpgre.
YEA KE[G]C [HA YEAHDHKELC]E

º 799 j lg nerhae hatgjreb (kgatgac, gspgbte c trhjc serrekgac)

º 5 kuknerelhte lg seb
º : j lg bgvelure sgke
º <99 j lg ejue tgopbele
Ogzkbe tclcs bcs hajrglhgatgs y lgfe qug dgrogatga lureatg = ncres
kca ua peõc pcr gakhoe. Lgspuès, lebg dcroe y, sh quhgrgs, eõelg
drutcs sgkcs c sgohbbes. Yrgkebhgate gb ncrac e ==9 ¹K. Hatrclukg gb
pea lureatg =9 ohautcs pere qug quglg krufhgatg y lgspuès mefes be
tgopgreture e 5>9-5:9 ¹K lureatg =7-;9 ohautcs.

]ekhûa6 5
59 ohautcs oås be dgrogatekhûa y gb ncragelc

Tgjeae, sha bektcse

YE\E\E[ KCA KNHBH X UWG[C KNGLLE] TGJEAC

Yere bes petetes6

º 5-= petetes jrealgs kca phgb kcrtele ga jefcs
º Yhohgate agjre
º [eb oerhae
Yere gb knhbh6
º ¿ phohgatc rcfc
º ¿ kgmcbbe
º ; lhgatgs lg efc drgskc phkelc
º =99 j lg ebumhes phate kckhle
º 5 kuknerele lg peste lg tcoetg c tcoetg kcakgatrelc
º Juhalhbbe keygae (cpkhcaeb)
º Febepgõc drgskc (cpkhcaeb)
º Yhohgate agjre
º Kcohac
Yere gb qugsc vgjeac
º 5 zeaencrhe
º 5 phohgatc eoerhbbc pgqugõc
º ¿ kgmcbbe mbeake
º 599 j lg eaekerlcs (pugstcs ga rgocfc lureatg be ackng)
º 5 kuknerelhte lg efc ga pcbvc
º Gb zuoc lg ¿ bhoûa
º Wae phzke lg seb
ºº ¿ petete pgqugõe
<-7 kuknereles lg bgvelure autrhkhcaeb (kueates oås pcajes, oås semrå e qugsc)
Yere bes petetes
Kcrte bes petetes kca phgb ga jefcs. [ebphohgate bes petetes y åsebes
ga gb ncrac e =99 ¹K lureatg ;9 ohautcs.

Yere gb knhbh
[ebtge gb phohgatc, gb efc y be kgmcbbe ga be sertèa, y eõelg bes
ebumhes. Ejrgje be peste lg tcoetg, gb phkeatg y bes gspgkhes. Lgfe e
dugjc oglhc uacs 59 ohautcs neste kcasgjuhr be tgxture lgsgele.

Yere gb qugsc kngller vgjeac

Yca e kckgr be zeaencrhe, gb phohgatc eoerhbbc, be kgmcbbe y be petete.
Wae vgz kckhlcs, gskörrgbcs y trhtörebc tclc fuatc kca bcs eaekerlcs
(qug nemrås pugstc ga rgocfc be ackng eatgrhcr), be bgvelure, be seb y
gb zuoc lg bhoûa.

]ekhûa6 5

57 ohautcs oås ncragelc

Tgjeae, sha bektcse, sha jbutga

Gste rgkgte kcathgag jrea keathlel lg vgjgtebgs, dhmre, prctgïae g nhlretcs sebulembgs.
Gs oh rgkgte devcrhte pcr su semcr, pcr be sekhglel qug prcpcrkhcae y pcrqug bg juste e tclc
gb oualc.
NWOOW[ LG BGA\GFE

º 579 j lg bgatgfe oerrûa kckhle

º 5 kuknerele lg tenhah c peste lg sgohbbes lg sèseoc
º = kuknereles lg ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga gxtre
ºº Yhogatûa lg be Tgre eb justc
Gb zuoc lg 5 bhoûa

\rhtörebc tclc neste dcroer uae peste ncocjèage y sïrvgbc kca

phogatûa y ua kncrrhtc lg ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga gxtre.

]ekhûa6 5

59 ohautcs
 Tgjeae, sha bektcse, sha jbutga

Yuglgs eõelhr oglhc ejueketg eatgs lg trhturer, qug ve dgacogaeb, c susthtuhr be bgatgfe
pcr be ohsoe keathlel lg jermeazc y eõelhrbg oglhe rgocbekne kckhle.
MCBH\E[ GAG]JÈ\HKE[

º 5;9 j lg krgoe lg ebogalresc 5;9 j lg ebogalres krules

º 599 j lg kcpcs lg evgae hatgjrebgs
º > låthbgs sha nugsc
º¿ vesc lg mgmhle vgjgteb sha ezöker eõelhlc
= kuknereles lg vhrutes c pgphtes lg kekec sha ezöker eõelhlc
º ;9 j lg sgohbbes lg bhac ocbhles
º Kckc rebbelc c augkgs ocbhles

Ga kesc lg qug ac tgajes krgoe lg ebogalres, trhture bes ebogalres

krules neste cmtgagr uae tgxture lg krgoe. Gatcakgs, vhèrtgbc ga ua
mcb fuatc kca bcs låthbgs, be mgmhle vgjgteb, bes vhrutes c pgphtes lg
kekec y bes sgohbbes lg bhac. \rhtörebc tclc neste dcroer uae oese.
Bugjc, dcroe bes mcbhtes kca bes oeacs, prgshcaealc neste qug
quglga kcopektes. Ycr öbthoc, rgmûzebes ga kckc rebbelc c ga
augkgs ocbhles.

]ekhcags6 =7

=7 ohautcs oås rgdrhjgrekhûa

Tgjeae, sha bektcse, sha jbutga

Yuglgs ogtgrbes ga gb kcajgbelcr uae ackng gatgre y, bugjc, lgferbes ga gb drhjcrïdhkc

neste gb ocogatc lg kcasuohr.
KCOHLE[
KEBEMEVE ]GBBGAE

º 5 trczc lg kebemeze
º :9 j lg ebumhes kckhles
º 79 j lg quhace kckhle
ºº 55 puõelc lg khbeatrc phkelc
kuknerele lg kcpcs lg kckc
º Gb zuoc lg ¿ bhoûa

\res prgkebgater
prgkebgater gb ncrac, hatrclukg be kebemeze lureatg ;9 ohautcs e
=99 ¹K.

Yere gb rgbbgac, ogzkbe bes ebumhes, be quhace, gb khbeatrc phkelc, bcs

kcpcs lg kckc y gb zuoc lg bhoûa.
Kuealc be kebemeze gstè bhste, rgbbèaebe.

]ekhûa6 5

7 ohautcs oås ncragelc

Tgjeae, sha bektcse, sha jbutga

Yuglgs sgrvhrbc kca juekeocbg.

GA[EBELE[ GA MC\G

º =-; tcoethtcs
º = kuknereles lg oeïz
º < remeahtcs
º 5 zeaencrhe pgqugõe rebbele
º 599 j lg jermeazcs kckhlcs
º <9 j lg quhace kckhle
º 599 j lg bgknuje

Nez be ogzkbe lg hajrglhgatgs qug quhgres.

Gb trukc gstå ga hatrclukhr bcs hajrglhgatgs lg oås nöoglc e oås

sgkc, tgrohaealc kca be bgknuje.

Gs rgkcogalembg user ua mctg lg krhsteb lg 5 b eprcxhoeleogatg,

qug tgaje mcke eakne, pere pclgr ogtgr tclc thpc lg hajrglhgatgs.

[hgoprg qug sg oeatgaje ga vgrthkeb y bcs fujcs ac tcquga be

bgknuje, sg kcasgrve ga pgrdgktc gstelc lureatg uae sgoeae ga gb
drhjcrïdhkc.

]ekhûa6 5
7 ohautcs

[ha jbutga, sha bektcse, vgjeac

MG]GAFGAE C]HGA\EB

º ¿ mgrgafgae
º 7 kuknereles lg ejue
º = kuknereles lg sebse lg scfe c teoerh
º 5 kuknerele lg vhaejrg lg errcz c lg vhac
º Fgajhmrg ga pcbvc c rebbelc drgskc
º Yhogatûa phkeatg
º 5 kuknerelhte pgqugõe lg sgohbbes lg sèseoc
º Khbeatrc drgskc phkelc
º :9 j lg errcz mesoeth
º ]emeahtcs
º Ekghtg lg cbhve c lg sèseoc

Ygbe be mgrgafgae y kûrtebe ga lelhtcs. Lèfebe rgpcser lureatg 57

ohautcs ga ejue kca seb.

Yrgpere gb elcmc ogzkbealc gb rgstc lg bcs hajrglhgatgs. Kuealc

gstè bhstc, hatrclukg be mgrgafgae ga gb elcmc y lèfebe rgpcser
lureatg 5 ncre.

[eke bcs lelhtcs y sebtèebcs ga be sertèa kca ua pckc lg ekghtg lg

cbhve c lg sèseoc e dugjc oglhc. Lgspuès, rgncje be mgrgafgae kca
gb elcmc neste qug quglg ogbcse y thgrae. Ejrgje bes sgohbbes lg
sèseoc y lèfebc ga gb dugjc lureatg 5 ohautc oås.

]gthre lgb dugjc y eõelg gb khbeatrc phkelc.

Yca ejue e ngrvhr y, kuealc gstè ga gmubbhkhûa, vhgrtg gb errcz y lèfebc

lureatg oås c ogacs 5; ohautcs (c bc qug ekcasgfg gb demrhkeatg).

Hakcrpcre gb errcz mesoeth y uacs ercs lg remeahtc, qug bg leråa ua

lgbhkhcsc tcqug krufhgatg.

]ekhûa6 5

=7 ohautcs oås rgocfc

Tgjeae, sha bektcse

M]ÛKCBH EB NC]AC

º 5 mrûkcbh
º 5 bhoûa
º 5 kuknerele lg perogseac
º 79 j lg errcz mesoeth
º 579 j lg pcbbc
º Ekghtg lg cbhve

[gpere gb mrûkcbh ga ermcbhtcs. Yca pepgb lgb ncrac scmrg uae

mealgfe y kcbcke bcs ermcbhtcs kca ua kncrrc lg ekghtg lg cbhve.
Yrgkebhgate gb ncrac y ogtg be mealgfe e 5>9 ¹K lureatg 57 ohautcs.

[eke gb mrûkcbh lgb ncrac, gxprhog gb zuoc lg bhoûa y gspcbvcrge gb

perogseac pcr gakhoe. Tugbvg e hatrclukhr be mealgfe ga gb ncrac y
lèfebe lureatg 7 ohautcs oås.

Yuglgs nekgr gb pcbbc ga gb ncrac fuatc kca gb mrûkcbh, ncragåalcbc gb

ohsoc thgopc.

Yere gb errcz, eõelg gatrg 599 ob y 5=9 ob lg ejue e ua kugakc y

gkne gb errcz lgatrc. \epe gb kugakc kca pepgb dhbo y lèfebc ga gb
ohkrccales lureatg 7 ohautcs e oåxhoe pctgakhe.
 ]ekhûa6 5

59 ohautcs oås ncragelc

[ha jbutga

Gste rgkgte keomhe tctebogatg gb semcr lgb mrûkcbh, qug puglg qug tg
justg oås lg gste dcroe.

Yere nekgrbc vgjeac, susthtuhocs gb perogseac pcr bgvelure

autrhkhcaeb c sgohbbes lg sèseoc y gb pcbbc, pcr uae neomurjugse
vgjeae.
KWGAKC C]HGA\EB

º 579 j lg seboûa drgskc sha gsphaes

º 49 ob lg sebse lg scfe c sebse teoerh
º Gb zuoc lg 5 bhoûa
ºº 5²kuknerelhte lg ocsteze lg Lhfca
lg kgmcbbe rcfe phkele
Lhf ca

º Khbeatrc phkelc y sèseoc

º Mrûkcbh
º <9 j lg dhlgcs lg errcz

Kckhae gb mrûkcbh eb vepcr. Eb ohsoc thgopc, pca ejue e ngrvhr.

Kuealc gatrg ga gmubbhkhûa, hatrclukg bcs dhlgcs y lèfebcs ga gb dugjc
lureatg ; ohautcs. Eperte lgb dugjc, gskurrg y rgsgrve.
Ogzkbe be sebse lg scfe, gb zuoc lg bhoûa, be ocsteze y be kgmcbbe.
Kcrte gb seboûa ga lelcs y eõålgbc e be ogzkbe eatgrhcr lureatg 57
ohautcs. Ejrgje gb mrûkcbh y bcs dhlgcs.

Eatgs lg sgrvhr ejrgje gb khbeatrc y gb sèseoc

]ekhûa6 5

=9 ohautcs

Yuglgs nekgrbc ga vgrshûa vgjeae susthtuygalc gb seboûa pcr tcdu

dhrog. Kcrte gb tcdu ga lelcs y eõålgbc e be ogzkbe lureatg uacs
ohautcs. \eomhèa
\eomhèa puglgs sebtgerbc e dugjc oglhc ga be sertèa.
NEOMW]JWG[E[ TGJEAE[

º 79 j lg scfe tgxturhzele
º ² lg phohgatc rcfc
º ² lg kgmcbbe mbeake
ºº 5Efclhgatg lg efc
ga pcbvc eb justc
º = kuknereles lg ekghtg
º Yhogatûa phkeatg
º Kgmcbbhac phkelc
º 7 kuknereles scpgres lg nerhae hatgjreb sha jbutga

Yca be scfe tgxturhzele e rgocfc lureatg =9 ohautcs.

Yhke ga fubheae be kgmcbbe, gb phohgatc y gb efc. Gskurrg be scfe kca be

eyule lg uae gsteogõe c ua peõc bhophc, pere qug gstè bc oås sgke
pcshmbg. Oèzkbebe kca bes vgrlures, bes gspgkhes, be nerhae y gb ekghtg.
Lgfe be oese ga rgpcsc ga gb drhjcrïdhkc lureatg = ncres.

Nez pgqugões mcbes kca be oeac, epbåstebes y påsebes pcr be sertèa.

]ekhcags6 7 neomurjugses

57 ohautcs oås rgpcsc

Tgjeaes, sha jbutga, sha bektcse

YE[\E HA\GJ]EB KCA YG[\C TGJEAC

º 5 puõelc lg ncfes lg ebmeneke drgskes

º <9 j lg augkgs
º Gb zuoc lg = bhoes
º 5 puõelc lg gsphaekes
º 7 kuknereles lg ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga gxtre
º 5 kuknerele lg bgvelure autrhkhcaeb
º ;99 j lg gspejugths hatgjrebgs

Yere gb pgstc
\rhture tclcs bcs hajrglhgatgs y oèzkbebcs neste kcasgjuhr be tgxture
lgsgele. Eõelg oås ekghtg sh gs agkgserhc.

Yere be peste
Nhgrvg gb ejue. Kuealc gatrg ga gmubbhkhûa, hatrclukg bcs gspejugths.
Lèfebcs ga gb dugjc lureatg : ohautcs (c bc qug ekcasgfg gb
demrhkeatg). Eperte lgb dugjc y gskurrg.

]ekhcags6 =-;

=9 ohautcs

[ha bektcse, vgjeae

 Yere nekgr be rgkgte sha jbutga puglgs kcoprer gspejugths sha jbutga c gspejugths
ngkncs kca nerhae lg jermeazcs, lg bgatgfes c lg quhace, y ngrvhrbcs kcoc halhqug gb
demrhkeatg.
YW]È LG KCBHDBC] KCA JE]MEAVC[ YHKEA\G[

Yere gb purè6
º ¿ kemgze lg kcbhdbcr
º Wae petete pgqugõe
º Wae kuknerele lg ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga gxtre
º Wae phzke lg augz ocskele
o cskele
º Wae phzke lg seb
º Wae phzke lg phohgate agjre
Yere bcs jermeazcs6
º 599 j lg jermeazcs kckhlcs
º Wae phzke lg phogatûa phkeatg
º Wae kuknerele lg ekghtg
º Wae phzke lg kcohac

Yere gb purè
Beve be kcbhdbcr y pårtgbe ga ermcbhtcs. Ygbe be petete y kûrtebe ga
trczcs pgqugõcs. Kuealc gstèa eomes kcrteles, pcabes e ngrvhr
neste qug, eb phaknerbes kca ua kuknhbbc, gstg sg lgsbhkg kca dekhbhlel.
Lgspuès, trhtörebc tclc fuatc kca gb ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga gxtre, be
augz ocskele, be phohgate y be seb.

Yere bcs jermeazcs

Ogzkbe bcs jermeazcs kca gb ekghtg, gb phogatûa y gb kcohac.
[ebtèebcs ga be sertèa neste qug quglga lcrelcs.

Eõelhocs bcs jermeazcs

jermeazcs eb purè.
]ekhûa6 5

=9 ohautcs

Tgjeac, sha jbutga, sha bektcse

WLCA KCA [EB[E LG KEKENWG\G

º 599 j lg dhlgcs ulca

º 5 phohgatc vgrlg
º ¿ kgmcbbe ocrele
º = lhgatgs lg efc
º 5 pugrrc
º 5 kuknerele lg krgoe lg kekenugtg
º = kuknereles lg sebse lg scfe
º Khbeatrc drgskc phkelc

Kugkg bcs dhlgcs ulca sgjöa be rgkcogalekhûa lgb demrhkeatg. Wae

vgz kckhlcs, eõålgbcs e be sertèa kca be vgrlure y gkne be sebse lg
scfe.

Bc puglgs sgrvhr kca be sebse lg kekenugtg, augkgs phkeles y

khbeatrc drgskc.

Yere be krgoe lg kekenugtg

Kcopre kekenugtg tcstelc c tugste bcs kekenugtgs, y lgspuès
trhtörebcs kca uae phkelcre lg ebhogatcs neste cmtgagr uae krgoe
ncocjèage.
]ekhûa6 5

57 ohautcs

Tgjeae

Ebjuacs dhlgcs ulca puglga kcatgagr bektcse, bgg be gthqugte pere kcoprcmerbc.
KEAGBCAG[ LG KEBEMEKÏA

º 5 kebemekïa oglheac
º < kuknereles lg sebse lg
tcoetg
º ² lg kgmcbbe
º = lhgatgs lg efcs
º 599 j lg pgknuje lg pcbbc c
pevc phkelc sha jrese
º Crèjeac ga pcbvc
º 5 kuknerele lg qugsc rebbelc

Yere gb kebemekïa
Kca uae oealcbhae, dhbgtge gb kebemekïa.
Yrgkebhgate gb ncrac. Ncrage gb kebemekïa ga uae mealgfe e 5>9 ¹K
lureatg 59-57 ohautcs. Wae vgz ncragelc, lgfe qug sg gadrïg pere
garcbberbc oås terlg.

Yere gb rgbbgac
Ga uae sertèa, lcre be kgmcbbe phkele fuatc kca bcs efcs y be kerag lg
pcbbc. Eõelg gb crèjeac y ; c < kuknereles lg sebse lg tcoetg. Mefe
gb dugjc y lgfe qug be ogzkbe kcfe tgxture lureatg uacs ohautcs. Wae
vgz bhste, be rgsgrveocs.
Yca ua pcquhtc lg be ogzkbe ga gb kebemekïa y garcbbe. Wae vgz qug
gstèa bcs rcbbhtcs prgperelcs, gspcbvcrge qugsc pcr gakhoe y jrethae
ga gb ncrac e 5>9 ¹K lureatg : ohautcs.

]ekhûa6 5

57 ohautcs oås ncragelc

[ha jbutga

Yere nekgr be rgkgte vgjeae, susthtuyg gb qugsc rebbelc pcr bgvelure

autrhkhcaeb y gb pcbbc c gb pevc pcr ;7 j lg scfe tgxturhzele. Lgfe be
scfe ga rgocfc ga ejue kebhgatg lureatg 7 ohautcs, sèkebe y eõålgbe
kcoc sh dugre be kerag.
KGTHKNG TGJEAC

º Waes ncfes lg kcb `ebg

º ¿ kgmcbbe ocrele
º Yhohgatcs lg ; kcbcrgs
º 5 zeaencrhe
º ¿ ejueketg
º 5=9 j lg jermeazcs kckhlcs
º [gohbbes lg sèseoc
º Gb zuoc lg 5 bhoûa

Yhke ga fubheae be kcb `ebg y be kgmcbbe. Kcrte ga lelhtcs bcs phohgatcs

y be zeaencrhe. Oèzkbebc tclc y eõelg gb ejueketg, bes sgohbbes y gb
zuoc lg bhoûa.

Lgfe rgpcser be ogzkbe lureatg uacs ohautcs pere qug gb åkhlc lgb
bhoûa pcaje thgrac gb `ebg.

Kuealc gb `ebg gstè thgrac, eõelhocs bcs jermeazcs.

]ekhûa6 5

57 ohautcs
 Tgjeac, sha jbutga, sha bektcse

[h ac quhgrgs nekgrbc vgjeac, qugle hjueb lg rhkc susthtuygalc bcs jermeazcs pcr
jeomes kckhles.
KGAE[
YHVVE LG KCBHDBC]

Yere be oese6
º 579 j lg ermcbhtcs lg kcbhdbcr
º = nugvcs
ºº 79 j lg perogseac ga pcbvc
5 kuknerele lg sgohbbes lg knïe

Yhke be kcbhdbcr y quïtebg gb gxkgsc lg nuoglel gavcbvhèalcbe kca ua

peõc bhophc. Ogzkbe be kcbhdbcr kca bcs nugvcs, ua pckc lg qugsc y be
knïe, y lèfebe gadrher ga be agvgre lureatg 5 ncre.

Yrgkebhgate gb ncrac. Gxthgalg be ogzkbe scmrg pepgb lg ncrac y

lhstrhmöygbe kca pekhgakhe pere qug quglg bc oås dhae pcshmbg.

Kebhgate ga gb ncrac lureatg =9 ohautcs e 5>9 K y, kuealc gstè

kuefele, eõelg gb rgstc lg perogseac y vugbvg e hatrclukhrbe ga gb

ncrac lureatg 7 ohautcs oås.

Eatgs lg sgrvhr
sgrvhr,, hakcrpcre bbcs
cs hajrglhgatgs qug quhgres, pcr gfgopbc,
ua nugvc gskebdelc, rökube y ekghtg phkeatg.

]ekhûa6 5

57 ohautcs oås rgpcsc y ncragelc

[ha jbutga
]CBBH\C[ KCA [EB[E LG ETGBBEAE[

Yere bcs rcbbhtcs6

º < jeomes kckhles
º ² lg phohgatc rcfc
º ² lg phohgatc vgrlg
º 5 zeaencrhe pgqugõe
º Dhlgcs lg errcz kckhlcs
º [gohbbes lg sèseoc
º Cmbges lg errcz
Yere be sebse6
º 79 j lg evgbbeaes tcsteles
º = kuknereles lg sebse teoerh
º = kuknereles lg ejue
º = kuknereles lg ekghtg
º Gb zuoc lg ¿ bhoûa
º Fgajhmrg rebbelc eb justc

Yere bcs rcbbhtcs

Kcrte bcs phohgatcs y bes zeaencrhes ga thres. Nhlrete bes cmbges lg

errcz6 pcabes ga ua pbetc kca ejue y suoèrjgbes neste qug gstèa
treaspergatgs.
Gxthgalg bes cmbges scmrg uae supgrdhkhg bhse y rgbbèaebes kca gb rgstc
lg bcs hajrglhgatgs. Nez bcs rcbbhtcs.

Yere be sebse
\rhture bcs hajrglhgatgs lg be sebse y sïrvgbe kcoc ekcopeõeohgatc
lg bcs rcbbhtcs.

]ekhcags6 = rcbbhtcs

57 ohautcs

[ha jbutga, sha bektcse

Yere nekgrbc vgjeac puglgs susthtuhr bes jeomes pcr =7 j lg sghtåa kcrtelc ga thres.
Yåsebc pcr be pbeakne y oèzkbebc kca bcs lgoås hajrglhgatgs.
\C]\HBBE BHJN\

Yere gb purè6
º 5 petete
º = nugvcs
º 5 kuknerele lg ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga gxtre
º [eb

Ygbe y kcrte be petete ga båohaes. Kckïaebe ga gb ohkrccales ga ua

pbetc kumhgrtc kca pepgb dhbo lureatg < ohautcs e be oåxhoe
tgopgreture.

Metg bcs nugvcs kca uae phzke lg seb. Bugjc, eõelg be petete kckhle.
Ga uae sertèa kca ekghtg e dugjc oglhc, kcbcke be ogzkbe y, kuealc
vges bcs mcrlgs kuefelcs, lebg be vugbte e be tcrthbbe kca be eyule lg
ua pbetc.

]ekhûa6 5

59 ohautcs

[ha bektcse, sha jbutga

Gste oeagre lg nekgr be tcrthbbe gs uae gstupgale ebtgraethve pere

kgaer oås e ogaulc tcrthbbe lg petete6 gs ouknc oås bhjgre y ¡bc
ogfcr gs qug gstå bhste ga 59 ohautcs!
\EKC[ LG BGKNWJE

º 5 kcjcbbc lg bgknuje
º ¿ ejueketg
º 599 j lg kerag phkele lg pevc
º ¿ kebemekïa
º ¿ phohgatc
º Ekghtg lg cbhve

Yese be kerag y bes vgrlures pcr be sertèa kca ekghtg. Kuealc gstèa
ngknes, pcabes lgatrc lgb kcjcbbc lg bgknuje. Eõelg gakhoe gb
ejueketg y ¡bhstc!

]ekhûa6 5
 59 ohautcs

[ha bektcse, sha jbutga

Yere nekgrbc vgjeac, susthtuyg be kerag pcr ;7 j lg scfe tgxturhzele. Lgfe be scfe ga
rgocfc ga ejue kebhgatg lureatg 7 ohautcs, sèkebe y eõålgbe kcoc sh dugre be kerag.
MCAHE\C ]GBBGAC

º 5 mcahetc
º 79 j lg ebumhes
º 7-4 kuknereles lg sebse lg tcoetg kesgre
º ¿ kgmcbbe
º 5 efc
º 5 ejueketg
º 5 bhoûa
º 79 j lg eaekerlcs
º ¿ vesc lg ejue
º Ekghtg lg cbhve

Yrgkebhgate gb ncrac e =99 ¹K g hatrclukg be ohtel lg ua mcahetc

lureatg ;9 ohautcs. Ohgatres sg ese, scdrïg be kgmcbbe kca gb efc ga
uae sertèa. Kuealc gstè mbealhte, eõelg bcs 79 j lg ebumhes kckhles
y be sebse lg tcoetg.

Oekneke gb ejueketg kca zuoc lg bhoûa y rgsgrve.

Ycr öbthoc, trhture bcs eaekerlcs pugstcs ga rgocfc be ackng eatgrhcr

fuatc kca oglhc vesc lg ejue. Tekïe
Tekïe ua pckc gb mcahetc pere nekgrbg
nugkc e be ogzkbe lg ebumhes, kcrcae kca gb ejueketg g hakcrpcre ua
pckc lg sebse lg eaekerlcs.

]ekhûa6 5

59 ohautcs oås ncragelc

[ha jbutga, sha bektcse, vgjeac

K]GY\HBBE

º = nugvcs
º 59 j lg nerhae hatgjreb
h atgjreb sha jbutga lg errcz c quhace
º ¿ phohgatc ga thres
º 5 zeaencrhe ga thres
º < gspårrejcs trhjugrcs

Metg bcs nugvcs y eõelg be nerhae hatgjreb pckc e pckc. Thèrtgbc ga

uae sertèa eathelngrgatg y tåpebe, lgfe qug sg kugze e dugjc oglhc.
Kuealc vges qug eb ocvgr be sertèa be oese teomhèa sg ougvg,
puglgs rgthrerbe.

Eb ohsoc thgopc, kcrte bes vgrlures, pcabes ga ua rgkhphgatg eptc

pere ohkrccales y åsebes lureatg ; ohautcs ga gb ohkrccales e
oåxhoe pctgakhe.

]gbbgae be krgpthbbe kca bes vgrlures y khèrrebe.

]ekhûa6 5

59 ohautcs
[ha jbutga, sha bektcse
G[KEBHTELE LG KGMCBBG\E X YHOHGA\C[ KCA MCAH\C

º 5 phohgatc rcfc jrealg

º ; kgmcbbgtes
º 5 kemgze lg efc pgbele
5 mgrgafgae
º Ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga gxtre
º 5=9 j lg mcahtc ga kcasgrve

Yrgkebhgate gb ncrac. Hatrclukg tclcs bcs hajrglhgatgs, fuatc kca ua

kncrrc lg ekghtg, ga gb ncrac, e 5>9 ¹K, lureatg <7 ohautcs. Thjïbebcs
y le be vugbte e bes vgrlures sh gs prgkhsc. Kuealc gstèa ncrageles,
såkebes y lèfebes gadrher
gadrher..

Ygbe gb phohgatc, gb efc y bes kgmcbbgtes. [åkebg be pubpe e be

mgrgafgae.

Yca tclcs bcs hajrglhgatgs ga ua ohsoc pbetc y eõelg gb mcahtc. Ycr

öbthoc, gkne ua kncrrc lg ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga gxtre.

]ekhûa6 5
 59 ohautcs oås ncragelc

[ha jbutga, sha bektcse

Yere dekhbhter gb ncragelc, be mgrgafgae sg puglg ogtgr ga gb ncrac gavugbte ga pepgb lg

ebuohahc0 bes kgmcbbgtes, perthles pcr be ohtel, y bcs efcs, sha
sh a pgber.
[CY
[CYEE LG OH[C E OH OEAG]E

º = kuknereles lg peste lg ohsc

º 799 ob lg ejue
º ¿ pugrrc
Wa pckc lg ebje `comu
º 5 zeaencrhe
º 79 j lg tcdu ga lelcs ouy pgqugõcs
º 5 nugvc
º = lhgatgs lg efc
º Khbeatrc drgskc
º Ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga gxtre
º = kuknereles scpgres lg vhaejrg lg vhac
vh ac

Kcrte be zeaencrhe ga båohaes, phke gb pugrrc y bcs lhgatgs lg efc.

[cdrïg kca uae kuknerele lg ekghtg neste qug sg lcrga ga uae cbbe.
Eõålgbg oglhc bhtrc lg ejue, bcs lelhtcs lg tcdu y gb `comu. Kuealc
gatrg ga gmubbhkhûa, rgthre lgb dugjc y ejrgje be peste lg ohsc.
Oèzkbebc tclc neste qug sg lhsugbve pcr kcopbgtc.

Ycr öbthoc, gskebde ua nugvc6 kåskebc g hatrclökgbc ga ua vesc

jrealg kca ejue kebhgatg kca ua kncrrc lg vhaejrg. Oètgbc ga gb
ohkrccales lureatg ;9 sgjualcs. Hakcrpûrebc eb pbetc fuatc e uaes
ncfes lg khbeatrc drgskc.

]ekhûa6 5

=9 ohautcs

[ha bektcse

Yere nekgrbc vgjeac, ac bg eõelhocs gb nugvc.

KCBHDBC] GA YWA\C LG E]]CV

º Ermcbhtcs lg kcbhdbcr
º = lhgatgs lg efc
º 5 nugvc
º [ebse lg tcoetg kesgrc rgeb
º Yhohgate
º [eb
º Ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga gxtre

\rhture
\rhture kca uae phkelcre be kcbhdbcr ga krulc.

Gkne ua pckc lg ekghtg ga uae sertèa pere lcrer bcs efcs. Eõelg be
kcbhdbcr e be sertèa. [ebphohgate.
Yuglgs sgrvhrbc kca ua nugvc y sebse lg tcoetg.

]ekhûa6 5

57 ohautcs

[ha jbutga, sha bektcse

Yere nekgrbc vgjeac pclgocs susthtuhr gb nugvc pcr uacs lelcs lg tcdu e be
b e pbeakne.
YW]È LG KEBEMEVE X KCKC

º = kuknereles lg bgkng lg kckc gspgse lg bete

º <99 j lg kebemeze
º 5 kgmcbbe mbeake
º = lhgatgs lg efc
º 5 pugrrc
º 5 petete pgqugõe
º =-; kuknereles lg ekghtg lg cbhve vhrjga
º [eb

Kugkg be kebemeze, gb efc, gb pugrrc, be kgmcbbe y be petete =9 ohautcs,

neste qug vges qug, eb kbeverbg ua kuknhbbc, gstg sg keg.
]gthre jrea pertg lgb keblc, neste qug scbc kumre bes vgrlures. Eõelg
be seb, gb ekghtg y be bgkng lg kckc. \rhtörebc neste kcasgjuhr be tgxture
lgsgele.

]ekhcags6 =-;

=7 ohautcs

[ha jbutga, sha bektcse, vgjeac

Yuglgs sgrvhrbc kca ua pckc lg nerhae lg kckc gspcbvcrgele c uacs kcpcs lg kekec
lgsnhlretelc.
G[YE
G[YEJWG\H[
JWG\H[ LG
LG KEBEMEKÏA KCA MCBCÕG[E LG YCBBC

º 5 kebemekïa
º = lhgatgs lg efc
º <-7 kuknereles lg tcoetg trhturelc
º 579 j lg pgknuje phkele lg pcbbc
5 zeaencrhe
º ¿ kgmcbbe
º 5 trczc lg ephc (cpkhcaeb)
º ² lg vesc lg vhac thatc
º ² lg vesc lg bgkng
b gkng gatgre
º 5 kuknerele lg ekghtg lg cbhve
º Crèjeac y ebmeneke ga pcbvc

Yere be sebse
[cdrïg be kgmcbbe, be zeaencrhe y gb ephc. Lgspuès, hakcrpcre e be
sertèa be kerag phkele y gb vhac. Lgfe qug sg gvepcrg ua pckc gb
ebkcncb. Bugjc, eõelg gb tcoetg trhturelc aetureb y be bgkng, gspèkhebc
eb justc y lèfebc e dugjc oglhc lureatg uacs 59 ohautcs.

Nez bcs gspejugths lg kebemekïa kca ua gsphrebhzelcr lg vgjgtebgs.

Wae vgz qug tgajes bcs gspejugths lg kebemekïa ngkncs, sebtèebcs 5
ohautc ga be sertèa fuatc eb efc drgskc phkelc.
Eõålgbgs be sebse e bcs gspejugths lg kebemekï
kebemekïa.
a.

]ekhûa6 5

57 ohautcs

[ha jbutga

Yere nekgrbc vgjgterheac, susthtuyg gb pcbbc pcr ;7 j lg scfe tgxturhzele. Lgfe be scfe ga
rgocfc ga ejue kebhgatg lureatg 7 ohautcs, sèkebe g hatrclökgbe ga be rgkgte kcoc sh dugre
be kerag.
 Jemrhgbe Wrhertg, uae lg bes lhgthstes-
autrhkhcahstes oås hadbuygatgs lg Gspeõe, cdrgkg
ga gstg bhmrc sus trukcs pere qug thrgs be måskube,
tg cbvhlgs lg bes lhgtes y keomhgs tus nåmhtcs
ebhogaterhcs pcr kcohle rgeb.

[ha lhgte pere shgoprg gs uae juïe tea kcopbgte kcoc öahke
ga be qug gakcatrerås6

“ kcasgfcs pere nekgr tu kcopre lg kcohle rgeb,

“ peutes pere bggr gthqugtes y lhsthajuhr gatrg ua muga
prckgselc y ua ubtreprckgselc,
“ gstretgjhes pere scmrgvhvhr e bes kcohbcaes sckhebgs

“ y gfgopbcs pere pbeahdhker tus ogaös sgoeaebgs.

Ygrc teomhèa lgskumrhrås ;; rgkgtes sgakhbbes y sebulembgs pere

lgseyuacs, saek`s, kcohles y kgaes, qug tg leråa hlges y tg eyuleråa e
crjeahzertg ogfcr ga be kckhae.

«Gstes rgkcogalekhcags sca gb prcluktc lg eõcs lg kcasubte.

Kcasthtuyga uae oeagre lhdgrgatg lg nekgr bes kcses, lg lgfer lg nekgr

lhgte y lg eprgalgr e kcogr. Wa gadcqug pråkthkc qug tg eyulerå e

nekgr gb lïe e lïe oås sgakhbbc y, scmrg tclc, oås sebulembg.°
JEM]HGBE W]HE]\G
Jemrhgbe Wrhertg gs jreluele ga Autrhkhûa Nuoeae y Lhgtèthke pcr be
Wahvgrshlel lg Aeverre. Kcekn autrhkhcaeb y gspgkhebhste ga treteohgatc lg
scmrgpgsc y cmgshlel, lgdhgalg be kcohle rgeb y be hopcrteakhe lg bes lhgtes

pgrscaebhzeles dbgxhmbgs, gs lgkhr equgbbes qug ac cmbhjea e peser neomrg

pere pgrlgr pgsc. Elgoås lg sgr uae lg bes lhgthstes-autrhkhcahstes oås
sgjuhles ga Hastejreo lg Gspeõe, kca oås lg =;9.999 sgjuhlcrgs, prgsgate
gb prcjreoe lg tgbgvhshûa E Mckelcs kca gb kngd Ealgr Jcazåbgz ga G\M= y
thgag su prcphe kcasubte ga [ea [gmesthåa, lcalg le treteohgatc
pgrscaebhzelc e pekhgatgs qug quhgrga mefer lg pgsc y tgagr uae rgbekhûa
oås seae kca be kcohle. \res eõcs lg gxpgrhgakhe ga su kcasubte, acs cdrgkg
bcs kcasgfcs y trukcs oås öthbgs pere cbvhler bes lhgtes lg uae vgz y pere
shgoprg.
Glhkhûa ga dcroetc lhjhteb6 oerzc lg =958

© =958, Jemrhgbe Wrhertg

© =958, Ygajuha ]ealco Ncusg Jrupc Glhtcrheb, [. E. W.
\revgssgre lg Jrékhe, <:-<8. 9>9=5 Merkgbcae

Lhsgõc lg pcrtele6 Ygajuha ]ealco Ncusg Jrupc Glhtcrheb / Eaae Yuhj

Hbustrekhûa lg pcrtele6 © Ocatsg Jebmeay

Ygajuha ]ealco Ncusg Jrupc Glhtcrheb epcye be prctgkkhûa lgb kcpyrhjnt. Gb kcpyrhjnt gsthoube be
krgethvhlel, lgdhgalg be lhvgrshlel ga gb åomhtc lg bes hlges y gb kcackhohgatc, prcougvg be bhmrg
gxprgshûa y devcrgkg uae kubture vhve. Jrekhes pcr kcoprer uae glhkhûa eutcrhzele lg gstg bhmrc y pcr
rgspgter bes bgygs lgb kcpyrhjnt eb ac rgprclukhr ah lhstrhmuhr ahajuae pertg lg gste cmre pcr ahajöa
oglhc sha pgrohsc. Eb nekgrbc gstå rgspeblealc e bcs eutcrgs y pgrohthgalc qug Y]NJG kcathaög
pumbhkealc bhmrcs pere tclcs bcs bgktcrgs. Lhrïfesg e KGL]C (Kgatrc Gspeõcb lg Lgrgkncs
]gprcjrådhkcs, nttp6//www.kglrc.crj) sh agkgshte rgprclukhr ebjöa drejogatc lg gste cmre.

H[MA6 8:>-><-5:44<-5
8:>-><-5:44<-5:-4
:-4

Kcopcshkhûa lhjhteb6 O.H. Oequgtekhûa, [.B.

www.ogjustebggr.kco
 Ïalhkg

[ha lhgte pe
pere
re shgoprg

Ejrelgk
Ejrelgkhohgatcs
hohgatcs
Hatrclukkhûa6
Hatrclukkhûa6 Keomhe gb ruomc lg tu sebul
sebul e trevès lg be
ebhogatekhûa
ebhogatekhûa
Kepïtubc 5. Eatgs lg kcathauer bgygalc, thre be måskube pcr be
vgateae
³Uuhèa thgag scmrgpgsc ncy ga lïe3
Gb pgsc
[h scbc
scbc kcasuoc kcohle rgeb ³vcy e elgbjezer3
Kepïtubc =6 Ac tgajes ga kese bc qug ac quhgres ga gb pbetc
³Kuåbgs sca gscs ebhogatcs haseacs qug lgmgocs gvhter3
Kûoc bggr gthqugtes autrhkhcaebgs
Yescs
Yescs pere lerbg ua keomhc rgeb e tu ebhogatekhûa
Kepïtubc ;6 Kûoc krger ua gatcrac sebulembg y eb ohsoc thgopc
scmrgvhvhr e be vhle sckheb
]uthae lg buags e vhgrags6 tu bhste lg be kcopre lg kcohle rgeb
Dhags lg sgoeae y vhle sckheb
Kepïtubc <6 Ybeahdhke tu ogaö

³Kûoc kebkuber bes keathlelgs3 Gb oètclc lg be oeac

³Uuè pcagr ga tu pbetc3

³X gb lgseyuac3
Ogaö sgoeaeb
Kcogr lg tåpgr
Bhste lg be kcopre
Kepïtubc 76 Ektïvetg
Gb thgopc pere tu kugrpc

]gkgtes
Lgseyuacs y saek`s
Kcohles
Kgaes

[cmrg gstg bhmrc

[cmrg Jemrhgbe Wrhertg
Krèlhtcs