676.;;
Lek
]

JH@HE[HYLGE JH^HAG[
JH^HAG[GE
GE
YH]XIBLJ LEKCEH^LG

Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge Yhpuiblj Lekcehslg

9=7;
 

JH@HE[HYLGE JH^HAG[GE
YH]XIBLJ LEKCEH^LG

^hbg`gtjge Dhehrgsl Igedsg

^hihbu` [hrbg`igt  
Khedge @hbgjujge
^jrleled pgkg Igyl Igru Bgalr
 

Jgtgbcd Kgbg` [hriltge. Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge YL

676.;; Lekcehslg.Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge YL.

Lek Klrhjtcrgt Ohekhrgb Ileg Dlzl kge Jhshagtge Liu kge Gegj
] ]hkc`ge ^jrleled Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb. 
Jcedheltgb.  
Ogjgrtg? Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge YL. 9=79

L^IE <41-6=9-9>8-9=>-4
7. Oukub L. E
EHCEG[GB
HCEG[GB ^NY
^NYHHELED
HHELED
LL.[A\YCLK ACY@CEH^

Hklsl Yhvlsl 9=7;

l
 

[L@ ]HE\X^XE

]hegshagt
kr. Ogeh ^chpgrkl
(Klrhjtur Ileg Jhshagtge Gegj)

]hegeddued Ogwgi
kr. Egeny Klge Geddrghel, @.Hplk
(Jgsuiklt Ileg Jhwgspgkgge ]hegedgege Igbltg Ihrlsljc)

Jcetrliutcr
kr.Klht ^ Yustg`g, ^p.G (J)
kr. Hrwle ] ^cheddcrc, ^p.G (J)
kr. Ig`iged [rlkogog GG]., ^p.G(J), @@]ghk
kr. Ycsgbleg K Ychsbgel, ^p.G
Kr. kr. Leg ^ [l`ge, ^p.]J (J)
Krg. E. Hbby Ycslbgwgtl, Gpt. @A.Jhs, @.Fgr`.
kr. Geeg [ogekrgwgtl, ^p.]J
kr. ^cekged @. ^lrglt, ^p.]J
kr. Hbsh @. ^lactged, ^p. ]J
kr. ^gety ]ukolgetc, ^p.]J
kr. Fhtty ^htlg Xtg`l
kr. \csgetl Hbsg. J, ^p.]J, @.Jhs
Khwl Lekhrgtl, ^.^l, @. Ilc`hk
Ahru ^htlgwge, ^.^l,
^. ^l, @.Ilc`hk
Lsgj ^cblale
kr. Elkg Yca`gwgtl, @]A
Lwge Jurelgwge, ^H
Eur ^gkol, ^J@. @.Hplk
kr. Elekyg ^gvltrl, @.J@
kr. @grlg ^cekged @grdgrht
Egilbg ^gbsgilbg, G`k.Jhi
Yciiugtue Egolaga, ^J@
]CJOGEG^ ^jrleled Igyl Igru Bgalr
LKGL
]K^ ]G[JBLE
]G[HBJL

Hkltcr
kr. Fgrshby @rgegel

ll
 

JG[G ]HEDGE[GY

 Gegj yged shagt kge nhrkgs `hrupgjge sugtu `ckgb kgsgr

kge gsht yged sgedgt phetled igdl ph`igeduege igedsg. Eg`ue
tlkgj sh`ug gegj kgpgt tu`iua `heogkl shagt kge nhrkgs shphrtl
yged klagrgpjge jgrheg ihrigdgl fgjtcr. ^gbga sgtu klgetgrgeyg
throgkl pgkg gegj yged bgalr khedge jhbglege Alpctlrclk
Al pctlrclk Jcedheltgb.

Xetuj `hedljutl tuetutge phrjh`igedge jhiutuage gjge

phkc`ge yged bhila jc`
jc`prhaheslf,
prhaheslf, `gjg kl
klsusue
susue ]hkc`ge ^jrleled
Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb hklsl rhvlsl. Kl kgbg`eyg kl`gsujjge `gthrl
thetged pheyhbheddgrgge bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ.

Khedge gkgeyg rhvlsl phkc`ge lel, klagrgpjge gkg stgekgr

yged ohbgs thrjglt pheyhbheddgrgge ph`hrljsgge ^AJ. @ubgl kgrl
phedg`ilbge sphsl`he, ph`hrljsgge, kge tlekgj bgeout. [hr`gsuj
 oudg ohogrled
ohogrled ^AJ, phedcrdgelsgslge, kge stg
stgekgrlsgsl
ekgrlsgsl bgicrgtcrlu`
bgicrgtcrlu`..

^h`cdg iuju phkc`ge ^AJ rhvlsl lel kgpgt ihrdueg kgbg`

grtl shbugs-bugseyg.

Klrhjtur Ileg Jhshagtge Gegj

kr. Ogeh ^chpgrkl

lll
 

KGF[GY L^[LBGA
L^[LB GA KGE ^LEDJG[GE

 Gkvcjgsl ? Xpgyg phenhrgage/ geourge/ scjcedge/

ph`ihbgge
 Gkacn ? Ihrslfgt sh`hetgrg, aleddg thrigedue
slsth` yged bhila phr`gehe
 G`hrlnge [ayrclk ? ]hrju`pubge gabl-gabl tlrc
tlrclk
lk G`
G`hrljg
hrljg
 Gsscnlgtlce
Igrnckled. ? ]hegekg/jckh ihrihetuj dgrls
IIB ? Igyl Igru Bgalr
Iurlj ? Jhgkgge jublt khedge wgreg yged tlkgj
rgtg, tg`pgj iletlj ihrngj `heyhburua
Kgtg kh`cdrgfl ? kgtg yged ihrauiuedge khedge stgtus
jhphekukujge, `lsgbeyg gbg`gt th`pgt
leddgb
Klgdecsls htlcbcdlj ? Klgdecsls ihrkgsgrjge pheyhigi
pheygjlt
Klsdhehsls tlrclk ? Jhgkgge tlkgj thrihetujeyg jhbheo
jhbheogr
gr
lrclk
K]O] ? Kcjthr phegeddued ogwgi phbgygege
HLG ? Hezy`h L``uec Gssgy
HBL^G ? Hezy`h-blejhk L``uecscrihet Gssgy,
hjelj ph`hrljsgge `hedduegjge
hezl` kge phwgregge 
phwgregge 
Hutlrclk ? Jhgkgge acr`ce tlrclk kgbg` jgkgr

ecr`gb
FHLG ? Fbucrhsnhenh Hezy`h L``uec Gssgy
F[; ? Frhh [ayrcxleh - [lrcjsle yged ihrhkgr
ihigs, tlkgj thrljgt prcthle
pr cthle ph`igw
ph`igwgg 
Alphrtlrclkls`h ? Jceklsl `heledjgteyg fuedsl jhbheogr
lrclk, shaleddg prckujsl tlrcjsle
`heledjgt
Alpctlrclkls`h
Alpctlrclkls`h ? Jceklsl `heurueeyg fuedsl jhbheogr
lrclk, shaleddg prckujsl tlrcjsle
`heurue

Alpctcel ? Jhgkgge ctct yged tceus/jcetrgjsleyg

`heurue /bh`ga

lv
 

A[G ? Ahgbta [hnaecbcdy Gsshss`het ,

phelbglge thragkgp phedh`igedge
hjecbcdl jhshagtge
LGHG ? Lethregtlcegb Gtc`ln Hehrdy Gdheny, 
Gdheny, 
igkge thegdg gtc` lethregslcegb yged
`heyu`iged rhgdhes uetuj prcyhj
phekgaubuge
LIL ? Ljgtge Ilkge Lekcehslg
LNNLKK ? Lethregtlcegb Ncuenlb fcr Ncetrcb cf
Lckleh Khflnlheny Klscrkhrs, bh`igdg
ged `hbgjujge prc`csl ph`ihrlge
lcklu` kge usgag phegedgege
dgedduge gjligt jhjurgedge lcklu`
LKGL ? Ljgtge Kcjthr Gegj Lekcehslg
L]@ ? Lekhjs ]h`igeduege @geuslg, stgekgr
yged `heogkl gnuge uetuj `hehetujge
ledjgt jhshogathrgge `gsygrgjgt
J> ? Jhshagtge kge Jhshbg`gtge Jhrog
Jcedheltgb ? Igwgge
Jcestlpgsl ? Jhgkgge sujgr iuged glr ihsgr:
sh`ihblt
J]]&]G ? Jh`hethrlge ]h`ihrkgygge
]hrh`puge kge ]hrblekuedge Gegj
@ljshkh`g ? ]h`ihedjgjge shburua tuiua jgrheg
dgedduge tlrclk
@crilkltgs ? Ihrauiuedge khedge jhsgjltge
@crtgbltgs ? Ihrauiuedge khedge jh`gtlge
]gtjble ? ]gtcbcdl Jblelj
]KXL ? ]hral`puege Kcjthr X`u` Lekcehslg
]HYL^[L ? ]hrlegtgb rhsljc tleddl
]CDL ? ]hrju`pubge Cisthrl kge Dlehjcbcdl
Lekcehslg
]]EL ? ]hrsgtuge ]hrgwgt Egslcegb Lekcehslg
]rhsu`ptlvh ? ]hedhbc`pcjge/jbgslfljgsl ihrkgsgrjge
nbgsslflngtlce kudgge gkgeyg AJ
][X ? ]rcpybtalcurgnlb, ygltu cigt yged
klduegjge uetuj `hedgtgsl
alphrtlrclkls`h

v
 

[; ? htrglckctayrceleh/[ayrcx
htrglckctayrceleh/[ayrcxleh,
leh, acr`ce
yged kljhbugrjge jhbheogr tlrclk
[ayrclk ? L`uecdbciuble thragkgp acr`ce [^A
stl`ubgtled
l``uecdbciuble
[YA ? ayrclk Yhbhgsled Acr`ceh, acr`ce
yged `heyhigijge jhbugreyg acr`ce
lrcjsle kgrl jhbheogr tlrclk
[^A rhnhptcr ? etlickl thragkgp rhshptcr   [ayrclk
getlicky ^tl`ubgtled Acr`ceh (acr`ce yged
`h`genled prckujsl jhbheogr tlrclk)
tlrclk)  

vl
 

KGF[GY
KGF[GY L^L

[L@ ]HE\X^XE........................................................................ ll 

JG[G ]HEDGE[GY
]HE DGE[GY ........................
..............................................
.........................................
................... lll 
KGF[GY L^[LBGA KGE ^LEDJG[GE ......................
.....................................
............... lv 
KGF[GY L^L ............................................................................. vll 
IGI L ]HEKGAXBXGE .........................
................................................
...................................
............ 7 
 G.  BG[GY IHBGJGED.............................................
....................... ...................................
............. 7 
I.  KG^GY AXJX@ ...................................
...........................................................
............................
.... 8 
N.  [XOXGE .....................
............................................
..............................................
................................
......... 4 
K.  YXGED BLEDJX] KGE ^G^GYGE.....................
.................................
............ 4 

IGI LL JHILOGJGE ]HE\HBHEDDGYGGE ^JYLELED

AL]C[LYCLK JCEDHEL[GB ..........................
........................................
................ < 
 G.  JHILOGJGE ^AJ..........................
^AJ.................................................
...................................
............ < 
I.  ^[YG[HDL C]HYG^LCEGB ]YCDYG@ ^AJ ................ < 
IGI LLL
LL L JHY
JHYGEDJG
GEDJG [HCYL ...................
.........................................
.................................
........... 77 
 G.  AL]C[LYCLK JCEDHEL[GB ............................
..........................................
.............. 77 
I.  KG@]GJ ........................
...............................................
..............................................
..........................
... 7; 
 
IGI LV ]HBGJ^GEGGE ]H@HYLJ^GGE ..............................
........................ ......76
 G.  JC@XELJG^L, LEFCY@G^L K
KGE
GE HKXJG^L (JLH) (J LH)........
........ 74 
I.  ]YC^H^ ^JYLELED .............................
...................................................
.........................
... 74 
N.  [LEKGJ BGEOX[ ^JYLELED ...............................
.........................................
.......... >; 
IGI V [G[GBGJ^GEG AL]C[LYCLK JCEDHEL[GB ............>6 
KGE ]H@GE[GXGE ..............................
...................................................
..................... >6 
 G.  KLGDEC^L^ ........................
..............................................
............................................
...................... >6 

I.  ]HEDCIG[GE .......................

.............................................
........................................
.................. >1 
N.  ]H@GE[GXGE JG^X^ AL
AL]C[LYCLK
]C[LYCLK JCEDHEL[GB .. ;7 
vll
 

IGI VL ^[GEKGY BGICYG[CYLX@ ]H@HYLJ^G ^AJ ......;> 

 G.  ^GYGEG KGE ]YG^GYGEG .......................
.........................................
.................. ;; 
I.  ^[GEKGY ^K@......................
............................................
........................................
.................. ;8 
N.  ]YC^HKXY ]H@HYLJ^GGE ......................
........................................
.................. ;6 
K.  ]H@GE[G]GE @X[X ..................
........................................
.................................
........... 8; 
H.  JH^HAG[GE KGE JH^HBG@G[GE JHYOG (J>) ........ 84 
F.  ]HEH[G]GE BGICYG[CYLX@ KGE OHOGYLED ........ 84 
D.  @CEL[CYLED KGE
K GE HVG
HVGBXG^L
BXG^L B
BGICYG[CYLX@
GICYG[CYLX@ ...... 81 
IGI VLL ]HEDCYDGEL^G^LGE ..................................
.............................................
........... 8< 
 G.  @HJGEL^@H JHYOG OHOGYLED .....................
...................................
.............. 8< 
I.  BCDL^[LJ ^AJ .......................
.............................................
........................................
.................. 6> 
N.  ]HENG[G[GE KGE
K GE ]
]HBG]CYGE
HBG]CYGE .................
...............................
.............. 64 
K.  @CEL[CYLED KGE HVGBXG^L .......................
.....................................
.............. 4=

vlll
 

4>

4;

46

44

41

4<

17

19

1>

1;

16

14
11

<=

<7

7=>
 

IGI L
]HEKGAXBXGE

G. BG[GY IHBGJGED
]h`igeduege jhshagtge `hrupgjge levhstgsl uetuj
`heledjgtjge jugbltgs su`ihr kgyg `geuslg. Kgbg` Xekged-
uekged Ec`cr 74 [gaue 9==4 thetged Yhengeg
]h`igeduege Ogedjg ]geoged Egslcegb (Y]O]-E) kleygtgjge
igawg kgbg` rgedjg `hwuoukjge ^K@ yged ihrjugbltgs kge
ihrkgyg sgled, `gjg jhshagtge ihrsg`g-sg`g khedge
pheklkljge kge pheledjgtge kgyg ihbl jhbugrdg/`gsygrgjgt
gkgbga tldg plbgr utg`g uetuj `heledjgtjge jugbltgs su`ihr
kgyg `geuslg kge Lekhjs ]h`igeduege @geuslg (L]@)
Lekcehslg.
Khthjsl klel jhbglege igwgge `hbgbul sjrleled igyl
igru bgalr
bgalr (^IIB) `hrupgjge sgbga sgtu upgyg `hekgpgtjge
dhehrgsl yged bhila iglj. ^jrleled gtgu uol sgrled pgkg igyl
igru bgalr (Ehcegtgb ^nrhheled ) gkgbga ths yged klbgjujge
pgkg sggt igyl ihru`ur ihihrgpg agrl uetuj `h`lbga igyl
yged `hekhrltg jhbglege jcedheltgb kgrl igyl yged shagt.
^jrleled igyl igru bgalr kgpgt `hekhthjsl gkgeyg dgedduge
jcedheltgb shklel `uedjle, shaleddg ilbg klth`ujge kgpgt
shdhrg klbgjujge lethrvhesl shnhpgteyg.

Kl Lekcehslg, klgetgrg pheygjlt-pheygjlt yged ilsg

klkhthjsl khedge sjrleled pgkg igyl igru bgalr, Alpctlrclk
Jcedheltgb (AJ) `hrupgjge pheygjlt yged nujup igeygj
klth`ul. Juenl jhihragslbge phedcigtge gegj khedge AJ
gkgbga khedge khthjsl klel `hbgbul ph`hrljsgge bgicrgtcrlu`
kge phedcigtge shihbu` gegj ihru`ur 7 iubge. AJ sheklrl
sgedgt ogrged `h`phrblagtjge dhogbg jblels pgkg gwgb
jhalkupge. ]gkg jgsus khedge jhthrbg`igtge pheh`uge kge
phedcigtge klel, gegj gjge `hedgbg`l jhthrihbgjgedge

`hetgb khedge jh`g`puge LW kl igwga 4=. Agb lel gjge

ihrkg`pgj shrlus pgkg `gsgbga scslgb gegj. Gegj tlkgj

7
 

`g`pu ihrgkgptgsl kl shjcbga fcr`gb kge `hel`iubjge

ihige dgekg igdl jhbugrdg kgbg` phedgsuageeyg. Igajge
ehdgrg gjge `hedgbg`l jhrudlge khedge ihrjurgedeyg
 ou`bga kge jugbltgs ^K@ ph`igeduege gjligt `gsgbga AJ
yged tlkgj thrtgedgel shngrg klel
k lel pgkg igyl igru bgalr.
Khedge kh`ljlge, khthjsl klel sgedgt phetled kgbg`

`henhdga throgkleyg jhthrbg`igtge phedcigtge. Cbha jgrheg

ltu phrge bgicrgtcrlu` klphrbujge kgbg` sjrleled kge
phehdgjge klgdecsls.
Kgbg` upgyg `heyhklgjge phbgygege ^jrleled Alpctlrclk
Jcedheltgb (^AJ) kge bgicrgtcrlu` yged kgpgt klogedjgu cbha
shburua bgplsge `gsygrgjgt khedge `utu yged stgekgr, `gjg
phrbu klsusue jhilogjge pheyhbheddgrgge prcdrg` ^AJ kge
stgekgrlsgsl bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ.

^hogrga
]gkg tgaue 7<49 Flsahr KG kjj, `h`ubgl prcdrg`
sjrleled alpctlrclk jcedheltgb kl G`hrljg Xtgrg. Kgrl agslb
sjrleled 7.=;6.>69 igyl kgpgt klshbg`gtjge 944 igyl khedge
AJ, jhbglege
jhbglege prl`hr shigeygj 9;
9;66 (7?;.98;
(7?;.98; jhbgal
jhbgalrge)
rge) kge 7=
igyl khedge alpctlrclk shetrgb (7?61.9== jhbgalrge). Kgrl
ph`getguge `heueoujjge khedge phedcigtge `h`gkgl
shihbu` u`ur 7 iubge, gegj-gegj thrshiut tu`iua ecr`gb.
@hblagt jhihragslbge thrshiut, prcdrg` ^AJ pgkg igyl
igru bgalr `heyhigr jh shburua kuelg thrutg`g kl ehdgrg
`gou. Ohpged, Acedjced, Jcrhg kge [glwge, oudg shigdlge
ihsgr ehdgrg G^HGE shphrtl [aglbgek, ^ledgpurg, @gbgyslg,
Flblpleg, Iruehl Kgrussgbg`, kge Vlhteg`, sukga `hbgjujge
sjrleled igyl igru bgalr shigdgl prcdrg` egslcegb.
egslceg b.
Kgbg` Tcrjsacp ce Egtlcegb Ehcegtgb ^nrhheled fcr
Ncedheltgb Aypctayrclkls`   pgkg iubge @hl 7<<<, klshpgjgtl
jceshesus uetuj `hedh`igedjge prcdrg` rhdlcegb ^AJ.
]hrth`uge lel klagklrl cbha phrwgjlbge kgrl Jcrhg, @gbgyslg,
Vlhteg`, @yge`gr, ]alblpleg, @cedcblg, Naleg, [aglbgek,
]gjlstge, Igedbgkhsa kge Lekcehslg . Jhshpgjgtge thrshiut

9
 

klphrjugt khedge klsusueeyg phreygtgge ihrsg`g pgkg

Tcrjsacp ce Ncescblkgtled Ehwicre ^nrhheled Hffcrts le tah
 Gslg ]gnlfln Yhdlce, pgkg tgaue 9==1 kl Nhiu (Nhiu
Khnbgrgtlce).

Gegblsls ^ltugsl Dbcigb

Kl shburua kuelg prhvgbhesl AJ klphrjlrgjge `hekhjgtl

7?>=== khedge jhogklge sgedgt tleddl kl kghrga jhjurgedge
lcklu`, ygltu 7?>==-<==. ]rhvgbhesl AJ sgedgt ihrvgrlgsl
getgr ehdgrg. ]hrihkgge lel klphedgrual pubg cbha phrihkgge
htels kge rgs. ]rhvgbhesl AJ pgkg crged Ohpged gkgbga
7?4.6==, shkgedjge pgkg pcpubgsl jublt altg` sgedgt ogrged.
]rhvgbhesl AJ kl Leddrls `heueoujjge jhogklge yged bhila
tleddl pgkg gegj-gegj jhturuege Gslg. ^hkgedjge
ihrkgsgrjge ohels jhbg`le, gedjg jhogklge AJ kug jgbl bhila

tleddl
bgjl. pgkg gegj phrh`puge kligekledjge khedge gegj bgjl-
Kl ehdgrg-ehdgrg Gslg, gedjg jhogklge kl ^ledgpurg
7?>===->8==, @gbgyslg 7?>=96, Flblpleg 7?>;6=, AcedJced
7?9;=;. Gedjg jhogklge bhila rhekga kl Jcrhg 7?;>== kge
Vlhteg` 7?88=9. ]rcyhj phekgaubuge kl Leklg ``heueoujjge
heueoujjge
jhogklge yged bhila tleddl ygltu 7?74== kge kl Igedbgkhsa
7?9===.

Gegblsls ^ltugsl Egslcegb 

Ihrkgsgrjge kgtg yged klju`pubjge cbha Xelt
Jccrklegsl Jhrog Hekcjrlecbcdl Gegj kgrl ihihrgpg ru`ga
sgjlt kl Ogjgrtg, Igekued, \cdygjgrtg, ]gbh`iged, @hkge,
Igeogr`gsle, ^cbc, ^urgigyg, @gbged, Khepgsgr, @gjgssgr,
kge @gegkc, klth`ujge 8<8 jgsus AJ yged kltgedgel shbg`g
tgaue 9=7=.
^higdlge ihsgr jgsus lel thrbg`igt klklgdecsls
shaleddg thbga `hedgbg`l dgedduge phrtu`iuage kge
phrjh`igedge `ctcrlj shrtg dgedduge lethbhjtugb
lethbhjtugb..
[hbgga rhjg` `hkls kl jblelj hekcjrle gegj Y^N@ kge
Y^A^ tgaue 9=79-9=7> `heueoujjge igawg bhila kgrl 4=%
>
 

phekhrltg AJ klklgdecsls shthbga u`ur 7 tgaue, shaleddg

thbga `hedgbg`l jhthrihbgjgedge `hetgb yged phr`gehe.
Ageyg 9,>% yged ilsg kljhegbl shihbu` u`ur > iubge kge
khedge phedcigtge kgpgt `h`lel`gbjge jhthrihbgjgedge
phrtu`iuage kge phrjh`igedge. Khedge kh`ljlge khthjsl
klel `hbgbul sjrleled pgkg IIB sgedgt phetled kge igyl ilsg

shdhrg `hekgpgtjge phedcigtge.

Kl 77 prcvlesl kl Lekcehslg, shogj tgaue 9=== „9=7>
thbga kl sjrleled 7<<.4=1 igyl khedge agslb tleddl shigeygj 4>
jgsus (7?94>6). Ygslc lel bhila tleddl oljg kligekledjge khedge
rgslc dbcigb ygltu 7?>=== jhbgalrge. Ilbg klgsu`sljge rgslc
gedjg jhogklge AJ gkgbga 7?>=== khedge prcyhjsl gedjg
jhbgalrge gkgbga 8 outg igyl phr tgaue, `gjg klphrjl
klphrjlrgjge
rgjge bhila
kgrl 76== igyl khedge AJ gjge bgalr tlgp tgaue. [gepg upgyg
khthjsl kge thrgpl klel `gjg shngrg ju`ubgtlf jhgkgge lel

gjge `heuruejge
jh`uklge jugbltgs
agrl kge su`ihr
gjge kgyg `geuslg
`heogkl `gsgbga Lekcehslg kl
jhshagtge
`gsygrgjgt yged ihsgr pgkg `gsg `hekgtged.

]hedh`igedge prcdrg` ^AJ kl Lekcehslg

^higdgl tlekgj bgeout jceshesus yged klagslbjge pgkg 
Tcrjsacp ce Egtlcegb Ehcegtgb ^nrhheled fcr Ncedheltgb
Aypctayrclkls` tgaue 7<<<, klbgjujge stukl phekgaubuge
ph`hrljsgge ^AJ kl kug bgicrgtcrlu` ygltu kl Y^ Kr. Agsge
^gkljle (Y^A^) kge Y^ Nlptc @geduejusu`c (Y^N@) pgkg
tgaue 9===-9==8 khedge igetuge Lethregtlcegb Gtc`ln Hehrdy
 Gdheny (LGHG).
]gkg tgaue 9==6 kl`ubgl jgolge Ahgbta [hnaecbcdy
 Gsshss`het   (A[G) uetuj ^AJ. Ihrkgsgrjge agslb A[G,
prcdrg` phekgaubuge kl`ubgl tgaue 9==1 kl 1 prcvlesl, ygltu
^u`igr, KJL Ogjgrtg, Ogigr, Ogthed, KL \cdygjgrtg, Ogtl`,
Igbl, kge ^ubshb. Jhilogjge Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge uetuj
phrbugsge ngjupge prcdrg` ^AJ klbgjujge shngrg ihrtgagp,
shaleddg tgaue 9=7> ^AJ igru klbgjsgegjge kl 77 prcvlesl.
Agb lel klshigijge jgrheg kgbg` prcshs phedh`igedge
prcdrg` ^AJ, klphrbujge jhslgpge ^K@ yged `g`pu
;
 

`hbgjsgegjge ^AJ, fgslbltgs bgicrgtcrlu` kge ihrigdgl

bcdlstlj bgleeyg. ^hbgle ltu, klphrbujge pubg kujuedge
`gegoh`he phbgjsgegge yged `hbligtjge ihrigdgl uesur
thrjglt kl pusgt `gupue kl kghrga.
^hbgeouteyg prcdrg` lel 
lel  gjge klphrbugs ogedjgugeeyg
jh prcvlesl bgle khedge `h`phragtljge gkgeyg jgetced-

jgetced wlbgyga khedge khflslhesl lcklu` kge jhthrshklgge

lefrgstrujtur shrtg su`ihr kgyg bgle. Klagrgpjge pgkg gjalr
tgaue 9=7< shburua prcvlesl kl Lekcehslg sukga `hbgjsgegjge
^AJ.

I. KG^GY AXJX@
7. G`gekh`he XXK 7<;8 pgsgb 91I gygt 9, ``heygtgjge
heygtgjge
igawg shtlgp gegj ihragj gtgs jhbgedsuedge alkup,
tu`iua kge ihrjh`iged shrtg ihragj gtgs

phrblekuedge kgrl jhjhrgsge kge klsjrl`legsl:

9. Xekged-uekged Ec`cr 9> tgaue 9==9 thetged
]hrblekuedge Gegj pgkg pgsgb 1 `heyhiutjge igawg,
shtlgp gegj ihragj `h`phrcbha phbgygege jhshagtge
kge og`lege scslgb shsugl khedge jhiutuage flslj,
`hetgb, splrltugb kge scslgb.
>. Xekged-uekged Ec`cr 9> tgaue 9==9 thetged
]hrblekuedge Gegj pgkg pgsgb ;; `heyhiutjge igawg
ph`hrletga wgoli `heyhklgjge fgslbltgs kge

`heyhbheddgrgjge
jc`prhaheslf igdl gegjupgyg
yged `hblputljhshagtge yged
upgyg prc`ctlf,
prhvhetlf jurgtlf kge rhagilbltgtlf kl fgslbltgs phbgygege
jhshagtge kgsgr `gupue ruoujge, gdgr shtlgp gegj
`h`phrcbha khrgogt jhshagtge yged cptl`gb shogj
kgbg` jgekuedge:
;. Xekged-uekged Ec`cr 9> tgaue 9==9 thetged
]hrblekuedge Gegj pgsgb ;6 `heygtgjge igawg?
Ehdgrg, ph`hrletga, jhbugrdg, kge crged tug wgoli
`hedusgagjge gdgr gegj yged bgalr thralekgr kgrl
pheygjlt yged `hedgeng` jhbgedsuedge alkup
kge/gtgu `hel`iubjge jhngngtge:
8
 

8. Xekged-uekged Ec`cr >6 tgaue 9==< thetged

Jhshagtge pgsgb 7>7 gygt 7? Xpgyg ph`hblagrgge
jhshagtge igyl kge gegj kltuoujge uetuj
`h`phrslgpjge dhehrgsl yged gjge kgtged yged
shagt, nhrkgs, kge ihrjugbltgs shrtg uetuj `heuruejge
gedjg jh`gtlge igyl kge gegj:

6. Xekged-uekged Ec`cr ;; [gaue 9==< [hetged

Yu`ga ^gjlt:
4. ]hrgturge ]h`hrl
]h`hrletga
etga Ec`cr >9 tg tgaue
aue 7<<6 thetged
[hegdg Jhshagtge:
1. ]hrgturge @hethrl Jhshagtge Ec`cr
96</@hejhs/]hr/LLL/9==1 thetged Yhjg` @hkls:
<. ]hrgturge @hethrl Jhshagtge Ec`cr
;77/@hejhs/]HY/LLL/9=7= thetged Bgicrgtcrlu`
Bgicrgtcrlu` Jblelj:
7=. ]hrgturge @hethrl Jhs
Jhshagtge
hagtge Ec`cr ;> tgaue 9 9=7>
=7>

[hetged Ngrg ]heyhbheddgrgge Bgicrgtcrlu` Jblelj

\ged Iglj:
77. ]hrgturge @hethrl Jhs
Jhshagtge
hagtge Ec`cr 98 tgaue 9 9=7;
=7;
thetged Xpgyg Jhshagtge Gegj:
79. Jhputusge @hethrl Jhshagtge Ec`cr
791/@hejhs/^J/LL/9==; thetged Jhilogjge Kgsgr ]usgt
Jhshagtge @gsygrgjgt:
7>. Jhputusge @hethrl Jhshagtge Ec`cr
>4=/@hejhs/^J/LLL/9==4 thetged ^tgekgr ]rcfhsl Gabl
[hjecbcdl Bgicrgtcrlu` Jhshagtge:
7;. Jhputusge @hethrl Jhshagtge Ec`cr
6=8/@hejhs/^J/VLL/9==1 thetged ^tgekgr Igbgl
Bgicrgtcrlu` Jhshagtge kge Igbgl Ihsgr Bgicrgtcrlu`
Jhshagtge:
78. Jhputusge @hethrl Jhshagtge Ec`cr
9<1/@hejhs/^J/LLL/9==1 thetged Gjrhkltgsl
Bgicrgtcrlu`.

6
 

 G`gega kgbg` phrgturge-phrgturge thrshiut kl

gtgs `hrupgjge kgsgr auju` yged phrbu klkujued khedge
ihrigdgl phrgturge ph`hrletga kge ph`hrletga kghrga
shrtg jhilogjge prcdrg` gdgr ilsg klbgjsgegjge cbha uelt
thjels yged `hbgygel jhshagtge gegj kl fgslbltgs
phbgygege jhshagtge. ^hogbge khedge ltu, `gjg

Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge `hehtgpjge jhilogjge prcdrg`

uetuj phbgjsgegge ^AJ kgbg` rgedjg `h`phrslgpjge
gegj `heogkl dhehrgsl phehrus yged shagt kge
ihrjugbltgs.

N. [XOXGE
7. [uouge X`u`
^hburua igyl igru bgalr kl Lekcehslg `hekgpgtjge
phbgygege ^jrleled Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb (^AJ) shsugl

stgekgr.
9. [uouge Jausus
g. [hrshklgeyg phkc`ge pheyhbheddgrgge phbgygege
^AJ.
i. [hrshklgeyg phkc`ge pheyhbheddgrgge
bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ.
n. @heledjgteyg gjshs, ngjupge shrtg jugbltgs
phbgygege ^AJ.
k. [hrshklgeyg ohogrled bgicrgtcrlu` ruoujge uetuj

^jrleled
bgalr. Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb (^AJ) pgkg igyl igru

K. YXGED BLEDJX] KGE

KGE ^G^GYGE
7. Yuged Bledjup?
g. ]heyhbheddgrgge ^AJ kl phbgygege jhshagtge
kgsgr kge ruoujge.
i. [gtgbgjsgeg sphsl`he.
n. ]heyhbheddgrgge bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ.

k. [gtgbgjsgeg pgslhe AJ kge ph`getguge.

h. ]hedcrdgelsgslge ^AJ.

4
 

9. ^gsgrge?
g. ^K@
  ilkge/phrgwgt
  kcjthr u`u` kl fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge
  gegbls jhshagtge
  kcjthr sphslgbl
sphslgbls
s gegj

  kcjthr sphslgbl
sphslgbls
s pgtcbcdl jblelj
  kcjthr sphslgbl
sphslgbls
s jgekuedge kge jhilkgege
i. Fgslbltgs phbgygege
  pusjhs`gs
  ru`ga sgjlt
  bgicrgtcrlu`
  prgjthj ilkge, jblelj, YI/Y^I
n. ]h`ileg/phegeddued ogwgi prcdrg`
  phedhbcbg prcdrg` jhshagtge gegj kge
bgicrgtcrlu` kl klegs jhshagtge prcvlesl kge
jgiupgthe/jctg
  ru`ga sgjlt ruoujge
  bgicrgtcrlu` ruoujge
  Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge YL

1
 

IGI LL
JHILOGJGE ]HE\HBHEDDGYGGE ^JYLELED
AL]C[LYCLK JCEDHEL[GB

G. JHILOGJGE ^AJ
 Grga jhilogjge ^AJ `hrupgjge igdlge kgrl grga
jhilogjge prcdrg` jhshagtge gegj shngrg u`u`.
@hwuoukjge gegj yged shagt shigdgl `ckgb kgsgr ^K@
yged ihrjugbltgs `hbgbul upgyg pheledjgtge khrgogt
jhshagtge gegj shngrg cptl`gb. Jhilogjge lel klwuoukjge
`hbgbul upgyg pheledjgtge jhbgedsuedge alkup kge
jugbltgs alkup gegj. ^jrleled Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb
`hrupgjge igdlge kgrl upgyg pheledjgtge jugbltgs alkup
gegj.

Jhilogjge prcdrg` ^AJ ygltu  ?

7) @heledjgtjge gjshs k kge
ge ngjupge ^AJ pgkg shbshburua
urua
igyl igru bbgalr
galr kgbg` rgedjg `heledjgtjge jugbltgs
alkup gegj,
9) @heogdg jugbltgs phpheyhbheddgrgge
eyhbheddgrgge ^AJ kl phb
phbgygege
gygege
jhshagtge kgsgr kge ruoujge, iglj ph`hrletga
`gupue swgstg,
>) @heogdg gdgr ilgyg ph`hrljsgge ^AJ thtgp ncst
hffhntlvh,
;) @hekcrced phrge shrtg ` `gsygrgjgt,
gsygrgjgt, ph`hrletga
kghrga kge ph`hrletga kgbg` pheyhbheddgrgge ^AJ.

I. ^[YG[HDL C]HYG^LCEGB ]YCDYG@ ^AJ

Kgbg` upgyg uetuj `heledjgtjge gjshs, ngjupge
kge jugbltgs bgygege fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge
phbgjsgeg ^AJ, `gjg phrbu klthtgpjge bgedjga-bgedjga
jcejrlt yged strgthdls uetuj `heog`le thrngpgleyg tuouge
prcdrg` ^AJ.

<
 

^trgthdl cphrgslcegb ^AJ `hblputl ?

g. @heyhklgjge rhdubgsl/E^]J yged thrjglt khedge
^AJ:
i. @hbgjujge gk
gkvcjgsl
vcjgsl kge scsl
scslgblsgsl
gblsgsl thetged prcdr
prcdrg`
g`
^AJ igdl thegdg jhshagtge, ph`gedju jhilogjge kge
`gsygrgjgt:

n. @hekcrced pheledjgtge gjshs kgkgee ngj

ngjupge
upge `hbgbul
pheledjgtge phrge shrtg `gsygrgjgt, fgslbltgs
phbgygege jhshagtge ph`hrletga kge swgstg,
crdgelsgsl prcfhsl, gscslgsl shrtg pheog`lege
jhshagtge:
k. @hbgjujge jccrklegsl kge jhrogsg`g ohogrled ^AJ
shngrg ihroheoged uetuj `h`phrcbha kujuedge
phbgjsgegge ^AJ:
h. @heyhbheddgrgjge phbgtlage/crlhetgsl prcdrg` ^AJ

f. igdl thegdg jhshagtge

@heledjgtjge kl fgslbltgs
phrge thegdg bgygege
jhshagtge jhsha gtge:
jhshagtge:
`hbgjujge JLH
^AJ igdl crged tug kge jhbugrdg:
d. @hbgjsgegjge `celtcrled kge hvgbugsl prcdrg` ^AJ.

7=
 

IGI LLL
JHYGEDJG [HCYL

G. AL]C[LYCLK JCEDHEL[GB
Alpctlrclk jcedheltgb gkgbga jhgkgge `heurue
gtgu tlkgj ihrfuedsleyg jhbheogr tlrclk yged klkgpgt shogj
bgalr. Agb lel throgkl jgrheg jhbglege gegtc`l gtgu
dgedduge `htgicbls`h ph`ihetujge acr`ce tlrclk gtgu
khflslhesl lcklu`.
Acr`ce [lrclk ygltu [lrcjsle yged thrklrl kgrl [rl-
lckctlrcele ([>) kge [htrg-lckctlrcele ([;), `hrupgjge
acr`ce yged klprckujsl cbha jhbheogr tlrclk (jhbheogr
dcekcj). ]h`ihetujgeeyg `h`hrbujge `ljrceutrlhe
lcklu`. Acr`ce lel ihrfuedsl uetuj `hedgtur prckujsl
pgegs tuiua, `htgicbls`h, phrtu`iuage tubged, jhrog
 ogetued, sygrgf, shrtg phrtu`iuage k ge
phrjh`igedge ctgj. Khedge kh`ljlge acr`ce lel
sgedgt phetled phrgegeeyg pgkg igyl kge gegj yged
shkged tu`iua. Jhjurgedge acr`ce tlrclk pgkg igyl kge
`gsg gwgb jhalkupge, ilsg `hedgjligtjge ag`igtge
phrtu`iuage (nhicb/stuethk ) kge rhtgrkgsl `hetgb
(jhthrihbgjgedge `hetgb).
]hrogbgege acr`ce tlrclk kgbg` jgekuedge kgpgt
klohbgsjge shigdgl ihrljut. ^hbg`g jhag`lbge, pbgshetg

ihrphrge shigdgl `hklg trgespcrtgsl hbh`he-hbh`he

phetled uetuj phrjh`igedge ogele. [ayrclk rhbhgsled
acr`ceh  ([YA) kge lcklu` yged ihrdueg uetuj
`h`igetu ph`ihetujge acr`ce tlrclk (A[) ogele ilsg
ihigs `hbhwgtl pbgshetg. Kh`ljlge oudg acr`ce tlrcjsle
([;). Eg`ue klsg`pled ltu, hbh`he yged `hrudljge tlrclk
 ogele shphrtl getlickl ([^A rhnhptcr getlicky ) kge cigt
getl tlrclk yged kl`gjge liu, oudg kgpgt `hbhwgtl
pbgshetg. ^h`hetgrg [^A, yged `h`pueygl phrgege

phetled kgbg` ph`ihetujge kge prckujsl A[, oustru tlkgj

ilsg `hbhwgtl pbgshetg. Khedge kh`ljlge kgpgt

77
 

klsl`pubjge igawg jhgkgge acr`ce tlrclk kge cigt-

cigtge yged shkged kljcesu`sl liu sgedgt ihrphedgrua
thragkgp jceklsl acr`ce tlrclk ogeleeyg.
Igyl AJ yged igru bgalr kgrl liu iujge phekhrltg
jhjurgedge lcklu`, tlkgj `heueoujjge dhogbg yged jags
shaleddg shrled tlkgj thrklgdecsls. Agb lel throgkl jgrheg

igyl `gsla klblekuedl acr`ce tlrclk liu `hbgbul pbgshetg.

Kl kghrga hekh`lj jhjurgedge lcklu` (kghrga
DGJL), liu rhetge `hekhrltg jhjurgedge lcklu` kge
acr`ce tlrclk shaleddg tlkgj ilsg `hblekuedl igyleyg.
Igyl gjge `heueoujjge dhogbg bhila ihrgt ygltu jrhtle
hekh`lj. Cbha jgrheg ltu, klgeourjge uetuj klbgjujge
sjrleled thragkgp liu ag`lb kl kghrga DGJL `hedduegjge
sphsl`he urle uetuj `hedhtgaul jhjurgedge lcklu`.
Bhila kgrl <8% igyl khedge AJ tlkgj

`h`phrblagtjge
sgedgt sg`gr kgedhogbg sggt klbgalrjge.
tlkgj jags. Jgbgupuedhogbg
[gepg phedcigtge, gkg
gjge sh`gjle tg`pgj khedge ihrtg`igaeyg uslg.
Dhogbg kge tgekg yged kgpgt `uenub?
g. bhtgrdl  (gjtlvltgs
 (gjtlvltgs `heurue)
i. ljthrus (jueled)
n. `gjrcdbcsl (blkga ihsgr)
k. ahrelg u`ilbljgbls (ickced)
h. alkued phshj
f. jcestlpgsl
d. jublt jhrled
a. sjle `cttbled   ((nutls `gr`crgtg)/iurlj
l. `ukga thrshkgj
 o. sugrg shrgj
j. alpctcel (tceus ctct `heurue)
b. uiue-uiue `hbhigr
`. phrut iuenlt
e. `ukga jhkledlege (letcbhrgesl thragkgp kledle)
c. `ljshkh`g (wgoga sh`igi)
 p. ukh` snrctu`

79
 

Oljg sukga `uenub dhogbg jblels, ihrgrtl thbga throgkl

rhtgrkgsl `hetgb. Xetuj ltu phetled shjgbl klbgjujge ^AJ
pgkg sh`ug igyl igru bgalr shihbu` tl`iubeyg dhogbg
jblels kl gtgs, jgrheg `gjle bg`g dhogbg `gjle ihrgt.
Ag`igtge phrtu`iuage kge phrjh`igedge `ubgl
tg`pgj eygtg pgkg u`ur > „6 iubge kge dhogbg jags

alpctlrclk `heogkl bhila ohbgs. ]hrjh`igedge `hetgb

sh`gjle thrihbgjged, thrbg`igt kukuj kge ihrklrl shrtg
tlkgj `g`pu ihbgogr ilngrg.
Ilbg tlkgj shdhrg klkhthjsl kge klcigtl, `gjg igyl
gjge `hedgbg`l jhngngtge yged sgedgt `hrudljge
jhalkupge ihrljuteyg. Gegj gjge `hedgbg`l dgedduge
phrtu`iuage flslj shngrg jhshburuage, kge yged pgbled
`heyhklajge gkgbga jhthrihbgjgedge phrjh`igedge
`hetgb yged tlkgj ilsg klpublajge.

`gupueAJtrgeslhe.
pgkg IIBKlshiut
kgpgt ihrslfgt
shigdgl`hehtgp (phr`gehe)
AJ trgeslhe ilbg
shthbga ihihrgpg iubge gtgu ihihrgpg tgaue shogj
jhbgalrge, jhbheogr tlrclk `g`pu `h`prckujsl sheklrl
acr`ce tlrclkeyg shaleddg phedcigtge kgpgt klahetljge.
AJ phr`gehe `h`iutuajge phedcigtge shu`ur alkup
kge phegedgege jausus. ]hekhrltg AJ phr`gehe lel
gjge `heogkl ihige jhbugrdg kge ehdgrg.
Xetuj ltu phetled shjgbl klbgjujge ^AJ pgkg
sh`ug igyl igru bgalr shihbu` tl`iubeyg dhogbg jblels kl
gtgs, jgrheg `gjle bg`g dhogbg `gjle ihrgt.
ih rgt.

Bhila kgrl <8% igyl khedge AJ

tlkgj `h`phrblagtjge dhogbg sggt klbgalrjge.
Jgbgupue gkg sgedgt sg`gr kge tlkgj jags.  

7>
 

Dg`igr 7.  Igyl khedge dhogbg alpctlrclk jcedheltgb?

`gjrcdbcsl, ahrelg u`ilbljgbls, jublt jhrled ihrslslj, ukh`
sjrctu`.

I. KG@]GJ
^hngrg dgrls ihsgr kg`pgj alpctlrclk jcedheltgb
kgpgt kligdl `heogkl > ygltu?
7. Kg`pgj thragkgp gegj.
Ilbg tlkgj shdhrg klkhthjsl kge klcigtl, `gjg igyl gjge
`hedgbg`l jhngngtge yged sgedgt `hrudljge
jhalkupge ihrljuteyg. Gegj gjge `hedgbg`l
dgedduge phrtu`iuage flslj shngrg jhshburuage, kge
yged pgbled `heyhklajge gkgbga phrjh`igedge
`hetgb thrihbgjged yged tlkgj ilsg klpublajge.
klpublaj ge.
9. Kg`pgj thragkgp jhbugrdg.
Jhbugrdg yged `h`lbljl gegj khedge dgedduge
alpctlrclk jcedheltgb gjge `hekgpgt kg`pgj shngrg
hjcec`l `gupue shngrg psljcscslgb. Gegj khedge
rhtgrkgsl `hetgb gjge `h`ihigel jhbugrdg shngrg
hjcec`l jgrheg agrus `hekgpgt pheklkljge,
phedgsuage kge phedgwgsge yged jausus. ^hngrg
psljcscslgb, jhbugrdg gjge bhila rhetge thragkgp
bledjuedge scslgb jgrheg rhekga klrl kge `heogkl
stld`g kgbg` jhbugrdg kge `gsygrgjgt. ^hbgle ltu
prckujtlvltgs jhbugrdg `heurue jgrheg agrus
`hedgsua gegj khedge alpctlrclk jcedheltgb.
jce dheltgb.
7;
 

>. Kg`pgj thragkgp Ehdgrg.

Ilbg tlkgj klbgjujge sjrleled pgkg shtlgp igyl igru
bgalr, ehdgrg gjge `hegeddued ihige ilgyg
pheklkljge `gupue phedcigtge thragkgp jurged bhila
76== igyl khedge alpctlrclk jcedheltgb shtlgp tgaue.
Ou`bga phekhrltg gjge thrgju`ubgsl shtlgp tgaueeyg.

^hbgeouteyg ehdgrg gjge `hedgbg`l jhrudlge su`ihr

kgyg `geuslg yged ihrjugbltgs uetuj ph`igeduege
igedsg.

78
 

IGI LV
]HBGJ^GEGGE ]H@HYLJ^GGE

^jrleled Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb (^AJ) gkgbga sjrleled/uol sgrled

uetuj `h`lbga igyl yged `hekhrltg AJ kgrl igyl yged iujge
phekhrltg ^AJ, iujge ageyg `hbgjujge ths bgicrgtcrlu`
thtgpl `hrupgjge sugtu slsth` khedge `hedlethdrgsljge
prcshs/prcshkur `gupue leklvlku yged thrbligt ygltu
`gegoh`he pusjhs`gs/ru`ga sgjlt, phegeddued ogwgi
prcdrg`, phtudgs jhshagtge, crgedtug, `gsygrgjgt,
ph`hrletga, kge ph`hrletga kghrga. ^lsth` lel `hengjup
jc`pcehe jc`ueljgsl, lefcr`gsl, hkujgsl (JLH), phedg`ilbge
kge ph`hrljsgge sphsl`he, tlekgj bgeout agslb sjrleled,
klgdecsls, tgtgbgjsgeg, ph`getguge jgsus, phedcrdgelsgslge,
kge `celtcrled hvgbugsl prcdrg`.

^hngrg dgrls ihsgr klihkgjge tldg tgagpge utg`g yged

sg`g phetledeyg kgbg` phbgjsgegge sjrleled ygltu?
L. ]rg ? ^hihbu` ths bgicrgtcrlu` klphrbujge
sjrleled scslgblsgsl, gkvcjgsl kge hkujgsl
thr`gsuj phbgtlage.
LL. ^jrleled ? ]rcshs sjrleled, igdgl`geg prcshkur yged
ihegr, shesltlvltgs kge sphslflsltgs,
vgblkltgs, ph`getgpge `utu
(hjsthregb/lethregb).
LLL ]gsng ? [lekgj bgeout agslb ths ths,, ph`geddlbge

sjrleled jh`igbl
klbgeoutjgeigyl uetuj kge
klgdecsls ths tgtgbgjsgeg
jceflr`gsl,
pgkg jgsus agslb tleddl AJ.

]gkg igi lel gjge kligags thetged JLH, prcshs sjrleled,

kge tlekgj bgeout agslb sjrleled. ]h`igagsge thetged
bgicrgtcrlu`, tgtgbgjsgeg jgsus, kge phedcrdgelsgslge gjge
kligags pgkg igi thrsheklrl.
thrs heklrl.

76
 

G. JC@XELJG^L, LEFCY@G^L KGE HKXJG^L (JLH)

Jc`ueljgsl, lefcr`gsl kge hkujgsl `hrupgjge
sugtu prcshs ihrjhbgeoutge uetuj `heyg`pgljge
jgigr/ihrltg kgrl jc`ueljgtcr jhpgkg phehrl`g phsge
gdgr throgkl phruigage phedhtgauge kge phrlbgju shsugl
lsl phsge yged klsg`pgljge. @hklg JLH kgpgt ihrupg

bhgfbht, vlkhc, pcsthr, ircsur, kbb.

7. [uouge JLH
[uouge JLH gkgbga tl`iubeyg rhgjsl/rhspce pcsltlf
ph`gedju jhilogjge, thegdg jhshagtge, crged tug,
jhbugrdg, kge `gsygrgjgt gdgr kgpgt `hbgjsgegjge
^AJ pgkg igyl igru bgalr.
9. ]rleslp JLH
 Gkg ihihrgpg prleslp yged agrus klphragtljge kgbg`

phbgjsgegge JLH. ]heyg`pglge phsge agrus khedge

ngrg phrsugslf, khedge igagsg yged shkhrageg kge
`h`phragtljge jhgkgge/jceklsl bgwge ilngrg.
Lsl phsge yged gjge klsg`pgljge thrutg`g thetged
jhuetuedge kge jhrudlge pgkg igyl oljg
`h`phrcbha/tlkgj `h`phrcbha ^AJ. ]hsge yged
klsg`pgljge `hedgnu pgkg bhgfbht, ircsur, kbb.
>. ^gsgrge
^gsgrge JLH pgkg ^AJ? 
^AJ? 
g. Liu/crged tug/jhbugrdg
i. @gsygrgjgt bugs
n. [hegdg jhshagtge
k. ]h`gedju jhilogjge

I. ]YC^H^ ^JYLELED
^hngrg dgrls ihsgr ^jrleled Igyl Igru Bgalr `hblputl
prcshs ?
  ]hrslgpge
  ]hedg`ilbge sphsl`he

  [gtg bgjsgeg sphsl`he
  ^jrleled Igyl igru Bgalr khedge j
jceklsl
ceklsl jausus.

74
 

7. ]hrslgpge
g. ]hrslgpge Igyl kge Jhbugrdg
@h`ctlvgsl jhbugrdg, gyga/liu igyl igru bgalr sgedgt
phetled. ]heohbgsge jhpgkg crgedtug thetged
sjrleled pgkg igyl igru bgalr khedge phedg`ilbge
thths kgrga tu`lt igyl kge jhuetuedge sjrleled lel
igdl `gsg khpge igyl gjge `hekcrced crgedtug
uetuj `gu `hbgjujge sjrleled igdl igyleyg.  
i. ]hrshtuouge/]hecbgjge
7) ]hrshtuouge (lefcr`hk nceshet )
]hrshtuouge (lefcr`hk nceshet ) tlkgj phrbu thrtubls
jausus, thtgpl klngetu`jge ihrsg`g-sg`g khedge
phrshtuouge tlekgjge `hkls bgle pgkg sggt igyl
`gsuj jh ruged phrgwgtge igyl.
9) ]hecbgjge (klsshet nceshet/rhfusgb nceshet ) 
Ilbg tlekgjge phedg`ilbge kgrga pgkg IIB kltcbgj,
`gjg crgedtug agrus `hegekgtgedgel fcr`ublr
phecbgjge. Agb lel klbgjujge gdgr oljg kl jh`uklge
agrl klkgpgtl igyl yged ihrsgedjutge `hekhrltg AJ,
crgedtug tlkgj gjge `heuetut gtgu `heygbgajge
thegdg jhshagtge kge/gtgu fgslbltgs phbgygege
jhshagtge. Ncetca fcr`ublr phecbgjge kgpgt klblagt
pgkg bg`plrge (7).
Fcr`ublr lel agrus klsl`pge pgkg rhjg` `hkls
igyl. Ilbg jhbgalrge klbgjujge kl ru`ga,
ilkge/phecbced phrsgblege agrus thtgp `h`letg
crgedtug `hegekgtgedgel gtgu `h`iuiuajge ngp
 oh`pcb pgkg fcr`ublr ‒]hecbgjge‐ yged kligwg kge
agrus klsl`pge kgbg` grslp kl fgslbltgs phbgygege
jhshagtge th`pgteyg ihjhrog. ]hecbgjge kgpgt
throgkl thragkgp sjrleled `gupue thst jceflr`gsl.
Ou`bga phecbgjge tlekgjge phedg`ilbge sphsl`he
kgrga kge fcr`ublreyg agrus klbgpcrjge shngrg
ihroheoged pgkg jccrklegtcr ^jrleled IIB tledjgt
prcvlesl/jgiupgthe/jctg, `hbgbul jccrklegtcr tledjgt
pusjhs`gs shth`pgt pgkg iubge ihrljuteyg.

71
 

n. ]hrslgpge Gbgt
 Gbgt yged gjge klduegjge agrus klphrslgpjge
thrbhila kgaubu. Gbgt thrshiut thrklrl kgrl?
   ^grued tgedge sthrlb ece pcwkhr  
   Bgenht
   Jctgj bl`iga tgog`/sgfhty icx  

  Jhrtgs sgrled
   Jgpgs
   Gbjcacb 4=% gtgu gbncacb swgi 
   Jgsg sthrlb
   Ygj phedhrled

4
> ;

8
1

9
6
7

Dg`igr 7 ? 7. ^grued tgedge sthrlb, 9. Bgenht, >. Jgpgs,

Jg pgs,
;. Jhrtgs sgrled, 8. Gbjcacb 4=%, 6. Jgsg sthrlb,
4. Ygj phedhrled, 1. ^gfhty icx bl`iga tgog`.

k. ]hrslgpge klrl
Kgbg` `hbgjujge phedg`ilbge sphsl`he, phtudgs
phrbu `h`phragtljge agb-agb kligwga lel ?
   ^h`ug ihrngj kgrga ihrpcthesl uetuj `heubgrjge
lefhjsl. Cbha jgrheg ltu agrus ihragtl-agtl kgbg`
phegedgegeeyg.

7<
 

  @hog yged klduegjge uetuj gbgbgs

gs `heubls lkhetltgs
pgkg jgrtu jhrtgs sgrled agrus klihrl gbgs pbgstlj
gtgu bgjhe kge agrus kldgetl gtgu klnunl shtlgp
agrl. Agb lel phrbu klbgjujge uetuj `henhdga
throgkleyg jcetg`legsl sphsl`he kgrga jh jhrtgs
sgrled bgleeyg.

  Duegjge gbgt phblekued klrl (G]K) sggt
phegedgege sphsl`he.
  ^hihbu` kge shthbga `hegedgel sphsl`he,
ilgsgjge `henunl tgedge `h`gjgl sgiue kge glr
ihrsla `hedgblr, shsugl prcshkur ]hrlbgju Alkup
Ihrsla kge ^hagt (]AI^) kl th`pgt jhrog.

9. ]hedg`ilbge ^phsl`he

Agb yged phetled klphragtljge pgkg phedg`ilbge

sphsl`he lgbga ?
  Tgjtu phedg`ilb
phedg`ilbge
ge (tl`led )
  Kgtg/lkhetltgs igyl
  @htckh phedg`ilbge
  ]hedlrl`ge/trgespcrtgsl
  Jhsgbgage pgkg phedg`ilbge sphsl`he

g. Tgjtu (tl`led ) ]hedg`ilbge Kgrga

]hedg`ilbge
gkgbga jhtljg sphsl`he
u`ur igyl kgrga yged  49pgbled
;1 sg`pgl lkhgb
og`. Cbha
jgrhegeyg phrbu jhrogsg`g khedge kcjthr sphslgbls
gegj (^p.G), kcjthr sphslgbls jgekuedge kge
jhilkgege/cidye (^p.CD), kcjthr u`u`, phrgwgt
kge ilkge yged `hecbced phrsgblege uetuj
`hbgjujge phedg`ilbge sphsl`he kgrga igyl yged
igru klbgalrjge pgkg agrl jhtldg. Lel ihrgrtl liu kgpgt
klpubgedjge shthbga ;1 og` pgsng `hbgalrjge (phrbu
jccrklegsl khedge phecbced phrsgblege). Eg`ue,
pgkg jhgkgge thrthetu phedg`ilbge kgrga `gsla
ilsg kltcbhrlr getgrg 9; „ ;1 og`.
9=
 

^higljeyg kgrga tlkgj klg`ilb kgbg` 9; og`

phrtg`g shthbga bgalr jgrheg pgkg sggt ltu jgkgr [^A
`gsla tleddl, shaleddg gjge `h`ihrljge shou`bga
agslb tleddl/pcsltlf pgbsu (fgbsh pcsltlvh). Oljg igyl
sukga klpubgedjge shihbu` 9; og`, `gjg sphsl`he
phrbu klg`ilb pgkg jueouedge ehcegtgb ihrljuteyg

`hbgbul jueouedge ru`ga gtgu pgslhe kl`letg kgtged

jh fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge.

i. Kgtg/Lkhetltgs Igyl
Lsl lkhetltgs igyl khedge bhedjgp kge ihegr kgbg`
jhrtgs sgrled. Kgtg yged jurged bhedjgp gjge
`h`phrbg`igt pheyg`pglge agslb ths.
]htueouj u`u` phedlslge lkhetltgs igyl pgkg jhrtgs
sgrled ?


  ]gstljge tgedge phedlsl kgtg/phedg`ilb sphsl`he

kgrga ihrsla kge jhrled shihbu` `hedg`ilb jgrtu
lefcr`gsl/jhrtgs sgrled. Duegjge sgrued tgedge.
Xsgagjge tgedge tlkgj `heyhetua iubgtge pgkg
jhrtgs sgrled.
  Alekgrl phenh`grge pgkg jhrtgs sgrled shphrtl glr,
glr tha, glr jcpl, `leygj, susu, nglrge getlshptlj,
ihkgj kge/gtgu jctcrge bgle.
  ]gstljge kgtg kltubls bhedjgp  kge alekgrl

jhsgbgage `heubls kgtg. Ilbg kgtg tlkgj bhedjgp

kge sgbga, gjge `hedag`igt gtgu `heuekg
jhnhpgtge kgbg` ph`ihrlge agslb ths kge
jhsgbgage lethrprhtgsl.
  Lsl kgtg pgslhe khedge igbbpclet   wgreg altg`/ilru
yged tlkgj buetur.
  G`gejge jhrtgs sgrled gdgr tlkgj jctcr. Xsg
Xsgagjge
agjge
jhrtgs sgrled tlkgj igeygj klshetua phtudgs bgle.
  [ublsjge shburua kgtg k khedge
hedge ohbgs kge bhedjgp.

Duegjge AXYXF JG]L

J G]L[
[ GB.

97
 

]htueouj phedlslge kgtg kh`cdrgfl igyl kgbg` jhrtgs

sgrled. Agrgp kllsl ?
  Eg`g ru ru`ga
`ga sgjlt/
sgjlt/ru`ga
ru`ga ihrsgbl
ihrsgble/pusjhs`gs/jblelj
e/pusjhs`gs/jblelj
ilkge.
  Ec`cr rhjg` `hkls igyl.
  Eg`g liu, suju igedsg/htels,
igedsg/htels, kge eg`g igyl ilbg
sukga gkg.
  Eg`g gyga, suju igedsg/htels.
  Gbg`gt khedge ohbgs ((ec`cr
ec`cr ru`ga, ogbge/dged/ibcj/
Y[/ YT, jckh pcs).
  Ec`cr thbhpce kge thbhpce shbubhr, gtgu ec`cr
thbhpce yged kgpgt klauiuedl. Bhedjgpl khedge
h`glb oljg gkg.
  Kcjthr/phtudgs phegeddued ogwgi ihshrtg ec`cr
thbhpce shbubhreyg.
  Jh`igr gtgu tlkgj, ihrl tgekg ‒∟‐  pgkg jctgj yged

klshklgjge. Ilbg jh`igr, ihrl tgekg ‒∟‐ shsugl ou`bga

jh`igr.
  X`ur jhag`lbge kgbg` `leddu.
  ]rh`gtur gtgu tlkgj.
  Ohels jhbg`le, ihrl tgekg ‒∟‐  pgkg jctgj yged
klshklgjge.
  Ihrgt igkge kgbg` drg`. ]lbla prh`gtur gt
gtgu
gu tlkgj.
  Kgtg bgalr ?
- [geddgb 9 kldlt (ncetca tgeddgb 9 ↙ =9).
- Iubge 9 kldlt (ncetca iubge @grht ↙ =>, Khsh`ihr  
↙ 79).
- [gaue 9 kldlt (ncetca tgaue 9==6 ↙ =6 , 9=79   ↙
79).
- Kgtg og` igyl bgalr? og`?`helt (ncetca? 7=?78).
  Kgtg sphsl`he ?
- [geddgb/iubge/tgaue, 9 kldlt (ncetca ? 1 Fhirugrl
9==6 ↙ =1/=9/=6).
- Kgtg og
og`
` klg`ilb sphsl`he? og`?`helt (ncetca?
7=?78)
- ^phsl`he klg`ilb kgrl kgrga tu`lt gtgu vheg
vheg..

99
 

  Jhthrgedge bgle, ilbg gkg ilsg kltg`igajge?



- [rgesfusl kgrga (yg/tlkgj).

- Liu `leu` cigt getl tlrclk sggt ag`lb.
- Gkg gtgu tlkgj jhbglege igwgge pgkg igyl.
- Igyl sgjlt (khedge phrgwgtge kl ELNX).
- Igyl `hekgpgt phedcigtge gtgu tlkgj. Ilbg

`hekgpgt phedcigtge, shiutjge.

9>
 

Dg`igr 9. Ncetca jhrtgs sgrled yged sukga klshblpjge

 pgkg jgrtu lefcr`gsl yged ihrlsl kgtg kh`cdrgfl igyl, kge
klththsl kgrga pgkg jhkug iubgtgeeyg. [g`pgj khpge kge
tg`pgj ihbgjged.

9;
 

n. @htckh kge [h`pgt ]hedg`ilbge Kgrga

[hjelj phedg`ilbge kgrga yged klduegjge gkgbga
`hbgbul tu`lt igyl (ahhb prlnj ).
). [hjelj lel gkgbga ngrg
yged sgedgt klgeourjge kge pgbled igeygj klbgjujge
kl shburua kuelg. Kgrga yged jhbugr klththsjge pgkg
jhrtgs sgrled jausus sg`pgl iubgtge jhrtgs pheua

thrlsl kgrga, jh`uklge shthbga jhrled kljlrl` jh

bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ.
]hrbu klphragtljge khedge shjsg`g,
phedg`ilbge sphsl`he kgrl tu`lt igyl agrus
klbgjujge shsugl khedge tgtg ngrg phedg`ilbge
sphsl`he thths kgrga jhrled. ]htudgs jhshagtge
yged ilsg `hedg`ilb kgrga gkgbga kcjthr, ilkge,
kge phrgwgt thrbgtla yged `h`ihrljge phbgygege
pgkg igyl igru bgalr shrtg gegbls jhshagtge.

]rcshkur phedg`ilbge sphsl`he kgrga `hbgbul

tgagpge ihrljut?
  Nunl tgedge `hedduegjge sgiue khedge glr
ihrsla `hedgblr kge pgjglbga sgrued tgedge.
  Agedgtjge tu`lt
tu`lt igyl yged gjge kltusuj kh
khedge
edge
ngrg?
-  @heddcscj-dcscj khedge ogrl, gtgu

-  @heh`phbjge agekuj agedgt (phragtljge suau

yged thpgt, gtgu

- @heh`phbjge phedagedgt hbhjtrlj, gtgu
-  Klagedgtjge khedge phedagedgt igyl/ igiy

wgr`hr /bg`pu
/bg`pu ph`gengr pgegs/rgklget wgr`hr. 
  ^upgyg gblrgegblrge kgrga bbhila
hila bbgengr,
gengr, pcslsljge jgjl
bhila rhekga kgrl jhpgbg igyl.
  Gdgr igyl bhil bhila
a theged, phedg`ilb
phedg`ilbgege sphsl`he
klbgjujge sg`ilb klsusul liueyg gtgu khedge
phrbhjgtge jublt igyl khedge jublt liu ( sjle tc sjle
ncetgnt ))..

98
 

  [hetujge bcjgsl pheusujge ygltu igdlge bgthrgb



tu`lt jlrl gtgu jgege shsugl kghrga ihrwgreg

`hrga (dg`igr 7 kge 9).

Dg`igr 7 Dg`igr 9

  Ihrslajge kghrga yged gjge kltusuj khedge



getlshptlj jgpgs gbjcacb 4=%, ilgrjge jhrled

(dg`igr >).

  [usuj tu`lt khedge bgesht sthrlb shjgbl pgjgl



khedge ujurge jhkgbg`ge 9 ``. Duegjge bgesht

khedge uoued ihrihetuj plsgu (ibgkh tlp bgenht )
(dg`igr ;g kge ;i).

Dg`igr > Dg`igr ;g

96
 

Dg`igr ;i. @gng`-`gng` bgesht khedge uoued plpla

(ibgkh tlp bgenht).
  ^hthbga tu
tu`lt
`lt klt
kltusuj,
usuj, usgp tht
thths
hs kgrga phrtg`g
khedge jgle jgsg sthrlb (dg`igr 8).  
  Jh`uklge bgjujge plogtge bh`iut shaleddg
thrihetuj thths kgrga yged nujup ihsgr.
Alekgrjge dhrgjge `h`hrgs jgrheg gjge
`hedgjligtjge ah`cblsls gtgu kgrga thrng`pur

nglrge ogrledge (dg`igr 6).

Dg`igr 8 Dg`igr 6
94
 

  ^hbgeouteyg ththsjge kgrga jh thedga iubgtge



jhrtgs sgrled sg`pgl iubgtge thrlsl pheua kge

th`ius jhkug slsl. Alekgrjge ththsge kgrga
yged ihrbgpls-bgpls (bgyhrled ).
). Xbgedl `hehthsjge
kgrga jh gtgs iubgtge bgle. Ilbg kgrga tlkgj nujup,
bgjujge tusujge kl th`pgt thrplsga khedge

`hedduegjge bgesht igru (dg`igr 4). Gdgr ilsg

klphrljsg, kliutuajge shkljlteyg sgtu iubgtge
pheua sphsl`he kgrga jhrtgs sgrled.
  ^hsukga iubgtge jhrtgs sgrled thrlsl pheua, thjge


ihjgs tusujge khedge jgsg/jgpgs sthrlb sg`ilb

`hedgedjgt tu`lt igyl sg`pgl ihrgkg klgtgs
jhpgbg igyl (dg`igr 1). Ihjgs tusujge klihrl
pbhsthr gtgupue ph`igbut ageyg oljg klphrbujge.

Dg`igr 4 Dg`igr 1. Jgjl Igyl klgedjgt

shthbga pheusujge 

Dg`igr <.  Ncetca

ihrngj kgrga yged
iglj  

91
 

Jhsgbgage kgbg` ]hedg`ilbge ^phsl`he 

^phsl`he 
[gihb 7. Ncetca sphsl`he yged tlkgj iglj
^phsl`he tlkgj
Jh`uedjlege pheyhigi ?
iglj 
  [hths kgrga jurged
   @hehthsjge kgrga khedg
khedge
e tgiued
jgplbhr
  Jhrtgs thrshetua tgedge, sgrued tgedg
tgedge,
e,
bctlce 

  Jhrtgs rusgj, `hehthsjge k

kgrga
grga khedge
tgiued jgplbhr

 @hedlrl` sphsl`he shihbu` jhrled

  @hehthsjge thrbgbu igeygj kgrga

  @hehthsjge kgrga kl jhkug slsl iubgtge
jhrtgs
 Kgrga klphrgs (`lbjled ) kgrl th`pgt
tusujge
 Jcetg`legsl
 [hrpgpgr pgegs
 Gbjcacb tlkgj kljhrledjge
  Jcetg`legsl khedge gbgbjcacb
jcacb kge bctlce 


 Kgrga klphrgs (`lbjled )

 ]hedhrledge tlkgj iglj
  ]hehthsge kgrga ihihr
ihihrgpg
gpg jgbl
  @hehthsjge kgrga kl jhkug slsl iubgtge
jhrtgs

 Dgdgb `h`phrcbha sphnl`he

9<
 

]HYAG[LGE
Ilbg throgkl jhsgbgage phedg`ilbge sphsl`he, `gjg
agrus klbgjujge phedg`ilbge sphsl`he ubgedge
(rhsg`pbh) shihbu` kljlrl` jh bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ.

7. [gtgbgjsgeg ^phsl`he

g. @htckh ]hedhrledge ^phsl`he

]rcshs shthbga `hekgpgtjge sphsl`he ?
  ^hdhrg bhtgjjge kl rgj p phedhrled
hedhrled khedge pcslsl
acrlscetgb gtgu klbhtgjjge kl gtgs phr`ujgge
kgtgr yged jhrled kge tlkgj `heyhrgp (ece
giscrihet). 
  Ilgrjge sphsl`he `hedhrled (wgreg kgrga
`hrga dhbgp).
  ^higljeyg ilgrjge sphsl`he kl gtgs rgj
phedhrled shihbu` kljlrl` jh bgicrgtcrlu`. 
  Ogedge `heyl`pge sphsl`he kl kgbg` bgnl kge
jheg pgegs gtgu slegr `gtgagrl bgedsued gtgu
kljhrledjge khedge phedhrled.
  Ogedge `hbhtgjjge phedhrled ihrkhjgtge
khedge igage-igage yged `hedhbugrjge ugp
shphrtl ngt, ghrcscb, kge leshjtlslkg.

>=
 

D g`ig
`igrr 7>. ]rcshs phedhrledge sphsl`he pgkg rgj

 phedhrledge
i. ]hedlrl`ge/[rgespcrtgsl ^phsl`he
  ^hthbga jhrled sphsl`he slgp kljlrl`. Jhtljg
sphsl`he gjge kljlrl`, `gsujjge jh kgbg`
jgetced  pbgstlj zlp bcnj 
bc nj . ^gtu bh`igr jhrtgs sgrled
kl`gsujjge jh kgbg` sgtu pbgstlj.  Kgpgt oudg
khedge `heyusue jhrtgs sgrled shngrg shbged-
shbled uetuj `hedalekgrl gdgr ihrngj kgrga tlkgj

sgbled
ihrngj ihrsledduedge,
kgrga. gtgu tgrua jhrtgs klgetgrg
  @gsujjge jh kgbg` g g`pbcp
`pbcp kge shrtgjge kgftgr
sphsl`he yged kljlrl`.
  G`pbcp ihrlsl sphsl`he kl`gsujjge jh kgbg`
jgetced pbgstlj gdgr tlkgj thrth`ius
nglrge/jcetg`lege shpgeoged phrogbgege.
  ]hedlrl`ge kgpgt klbgjujge cbha phtudgs
phedu`pub sphsl`he gtgu bgedsued kljlrl` `hbgbul

bgygege ogsg phedlrl`ge yged thrshklg.

>7
 

  ^phsl`he kljlrl`jge
kljlrl`jge jh bbgicrgtcrlu`
gicrgtcrlu` ^
^AJ
AJ yged
thbga kltueouj cbha Jh`hethrlge
J h`hethrlge Jhshagtge.
  ]hedlrl`ge tlkgj icbha bbhila
hila kgrl 4 (tuoua) agrl
shogj sphsl`he klg`ilb. ]hrogbgege phedlrl`ge
tlkgj icbha bhila kgrl > agrl.

D g`igr
`igr 7; . @heyusue jhrtgs sgrled khedge ihrshbged-shbled  

7. ^jrleled Igyl Khedge Jceklsl Jausus

Kgbg` phbgjsgegge ^AJ pgkg jhgkgge yged
kl`gsujjge kgbg` jgthdcrl jausus ygltu igyl-igyl
yged `h`pueygl rhsljc `hedgbg`l AJ trgeslhe.
Igyl-igyl thrshiut lgbga igyl prh`gtur (u`ur
jhag`lbge jurged kgrl >4 `leddu), igyl ihrgt bgalr
rhekga kge igyl ihrgt bgalr sgedgt rhekga. Oudg
thr`gsuj igyl sgjlt yged klrgwgt kl ELNX, igyl
jh`igr thrutg`g yged `h`pueygl ohels jhbg`le yged
sg`g.
]gkg igyl-igyl thrshiut phedg`ilbge
sphsl`he klbgjujge 9 gtgu > jgbl thrdgetued u`ur
jhag`lbge kge ihrgt rledgeeyg pheygjlt. ^phsl`he
phrtg`g khedge ngrg rutle (phedg`ilbge sphsl`he
rutle) gtgu pgkg sggt phedg`ilbge kgrga uetuj
`gjsuk bgle.

>9
 

]hedg`ilbge sphsl`he yged jhkug, klg`ilb

pgkg sggt igyl ihruslg 9 `leddu gtgu 9 `leddu
shthbga phedg`ilbge sphsl`he phrtg`g. Ilbg
klphrbujge klg`ilb sphsl`he jhtldg pgkg u`ur 91 agrl
gtgu shihbu` igyl klpubgedjge.
]hedg`ilbge sphsl`he lel thrutg`g klbgjujge

pgkg igyl-igyl yged bgalr khedge u`ur jhag`lbge

jurged kgrl >; `leddu gtgu ihrgt bgalr jurged kgrl
98== drg`.
]gkg igyl jurged iubge, IIBY, kge igyl sgjlt
klbgjujge phedg`ilbge sphsl`he shdhrg shihbu`
`hekgpgtjge tlekgjge phedcigtge. [lekgjge
phedcigtge yged kl`gjsuk gkgbga trgesfusl, eutrlsl
pgrhethrgb gtgupue ph`ihrlge getlilctljg.
Jh`uedjlege uetuj `hekgpgtjge agslb [^A

tleddl pgbsu `gupue

phedg`ilbge ecr`gb
sphsl`he pgbsuogedjg
pgkg sgedgt tleddl
wgjtupgkg
lel.
Jgrhegeyg, shtlgp agslb yged giecr`gb agrus
kltlekgjbgeoutl.
Kgbg` `hedg`ilb jhsl`pubge agslb sjrleled
tleddl agrus `h`phrtl`igedjge uslg dhstgsl pgkg
sggt sphsl`he klg`ilb. ^higljeyg klklsjusljge cbha
tl` yged thrklrl kgrl bgicrgtcrlu`, ehcegtcbcdl kge
kcjthr sphslgbls gegj jcesubtge hekcjrlecbcdl.
]gkg igyl jurged iubge, ph`gtgedge fuedsl
tlrclk ilsg `h`gjge wgjtu jurged bhila 7 iubge. Cbha
jgrheg ltu, sphsl`he jhtldg lel klagrgpjge kgpgt
`hekhthjsl alpctlrclk jcedheltgb pgkg igyl jurged
iubge `gupue igyl khedge pheledjgtge [^A bg`igt.

>>
 

N. [LEKGJ BGEOX[ ^JYLELED

7. Agslb [hs Bgicrgtcrlu`
Ihihrgpg jh`uedjlege agslb [^A?
g. Jgkgr [^A 2 9= ¸X/`
¸X/`BB
Ilbg ths jceflr`gsl `hekgpgtjge agslb jgkgr [^A
jurged kgrl 9= ¸X/`B, `gjg agslb klgeddgp ecr`gb

kge gjge klsg`pgljge jhpgkg phedlrl` sphsl`he

kgbg` wgjtu 4 agrl.

i. Jgkgr [^A getgrg 5 9= ¸X/`B

Elbgl [^A yged kh`ljlge `heueoujjge agslb yged
tleddl, shaleddg phrbu phedg`ilbge sphsl`he ubged
(rhsg`pbh ) gtgu klbgjujge ph`hrljsgge KX]BC
(klphrljsg kug jgbl khedge sphsl`he yged sg`g,
jh`uklge klg`ilb elbgl rgtg-rgtg). Ilbg pgkg agslb

phedg`ilbge ubged klkgpgtjge?
  Jgkgr [^A 2 9= ¸X/`B, `gjg agslb thrshiut
klgeddgp ecr`gb.
  Jgkgr [^A 5 9= ¸X/`B, `gjg agrus klbgjujge
ph`hrljsgge [^A kge F[; shru`, `hbgbul ths
jceflr`gsl.

Agslb ph`hrljsgge klsg`pgljge jhpgkg

jccrklegtcr fgslbltgs jhshagtge shshdhrg `uedjle cbha

bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ.
Kcju`hetgsl `hrupgjge fuedsl yged sgedgt
phetled kgrl jc`pcehe tlekgj bgeout. Kcju`hetgsl agrus
`heddg`igrjge prcshs jhdlgtge phehbusurge pgslhe
(th`pgt tleddgb pgslhe, th`pgt klbgalrjge), agslb sjrleled
kge ths klgdecstlj, tgeddgb kl`ubgleyg phedcigtge,
kcsls, kcjthr phegeddued ogwgi, ksi. Agrus klupgygjge
gdgr agslb uol sgrled klngetu`jge kl kgbg` rhjg` `hkls
igyl. Ilbg agslb ph`hrljsgge tlkgj kgpgt kl`gsujjge jh

kgbg` rhjg`
phengtgtge kgbg``hkls igyl,
rhdlsthr kl rugedshigljeyg klbgjujge
igyl gtgu iuju JLG.

>;
 

9. ]hbgngjge Jgsus
Agb phrtg`g yged agrus klbgjujge jhtljg
`hekgpgtjge agslb ths tleddl gkgbga shshdhrg `uedjle
`hedauiuedl crged tug igyl yged ihrsgedjutge.
[udgs kgrl tl` tlekgj bgeout igyl khedge agslb ths tleddl

lgbga `hengrl th`pgt tleddgb igyl thrshiut kge

`h`fgslbltgsl ph`hrljsgge bgeoutge uetuj `hehdgjjge
klgdecsls.

Ihihrgpg jhshpgjgtge phedlefcr`gslge agslb

ph`hrljsgge bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ?
  ph`ihrltgauge shdhrg ageyg klihrljge ilbg agslb
tleddl. Ilbg tlkgj gkg ph`ihrltgauge, `heueoujjge
igawg agslb ph`hrljsgge ecr`gb.


  agslb ph`hrljsgge tlgp pgslhe kgrl bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ

klsg`pgljge `hbgbul fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge
phedlrl` sphsl`he. Agslb lel gjge klsg`pgljge jh
pgslhe yged ihrsgedjutge.

n. [hs Jceflr`gsl
[hs jceflr`gsl klbgjujge uetuj `hehdgjjge
klgdecsls AJ pgkg igyl khedge agslb sjrleled tlkgj
ecr`gb. [hs jceflr`gsl shigljeyg klbgjujge kl

bgicrgtcrlu`
agb lel tlkgj ^AJ th`pgt ph`hrljsgge
`h`uedjlejge, sjrleled.
ths jceflr`gsl Ilbg
kgpgt
klbgjujge kl bgicrgtcrlu` jblelj uetuj `h`hrljsg
[^A gtgu F[; shru` khedge `htckh HBL^G/FHLG
jugetltgtlf.

>8
 

IGI V
[G[GBGJ^GEG AL]C[LYCLK JCEDHEL[GB
KGE ]H@GE[GXGE

[uouge klbgjujge ^jrleled Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb (^AJ)

gkgbga thrutg`g `hedalbgedjge rhtgrkgsl `hetgb gtgu
`heuruejge `crtgbltgs, `crilkltgs kge jhngngtge gjligt
pheygjlt alpctlrclk jcedheltgb. Khedge kh`ljlge upgyg lel
agrus ilsg `heog`le igawg igyl yged `hekhrltg alpctlrclk
jcedheltgb shnhpgteyg klklgdecsls kge `hekgpgtjge
phedcigtge yged cptl`gb shdhrg.

G. KLGDEC^L^
Oljg jgkgr shru` ehcegtus [^A tleddl klshrtgl jgkgr
[; gtgu F[; rhekga, `gjg kgpgt klthdgjjge klgdecsls
alpctlrclk (jcedheltgb) prl`hr shaleddg agrus shdhrg
klihrljge cigt tlrcjsle. ]h`ihrlge tlrcjsle kljcesubtgsljge
khedge kcjthr sphslgbls gegj jcesubtge hekcjrle.
  Ilbg jgkgr shru` F[; kl igwga ecr`gb (elbgl ruoujge
`heurut u`ur), shdhrg ihrljge thrgpl tgepg `hblagt
jgkgr shru` [^A.
  Ilbg jgkgr shru` ehcegtus F[; ecr`gb, thtgpl jgkgr
shru` [^A pgkg `lel`gb 9 jgbl ph`hrljsgge ≨ 9=
¸X/`B (ihrogrgj 9 `leddu), klgeourjge uetuj `ubgl
thrgpl.
Agslb ph`hrljsgge jceflr`gsl kljc`ueljgsljge
jhpgkg jhbugrdg, kcjthr phegeddued ogwgi phtudgs
jhshagtge gtgu ilkge. ]heohbgsge klihrljge cbha phtudgs
yged ihrphedgbg`ge.
^hthbga klgdecsls klthdgjjge, tlekgjge shbgeouteyg
gkgbga `hbgjujge? 

>6
 

7. Yh-geg`ehsls
Yh-geg`ehsls pgkg liu uetuj phelbglge ubged kge
`hencig `hengrl bgtgr ihbgjged pheyhigi, getgrg bgle?
 Gkg/tlkgj pheygjlt tlrclk pgkg liu gtgu jhbugrdg.
jhbugrdg .
 Liu `hedcesu`sl cigt getltlrclk shbg`g ag`lb gtgu
tlkgj.
 Liu ihrth`pgt tleddgb kl kghrga khflslhesl lcklu` gtgu
tlkgj.
 ]gpgrge prhpgrgt lcklu` (jc`prhs lcklu` uetuj tgbl
pusgt) pgkg igyl.
 Gkg/tlkgj jhbglege igwgge bgle pgkg igyl.

9. ]h`hrljsgge flslj
@hbgjujge ph`hrljsgge flslj kge `hengrl tgekg kge
dhogbg AJ, yged ihrtuouge uetuj `hedhtgaul ihrgt
rledgeeyg pheygjlt, khedge `hedduegjge gbgt igetu
ihrupg tgihb kl igwga lel shrtg uetuj `hedhtgaul
hfhjtlfltgs phedcigtge.

[gihb 9. ]h`hrljsgge flslj pgkg Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb.

>4
 

>. ]h`hrljsgge ]heueoged

Ilbg `h`uedjlejge, bgjujge ph`hrljsgge pheueoged ?
  ^lklj tlrclk (`hedduegjge 7>7L gtgu <<`[n)
  X^D tlrclk
  ]h`hrljsgge rgklcbcdl (phenltrgge), ph`hrljsgge
phrtu`iuage tubged (shekl butut). [lkgj tg`pgjeyg

hplflsls pgkg butut `heueoujjge khrgogt alpctlrclk

kgbg` jgekuedge.
 ]h`hrljsgge getl tlrclk getlickl igyl kge liu, ilbg gkg
rlwgygt pheygjlt gutcl`ue tlrclk.
 ]h`hrljsgge jgkgr tayrcdbciuble
tayrcdbciuble shru`
shru`..
 Jcesubtgsljge jhpgkg tl` gabl (kcjthr sphslgbls geggegj
j
jcesubtge hekcjrle) kl jhbc`pcj jhrog (]cjog) ^AJ
tledjgt prcvlesl oljg klphrbujge.

I. ]HEDCIG[GE
]hedcigtge khedge B-[; klihrljge shdhrg shthbga
agslb ths jceflr`gsl. Igyl khedge AJ ihrgt klihrl kcsls
tleddl, shkgedjge igyl khedge AJ rledge gtgu shkged
klihrl kcsls bhila rhekga. Igyl yged `hekhrltg jhbglege
 ogetued, `ubgl ph`ihrlge 8=% kgrl kcsls, jh`uklge
klegljjge shthbga 9 `leddu.
[ gihb >. Kcsls u`u` Acr`ce [lrclk yged klihrljge.
Xslg B-[; (`lnrcdrg`/jd II)
= - > iubge 7= -78
> - 6 iubge 1 -7=
6 - 79 iubge 6-1
7 - 8 tgaue 8-6
6 - 79 tgaue ;-8
579 tgaue 9  „ >

Kcsls agrus shbgbu klshsugljge khedge jhgkgge

jblels kge ilcjl`lgwl shru` tlrcjsle kge [^A `heurut u`ur
(gdh rhfhrhenh rgedh).

>1
 

]h`ihrlge plb tlrcjsle khedge ngrg

kldhrus/klagenurjge kge ilsg klng`pur khedge shkljlt G^L
gtgu glr putla. Cigt klihrljge shngrg thrgtur pgkg pgdl agrl.
]h`ihrlge cigt  ogedge ihrsg`gge (klihrl ohkg `lel`gb >
 og`) khedge sheygwg kl igwga lel jgrheg gjge
`heddgeddu pheyhrgpge cigt ?

  Vltg`le K
  ]rckuj jgnged jhkhbgl (tgau, th`ph, jhngp, susu
jhkhbgl)
  _gt ihsl jceshetrgt
  Jgbslu`
  Gbu`lelu` aykrcxlkh
  Nacbhstyrg`leh kge rhsle bgle
  ^upbh`he tleddl shrgt
  ^unrgbfgth

  ^ledjced
  [lcslgegt (igeygj thrkgpgt pgkg gsgp rcjcj)


Crged tug igyl agrus klihrl lestrujsl thrtubls `hedhegl

ph`ihrlge cigt B-[;.

Kcjthr pusjhs`gs kge kcjthr jhbugrdg (kcjthr

u`u`) ilsg `h`ihrljge phedcigtge khedge ph`getguge
shngrg phrlcklj kl igwga phedgwgsge kcjthr sphslgbls
gegj. ]gkg sggt jcetrcb shngrg jblels klg`gtl tgekg/dhogbg
alpctlrclk (kcsls jurged) gtgu tgekg/dhogbg alphrtlrclk
(kcsls ihrbhila). Jgbgu klkgpgt agslb ph`getguge
ilcjl`lgwl ([^A kge [;/F[;) khedge agslb giecr`gb, phrbu
jcesubtgsl khedge kcjthr sphslgbls gegj jcesubtge
hekcjrle (`hbgbul thbpce/fgx/h`glb/s`s/ohogrled scslgb/kbb).
[hrgpl subla acr`ce khedge plb tlrcjsle (Egtrlu` B-
tayrcxleh) agrus shnhpgteyg klihrljge ihdltu klgdecsls
klthdgjjge. LKGL `hedgeourjge ph`ihrlge kcsls
phr`ubgge 7=  „  78
78 ¸d/jdII/agrl. ]gkg igyl nujup iub iubge
ge
klihrljge rgtg-rgtg >4,8 „ 8= ¸d/agrl.

><
 

Ihsgreyg kcsls acr`ce thrdgetued ihrgt rledgeeyg

jhbglege. Igyl khedge alpctlrclk jcedheltgb ihrgt,
shigljeyg klihrljge
klihrljge 8= ¸d. ]h`ihrlge 8= ¸d bhila nhpgt
`hecr`gblslr jgkgr [; kge [^A. ^hklgge plb tlrcjsle yged
klduegjge u`u`eyg gkgbga ihrihetuj tgibht 8= ¸d kge
7== ¸d.

Agslb phedcigtge sgedgt klphedgrual cbha uslg

pgslhe sggt thrgpl kl`ubgl kge ou`bga kcsls. ]gkg AJ
ihrgt, phrbu ph`ihrlge kcsls yged bhila tleddl.
]hedcigtge cptl`gb ilsg thrngpgl getgrg bgle
khedge jhrogsg`g crgedtug/jhbugrdg. Cbha jgrheg ltu
phetled klihrljge jceshbled `hedhegl?
   ]heyhigi AJ pgkg igyl
   ]hetledeyg klgdecsls kge thrgpl klel dueg `henhdga
rhtgrkgsl `hetgb kge ag`igtge tu`iua jh`iged igyl

  Ngrg ph`ihrlge cigt tlrcjsle kge phetledeyg
`h`gtual phedcigtge
   ]hetledeyg ph`hrljsgge shngrg thrgtur shsugl ogkwgb
yged klgeourjge kcjthr
   [lkgj icbha `hedahetljge phedcigtge jhnugbl gtgs
phrletga kcjthr
   [gekg/dhogbg jhjurgedge kge jhbhilage kcsls tlrcjsle,
ygltu?

[gekg/dhogbg alpctlrclk (gjligt kcsls jurged) ?

- Alpcgjtlf
- Hkh`g/ihedjgj tthrutg`g
hrutg`g kl tgedge, jgjl kge wgoga
(ilgsgeyg kltgekgl khedge pheledjgtge ihrgt igkge)
- Cistlpgsl/sh`ihblt
- Jublt jhrled, thrgig kledle, tlkgj ihrjhrledgt

[gekg/dhogbg alphrtlrclk (gjligt jhbhilage kcsls)

- Dhblsga

-- Jublt pgegs,
Ihrgt bh`igi, igeygj jhrledgt
igkge `heurue
- ^hrled iuged glr ihsgr
;=
 

N. ]H@GE[GXGE JG^X^ AL]C[LYCLK

AL]C[LYCL K
JCEDHEL[GB
[uouge u`u` phedcigtge AJ gkgbga `heog`le
gdgr tu`iua jh`iged gegj kgpgt shcptl`gb `uedjle
shsugl khedge pcthesl dhehtljeyg. \gltu khedge
`h`phrtgagejge F[; kge [^A kgbg` rhetged ecr`gb
kge `h`phrtgagejge stgtus jblels kge ilcjl`lgwl kgbg`
jhgkgge hutlrclk. Jhgkgge lel ilsg klngpgl khedge
ph`getguge fuedsl tlrclk shngrg thrgtur.

Ogkwgb ]h`getguge [^A kge [;/F[; 

[;/F[; 
Kgbg` rgedjg pheyhsuglge kcsls, phrbu klbgjujge
ph`hrljsgge ubged jgkgr [^A kge [;/F[; khedge ogkwgb
shigdgl ihrljut ?
  ]h`getguge phrtg`g shthbga 9 `leddu shogj

phedcigtge tlrcjsle.
  ^hbgeouteyg tlgp ; `leddu sg`pgl jgkgr [
[^A
^A ecr`gb.
  [lgp 9 iubge sg`pgl u`ur 79 iubge.
  Kgrl u`ur 7  „  > tgaue, ph`getguge jblels kge
bgicrgtcrlu` tlgp ; iubge.
  ^hbgeouteyg tlgp 6 iubge sg`pgl shbhsgl `gsg
phrtu`iuage.
  ^hthbga u`ur 71 tgaue, klgblargwgtjge pgkg gabl
pheygjlt kgbg`.

  ]h`hrljsgge shigljeyg klbgjujge bhila shrled ilbg
jhpgtuage `leu` cigt `hrgdujge, gtgu gkg
phruigage kcsls (;  „  6 `leddu shthbga phruigage
kcsls).

[grdht Elbgl
Elbgl [^A, [; kge F[;
[grdht elbgl [^A, [; kge F[; shbg`g phedcigtge tgaue
phrtg`g ?

  Elbgl [; shru` 7>= „ 9=6 e`cb/B (7= „ 76 ¸d/kb ).

;7
 

  F[; 71  „  >= p`cb/B (7,; - 9,> ¸d/kb) jgkgr F[; lel


klphrtgagejge pgkg elbgl kl gtgs 7,4 ¸d/kb (48% kgrl

jlsgrge elbgl ecr`gb). Jgkgr lel `hrupgjge jgkgr
cptl`gb.
  Jgkgr [^A shru`, shigl
 shigljeyg
jeyg klphrtgagejge
klphrtgagejge kl igwga
8 ¸X/`B.

]h`getguge Bgleeyg
^hbgle ph`getguge [^A kge [;/F[;, klbgjujge
ph`getguge?
  ]hrtu`iuage/getrcpc`htrl, phrjh`igedge, phrlbgju,
psljc`ctcr, fuedsl `hetgb kge jcdeltlf, ths phekhedgrge
kge phedblagtge shsugl khedge phtueouj phkc`ge
stl`ubgsl khthjsl lethrvhesl klel tu`iua jh`iged
(^KLK[J).

  X`ur tubged (tlgp tgaue).
  Jhbglege igwgge crdge bgle.
  Jceshbled dhehtljg klklbgjujge
bgjujge thrutg`g pgkg al
alpctlrclk
pctlrclk
jcedheltgb yged klshigijge kysacr`cdhehsls.

 Gpgilbg klgdecsls htlcbcdlj ihbu` klthdgjjge, `gjg pgkg

u`ur > tgaue klbgjujge hvgbugsl ubged uetuj `hehetujge
gpgjga phedcigtge agrus shu`ur alkup (pgkg jhbglege

klsdhehsls tlrclk) gtgu klahetljge (jhbglege tlrclk jgrheg

getlickl getltlrclk). Oljg phrbu hvgbugsl ubged, jcesub kcjthr
sphslgbls gegj jcesubtge hekcjrle.
[lekgj bgeout ogedjg phekhj kl`ubgl kgrl agslb
bgicrgtcrlu` (agslb tleddl) kge ihrgjalr khedge ph`ihrlge
thrgpl acr`ce tlrclk (tlrcjsle). [lekgj bgeout ogedjg pgeoged
klgwgbl shogj ph`ihrlge cigt kge ihrbgedsued shu`ur

alkup pgkg jhbglege yged phr`gehe.

;9
 

IGI VL
^[GEKGY BGICYG[CYLX@ ]H@HYLJ^G ^AJ

Bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ gkgbga sugtu bgicrgtcrlu` jblelj

khedge tg`igage fuedsl jausus uetuj kgpgt `h`hrljsg
pgrg`hthr ph`hrljsgge ihrkgsgrjge prleslp `ljrc hblsg kge
gtgu fbucrc`htrl, khedge ilgyg hfhjtlf shsugl stgekgr.
bgicrgtcrlu` agrus `h`pueygl ohogrled uetuj phehrl`gge
igage ph`hrljsgge kgrl wlbgyga shjltgreyg kge `h`pueygl
slstl` jc`ueljgsl tl`igb igblj, iglj khedge phrgwgt, ilkge
`gupue kcjthr, uetuj `hbgjujge phengrlge jh`igbl igyl yged
klkudg `hekhrltg AJ pgkg ph`hrljsgge gwgb. Jh`uklge
klbgjujge ph`hrljsgge ubged uetuj ths jceflr`gsl kl
bgicrgtcrlu` ruoujge.
Bgicrgtcrlu` ruoujge gkgbga bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ yged
ihrfuedsl shigdgl ph`hrljsg, jceflr`gsl kge ph`ileg. ]gkg
wgjtu klbgjujge thrgpl, `gjg bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ oudg
klgeourjge ljut `h`getgu jgkgr acr`ce tlrclk. Bgicrgtcrlu`
ruoujge kge bgicrgtrclu` ph`hrljsg klthtgpjge cbha
Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge.

[uouge phehtgpge bgicrgtcrlu` ph`hrljsg ^AJ?

  @hehtgpjge bgicrgtcrlu` yged `h`heual sygrgt uetuj


ph`hrljsgge ^jrleled Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb (^AJ) pgkg

igyl igru bgalr kl `gsygrgjgt.
  @hehtgpjge bbgicrgtcrlu`
 gicrgtcrlu` ruoujge uetuj ph`hrljsgge
sjrleled jhbglege `htgicblj igwgge bgle yged oudg
ihrpcthesl `heyhigijge ihrigdgl dgedduge flslj kge
`hetgb thtgpl kgpgt klnhdga kge kltgedgel.
  @h`igedue kge `h`ileg ohogrled ^AJ kl bledjuedge


jhrogeyg ihjhrog sg`g khedge klegs jhshagtge prcvlesl,

kge klegs jhshagtge jgiupgthe/jctg.

;>
 

Fuedsl Bgicrgtcrlu`? 
  @hbgjujge
 ph`hrljsgge sjrleled, jceflr`gsl kge
ph`getguge ]rcdrg` ^jrleled Egslcegb ^AJ.
  @hedh`igedjge bgygege ths sjrleled uetuj jhbglege


`htgicblj bgle.
  @heueoged kgbg` ph`iugtge jhilogjge egslcegb ihrkgsgr


Hvlkhenh Igshk @hklnleh. 

  @heueoged phehbltlge uetuj ilkged jhbglege `htgicblj


igwgge.

G. ^GYGEG KGE ]YG^GYGEG

^tgekgr sgrgeg kge prgsgrgeg bgicrgtcrlu` ph`hrljsg
^AJ `hedgnu pgkg stgekgr fgslbltgs phbgygege
jhshagtge yged thbga klthriltjge cbha Jh`hethrlge
Jhshagtge ygltu ?
7. ^tgekgr Bgicrgtcrlu` Jblelj ^wgstg `hedgnu pgkg?
]hrgturge @hethrl Jhshagtge Ec`cr
;77/@hejhs/]HY/LLL/9=7= thetged Bgicrgtcrlu`
Bgicrgtcrlu` Jblelj
Jblelj..
9. ^tgekgr IBJ/IIBJ `hedgnu pgkg Jhputusge @hethrl
Jhshagtge Ec`cr 6=8/@hejhs/^J/VLL/9==1 thetged
stgekgr Igbgl Bgicrgtcrlu` Jhshagtge kge Igbgl Ihsgr
Bgicrgtcrlu` Jhshagtge.
>. ^tgekgr bgicrgtcrlu` ru`ga sgjlt `hedgnu pgkg
]hkc`ge ]heyhbheddgrgge Bgicrgtcrlu` Yu`ga ^gjlt

[gaue 7<<1.
;. ]gekuge bgicrgtcrlu` yged iglj kgpgt `hedgnu pgkg
]hrgturge @hethrl Jhshagtge ec ;> tgaue 9=7>,
thetged Ngrg ]heyhbheddgrgge Bgicrgtcrlu` Jblelj
\ged Iglj.

;;
 

I. ^[GEKGY ^K@
7. ]hegedduedogwgi bgicrgtcrlu` kcjthr sphslgbls
pgtcbcdl jblelj.
9. [hegdg thjels? Gegbls Jhshagtge khedge pheklkljge
`lel`gb K>, khedge phrsygrgtge ?
g. Jhthrg`plbge `h`lpht, Nchflnlhet cf Vgrlgtlce (NV)

2 8%,
i. Bubus phbgtlage jhtrg`plbge gegblsg `ljrc
HBL^G/FHLG,
n. @hedugsgl prcshkur Wugblty Ncetrcb (WN)
bgicrgtcrlu`,
k. @h`pueygl lole kge shrtlfljgt jc`phthesl yged
ihrbgju,
h. @hedljutl phelbglge uol jc`phthesl kge phbgtlage
ihrjgbg,

f. Ou`bga thegdg gegbls jhshagtge `lel`gb 9 crged,

kge agrus klshsugljge phrigekledge ou`bga ihige
ph`hrljsgge.

^hbgle phrsygrgtge klgtgs thegdg thjels/gegbls

jhshagtge agrus `hekgpgtjge phbgtlage ^AJ khedge
`gthrl?
g. ]hbgtlage uetuj sg`pbled, gegblsls & lethrprhtgsl agslb
ihrsg`g tl` prcfhslcegb,

i.
n. Ngrg pheyhb
pheyhbheddgrgge
Gjrhkltgsl heddgrgge bgicrgtcrlu`
Bgicrgtcrlu` Jblelj, jblelj yged igl
iglj,
j,
k. ]h`getgpge @ @utu
utu Lethregb (]@L) kge ]h`getgpge
@utu Hjsthregb (]@H),
h. ]hengtgtge kge phbgpcrge.

>. [hegdg gk`lelstrgsl ihrtudgs `hengtgt lkhetltgs pgslhe

kge agslb ph`hrljsgge shrtg `h`gstljge phedlrl`ge
agslb jh thegdg jhshagtge yged `hedlrl` (kcjthr, ilkge,
phrgwgt, thegdg bgicrgtcrlu` bgle, kbb).

;8
 

N. ]YC^HKXY ]H@HYLJ^GGE
7. [gagpge prg gegbltlj
g. ]hegedgege sphsl`he kgrga jhrtgs sgrled kl
bgicrgtcrlu`.
^phsl`he yged klthrl`g agrus klphrljsg gpgjga
`h`heual sygrgt, iglj kgrl slsl thjels `gupue

gk`lelstrgtlf (kgtg kl jhrtgs sgrled thrlsl bhedjgp).

Ilbg ihbu` `h`heual sygrgt, bgedsued klgegblsls.
Jhrtgs sgrled agrus klsl`pge kge kl`gsujjge jh
kgbg` jgetced pbgstlj jhkgp ukgrg (pbgstlj zlzlp bcn j )
p bcnj 
kge klsl`pge kgbg` suau 9 - 1½N `gjsl`gb 7
tgaue, gtgu kgbg` suau - 9=½N kgbg` ogedjg wgjtu
bhila bg`g. ^h`ug sphsl`he agrus klrhdlstrgsl kge
klihrl ec`cr bgicrgtcrlu`/rhjg` `hklj gdgr kgpgt
klthbusurl. Bgihb/lkhetltgs bgicrgtcrlu` ihrlsl eg`g

pgslhe, ec`cr rhjg` `hklj, tgeddgb bgalr pgslhe,

tgeddgb phehrl`gge (ilbg sphsl`he phrbu
klsl`pge).

i. ^phslfljgsl jhrtgs sgrled

Eg`g pgirlj kge ec`cr bct agrus thrthrg pgkg
jhrtgs sgrled. Agb lel phetled uetuj `h`getgu `utu
jhrtgs sgrled. Jhrtgs sgrled klihbl shngrg
jc`hrslgb sgog ogedge `henhtgj sheklrl cbha
jgrheg ilsg throgkl phrihkgge jugbltgs . Agrus
klphragtljge igawg jhrtgs sgrled thrshiut shesltlf
thragkgp phruigage suau. Jhrtgs sgrled tlkgj
icbha klshetua khedge tgedge jgrheg kgpgt
`h`phedgrual agslb.
Jgrgjthrlstlj jhrtgs sgrled? shsugl khedge jhrtgs
sgrled kry ibcck spct  (KI^)
 (KI^) tlph <=>.
Jhrtgs sgrled agrus klpgstljge thtgp kgbg`
jhgkgge jhrled, tlkgj icbha klsl`pge pgkg
jhgkgge bh`igi, gtgu thrpgpgr igage jl`lg bgle.
]heyl`pgege jhrtgs sgrled tlkgj icbha

`heyhigijge
jc`prhsl. thjgege pgkg jhrtgs sgrled/

;6
 

n. ]hrsygrgtge sphsl`he kl jhrtgs sgrled

7) Kgrga nujup `h`heual bledjgrge jhrtgs sgrled
aleddg th`ius jh ihbgjged. Eg`ue nujup
klththsjge pgkg sgbga sgtu slsl jhrtgs sgrled,

tlkgj pgkg jhkug slsl.

9) Jhrled, tlkgj ihrog`ur.
>) [lkgj rusgj/rcihj.
;) Ihrwgreg `hrga dhbgp.
8) [lkgj `h`ukgr pgkg slsl bledjgrge.
6) Oljg klklth`ujge
th`ujge sphsl`he shphrtl pgkg tgihb 7
(agbg`ge >=) `gjg gjge klu`pgeigbljjge jh
fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge phedlrl`
shshdhrg `uedjle.

Ou`bga sphsl`hejhyged kltcbgj

klbgpcrjge Klegsagrus klngtgt kge
Jhshagtge
]rcvlesl/Jgiupgthe/Jctg.

k. ]hrslgpge rhgdhe kge gbgt

Yhgkhr kge wgsahr HLG / fbucrc`hthr, plpht sh`l
ctc`gtlj shrtg gbgt pheueoged bgle thrjgblirgsl kge
ihrfuedsl khedge iglj. ]uenahr   agrus `h`heual
sygrgt, ygltu `hedagslbjge pctcedge jhrtgs sgrled
ihrklg`hthr (Ñ) > ``.
Yhgdhe yged klduegjge agrus `h`heual sygrgt.
^ygrgt yged kl`gjsuk gkgbga tlkgj `hbhwgtl wgjtu
jgkgbugrsg kge pheyl`pgege yged ihegr shsugl
lestrujsl pgkg jlt leshrt rhgdhe.
rhgdhe .
h. ]h`lblage `htckh ph`hrljsgge
7) @hedduegjge `htckh ph`hrljsgge yged
sukga igju, kge klgeourjge cbha
Igkge/Bh`igdg Lethregslcegb.
9) @hedduegjge rhgdheslg yged stgilb.
>) Yhgdhe `h`pueygl elbgl shesltlfltgs kge
sphslflsltgs yged iglj.
;4
 

;) ^higljeyg klduegjge `htckh yged klbgjujge

shsugl khedge jh`g`puge bgicrgtcrlu` (Hblsg
gtgu Fbucrhshesl / FHLG).
8) ]gstljge gkgeyg jhsleg`iue
jhsleg`iuedge
dge kgrl rrhgdhe.
hgdhe.
6) [hrshklgeyg bgrutge stgekgr/jgblirgtcr kge
igage jcetrcb.

Agslb ph`hrljsgge thrdgetued pgkg jugbltgs igage

jcetrcb kge jgblirgsl yged kljhbugrjge cbha pgirlj
yged `h`prckujsl. Duegjge rhgdheslg yged
`h`pueygl jhthbusurge iglj.
f. @h`iugt ^tgekgr ]rcshkur Cphrgslcegb (^]C)
^tgekgr prcshkur cphrgslcegb (^]C) kliugt kge
klkcju`hetgsljge uetuj `heogdg jceslsthesl `utu
agslb ph`hrljsgge oljg klduegjge cbha gegbls yged
ihrihkg. ^]C wgoli kljgol ubged kge klphrigagrul

shngrg ihrjgbg.
9. [gagpge Gegbltlj
Gegbltlj
Xetuj ph`hrljsgge [^A, tlkgj klrhjc`hekgsljge 
phedduegge Ygplk Klgdecstln [hst   (YK[). Kug
`htckh yged klrhjc`hekgsljge gkgbga ?
g. @htckh HBL^G
]rleslp ph`hrljsgge
]gkg  whbb   klbhjgtjge getlickl `cecjbcegb
sphslflj thragkgp [^A. ]ctcedge jhrtgs sgrled
yged `hedgekued sg`phb kgrga klng`pur khedge
iuffhr   sg`phb kge kllejuigsl kgbg` whbb.  [^A
kgbg` sg`phb kgrga gjge ihrljgtge khedge
getlickl `cecjbcegb.
^hbgeouteyg pgkg prcshs phenunlge, jhrtgs
sgrled gjge thriuged. Jh`uklge kltg`igajge
rhgdhe yged `hedgekued getlickl `cecjbcegb
getl [^A thrjceoudgsl khedge Acrsh Ygklsa
]hrcxlkgsh (AY]).  Jc`pbhjs getlickl-[^A gjge
ihrljgtge khedge getlickl thrjceoudgsl `h`ihetuj
`h`i hetuj
jc`phjs sgekwlna.
;1
 

^hthbga klbgjujge phenunlge uetuj

`h`iuged slsg jceoudgt yged tlkgj ihrljgtge, bgbu
kltg`igajge suistrgt [@I ( thtrg`htlb ihezlkleh)
yged gjge klphnga cbha AY] pgkg jc`pbhjs
sgekwlna. ]h`hngage suistrgt gjge
`heyhigijge phruigage wgreg pgkg whbb   yged

`hedgekued jc`pbhjs getl [^A-[^A-getl [^A

thrjceoudgsl AY]. ]hruigage wgreg/giscrige
gjge klujur khedge sphjtrcfctc`hthr/fctc`hthr
pgkg pgeoged dhbc`iged ;8= · 9 e`. ^hihbu`
ph`hrljsgge sphsl`he, klbgjujge ph`hrljsgge
jgblirgtcr khedge ihrigdgl jgkgr uetuj
ph`iugtge jurvg jgblirgsl. Jh`uklge klbgjujge
ph`hrljsgge thragkgp jcetrcb. Giscrige jcetrcb
klpbct pgkg jurvg jgblirgsl uetuj `hekgpgtjge

jgkgr [^A jcetrcb.

^hthbga agslb ph`hrljsgge jcetrcb kgpgt
klthrl`g `gjg klbgjujge ph`hrljsgge thragkgp
sphsl`he. Giscrige sg`phb klpbct pgkg jurvg
jgblirgsl uetuj `hekgpgtjge jgkgr [^A sg`phb.

^phsl`he
^phsl`he gkgbga kgrga jhrled (wacbh ibcck )
pgkg jhrtgs sgrled yged `h`heual phrsygrgtge.
Ihrngj kgrga `h`heual iubgtge yged klshklgjge pgkg
jhrtgs sgrled, pctcedge sphsl`he yged gjge
klduegjge ihrklg`hthr > ``.

]hrgbgtge
7) Gbgt phbuiged jhrtgs sgrled (puenahr) kgpgt
`hbuigedl khedge klg`hthr thpgt > ``.
9) [lp jueled kge ilru
>) Vcrthx `lxhr
;) ]lesht
8) Tgsahr
6) @ljrcplpht
;<
 

4) Ihgjhr dbgss (dhbgs jl`lg) 

1) @lnrcpbgth acbkhr
<) Lejuigtcr uetuj `lnrcpbgth 
7=) ^hgbhr  (
 ( pheutup `lnrcpbgth)
77) Ncttce pgk/ giscriget pgphr
79) HBL^G rhgkhr  khedge
 khedge pgeoged dhbc`iged ;8= e`

7>) ^grued tgedge

7;) [l`hr
78) Jhrtgs drgflj

Yhgdhe
7) Gqug khstlbgtg
9) @lnrcpbgth HBL^G uetuj ph`hrljsgge [^A
>) Getlickl getl [^A thrjceoudgsl AY]
;) Jgblirgtcr ph`hrljsgge [^A

8)
6) Jcetrcb
^uistrgtph`hrljsgge [^A
4) ^tcp scbutlce
1) ^g`pbh iuffhr
<) Tgsa iuffhr

Ngrg Jhrog
Ngrg jhrog `hedljutl prcshkur jhrog shsugl khedge jlt
leshrt shtlgp rhgdhe yged klduegjge.

i. @htckh FLG
]rleslp ph`hrljsgge
]gkg whbb   klbhjgtjge getlickl `cecjbcegb
sphslflj thragkgp [^A. ]ctcedge jhrtgs sgrled
yged `hedgekued sg`phb kgrga klng`pur khedge
iufhr sg`phb kge kllejuigsl kgbg` whbb . [^A
kgbg` sg`phb kgrga gjge ihrljgtge khedge
getlickl `cecjbcegb. ^hbgeouteyg pgkg prcshs
phenunlge, jhrtgs sgrled gjge thriuged. Jh`uklge
kltg`igajge rhgdhe yged `hedgekued getlickl
`cecjbcegb getl [^A thrjceoudgsl khedge
8=
 

fbucrcjrc`. Jc`pbhjs getlickl-[^A gjge ihrljgtge

khedge getlickl thrjceoudgsl `h`ihetuj jc`phjs
sgekwlna. ^hthbga klbgjujge phenunlge uetuj
`h`iuged slsg jceoudgt yged tlkgj ihrljgtge, bgbu
kltg`igajge bgrutge heagenh`het   yged gjge
`heledjgtjge fbucrhshesl pgkg whbb   yged

`hedgekued jc`pbhjs.
^hihbu` ph`hrljsgge sphsl`he klbgjujge
ph`hrljsgge jgblirgtcr khedge ihrigdgl jgkgr
uetuj ph`iugtge jurvg jgblirgsl. Jh`uklge
klbgjujge ph`hrljsgge thragkgp jcetrcb. ^hthbga
agslb ph`hrljsgge jcetrcb kgpgt klthrl`g `gjg
klbgjujge ph`hrljsgge thragkgp sphsl`he.

^phsl`he

^phsl`he
pgkg jhrtgs gkgbga
sgrled kgrga
yged jhrled ( wacbh
`h`heual ibcck )
phrsygrgtge.
Ihrngj kgrga `h`heual iubgtge yged klshklgjge pgkg
jhrtgs sgrled, pctcedge sphsl`he yged gjge
klduegjge ihrklg`hthr > ``.

]hrgbgtge
7) Gbgt phbciged jhrtgs sgrled ( puenahr 
 puenahr ) kgpgt
`hbuigedl khedge klg`hthr > ``.
9) [lp jueled kge ilru
>) Vcrthx `lxhr
;) ]lesht
8) Tgsahr
6) @ljrcplpht
4) Ihgjhr  dbgss 
1) @lnrcpbgth acbkhr
<) Lejuigtcr uetuj `lnrcpbgth 
7=) ^hgbhr  (
 ( pheutup `lnrcpbgth)
77) Ncttce pgk/ giscriget pgphr
79) Fbucrc`hthr
7>) ^grued tgedge
87
 

7;) [l`hr
78) Jhrtgs prlet cut

Yhgdhe
7) Gqug khstlbgtg
9) Jgblirgtcr ph`hrljsgge [^A

>) Jcetrcb ph`hrljsgge [^A

;) Nceoudgth ihrbgihb
8) Heagenh`het
6) ^tcp scbutlce
4) ^g`pbh iuffhr
1) Tgsa iuffhr

Ngrg Jhrog
Ngrg jhrog `hedljutl prcshkur jhrog shsugl khedge jlt

leshrt  shtlgp
 shtlgp rhgdhe yged klduegjge
Lethrprhtgsl Agslb
Ilbg 59= ¸X/`B gjge klbgjujge ph`hrljsgge ubged
khedge sphsl`he sg`g, ilbg `gsla 59= ¸X/`B gjge
klg`ilb kgrga ubged. Ilbg `h`uedjlejge klg`ilb kgrga
ahhb prlnj   kge shru` uetuj jceflr`gsl shngrg
nah`lbu`lehsnhenh  kl gbgt bgle. Ilbg agslb 29= ¸X/`B
klbgpcrjge shigdgl ecr`gb, ilbg 59= ¸X/`B klbgpcrjge
shigdgl tleddl.

>. [gagpge ]gsng Gegbltlj

]rcshkur pgsng gegbltlj `hengjup tgagpge
`ubgl kgrl `hengtgt agslb ph`hrljsgge,
phegfslrge/lethrprhtgsl agslb sg`pgl khedge
phengtgtge kge phbgpcrge. Kgbg`
phegfslrge/lethrprhtgsl agslb phrbu klphragtljge
jh`uedjlege throgkleyg jhsgbgage (hrrcr ).). Khedge
prcdrg` ph`getgpge `utu, jltg kgpgt `h`lel`gbjge
jhsgbgage. Jhsgbgage kgpgt kljcetrcb `hbgbul
ph`gjglge prcshkur bgicrgtcrlu` yged iglj kge ihegr
89
 

shrtg pheklkljge kge phbgtlage thegdg thjels yged

ihrjhsleg`iuedge. [hrjgkged jhsgbgage `gsla
throgkl kge tlkgj kgpgt kllkhetlfljgsl, shaleddg phrbu
jc`ueljgsl yged iglj khedge jblelsl.

g. Vgblkgsl kge Jceflr`gsl

Vgblkgsl agslb? klbgjujge cbha kcjthr sphslgbls

pgtcbcdl jblelj (^p.]J) phegeddued ogwgi
bgicrgtcrlu`.
Jceflr`gsl jblels? ilbg gkg agslb [^A yged tleddl
kllefcr`gsljge cbha plagj bgicrgtcrlu` jhpgkg
phruouj (fgsygejhs, kcjthr sphslgbls gegj, klegs
jhshagtge) kge gtgu jhbugrdg pgslhe. ]hrbu
klsg`pgljge gdgr pgslhe `hbgjujge ph`hrljsgge
jceflr`gsl [^A shru` kge F[;.

i. ]hbgpcrge agslb

Fcr`ublr Agslb ]h`hrljsgge Bgicrgtcrlu` ^jrleleed Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb

Ec Bgicrgtcrlu` ?
Ec rhjg` `hkls ?
Eg`g ?
[geddgb Bgalr ?
Ohels Jhbg`le ?
Eg`g crged tug ?
Eg`g phedlrl` ?
Eg`g fgsygejhs phedlrl` ?
Gbg`gt fgsygejhs phedlrl` ?
[geddgb igage klthrl`g ?
[^A ? (elbgl ruoujge? 2 9= ¸X/`B)
Jhsl`pubge ?
]hegeddued ogwgi
bgicrgtcrlu` ?

8>
 

n. ]hekcju`hetgslge?
 Grslp yged phrbu klkcju`hetgsljge ?
7) fcr`ublr phr`letgge ph`hrljsgge
9) bh`igr/iuju iujtl phehrl`gge sph sphsl`he/iuju
sl`he/iuju
hjsphklsl

>) kgtg agslb kgrl gbgt

;) iuju jhrog yged ihrlsl ec`cr rhdlsthr, kgtg
pgslhe, agslb ph`hrljsgge, kcjthr/lestgesl
phedlrl`, tgeddgb phedg`ilbge sphsl`he,
tgeddgb phehrl`gge sphsl`he, tgeddgb
ph`hrljsgge sphsl`he, gdgr ilsg klthbusurl
(`hedgnu pgkg kgtg kl jgrtu jhrtgs sgrled).
8) ^cft flbh yged ihrlsl kgtg sg`g khedge kl iuju
jhrog.

K. ]H@GE[G]GE @X[X
]h`getgpge `utu klbgjujge `hbgbul tgagpge-tgagpge
shigdgl ihrljut ?

7. ]h`getgpge @utu Lethregb (]@L)

]@L gkgbga jhdlgtge phenhdgage kge phedgwgsge
yged klbgjsgegjge cbha `gsled-`gsled bgicrgtcrlu`
shngrg thrus `hehrus gdgr tlkgj throgkl gtgu

`hedurgedl jhogklge pheyl`pgedge shaleddg

klphrcbha agslb ph`hrljsgge yged thpgt. 
g. Fgjtcr yged ihrphedgrua pgkg ]@L
Ihrgpg fgjtcr yged `h`phedgrual ph`getgpge
`utu lethregb getgrg bgle jc`lt`he uetuj
`hengpgl agslb yged ihr`utu, fgslbltgs, kgeg,
phtudgs yged jc`phthe, tlekgjge jcetrcb
thragkgp fgjtcr prg gegbltlj, gegbltlj kge pgsng
gegbltlj, `celtcrled jcetrcb khedge stgtlstlj shrtg

gkgeyg `hjgels`h ph`hngage `gsgbga.

8;
 

i. Jhdlgtge pgkg ]@L

7) Jcetrcb ]rg Gegbltlj 
Gegbltlj 
@helbgl jugbltgs igage jcetrcb kge sphsl`he
pgslhe.
9) Jcetrcb Gegbltlj 
Gegbltlj 
@celtcrled prcshs gegbltlj ygltu khedge

`hbgjujge uol jhthbltlge kge jhthpgtge

khedge `hedduegjge igage jcetrcb.
Kgbg` phedduegge igage jcetrcb,
phbgjsgeggeeyg agrus klphrbgjujge sg`g
khedge igage ph`hrljsgge sphsl`he, tgepg
phrbgjuge jausus iglj gbgt, `htckh
ph`hrljsgge, rhgdhe `gupue thegdg
ph`hrljsg.
Kgbg` `hbgjsgegjge uol jhthbltlge

kge jhthpgtge
gssgyhk  lel klduegjge
, shjurged jurgedeygigage jcetrcb
klduegjge 9
igage jcetrcb khedge jgkgr yged ihrihkg
(ecr`gb kge giecr`gb).
Xetuj `helbgl agslb ph`hrljsgge
yged klbgjujge thrjcetrcb gtgu tlkgj,
klduegjge Ncetrcb Nagrt Bhvhy   „Oheeleds 
gtgu gturge Thstdgrk . ^lsth` lel ihrtuouge
uetuj `h`celtcr vgrlgsl yged tl`iub shbg`g
ph`hrljsgge, iglj vgrlgsl slsth`lj gtgupue
rgekc`.
>) Jcetrcb ]gsng Gegbltlj 
Fgjtcr yged `h`phedgrual getgrg bgle
phengtgtge kgtg pgslhe, agslb ph`hrljsgge
kge pheyg`pglge agslb pgkg jblelsl.
Jhsgbgage-jhsgbgage pgkg phbgpcrge kgtg
kgpgt kljurgedl khedge phengtgtge kgtg
yged thbltl khedge
khed ge `hedduegjge jc`puthr .

88
 

9. ]h`getgpge @utu Hjsthregb

Hjs thregb (]@H)
]@H gkgbga jhdlgtge yged klshbheddgrgjge
shngrg phrlcklj cbha plagj bgle kl bugr bgicrgtcrlu`
yged ihrsgedjutge uetuj `h`getgu kge `helbgl
pheg`plbge sugtu bgicrgtcrlu` kgbg` ilkged
ph`hrljsgge thrthetu, kgbg` agb lel ph`hrljsgge

^AJ. ]heyhbheddgrgge jhdlgtge ]h`getgpge @utu

Hjsthregb klbgjsgegjge cbha plagj ph`hrletga,
swgstg gtgu lethregslcegb
lethregslcegb..
^htlgp bgicrgtcrlu` jhshagtge wgoli
`hedljutl ]@H yged klshbheddgrgjge cbha
ph`hrletga shngrg thrgtur kge phrlcklj. Agb lel
klduegjge uetuj ph`getguge jhbgygjge bgicrgtcrlu`
kgbg` `hbgjujge phbgygege ph`hrljsgge thrshiut.
]@H shngrg egslcegb uetuj bgicrgtcrlu`

ph`hrljsg
Jh`hethrlge ^AJ gjge ]@H
Jhshagtge. klshbheddgrgjge cbha
shngrg lethregslcegb
(suprgegslcegb) kgpgt `hedljutl igkge lethregslcegb
yged `heyhbheddgrgjge Lethregtlcegb Hxthregb
Wugblty Gssurgenh ^nah`h (LHWG^).

>. Gjrhkltgsl
^gbga sgtu upgyg kgbg` pheledjgtge `utu
bgicrgtcrlu` jhshagtge gkgbga khedge
`hbgjsgegjge gjrhkltgsl bgicrgtcrlu` jhshagtge.
@hbgbul gjrhkltgsl kgpgt klthetujge gpgjga sugtu
bgicrgtcrlu` thbga `h`heual phrsygrgtge gtgu
jrlthrlg uetuj jbgslfljgsl thrthetu gtgu jc`phthesl
`heyhbheddgrgjge phbgygege thrthetu khedge `utu
throg`le.
Bgicrgtcrlu` ph`hrljsg ^AJ agrus
`hrupgjge bgicrgtcrlu` yged sukga thrgjrhkltgsl.
Xetuj gjrhkltgsl Bgicrgtcrlu` Yu`ga ^gjlt `hedljutl
gjrhkltgsl kgrl Jc`lth Gjrhkltgsl Yu`ga ^gjlt
(JGY^) gtgu Oclet Nc``lthh Lethregtlcegb  (ONL)
  (ONL) gtgu
L^C 7871<. ^hkgedjge uetuj gjrhkltgsl bgicrgtcrlu`
86
 

jblelj swgstg kge IIBJ/IBJ `hedljutl gjrhkltgsl kgrl

Jc`lth Gjrhkltgsl Bgicrgtcrlu` Jhshagtge (JGBJ)
gtgu L^C 7871<.

H. JH^HAG[GE KGE JH^HBG@G[GE JHYOG (J>)

]htudgs jhshagtge yged jcetgj khedge sphsl`he

ihrpcthesl thrlefhjsl `ljrccrdgels`h pgtcdhe. ]cthesl

lefhjsl oudg kgpgt throgkl kgrl phtudgs jh phtudgs bgleeyg,
gtgu jhbugrdgeyg kge jh `gsygrgjgt. Xetuj `hedurgedl
igagyg yged throgkl, phrbu gkgeyg jhilogjge yged jhtgt.
]htudgs agrus `h`gag`l jhshagtge kge jhshbg`gtge
jhrog (J>), `h`pueygl sljgp kge jh`g`puge uetuj
`hbgjujge phedg`gege shauiuedge khedge phjhrogge
shsugl ^tgekgr ]rcshkur Cphrgslcegb (^]C), shrtg
`hedcetrcb igage/sphsl`he shngrg iglj `heurut prgjtlj

bgicrgtcrlu` yged ihegr.

]hrsygrgtge J> bgicrgtcrlu` `hedljutl phkc`ge
J> pgkg ]hr`hejhs ec`cr ;> tgaue 9=7> thetged Ngrg
]heyhbheddgrgge Bgicrgtcrlu` yged Iglj.

F. ]HEH[G]GE BGICYG[CYLX@ KGE OHOGYLED

- @heueouj bgicrgtcrlu` Y^A^ kge Y^N@ shigdgl
bgicrgtcru` ruoujge kge ph`ileg.
- @heueouj bgicrgtcrlu` Y^X] / Y^
pheklkljge/IIBJ/IBJ shigdgl bgicrgtcrlu` rhdlcegb
shngrg ihrtgagp shsugl jhslgpge `gsled-`gsled kge
jhiutuage rhdlcegb.
- Bgicrgtcrlu` jblelj swgstg/bgicrgtcrlu` Y^ swgstg/
yged gjge ihrphrge shigdgl bgicrgtcrlu` ph`hrljsg
^AJ agrus `h`heual phrsygrgtge Dcck bgicrgtcry
]rgntlnh  (DB]) kge jrlthrlg yged thbga klshiutjge
shihbu`eyg.

84
 

^hburua bgicrgtcrlu` thrshiut agrus

`h`ihrljge bgpcrge agslb ph`hrljsgge ^AJ shtlgp
iubge jh klegs jhshagtge jgiupgthe/jctg shth`pgt.
Ohogrled jceflr`gsl agslb ph`hrljsgge? agslb
ph`hrljsge ^AJ tleddl kl bgicrgtcrlu` rhdlcegb (ilbg
sukga gkg) agrus kljceflr`gsl jh bgicrgtcrlu` ruoujge

(Y^N@ gtgu Y^A^).

D. @CEL[CYLED
@CEL[CYL ED KGE HVGBXG^L BGICYG[CYLX@
Jh`hejhs ihrsg`g khedge bgicrgtcrlu` ruoujge
gjge `hbgjujge `celtcrled kge hvgbugsl shngrg ihrjgbg
(`lel`gb 7 tgaue 7 jgbl) kgbg` rgedjg ph`ilegge `utu
bgicrgtcrlu`.

81
 

IGI VLL
]HEDCYDGEL^G^LGE

G. @HJGEL^@H JHYOG OHOGYLED

Kgbg` `hekujued jhbgengrge phbgjsgegge ^AJ,
phrbu gkg ohogrled jh`ltrgge yged `hrupgjge ohogrled
jhrogsg`g. Cbha jgrheg ltu, pgkg tgagp phedh`igedge
prcdrg`, phrbu kliugt Jhbc`pcj Jhrog (]cjog) ^AJ iglj kl
tledjgt pusgt `gupue kl kghrga. ]cjog ihrslfgt gkacn ,
ihrfuedsl uetuj `hekujued jhbgengrge phbgjsgegge
prcdrg` ^AJ kl fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge kge kl
bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ shrtg `h`phrjugt upgyg pheledjgtge
prcdrg` ^AJ sg`pgl `heogkl prcdrg` egslcegb.
Klgdrg` pgkg bg`plrge 9 `heueoujge `hjgels`h
jhrogsg`g pcjog ^AJ iglj kl tledjgt pusgt `gupue kl
kghrga.
Kl tledjgt pusgt, Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge `heogkl
phegeddued ogwgi prcdrg` ^AJ. Kl tledjgt prcvlesl,
ilkged yged `hegedgel prcdrg` jhshagtge gegj kl klegs
jhshagtge `heogkl phegeddued ogwgi prcdrg` ^AJ.
Kh`ljlge agbeyg kl tledjgt jgiupgthe/jctg, tgeddued ogwgi
shigdgl jccrklegtcr klshrgajge jhpgkg ilkged yged
`hegedgel prcdrg` jhshagtge gegj kl klegs jhshagtge
jgiupgthe/jctg.

7. Kl [ledjgt ]usgt
]cjog ^AJ kl tledjgt pusgt klshiut Jhbc`pcj Jhrog
Egslcegb (]cjogegs) ^AJ. Klihetuj `hbgbul surgt
jhputusge @hethrl Jhshagtge, kge jhgeddctggeeyg
`hrupgjge wgjlb kgrl bletgs prcdrg` shrtg bletgs shjtcr
thrjglt, crdgelsgsl prcfhsl (LKGL, ]CDL, LKL, ]K^ ]G[JBLE,
LIL, ]]EL, ]G[HBJL, kbb), kge gjgkh`lsl. ]hrge ]cjogegs
^AJ gkgbga shigdgl pusgt phedjgolge, phedh`igedge,

kge `celtcrled hvgbugsl phbgjsgegge jhilogjge prcdrg`

^AJ.

8<
 

Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge ihrtudgs shigdgl

jccrklegtcr phbgjsgegge prcdrg` ^AJ ihrtgeddued ogwgi
thragkgp l`pbh`hetgsl jhilogjge prcdrg` ^AJ shngrg
egslcegb.
Jhdlgtge yged klbgjujge `hblputl ?
g. @hedjccrklegsljge phbgjsgegge ^AJ khedge

bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ, klegs jhshagtge prcvlesl kge

]cjogkg `hbgbul `hjgels`h jhrog ohogrled ]cjogegs
^AJ.
i. @hbgjujge phphedh`igedge
edh`igedge kge phehtgpge
phehtgpge jhilogjge
jhilogjge
egslcegb prcdrg` ^AJ.
n. @hrhengegjge kge `hedgkgjge jhiutuage prcdrg`
^AJ `hbgbul G]IE gtgu su`ihr kgeg bgle yged tlkgj
`hedljgt.
k. ]hbgtlage fgslbltgtcr ([rgleled cf [rglehr/ [c[)
[c[) ^AJ

uetuj thegdg
h. @hbgjujge jhshagtge
`celtcrled kghrga.
kge hvgbugsl prcdrg` ^AJ.

9. Kl [ledjgt ]rcvlesl 
]cjog ^AJ kl tledjgt prcvlesl klshiut ]cjogkg,
klihetuj `hbgbul surgt jhputusge duihreur gtgu jhpgbg
klegs jhshagtge, kge jhgeddctggeeyg thrklrl kgrl
phrwgjlbge yged ihrgsgb kgrl bletgs prcdrg` thrjglt, bletgs
shjtcr thrjglt kge crdgelsgsl prcfhsl (ngiged LKGL, ]CDL,
LKL, ]K^ ]G[JBLE, LIL, ]]EL, ]G[HBJL, kbb), shrtg
gjgkh`lsl. ]hrge ]cjogkg gkgbga shigdgl pusgt jcesubtgsl
kge jccrklegsl phbgjsgegge prcdrg` ^AJ kl wlbgyga
prcvlesl yged ihrsgedjutge. @hjgels`h jhrogsg`g ohogrled
kgbg` ]cjog ^AJ kl tledjgt prcvlesl kl igwga jccrklegsl
klegs jhshagtge prcvlesl, kgbg` agb lel gkgbga ilkged yged
`h`pueygl tudgs kge fuedsl thrjglt bgedsued khedge
prcdrg` jhshagtge gegj, shbgju phegeddued ogwgi
prcdrg` ^AJ.
Jhdlgtge yged klbgjujge cbha phegeddued ogwgi
prcdrg` ^AJ kl klegs jhshagtge prcvlesl, `hblputl ?

6=
 

g. ]heyhklgge jhiutuage pr prcdrg`

cdrg` ^AJ `hbgbul G]IE,
 G]IK gtgu su`ihr kgeg bgleeyg
bgleeyg yged tlkgj `hedljgt.
i. @hekujued pheylgpge fgslbltgtcr ^AJ, ` `hbgtla
hbgtla thegdg
jhshagtge kl fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge, kge
thegdg jhshagtge kl tledjgt jgiupgthe/jctg.
n. @hbgjujge `celtcrled kge hvgbugsl prcdrg` ^AJ.

k. Ihjhrogsg`g khedge ]cjogkg uetuj `hekujued

phbgjsgegge prcdrg` ^AJ kl tledjgt prcvlesl ygltu ?
7) Gkvcjgsl prcdrg` ^AJ jhpgkg phehetu jhilogjge
9) ^cslgblsgsl prcdrg` ^AJ
>) Jccrklegsl khedge klegs jhshagtge
jgiupgthe/jctg kge fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge
kgbg` phbgngjge pgslhe khedge agslb sjrleled
tleddl gdgr kgpgt klbgjujge ths jceflr`gsl.
h. @hbgjujge jccrklegsl khedge klegs jhshagtge

jgiupgthe/jctg kge
ph`iugtge jcetrgj bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ, thr`gsuj
jhrogsg`g.
f. @hbgjujge jc`plbgsl kge phedcbgage kgtg
phbgjsgegge prcdrg` ^AJ kgrl jgiupgthe/jctg uetuj
klbgpcrjge jhpgkg Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge.

>. Kl [ledjgt Jgiupgthe/Jctg 

Kl tledjgt jgiupgthe/jctg, tudgs jccrklegsl
klbgjujge cbha klegs jhshagtge jgiupgthe/jctg yged
ihrsgedjutge. ]hbgjsgeg jccrklegsl kgpgt klbgjujge cbha
ilkged yged `hegedgel bgedsued prcdrg` jhshagtge
gegj. Ilkged lel ihrjccrklegsl khedge phbgjsgeg jhdlgtge
sjrleled getgrg bgle ru`ga sgjlt, pusjhs`gs, ru`ga
ihrsgble, ilkge prgjtlj `geklrl, bgicrgtcrlu` khedge
`hbligtjge crdgelsgsl prcfhsl kl kghrga (LKL, LKGL, LIL,
]CDL, ]K^ ]G[JBLE, ]]EL, ]G[HBJL kbb).
^hbgle ltu, klegs jhshagtge jgiupgthe/jctg
ihrtgeddued ogwgi gtgs phbgjsgegge jhdlgtge prcdrg`
^AJ kl wlbgyga jgiupgthe/jctg. Jhdlgtge yged klbgjujge
uetuj `hekujued prcdrg` ^AJ kl tledjgt klegs jhshagtge
jgiupgthe/jctg, yged `hblputl ?
67
 

g. @hrhengegjge kge `heyhklgjge jhiutuage prcdrg`

^AJ khedge kgeg G]IK gtgu su`ihr kgeg bgleeyg
yged tlkgj `hedljgt.
i. @hbgjujge phb phbgtlage
gtlage ^AJ i
igdl
gdl thegdg jhshagtge kl
fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge yged ihrgkg kl wlbgyga
jhrogeyg.

n. @hekcrced fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge swgstg kge

`gsygrgjgt yged `g`pu uetuj `hbgjsgegjge ^AJ
shngrg `geklrl.
k. @hbgjujge `celtcrled kge hvgbugsl prcdrg` ^AJ.
h. Ihjhrogsg`g khkhedge
edge pl
plagj
agj thrjglt uetuj `hekuj
`hekujued
ued
phbgjsgegge prcdrg` ^AJ, `hbgbul?
7) Gkvcjgsl prcdrg` ^AJ jhpgkg phehetu jhilogjge.
9) ^cslgblsgsl prcdrg` ^AJ.
>) Jccrklegsl khedge klegs jhshagtge prcvlesl kge

fgslbltgs phbgygege
pgslhe khedge agslbjhshagtge kgbg` gdgr
sjrleled tleddl phbgngjge
kgpgt
klbgjujge ths jceflr`gsl.
f. @hbgjujge jccrklegsl khedge klegs jhshagtge
prcvlesl kge bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ, thr`gsuj ph`iugtge
jcetrgj jhrogsg`g.
d. @hbgjujge jc`plbgsl kge phedcbgage kgtg
phbgjsgegge prcdrg` ^AJ kgrl fgslbltgs phbgygege
jhshagtge, uetuj klbgpcrjge jhpgkg klegs jhshagtge
prcvlesl.

;. Kl [ledjgt Fgslbltgs ]hbgygege Jhshagtge

Kl fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge, gdgr ^AJ kgpgt
ihrogbge iglj, `gjg phrbu kltueouj jccrklegtcr yged gjge
ihrtudgs `hedjccrklegsl jhdlgtge phbgjsgegge ^AJ kl
fgslbltgs yged ihrsgedjutge. Jccrklegtcr oudg ihrtudgs
uetuj?
  `h`iugt phrhengegge jhiutuage prcdrg` ^AJ,
  phedhbcbgge bcdlstlj ^AJ,

69
 

  `hengtgt kge `hbgpcrjge agslb ^AJ jhpgkg jhpgbg

fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge kge klegs jhshagtge
jgiupgthe/jctg,
  ihjhrog sg`g khedge bgicrgtcrlu` kgbg` `hbgjujge
phbgngjge jgsus kligetu thegdg jhshagtge thrjglt,
  `h`ihrljge lefcr`gsl/`h`igetu jhbugrdg igyl khedge

AJ uetuj ruoujge phedcigtge jh kcjthr sphslgbls gegj

jcesubtge hekcjrlecbcdl gtgu kcjthr sphslgbls gegj,
  ihrjccrklegsl khedge phegeddued ogwgi igdlge
tu`iua jh`iged gegj uetuj ph`getguge.

]h`ilgygge phbgngjge pgslhe khedge agslb

sjrleled tleddl kgpgt `hedduegjge kgeg Ilgyg
Cphrgslcegb Jhshagtge (ICJ), G]IK, kge su`ihr bgle
yged tlkgj `hedljgt. Ilgyg ths jceflr`gsl ihrsu`ihr kgrl

 G]IK, kgeg khjceshetrgsl jhshagtge kge su`ihr bgle

yged tlkgj `hedljgt. ^hkgedjge phedcigtge shbgeouteyg
thrdgetued pgkg og`lege jhshagtge yged kl`lbljl pgslhe,
kgeg `geklrl, G]IK gtgu su`ihr bgle yged
yg ed tlkgj `hedljgt.
^hbgle jccrklegtcr, klagrgpjge pubg phrge gjtlf kgrl
thegdg jhshagtge kl fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge
thrshiut. [hegdg jhshagtge kgpgt ihrphrge `hbgjujge
JLH thetged ^AJ `gupue kgbg` phedg`ilbge sphsl`he
kgrga jhrled igyl.

I. BCDL^[LJ ^AJ
Bcdlstlj sjrleled alpctlrclk jcedheltgb `hblputl cigt
kge gbgt jhshagtge shrtg sgrgeg pheueoged yged
kliutuajge kgbg` `hbgjsgegjge sjrleled alpctlrclk
jcedheltgb kl fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge.
Cigt kge gbgt jhshagtge yged klphrduegjge kgbg`
sjrleled alpctlrclk jcedheltgb gkgbga?
  jhrtgs sgrled khedge pbgstlj zlp bcnj  

  bgesht,
  jgpgs gbjcacb 4=%, gbncacb swgi 

6>
 

   jgsg sthrlb
   sgrued tgedge
   rgj phedhrled sphsl`he kgrga,
   sgfhty icx /jctgj
/jctgj bl`iga tgog`

^grgeg pheueoged uetuj sjrleled alpctlrclk jcedheltgb

gkgbga?
  g`pbcp uetuj `hedlrl` sphsl`he kgrga
  fcr`ublr phengtgtge kge phbgpcrge

]hedhbcbgge bcdlstlj ^AJ `hblputl phrhengegge jhiutuage,

ph`hblagrgge, ph`getguge, phengtgtge, kge hvgbugsl
pheddueggeeyg.
7. ]hrhengegge
]hrhengegge jhiutuage bcdlstlj klbgjsgegjge shsugl
khedge slfgt bcdlstlj, thr`gsuj kgbg` igrged agils pgjgl
gtgu kgpgt klduegjge kgbg` ogedjg pgeoged. Xetuj
bcdlstlj yged `gsuj kgbg` jrlthrlg igrged agils pgjgl
`gjg phedaltuedge jhiutuage klbgjujge shsugl khedge
 ou`bga sgsgrge igyl igru bgalr kl fgslbltgs phbgygege
jhshagtge kltg`iga khedge shou`bga 7=% shigdgl
ngkgedge. Ngkgedge klphraltuedjge ihrkgsgrjge
phbuged jh`uedjlege jhrusgjge jhrtgs sgrled/gbgt
gjligt jhsgbgage/jhdgdgbge kgbg` phedg`ilbge

sphsl`he kgrga.

Jhiutuage jhrtgs sgrled, kge bgenht kgbg` sgtu tgaue

klaltued khedge ru`us ?

 G0 I+ (7=%*I)
 G 0 Ou`bga jhrtgs sgrled kge bgenht
I 0 Ou`bga tgrdht sgsgrge igyl gjge klbgjujge sjrleled kl
fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge kgbg` sgtu tgaue

6;
 

[grdht sgsgrge igyl yged gjge klbgjujge sjrleled kgbg`

sgtu tgaue kl fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge klaltued
ihrkgsgrjge rgtg-rgtg igyl yged klsjrleled kgbg` sgtu
tgaue kl fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge thrshiut, kgbg`
tldg tgaue thrgjalr.

@gsg Jgkgbugrsg Bcdlstlj

]hraltuedge jhiutuage oudg `h`phragtljge ou`bga
jhrtgs sgrled kge bgenht yged `gsla ihrslsg kgrl tgaue
shihbu`eyg kge `gsg pgjgl (jgkgbugrsg) gbgt jhshagtge.
@gsg jgkgbugrsg jhrtgs sgrled kge bgenht rgtg-rgtg kug
tgaue (thrdgetued `hrj prckushe). ]rleslp yged
klduegjge gkgbga  ‒Flrst Hxplrhk Flrst Cut‐   (FHFC), yged
bhila kubu jgkgbugrsg, bhila kubu klphrduegjge.
Jgpgs gbjcacb, jgssg sthrlb kge sgrued tgedge klaltued

shsugl khedge phkc`ge phedaltuedge jhiutuage gbgt

jhshagtge.
Ygj phedhrled sphsl`he kgrga, thr`gsuj kgbg` gbgt
yged kgpgt klphrduegjge kgbg` ogedjg wgjtu bg`g.
@gjg phedaltuedge jhiutuageeyg shsugl khedge rgtg-
rgtg `gsg pgjgl, ygltu 7 tgaue. Ygj phedhrled kgpgt
klphrduegjge uetuj `hedhrledjge sphsl`he kgrga
shngrg ihrsg`gge shigeygj 7= sphsl`he kgrga.
Jhiutuage rgj phedhrled klaltued ihrkgsgrjge ou`bga
sjrleled kl fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge khedge
`h`phragtljge `gjsl`gb ou`bga jhrtgs sgrled kl kgbg`
rgj phedhrled.

9. ]h`hblagrgge
 Gbgt jhshagtge u`u`eyg `h`pueygl `gsg agils pgjgl
(jgkgbugrsg). Ilbg gbgt jhshagtge tlkgj klsl`pge khedge
iglj shsugl khedge gturge ph`hblagrgge prckuj, `gjg
jh`uedjlege gbgt jhshagtge kgpgt rusgj shihbu` `gsg
jgkgbugrsg. [hetueyg gjge throgkl ph`icrcsge ilbg agb lel
throgkl, kge ilbg `hedduegjge jhrtgs sgrled yged sukga
rusgj, jh`uedjlege kgpgt throgkl agslb ecr`gb pgbsu. Cbha
68
 

jgrheg ltu phrbu jhklslpblege kge agtl-agtl kgbg`

ph`hblagrgge gbgt jhshagtge.
 Gbgt kge igage klsl`pge kl rgj thrtutup khedge jgng gdgr
`ukga klblagt kge thrplsga kgrl igage bgle yged kgpgt
`hedcetg`legsl. Kgbg` rgj thrshiut kl`gsujjge oudg
slblng dhb  gtgu
 gtgu phedhrled bgleeyg.

 Gturge pheyusuege gbgt kge igage ihrkgsgrjge urutge

`gsg jgkgbugrsg. Gbgt kge igage khedge `gsg
jgkgbugrsg yged bhila phekhj, klbhtgjjge pgbled
gtgs/pgbled `ukga klogedjgu supgyg kgpgt klphrduegjge
bhila kgaubu. Kh`ljlge oudg khedge pheyl`pgege bgesht.
Jhrtgs sgrled kgpgt klsl`pge kgbg` suau rugedge, tlkgj
icbha klsl`pge pgkg th`pgt yged bh`igi, kge `ukga
thrjcetg`legsl igage jl`lg bgle.

>. ]hengtgtge bcdlstlj bcdlstlj ^AJ `h`iutuajge kgtg

Jhdlgtge phengtgtge
ihrupg ?
7) Ou`bga stcj
9) Ou`bga ph`gjglge, klrlenl ihrgpg phedg`ilbphedg`ilbge
ge
sphsl`he yged phrtg`g, kge ihrgpg yged klubged
gjligt sphsl`he dgdgb/tlkgj kgpgt klphrljsg
>) ^lsg stcj bcdlstlj
;) @gsg jgkgbugrsg

Ncetca fcr`ublr phengtgtge kge ph`getguge bcdlstlj ^AJ

thrbg`plr kl bg`plrge > kge ;.

;. ]h`getguge kge Hvgbugsl Bcdlstlj

]h`getguge bcdlstlj klbgjujge uetuj `heog`le gdgr
bcdlstlj shbgbu thrshklg kgbg` jceklsl iglj.
Hvgbugsl bcdlstlj klbgjujge gdgr jhsgbgage-jhsgbgage
kgbg` phedhbcbgge bcdlstlj tlkgj thrubged. [uougeeyg
gkgbga bcdlstlj thrshklg kgbg` jceklsl iglj, ou`bga nujup,
tlkgj throgkl jhbhilage pgscjge, kge tlkgj throgkl
jhrusgjge bcdlstlj shihbu` `gsg jgkgbugrsg ihrgjalr
66
 

shrtg `h`lel`gbjge bcdlstlj yged thriuged gjligt

jhsgbgage/jhdgdgbge kgbg` phedg`ilbge sphsl`he
kgrga.

N. ]HENG[G[GE KGE ]HBG]CYGE

7. ]hengtgtge
Kgbg` phbgjsgegge prcdrg` ^AJ, thegdg jhshagtge
phrbu `h`phragtljge agb-agb yged agrus klngtgt kge
klbgpcrjge. Agb lel kl`gjsuk uetuj `h`phrslgpjge
kgtg yged gjge kl`gefggtjge kgbg` `hbgjujge
hvgbugsl prcdrg` ^AJ kge shigdgl igage uetuj
jhilogjge prcdrg` ^AJ.

]hengtgtge prcdrg` ^AJ kligdl gtgs?

g. ]hengtgtge ]hedg`ilbge kge Agslb ^phsl`he
Kgrga kl Fgslbltgs ]hbgygege Jhshagtge  
]hengtgtge ph`getguge stgtus jhshagtge
kge phbgygege jhshagtge shtlgp igyl `hedduegjge
jcacrt igyl. ]hengtgtge phedg`ilbge kge agslb
sphsl`he kgrga ^AJ kl`gsujjge pubg kgbg` jcacrt
igyl kl pusjhs`gs. Kgtg yged kl`gsujjge gkgbga
tgeddgb phedg`ilbge sphsl`he ^AJ, agslb ^AJ
(ecr`gb, phrbu ths jceflr`gsl, ths dgdgb), agslb ths
jceflr`gsl klgdecstlj (ecr`gb, tleddl), tgeddgb
`hekgpgtjge phedcigtge AJ, pgkg jcbc`
jhthrgedge kgpgt kllsl jhthrgedge ilbg igyl tlkgj
ihragslb klbgngj gtgu phedcigtge thrbg`igt
(bg`plrge 8).
]hengtgtge ^AJ kl Y^/YI/prgjthj `geklrl
kgpgt `hruouj `cklfljgsl jcacrt igyl gtgu ncetca
fcr`ublr/rhdlsthr phengtgtge thrbg`plr yged ihrlsl
kgtg yged thrkgpgt kgbg` jgrtu lkhetltgs igyl kl
jhrtgs sgrled (bg`plrge 6).
]hedlrl`ge sphsl`he kgrga ^AJ jh
bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ klshrtgjge surgt phedgetgr kgrl
fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge yged ihrlsl ou`bga

64
 

sphsl`he ^AJ yged kljlrl` kge eg`g-eg`g

igyl/crged tug igyl (bg`plrge 4).

i. ]hengtgtge X`pge Igblj Agslb ]h`hrljsgge

Bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ
7) Kl bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ, phengtgtge klbgjujge

kgbg` bcd iccj  bgicrgtcrlu`.

 bgicrgtcrlu`. ^hkgedjge u`pge
igblj agslb ph`hrljsgge kl`gsujjge kgbg` kug
phengtgtge yged ihrihkg khedge fcr`gt shrupg.
9) Fcr`ublr X`pge Igblj Agslb ]h`hrljsgge
^AJ Ecr`gb ihrlsl u`pge igblj ph`hrljsgge
sphsl`he kgrga khedge agslb ecr`gb, kge gjge
kljlrl` bgedsued jh `gsled-`gsled fgslbltgs
phbgygege jhshagtge `hbgbul klegs jhshagtge
prcvlesl khedge th`iusge ]cjogkg ^AJ.

]heyg`pglge u`pge
shdhrg, klbgjujge tlgp igblj agslb lel tlkgj ihrslfgt
`leddu.
>) Fcr`ublr X`pge Igblj Agslb ]h`hrljsge ^AJ
[leddl ihrlsl u`pge igblj ph`hrljsgge
sphsl`he kgrga khedge agslb tleddl gjge kljlrl`
bgedsued jh fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge yged
ihrsgedjutge. ]heyg`pglge lefcr`gsl lel
ihrslfgt shdhrg, kge kgpgt `hedduegjge gbgt
jc`ueljgsl yged pgbled hfhjtlf.

n. ]hengtgtge Agslb ]hbgjsgegge

]hbgjsgegge ]rcdrg` ^AJ
7) Klegs Jhshagtge Jgiupgthe/Jctg
]hengtgtge kl klegs jhshagtge jgiupgthe/jctg
`hrupgjge rhjgpge kgrl bgpcrge kl tledjgt
fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge. Fcr`gt phengtgtge
kgpgt `hruouj pgkg Fcr`ublr
]hengtgtge/]hbgpcrge Agslb ^AJ kl tledjgt
Jgiupgthe/Jctg  (bg`plrge 1).
Kgtg lel klphrbujge uetuj ph`getguge kge
hvgbugsl phbgjsgegge ^AJ kl wlbgyga thrshiut.
Agb-agb yged phrbu klpgetgu gkgbga ou`bga
61
 

ngjupge, ou`bga agslb sjrleled tleddl, ou`bga ths

jceflr`gsl, ou`bga jgsus yged tlkgj thrbgngj,
 ou`bga jgsus AJ kge AJ klcigtl. ^hbgle ltu phrbu
klngtgt pubg jhthrshklgge kge phedduegge
bcdlstlj ^AJ kl tledjgt jgiupgthe/jctg.

9) Klegs Jhshagtge ]rcvlesl

Fcr`ublr yged klpgjgl uetuj phengtgtge kl klegs
jhshagtge prcvlesl ag`plr sg`g khedge
phengtgtge tledjgt klegs jhshagtge
jgiupgthe/jctg. Kgtg yged klju`pubjge
`hrupgjge rhjgpltubgsl kgrl bgpcrge klegs
jhshagtge jgiupgthe/jctg, iglj kgtg agslb ^AJ
`gupue kgtg bcdlstlj ^AJ. ^AJ . Fcr`gt yged
klduegjge gkgbga  Fcr`ublr ]hengtgtge /

]hbgpcrge kl [ledjgt
Kh`ljlge pubg khedge ]rcvlesl (bg`plrge
phengtgtge bcdlstlj <).
kl
tledjgt prcvlesl, `hrupgjge rhjgpltubgsl kgrl
bgpcrge phengtgtge bcdlstlj kl tledjgt
jgiupgthe/jctg.

9. ]hbgpcrge
]hbgpcrge  
]hbgpcrge `hrupgjge sugtu rgedjglge jhdlgtge yged
tlkgj kgpgt klplsgajge khedge phengtgtge. ]gkg
prleslpeyg, phbgpcrge `hrupgjge agslb kgrl
phengtgtge. Ogkl fcr`gt phbgpcrge sg`g khedge
fcr`gt phengtgtge, khedge oukub yged ihrihkg.
g. Bgpcrge ]hbgjsgegge ^AJ kl [ledjgt Fgslbltgs
]hbgygege Jhshagtge
]gkg phbgjsgegge kl tledjgt pusjhs`gs, phbgpcrge
klbgjujge ihrsg`g khedge phbgpcrge kgtg prcdrg`
bgleeyg. Kgtg yged klbgpcrjge shsugl khedge kgtg
yged kliutuajge cbha phengtgtge kl tledjgt
jgiupgthe/jctg. Fcr`gt yged klduegjge oudg kgpgt
`hedduegjge fcr`gt thrshiut, khedge oukub yged
ihrihkg. ^hkgedjge bgpcrge pgkg Y^/YI/I]@,
6<
 

`hrupgjge sgblege kgrl phengtgtge prcdrg` ^AJ

yged sukga klbhedjgpl khedge agslb sjrleled kge
agslb ths jceflr`gsl.
i. Bgpcrge ]hbgjsgegge ]rcdrg` ^AJ kl [ledjgt
Jgiupgthe/Jctg
Agslb phbgjsgegge prcdrg` ^AJ kl klegs jhshagtge

jgiupgthe/jctg klsg`pgljge kgbg` ihetuj

rhjgpltubgsl kgrl tledjgt fgslbltgs phbgygege
jhshagtge. Fcr`gt phbgpcrge yged klduegjge
`hrupgjge sgblege kgrl fcr`gt phengtgtge yged
sukga klrhjgp. Ihdltu pubg khedge fcr`gt phbgpcrge
kgtg jhthrshklgge bcdlstlj. Bgpcrge lel klsg`pgljge
jh klegs jhshagtge prcvlesl khedge th`iusge
]CJOGKG.

n. ]rcvlesl
Bgpcrge ]hbgjsgegge ]rcdrg` ^AJ kl [ledjgt
^hbgeouteyg, klegs jhshagtge prcvlesl `hbgjujge
jc`plbgsl agslb bgpcrge phbgjsgegge prcdrg` ^AJ
kgrl `gsled-`gsled Jgiupgthe/Jctg kge kljlrl` jh
tledjgt pusgt. Fcr`gt phbgpcrge yged klduegjge
`hrupgjge sgblege kgrl fcr`gt phengtgtge. Bgpcrge
klsg`pgljge kgbg` ihetuj rhjgpltubgsl kgrl tledjgt
jgiupgthe/jctg, khedge klth`iusjge jh
]CJOGEG^. Agslb bgpcrge thrshiut gjge klcbga
uetuj `heogkl igage jhilogjge kgbg` rgedjg
pheledjgtge prcdrg` ^AJ.

K. @CEL[CYLED KG
KGE
E HVGBXG^L
Jhdlgtge `celtcrled klbgjujge shngrg thrus
`hehrus uetuj `h`getgu agslb phbgjsgegge sjrleled,
phedcigtge AJ, shrtg bcdlstlj ^AJ, kgpgt pubg kgbg`
ihetuj il`iledge thjels. [uouge `celtcrled uetuj
`h`phrigljl phbgjsgegge prcdrg` gpgilbg klth`ujge
jhdlgtge yged tlkgj shsugl khedge stgekgr phbgygege.
^hbgle ltu, `celtcrled klbgjujge uetuj `h`ctlvgsl thegdg
4=
 

jhshagtge gtgu phedhbcbg prcdrg` ^AJ kgbg` rgedjg

pheledjgtge ngjupge.
Jhdlgtge hvgbugsl ilsg klbgjujge `hbgbul phrth`uge
hvgbugsl kl tledjgt pusgt kge kl tledjgt prcvlesl. ^hbgle ltu
ilsg klbgjujge `hbgbul jueouedge bgpgedge kl kghrga.
Hvgbugsl klbgjujge `lel`gb shjgbl kgbg` shtgaue,

klbgjujge shngrg ihroheoged kge thrlethdrgsl khedge

prcdrg` bgle. ]cjogegs `hedhvgbugsl jhdlgtge prcdrg`
^AJ kl tledjgt prcvlesl, ]cjogkg `hedhvgbugsl jhdlgtge
prcdrg` ^AJ kl tledjgt jgiupgthe/jctg. ^hbgeouteyg
jccrklegtcr kl jgiupgthe/jctg `hedhvgbugsl jhdlgtge
phbgjsgegge prcdrg` ^AJ kl fgslbltgs phbgygege
jhshagtge phbgjsgeg.
Lestru`he @celtcrled kge Hvgb
Hvgbugsl
ugsl thrklrl kgrl ?
g. Lestru`he @celtcrled kge Hvgbugsl
Hvgbugsl prcdrg` ^AJ tl
tledjgt
edjgt
]usgt (bg`plrge 7=).
i. Lestru`he @celtcrled kge Hvgbugsl
Hvgbugsl prcdrg` ^AJ tl
tledjgt
edjgt
]rcvlesl (bg`plrge 77)
n. Lestru`he @celtcrled kge Hvgbugsl prcdrg` ^AJ tledjgt
Jgiupgthe/Jctg (bg`plrge 79)

47
 

49
 

Bg`plrge 7. Ncetca fcr`ublr phecbgjge

phecbgjge (klsshet
nceshet/rhfusgb
nceshet/rhfusgb nceshet)

JC] FG^LBL[G^ JH^HAG[GE

]hreygtgge ]hecbgjge [hragkgp [hs ^jrleled

Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb

^gyg yged ihrtgekg tgedge kl igwga lel ?

Eg`g Liu ?
Eg`g Gyga ?
Crgedtug/Tgbl kgrl ?
Eg`g Igyl ? ohels jhbg`le? B / ]

[geddgb bgalr ?
Ec.Yhjg` @hklj ?
@heygtgjge ? [lkgj `hedlzlejge klbgjujge
Xol ^grled Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb
thragkgp igyl jg`l
Khedge gbgsge ?

 Gpgilbg threygtg kl jh`uklge agrl igyl jg`l `hekhrltg

alpctlrclk jcedheltgb kge `hedgbg`l ngngt `hetgb, `gjg
jg`l `hehrl`g shdgbg jceshjuhesl kgrl agb thrshiut.

@hedhtgaul, ……………,…………..9=.. 
]htudgs fgsjhs Crged tug / wgbl

(Eg`g ohbgs) (Eg`g ohbgs)

4>
 

Bg`plrge 9. @hjgels`h jhrog ohogrled ^AJ

]cjogeg Jh`hethrlge
 

Bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ

]cjogk Klejhs
 

Jccrklegtcr fgslbltgs Klejhs

0 dgrls jccrklegsl
0 dgrls phengtgtge kge phbgpcrge

]heohbgsge dg`igr?
7. Fgslbltgs jhshagt
jhshagtge
ge i
ihrjccrklegsl
hrjccrklegsl khedge bgicrgtcrlu`

^AJ uetuj phedlrl`ge sphsl`he kge u`pge igblj agslb

ph`hrljsgge ^AJ.
9. Fgslbltgs jhshagtge ihrjccrklegsl khedge klejhs
jgiupgthe/jctg thrjglt phbgpcrge kgtg agslb ph`hrljsgge
^AJ kge phbgngjge jgsus khedge agslb ph`hrljsgge
tleddl. Xetuj fgsjhs vhrtljgb, thtgp ihrjccrklegsl khedge
klejhs jgi/jctg, shigdgl th`iusge jccrklegsl/surgt jh

klejhs prcvlesl.

4;
 

>. Klejhs jgiupgthe/jctg ihrjccrklegsl khedge klejhs

prcvlesl thrjglt phbgpcrge kgtg agslb ph`hrljsgge ^AJ
kge phbgngjge jgsus khedge agslb ph`hrljsgge tleddl.
;. Klejhs prcvlesl ihrjccrklegsl khedge ]CJOGKG
thrjglt phbgjsgege kge phedh`igedge ^AJ.
8. ]CJOGKG ihrjccrklegsl khedge ]CJOGEG^ thrjglt
phbgjsgegge kge phedh`igedge ^AJ kl wlbgyga
jhrogeyg.
6. Klejhs prcvlesl ihrjccrklegsl khedge Jh`hethrlge
Jhshagtge thrjglt phbgjsgegge ^AJ kge phengtgtge
kge phbgpcrge agslb ^AJ.
4. Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge ihrjccrklegsl khedge
]CJOGEG^ kge Bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ thrjglt
phedh`igedge kge phbgjsgegge ^AJ kl Lekcehslg,
thr`gsuj phedg`ilbge jhilogjge shngrg egslcegb.

48
 

EG@G ?
?
?
?

 
 17

 
 19

 
 1>

Bg`plrge 7=. Lestru`he @celtcrled kge Hvgbugsl

[ledjgt ]usgt
Lestru`he @celtcrled kge Hvgbugsl [ledjgt ]usgt

Ec ]helbglge \g [lkgj Jhthrgedge

7 Gkg kujuedge jhilogjge kghrga
9 ^ukga thrihetuj ]cjogkg
^ukga klbgjujge gkvcjgsl jh
>
stgjhacbkhr  

 Gkg jcetrgj jhrogsg`g

jhrogsg`g khedge
; Bgi ^AJ. Kl`geg (shiutjge)
^ukga klbgjujge scslgblsgsl,
8
egjhs kge `gsygrgjgt
Iuju phkc`ge, bhgfbht, ircsur,
6 pcsthr ou`bga nujup shsugl
khedge jhiutuage
  Gkg jhekgbg tgtg jhbcbg bcdlstlj
4
^AJ. ^hiutjge
 Gkg phbgtlage, cbha slgpg, ou`bga
ou`bga
1
phshrtg (shiutjge)
Ihrgpg ou`bga igyl yged (lekhpta
< lethrvlhw)....... 
klbgjujge ^AJ
 Gkg phecbgjge phedg`ilbge
phedg`ilbge
7= sphsl`he cbha crged tug,
shiutjge ihrgpg3
 Gkg agslb tleddl/agslb ecr`gb/tlkgj
ecr`gb/tlkgj
77
ilsg klphrljsg, shiutjge ihrgpg
 Gkg yged klbgjujge ths
79
jceflr`gsl, shiutjge ihrgpg
7> Gkg yged `hekgpgt phedcigtge

1;

AJ, shiutjge ihrgpg

 Gkg jgi/jctg yged `hbgjsgegjge
`hbgjsgegjge
7;
prcdrg` ^AJ, shiutjge ihrgpg
Jhthrshklgge cigt kl fgslbltgs
78
phbgygege jhshagtge

76 ([g`igajge ilbg phrbu)

Jhthrshklgge `hklg JLH?

@lel`gb 7 pcsthr uetuj 7 pusjhs`gs.
@lel`gb thrkgpgt bhgfbht shigeygj >=% sgsgrge igyl.
@lel`gb thrkgpgt ircsur shou`bga 8=% ilkge kge kcjthr yged
`hegedgel phrgwgtge igyl igru bgalr.
@lel`gb thrshklg cigt shou`bga jhiutuage (klshsugljge khedge
  ou`bga phekhrltg, kcsls yged klduegjge, kge `gsg jgkgbugrsg
klaltued shbg`g jurue wgjtu thrthetu shsugl wgjtu yged kliutuajge
uetuj phedgkgge cigt).

18

Bg`plrge 77. Lestru`he @celtcrled kge Hvgbugsl

[ledjgt ]rcvlesl

Ec ]helbglge \g [lkgj Jhthrgedge

7  Gkg kujuedge jhilogjge

jhilogjge kghrga
9 ^ukga klbgjujge gkvcjgsl jh
stgjhacbkhr  
^ukga klbgjujge scslgblsgsl
> thragkgp jhbugrdg, egjhs kge
`gsygrgjgt
Iuju phkc`ge, bhgfbht, ircsur,
; pcsthr ou`bga nujup shsugl khedge
jhiutuage
8  Gkg jhekgbg tgtg jhbcbg bcdlstlj
bcdlstlj
^AJ. ^hiutjge
6  Gkg phbgtlage, cbha slgpg, ou`bga
ou`bga
phshrtg (shiutjge)
4 Ihrgpg ou`bga igyl yged klbgjujge
^AJ
 Gkg phecbgjge phedg`ilbge
phedg`ilbge
1 sphsl`he cbha crged tug, shiutjge
ihrgpg
 <  Gkg agslb tleddl/ agslb ecr`gb/tlkgj
ecr`gb/tlkgj
ilsg klphrljsg, shiutjge ihrgpg
7=  Gkg yged `hbgjujge ths
jceflr`gsl, shiutjge ihrgpg
77  Gkg yged `hekgpgt thrgpl AJ,
shiutjge ihrgpg3
79  Gkg jhekgbg phbgngjge jgsus,
jgsus,
 ohbgsjge
 Gkg fgslbltgs phbgygege jhshagtge
jhshagtge
7> yged `hbgjsgegjge prcdrg`
pr cdrg` ^AJ,
shiutjge
7; Jhthrshklgge cigt

78 ([g`igajge ilbg phrbu)

16

Bg`plrge 79. Lestru`he @celtcrled kge Hvgbugsl

[ledjgt Jgiupgthe/Jctg

Ec ]helbglge \g [lkgj Jhthrgedge

7  Gkg jhilogjge kl tledjgt fgslbltgs

fgslbltgs
phbgygege jhshagtge
^ukga klbgjujge gkvcjgsl jh
9 stgjhacbkhr kl fgslbltgs phbgygege
jhshagtge kge kl tledjgt jhng`gtge
> ^ukga klbgjujge scslgblsgsl thragkgp
jhbugrdg, kge `gsygrgjgt
; Iuju phkc`ge, bhgfbht, ircsur, pcsthr
 ou`bga nujup shsugl khedge
khedge jhiutuage.
8  Gkg jhekgbg pheyhklgge
pheyhklgge bcdlstlj
phedg`ilbge sphsl`he. ^hiutjge
6  Gkg thegdg thrbgtla, iglj
iglj khedge
phbgtlage gtgu jgbgjgryg. Ihrgpg
4 Ihrgpg ou`bga igyl yged klbgjujge ^AJ

1  Gkg phecbgjge ph`hrljsgge

ph`hrljsgge ^AJ cbha
crged tug, shiutjge ihrgpg
 <  Gkg agslb tleddl/ agslb ecr`gb/tlkgj ilsg
klphrljsg, shiutjge ihrgpg
7=  Gkg yged klbgjujge ths jceflr`gsl,
jceflr`gsl,
ihrgpg
77  Gkg yged `hekgpgt phedcigtge,
shiutjge ihrgpg
79 Jhekgbg kgbg` phbgngjge jgsus

7> @hjgels`h jhrog ^AJ, ihrogbge

iglj/tlkgj
7;  Gkg jhekgbg JLH pgkg crged
crged
tug/jhbugrdg, shiutjge
78 (tg`igajge ilbg phrbu)

14

Bg`plrge 7>. Ncetca bhgfbht uetuj `gsygrgjgt

11
 

Bg`plrge 7;. Gbg`gt

Gbg`gt Bgicrgtcrlu` Yuoujge
^jrleled Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb
kl Lekcehslg

7. ]usgt ^jrleled Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb ]rcplesl Ogwg

Igrgt .
Igdlge Jhkcjthrge Eujblr FJ-Xepgk Y^X] Agsge
^gkljle.
Ob. ]gslr Jgbljl ec 7<9
7 <9 Igekued ;=767, Ogwg Igrgt
[hbp (=99) 4=7>8681, Fgx (=99)9=;7>>4.

Jccrklegtcr tl` ^AJ Ogwg Igrgt ?

kr. Klht ^gklga Yustg`g , ^p (G)J  „ =1779>96;7
Jhpgbg Bgicrgtcrlu` ^AJ ]rcvlesl Ogigr?
Krg. Hbby Ycslbgwgtl A,Gptj,@AJhs
A,Gptj,@AJhs  „ =1799=98;<1
[l` [lekgj Bgeout ^AJ?
Vheel ].,^.^cs  „ =17>9=91=>64.
 9. Bgicrgtcrlu` Yuoujge ^jrleled Alpctlrclk Jcedheltgb.
Bgicrgtcrlu` ]usgt Y^N@ Dhkued N@X bgetgl 7 .  
Ob. Klpcehdcrc 47, Ogjgrtg 7=;>=.
[hbp. =97-8==7>8 phsgwgt 1177.

Bgicrgtcrlu` 9; og`?
[hbp. =97->7;>4=4/>7;9968 phsgwgt 77 .
A]? +69-181114;4788.
Fgx? =97->7;447>
=97 ->7;447>

Jhpgbg [l` ^AJ Y^N@?

Kr. Kg`gr ]rg`usletc,
]rg`usletc, ^pCD(J)
Ap. +69- 1767=<=98
Jccrklegtcr Ilkged Bgicrgtcrlu`?
Kr.kr. Leg ^ [l`ge, ^p]J(J)
Ap. +69-1714=4114

<=

Bg`plrge 78. Gbg`gt ]rgjthj Kcjthr Hekcjrle Gegj

Gegj
kl Lekcehslg

Ogjgrtg
7. ]rcf. KY. kr.Ocsh
kr.Ocsh YB Igtuigrg, ^pG(J)
^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =17617;4=4
H`glb ? ocshigtuigrgMd`glb.
? ocshigtuigrgMd`glb.nc`
nc`  
]rgjthj?
- Y^N@? Ob. Klpcehdcrc 47, Ogjgrtg ]usgt,
=97 - >7==66<
- Y^. Ahr`leg Ogtlehdgrg? Ob. Ygyg Ogtlehdgrg Igrgt 796-
7;4, Ogjgrtg [l`ur, =97 - 17<799>
- Y^. Ahr`leg ]ckc`crc? Ob. Jh`gj`urge Ygyg Ec. ><
^uethr ]ckc`crc, =97 - 6;=;<7=

9. kr. Ig`iged [rlkogyg,

[rlkogyg, @@]hk,
@@]hk, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =1767<99;19
H`glb ? ipgrwctcMd`glb.nc` 
ipgrwctcMd`glb.nc` 
 ]rgjthj?
- Y^N@? Ob. Klpcehdcrc 47, Ogjgrtg ]usgt,
- =97 - >7==66<
- Y^. Ahr`leg Ihjgsl? Ob. Jh`gj`urge Ec. <>
@grdgogyg, =97 - 11;9797
- Y^. Ahr`leg Ogtlehdgrg? Ob. Ygyg Ogtlehdgrg Igrgt 796-
7;4, Ogjgrtg [l`ur, =97 - 17<799

>. kr. G`ge I ]ubuedge, ^pG(J)

^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =1767<6<>6;
H`glb ? g`gepubuedgeM`gn.nc` 
g`gepubuedgeM`gn.nc` 
]rgjthj?
- Y^N@? Ob. Klpcehdcrc 47, Ogjgrtg ]usgt,
=97 - >7==66<
- Y^. ]cekcj Lekga? @htrc Kutg JgvJgv XH, ]cekcj Lekga,
Lekga,
Ogjgrtg ^hbgtge, =97 - 468489
4 68489

<7

- Jblelj Gegjju, ]cekcj ]leged Nhethr Ibcj I Ec. 71-9=,

Ob. Nlputgt Ygyg, Ogjgrtg ^hbgtge,
=97 - 487;>8>.

;. kr. Hrwle
Hrwle ] ^cheddcrc, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =177171><4
H`glb ? prgshtygS8=Mygacc.nc.lk 
prgshtygS8=Mygacc.nc.lk 
]rgjthj?
- Y^. ]url
]url Nlehrh?
Nlehrh? Ob. @grligyg
@grligyg L Ibcj F9 Ec. 7, ]url
Nlehrh, =97 - 48;8;11
48; 8;11
- Y^.^htlg @ltrg? Ob. Ygyg Fgt`gwgtl Ec. 1=-19, Ogjgrtg
^hbgtge, =97 - 4686===.
4 686===.

8. kr. Hekged [rleledsla,

[rleledsla, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =1771=46>8
H`glb ? htrlfgsMygacc.nc` 
htrlfgsMygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?
- Y.^.G.I Agrgpge Jltg Jltg ? Ob. Bhtohe ^. ]gr`ge Jgv 14,
 ^blpl, =97 866191;
- Y^LG Ahr`leg Khpcj ? Ob. Ygyg ^lblwgedl Ec. 8=,
]gencrge @gs, Khpcj, =97 - 449=9889
- Jblelj Gpctlj
Gpctlj @hklg
@hklg Fgr`g ? Ob. @gtrg`ge <
<7
7 Ogjgr
Ogjgrtg
tg
[l`ur.

6. kr. Gkltyg ^urygesyga, ^pG(J)

[hbp./A] ? =1781>1==1=
H`glb ? gkltygsurygesygaMygacc.nc` 
gkltygsurygesygaMygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?
- Y^GI Agrgpge JltgJltg ? Ob. Bhtohe ^. ]gr`ge Jgv 14, ^blpl,
=97 - 866191;
- Y^LG Iuga Agtl? Ob. Grlg ]utrg Ec. ><<, ^hrug Lekga,
Nlputgt, =97  „ 4;6>9999

4. kr. G. Egels
Egels ^gnagrleg @grzujl,
@grzujl, ^pG(J)
^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =17>7<89=749
H`glb ? sgnagrleg<<Mygacc.nc` 
sgnagrleg<<Mygacc.nc` 
<9

]rgjthj?
- Bh`igdg Hloj`ge Y^N@ ? Ob. Klpcehdcrc 6<, Ogjgrtg
]usgt, =97 - ><747>7
- Jblelj Gegjju Nlehrh? Jc`p. Yujc Nlehrh Ibcj G Ec.
91-9N, Nlehrh, Khpcj,
=97  „ 48;8;== / =97 - 48;879>
- Y^. Iuekg, Ob.
Ob. @grdcekg
@grdcekg Ygyg
Ygyg Ec. 91, ]cekcj Nleg,
Khpcj, =97 - 411<=887

1. kr. Frlkg
Frlkg ^chsgetl,
^chsgetl, ^pG
[hbp./A] ? =17676>19>1
H`glb ? fschsgetlMd`glb.nc` 
fschsgetlMd`glb.nc` 
]rgjthj?
- Y^N@ ? Ob. Klpcehdcrc 47, Ogjgrtg ]usgt,
=97 - >7==66<
- Y^. Ahr`leg
Ahr`leg Kgge @cdct Ob. Jletg`gel Ygyg
Ygyg Ec. 9,
Ogjgrtg Igrgt, =97 - 8;=1<1<

<. kr. Ileg

Ileg Gjurg,
Gjurg, ^pG
 [hbp./A] ? =1>976=<;;9;
H`glb ? ileggjurgMyg
i leggjurgMygacc.nc.lk
acc.nc.lk
]rgjthj?
- Y^ Fgt`gwgtl,
Fgt`gwgtl, Ob Ygyg Fgt`gwgtl <=-<9, Ogjgrtg
^hbgtge, =97 - 48=789;
- Y^ Geeg
Geeg @hkljg
@hkljg Ob.]hrougedge
Ob.]hrougedge Ihjgsl
Ihjgsl Xtgrg, =97
=97 -
11119977, Fgx? =97 - 11<4>=;9.
1 1<4>=;9.

7=. kr. Kgeg Eur ]rlagkl, ^pG.,@jhs

[hbp./A] ? =17>14=89;67
H`glb ? kgegeurprlagklM
kgege urprlagklMd`glb.nc`
d`glb.nc`
]rgjthj?
- Y^]GK Dgtct ^uirctc,
^uirctc, Ob.
Ob. Gikubrga`ge
Gikubrga`ge ^gbha ec 9;
Ogjgrtg ]usgt =97 - >;;7==1 / =97 - >1;=4=9 Fgx? =97
- >89=67<.
- Y^ @gry
@gry Nlbhueyl, Ob Ygyg Egrcdced
Egrcdced J`J` 97 Nlbhueyl
Icdcr Ogwg Igrgt.
- Y^ Ahr`leg @hjgrsgrl, Ob Ygyg Nlbhuedsl
Nlbhued sl  „ Oceddcb J`
7, =97 - 9<9>9898.
<>

77. kr. Kocjc @ubogetc, @`hk(]hk), ^pG

[hbp./A] ? =178;698===7/=17919<<71=>
H`glb ? skocjc`ubogetcMygacc.n
sk ocjc`ubogetcMygacc.nc`c`
]rgjthj?
- Y^ ^lbcg`
^lbcg` , Blppc
Blppc Jgrgwgnl,
Jgrgwgnl, Ob ^lbcg` Ec 6 Blppc
Vlbbgdh, Igethe 78177. =97 - 8;6==88

79. kr. Geltg Agbl` ^pG

[hbp./Ap ? =174=41;1=6
H`glb ? kr.geltgSagbl`Mygacc.nc`
]rgjthj?
- Y^ ^lbcg`,
^lbcg`, Blppc Jgrgwgnl,
Jgrgwgnl, Ob ^lbcg` Ec 6 Bl
Blppc
ppc
Vlbbgdh, Igethe 78177. =97 - 8;6==88

Igethe 
7. kr. Eljhe
Eljhe ]rltg \gtl,
\gtl, ^pG(J)
[hbp./Ap ? =17677<7898
 H`glb ? eljheprlt
e ljheprltgMd`glb.nc`
gMd`glb.nc`
]rgjthj?
- Y^XK Nlbhdce, Ob. Jgpthe
Jgpthe [gekhge
[gekhge J` >, J Jg`pued
g`pued
]geddued Ygwl , Nlbhdce,
=98; - >>=;67
- Y^LG. @utlgrg
@utlgrg Iuekg, Ob. [lrtgygsg E=. 16, Nlbhdce,
=98; - >46111
- Jblelj Gfleg, Yujc ]cekcj Nlbhdce Lekga Ibcj JJ Ec.
4-1, Nlbhdce, =98; - >1>776

Igekued
7. kr. Klht ^gklga Yustg`g, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =1779>96;7
H`glb ? klhtsrMact`glb.nc` 
klhtsrMact`glb.nc` 
]rgjthj?
- Y^A^, Ob. ]gslrjgbljl 7<9, Igekued,
=99 - 9=>1<4<

<;

- Y^ Gb-Lsbg`,
Gb-Lsbg`, Ob.
Ob. ^chjgrec Agttg Ec. 6;;, Igekued,
=99 - 4869=;6
- Y^LG Ahr`leg ]gsthur, Ob. kr. Kouekouege Ec. 7=4, =99
- 6=49898

9. kr. Yygkl
Yygkl Fgklb, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =1766=4948
H`glb ? khklfgklbMygacc.nc`
]rgjthj?
- Y^A^ Ob. ]gslrjgbljl 7<9, Igekued, =99-9=>1<4<
- Y^. Gb-Lsbg`, Ob ^chjgrec Agttg Ec. 6;;, Igekued,
=99 - 4869=;6
- Jblelj J, Ob. Jgrgpltge Ec. 7>4, Igekued

>. kr. Fglsgb, ^pG, @Jhs

[hbp./A] ? =17799>47<
H`glb ? fglsgb.phklgtrlnMd`glb.nc` 
fglsgb.phklgtrlnMd`glb.nc` 
]rgjthj?
 -  Y^A^, Ob. ]gsthur Ec >1, Igekued,
=99 - 9=>;=46

;. kr. Ecvleg, ^pG

[hbp./A] ? =1799==<484
H`glb ? ecvlegSgkhMygacc.nc.lk 
ecvlegSgkhMygacc.nc.lk 
]rgjthj?
-  Y^A^, Ob. ]gsthur Ec >1, Igekued,
=99 - 9=>;=46
-  YI Jgrtlel, Ob. ]gabgwge Ec ;1, Igekued,
=99 - 497;7=6  „ Fgx? =99 - 497;7=;
4 97;7=;

@hkge
7. kr. Agjl`l, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =1796=7>;=8
]rgjthj?
- Y^X]. A Gkg` @gblj, Ob. Iuedg Bgu 74, @hkge, =67 -
1>67497
<8

- Jblelj ^phslgbls
^phslgbls Iuekg,
Iuekg, Ob.
Ob. ^lsledg`gedgrgog Ec. 74 =
=67
67 -
4>97666

9. kr. @hbkg
@hbkg Khblgeg, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =1796=7>;=8 / =6744<4748=
H`glb ? `hbkgSgr`ysMygacc.nc`
`hbkgSgr`ysMygacc.nc`
]rgjthj?
- Y^X]. A Gkg` @gblj, Ob Iuedg Bgu 74, @hkge, =67 -
1>67497
- Y^.Ycslvg? Ob.Igedjg Ec, 78 @hkge

>. kr. ^lsjg @gysgrl, ^pG

[hbp./A] ? =17968;918<
H`glb ? krSslsjgbuilsMygacc.nc` 
krSslsjgbuilsMygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?
- Y^X]. A Gkg` @gblj? Ob.Iuedg Bgu 74, @hkge, =67 -
1>67497
 ;. kr. Jgrleg
Jgrleg ^udlagrtc,
^udlagrtc, @phk., ^pG
[hbp./A] ? =671978=7= / =179688611;
H`glb ? jgrtljg.sudlagrtcMygacc.nc` 
jgrtljg.sudlagrtcMygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?
Y^X] A. Gkg` @gblj Ob. Iuedg Bgu 74, @hkge,
=67 - 1>67497

]gbh`iged
7. kr. Gkltlgwgtl, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =179477166
H`glb ? gkltygwgtl9==7Mygacc.nc` 
gkltygwgtl9==7Mygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?
- Drgag ^phslgbls Y^X] Kr. @cag`gk Achsle? Ob. Ohekrgb
Ohek rgb
^uklr`ge J`. >-8, ]gbh`iged
- Gpctlj Jlegsla, Ob. Igsujl Yga`gt 764< G-I, ]gbh`iged
- Y^. Kr. @cag`gk Achsle, ]gbh`iged Ob. Ohek ^uklr`ge
J` >-8,
>-8, ]gbh`iged,
]gbh`iged, =477 - >8;=11

<6

9. kr. \ublsegwgtl, ^pG

[hbp./A] ? =4774>49<91 / =1974888<911
=1974 888<911
H`glb ? agsgegayublsMd`glb.nc` 
agsgegayublsMd`glb.nc` 
]rgjthj?
-  Y^ Kr.
Kr. @cag`gk
@cag`gk Achsle,
Achsle, ]gbh`iged
]gbh`iged,, Khpt LJG, Ob.
Ohekrgb ^uklr`ge J` >-8, =477 - >8;=11
-  Y^LG , ]gbh`iged.
-  Jblelj Yu`ga, Ob Bhtege @urck
@urck Ec <6=, J` 8 [gbged
Ygtu, ]gbh`iged

]gkged
7. kr. Hjg Gdustlgrlel,
Gdustlgrlel, ^pG(J)
^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =17966=4976 / =178<>69119
H`glb ? rlelShgMygacc.nc.lk 
rlelShgMygacc.nc.lk 
]rgjthj?
- Y^. Kr. @. Og`lb? Ob. ]hrletls Jh`hrkhjgge, ]gkged,
=487 - >4<7>
- Y^. \cs ^ukgrsc, Ob. ^ltuoua L, ]gkged,
 =487 - >>9>=
- Jblelj Ilc`hk, Ob. Elgdg Ec. 719, ]gkged, =4879996;

@gegkc
7. kr. Vlvhjhegekg
Vlvhjhegekg ]gthkg,
]gthkg, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =1789><;6664 / =179;;8<777
= 179;;8<777
H`glb ? vlvh.<7hekcMygacc.nc` 
vlvh.<7hekcMygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?
-  Igdlge Gegj Y^X] ]rcf Kr. Y.K. Jgekgcu
Jgekgcu,, @gbgbgyged,
@gegkc, =;>7 - 197669
-  Gpctlj Jl`lg Fgr`g, Ob. Khgsy ]gb 9

^h`grged
7. kr. Yuky ^usgetc, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =17791<;;8
H`glb ? ruklsusMygacc.nc`
ruklsusMygacc.nc`
]rgjthj?
- ]gvlblue Dgrukg Y^X] Kr. Jgrlgkl, Ob. Kr. ^chtc`c 76-
71 ^h`grged =9; - 1;8>47=

<4

9. Kr. kr. Gsrl ]urwgetl, ^pG(J)

[hbp./A] ? =1719;=<<7
H`glb ? gsrlSpurMygacc.nc` 
gsrlSpurMygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?
- ]gvlblue Dgrukg Y^X] Kr. Jgrlgkl, Ob. Kr. ^chtc`c 76-
71 ^h`grged =9; - 1;8>47=
1 ;8>47=
- ]rgjthj Yu`ga?
Yu`ga? Ob. Nh`phkgj 7/LLg, ^c`pcj Bg`g,
Bg`phr Bcr ^h`grged, =9; - 1;7968=

>. kr. Gdustlel Xtgrl, ^pG

[hbp./A] ? =1799<944==
H`glb ? gdgtggdustlelutgrlMygacc.nc.lk 
gdgtggdustlelutgrlMygacc.nc.lk 
]rgjthj?
-  ]gvlblue Dgrukg Y^X] Kr. Jgrygkl,
Jgrygkl, Ob Kr. ^chtc`c 76-
71, ^h`grged =9; - 1;;6===
-  Jblelj @ltrg Jltg, Ob. ]uspcocbc Igrgt Ygyg ;8, ^h`grged.
  \cdygjgrtg
7. ]rcf. KY. kr. @gkgrleg
@gkgrleg Oublg, ^pG(J)
^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =178418=84;=
H`glb ? `gkgrlegoublgMud`.gn.lk 
`gkgrlegoublgMud`.gn.lk 
]rgjthj?
- Y^. ^grkoltc? Ob. Jhshagtge Ec. 7, \cdy
\cdygjgrtg,
gjgrtg,
=94; - 867676
- \cdyg Lethregslcegb Acpltgb? Ob. Yled Ycgk Xtgrg Ec.76=,
Ncekced Ngtur, ^bh`ge, \cdygjgrtg

9. kr. ^urycec
^urycec \ukag ]gtrlg,
]gtrlg, ^pG(J)

[hbp./A] ? =186916<;11
H`glb ? yukagpMact`glb.nc` 
yukagpMact`glb.nc`  
]rgjthj?
- Y^. ^grkoltc? Ob. Jhshagtge Ec. 7, \cdy
\cdygjgrtg,
gjgrtg,
=94; - 867676
- Y^. ]getl Ylel ? Ob. ^cbc J` 79, Jgbgsge
Jgbgsge,, \cdygjg
\cdygjgrtg,
rtg,
=94; - ;<49=6

<1

^cbc
7. kr. Geeged Dlrl @chbyc, ^pG
[hbp. =179961=<1;
H`glb ? geegedd`Mygacc.nc` 
geegedd`Mygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?
- Y^X Kr. @uwgrkl, Ob. ^chtgrtc 7>9, ^urgjgr
^urgjgrtg,
tg,
=947 - 84796
- Gpctlj Jl`lg Fgr`g, Ob.
Ob. Gkl ^chnlptc 4=,
=947 - 471=7;
- Y^X Lsbg` Justgtl, Ob. Jgrt. @ubygkl, ^urgjgrt, [bp. =947 -
6;>=7>

@gbged
7. kr. Agryukl
Agryukl Gol Ngaycec, ^pG(J)
^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =179>8616;=
H`glb ? agryuklSgol9===Mygacc.nc` 
agryuklSgol9===Mygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?
- Y^XK. Kr. Kr. ^glfub
^glfub Gewgr, Ob. O.
O.G.
G. ^uprgptc 9, @gbged,
@gbged,
 =>;7 - >;>>;>
- Y^. Ahr`leg, Ob. [gedjuige ]hrgau >>, @gbged

Jgbl`getge
7. kr. Lekrg T Al`gwge, ^pG(J)
[hbp. =17987<;86>
]rgjthj?
- Y^XK Igeogr Igru, Ob. ]gbged @hrga
@hrga Ec. 9, Igeogr I
Igru,
gru,
Jgbl`getge ^hbgtge, =877 - ;4449>1=
- Gpctlj Jl`lg Fgr`g? Ob G. \gel J` >;, Igeogr Igru
Jgbl`getge ^hbgtge

-
Igbl
7. KY.kr. L. Tgyge Iljle
Iljle ^urygwge,
^urygwge, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =17>>1;68898
H`glb ? wgygeSiljleMygacc.nc` 
wgygeSiljleMygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?

<<

- Y^XK Tgedgyg, Ob. Ob. Jgrtlel Ec. 7>, K

Khepgsgr,
hepgsgr, =>6
=>67
7 -
9997;7 / =>67 - 9997;9
- Y^X ^uryg Ausgkg, Ob. ].^hrged 7->, Khepgsgr, =>67 -
9>>416
- Y^. Ihrsgble ]hr`gtg Agtl, Ob. [huju X`gr Igrgt Ec.
47, QQ Khepgsgr

9. kr. L @gkh Grl`igwh, ^pG(J)

[hbp. =189>4=8978<
H`glb ? khSgwghMygac.nc.lk 
khSgwghMygac.nc.lk 
]rgjthj?

- Y^X]
=>67 - ^gedbga,
994<77 Ob. ]ubgu Elgs, Khepgsgr,
- Y^. @geugig, Ob. Ncjrcg`lectc Ec.91, Khepgsgr, =>67
- ;96><>

>. kr. L.Eyc`ge Grl ]ureg`g, ^pG

[hbp./Ap ? =179>6;144<4
 H`glb ? eyc`ge.grlhMygacc.nc`
eyc`ge.grlhMygacc.nc`  
]rgjthj?
-  Y^XK Tgedgyg, Ob. Jgrtlel Ec 7>, Khepgsgr, =>67 -
9>8<77
-  Gpctlj Ileg Fgr`g,
Fgr`g, Ob.
Ob. [cygeled
[cygeled Ec. 1, Jhkcedge
Ol`igrge Igbl,
Igbl, =>67 - 9>8<77

^urgigyg
7. kr. @uag`gk
@uag`gk Fglzl, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =178894;>41
H`glb ? fglMphklgtrln.nc` 
fglMphklgtrln.nc` 

]rgjthj?
- Y^XK kr. ^chtc`c, Ob. ]rcf kr. @chstcpc Ec.
Ec. 6-1,
^urgigyg, =>7 - 88=7=>1

9. kr. Ehtty
Ehtty H.], ^pG(J)
[hbp. Y`a. =>7 - 4=7=4911  „ A]. =1>74=7=4911
]rgjthj?

7==

- Y^XK kr. ^chtc`c? Ob. ]rcf kr. @chstcpc Ec. 6-1,

^urgigyg, =>7 - 88=7=>1

>. kr. @. Nceelh Xetgrlc,

Xetgrlc, ^pG(J)
[hbp./A] ? =177>7676=
H`glb ? uetgrlcsMsiy.keht.eht.lk 
uetgrlcsMsiy.keht.eht.lk 
]rgjthj?
- Y^. @ltrg
@ltrg Jhbugrdg,
Jhbugrdg, Ob. ^gthblt Lekga 9,
9, Kgr
Kgr`c
`c ^gthblt,
^gthblt,
^urgigyg, =>7 - 4>;8>>>
- Ob. L`g` Iceocb 779, ^urgigyg

;. kr. Gna`gk
Gna`gk \uelgrl Ahrygeg, ^pG
[hbp./A] ? =177>;4669
H`glb? gyahrogegMygacc.nc` 
gyahrogegMygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?
- Y^XK kr. ^chtc`c?
^chtc`c? Ob. ]rcf kr. @chstcpc Ec. 6-1,
^urgigyg, =>7 - 88=7=>1
- Y^LG Ygna`l Khwl? Ob. Ogwg 4<-17 ]hru` Drhslj,
Drhslj, Drhslj,
67787, =>7 - ><84;;1
 - ]cbljblelj ^phslgbls Drgag G`hrtg, Y^XK Kr. ^chtc`c.

8. kr. Eurrcna`ga, ^pG

[hbp./A] ? =174144779 / =174=>8=7771
H`glb ? kreurrcna`gaMd`glb.nc` 
kreurrcna`gaMd`glb.nc` 
]rgjthj?
-  Y^XK Kr ^chtc`c, Ob. ]rcf kr. @chstcpc Ec 6-1,
^urgigyg, =>7 - 8=9==69
-  ]cbljblelj
]cbljblelj ^phslgbls Drgag G`hrtg, Y^XK Kr. ^chtc`c,
=>7 - 178<=;;;
-  Y^ ^h`he Drhslj,
Drhslj, Drhslj, =>7-><141;7

@gjgsgr
7. ]rcf. KY.kr.^gtrlcec,
KY.kr.^gtrlcec, @^n.,^pG(J),
@^n.,^pG(J),
[hbp./A] ? =179;79;689
H`glb ? ycj.sgtrlcecMygacc.nc` 
ycj.sgtrlcecMygacc.nc` 
]rgjthj?

7=7

- Y^X] Kr. TgalkleT galkle ^uklrcausckc, Ob. ]hrletls

Jh`hrkhjgge
Jh`hrkhjgg e J` 77, [g`gbgerhg, @gjgsgr, =;77 -
8;1;<89
- Gpctlj ^cflg, Ob \cs ^ukgrsc, @gjgsgr
- Y^. Lieu ^leg, Ob. Ohek Xrlp ^u`cagroc 96;, J` 8,
Jgruwlsl, @gjgsgr

9. kr. Ygteg Khwl Grtgtl, ^pG

[hbp./A] ? =17>;9679679
H`glb ? rgtegkhwlgrtgtlMygacc.nc.lk 
rgtegkhwlgrtgtlMygacc.nc.lk 
]rgjthj?

- Y^X] Kr. Tgalkle

T galkle ^uklrcausckc? Ob. ]hrletls
Jh`hrkhjgge
Jh`hrkhjgg e J` 77, [g`gbgerhg, @gjgsgr, =;77 -
8;1;<89
- Y^. @ltrg
@ltrg Ausgkg? Ob. Dueued @hrgpl Ec. 99=, [hbp
[hbp
=;77 - >7<=66
- Ygtubgedl @hklngb Nhethr, Ob. K Ygtubgedl,
 7=9

Bg`plrge 76 . Igage Igngge

 G`hrlnge Gngkh`y cf ]hklgtrlns, Ehwicre ^nrhheled [gsj

Fcrnh (9===).  ^hrvled tah Fg`lby frc` Ilrta tc [ah
@hklngb Ac`h  „  Ehwicre ^nrhheled? G Ibuhprlet fcr
[ah Futurh. ]hklgtrlns. 7=6(suppb)?>1>-;94

 G`hrlnge Gngkh`y cf ]hklgtrlns,

]hklgtrlns, Ycsh ^Y. ^hntlce ce
Hekcnrlecbcdy
Hekcnrlecbcd y gek Nc``ltthh ce Dhehtlns G[GIY]AN
Bgwsce Tlbjles ]hklgtrln Hekcnrleh ^cnlhty. Fcbhy [.
Jgpbcwltz ]I. Jgyh Nb.^uekgrgrgoge ^. Vgr`g ^J (9==6).
Xpkgth cf Ehwicre ^nrhheled gek [ahrgpy fcr
Ncedheltgb Aypctayrclkls`. ]hklgtrlns,774(6)? 99<=-
9>=>.

Igslblc OG., Hstrgkg ^N., @gegbgn H@., ]gklbbg NK (9==8).

@geugb cf Cphrgtlces cf [ah Egtlcegb Nc`prhaheslvh
 Ehwicre ^nrhheled ^ysth`. Lestltuth cf Au`ge Dhehtlns.
Egtlcegb Lestltuth cf Ahgbta. Xelvhrslty cf tah ]alblpplehs,
@gelbg.

Icedhrs-^nacjjled OO,Jcct A@,Tlhrs`g K, Vhrjhrj ]A,kh

@ulenj Jhlzhr ^narg`g ^@]F (9===). Lefbuhenh cf
[l`led gek Kcsh cf [ayrclk Acr`ceh Yhpbgnh`het ce
Khvhbcp`het le Lefgets wlta Ncedheltgb
Aypctayrclkls`. O ]hklgtr.7>6? 9<9-4.
9<9 -4.

Nblelngb gek Bgicrgtcry ^tgekgrks Lestltuth (9==<). Ehwicre

^nrhheled fcr ]rhthr`, Bcw Ilrta Thldat, gek ^lnj
Ehwicres: Gpprcvhk Dulkhbleh.L/BG>7-G
Dulkhbleh.L/BG>7-G Vcb.9< Ec.9;.

7=>

Fhledcbk ^I, Ircwe Y^, Ehcegtgb [ayrclk Fuentlce,

EhcYhvlhw 77: 77, 9=7=. Kcwebcgk frc`
attp?//ehcrhvlhws.ggp   puiblngtlces.crd/gt Lekcehslg?GG]
attp?//ehcrhvlhws.ggp
^pcescrhk ce Ogeugry 7<,9=7;.

Drcssh ^K, Vge Vblht D (9=77). ]rhvhetlce cf Lethbbhntugb

Klsgilblty [arcuda ^nrhheled fcr Ncedheltgb
Aypctayrclkls`h? Acw @una gek Gt Tagt Bhvhb 3 
 Grna Kls Nalbk? <6, >4;->4<.

Lethregtlcegb Gtc`ln Hehrdy Gdheny (LGHG) (9==8). ^nrhheled

cf Ehwicres fcr Ncedheltgb Aypctayrclkls` .
Dulkgenh fcr Khvhbcpled ]rcdrg``hs. Lethregtlcegb
 Gtc`ln Hehrdy Gdheny. Vlheeg.
Vlheeg.

Bhdhr O, Cblvlhrl G, Kcegbksce @, ht gb, ce ihagbf cf H^]H  „ 

]H^  „ ^BH]  „ O^]H  „ G]HD  „ G]]H^  „ L^]GH gek tah
Ncedheltgb Aypctayrclkls` Nceshesus Ncefhrhenh
 Drcup, Nblelngb ]rgntlnh Dulkhbleh, Hurcphge ^cnlhty fcr
]ghklgtrln Hekcnrlecbcdy Nceshesus Dulkhbleh ce
^nrhheled, Klgdecsls, gek @gegdh`het cf Ncedheltgb
Aypctayrclkls`, O Nble Hekcnrlecb @htgi <<,9=7;.

]grjs O^, Ble @, Drcssh ^K, ht gb., [ah L`pgnt cf [rgeslhet

Aypctayrclkls` ce tah Lenrhgsled Ygth cf Ncedheltgb
Aypctayrclkls` le tah Xelthk ^tgth , ]hklgtrlns 9=7=:
798:^8;.

]gss JG, Bgeh ]G, Fhreacff ]@, Aletce NF, ]geey ^Y, ]grjs
O^.X.^ (9===). Ehwicre ^nrhheled Dulkhblehs LL?  
Fcbbcw up cf Nalbkrhe, Klgdecsls, @gegdh`het gek
Hvgbugtlce. ^tgth`het cf tah Ncuenlb cf Yhdlcegb
Ehtwcrjs fcr Dhehtlns ^hrvlnhs (NCYE). O
]hklgtr.:7>4?^7-;6.

7=;

Ygstcdl @V, BgFrgenal ^A. Yhvlhw (9=7=).  Ncedheltgb

aypctayrclkls`. Crpageht Ocuregb cf rgrh klshgshs,
8?74. Kluekua kgr l
attp?//www.cork.nc`/ncethet/8/7/74. 

Yustg`g K. (9=7=) Htlcbcdy cf ]gtlhets wlta Ncedheltgb

Ayptayrclkls` Khthnthk iy Ehwicre ^nrhheled.
Klsg`pgljge pgkg [ah 4ta Gslg ]gnlfln Yhdlcegb.
@hhtled cf Lethregtlcegb ^cnlhty fcr Ehcegtgb ^nrhheled.
Igbl.

^nabhlnahr & ^nauhbb. ^ & ^ <=> sphnl`he ncbbhntlce pgphr.

[ah Lethregtlcegb ^tgekgrk fcr Krlhk Ibcck ^pct
^g`pbhs. ^nabhlnahr & ^nauhbb.

^hbvg JG, @gekhb ^A, Ylhe B, ^hsshr K, @lygalrg Y, ^jhhbs

@, ht gb (9==9). Leltlgb trhgt`het kcsh cf B-tayrcxleh le
Ncedheltgb Aypctayrclkls`. O ]hklgtr:7;7?416-4<9
 ^htlge E. (9==4). Aypctayrclkls` le nalbkrhe   Klgdecsls
gek [rhgt`het. O ]hklgtr? 1>(8 ^uppb)?
^upp b)? ^9=<-976.

^tyeh K@. Klscrkhrs cf tah tyrclk dbgek ( 9==;). Le? Ncrh

agekiccj le phklgtrlns, ]hklgtrln Hekcnrlecbcdy.
Blpplenctt Tlbblg`s & Tlbjles. ]albgkhbpalg. a.1>-7=<
a.1> -7=<

[lbctsce ^B, Fuddbh ]T,^`lta L, Gkhs GH,Drget KI (7<<;).

Yhbgtlce Ihtwhhe Ilcnah`lngb ^hvhrlty gek
Lethbbldhenh le Hgrby [rhgthk Ncedheltgb
Aypctayrclkls`? G [arhsacbk Hffhnt. I@O,
>=<(6<89)? ;;=-;;8.

Tged ^[.,]lzzcbgtc ^., Kh`sagr A] (7<<1). Klgdecstln

Hffhntlvhehss cf [^A ^nrhheled gek cf [; wlta
^hncekgry [^A ^nrhheled fcr Ehwicre Ncedheltgb
Aypctayrclkls`. Nble Nal` Gntg.:94;?787-1.
7=8

TAC (7<<7). Klvlslce cf Ece Nc``uelngibh Klshgshs

gek Ahgbta [hnaecbcdy. Dulkhblehs ce [ah
]rhvhetlce gek Ncetrcb cf Ncedheltgb
Aypctayrclkls`. 

Tlbblg` Bgrsh
Bg rsh ]Y,Khvlhs [F, Ohge ^nbu`ihrdhr @,gek Agy LK
(9==>). [ayrclk ]ayslcbcdy gek Klgdecstln
Hvgbugtlce cf ]gtlhets wlta   [ayrclk Klscrkhrs.  Le?
Tlbblg`, [hxticcj cf Hekcnrlecbcdy.
Hekcnrlecbcdy. ^guekhrs, >>7->4>.
>>7 ->4>.
 7=6

 
Klnhtgj Khedge @hedduegjge Kgeg KL]G [.G. 9=7;
Klrhjtcrgt Ileg Jhshagtge Gegj
Jh`hethrlge Jhshagtge YL