GHNRFI WÈDLHDI

EKLRKJ ]K^K JK DILTW^RDDHÔL GB

@HCR^KT
EKWB^HKJ GB CBIEÈW^HDKT
BTWRGHI WH]I ]^ËDWHDI

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R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 KTHCLKWR^K6
GHNRFI WÈDLHDI

C^KGI6

TÈ]WHEI C^KGI GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK

KRWI^6
R]L@E-GB]K^WKEBLWI
R]L@E-GB]K^WKEBLWI GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK
HLGRTW^HKJ

]^I]ÔTHWI6
Bj prbsbltb diltblhgi ghgëdthdi ak shgi ghsbûkgi bspbdå`hdkebltb pkrk bj
cru
rupi
pi gb bstbstughk
ughklt
ltbs
bs qub
qub akl
akl shgi
hgi jhehtk
ehtkgi
giss gb jk bgbgud
udkd
kdhô
hôll qub
qub
kdistuenrkl, pblsklgi bl `kdhjhtkrjbs jk jknir gbj kprblghzkfb, pubsti qub,
bl bstb eieblti, bstël tieklgi jk rbspilsknhjhgkg gb su priphi pridbsi gb
kprblghzkfb, shblgi philbris gb jk bgudkdhôl vhrtukjhzkgk y k ghstkldhk. Tb
bspbrk qub jis tbeks kquå knirgkgis, jbs shrvkl diei irhbltkdhôl bl jk
tkrbk gb bstughkr gbsgb dksk. Jk hltbldhôl bs ghsehluhr jk dkrck qub pubgb
jjbckr k sbr jk nösqubgk bxakusthvk gb hl`irekdhôl dbrth`hdkgk, ebghkltb jk
lkvbckdhôl pir hltbrlbt, K bsis bstughkltbs qub bstël knrhblgi ulk nrbdak
pkrk jk bgudkdhôl bl lubstri pkås, sb jbs klhek k dilthlukr bs`irzëlgisb k
ghkrhi pir skjhr kgbjkltb, y bl jk ebghgk gb ji pishnjb, k kprblgbr gb jks
shtukdhilbs qub sb prbsbltbl.

DILWBLHGI

>
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 Wbek Dbltrkj6
;. Dilstr
Dilstrudd
uddhôl
hôl gb @hcurk
@hcurkss Cbieètr
Cbieètrhdk
hdkss

Wbeks Gbscjiskgis6

K. Dilstruddhôl gb ëlcujis, trhëlcujis y dukgrhjëtbris

N. Gbskrrijji gb dhrdul`brbldhks
D. Wrkzkgi gb rbdtks pkrkjbjks
s y pbrpblghdujkrbs
k
r
u
hc
@
b s K. Dilstruddhôl gb
g k ëlcujis, trhëlcujis y
l d
h dukgrhjëtbris
ô r
hd t
è
d N. Gbskrrijji gb
u e Dhrdul`brbldhks
r i
t b
s
l C D. Wrkzkgi gb rbdtks
i pkrkjbjks y
D pbrpblghdujkrbs
.
;

HLGHDKGI^BT6

 INFBWHPIT BFBE]JI

DIE]BWBLDHKT WK^BK

HLW^IGRDDHIL CBLB^KJ

4
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 ¹[uè bs ulk `hcurk cbieètrhdk9
Rlk `h
Rlk `hcu
curk
rk cbie
cbieèt
ètrh
rhdk
dk bs jk rb
rbpr
prbs
bsbl
bltk
tkdh
dhôl
ôl vhsu
vhsukj
kj y `uld
`uldhi
hilk
lkjj gb ul
dilfulti li vkdåi y dbrrkgi gb pultis bl ul pjkli cbieètrhdi. Bs gbdhr,
`hcurks qub gbjhehtkl supbr`hdhbs pjklks k trkvès gb ul dilfulti gb jålbks
(jkgis) qub ulbl sus pultis gb ul eigi bspbdå`hdi. Gbpblghblgi gbj irgbl
y löebri gb ghdaks jålbks aknjkrbeis gb ulk `hcurk i gb itrk.
Jks `hcurks cbieètrhdks sil jk ektbrhk gb trknkfi gb jk cbiebtråk, rkek gb
jks ektbeëthdks
ektbeëthdks qub bstughk
bstughk jis pjklis rbprbsblt
rbprbsbltkdhilk
kdhilkjbs
jbs y jks rbjkdhilbs
rbjkdhilbs
bltrb jks `ireks qub pigbeis hekchlkr bl bjjis. Tb trktk, pubs, gb infbtis
knstrkdtis, sbcöl jis dukjbs sb gbtbrehlk lubstrk pbrspbdthvk y lubstrk
eklbrk gb dieprblgbr bspkdhkjebltb bj ulhvbrsi qub lis rigbk.

Tb pubgb djksh`hdkr jks `hcurks cbieètrhdks sbcöl su `irek y löebri gb

jkgis,, pbri tkenhèl bl nksb k jk dklthgkg
jkgis dklthgkg gb gheblshil
gheblshilbs
bs rbprbsbl
rbprbsbltkgks,
tkgks,
pughblgi aknjkr kså gb6

-@hcurks kgheblshilkjbs (= gheblshilbs). Nëshdkebltb sb rb`hbrb kj pulti.

-@hcurks jhlbkjbs (; gheblshôl). Tb trktk gb jks rbdtks y jks durvks, bs gbdhr,

jålbks dil kjculk irhbltkdhôl y rbdirrhgi gbtbrehlkgi.

-@hcurks pjklks (> gheblshilbs). ]ijåcilis, pjklis y supbr`hdhbs, qub

dkrbdbl gb pri`ulghgkg pbri thblbl ul jkrci y ul kldai eblsurknjbs.

7
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 -@hcur
@hcurks
ks vijueètrhdk
vijueètrhdkss (4 ghebls
gheblshil
hilbs)
bs).. Jks `hcurk
`hcurkss trhghe
trhghebls
blshil
hilkjb
kjbss
kûkgbl pri`ulghgkg y pbrspbdthvk kj ksulti, pughblgi dilshgbrkrsb dubrpis
cbieètrhdis, tkjbs diei jis pijhbgris y jis sôjhgis bl rbvijudhôl.

Wblhblgi bsti bl dubltk,

Wblhblgi dubltk, k dilthlukdhô
dilthlukdhôll prbsbltke
prbsbltkeis
is ulk djksh`hdkdhôl
djksh`hdkdhôl gb
jks gh`brbltbs @hcurks. Bl prhebrk hlstkldhk, sb bldubltrkl jks @hcurks
]j
]jkl
klks
ks i @hcur
hcurks
ks Cbieè
bieèttrh
rhdk
dkss, y bl sbcul
bculgi
gi juckr
uckr,, jks
jks @hcur
hcurks
ks
Pijueètrhdks i Dubrpis Cbieètrhdis.
]krk ekyir dieprblshôl6

2
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 @HCR^KT CBIEÈW^HDKT

0
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 DRB^]IT CBIEÈW^HDIT

GBTK^^IJJI

3
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 DILTW^RDDHÔL GB @HCR^KT CBIEÈW^HDKT

Infbthvis6
 Gbskrrijjkr jks gbstrbzks y aknhjhgkgbs qub pbrehtkl bxprbskr dil prbdhshôl y
infbthvhgkg jk dilstruddhôl gb @hcurks Cbieètrhdks Nëshdks.

 Dilidbr y dieprblgbr jis `ulgkebltis gbj ghnufi tèdlhdi pkrk bjknirkr

sijudhilbs rkzilkgks k prinjbeks gb rbprbsbltkdhôl y kpjhdkrjis k jk
hltbrprbtkdhôl gb pjklis.

 Rthjhzkr dil gbstrbzk jis hlstruebltis bspbdå`hdis gbj Ghnufi tèdlhdi y vkjirkr bj
dirrbdti kdknkgi gbj ghnufi, kså diei jks ebfirks qub pubgkl hltrigudhr jks
ghvbrsks tèdlhdks crë`hdks bl jk rbprbsbltkdhôl.

Diepbtbldhks k kjdklzkr6
^bsijvbr jis gh`brbltbs trkzkgis nëshdis dil bsdukgrk, dkrtknôl y diepës
(`hcurks cbieètrhdks pjklks.).
^bsijvbr jis prinjbeks gb dil`hcurkdhôl gb `ireks bl jis qub pkrthdhpbl
trkzkgis pijhcilkjbs.

Dilstruddhôl gb @hcurks Cbieètrhdks

]krk
eklbfijk dirrbdtk
prbdhsi rbkjhzkdhôl gb hlstruebltis
gb tigis jis jis gh`brbltbs gb
trkzkgis
ghnufi6cbieètrhdis
bsdukgrk ylbdbshtkeis sknbr bj
dkrtknôl, diepës,
jëphdbs, trklspirtkgir gb ëlcujis, btd. Kgbeës, sb lbdbshtk ulk dhbrtk kdthtug diei
jhephbzk, irgbl, prbdhshôl, djkrhgkg. Bl tigi trkzkgi cbieètrhdi ghsthlcuhrbeis shbeprb
trbs `ksbs gb rbkjhzkdhôl6
;.- Bj dilidhehblti gb jis gktis prbvhis.
>.- Jks ipbrkdhilbs crë`hdks.
4.- Bj rbsujtkgi `hlkj.
Bl jk rbprbsbltkdhôl crë`hdk (ghnufi) gh`brbldhkrbeis dkgk ulk gb bstks `ksbs gbj
pridbsi pir bj crisir y jk vhsukjhzkdhôl gbj trkzkgi gb jks jålbks6 jis gktis gb pkrthgk y
jks jålbks kuxhjhkrbs qub lis kyugkl k dilstruhr hrël bl jålbk euy `hlk y bl ul tili euy
djkri? jis gktis i bjbebltis hepirtkltbs hrël bl jålbks gb crisir ebghi i tili ebghi? bj
rbsujtkgi `hlkj hrë bl jålbk crubsk y bl ul tili isduri. ]krk bjji uthjhzkrbeis ul jëphz gb

1
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 crk`hti guri, diei pubgb sbr bj 7A, shbeprb shl kprbtkr y dil sukvhgkg, k`hjkgi y
ekrdklgi eës `ubrtb bj rbsujtkgi.
Jis bjbebltis cbieètrhdis nëshdis sil6
Bj pult
pulti6i6 Bs jk hltbrsbddhôl gb gis rbdtks. Jk gbshclkdhôl gb jis pultis sb akdb
ebghkl
ebg hkltb
tb ulk jbtrk
jbtrk ek
ekyös
yösdu
dujk,
jk, `ulgke
`ulgkeblt
bltkje
kjeblt
bltbb jks prhebr
prhebrks
ks gb kj`kn
kj`knbti
bti.. Kså
tblgrbeis bj pulti K, bj pulti N, bj pulti D… Bl duklti k su rbprbsbltkdhôl,
rbprbsbltkdhôl, sb rbkjhzk
ebghkltb ulk druz, ul kspk, ul dårduji vkdåi i ul dårduji jjbli. ]ulti ].
Jk rbdtk6 Tb dilidb k jk rbdtk diei jk sudbshôl hl`hlhtk gb pultis.
Jålbk rbdtk6
Jålbk rbdtk6 Tudbshôl gb pultis bl ulk ehsek ghrbddhôl. ]krk jk gbshclkdhôl sb
uthjhzkl jbtrks ehlösdujks, cblbrkjebltb k pkrthr gb jk jbtrk r, pir bfbepji, r, s, t, … .
^bdtk r.
Tbceblti6 Bs jk pkrtb gb rbdtk jhehtkgk bl sus gis bxtrbeis. Jk gbshclkdhôl gbj
sbce
sbcebl
blti
ti bs ebebgh
ghkl
kltb
tb jis
jis pu
pult
ltis
is qub
qub gb`h
gb`hlb
lbll bj sb
sbce
cebl
blti
ti,, bs
bsti
ti bs
bs,, gi
giss jb
jbtrk
trkss
ekyösdujks. Tbceblti KN.
]jkli6 Tb gbshclkl ebghkltb jks prhebrks jbtrks gbj kj`knbti crhbci (λ, ξ, δ, btd.) y bs jk
supbr`hdhb `irekgk pir6 trbs pultis li kjhlbkgis, i gis rbdtks qub sb dirtkl, i gis rbdtks

pkrkjbjks, i ulk
ulk rbdtk y ul pu
pulti
lti bxtbrhir k bjjk.

Bfbepji ;

Dukgrkgi
Bs ulk `hcurk cbieètrhdk qub pbrtblbdb k jis pkrkjbjicrkeis pirqub thblb 7 jkgis.
]ridbghehblti6
]ksi ;6 Akz ul ëlcuji rbdti (jjkeèeisji JEL) Ksbcörktb gb qub dkgk jkgi ehgk eës
qub bj jkrci gbsbkgi pkrk jis jkgis gb tu dukgrkgi.

]ksi >6 Dijidk jk pultk gbj diepës bl bj vèrthdb gbj ëlcuji rbdti ghnufkgi bl bj pksi
prbvhi, pir bfbepji, bl bj pulti E, kfustk bj kldai gbj diepës pkrk qub sbk hcukj kj

8
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 jkrci gbsbkgi pkrk jis jkgis gbj dukgrkgi bstb kldai qub aks kfustkgi gbnb pbreklbdbr
hltkdti akstk qub akyks tbrehlkgi gb ghnufkr.
Ghnufk ul krdi qub hltbrsbdtb kj jkgi EL bl kjcöl pulti (ghckeis bj pulti ]).
Ghnufk itri krdi qub hltbrsbdtb bj jkgi JE bl kjcöl pulti (ghckeis bj pulti [).

]ksi 46 Dijidk jk pultk gbj diepës bl bj pulti [ y ghnufk ul krdi bl kjcöl pulti

gbnkfi gbj jkgi EL.

]ksi 76 Dijidk jk pultk gbj diepës bl bj pulti ] y ghnufk itri krdi qub hltbrsbdtb kj
krdi ghnufkgi bl bj pksi prbvhi bl kjcöl pulti (ghckeis bj pulti ^).

]ksi 26 Dilbdtk jis pultis ] y ^ y jis pultis [ y ^ usklgi ulk rbcjk gb nirgb rbdti.

;=
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 Jk `hcurk ]E[^ bs ul dukgrkgi. ]ubgbs nirrkr jks gbeës jålbks hllbdbskrhks, sh kså ji
gbsbks.

>

^bdtëlcuji
@hcurk cbieètrhdk gb duktri jkgis gb gis jilchtugbs ghsthltks (gb jk ehsek jilchtug gb
jis jkgis ipubstis) qub `irekl duktri ëlcujis rbdtis.
]ridbghehblti
]ksi ;6

]ksi >6

;;
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 ]ksi 46

]ksi 76

;>
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 ]ksi 26

]ksi 06

;4
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 4

^ieni
Rl rieni bs ulk `hcurk hrrbcujkr qub thblb tigis sus jkgis hcukjbs, gis ëlcujis hltbrlis
kcugis y gis ëlcujis intusis.

]ridbghehblti
]ksi ;6

]ksi >6

;7
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 ]ksi46

]ksi 76

;2
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 7

]bltëcili
Bs ul pijåcili gb dhldi jkgis y dhldi vèrthdbs.

]ridbghehblti
]ksi ;6 Wrkzkr gis ghëebtris pbrpblghdujkrbs dil jk kyugk gb jk bsdukgrk y bj dkrtknôl,
ulk airhziltkj y itri vbrthdkj.

;0
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 ]ksi >6 Gbsgb bj bxtrbei gbrbdai gbj ghëebtri airhziltkj (]ulti K) trkzkeis ul krdi
dil bj ehsei rkghi gb jk dhrdul`brbldhk, qub jk dirtkrë bl jis pultis N y D

]ksi 46 Rlheis jis pultis N y D dil ulk rbdtk qub dirtkrë bj ghëebtri airhziltkj bl bj
pulti E.

]ksi 76 Dil dbltri E y rkghi E; (jålbk ghsdilthluk) trkzkeis ul krdi gbsgb ; qub
dirtb bj ghëebtri airhziltkj bl bj pulti G

;3
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 ]ksi 26 Jk ghstkldhk G;, bltrb bj pulti ; y bj pulti G, sbrë jk ebghgk gbj jkgi pkrk bj
pbltëcili hlsdrhti
hlsdrhti qub qubrbei
qubrbeiss ghnufkr.

]ksi 06 Dil dbltri bl ; y rkghi G; trkzkeis krdis k kenis jkgis gb jk dhrdul`brbldhk

nusdklgi jis pultis gb dirtb > y 2. Gbsgb > vijvbeis k trkzkr krdi pkrk intblbr bj
pulti 4 y akrbeis
akrbeis ji ehsei gbsg
gbsgbb bj pulti 2 pkrk
pkrk intblbr bj pul
pulti
ti 7.

]ksi 36 Jis pultis ;, >, 4, 7 y 2 sil jis vèrthdbs gbj pbltëcili. Gb eigi qub siji
tblb
tblbei
eiss qub
qub ulhr
dhrdul`brbldhk. ulhrji
jiss dil
dil sb
sbce
cebl
blti
tiss pkrk
pkrk in
intb
tblb
lbrr bj pb
pblt
ltëc
ëcil
ilii hl
hlsd
sdrh
rhti
ti bl jk

;1
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
 2

Abxëcili
Rl abxëcili bs tigi pijåcili gb 0 jkgis, pbri ul abxëcili rbcujkr thblb 0 jkgis
hcukjbs y 0 ëlcujis hcukjbs.
]ridbghehblti
]ksi ;6 Ghnufk ul dårduji dil ul diepës. Dijidk ul jëphz bl bj diepës. Kfustk jk
knbrturk gbj diepës akstk qub gbs dil jk ebghgk kpriphkgk pkrk bj rkghi gbj dårduji, qub
pubgb sbr gb siji ulis dbltåebtris. K dilthlukdhôl
dilthlukdhôl,, dijidk jk pultk sinrb bj pkpbj y
chrk bj diepës kjrbgbgir gbj dbltri akstk qub akyks trkzkgi ul dårduji.
K vbdbs, bs eës `ëdhj trkzkr ebghi dårduji bl ulk ghrbddhôl y, gbspuès, vijvbr akdhk
ktrës y ghnufkr jk itrk ehtkg bl jk ghrbddhôl diltrkrhk.

;8
R]L@E GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]ksi >6 Gbspjkzk jk pultk gbj diepës k dukjquhbr pulti gbj nirgb gbj dårduji. Dijidk jk
pultk bl bj nirgb gbj dårduji. Li dkenhbs bj ëlcuji gb knbrturk gbj diepës lh akcks
itris rbkfustbs.

]ksi 46 Akz ulk pbqubûk ekrdk bl bj nirgb gbj dårduji dil bj jëphz. Wrkzk jk ekrdk gb
`irek qub sb vbk `ëdhjebltb, pbri li prbshilbs gbekshkgi pkrk qub li qubgb euy
isdurk, yk qub eës tkrgb tblgrës qub nirrkrjk. ^bdubrgk qub gbnbs ekltblbr bj ëlcuji
gb knbrturk hlhdhkj gbj diepës.

]ksi 76
akdbr Dijidk
y bj nirgbjkgbj
pultk gbj diepës
dårduji. Dijidk bl
jk bj pulti
pultk gb dirtb
fusti sinrbbltrb jk ekrdk
bj pulti bl bjqub
qubkdknks gb
jk ekrdk
dirtk bj nirgb gbj dårduji.

>=
R]L@E GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]ksi 26 Akz itrk ekrdk sinrb bj nirgb gbj dårduji dil bj jëphz. Gb bstk `irek, trkzkrës
ulk sbculgk ekrdk qub bstkrë sbpkrkgk gb jk prhebrk pir ulk ghstkldhk hcukj k jk ebghgk
gbj rkghi. ]ubgbs shtukrjk bl sblthgi airkrhi i klth airkrhi dil rbspbdti k jk prhebrk,
pbri kj trkzkr jks shcuhbltbs
shcuhbltbs ekrdks
ekrdks dilthlök bl jk e
ehsek
hsek ghrbddhôl ak
akstk
stk bj `hlkj.

]ksi 06 Akz jks öjtheks duktri ekrdks uthjhzklgi bj ehsei eètigi. Ji hgbkj sbråk qub kj

phldakr sinrbfusti
dihldhghbsb jk sbxtk
dil ekrdk dil bjekrdk.
jk prhebrk diepës, bj trkzi
Th li gbj jëphz
dihldhgb, sinrb
ji eës bj nirgbbsgbj
prinknjb qubdårduji
akyk
dkenhkgi bl kjcöl eieblti bj ëlcuji gb knbrturk gbj diepës ehbltrks ghnufknks, tkj
vbz akyks eigh`hdkgi jk knbrturk kj kckrrkrji dil gbekshkgk `hrebzk i quhzë jk nhskcrk
gbj diepës bstè ul pidi `jifk.

]ksi 36 Rlb jis pultis uthjhzklgi ulk rbcjk. Jis sbhs dirtbs bltrb bj nirgb gbj dårduji y
jks ekrdks trkzkgks sinrb èj sil jis sbhs pultis gbj abxëcili. Rthjhzk ulk rbcjk y ul
jëphz pkrk ghnufkr sbcebltis rbdtis qub ulkl jis pultis kgykdbltb
kgykdbltbs.
s.

>;
R]L@E GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]ksi 16 Nirrk jks jålbks gbj nidbti. Bstks jålbks hldjuybl bj dårduji hlhdhkj, jks ekrdks
kjrbgbgir gbj nirgb y dukjquhbr itri trkzi qub akyks abdai gurkltb bj pridbsi. Rlk vbz
qub akyks nirrkgi bj nidbti, aknrës tbrehlkgi gb ghnufkr bj abxëcili rbcujkr.

Dilsbfis
 Th kj sbcuhr bj eètigi gbj diepës, ulbs ulk gb dkgk gis ekrdks, tblgrës trbs
vèrthdbs bl juckr gb sbhs, y intblgrës ul trhëlcuji bquhjëtbri.
 Jk pultk gbj jëphz qub `hfbs kj diepës gbnb bstkr nhbl k`hjkgk pkrk ehlhehzkr jk
pishnhjhgkg gb brrir k jk airk gb trkz
trkzkr
kr jks ekrdks.
 Gbnbrës ghnufkr bj dårduji gb `irek sukvb, gb eigi qub jubci pubgks nirrkrji
dil `kdhjhgkg.
 ]krk tblbr ebghgks bxkdtks, bs ulk nublk hgbk rbvhskr bj tkekûi gb jis ëlcujis
gbj abxëcili.

Abptëcili

>>
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Bs ulk supbr`hdhb dbrrkgk y pjklk, `irekgk pir jk hltbrsbddhôl gb 0 jålbks (jjkekgis

jkgis gbj abptëcili), qub sb dirtkl bl 3 vèrthdbs (ëlcujis gbj abptëcili).
]ridbghehblti
]ksi ;6 Gb jk ehsek `irek qub bl itrks idkshilbs, bl ul pulti dukjquhbrk (tkenhèl
pigråk vblhr gbtbrehlkgi),
gbtbrehlkgi), trkzkeis jis gis bfbs.

K pkrthr gb
trkzkeis jk hltbrsbddhôl
jk dhrdul`brbldhk gb jis
gilgb gis bfbs, bjshtukeis
sb hlsdrhnhrë bj dbltri y, dil bj rkghi KN
abptëcili.
Ekrdkeis bj pulti G, qub bstë shtukgi gilgb bj bfb airhziltkj dirtk k jk dhrdul`brbldhk.

]ksi >6 ]hlda

]hldaklg
klgii di
dill bj
diepës bl bj pulti G y dil bj rrkghi
kghi KN, sb trkzk ul krdi, qub jôchdkebltb gbnbrë pkskr
pir bj dbltri gb jk dhrdul`brbldhk (pulti
(pulti I).
Bstb krdi dirtk k jk dhrdul`brbldhk bl jis pultis B y @.

>4
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]ksi 46 Ebghkltb ulk jålbk rbdtk, ulheis jis pultis B y @. Bj pulti C (shtukgi sinrb bj
bfb airhziltkj) bs bj pulti ebghi gbj sbceblti B@.
Jk ghstkldhk bxhstbltb bltrb bj pulti C y bj pulti B, sbrë bj rkghi CB qub sb dilvbrthrë
bl bj jkgi gbj abptëcili hlsdrhti.

@hfkeis bj pulti ;, qub sb shtök gilgb bj bfb vbrthdkj dirtk k jk dhrdul`brbldhk.

]ksi 76 K pkrthr gbj pulti ;, trkzkeis ul krdi dil bj rkghi CB.

Tb inthblb jis pultis > y 3 gbj abptëcili. Abptëci
Abptëcili
li hlsdrhti =2
Thcuhblgi jis gis pultis trkzkgis, uthjhzklgi bj diepës dil bj rkghi CB, trkzkrbeis bj
rbsti gb jis pultis.

>7
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Litk6 Th sb ak diebthgi ul pbqubûi brrir bl bj dëjduji gbj rkghi, duklgi sb trkzkl

krdis, uli k dilthlukdhôl gb itri, bj brrir `hlkj sbrë euy crklgb
]krk ehlhehzkr bstb prinjbek, jjbvkrbeis jis pultis 4 y 7, k pkrthr gbj pulti >.
Ehbltrks qub jis pultis 0 y 2, jis jjbvkrbeis gbsgb bj pulti 3.

]ksi 26 Dil tigis jis pultis ekrdkgis (;, >, 4, 7, 2, 0 y 3), trkzkeis sukvbebltb bj
abptëcili hlsdrhti.

>2
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]ksis 06 Tb rbp
rbpksk
ksk bj trk
trkzkg
zkgii kl
kltbr
tbrhir
hir y qubgk
qubgk `hlkj
`hlkjhzk
hzkgk
gk jk dilstr
dilstrudd
uddhôl
hôl gb ul
abptëcili rbcujkr hlsdrhti bl jk dhrdul`brbldhk dil rkghi gkgi.

Idtëcili
Bs ulk `hcurk pjklk dil
idai jkgis y idai

vèrthdbs.
]ridbghehblti
]ksi ;6 Ghnufk ul dårduji y
gis jålbks gb ghëebtri
pbrpblghdujkrbs.
pbrpblghdujkrbs. Bj diepës
bs ulk abrrkehbltk

>0
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

sbldhjjk qub sb uthjhzk pkrk ghnufkr dårdujis. Bj ghëebtri gbj dårduji qub ghnufbs sbrë jk
ghkcilkj eës jkrck gbj idtëcili, bl itrks pkjknrks, jk ghstkldhk gbsgb ul pulti gbj
idtëcili
idtëcili akstk itri pulti unhdkgi
unhdkgi ghrbdtke
ghrbdtkebltb
bltb bl jk pkrtb diltrkrhk.
diltrkrhk. ]ir ji tklti, ul
dårduji crklgb prigudb ul idtëcili crklgb y vhdbvbrsk. Rthjhzk bj diepës pkrk ghnufkr
ul dårduji y gbspuès gb akdbrji, ghnufk gis jålbks qub ktrkvhbsbl bj ghëebtri gbj dårduji
y sb tiqubl bl bj dbltri gbj ehsei bl ëlcujis pbrpblghdujkrbs.

]ksi >6 Akz ul dårdu

dårduji
ji jhcb
jhcbrkeb
rkebltb
ltb eës crkl
crklgb
gb qub bj prhebri dbltrkgi
dbltrkgi bl bj ehsei
pulti qub bj dårduji irhchlkj. Ekltblhblgi jk pultk gbj diepës bl bj dbltri gbj prhebr
dårduji, ghnufk ul sbculgi dårduji dil ul rkghi jhcbrkebltb eës crklgb. ]ir bfbepji, sh
bj rkghi gbj prhebr dårduji bs gb 2 de (> pujckgks), pubgbs suekrjb ; de (;/> pujckgk)
kj rkghi y ghnufkr ul sbculgi dårduji.

]ksi 46 Akz ul krdi k ji jkrci gbj dbltri gbj dårduji. Rnhdk jk pultk gbj diepës bl ulk
gb jks hltbrsbddhilbs bltrb bj dårduji hltbrli y su ghëebtri. Rthjhzk bj diepës pkrk
ghnufkr ul krdi dbrdk gbj dbltri gbj dårduji. Li thblbs qub ghnufkr ul dårduji diepjbti,
siji akz ul krdi qub vkyk gb ul jkgi gbj dårduji kj itri.

>3
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]ksi 76 ^bphtb pkrk bj itri jkgi. Rnhdk jk pultk gbj diepës bl jk hltbrsbddhôl bltrb bj
dårduji
dårduji hltbrli y jk jålbk gb ghëebtri ipubs
ipubstk
tk kj pult
pultii qub kdknks
kdknks gb uthjhzkr y ghnufk
ghnufk
itri krdi k trkvès gbj dbltri gbj dårduji. Kj `hlkj gbnbs tblbr jk `irek gb ul "ifi" bl bj
dbltri gbj dårduji.

]ksi 26 Ghnufk gis jålbks qub ktrkvhbsbl jis pultis gb dhbrrb gbj ifi. Rthjhzk ulk rbcjk
pkrk akdbr jks jålbks. Jks jålbks gbnbl sbr ji su`hdhbltbebltb jkrcks pkrk hltbrsbdtkr bj
dårduji bl gis pultis y gbnbl sbr pbrpblghdujkrbs k jk jålbk gb ghëebtri qub rbdirrbl.

]ksi 06 Ghnufk gis krdis gbsgb jis pultis rbstkltbs gb jk hltbrsbddhôl bltrb bj dårduji
hltbrli y jks jålbks gb ghëebtri. K dilthlukdhôl, rbphtb jis pksis kltbrhirbs pkrk jk itrk
jålbk gb ghëebtri qub `irek jk druz dbltrkj. Bl itrks pkjknrks, unhdk jk pultk gbj

>1
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

diepës bl jis pultis gb hltbrsbddhôl bltrb bstk jålbk y bj dårduji, y ghnufk krdis qub sb
bxthblgkl k trkvès gbj dbltri gbj dårduji, diei ji ahdhstb kltbrhirebltb.
Duklgi ji akyks abdai, gbnbs tblbr gis "ifis" qub sb hltbrsbdtkl.

]ksi 36 Rthjhzk jk rbcjk pkrk ghnufkr jålbks bl jis pultis gb dhbrrb gbj lubvi ifi. Diei
ji ahdhstb kltbs, gbnbs ghnufkr gis jålbks rbdtks qub ktrkvhbsbl jis pultis gb dhbrrb gbj
lubvi ifi. Jks jålbks gbnbl sbr ji su`hdhbltbebltb jkrcks pkrk hltbrsbdtkr bj dårduji y
gbnbl sbr pbrpblghdujkrbs k jk jålbk gb ghëebtri qub drudbl.
Kj ghnufkr bstks jålbks fulti dil jks itrks jålbks qub rbkjhzkstb dil bj itri "ifi", gbnbs
`irekr ul dukgrkgi.

>8
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]ksi 16 Dilbdtk jks bsquhlks gbj "dukgrkgi" dil jks hltbrsbddhilbs gb jk druz dbltrkj y
bj dårduji hltbrli. Bstis pultis `irekl jis bxtrbeis gb ul idtëcili rbcujkr. Ölbjis
pkrk diepjbtkr
diepjbtkr bj idtëcili.

]ksi 86 Nirrk bj dårduji, jks jålbks y jis krdis pkrk gbfkr siji bj idtëcili.

Hlstruddhilbs6 Gb sbr lbdbskrhi, pubgb uthjhzkr ebghgks qub sb kgbdöbl kj bspkdhi qub
rbquhbrb dkgk ghnufi. Ghvhgb tu `irekti gb pkpbj K7 bl 7 sbddhilbs hcukjbs y bl dkgk
bspkdhi dirrbspilghbltb, dilstruyb ji shcuhbltb6
;. Rl dduukgrkg
rkgi
>. Rl rrbd
bdtë
tëllcu
cuji
ji
4. Rl rieni
7. Rl aabbxëcili

4=
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Ghvhgb ul sbculgi `irekti bl 7 sbddhilbs hcukjbs y dilstruyb ji shcuhbltb6

2. Rl pbl
pbltëci
tëcili
li bstrb
bstrbjjkg
jjkgi6
i6 prhebr
prhebrii ghnufk ul pb
pbltëc
ltëcili,
ili, tkj diei
diei sb eubstrk
eubstrk dil
dijir kzuj, bstb sbrë jk nksb pkrk jk bstrbjjk, sijkebltb ulb jis pultis hjustrkgis
bl dijir rifi dil jålbks rbdtks6

0. Rl abp
abptëci
tëcili
li bstrb
bstrbjjkg
jjkgi6
i6 prhebr
prhebrii ghnufk ul ababptëci
ptëcili,
li, tkj diei
diei sb eubstrk
eubstrk dil
dijir kzuj, bstb sbrë jk nksb pkrk jk bstrbjjk, sijkebltb ulb jis pultis hjustrkgis
bl dijir rifi dil jålbks rbdtks6

4;
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

3. Thcu
Thcubb jis shc
shcuhbl
uhbltbs
tbs pks
pksis
is pkrk jjkk dils
dilstrudd
truddhôl
hôl gb ulk
ulk `jir cbieètrh
cbieètrhdk6
dk6

4>
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

1. ]ilc
]ilckk bl prëd
prëdthdk
thdk sus ak
aknhjhg
nhjhgkgb
kgbss kgquhr
kgquhrhgks
hgks y shck ji
jiss pksis
pksis qub rbqu
rbquhbrb
hbrb jk
`hcurk shcuhbltb pkrk dilstruhr jk ^isk Cbieètrhdk.

44
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

. DILTW^RDDHÔL GB ËLCRJIT, W^HËLCRJIT X

DRKG^HJËWB^IT.

Diepbtbldhks ^bqubrhgks6
@hcurks pjklks (rbdilidbr)
Ëlcujis
Thebtråk
]krkjbjhsei y pbrpblghdujkrhgkg

Infbthvis6
 Diltrhnuhr k jk ebfirk gbj pridbsi gb kprblghzkfb ebghkltb
jk `kdh
`kdhjh
jhtk
tkdh
dhôl
ôl gb bs bstr
trkt
ktbc
bchk
hkss eb
ebti
tigi
gijô
jôch
chdk
dkss pk
pkrk
rk jk
dilstruddhôl gb trhëlcujis y dukgrhjëtbris sbcöl sus jkgis y
ëlcujis bl sèpthei crkgi.
 [ub bj kjueli kprblgk k dilidbr jis gh`brbltbs thpis gb
ëlcujis pkrk dilstruhr `hcurks cbieètrhdks
 Kpjh
Kp jhdk
dkrr bstr
bstrkt
ktbc
bchk
hkss eb
ebtitigi
gijô
jôch
chdk
dkss ghsb
ghsbûk
ûkgk
gkss pk
pkrk
rk jk
dilstruddhôl gb trhëlcujis y dukgrhjëtbris

Ëlcujis
47
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Ëlcuji6 Bs jk rbchôl gbj pjkli dieprblghgk bltrb gis sbehrrbdtks qub thblbl bj ehsei
irhcbl.

Bjbebltis gb jis ëlcujis6

Pèrthdb6 ]ulti bl dieöl qub thblbl sus jkgis.

Jkgis6 Dkgk ulk gb jks sbehrrbdtks qub ji `irekl.
Kepjhtug6 Bs jk kpbrturk gb sus jkgis y sb ehgb bl
crkgis.

Whpis gb ëlcujis

-Gis rbdtks pbrpblghdujkrbs gb`hlbl duktri ëlcujis rbdtis. Jis

jkgis gb ul ëlcuji rbdti sil gis sbehrrbdtks pbrpblghdujkrbs.
Dkgk ëlcuji rbdti ehgb 8=¶.

-Jis ëlcujis eës pbqubûis qub jis ëlcujis rbdtis sb

gbliehlkl ëlcujis kcugis y ehgbl eblis gb 8=¶

-J
-Jis
is ëlcu
ëlcuji
jiss eë
eëss crkl
crklgb
gbss qub
qub jis
jis ëlcu
ëlcuji
jiss rb
rbdt
dtis
is sb
gbliehlkl ëlcujis intusis y ehgbl eës gb 8=¶.

42
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

-Ëlcuji jjkli bs kqubj qub ehgb ;1=¶ (gis ëlcujis rbdtis).

-Ëlcuji diepjbti bs kqubj qub ehgb 40=¶ (duktri ëlcujis rbdtis).

6 Dôei trkzkr ëlcujis

]krk trkzkr ul ëlcuji, bj trklspirtkgir sb dijidk gb jk ehsek `irek qub pkrk jk

ebghdhôl y sb dubltkl jis crkgis k pkrthr gbj jkgi hlhdhkj. Gbspuès sb akdb ulk ekrdk
bl bj pkpbj, pkrk sbûkjkr jk knbrturk lbdbskrhk pir jk dukj pkskrë bj jkgi `hlkj.

]ksi ;6

40
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]ksi >6

6 Dôei ebghr ëlcujis

43
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]ksi ;6

41
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]ksi >6

Wrhëlcujis
Wrhklcuji6 ]ijåcili qub thblb 4 jkgis y 4 ëlcujis.

Djksh`hdkdhôl gb jis trhëlcujis ktblghblgi k sus jkgis .

-Wrhëlcuji Bquhjëtbri. Whblb jis trbs jkgis y jis trbs ëlcujis hcukjbs.
-Wrhëlcuji Hsôsdbjbs. Whblb gis jkgis y gis ëlcujis hcukjbs.
-Wrhëlcuji Bsdkjbli. Whblb jis trbs jkgis y jis trbs ëlcujis gbshcukjbs.

Djksh`hdkdhôl gb jis trhëlcujis ktblghblgi k sus ëlcujis

-Wrhëlcuji Kdutëlcuji. Whblb jis trbs ëlcujis kcugis.

48
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

-Wrhëlcuji ^bdtëlcuji. Whblb ul ëlcuji rbdti.

-Wrhëlcuji Intusëlcuji. Whblb ul ëlcuji intusi

Jkgis gb ul trhëlcuji rbdtëlcuji

-Ahpitblusk6 Jkgi ipubsti kj ëlcuji rbdti.
-Dktbti6 Dkgk uli gb jis jkgis qub `irekl bj ëlcuji rbdti.

Litk6 Jk suek gb jis trbs ëlcujis gb ul trhëlcuji bs shbeprb ;1=¶

6 Wrkzkgi gb ul trhëlcuji
t rhëlcuji gbj qub sb dilidbl sus trbs jkgis

7=
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]ksis6 Tb tiek diei nksb bj jkgi ekyir KN5D dil dbltri bl bj vèrthdb K, sb trkzk ul
krdi dil ulk knbrturk gb diepks hcukj kj jkgi n.

6 Wrkzkgi gb ul trhëlcuji
t rhëlcuji bquhjëtbri sknhblgi jk jilchtug gb su jkgi

]ksis6 sb ghnufk ul sbceblti KN dil bj vkjir gbj jkgi gkgi. Tb tiek diei dbltri gb
eklbrk sudbshvk jis vèrthdbs,
vèrthdbs, K y N y dil ulk knbrturk gb diepks hcukj k KN, sb trkzk
gis krdis qub gbtbrehlk bj pulti D, qub bs bj vèrthdb ipubsti kj jkgi KN.
*Kj ulhr bj pulti D dil K y dil N sb inthblb bj trhëlcuji bquhjëtbri

6 Wrkzkgi gb ul trhëlcuji hsôsdbjbs dilidhblgi jk nksb y jk kjturk

]ksis6 sb ghnufk jk nksb k5KN y sb trkzk su ebghktrhz dil ji qub sb inthblb bj pulti =.
K pkrthr gb = y sinrb bstk ebghktrhz sb kdtök jk ekclhtug a, kjturk gbj trhëlcuji dil jk
kyugk gbj diepës. Gb bstb eigi sb inthblb bj vèrthdb D. ]krk tbrehlkr gb dilstruhr bj
trhëlcuji siji aky qub ulhr jis vèrthdb K,N,D.

7;
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Dukgrhjëtbris
Dukgrhjëtbri6 ]ijåcili qub thblb 7 jkgis y 7 ëlcujis.
Djksh`hdkdhôl pkrkjbjhsei pir sus jkgis.
;. ]k
]krk
rkjb
jbji
jicr
crke
keis
is.. Gb`hlhdhôl. Dukgrhjëtbri
Dukgrhjëtbri qub thblb jis jk
jkgis
gis pkrkjbjis gis
gis k gis.

Whpis6
k. Dukgrkgi. ]krkjbjicrkei qub thblb jis 7 jkgis hcukjbs y jis 7 ëlcujis rbdtis.
n. ^bdtëlcuji.
^bdtëlcuji. ]krkjbjicrkei qub thblb jis jkgis hc
hcukjbs
ukjbs gis k gis y jis 7 ëlcujis
ëlcujis rbdtis.
d. ^ieni. @hcurk cbieètrhdk gb duktri jkgis hcukjbs qub li `irekl ëlcujis rbdtis
g. ^ienihgb. @hcurk cbieètrhdk gb duktri jkgis qub li `irekl ëlcujis rbdtis, gb jis
dukjbs sil hcukjbs jis ipubstis y gbshcukjbs jis dilthcuis.

7>
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

>. Wrkpbdhis. Gb`hlhdhôl6 Dukgrhjëtbri qub thblb gis jkgis pkrkjbjis.

Whpis6
k. Wrkpbdhi Hsôsdbjbs. Wrkpbdhi qub thblb jis jkgis qub li `irekl jks nksbs hcukjbs
y jis ëlcujis hcukjbs gis k gis.
n. Wrkpbdhi ^bdtëlcuji.
^bdtëlcuji. Wrkpb
Wrkpbdhi
dhi qub thblb gi
giss ëlcujis rbdtis
rbdtis

4. Wrkpbzihgbs. Dukgrhjëtbri qub li thblb lhlcöl jkgi pkrkjbji.

Litk6 Jk suek gb jis 7 ëlcujis gb ul dukgrhjëtbri shbeprb vkjb 40=¶

6 Dukgrhjëtbris

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Dilstruddhôl gb dukgrhjëtbris6
k) ul dukgrkgi gb jkgi KN
n) ul rbdtëlcuji
rbdtëlcuji gb jkgi ekyi
ekyirr KN y gb kjturk a
d) ul rieni gb KN gb ghkcilkj ekyir, y DG gb ghkcilkj eblir

Hlstruddhilbs6 rbsubjvk jis shcuhbltbs bluldhkgis bl su dukgbrli gb djksbs.

;) Ghnufk bstis thpis gb trhëlcujis
t rhëlcujis
k) ul trhëlcuji duyis jkgis sil KN,ND,KD.
n) ul trhëlcuji bquhjëtbri
bquhjëtbri gb KN gb jk
jkgi
gi
d) ul trhëlcuji hsôsdbjbs gb nksb KN y gb kjturk a5;= de
KYYYYYYYYYY0deYYYYYYYYYYYN

77
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

NYYYYYYYY7deYYYYYYYYYD
KYYYYYY>deYYYYYYD

>) ghnufk bl ulk pëchlk kpkrtb jis thpis gb ttrhëlcujis

rhëlcujis qub bxhstbl sbcöl sus ëlcujis

4) ¹Dôei pubgbl sbr jks ebghgks gb jis itris gis ëlcujis gb ul trhëlcuji sh aky uli
qub ehgb 2=¶9 Ghnufb gis trhëlcujis ghsthltis qub tblckl ul ëlcuji gb 2=¶

7) Bldubltrb jk ebghgk gb dkgk ëlcuji qub `kjtk bl dkgk trhklcuji

2) Rthjhzklgi rbcjk i bsdukgrk ghnufb jis shcuhbltbs trhëlcujis, gb tkj eklbrk qub
duepjkl jks dilghdhilbs
dilghdhilbs gkgks6
;. Rl tr
trhël
hëlcuj
cujii rbdtël
rbdtëlcuj
cujii b hsôsdb
hsôsdbjbs
jbs..
>. Rl tr
trhël
hëlcuj
cujii intusë
intusëlcu
lcuji
ji y bs
bsdk
dkjbl
jbli.
i.
4. Rl tr
trhël
hëlcuj
cujii kdutël
kdutëlcuj
cujii b hsôsdb
hsôsdbjbs
jbs..

72
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

. GBTK^^IJJI GB DH^DRL@B^BLDHKT

70
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Diepbtbldhks6

Bl bstk sbddhôl bj kjueli sbrë dkpkz gb dildbptukjhzkr

dildbptukjhzkr vidknujkrhi tèdlhdi,

rb`brbltb k jk bjknirkdhôl gb dhrdul`brbldhks y krdis, kpjhdkrk bstis

dilidhehbltiss pkrk dilstruhr dhrdul`brbldhks y krdis gb eklbrk prëdthdk.

dilidhehblti

Infbthvis6

Djksh`hdkr jis gh`brbltbs bjbebltis qub hltbcrkl ulk dhrdul`brbldhk.

Dilstruhr dhrdul`brbldhks y krdis dil bj diepës bl ul ghnufi gb dkrëdtbr

tèdlhdi.

dhrdul`brbldhks y krdis
Dårdujis, dhrdul`brbldhks

Bl bstb kpkrtkgi vbrbeis sinrb bj jk dhrdul`brbldhk, kjculis dildbptis

dildbptis nëshdis, y dukj

bs pridbghehblti pkrk akdbr dhrdul`brbldhks y krdis.

¹Wb aks prbcultkgi qub dukj bs bj dildbpti `irekj gb dårduji9

Rl dårduji bs ulk durvk dbrrkgk `irekgk pir ulk sbrhb gb pultis

shtukgis k jk ehsek ghstkldhk gbj pulti gb rb`brbldhk jjkekgk dbltri.

Kså diei bstk qub vbs kquå

Dhrdul`brbldhk. Rlk dhrdul`brbldhk bs ulk jålbk durvk,

dbrrkgk y pjklk, bl jk qub tigis sus pultis bstël k ulk

ehsek ghstkldhk (jjkekgk rkghi) gb ul pulti dbltrkj

jjkekgi dbltri. Jk dhrdul`brbldhk bstë gb`hlhgk pir bj

73
 dbltri y bj rkghi i ghëebtri (ginjb gbj rkghi).
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Jk dhrdul`brbldhk pisbb vkrhis bjbebltis hepirtkltbs, sb trktk gb pultis, rbdtks y

sbcebltis, qub gb`hlbl bjbebltis shlcujkrbs bl jk dhrdul`brbldhk. Bstis bjbebltis sil6

Dbltri. Bs bj pulti hltbrhir bquhghstkltb gb tigis jis pultis

gb jk dhrdul`brbldhk.
^kghi. Bs jk jilchtug bxhstbltb bltrb bj dbltri y dukjquhbr

pulti gb jk dhrdul`brbldhk. Bj rkghi thblb ul tkekûi

bquhvkjbltb k jk ehtkg gbj ghëebtri.

71
 Ghëebtri. Whblbl ulk jilchtug bquhvkjbltb kj ginjb gbj
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

78
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Nubli, yk sknbs bstk hl`irekdhôl nëshdk gb jk dhrdul`brbldhk kairk vkeis k

vbr kjculis pksis pkrk akdbr ulk dhrdul`brbldhk

dhrdul`brbldhk6

;. Wrkzk dil ulk Q ji qub vk k sbr tu rkghi.

>. Dijidk jk pultk ebtëjhdk gbj diepës bl jk x qub ekrdkstb.

4. Chrk bj diepës akstk diepjbtkr ulk vubjtk.

LIWK6 ]krk trkzkr ulk dhrdul`brbldhk gb ulk

gbtbrehlkgk ebghgk knrheis bj diepës gb tkj

eklbrk qub jk ebghgk gb jk ghstkldhk bltrb sus

2=
 pultis sbk hcukj k jk ebghgk gbj rkghi gbj dårduji.
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ
]ir b be ji, sh ubr
ubrbei
beis
s trk
trkzkr
zkr ul dår
dårduj
duji
i gb ;=

Krdis

Bxhstbl eudais eètigis pkrk rbkjhzkr krdis pbri kquå siji vkeis k lienrkr kjculis gb

bjjis.

;. Aks ulks jålbks pbrpblghdujkrbs, ekrdk jk ghstkldhk gbj rkghi k ji jkrci gb jks jålbks.

>. Ghnufk ulk jålbk gb 72 crkgis k trkvès gbj pulti dbltrkj y ekrdk jk ghstkldhk gbj
rkghi k ji jkrci gb bsb.

4. Wrkzk bj krdi dil bj diepës

2;
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Bfbrdhdhis pripubstis6 ^bkjhdb bl ul `irekti K7 jis shcuhbltbs bfbrdhdhis6

@hcurk ;

2>
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

@hcurk > @hcurk 4

@hcurk 7

@hcurk 2

@hcurk 0

24
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

@hcurk 3

27
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

. ^BDWKT ]K^KJBJKT X ]B^]BLGHDRJK

]B^]BLGHDRJK^BT
^BT

 Infbthvis6
 Dieprblgbr bj dildbpti gb ji qub bs ulk rbdtk.

Hgblth`hdkr jis ghsthltis thpis gb rbdtks.
 Wrkzkr dirrbdtkebltb rbdtks pkrkjbjks y pbrpblghdujkrb
pbrpblghdujkrbs.
s.

Diepbtbldhks6
Gbstrbzk eitirk kj eieblti gb trkzkr rbdtks.
Aknhjhgkg dildbptukj
dildbptukj pkrk rbdirgkr jis ghsthltis thpis gb rbdtks.
Dkpkdhgkg gb klkjhzkr duklgi gbnb bepjbkr ul gbtbrehlkgi thpi gb rbdtk.

JK ^BDWK

Lidhô
idhôl6
l6 Jk hgbk
hgbk gb jk jålb
jålbkk rbdt
rbdtkk bs ul
ulkk li
lidh
dhôl
ôl hl
hltu
tuht
hthv
hvk,
k, kg
kgqu
quhr
hrhg
hgkk pi
pirr jk
jkss

dilshgbrkdhilbs gb jis infbtis ektbrhkjbs. Rl ahji nhbl tblghgi lis rbprbsbltk

dilshgbrkdhilbs r bprbsbltk jk hekcbl
gb ulk jålbk rbdtk. Tbcöl bstk hgbk, jk rbdtk bstë dkrkdtbrhzkgk pir jks priphbgkgbs
shcuhbltbs qub sb kgehtbl shl gbeistrkdhôl.

]istujkgis gb jk rbdtk
-Gis pultis gbtbrehlkl ulk rbdtk, bs gbdhr qub pir gis pultis gkgis
pubgb pkskr ulk rbdtk y siji ulk.

-Jk rbdtk bs ulk jålbk hlgb`hlhgk, bs gbdhr qub sb prijilck

hlgb`hlhgkebltb bl gis sblthgis ipubstis.

22
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

]riphbgkgbs gb jk rbdtk
-Tb pubgb tiekr ulk rbdtk bl ulk rbdtk ulk hl`hlhgkg gb pultis y pir
ul pulti pubgbl pkskr ulk hl`hlhgkg gb rbdtks.

-Gis rbdtks qub thblbl gis pultis bl dieöl sb dil`ulgbl. Gis rbdtks
ghsthltks siji pubgbl tblbr ul pulti bl dieöl.

Jk pbrpblghdujkrhgkg

Gb`hlhdhôl6 Gis rbdtks sil pbrpblghdujkrbs duklgi sb dirtkl bl ëlcuji rbdti.

]krk qub gis rbdtks sbkl pbrpblghdujkrbs nkstk6

-[ub `irebl ul ëlcuji rbdti

-[ub `irebl gis ëlcujis kgykdbltbs hcukjbs.

Wbirbek. ]ir ul pulti gkgi sinrb ulk rbdtk, sb pubgb trkzkr ulk pbrpblghdujkr k
bstk rbdtk, y li sb pubgb jbvkltkr eës qub ulk sijk.

Tbk bj pulti K pbrtblbdhbltb k jk rbdtk DG, ulk injhduk dukjquhbrk KN' `irek
dil DG gis ëlcujis gbshcukjbs6


l' ô N'KG? y
 e ô N'KD.

 l bs eblir qub e (Li hcukjbs).

Th jk rbdtk chrk, dil bfb K akdhk jk hzquhbrgk, vbrk qub bj ëlcuji l diehblzk k drbdbr y bj
ëlcuji e k gbdr
gbdrbdbr
bdbr.. Duklgi e5 l , duklgi jk rbdtk bs KN, jk ]brpblghdujkrhgkg
bxhstb.

20
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Wbirbek. ]ir
]ir ul pult
pulti
i `ubr
`ubrk
k gb ulk
ulk rb
rbdt
dtk
k sh
shbe
bepr
prb
b sb pubg
pubgb
b tr
trkz
kzkr
kr ul
ulk
k
pbrpblghdujkr
pbrpblghdujkr k ghdak rbdtk, y li sb pubgb trkzkr eës qub ulk sijk.

Tb pubgb trkzkr ulk pbrpblghdujk

pbrpblghdujkr.
r. Tbk bj pulti K y jk rbdtk ND. Akdhblgi
Akdhblgi chrkrk KB
akstk jk pishdhôl KG, vbeis qub jis ëlcujis phbrgbl hcukjgkg gilgb l' bs ekyir k e'.

Th akdbeis chrkr GK, dil dbltri bl G akstk qub GK sb dilvhbrtk bl pbrpblghdujkr k

ND, bltildbs6 e' 5 l'

Jk rbdtk K"G y KB sil pkrkjbjks yk qub phbrgbl bj pulti bl dieöl.

Dirijkrhi. Gis rbdtks pbrpblghdujkrbs k ulk tbrdbrk li thblbl lhlcöl pulti bl

dieöl, i sbk sil pkrkjbjks.

Th gis rbdtks pbrtblbdbl kj ehsei pjkli (dipjklkrbs) siji pubgbl idurrhr gis disks6
K - Tb hltbrdbptkl (thblbl pulti bl dieöl)? i

N - sil pkrkjbjks

6 ^bdtks pbrpblghdujkrbs

23
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

;. >.

4. 7.

21
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

BJ ]K^KJBJHTEI
Dildbpti cblbrkj. Bj pkrkjbjhsei bs kqubjjk rbjkdhôl bltrb gis i eës jålbks qub
fkeës sb hltbrdbptkl. Jis pultis diltblhgis bl bjjks eklthblbl ulk ghstkldhk
dilstkltb rbspbdti k jk itrk rbdtk. Bl bj dksi gb rbdtks pkrkjbjks sb pubgbl
bstknjbdbr jis
jis shcuhbltbs
shcuhbltbs prhldhphis6

-Jis pultis diltblhgis bl dkgk ulk eklthblbl ulk ghstkldhk dilstkltb akdhk
jk itrk rbdtk

-Jks rbdtks pkrkjbjks bltrb så dkrbdbl gb pultis bl dieöl, pir ji qub

fkeës sb hltbrdbptkl.

-Wigks jks rbdtks pkrkjbjks bltrb så sil pbrpblghdujkrbs k ulk ehsek rbdtk.

-Th ulk rbdtk hltbrdbptk k gis i eës rbdtks pkrkjbjks bltrb så, bj ëlcuji qub
`irek bs hcukj pkrk tigks jks gbeës rbdtks pkrkjbjks.

-Jk eblir ghstkldhk bltrb gis rbdtks pkrkjbjks bs ulk rbdtk pbrpblghdujkr k
kenks (Dildbpti cbieètrhdi gb Ghstkldhk).

-Dildbptukjebltb kenks rbdtks pkrkjbjks li sb hltbrdbptkl bltrb så.

6 Jålbks pkrkjbjks

28
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

;. >.

0=
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

4. 7.

2.

Hlstruddhilbs6 uthjhdb su dukgbrli gb djksbs pkrk trkzkr jks jålbks qub sb jb phgbl
k dilthlukdhôl.

;. ^bkj
^bkjhdb
hdb gis jålbks
jålbks ppkrkjb
krkjbjks
jks airhz
airhziltk
iltkjbs.
jbs.
>. ^bkj
^bkjhdb
hdb trbs jålbk
jålbkss ppkrkjb
krkjbjks
jks vbrth
vbrthdkjb
dkjbs.
s.
4. ^bk
^bkjhd
jhdbb gis jål
jålbks
bks pkrk
pkrkjbj
jbjks
ks k >>2½.
2½.
7. ^bk
^bkjhd
jhdbb gis jål
jålbks
bks pb
pbrpb
rpblgh
lghduj
dujkrb
krbs.
s.
2. ^bkj
^bkjhdb
hdb gi
giss jålbks
jålbks pbrpblg
pbrpblghdujk
hdujkrbs,
rbs, ul
ulkk gb bbjjks
jjks bstk
bstk 72½.
72½.
0. ^bkj
^bkjhdb
hdb gis jål
jålbks
bks pkrk
pkrkjbjk
jbjkss y trkdb ulk jålbk
jålbk pbrpblghd
pbrpblghdujkr
ujkr bltrb
bltrb bjjks.
bjjks.
3. ^bkj
^bkjhdb
hdb gis jål
jålbks
bks pkrk
pkrkjbjk
jbjkss k 4=½ y trkdb gis jålbks
jålbks pbrpbl
pbrpblghdu
ghdujkrbs
jkrbs k bjjks.
bjjks.

0;
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Nhnjhicrk`åk
attp6//qubbsbjk.lbt/ghnufi-cbiebtrhdi/
attp6//qubbsbjk.lbt/ghnufi-cbiebtrhdi/ y
attps6//hnhcurh.wirgprbss.die/tbeks/sbcebltis/
attps6//bs.whohaiw.die/akdbr-ul-idt%D4%K;cili#/Hekcbl
attps6//bs.whohaiw.die/akdbr-ul-idt%D4%K;cili#/Hekcbl6Ekob-kl-Idtkcil-Ttb
6Ekob-kl-Idtkcil-Ttbp-
p-
;>-Pbrshil-4.fpc
attps6//bs.whohaiw.die/whohAiwWi9sb
attps6//bs.whohaiw.die/whohAiwWi9sbkrda5diei+g
krda5diei+ghnufkr+ul+abptk
hnufkr+ul+abptkcili
cili
attps6//www.bau.bus/gidueblts/;87=0>1/;881;=
attps6//www.bau.bus/gidueblts/;87=0>1/;881;=7/ghnufiYtbdlhdi.p
7/ghnufiYtbdlhdi.pg`/>;03=;24-=nk4-
g`/>;03=;24-=nk4-
7d81-84;d-0;2k3b8kgd72
@ubltb6 attps6//dildbpti.gb/`hcurks-cbiebtrhdk
attps6//dildbpti.gb/`hcurks-cbiebtrhdks/#hxzz0^KKrEv^@
s/#hxzz0^KKrEv^@
attps6//ektbekthdkspkrkthdakrhti.wirgprbss.die/tkc/diei-ghnufi-u
attps6//ektbekthdkspkrkthdakrhti.wirgprbss.die/tkc/diei-ghnufi-ul-rbdtklcuji/
l-rbdtklcuji/
attps6//ektbekthdkspkrkthdakrhti.wirgprbss
attps6//ektbekthdkspkrkthdakrhti.wirgprbss.die/>=;2/=1/=
.die/>=;2/=1/=4/diei-trkzkr-ul-rieni/
4/diei-trkzkr-ul-rieni/

ap6//ebstrbkdksk.cvk.bs/d/giduebltYjhnrkry/cbtYjb9`ijgbrHg52====001331;&lkeb5GJ@B-
47088=.pg`

Eklukj gb ghnufi
ghnufi tèdlhdi pkrk bbstughkltbs
stughkltbs gbj prheb
prhebrr lhvbj H bghdhôl
Ghnufi tèdlhdi. Dukgbrli > / Ëjvkri ^blgôl, Kjbfklgri ^bgilgi y Fircb
[uhltklk / Wbnkr
attps6//www.kdkgbehk.bgu/;328;
attps6//www.kdkgbehk.bgu/;328;7>1/GhnufiYebdk
7>1/GhnufiYebdklhdiYdiphkYjhnri
lhdiYdiphkYjhnri
attp6//sbrvhdhis.bgudkre.bs/tbepjktbs/pirtkj/`hdabris/wbnsGhlk
attp6//sbrvhdhis.bgudkre.bs/tbepjktbs/pirtkj/`hdabris/wbnsGhlkehdks/;21/tbek-
ehdks/;21/tbek-
cbiebtrhk->.pg`
attp6//kprblgb.dijienhkkprblgb.b
attp6//kprblgb.dijienhkkprblgb.bgu.di/shtbs/gb`ku
gu.di/shtbs/gb`kujt/`hjbs/lkspunjhd/pjklYd
jt/`hjbs/lkspunjhd/pjklYdaidi/ektbekt
aidi/ektbekt
hdksY3Ynhe>Ysbe7YbstY;.pg`

0>
R]L@E---GB]WI. GB BGRDKDHÔL WÈDLHDK HLGRTW^HKJ

Ghnufi tèdlhdi pkrk trknkfi rbjkdhilkgi dil jis ebtkjbs. Eidabl Orhbnbj
Chrkrgit.kjbeklhk.
attps6//ektbekthdksp
attps6//ektbekthdkspkrkthdakrhti.wirgprbss
krkthdakrhti.wirgprbss.die/>=;2/=2/;
.die/>=;2/=2/;1/klcujis/
1/klcujis/
Fblsbl, D., Tairt, G. y Abjsbj, F., >==>. Ghnufi X Ghsbli B Hcbhbrk
Hcbhbrk (0K. Bg.). 0ta
bg. Ghstrhti @bgbrkj6 EdCrkw-Ahjj Hltbrkebrhdklk, pp.73-28.
Chbsbdob, @., Ehtdabjj, K. y Tpbldbr, A., >==0. Ghnufi X Dieuhdkdh
Dieuhdkdh Cr`hdk (4K.
Bg.). Ghstrhti @bgbrkj6 ]bkrsil Bgudkdhôl, pp.11-18.

Tdalbhgbr, S. y Tkppbrt, G., >=;7. Ekukj ]rdthdi Gb Ghnufi Wdhdi. 4rg bg.
Nkrdbjilk6 ^bvbrtè, pp.71-2>.

04