LGUOKGXBRZY YRZ RLB @BZ YGLY ÏXAOCBY

RLB GUBLXRZB HB LOUBGR 6

Vgr Mgrcby Ytram • Iauvbrturb > Hauk Davgis • Iauvbrturb gctbrlgtovb
gctbr lgtovb (cb igs ïimïglt)
ïi mïglt) > irïhots bl 8b hb iauvbrturb
Igrtakrgpmob > Hauk Dav
Davgis,
gis, [occog` @iGuscglh • Ïhotbur > Gbryl
Gbr yl « Jcgidhorkb ´ Zuhbc • Occustrgtburs
Occustrgtburs>> No` Maccawgy,
Hauk Davgis, Zuss Loimacsal, Ytbegl Vagk • Horbitoal grtostoqub bt
b t `gqubttb > Nasbpm Kaah`gl
Vaur Gdocbas > Xrghuitoal/@gqubttb > B``glubc Jautboccb
Jautb occb • Zbcbiturb > Kuoccgu`b @bostbr`gll • Iarrbitoal > ^ojbcolb & Ia
Xbstburs > (Lartm Xbxgs ZVK Ialvbltoal) Zygl Yo``, @grtol Jrott, @grd Krbbljbrk, Nagl @iHalgch, No``y Yo`psal, Yiat M. V. Hrbw,
 No`` Namlsal,
Namlsal, Ng`bs Z. Ialb, Dbvol
Dbvol « Oral Vmablox
Vmablox ´ Mokmcglhbr,
Mokmcglhbr, Hrbw
Hrbw Jgcak, Ytbvb
Ytbvb « Jgcrak5:´ Jgcak, Imgrcbs
Imgrcbs Icoee, Zgimbc
Zgimbc
« Mgce-Hwgrvosm ´ @grsm 4 (YgurusIal) Gcbx Glhbrbkk, Nal Ajbrt, @gtt Zuzoidg, Uac Ytram 4 (Kraupb tbst hb Ygl
Hobka) Dgrolg Jblosm, Dbvol Iausolbgu, Ngysal Erblim, Jbidy Nalbs, Zajbrt Nalbs, Yg` Igrtbr, Ytbvbl Xmovobrkb,
Xahh Xma`gs 4 (Jratmbrs Kro`) @oimgbc Iurtos, @grd Dbccbljbrkbr, Hgvoh Dby, @odb Zussa, Nab Yigkcusa, Ngid
Yo`alsal. Zb`briob`blts taut pgrtoiucobrs æ cg Lartm Xbxgs Zacbpcgyolk Kg`bs Ialvbltoal.
HIIHII
NhZNhZ
bstbst
©pujcoï
:67: Kaah`gl Kg`bs.
saus c‟ïkohb Hulkbal
hb c‟Apbl Kg`bIrgwc Icgssois
Coiblsb. bst ulb æ`grqub
Yb rbpartbr hïpasïb
c‟AKC hb hb Kaah`gl
ibt auvrgkb Kg`bs.
paur pcus h‟olear`gtoals.
 Ubrsoal erglëgosb © :6:6
:6:6 Gdocbas. O`pro`ï bl Bspgklb pgr Oear`g. OYJL > ?;=:922;
?;=:922;88=::
88=::
www.kaah`gl-kg`bs.ia` www.gdocbas.ia`

Vgkb 7

OLXZAHRIXOAL
U O
aus vaus rgppbcbz cb jal vobux tb`ps, gvbi cbs gvblturbs
saus tbrrb, hbs VLN quo ïtgoblt cæ paur sb egorb truiohbr
bt ul siïlgroa quo sb lossgot systï`gtoqub`blt pgr
ul ia`jgt ialtrb ul hrgkal gu :6b lovbgu 1 Bm jobl, ib tb`ps-cæ
bst hb rbtaur ! Hgls cbs gvblturbs hb Hulkbal Irgwc Icgssois, al
lb pbrh pgs hb tb`ps æ hïjotbr hb calks hosiaurs, æ prïsbltbr ul
hïiar jozgrrb au æ vaus o`pasbr hbs VLN hbstolïs æ gutrb imasb
qu‟æ vaus ta`jbr sur cb rêjcb. Imgqub gvblturb bst ulb bxpïhotoal
766 % æ c‟gliobllb, gvbi cbs `alstrbs qub vaus iallgossbz, cbs
poíkbs halt vaus vaus sauvblbz bliarb bt cbs partbs sbirítbs quo
haovblt jobl sb igimbr oio au cæ.
Ibttb gvblturb bst ialëub paur 76 æ 72 pbrsallgkbs hb lovbgu 6.
L‟aujcobz pgs qub imgqub naubur hbvrgot bl gvaor gu `aols traos.
Cars hbs pgrtobs tbsts, sbucs ; au = VN alt survïiu sur ul kraupb hb
72. C‟gvblturb pbut ïkgcb`blt îtrb nauïb pgr ul kraupb hb lovbgu
7 au : giia`pgklï hb suovglts.
Hïtbr`olïs æ `bttrb l æ cg vgkub h‟blcívb`blts quo ergppb
cbur voccgkb, cbs pbrsallgkbs hïiauvrblt ulb marhb h‟o``alhbs
ma``bs-jîtbs aiiupglt c‟gltoqub eartbrbssb sur cg iaccolb.
Imbrimglt c‟arokolb hb ibs gja`olgtoals, cbs VN `bttblt gu naur ul
gltoqub iuctb imgatoqub bt bl hïiauvrblt
hï iauvrblt c‟arokolb > ulb zokkaurgt
gltïhocuvobllb sotuïb gu `ocobu h‟ulb vgstb `br sautbrrgolb. Cbs
VN y sbralt tï`aols h‟ul rotubc `gcïqub iuc`olglt pgr cb sgiroib
hbs `b`jrbs hb cbur voccgkb. Yo cbs VN pgrvobllblt æ c‟oltbrra`prb
bt æ b`pîimbr cb rbtaur h‟ul cïkblhgorb Yboklbur hu Imgas,
ocs guralt ulb imglib hb s‟ïimgppbr vovglts hbs sautbrrgols.
@gos so cb iaurgkb au cg imglib vblgot æ cbur egorb hïegut, cbs VN
sujorgoblt gcars ul sart pcus beergyglt qub cg `art, cburs bsprots
vblglt gco`bltbr cg puossglib olebrlgcb h‟ul Yboklbur hu Imgas
rblgossglt.
Vgkb :
IALXB]XB
c y g jobl calktb`ps, h‟olla`jrgjcbs iuctbs hu imgas
puccucgoblt gux eraltoírbs hb cg iovocosgtoal. Vaur
imgqub cobu sgirï s‟ïcbvglt æ cg kcaorb hbs vbrtus hu jobl
bt hb cg cao, oc bxostgot ul pblhglt olebrlgc, pra`bttglt puossglib
bt roimbssb æ c‟mu`glotï bl ïimglkb h‟gitbs irubcs bt hb sgiroibs
sglkcglts. C‟mu`glotï ïtgot ulb rgib nbulb bt o`pruhbltb, bt pcus
h‟ul prolib au h‟ul pgysgl g pu vblhrb sal ê`b bl ïimglkb hb
pauvaors cuo pbr`bttglt h‟ïirgsbr sbs bllb`os. @gos cg iovocosgtoal
bst bltrïb bl rïsostglib, uloglt cbs trojus bl icgls, cbs icgls bl
raygu`bs, bt pbu æ pbu, cg cu`oírb hb cg cao rbpaussg cb imgas.
L‟ïtglt pgs bl rbstb, cbs puossglibs hu imgas bt hu `gc sb `orblt
bl quîtb hb img`poals puossg``blt `gcïqubs bt irubcs, hbs
`artbcs passïhglt ulb earib hb vacaltï cbur pbr`bttglt
pbr`b ttglt hb `blbr
cbs marhbs hu imgas ialtrb cbs gr`ïbs bllb`obs.
Ibs img`poals ïtgoblt cbs sboklburs hu imgas.
Cbs erírbs @acgl bt Ebcgl ia`ptgoblt pgr`o ibux-cæ.
Hï`bsurï`blt voiobux bt rusïs, cburs iřurs hb kubrrobrs blhurios
ïtgoblt hïpaurvus hb cg `aolhrb potoï. Ocs `blírblt hbs marhbs
h‟ma``bs-jîtbs æ cg voitaorb ialtrb cbs gr`ïbs hu jobl. Gvbi cb
jutol hb cburs ig`pgklbs sglkcgltbs, ocs ïrokírblt ulb puossgltb
eartbrbssb bt, hb cæ, rblt rïklbr cg voacblib bt cg tbrrbur sur taut
cbur ha`golb.
Gu jaut hu ia`ptb, cb suiiís hbs hbux erírbs cbs `blg æ cbur
pbrtb. Hbs earibs
rgssb`jcírblt hglshospgrgtbs h‟ma``bs,
ulb iraosghb ialtrb cbshb lgols bt h‟bcebs
`gcegosglts sb
sboklburs
hu imgas. Vblhglt trbltb-lbue naurs, cbs gccoïs rblt cb soíkb hb
c‟oleê`b eartbrbssb. Bt gu qugrgltoí`b naur, cb igpotgolb hbs bcebs
ergppg Ebcgl h‟ul iaup `artbc.
Ia`prblglt qub sg l ïtgot praimb, @acgl sb rbpcog hgls
h‟gliobllbs igvbrlbs sotuïbs saus cg eartbrbssb. Cb Yboklbur hu
Imgas olmu`g h‟gjarh sal erírb hgls ulb iryptb sbirítb, pratïkïb
pgr pgs `aols hb qugtrb `gcïhoitoals. Vuos, gcars qub cbs gr`ïbs
hu jobl rgsgoblt cg eartbrbssb, @acgl rblalëg æ sal blvbcappb
`artbccb, ialglt sal ê`b hg`lïb gux gppblhoibs rg`pglts hbs
hobux hu imgas.
@acgl l‟but qu‟ulb rbquîtb. Oc hb`glhg hb pauvaor rbvblor sb`br
sb`b r
cg hïvgstgtoal ialtrb sbs gliobls bllb`os ulb eaos cb tb`ps pgssï
bt cbs gr`ïbs hu jobl hospbrsïbs.
Ib `a`blt bst vblu.
 

ZR@BRZY & YRVBZYXOXOALY XGJCB HB ZBLIALXZBY

C
^alb Xypb Zblialtrb
g eartbrbssb quo ha`olb cb pgysgkb hu mgut hb cg iaccolb
bst hbpuos calktb`ps saurib hb rïiots olquoïtglts bt G I : marrburs kro`pgltbs
hb tbrrojcbs cïkblhbs. Cbs gutaimtalbs salt o`prïklïs J V Ïjaucb`blt
hbs supbrstotoals taurlglt gutaur hb ibs cobux. Yo ibrtgols rïiots
sb`jcblt vïrohoqubs, h‟gutrbs lb salt qub rgialtgrs hb jallb J-7 V 8 `gcïhoitoals
eb``b au hovgkgtoals h‟ovraklbs caigux. I V Mbrsb poïkïb
Gvglt hb ia``blibr c‟gvblturb, imgqub naubur (bt lal imgqub   : ma``bs-jîtbs
pbrsallgkb) cglib 7h76 sur cg tgjcb suovgltb. Ocs hbvralt hï`îcbr B I Jaub kauhrallbusb
cg vïrotï hbs `blsalkbs, igr so ibrtgolbs ru`burs aeerblt hbs
olhoibs utocbs, h‟gutrbs pbuvblt ialhuorb hbs pbrsallgkbs E B Cb Vuots hbs ê`bs
irïhucbs æ cbur pbrtb. K H Kaueerb
7h76 Zu`burs & Yupbrstotoals M I Img`poal ma``b-jîtb
7 Rlb krglhb img`jrb eartb, hosso`ucïb saus cg eartbrbssb,   5 ma``bs-jîtbs
gjrotb cb trïsar h‟ulb hylgstob aujcoïb.   Ubr putrohb
: Rlb marrbur
marrbur hu pgssï rbpasb saus cg eartbrbssb. Yal gurg bst 7-7G V Voíkb æ cg`b
so `gcïqub qu‟bccb sb`jcb ialtg`olbr taus ibux quo s‟bl 7-: V Jgssol poïkï
gppraimblt.
7-8 I Cïvogtmgl hu imgas
9 Jobl qub cg eartbrbssb saot ta`jïb egib gux gr`ïbs hu jobl,
ibs hbrloírbs l‟bl alt pgs ïrghoquï sal solostrb mïrotgkb. Cb 7-2 I :: ma``bs-jîtbs
`gc ialtolub æ olebstbr sbs `urs bl ruolb, gttblhglt cb naur aÿ 7-2g I Yboklbur hu Imgas
oc paurrg hb lauvbgu rbsurkor.
  Ymg`gl ma``b-jîtb
8 Ibrtgols hbs voccgkbaos dohlgppïs pblhglt cg luot rbvobllblt
saus ear`b hb `alstrbs
` alstrbs sguvgkbs bt jbstogux !   9 giacytbs ma``bs-jîtbs
I0Ia`jgt V0Voíkb B0Ïlok`b H0Hglkbr
2 Cg eartbrbssb ïtgot saus cbs arhrbs horbits hbs sboklburs hu
imgas. @î`b gprís cbur hïegotb, cburs iarps l‟alt ng`gos ïtï
hïiauvbrts. OLXZAHRIXOAL HBY NARBRZY
5 Rl hrgkal blhar`o bst tgpo saus cg eartbrbssb. Giibptbz sg
sg Uaus vaus tblbz hbvglt cg eartbrbssb bl ruolb sotuïb gu sa``bt
quîtb bt oc bxguibrg ul saumgot. h‟ulb pbtotb iaccolb bsigrpïb. Ybs `urs hb pobrrb rblvbrsïs bt sbs jcais
hb krglot `gssoes ïvaqublt h‟gliobllbs jgtgoccbs, c‟geeraltb`blt hb
; Gttbltoal gu puots ! Oc g blkcauto pcus h‟ulb ê`b pbrhub.  puossgltbs gr`ïbs. Cbs ruolbs sb`jcblt hïsar`gos l‟mïjbrkbr qub
hbs voklbs kro`pgltbs, hbs `ogs`bs lgusïgjalhs s‟bl hïkgkblt bt
= Vïlïtrbr ibs ruolbs `guhotbs l‟gppartbrg robl hb jal. Uaus hbsiblhblt sur cg vgccïb.
lb ebrbz qub cojïrbr c‟marrbur saus cg iaccolb.
C‟gor bst pbstocbltobc. Hbs `auimbs krgssbs vaus poqublt sgls ibssb,
? Imbrimbz cb trïsar hgls cg sbucb taur hb cg eartbrbssb bliarb
bt hbs luïbs hb pbtots olsbitbs laors vaus b`pîimblt hb rbsporbr. Ibs
hbjaut. Rlb `altgklb hb roimbssbs y bst igimïb. cobux gjglhallïs hbpuos calktb`ps salt blvgmos hb voklbs ïpolbusbs
76 Cg eartbrbssb ïtgot gutrbeaos horokïb pgr hbux erírbs, hbs quo blvbcappblt hbs grjrbs `gcolkrbs bt pblhblt hbs `urs bl ruolb.
Oc ríklb ulb ahbur hb paurroturb bt hb putrïegitoal, ia``b so cg
sboklburs hueaucï
gyglt ng`gos imgas,
ibs cbs pcus oklajcbs img`poals hu `gc iaccolb bccb-`î`b sb hïia`pasgot hb c‟oltïrobur.
tbrrbs.
Rlb vosoal vaus grrîtb > ulb jglloírb bl caqubs, rbprïsbltglt ul irêlb
 paurprbb sur ealh laor, bst pcgltïb gu sa``bt hbs `urs bl ruolb. Ib
 paurpr
quo sb tbrrb oio sí`b cg tbrrbur sur vatrb voccgkb hbpuos trap calktb`ps.
Uaus vaus taurlbz vbrs vas ia`pgklals bt prïpgrbz vas gr`bs hb
 eartulb. C‟mburb hbs rbprïsgoccbs g sallï.

Vgkb 9
 

CG EAZXBZBYYB BL ZROLB
Gspbit  kïlïrgc >  Cbs `urs hb cg eartbrbssb s‟ïcívblt æ ? ` gu- Cbs iarps ïtgoblt ibux hb Dbgry bt Gcjgl, cbs bleglts hu earkbral
hbssus hbs rb`jcgos hb tbrrb tgssïb, bt, ia``b cb rbstb hbs hu voccgkb. Cbs hbux erírbs ïtgoblt partïs hospgrus hbpuos alzb
hïia`jrbs, salt rbiauvbrts h‟ul `ïcglkb hb `aussb, hb pcgltbs  naurs. Cbs ma``bs-jîtbs cbs alt tuïs bt alt pcgltï hbs krgolbs
kro`pgltbs `gcsgolbs bt hb coimbls. Cg eartbrbssb, gu cobu h‟îtrb bl hgls cburs ighgvrbs paur hïiaurgkbr tautb olvbstokgtoal pgr cbs
pobrrb tgoccïb, bst ialstotuïb h‟ul g`alibccb`blt h‟ïlar`bs jcais kbls hu voccgkb. Cb ighgvrb hb Dbgry hospasb bliarb h‟ulb ïpïb
hb pobrrb bt h‟o`pasglts hac`bls. Cbs jcais salt gssb`jcïs pcutøt iaurtb bt h‟ulb hgkub (hbs ighbgux earkïs pgr sal pírb) bt cb
krassoírb`blt, cgossglt gppgrgìtrb hbs egoccbs bltrb cbs pobrrbs aÿ ighgvrb h‟Gcjgl g 2 pi igimïbs hgls sg jattb hraotb.
sb loimblt hbs vïkïtgux bl hïia`pasotoal bt hbs gqubs h‟bgu aÿ
pracoeírblt `austoqubs bt `auimbrals. ^alb J ’ Cb `ur bl ruolb > Cb `ur `gssoe hb cg eartbrbssb s‟bst
beealhrï æ ibt blhraot, hïvbrsglt hbs jcais hb pobrrb totglbsqubs cb
Æ c‟gppraimb hbs ruolbs > Cbs VN salt cojrbs h‟bltrbr ia``b ocs calk hb cg pbltb raimbusb. Cbs jcais salt bl ïquocojrb prïigorb cbs uls
cb saumgotblt. Jobl qub c‟gppraimb cg pcus ïvohbltb sb egssb pgr sur cbs gutrbs, ia``b ul nbu hb hïs kokgltbsqub.
cb imb`ol (zalb G), i‟bst gusso cg pcus hglkbrbusb. Cg `ïglib
hbs pbrsallgkbs sbrg rïia`pblsïb, `î`b so cb nukb lb hbvrg pgs Cbs VN l‟guralt guiul `gc æ trauvbr ul imb`ol gu `ocobu hbs
prblhrb cburs mïsotgtoals paur hb cg pruhblib. jcais paur giiïhbr æ cg eartbrbssb. Ibpblhglt, oc y g ul rosqub
h‟ïjaucb`blt so al cbs tauimb.
Rlb gppraimb pgr c‟aubst hb`glhbrg gux pbrsallgkbs ul pbu
h‟bsigcghb pgr-hbssus cbs hïia`jrbs (zalb J). Xrauvbr ulb vaob Hbs VN pruhblts pbuvblt olspbitbr gvbi gttbltoal cbs jcais paur
gu `ocobu hbs jcais beealhrïs l‟bst pgs ia`pcoquï `gos ia`partb rbpïrbr ibux quo salt hglkbrbux, gu `aybl h‟ul tbst h‟Oltbccokblib
qubcqubs rosqubs, hïirots pcus caol. HH 76. Cbs lgols bt cbs `olburs beebitublt guta`gtoqub`blt cb
tbst (Oltbccokblib HH =), bt cbs lgols gnautblt cbur jalus rgiogc.
Y‟gppraimbr pgr cb larh-bst ialhuot cbs VN horbitb`blt gu kaueerb
(zalb K). Bsigcghbr cg pbltb sgls prblhrb kgrhb pravaqub guta`gtoqub`blt
ul ïjaucb`blt. Rl pgs hb trgvbrs bt hbs jcais hb krglot `gssoes
Xbltbr h‟bsigcghbr cbs `urs pbut s‟gvïrbr ia`pcoquï. Imgqub sb `bttblt æ hïvgcbr cg pbltb, ïirgsglt taut sur cbur pgssgkb.
pbrsallgkb hbvrg rïussor ul tbst h‟bsigcghb HH 72 saus pbolb hb Rl ïtaueeglt lugkb hb paussoírb s‟ïcívb gcars, giia`pgklglt
imutbr (hb 5 `, paur :h5 paolts hb hïkêts) gvglt hb raucbr bl cbs iros hbs `aurglts bt cb jruot gssaurhossglt hbs pobrrbs quo
ialtrbjgs hbs rb`jcgos. s‟bltrbimaqublt.
^alb G ’ Cb imb`ol hu Hogjcb > Rlb voboccb rautb paussoïrbusb, Xaus cbs VN b`prultglt cg pbltb salt gcars tauimïs > Gtt gvgcglimb
blvgmob pgr cbs ralibs bt cbs pcgltbs kro`pgltbs `gcsgolbs, ialhuot +2 iarps-æ-iarps 4 hïkêts 7h76. Yo c‟ul hbs pbrsallgkbs bst tuï,
æ cg iotghbccb bl ruolb. Rlb siílb `gigjrb vaus jgrrb cb imb`ol > sal ïquopb`blt sbrg orrïiupïrgjcb. Rlb eaos c‟ïjaucb`blt pgssï,
hbux iarps olbrtbs salt gttgimïs æ hbs patbgux pgr hb calkubs pcgltbs c‟gsiblsoal sbrg sgls hglkbr.
laubusbs. Cbs pcgltbs sb salt kcossïbs olsohobusb`blt hgls cburs
ybux, cburs arboccbs
arboccbs bt cburs jauimbs. Uaus ialstgtbz gvbi
gvbi beerao qub Hïicblimbr c‟gvgcglimb rïvícb c‟bltrïb h‟ulb ta`jb hbpuos
cbs iarps jaukblt bliarb. calktb`ps aujcoïb. Yo cbs pbrsallgkbs eauoccblt cbs hïia`jrbs
gprís c‟ïjaucb`blt, ocs hïiauvrblt ul tullbc ïtraot tgoccï hgls cg
Cbs ighgvrbs salt hbs marrburs kro`pgltbs > hbs iarps glo`ïs pgr raimb hbsiblhglt sur 2 ` gvglt hb hïjauimbr sur ulb krattb, gu
cbs pcgltbs `gcïqubs quo paussblt æ pgrtor hbs krgolbs pcgltïbs pobh h‟ul ïlar`b partgoc krgvï hb rulbs. Oc s‟gkot hb cg zalb J-7.
hgls cburs paotrolbs. Cbs iarps bl hïia`pasotoal sbrvblt æ cg eaos
h‟møtbs laurrossglt cbs pcgltbs bt hb paimbs hb krgolbs paur hb ^alb J-7 ’ Cg ta`jb hu vgoliu > Yo cbs VN gppraimblt pgr cb
euturbs marrburs kro`pgltbs. larh-aubst, cosbz au pgrgpmrgsbz ib quo suot >
Cg vrgob lgturb hbs marrburs hbvoblt icgorb æ c‟gppraimb hbs Uaus vaus kcossbz æ trgvbrs c‟ïtraotb auvbrturb bt hïjauimbz sur
pbrsallgkbs. Cbs pcgltbs sb hïraucblt hbs patbgux, cojïrglt ulb pbtotb igvbrlb sotuïb bl ialtrbjgs. C‟gor bst sgturï hb paussoírb
cbs marrburs quo gvgliblt `gcghraotb`blt vbrs cbs VN. Imgqub irgybusb bt blvgmo pgr ulb ahbur hb paurroturb. Rl uloqub rgo hb
marrbur gttgqub hbux eaos pgr raulh, hallglt hbs iaups hb eaubt cu`oírb trgvbrsb cg paussoírb taurjoccallgltb bt ïicgorb ulb partb hb
gvbi sbs calkubs voklbs laubusbs.  pobrrb `gssovb, blighrïb
blighrïb pgr ul partgoc.
partgoc.
Yo cbs hbux gttgqubs tauimblt cg `î`b voito`b hgls ul raulh, Ibcuo-io bst iauvbrt hb rulbs, bt gu ibltrb hb cg partb bst hbssolï
ibccb-io sb rbtrauvb blimbvîtrïb bt sujot guta`gtoqub`blt 7h5 ul krglh pbltgkrg``b bltaurï h‟ul ibricb. Cbs rulbs bt cb
paolts hb hïkêts gu raulh suovglt, ïtrglkcïb bt ïtaueeïb pgr cbs  pbltgkrg``b salt pgrïs h‟grkblt bt sb`jcblt jroccbr cïkírb`blt
voklbs. Rlb voito`b blimbvîtrïb pbut sb cojïrbr gvbi ul tbst hb hgls cg egojcb cu`oírb.
Earib HH 72. Yo cbs VN grrovblt pgr cb suh-bst, cosbz au pgrgpmrgsbz ib quo suot >
Marrburs kro`pgltbs (:) > >  Olot +: 4 Gtt voklb +: iarps-æ-iarps Rl partgoc ïtrglkb bt iauvbrt hb rulbs olquoïtgltbs vaus jgrrb cg
7h8 4 IG79 4 HU :h76 4 VU 76 imgiulb 4 @vt 5 ` 4 Git :h:6 4 GY rautb. Bl sal ibltrb sb trauvb ul krglh pbltgkrg``b bltaurï h‟ul
blimbvîtrb`blt (7h5 hïkêts guta`gtoqubs gu raulh suovglt so ibricb. Cbs rulbs bt cb pbltgkrg``b salt pgrïs h‟grkblt bt sb`jcblt
hbux gttgqubs alt tauimï cb pbrsallgkb 4 tbst hb Earib HH 72 paur jroccbr cïkírb`blt hgls cg egojcb cu`oírb.
sb cojïrbr) 4 NY Uok +:, Zïe +6, Uac +: 4 GC I.
Cbs `gkoiobls, cburs gpprbltos, cbs hosburs hb jallb gvblturb bt
Wuglh ul iaup gimívb ulb marrbur kro`pgltb, cb iarps qu‟bccb cbs gstracakubs pbuvblt tbltbr hb hïimoeerbr cbs rulbs (Oltbccokblib
mgjotb s‟ïvbltrb,
hb `uius. cojïrglt
Cbs krgolbs lbhbs `occobrspgs
survovblt hb pbtotbs
pcus hbkrgolbs kcugltbs
7: mburbs `gos HH 7:). Rl tbst rïusso rïvícb cbs pmrgsbs suovgltbs >
pbuvblt sb hïpcgibr hb 96 i` pgr mburb pblhglt ibttb pïroahb. Yo   cg purkb jrôcgltb, quo rgvgkb cg tbrrb
ulb krgolb g cb tb`ps h‟gttbolhrb ul iarps, cb ighgvrb bst rglo`ï   cb sartocíkb o`pcgigjcb, ïtaueeglt cg vob
saus ear`b h‟marrbur kro`pgltb bl 7h8 naurs.   cg eauhrb solostrb, olsblsojcb gux suppcoqubs
  cg tb`pîtb eurobusb, quo hïvarb hb c‟oltïrobur 

Vgkb 8
 

  ibs qugtrb `gcïhoitoals nb cbs pcgib sur ib sbuoc >

  Ebu, Kcgib, Xb`pîtb bt Mgolb
Yo cb tbst ïimaub, cb nukb bst bliaurgkï æ hallbr ulb trghuitoal
tra`pbusb.
Jobl qub caurh, cb partgoc hb pobrrb l‟bst pgs vbrrauoccï bt pbut îtrb
auvbrt gvbi ul tbst hb Earib HH :6. Ibcg hïicblimb cb prb`obr
poíkb > ul nbt hb g``bs blvbcappb cg partb, ergppglt taus cbs
pbrsallgkbs hgls ul rgyal hb 9 ` (Gtt poíkb hb ebu +6 iarps-æ-
iarps 4 hïkêts 7h76). Ibux quo ï`brkblt hu tullbc (NY Zïe HH 72)
lb sujossblt qub cg `aotoï hbs hïkêts.
Rlb eaos cb partgoc hïkgkï, cbs VN pbuvblt vaor ib quo suot >
 Gcars qub cbs hbrloírbs g``bs s‟ïtboklblt, vaus pbribvbz ul cïkbr
irgqub`blt hgls cg poíib sotuïb hbvglt vaus. Rl eraoh kcgiogc s‟gjgt
bt trglsear`b imgiulb hb vas bxporgtoals bl juïb.
 Gu trgvbrs hu partgoc, vaus pauvbz hostolkubr ulb stbccb eulïrgorb
sur cgqubccb rbpasb ul iarps. Oc rbssb`jcb æ ul kubrrobr, vîtu h‟ulb
ïpgossb iuorgssb hb pbgu bt toblt ulb ïlar`b mgimb hb jgtgoccb ialtrb
sg paotrolb.
Xautb cg poíib jroccb h‟ul cïkbr ïicgt sioltoccglt.
Ibttb poíib bst cg ta`jb hb Ebcgl cb kubrrobr, erírb hb @acgl, cuo
gusso Yboklbur hu Imgas. Ebcgl bst ta`jï gu ia`jgt ialtrb cbs
earibs hu jobl bt g ïtï bltbrrï bl ibs cobux paur b`pîimbr qub sal
iarps lb saot hïiauvbrt bt praeglï.
C‟ïicgt sioltoccglt ï`glb h‟ulb sacohb iauimb hb kovrb quo
rbiauvrb tautb cg poíib. Jobl qu‟oc l‟y got guiulb saurib cu`olbusb
æ c‟oltïrobur hu ta`jbgu, cg kcgib rïïimot cg cu`oírb bxtïroburb, Wuottbr cg ta`jb gvbi cg mgimb au c‟gr`urb hïicblimb cbs hbux
jgoklglt golso tautb cg poíib h‟ulb cïkírb cubur. hbrloírbs pratbitoals > cbs `gcïhoitoals hb cg tb`pîtb bt hb cg mgolb.
Cbs nukbs salt bliaurgkïs æ irïbr cburs praprbs `gcïhoitoals,
Ia``b c‟olhoqub cb saueb hbs pbrsallgkbs, cg poíib bst ghgptïbs æ cbur ig`pgklb. Bl vaoio qubcqubs bxb`pcbs æ totrb
glar`gcb`blt eraohb. Cb eraoh bt cg kcgib prïsbltblt traos hglkbrs > h‟olsporgtoal >
• Cbs pbrsallgkbs haovblt rïussor ul NY hb Uokubur HH 7: • Cg praimgolb eaos qub cbs VN salt bl `br, cbur lgvorb bst
paur imgqub raulh pgssï hgls cg poíib. Imgqub ïimbi rïhuot blkcauto pgr ulb tbrrojcb tb`pîtb. Gu `a`blt prïios aÿ
cb `auvb`blt hu VN hb 8,2 ` æ igusb hb c‟blkaurhossb`blt cbur vgossbgu bst hïtruot, cbs mïras gpbrëaovblt cg socmaubttb
quo sgosot sal iarps. Yo cb `auvb`blt h‟ul VN ta`jb æ 6, oc lb hb Ebcgl gu `ocobu hbs lugkbs. Vaur survovrb, cbs VN hbvralt
pbut pcus gkor. gttbolhrb ulb ìcb iauvbrtb hb nulkcb aÿ salt tgpos h‟gliobls
rbptocbs.
• Cb sac bst rbiauvbrt h‟ulb ïpgossb iauimb hb kcgib. Cbs
pbrsallgkbs quo `grimblt hbssus haovblt rïussor ul NY hb • Cb partbur hb cg mgimb hb Ebcgl bst pbu æ pbu ialsu`ï pgr
Zïbxbs HH 72 au kcossbr. Oc egut 7 raulh paur sb rbcbvbr. Cg sbs pgssoals. Æ cg hosirïtoal hu nukb (gu `aols ulb eaos pgr
kcgib bst gssbz kcossgltb paur qub cbs VN pgtolblt. Rl VN pbut gvblturb), cb partbur haot rïussor ul tbst hb Uacaltï HH 72 au
golso sb prapucsbr hbpuos cg hgccb bt kcossbr æ trgvbrs cg poíib. suiia`jbr æ ulb
rïïimor bt cbs voacbltb iacírb,
paursuovglt gttgquglt
sguvgkb`blt sbs bllb`os
nusqu‟æ cg `art.sgls
• Gprís 2 raulhs pgssïs hgls cg poíib, cbs VN sujossblt 7h8
paolts hb hïkêts hb eraoh pgr raulh. • Cg praimgolb eaos qub cbs VN trgvbrsblt hbs ialtrïbs sguvgkbs,
ocs salt rgttrgpïs pgr h‟o`pasglts lugkbs laors gcars qub cg
Ebcgl ïtgot ul ma``b kokgltbsqub, hïpgssglt cgrkb`blt cbs  naurlïb sb`jcgot pcutøt icgorb. Nustb gvglt qub cg pcuob lb
hbux `ítrbs bt eart ia``b ul aurs. Yal gr`urb hb pbgu bst ia``blib æ ta`jbr, cbs VN hostolkublt cg socmaubttb hb Ebcgl
h‟bxibccbltb egiturb, iausub bl iuor ïpgos hb jgsocoi bt bl eaurrurb gu iřur hb lugkbs laors taurjoccallglts. Vuos vobllblt cbs
h‟aurs pacgorb. Yal ïlar`b mgimb bst earkïb bl ebr `ïtïaroqub bt ïicgors. Xaus cbs VN quo salt bltrïs hgls cg ta`jb salt gcars
lb pbut îtrb `glopucïb qub pgr ul pbrsallgkb gyglt 75 au pcus ergppïb pgr ul ïicgor > Gtt ïicgor +7 hostglib 4 hïkêts :h76.
bl Earib. Ibttb gr`b tbrrojcb olokb 7h76 paolts hb hïkêts bt bccb
aitraob 7 imglib hb pcus h‟ajtblor ul iaup irotoqub (i‟bst-æ-horb ul ^alb I ’ Jgrjgiglb > Cg jgrjgiglb sa`jrb bt blvgmob hb
 nbt lgturbc hb 7?-:6 paur cg pcupgrt hbs pbrsallgkbs au 7=-:6 paur `aussb vaus taosb, cukujrb bt gustírb. Cbs `burtroírbs, siucptïbs
ul kubrrobr au ul lgol quo beebitub hïnæ ul irotoqub sur 7?-:6).  paur rbssb`jcbr æ hbs irgpguhs solostrbs, `blgiblt hb hïvbrsbr hb
c‟muocb blg``ïb bt hu kauhral. Hbs grimírbs pbriblt cbs mguts
@gcmburbusb`blt, cb iarps bt sbs trïsars salt taus prosallobrs hb `urs hb pobrrb. Uaus pauvbz bltblhrb cg jglloírb mïrïtoqub icgqubr
cg kcgib. Rl tbst hb Earib HH :6 bst lïibssgorb paur hïtgimbr cg gu vblt bl mgutbur, hosso`ucïb pgr cbs rb`pgrts iauvbrts hb pcgltbs
mgimb hu hb
lïibssotb iarps.
jrosbr
(I‟bst
cbs haokts
ulb têimb
kbcïspgrtoiucoírb`blt
hb Ebcgl.) Hïtgimbr
`gigjrb
c‟gr`urb
quo  kro`pgltbs.
bst bliarb pcus hoeiocb bt lïibssotb hbux tbsts suppcï`bltgorbs C‟gltoqub palt-cbvos bst hbpuos calktb`ps ta`jï bl ruolb, lb cgossglt
HH :9. Imgqub tbltgtovb paur s‟b`pgrbr hb c‟gr`urb au hb cg  kuírb qub qubcqubs
qubcqubs pcglimbs paurrobs hospasïbs
hospasïbs pgr-hbssus
pgr-hbssus cg eassb.
eassb. Cg
Cg
mgimb prblh 7 raulh. caurhb mbrsb `ïtgccoqub sb toblt æ hb`o rbcbvïb, sbs paoltbs rauoccïbs sb
tblglt æ pbolb æ 7,:6 ` gu-hbssus hb cburs rblealib`blts hgls cb sac.

CBY MA@@BY-JÎXBY
Cbs
hbs ma``bs-jîtbs quo røhblt
voccgkbaos iarra`pus hgls
pgr cbs cg eartbrbssb
pra`bssbs hbs salt
hobuxtaus
hu
imgas. Cg trglsear`gtoal bst æ cg eaos cbltb bt haucaurbusb,
ib quo lb `glqub pgs hb rblhrb cb sunbt eau hb haucbur.
Bt so cb rïsuctgt lgc bst taunaurs marrojcb, imgqub ma``b-
jîtb `utb h‟ulb egëal quo cuo bst praprb.
Bl kïlïrgc (so tglt bst qu‟al puossb utocosbr ib tbr`b),
cg pcupgrt hbs ma``bs-jîtbs salt, ia``b cbur la`
c‟olhoqub, cb iraosb`blt hïkurï bt jbstogc bltrb ul
ma``b bt ul glo`gc. Ialsuctbz cg tgjcb suovgltb paur
hïtbr`olbr cg `utgtoal h‟ul ma``b-jîtb bl pgrtoiucobr au
sbrvbz-vaus-bl ia``b olsporgtoal paur irïbr vas praprbs
`alstruasotïs.
7h7: @utgtoal
7 Eaurrurb ïpgossb bt rgohb gvbi ulb tîtb (7) h‟aurs
(:) hb jïcobr (9) hb rgt (8) hb karoccb (2) hb tokrb
(5) hb caup.
: Has paocu bt jassu, gvbi ulb hbuxoí`b tîtb hb
tautb pbtotb tgoccb.
9 Ïpgos `gltbgu hb pcu`bs bt tîtb hb (7) vgutaur
(:) iarjbgu au (9) mojau.
8 Cívrbs rbtraussïbs rïvïcglt hbs hblts hb sgjrb bt
pupoccbs hb imgt eblhubs.
2 Vbgu tgimbtïb bt `aotb, gvbi ulb tîtb hb (7) irg-
pguh (:) pobuvrb (9) glkuoccb au (8) sgcg`glhrb.
5 Iarlbs hb jïcobr bt ybux kcajucbux bt surho`blso
surho`blso--
allïs.
; Jgnaubs kïgltbs bt pblhgltbs quo hïkaucolblt hb
jgvb laorb gvbi hbs traus `olusiucbs bl kuosb
h‟ybux.
= Ïigoccbs orohbsibltbs bt tîtb hb (7) sbrpblt au
(:) cïzgrh.
? Rl vosgkb hïluï hb `êimaorb, gvbi ul g`gs hb
imgor mu`ohb bt pblhgltb bl kuosb hb jauimb bt
hb lbz.
76 Rl iarps quo suoltb hbs vbrs, hbs cgrvbs bt hbs
`auimbs hb sg jauimb auvbrtb, hb sbs arboccbs bt
hb sbs ybux.
77 Vbgu ïpgossb bt pgrimb`olïb bt tîtb (7) h‟ïcïpmglt
(:) hb tgurbgu (9) hb imbvgc au (8) hb rmolaiïras.
7: Vbgu sa`jrb bt jroccgltb bt tîtb hb (7) `auimb,
(:) grgoklïb (9) igegrh au (8) eaur`o.
Jobl qub cbs ma``bs-jîtbs goblt cg igpgiotï h‟bxïiutbr hbs
arhrbs, sbucs cbs img`poals bt cbs smg`gls ialsbrvblt cg
igpgiotï hb rgosallbr quo cbs hostolkub hu ríklb glo`gc. Bl
kuosb h‟oltbccokblib, ocs hïvbcappblt ulb rusb glo`gcb, paur-
imgssglt cbur praob ia``b ulb `butb hb caups au hb coals.
Vgkb 2
Hbux ma``bs-jîtbs kraklglt røhblt gu hbuxoí`b ïtgkb hb
cg jgrjgiglb (giibssojcb uloqub`blt pgr cg zalb M). Hbs VN
pruhblts, s‟grrîtglt rïkucoírb`blt paur ïiautbr, bltblhralt hbs
jruots h‟glo`gux, hbs rblob`blts bt hbs rgicb`blts hb kroeebs
sur cg pobrrb vblglt hu hbssus.
Cbs ma``bs-jîtbs gttblhblt c‟bltrïb hbs VN puos ebralt ta`jbr
cg mbrsb sur cb hbrlobr pbrsallgkb æ pgssbr (Gtt mbrsb -2 iarps-æ-
iarps 4 hïkêts 7h5/raulh). Rl mïras iaoliï pgr cg kroccb sujot hbs
hïkêts ialtolus æ imgqub raulh nusqu‟æ sg `art au sg cojïrgtoal
(tbst hb Earib HH :9 4 8 pbrsallgkbs naoklglt cburs earibs pbuvblt
saucbvbr cg kroccb so cbur earib ia`jolïb hïpgssb 86).
Gprís
krglhbgvaor egotpaur
icaimb ta`jbr cg mbrsb,
soklgcbr cbs ma``bs-jîtbs
ma``bs-jî
cg prïsblib hbs VN ætbs ealtialkïlírbs.
cburs sallbr ulb
Cbur hbvaor giia`pco, cbs ma``bs-jîtbs sb rbtorblt bl murcglt
vbrs cg zalb M.
Ma``bs-jîtbs (:) > Olot +7 4 Gtt cglib +6 iarps-æ-iarps (7h5) 4 IG
7: 4 HU 7h= 4 VU 9 imgiul 4 @vt ? ` 4 Git 7h:6 4 NY Uok +7, Zïe +7,
Uac -7 4 GC I.
^alb H ’ Iaur >  Cg iaur bst blvgmob hb pcgltbs `gcsgolbs bt hb
ralibs ïpgossbs. Rl socblib hb `art pcglb hgls c‟gor ia``b so cbs
 krblauoccbs bt cbs
cbs olsbitbs
olsbitbs bux-`î`bs irgoklgoblt h‟gttorbr c‟gttbltoal
sur bux. C‟ahbur hb vïkïtgtoal paurrossgltb
paurrossgltb bst pbrsostgltb, bt cb sac
iaccb æ vas jattbs æ imgiul hb vas pgs.
Cbs jêto`blts hb cg iaur salt prgtoqub`blt taus bl ruolb. Cg sbucb
struiturb bliarb vosojcb l‟bst pcus qu‟ulb igrigssb igrjalosïb ghassïb
 puots
gu `urhatï
bsth‟ul
hb cgsystí`b
systí`
eartbrbssb.
b hb paucob
paVrís
ucob sa``gorb.
sa``g
hu ibltrb
orb. hb
Æ c‟bst
ccg
‟bstiaur
sb hrbssb
hsb
rbssb
trauvb
cg sbucb
ul
taur bliarb hbjaut.
Yo cbs mïras prbllblt cb tb`ps h‟olspbitbr cb sac, ocs rbpírblt
egiocb`blt ulb postb jaubusb `blglt hb cg jgrjgiglb æ cg taur
suh (zalb M) æ trgvbrs cbs ralibs. Rlb postb sbialhgorb ialhuot
gu puots (zalb E).
Cbs b`prboltbs jaubusbs `altrblt ulb krglhb vgroïtï hb
irïgturbs > hbs pgs mu`gols, h‟gutrbs kokgltbsqubs gvbi traos
artbocs, hbs kroeebs hb rgpgibs, bt `î`b ulb trgib solubusb egosglt
pblsbr æ ul ïlar`b sbrpblt. Jobl qub taut sb`jcb olhoqubr ulb
krglhb hovbrsotï hb `alstrbs, tautbs ibs trgibs gppgrtobllblt æ
hbs ma``bs-jîtbs.
^alb H-7 ’ Cg igimbttb aujcoïb > Bl ïigrtglt cbs ralibs `artbs
bt cbs `guvgosbs mbrjbs b``îcïbs, vaus `bttbz gu naur ulb calkub
hgccb, æ `aotoï bltbrrïb hgls cb sac jaubux. Bl irbusglt paur hïkgkbr
cg tbrrb paurrob, vaus rïvïcbz ul sibgu siucptï sur sg suregib.
Cg igimbttb lb pbut îtrb hïiauvbrtb qub so cbs VN eauoccblt
bxpcoiotb`blt cg iaur. Cg hgccb bst bl rïgcotï ul iauvbricb hb
pobrrb sibccglt ulb pbtotb img`jrb sautbrrgolb. Ibccb-io ïtgot
hbstolïb æ hosso`ucbr hbs trïsars gu igs aÿ cg eartbrbssb hbvgot îtrb
î trb
gjglhallïb æ hbs blvgmossburs.
Cbs `gkoiobls, cburs gpprbltos bt cbs sirojbs pbuvblt beebitubr
ul tbst h‟Oltbccokblib HH 7: paur trghuorb cg rulb. Ohbltoïb
« Nusqu‟æ cg `art ´. Yo cb tbst ïimaub, cb
iarrbitb`blt, bccb olhoqub « Nusqu‟æ
 nukb bst cojrb h‟olvbltbr ulb trghuitoal tra`pbusb.
Zbtorbr cb iauvbricb hb pobrrb lïibssotb ulb earib prahokobusb (tbst
hb Earib HH 96). Hbs VN olkïlobux pbuvblt imaosor h‟utocosbr cg
paucob bt cg iarhb hu puots paur cb saucbvbr bt golso rïvïcbr ulb
pbtotb loimb bl ear`b hb ibriuboc, gux `urs bt gu sac hb pobrrb.
Rl pgqubt blvbcappï hb iuor, h‟blvoral 7,2 ` hb calk, rbpasb sur
ulb pgorb hb supparts bl jaos. Æ c‟oltïrobur, al y trauvb >
• Rlb ohacb hb pobrrb rbprïsbltglt cb hobu hu imgas Lo`curul.
 Vgkb 5
 

• Rlb ïpïb calkub earkïb hgls ul giobr cgotbux bt rglkïb hgls iølbs h‟blibls b`jgccïs hgls ul tossu o`pob ialsgirï jrahï
ul eaurrbgu olirustï hb pobrrbrobs (h‟ulb vgcbur hb ;2 pa). hb soklbs harïs hu imgas.
• Rl gri calk rbiauvbrt hb eaurrurb bt ul igrquaos bl iuor • Xraos mgujbrts hb `goccbs raussos
raussos pgr cb ebu.
ialtblglt :2 íimbs. C‟usurb hu tb`ps g gjì`ï c‟gri > sur ul
rïsuctgt lgturbc hb 7 au :, oc sb jrosb, pravaquglt 7h: paolts hb • Xraos `gssbs bt ul ïgu laorios.
laorios.
hïkêts æ sal utocosgtbur. Ibttb egojcbssb sbrg o``ïhogtb`blt Vaur rïiupïrbr ibs ïquopb`blts au ibs pobrrbs, oc egut pïlïtrbr
rb`grquïb pgr ul imgssbur au ul earbstobr. hgls cg imgpbccb. Ibux quo bltrblt hgls cb tb`pcb bltblhblt
• Rlb jaursb hb iuor ialtblglt ulb pauhrb vbrtb krglucbusb o``ïhogtb`blt cb irgqub`blt hbs jrgosbs bt rbssbltblt cg
bt ul raucbgu hb iolq pglsb`blts hb tossu. Bl `ïcglkbglt imgcbur hb cg tbrrb laoriob saus cburs pobhs. Jobl qub hïrautglt, ib
cg pauhrb vbrtb hgls hb c‟bgu au hu vol, bccb sb trglsear`b pmïla`ílb lb prïsbltb guiul hglkbr paur cbs mïras. Hb `î`b,
bl igtgpcgs`b quo pbut saoklbr 7h8+7 VU hb hïkêts. Cbs cbs squbcbttbs lb prïsbltblt guiulb `blgib.
kuïrossburs, mbrjarostbs, smg`gls au icbris ohbltobralt Al lb pbut bl horb gutglt, tautbeaos, hu coquohb laorêtrb quo
o``ïhogtb`blt cg pauhrb, solal, cbs VN paurralt bl hïiauvror s‟ïiaucb hb cg kubucb hb cg ealtgolb bt s‟giiu`ucb hgls cb jgssol
cbs praproïtïs pgr c‟bxpïro`bltgtoal. Oc y g gssbz hb pauhrb eïtohb. Cbs mïras quo s‟gppraimblt æ 9 ` hu jgssol pbuvblt sbltor
paur 76 gppcoigtoals. cg imgcbur ï`glglt hb cg ealtgolb. Carsqu‟ocs grrovblt æ 7,2 `, cg
Cg pbgu h‟b`jgccgkb bst cg eaurrurb h‟ul cïapgrh hbs `altgklbs jaub s‟glo`b bt sart hu jgssol paur gttgqubr cb VN cb pcus praimb.
pgrtoiucoírb`blt rgrb bt pbut rgppartbr nusqu‟æ 26 pa guprís hu Yo ul VN bst tauimï pgr cb psbuhapahb hb jaub kauhrallbusb,
jal gimbtbur. ibcuo-io s‟blg``b, olokbglt 7h8 paolts hb hïkêts hb ebu bt
^alb B ’ Cbs ruolbs hu imgrlobr >   Ibt ïhoib gutrbeaos blg``glt cb VN pgr cg `î`b aiigsoal. Ïtbolhrb cbs g``bs
 krglhoasb bst ta`jï bl ruolb
ruolb ia``b cb rbstb hb cg eartbrbssb. OcOc lb sujsostb prblh ulb gitoal bt hb`glhb ulb ibrtgolb rïgitovotï hb cg pgrt
hu jêto`blt qub hb mguts `urs hb pobrrbs `grquïs pgr cb ebu bt hbs hu mïras. (« Nb `b cgossb ta`jbr bt nb `b raucb pgr tbrrb ´ suet
 kgrkauoccbs gu vosgkb
vosgkb hb irgpguh bt gu rbkgrh tarvb pbrimïbs gu sa``bt.
sa``bt. `gos cbs VN halt cbs nauburs salt oligpgjcbs hb hïirorb jroívb`blt
Cbs partbs raussobs bl jralzb, siucptïbs hb ibltgolbs hb tîtbs hb hï`als ia``blt ocs ïtboklblt cb kauhral blg``ï jrôcblt ul raulh hb
murcglts salt jgrrïbs hb c‟bxtïrobur. Cb partgoc bst `grquï h‟ulb sbucb pcus.)
bxprbssoal trgiïb æ cg pbolturb raukb ïigoccïb > ZBVBLXB^-UARY
ZBVBLXB^-UARY.. Cg jaub kauhrallbusb pbut gusso îtrb igc`ïb bl gccu`glt
c‟bliblsaor, b`pcossglt golso cg imgpbccb hïimub hb eu`ïb. Xglt qub
Wuglh cghu
giacytbs eartbrbssb
hobu hubst ta`jïb
imgas gux `gols
sb salt hbshgls
rïeukoïs earibs huimgpbccb.
cbur jobl, cbs cg zalb bst blvgmob pgr c‟blibls quo jrôcb, cg jaub kauhrallbusb
Irgoklglt hb eaucbr ulb tbrrb o`pob, cbs blvgmossburs alt jgrrï rbstb o``ajocb bt igc`b. Oc y g gssbz h‟blibls paur `goltblor cg
cbs partbs hb c‟bxtïrobur bt `os cb ebu gu tb`pcb, jrôcglt voe cbs jaub gu igc`b pblhglt 2 raulhs. Cbs 9 iølbs blebr`ïs hgls cb
giacytbs `gcïqubs. iaeerb pbuvblt ïkgcb`blt jrôcbr pblhglt 2 raulhs imgiul.
Oc bst trís egiocb h‟auvror cbs partbs. Oc suet gux mïras hb rbtorbr C‟bliblsaor pbut gusso îtrb b`pcayï paur igc`br cb Cïvogtmgl hu
cg pautrb hb jaos bt hb torbr cbs ïlar`bs gllbgux xïs hgls cbs imgas quo sb hosso`ucb saus cbs vgkubs hgls cg zalb 7-8.
kubucbs hbs hbux hï`als hogjacoqubs. Jaub kauhrallbusb > Olot (taunaurs hbrloírb) 4 Gtt psbuhapahb
Æ c‟oltïrobur, cbs VN hïiauvrblt ulb siílb gtraib. +8 iarps-æ-iarps (7h8 + blg``b sg iojcb paur 7h8 hïkêts
hb ebu suppcï`bltgorbs gu raulh suovglt) 4 IG 76 4 HU :h76 4
Yox squbcbttbs igrjalosïs kosblt sur cb sac hb cg imgpbccb, ibrtgols ïirgsïs VU 76 4 @vt 7,2 `, kro`pb 7,2 ` 4 Git 7h:6 4 GY hïkêts hbs gr`bs
 pgr cg imutb hb pautrbs igciolïbs. Gu ealh hb cg imgpbccb sb trauvb ulb trglimgltbs bt pbrëgltbs hovosïs pgr hbux 4 NY Uok +5, Zïe -=, Uac
 ealtgolb rbprïsbltglt ul irgpguh hï`alogqub giiraupo. Rl coquohb -5 4 GC L.
rïpuklglt bt laorêtrb s‟ïiaucb hb sg jauimb coppub bt s‟giiu`ucb hgls ul
jgssol gu pobh hb cg ealtgolb. ^alb E ’ Cb puots hbs Ê`bs > Rl `altoiucb grohb hb pobrrb
laorb ï`brkb hb cg iaur blvgmob hb vïkïtgtoal. Rl pbtot `ur hb pobrrb
Jobl
hgls qub
c‟gorcb `gssgirb
ulb gothb
pugltbur buimgor
cobu hbs hïibllobs
jrôcïb pcus tøt,
bt ulb ahbur pbrsostb  krgvï
êirboch‟blibls hb sibgux
h‟ul puots. ïtrglkbs bst`gssoe
Rl `ïiglos`b vosojcbia`pasï
æ sal sa``bt, soklgcglt
h‟ulb paucob cg prïsblib
bt h‟ulb iarhb
ergìimb`blt ialsu`ï. sautoblt ulb caurhb imgìlb pcalkbglt hgls cbs praealhburs h‟ul laor
h‟blirb. Rlb cïkírb pcgoltb ï`glb hu puots, ia``b ul egojcb gppbc æ
Cbs VN quo alt cb iaurgkb hb tauimbr cbs squbcbttbs hïiauvrblt qub c‟gohb.
ibs hbrlobrs salt bliarb imguhs, ia``b so c‟oliblhob hgtgot hb cg
vboccb. Al trauvb `î`b bliarb hbs jrgosbs raukbaygltbs saus cbs Jobl qub rbssb`jcglt æ ul puots arholgorb, cb puots hbs Ê`bs
as. bst jobl pcus solostrb qub ibcg. Vaur hbs rgosals ïimgppglt gux
sboklburs hu imgas bux-`î`bs, cb puots auvrb sur ul lbxus
Rlb olspbitoal rgpohb hb cg ealtgolb pbr`bt hb hïiauvror qub cbs oltbrho`blsoallbc, pbr`bttglt æ cg `gtoírb pro`gcb hu imgas
ybux hu irgpguh salt hbs kb``bs raukbs bt qub sbs irais salt prataïcï`bltgorb hb s‟olctrbr. Gvglt cg imutb hb cg eartbrbssb, cb
olirustïs hb naygux. C‟blsb`jcb hbs 7: pobrrbs sb`o-prïiobusbs g puots ïtgot utocosï paur beebitubr
bee bitubr cbs sgiroibs mu`gols. Hïsar`gos,
ulb vgcbur hb 726 pa. cbs mgjotglts hb cg eartbrbssb b`pcaoblt cb puots paur trglsear`br
Cbs ajnbts suovglts salt ïpgrpoccïs gu `ocobu hu tb`pcb bt hbs cbs prosallobrs bl hb sguvgkbs ma``bs-jîtbs.
squbcbttbs > Zobl hb jobl pasotoe lb pbut grrovbr æ ibux quo vauhralt naubr gvbi
• Rl bliblsaor harï, suspblhu æ ulb calkub imgìlb hb jralzb, cb puots, `gos al sgot ia``blt salt cbs mïras.
laorio pgr cg imgcbur. C‟bliblsaor vgut 52 pa bt pbut îtrb Ibux quo asblt rbkgrhbr gu ealh hu puots vaoblt ulb ajsiurotï
utocosï paur gpgosbr ibrtgols gkblts hu imgas (vaor pcus jgs). jïgltb. Cg praealhbur gppgrbltb lb sb`jcb pgs iamïrbltb gvbi
• Rl iaeerb hb ebr laorio, æ `aotoï bltbrrï saus cbs hïia`jrbs. ibccb hu puots 4 cb ealh sb`jcb s‟ïcaoklbr æ `bsurb qub cbs VN cb
Oc bst vbrrauoccï bt haot îtrb iraimbtï (Iraimbtbr cbs sbrrurbs xb, earëglt taut VN quo c‟ajsbrvb æ rïussor ul nbt hb sguvbkgrhb hb
HH 72) au jrosï (Earib HH 7:). Æ c‟oltïrobur sb trauvblt traos Uacaltï HH 79 saus pbolb hb jgsiucbr pgr-hbssus jarh. H‟gutrbs
 Vgkb ;
 

mïras praimbs hb cg voito`b pbuvblt tbltbr ul nbt hb sguvbkgrhb
hb Zïbxbs HH 72 paur prïvblor sg imutb, egutb hb quao cg pguvrb
ê`b hïkrolkacb hgls c‟ajsiurotï. Cg voito`b lb tauimbrg ng`gos cb
ealh. Gu cobu hb ëg, sal bsprot, sal iarps bt sal ê`b sb hossacvblt
hgls cb lïglt, pbrhus hgls cbs vblts olibssglts hu imgas.
Rl VN bl pcbolb imutb g ulb hbrloírb imglib hb sb rgttrgpbr (bl
rïussossglt ul nbt hb sguvbkgrhb hb Zïbxbs HH 72 paur gttrgpbr
cg imgìlb), `gos cb `gc bst hïnæ egot.
Cbs pbrsallgkbs quo bltrblt hgls cb puots salt suj`brkïs pgr cb
imgas bt bl rbssartoralt imglkïs æ taut ng`gos. Cars hb cg imutb hbs
VN, hbs ê`bs `guhotbs hïirovblt hbs ibricbs gutaur h‟bux, bt cbs
`goccals hb cg imgìlb hbvobllblt iaccglts, puos haux gu tauimbr,
gvglt hb lgcb`blt ealhrb ia``b hb pbtots ruossbgux hb iorb cb
calk h‟ulb imglhbccb. C‟bssblib `î`b hu VN bst ïigrtbcïb, gvbi
hbs rïsuctgts o`prïvosojcbs.
Vaur imgqub raulh pgssï hgls cb puots, cb VN haot cglibr 7h76 +
sal `ahoigtbur hb Imglib sur cg tgjcb hbs
h bs iarruptoals `olburbs
(vaor hgls cb covrb hb ríkcbs HII NhZ), ia``b s‟oc gvgot ajtblu ul
7 lgturbc sur ul tbst h‟oligltgtoal.
Ïtrglkb`blt, cb puots gkot æ cg eaos ia``b ulb jïlïhoitoal bt ul
ïgu paur cbs `gkoiobls. Cbs tbsts h‟oligltgtoals beebituïs æ `aols
hb 72 ` hu puots jïlïioblt h‟ul jalus hb +76. Ibpblhglt, cb
`gkoiobl sujot guta`gtoqub`blt ulb iarruptoal (hïtbr`olïb
lar`gcb`blt sur cg tgjcb hbs iarruptoals `olburbs) paur
imgqub sart cgliï. Xautb tbltgtovb paur olvaqubr hbs pgtrals
caygux æ c‟oltïrobur hb cg spmírb h‟olublib hu puots ïimaub
o``glqugjcb`blt.
^alb K ’ Kaueerb > Rl kaueerb jïglt g hïvarï prbsqub ul tobrs hb cg
iaur, pravaquglt cg imutb h‟ulb taur bt h‟ul `ur hgls cbs praealhburs
hb cg tbrrb. Rlb jru`b taurjoccallb hbpuos cb ealh hu kaueerb, jcaquglt
cg vub. Hbs vosgkbs tarturïs bt hbs socmaubttbs hïear`ïbs gppgrgossblt
jroívb`blt hgls cb jrauoccgrh gu-hbssus hb vas tîtbs gvglt hb sb
s b hossauhrb
hb lauvbgu hgls cb lïglt gusso votb qu‟ocs ïtgoblt gppgrus.

726 @ÍXZBY HB IAZHB 1 CGOYYB-@AO UÏZOEOBZ HGLY @AL YGI !

Oc y g taunaurs ulb passojocotï qub, pgr qubcqub `orgicb ajsiílb au prosb hb latbs suspbitb, cbs VN hospasblt h‟gssbz hb iarhb
paur hbsiblhrb hgls cb kaueerb sotuï bl zalb K. Vgssals sur cb egot qub trglspartbr gutglt hb iarhb `ïhoïvgcb sbrgot paussbr cb
jauimal ul pbu caol. Aÿ ibttb hbsibltb æ trgvbrs cbs jrauoccgrhs qugso ollos cbs ialhuot-bccb 1
Cbs mïras quo pgrvobllblt æ gttgimbr cg iarhb bt æ hbsiblhrb bl rgppbc hgls cb laor ï`brkblt æ `aols hb :6 ` hb c‟ìcb (vaor zalb
7-2), gvbi cb Cïvogtmgl hu imgas tgpo nustb saus cg suregib hbs bgux sa`jrbs. Vcus krgvb, ulb eaos qub cg `aotoï hu kraupb g
ia``bliï æ hbsiblhrb, cbs ma``bs-jîtbs imgrkblt hbpuos cg taur (zalb M) bt gttgqublt cb kraupb. Y‟ocs rb`partblt cg jgtgoccb,
ocs iaupblt cg iarhb, vauglt cbs VN survovglts gux praealhburs hu `alhb h‟bl-jgs.
 Vgkb =
Cb pauvaor jrut quo ï`glb hu tb`pcb hu Imgas (vaor zalb 7-2) g
geegojco cb sac, cb egosglt s‟beealhrbr pgr blhraots. Y‟gppraimbr hu
jarh bst rosquï > taut paohs suppcï`bltgorb pbut cb egorb s‟ïiraucbr.
Yo cbs mïras s‟gppraimblt æ `aols hb 2 ` hu rbjarh, ocs sb rblhblt
rblhbl t
ia`ptb gvbi olquoïtuhb qub cb sac saus cburs pobhs bst irbux,
ia``b s‟ocs `grimgoblt sur ul cgi kbcï. Æ `aols hb 7,2 `, cb sac
s‟beealhrb. Rl VN haot rïussor ul NY hb Zïbxbs HH 79 paur sb
rgttrgpbr gu rbjarh quo s‟beerotb bt ïvotbr ulb imutb `artbccb.
Rl VN pbut blsuotb sb mossbr gvbi ul tbst hb Earib hïsbspïrï
hb HH 72. H‟gutrbs mïras pbuvblt vacbr æ sal sbiaurs, `gos
cbur paohs egot s‟beealhrbr ul pbu pcus cb rbjarh, cbs blvayglt
vbrs ulb `art ibrtgolb bt rbcglëglt cb iyicb olebrlgc. Cbs mïras
pbuvblt ia`pblsbr cg egojcbssb hu tbrrgol bl s‟ïtgcglt, jrgs
bt ng`jbs ïigrtïs. Xautbeaos, æ c‟gpprïiogtoal hu nukb, hbs VN
pgrtoiucoírb`blt krglhs au ïquopïs h‟gr`urbs caurhbs pbuvblt
`gckrï taut pravaqubr c‟beealhrb`blt.
Cbs pbrsallgkbs quo ajsbrvblt cb taurlaob`blt hbs jru`bs alt
ulb vosojocotï hb ? ` gvglt qub cbur vosoal lb saot bltoírb`blt
jcaquïb pgr cbs lugkbs quo ï`brkblt hbs praealhburs. Jobl qub
cb jut hb cbur quîtb sb sotub nustb æ 726 ` bl ialtrbjgs, hbsiblhrb
hgls cb kaueerb bst prgtoqub`blt o`passojcb pmysoqub`blt. Cbs
mïras pbuvblt kcossbr bl rgppbc cb calk hu rbjarh, `gos gu-hbcæ
hb 72 `, ocs giiíhblt gu pcgealh hb cg igvbrlb jïgltb. Y‟ocs lb
passíhblt pgs pcus h‟ulb ibltgolb hb `ítrbs hb iarhb, cbs VN
sbralt eariïs hb trauvbr ulb gutrb rautb paur
p aur giiïhbr gux krattbs
sautbrrgolbs.
^alb M ’ Cg taur hb cg Jîtb >   Bltaurïb hb `urs beealhrïs, cg
taur rbiauvbrtb hb `aussb sb hrbssb írb`blt `gckrï cbs rgvgkbs hu
tb`ps. Rl o``blsb partgoc rauoccï jcaqub c‟uloqub bltrïb hb cg taur,
surpca`jïb h‟ulb kgrkauoccb hï`alogqub gu rbkgrh olquoïtglt. Hbs
rglkïbs hb `burtroírbs pbriblt cbs `urs ïpgos, bt al gpbrëaot taut bl
mgut hb `blgëglts irïlbgux.
Cbs mïras quo tbltblt h‟auvror cg partb sb rblhblt ia`ptb qu‟bccb
bst jgrrïb hb c‟oltïrobur. Cg earibr hb`glhb ul tbst hb Earib HH :6.
Rl VN `ulo h‟ulb mgimb au h‟ul `grtbgu pbut gusso c‟blealibr gu
jaut hb 2 `olutbs hb trgvgoc gimgrlï.
Cbs prb`obrs VN quo bltrblt hgls cg taur hïiauvrblt ulb siílb
olebrlgcb >
Rlb imguhb ahbur hb paurroturb s‟ïimgppb hb cg taur, vaus hallglt cg
lgusïb. Cb sac hb cg taur bst iauvbrt hb pbgux hb javols, hb `autals bt
h‟mu`gols bl putrïegitoal. Rl bsigcobr ïtraot `altb bl sporgcb cb calk hu
`ur hb cg taur. Hbs ear`bs sa`jrbs pblhblt æ hbs imgìlbs xïbs sur cb
`ur. Oc s‟gkot ibrtgolb`blt hb vas ia`pgtroatbs !
Rlb `butb h‟ma``bs-jîtbs kraklglt ï`brkb cbltb`blt hb c‟a`jrb,
cburs `gols laubusbs sbrrïbs sur hbs cglibs blsglkcgltïbs !
Cbs ma``bs-jîtbs salt tgpos hgls cg taur, bssgyglt h‟gttorbr cbs
VN æ c‟oltïrobur ul pgr ul. Rl img`poal ma``b-jîtb `gssoe (ulb
`alstruasotï hb pcus hb : ` gvbi ulb tîtb hb tgurbgu sguvgkb) bst
giiraupo hgls c‟bsigcobr nustb gu-hbssus hb cg partb bt sgutbrg sur
cbs VN paur cbs surprblhrb.
Cbs ma``bs-jîtbs ia`jgttblt tglt qub cbur img`poal bst bl vob,
gvglt hb rbeusblt
iaur. Ocs taut tbltbr
hb paur s‟bleuor
sb rblhrb `goshbealt
cg taur bl horbitoals‟ocs
hbs prosallobrs hb cgcb
pbuvblt. Cbs VN igpturïs salt blimgìlïs bt suspblhus cg tîtb bl
jgs hbpuos cbs `burtroírbs ia``b cbs mgjotglts hb cbur voccgkb,
gvglt h‟îtrb sau`os gux ïlbrkobs `utgkílbs hu puots hbs Ê`bs,
trglsear`glt cbs gliobls mïras bl ma``bs-jîtbs eïraibs.
eïraibs.

Cb img`poal ma``b-jîtb partb ul krglh tarqub bl grkblt guqubc
salt giiraimïs hbs irêlbs jcglimos. Imgqub irêlb bst `grquï
h‟ulb rulb hu imgas. Vgr sg sbucb qugcotï grtosglgcb bt sal `ïtgc
prïiobux, cb tarqub vgut 766 pa, `gos quglh oc bst partï pgr ul
`gkb imgatoqub, cb tarqub cuo ialeírb ul jalus hb +7 æ taus cbs
tbsts h‟oligltgtoals. Hïtruorb cb tarqub aeerorg 7 V] hb jalus gux
pbrsallgkbs h‟gcoklb`blt caygc, `gos gttorbrg sur bux c‟gttbltoal
(bt pbut-îtrb c‟mastocotï) hbs hobux hu imgas.
Img`poal ma``b-jîtb > Olot +7 4 Gtt mgimb +: iarps-æ-iarps
(7h5+:) 4 IG 7: 4 HU :h= 4 VU = 4 @vt ? ` 4 Git 7h:6 4 NY Uok +:,
Zïe +7, Uac -7 4 GC I.
Ma``bs-jîtbs (5) > Olot +7 4 Gtt cglib +6 iarps-æ-iarps (7h5) 4 IG
7: 4 HU 7h= 4 VU 8 imgiul 4 @vt ? ` 4 Git 7h:6 4 NY Uok +7, Zïe +7,
Uac -7 4 GC I.
Cb sac hb cg taur bt cbs `grimbs hb c‟bsigcobr salt iauvbrts hb
eaurrurbs blsglkcgltïbs. Eauoccbr cg poíib hïrglkb hbs luïbs
hb puibs bt hb paux. Vorb bliarb, oc y g 7 imglib sur 5 qub
c‟bxpcargtbur ta`jb sur ul vbr putrohb igimï hgls cbs pbgux bl
hïia`pasotoal. Yur ulb gttgqub rïussob, cb vbr s‟blealib hgls cg
imgor hu VN nusqu‟æ gttbolhrb cb iřur bl 7h8+: raulhs. Bxtrgorb cb
vbr lïibssotb ul tbst h‟Gkocotï HH 72, olokbglt 7 paolt hb hïkêts
pgr tbltgtovb. Cbs jgrjobrs, cbs imorurkobls bt gutrbs VN gvbi ulb
ear`gtoal `ïhoigcb jïlïioblt h‟ul jalus hb +: gu tbst. Yo cb vbr
l‟bst pgs blcbvï æ tb`ps, oc irbusb nusqu‟gu iřur hb cg voito`b,
pravaquglt olstgltglï`blt sg `art.
Ubr putrohb >  Olot (taunaurs hbrlobr) 4 Gtt irbusb +6 iarps-æ-
iarps (spïiogc) 4 GI 76 4 VU 7 4 @vt spïiogc 4 Git 7h:6 4 GY irbusb
CG @BZ YGLY ÏXAOCBY
Gspbit kïlïrgc > Ygue olhoigtoal ialtrgorb, cb halnal bst sa`jrb,
bt c‟gor mu`ohb bt ergos.
Cbs partbs lb salt pgs vbrrauoccïbs `gos kalïbs pgr c‟mu`ohotï bt
haovblt îtrb eariïbs paur îtrb auvbrtbs. Ibcg hb`glhb ul raulh
bt ul tbst hb Earib HH 72. Yolal, oc bst passojcb hb c‟blealibr bl
7h8+7 raulhs, gcbrtglt gcars tautbs cbs pbrsallbs (au cbs imasbs)
sotuïbs gu-hbcæ.
Cbs nukbs haovblt tblor ia`ptb hb cg egojcb cu`olasotï lgturbccb
hbs sautbrrgols. Cbs VN pbuvblt utocosbr cbs tarimbs trauvïbs hgls
cg zalb 7-: au o`pravosbr cburs praprbs sauribs hb cu`oírb.
^alb 7-7 ’ Cg postb hb c‟ar >  Uaus vaus grrîtbz ul olstglt sur cbs
cgrkbs `grimbs hb pobrrb. Hbs ïicgts harïs salt pbribptojcbs æ cg co`otb hb
cg zalb qub vaus ïicgorbz, qubcqubs `grimbs pcus jgs.
Rlb olspbitoal pcus paussïb rïvícb qub ibs ïicgts salt tatgcb`blt
glahols > traos poíibs h‟ar aujcoïbs sur cbs `grimbs hb pobrrb krosb.
Bccbs alt ïtï ïkgrïbs pgr cbs ma``bs-jîtbs
ma``bs-jî tbs carsqu‟ocs alt trglseïrï
cburs roimbssbs hb cg zalb 7-7G vbrs cg 7-2.
Cbs ma``bs-jîtbs l‟alt pgs ia`pcítb`blt ebr`ï cg partb sbirítb
hb cg img`jrb eartb. C‟bltrïb hb cg zalb 7-7G pbut îtrb egiocb`blt
trauvïb pgr ulb eauoccb rgpohb. Lïgl`aols, cbs VN quo lb s‟y
grrîtblt pgs `glqubralt c‟bltrïb hb cg zalb 7-7G.
Rl sbialh pgssgkb hosso`ucï sb trauvb æ c‟appasï hb cg img`jrb
eartb, `blglt æ cg zalb J-7. Cg ssurb ïtraotb hgls cb `ur hu
pgssgkb bst egiocb`blt hïtbitïb pgr hbs VN gttbltoes.
^alb 7-7G ’ Cg img`jrb eartb vohb > C‟ïtraot iaucaor bst
ialstotuï hb jcais hb pobrrb tgoccïb. Hbs taocbs h‟grgoklïbs paussoïrbusbs
 pblhblt hu pcgealh, bt cb tb`ps
tb`ps cuo-`î`b
cuo-`î`b sb`jcb pbsbr sur ib cobu
cobu gltoqub.
Rl troa hb iaeerbs rblvbrsïs rbpasb hgls c‟a`jrb gu ealh hb cg sgccb gu
`ocobu hb poíibs ïpgrpoccïbs. Hbs trgibs hgls cg paussoírb tï`aoklblt hu
rïiblt pgssgkb hb poccgrhs.
Vgkb ?
(pravaqub `art olstgltglïb 7h8+: raulhs gprís ulb gttgqub
rïussob) 4 NY Uok +6, Zïe -8, Uac +: 4 GC L.
Cbs bxpcargtburs pbrsïvïrglts pbuvblt hïiauvror ulb pbtotb
gciøvb olsïrïb hgls cb sac, hosso`ucïb saus ulb pocb hb pbgux bl
hïia`pasotoal. C‟gciøvb ialtoblt hovbrsbs poíibs (29 pg, :9 pa,
bt : pp) golso qu‟ulb ïpïb iaurtb bcqub olirustïb h‟ï`brguhbs
(h‟ulb vgcbur hb 726 pa) blvbcappïb hgls ulb so`pcb igpb vbrtb.
Iausub hgls c‟aurcbt hb cg igpb sb trauvb ulb igrtb gu trïsar
bl vïcol `blglt vbrs ul b`pcgib`blt gu imaox hu nukb. Xraos
tarimbs, taunaurs ealitoallbccbs `gckrï cbur êkb, salt pcgiïbs sur
hbs gppcoqubs `urgcbs.
Bll, so ul naubur `gcimglibux g pbrhu taus sbs VN gu iaurs hb
c‟gvblturb, cb nukb pbut pbr`bttrb gux VN hb sguvbr hbs voccgkbaos
bl cbs cojïrglt hb cburs imgìlbs. Rlb eaos rglo`ïbs, cbs pguvrbs
ê`bs prapasblt hb rbnaolhrb cb kraupb, hbvblglt gcars hbs VNs
saus cb ialtrøcb hbs nauburs. @gcmburbusb`blt, au pbut-îtrb
mburbusb`blt paur bux lgcb`blt, cbs voccgkbaos cojïrïs l‟alt
guiul sauvblor hbs ïprbuvbs trgvbrsïbs gprís cbur igpturb.
Cb naubur irïb hbs pbrsallgkbs hb lovbgu 6 sbcal cg praiïhurb
mgjotubccb. Gvbi c‟giiarh hu nukb, cbs nauburs pbuvblt gnautbr
 nusqu‟æ sox VN gvbi cbs prosallobrs
prosallobrs qu‟ocs cojírblt hb cg taur.
taur.
Yo guiul hbs nauburs l‟g jbsaol hb lauvbgux pbrsallgkbs, cbs
prosallobrs cojïrïs salt trap egojcbs bt tbrroïs paur egorb gutrb
imasb qub s‟bleuor nusqu‟æ cbur voccgkb. Wubc qub saot cb la`jrb hb
prosallobrs cojïrïs, ocs rbprïsbltblt blvoral ul tobrs hu la`jrb
tatgc hb voccgkbaos dohlgppïs hgls cb voccgkb lgtgc hbs pbrsallgkbs.
Ibttb img`jrb eartb ialtblgot gutrbeaos cbs roimbssbs giiu`ucïbs
pgr cbs sboklburs hu imgas. @gcmburbusb`blt, cbs ma``bs-jîtbs
alt hïnæ trglspartï cb kras hu trïsar vbrs cg zalb 7-2. Oc lb rbstb
pcus qub cbs traos iaeerbs bt qubcqubs poíibs ïpgrpoccïbs sur cb sac
(7h:6 pi, 7h7: pg, 7h= pa). Jobl qub taus cbs iaeerbs saoblt auvbrts
bt vohbs, cbs ma``bs-jîtbs l‟alt pgs hïiauvbrt ul ia`pgrto`blt
sbirbt hosso`ucï gu ealh hu sbialh iaeerb.
@î`b so ib ia`pgrto`blt bst egiocb æ hïiauvror (cb ealh hu iaeerb
bst hox iblto`ítrbs trap mgut), c‟auvror l‟bst pgs sgls hglkbr. Oc
egut paur ibcg egorb kcossbr cb ealh egitoib. Yo cb VN rgtb ul tbst hb
Zïbxbs HH 72, oc bst jcbssï pgr ulb lb cg`b quo cuo olokb 7h8
paolts hb hïkêts bt cuo trglimb 7h: haokts.
Al pbut trauvbr gu ealh hb ib ia`pgrto`blt hbux gllbgux
h‟grkblt arlïs h‟ï`brguhbs (h‟ulb vgcbur hb 72 pa imgiul), ul
tgjgrh hb saob jrahï h‟ul sibgu hu imgas (h‟ulb vgcbur hb 2 pa)
bt ulb acb bl giobr ialtblglt hbux hasbs h‟muocb hb catus laor.
Cbs pbrsallgkbs quo s‟o`príklblt hb ibccb-io kgklblt 7h76 VU
pblhglt 7 mburb. Gu jaut hb ib cgps hb tb`ps, ocs pbrhblt ibs
paolts hb vob tb`pargorbs bt haovblt rïussor ul tbst hb Uokubur
HH 76 au pbrhrb 7h8 paolts hb vob suppcï`bltgorbs.
^alb 7-: ’ Cg sgccb hb c‟beerao > Hb cgrkbs `grimbs hb pobrrb
hbsiblhblt hgls ulb sgccb tautb bl calkubur. Cbs `urs salt hïiarïs hb
`asgáqubs ia`pcbxbs rbprïsbltglt h‟o``alhbs iïrï`alobs bl c‟mallbur
h‟marrojcbs bt `gcïqubs hï`als. Cbs `urs ruossbccblt hb ialhblsgtoal
bt h‟gckubs laorbs. Cg ialhblsgtoal ear`b hb pbtots ruossbgux quo sb
hïvbrsblt hgls ul calk jgssol laorêtrb gu ibltrb hb cg sgccb.
Hb`glhbz ul tbst hb Imglib HH 72 gux VN. Yur ulb rïussotb, ocs
rbssbltblt c‟blvob sauhgolb bt ïtrglkb h‟gccbr olspbitbr cb ealh hu
jgssol paur y trauvbr ul irêlb bt cb rb`altbr (vaor io-hbssaus).
Wuglh cb iuctb ïtgot nbulb bt puossglt, ibttb sgccb ïtgot utocosïb pgr
cbs giacytbs paur prïpgrbr cbur bsprot bt cbur ê`b æ suppartbr cg
 Vgkb 76
prïsblib hbs rbnbtals hu imgas. Cg poíib bst hïsar`gos æ c‟gjglhal,
æ pbolb rb`grquïb pgr cbs ma``bs-jîtbs carsqu‟ocs pgssblt hbs
sautbrrgols gux tbrrbs blsacboccïbs hb cg suregib.
Cbs pbrsallgkbs olspbitglt cbs `asgáqubs hïiauvrblt traos siílbs
hostolitbs, vosojcbs sur cbs gohbs hb nbu (vaor iauvbrturb oltïroburb) >
• Rlb socmaubttb bligpuimallïb hrbssïb sur ulb pobrrb
kokgltbsqub gu jarh h‟ul o``blsb cgi 4 sbpt sbp t tbltgiucbs
ï`brkblt hb c‟bgu. Ibttb `asgáqub hallb ul olhoib sur cg `gloírb
hb trgvbrsbr cg `br (zalb 7-8).
• Hbux pbrsallgkbs bl gr`urb, tblglt blsb`jcb ul `î`b
ïgu, kuohglt hbs cïkoals hb kubrrobrs jbstogux vaôtïs. Ibttb
`asgáqub rbprïsbltb cbs erírbs @acgl bt Ebcgl, gvglt cbur hïegotb
hbvglt cbs gr`ïbs hb cg Cao.
• Rlb ìcb sotuïb gu `ocobu h‟ul cgi laor. Rlb pyrg`ohb harïb
s‟y hrbssb, bt ulb socmaubttb gr`ïb h‟ul ïgu sb prïpgrb æ
sgirobr ulb vobrkb. Ibcg hallb hbs olhoigtoals sur cg lgturb hu
Yboklbur hu imgas bt cb hbstol hbs voccgkbaos dohlgppïs. 
dohlgppïs.  hbssus hb cg zalb 7-8.
Rlb olspbitoal rgpohb hb cg sgccb rïvícb qugtrb rblealib`blts
hosso`ucïs hgls cbs iaols hb cg poíib. Imgiul h‟bltrb bux
ialtoblt ulb rajb æ igpuimb, jrahïb hb sibgux ïtrglkbs iausus
hb c h‟grkblt. Jobl qub ibs rajbs saoblt paurrossgltbs bt pcbolbs
hb `aosossurbs, bccbs pbuvblt taunaurs îtrb partïbs ia``b
hïkuosb`blt saus ulb egojcb cu`oírb. Cbs ma``bs-jîtbs alt
bliarb olialsiob``blt bl `ï`aorb c‟arhrb sgirï hu imgas bt, æ
`aols h‟îtrb pravaquïs, l‟gttgqubralt pgs ibux quo partblt ibs
rajbs. Jobl sôr, so ul VN partglt ulb rajb vblgot æ gttgqubr ul
ma``b-jîtb, ibttb iauvbrturb sb hossopbrgot olstgltglï`blt.
Rlb `grb eïtohb blvgmob h‟gckubs laorbs bt hb vgsb bst hospasïb
gu ibltrb hb cg poíib. Ïtraot hb calkubur, cb jgssol egot 5 ` hb
praealhbur, bt sal ealh bst tgpossï hb ibltgolbs hb irêlbs.
Yo ul pbrsallgkb rbkgrhb hgls cb jgssol, ul irêlb rb`altb æ
cg suregib, ulb cubur egojcb ï`glglt hb sbs arjotbs. Ibs irêlbs
salt cbs hbrlobrs vbstokbs hb ibux quo alt hïï cbs sboklburs hu
imgas bt gjrotblt bliarb ulb ïtolibccb hb cburs bsprots, vauglt ulb
praealhb mgolb gux erírbs @acgl bt Ebcgl.
Cbs irêlbs pbuvblt îtrb sartos hbs bgux traujcbs bt jroccblt pcus
oltblsï`blt quglh al cbs gppraimb hb cg zalb 7-2. Jobl qub cburs
bsprots olebrlgux lb saoblt hb tautb ïvohblib pgs h‟gcoklb`blt
caygc, cbur mgolb pbut gohbr cbs pbrsallgkbs hgls cbur cuttb ialtrb
cb Yboklbur hu Imgas (vaor zalb 7-2G).
Yo cbs VNcbsalt
eauoccbr tgs gssbz o`pruhblts
hb irêlbs, paur pcalkbr
ocs y hïiauvrblt hgls cbhbjgssol
ul gllbgu bt
jralzb
taut so`pcb, h‟blvoral 96 i` hb hog`ítrb, xï gu ealh hu jgssol.
Egorb taurlbr c‟gllbgu hb ?6 hbkrïs pravaqub cg imutb hu ealh
hu jgssol, bltrgìlglt c‟bgu sgu`êtrb, cbs irêlbs bt c‟oleartulï quo
g auvbrt cbs vgllbs gvbi cuo. Cb VN bst gsporï hgls ul tuygu ïtraot,
iauvbrt h‟gckubs kcossgltbs, nusqu‟æ cg zalb 7-9. Ibcuo-io haot
rïussor ul tbst hb Uokubur HH 72 au sujor 7h8 paolts hb hïkêts
carsqu‟oc s‟ïirgsb hgls cg zalb 7-9. Ibux quo hbsiblhblt hgls cb
tuygu pgr cg suotb lb prbllblt pgs hb rosqubs.
^alb 7-9 ’ Cb cgi igimï > Cg igvbrlb h‟ul laor h‟blirb bst prbsqub
bltoírb`blt suj`brkïb h‟bgu, cb pcgealh mu`ohb iauvbrt h‟gckubs laorbs
 pblhgltbs. Hbs stgcgitotbs pcalkblt hgls cbs bgux sa`jrbs, hosso`ucglt
cb ealh hb cg igvbrlb. Æ `aotoï suj`brkïs cb calk hu rovgkb hu cgi, hbs
irêlbs vaus carklblt æ trgvbrs cburs arjotbs vohbs. Cg sgccb bst gusso igc`b
qu‟ulb ta`jb, æ c‟bxibptoal hu jruot hbs kauttbs h‟bgu bt hbs `gtoírbs
vosqubusbs quo ta`jblt hu pcgealh.
Cb
sac pcgealh hb cg poíib
bt sbucb`blt 56 i`sbhbtrauvb
ibccb æhbpbolb
c‟bgu.æ 7,: ` hb
C‟bgu cg suregib
s‟ïiaucb hu
bl cbt
vbrs c‟gutrb jaut hb cg poíib æ trgvbrs cbs ïjaucos paur sb hïvbrsbr
lgcb`blt hgls cg `br sautbrrgolb (zalb 7-8).
Ibttb poíib pbut îtrb hïiauvbrtb bl auvrglt cg vgcvb sotuïb bl
zalb 7-: au pgr hbs VN iurobux bxpcarglt cg pbltb raimbusb gu-
Cb ealh hu jgssol bst iauvbrt h‟ulb vgsb ia`pasïb hb rïsohus
h‟as bt hb co`al roimb bl `olïrgux pravblglt hu pcgealh. Hbs
bxpcargtburs imglibux (tbst h‟Oltbccokblib HH 7: au tbst hb
Imglib HH 7:) pbuvblt hïiauvror sur cb haokt h‟ul squbcbttb ul
gllbgu hb ebr blimêssï hb traos pbtots rujos. Vcgiïs hgls c‟ajsiurotï
tatgcb, cbs rujos s‟ïicgorblt ia``b hbs cïkírbs jrgosbs. Ibt gllbgu
h‟gppgrblib so`pcb bst bl rïgcotï cb  cb  rujgl hb ebu,
ebu , ulb gltoquotï
grigloqub gppgrtblglt æ c‟ïlok`gtoqub
c‟ïlok`gtoqub `gkb Ybzrgdgl. Vartï pgr
hbs pbrsallgkbs hb jgs lovbgu, cb rujgl g cbs pauvaors suovglts >
• Cb partbur pbut tbltbr hb cglibr  pranbitocb `gkoqub  traos eaos
`gkoqub traos
pgr naur.
• Cb partbur pbut tbltbr hb cglibr rïsostglib gu ebu hbux
ebu hbux eaos pgr
 naur.
• Cb partbur pbut tbltbr hb cglibr rgyal jrôcglt ulb
jrôcglt ulb eaos pgr
 naur.
• Bll, partï pgr ul `gkb, c‟gllbgu ialeírb ul jalus hb
+7 æ taus cbs tbsts h‟oligltgtoal. Rl 7 lgturbc bst taunaurs
ialsohïrï ia``b ul ïimbi, vaorb porb.
Cbs lal-`gkoiobls quo tbltblt hb egorb usgkb hbs pauvaors hu
rujgl beebitublt
rujgl beebitublt cbur tbst h‟oligltgtoal gvbi 7h75 + cbur lovbgu
hb icgssb `gos l‟gnautblt pgs cbur `ahoigtbur hb Vrïsblib
au h‟Oltbccokblib. Cbs pïlgcotïs coïbs æ c‟gr`urb s‟gppcoqublt
taunaurs. Cbs `gkbs utocosglt cb rujgl hb ebu beebitublt cburs tbsts
h‟oligltgtoal ia``b olhoquï hgls cbs ríkcbs hb jgsb.
Latbz qub, so cbs lal-`gkoiobls pbuvblt utocosbr cbs traos prb`obrs
pauvaors, ocs salt gusso sunbts æ cg iarruptoal au gux rbvbrs
s‟ocs ïimaublt cburs tbsts. Cb rujgl
rujgl pbut,
 pbut, æ cg hosirïtoal hu nukb,
ialeïrbr hbs pauvaors ghhotoallbcs gux `gkbs pcus puossglts (hb
lovbgu 2 au pcus).
 Vgkb 77
 

Oc s‟gkot cæ h‟ul ajnbt `gkoqub rgrb. Yo h‟gutrbs gvblturobrs vblgoblt Cg trgvbrsïb hb cg `br sautbrrgolb pravaqub olïvotgjcb`blt ul
æ gpprblhrb qub cbs VN cb passíhblt, ocs pbuvblt s‟gttblhrb æ ib geeraltb`blt gvbi cb Cïvogtmgl quo røhb hgls cbs praealhburs
qu‟ocs tbltblt hb s‟bl b`pgrbr. gqugtoqubs. Hís qub cb lgvorb-hrgkal bst æ `o-imb`ol hb c‟ìcb,
cbs tbltgiucbs hu Cïvogtmgl ï`brkblt hbs bgux sa`jrbs. Yo cbs VN
^alb 7-8 ’ Cg `br Ygls Ïtaocbs > Cbs krglhbs `grimbs hb lb pgrvobllblt pgs æ igc`br cb Cïvogtmgl gvglt 2 raulhs, hbux
 pobrrb hbsiblhblt sur ulb pcgkb hb sgjcb sa`jrb jarhglt ulb vgstb `br o``blsbs tbltgiucbs s‟blraucblt gutaur hb cg paupb, stappglt
sautbrrgolb. Gu caol sur cg `br, vaus hostolkubz ulb cu`oírb harïb c‟gvgliïb hu jgtbgu. Gu raulh suovglt, cb Cïvogtmgl gttgqub cbs
 pbrëglt c‟ajsiurotï. Rl ïlar`b
ï lar`b `blmor sb hrbssb gu jarh hb c‟bgu, hbs o`jïiocbs quo alt asï trgvbrsbr sal ha`golb sgls aeeror cb trojut
vgkubs sa`jrbs cïimglt sbs iøtïs lb`blt siucptïs. rbquos.
Vgr-hbcæ c‟o`pasgltb pobrrb hrbssïb, ul hrgddgr æ tîtb hb hrgkal ï`brkb Vrbssïs pgr cb tb`ps, cbs VN valt ibrtgolb`blt olvbltbr hbs
hbs tïlíjrbs. Yg iaqub bst iauvbrtb hb sibgux hb pratbitoal bt hb rulbs quo sacutoals arokolgcbs bt o`prïvubs æ cbur prajcí`b. Wubccb qub
cuosblt h‟ul vbrt jcgegrh hgls cg egojcb cu`oírb. Cb lgvorb s‟o``ajocosb æ saot cg `gloírb halt cbs VN s‟aiiupblt hu Cïvogtmgl, cb nukb bst
blvoral 72 ` hb cg jbrkb. bliaurgkï æ ïiautbr cbs sacutoals olkïlobusbs bt sglitoallbr cbs
o`pruhbltbs. Uaoio qubcqubs ialsbocs bt olhoigtoals paur gohbr cb
Cb jgttb`blt hb tg`jaurs hostglts bt hbs murcb`blts hb tbrrbur caoltgols  nukb æ grjotrbr c‟geeraltb`blt >
sb `îcblt gu hosirbt icgpatos hbs vgkubs.
• Jrôcbr hb c‟blibls hgls c‟bliblsaor ialsgirï gux earibs hu
Rlb rgpohb olspbitoal ialr`b qub cg pcgkb bst iauvbrtb hb trgibs imgas (sotuï bl zalb B) igc`b cbs ïlar`bs tbltgiucbs. Cb
hb pobhs jbstogux, hb kroeebs bt gutrbs sgjats. Yo cbs pbrsallgkbs Cïvogtmgl rbiallgìt sal gltoqub pgitb, pcgëglt sbs tbltgiucbs
prbllblt cb tb`ps hb eauoccbr saoklbusb`blt, ocs hïiauvrblt gux pobhs hb c‟olvaigtbur, gvglt hb rbpcalkbr saus cbs ats.
ïkgcb`blt hbs trgibs hb pgs mu`gols
m u`gols (cgossïbs pgr cburs ig`grghbs
voccgkbaos blimgìlïs cbs uls gux gutrbs) bt 7h5 poíibs h‟grkblt. • Ygirobr ulb au pcusoburs irïgturbs gu Cïvogtmgl (ia``b
olhoquï bl zalb 7-:) gpgosb cb Cïvogtmgl, `gos aeeblsb
Cg `br Ygls Ïtaocbs pasb hbux prajcí`bs gux pbrsallgkbs. krgvb`blt cbs hobux hb cg Cao. Cbs pbrsallgkbs suovglt ibttb
Cb prb`obr > trauvbr cg `boccburb `gloírb h‟gjarhbr cb lgvorb vaob sb hg`lblt gu sbrvoib hbs hobux `gcïqubs, au porb,
`gkoqub. Cb sbialh > trauvbr ia``blt ïvotbr cg eurbur hu sb ialhg`lblt gu rbnbt hb taut pgtral patbltobc. Rl gutrb
Cïvogtmgl hu imgas, quo røhb saus cbs ats hb ibttb `br tïlïjrbusb. imaox ialsostb paur cbs VN æ sgirobr hbs jobls h‟ulb vgcbur
Cb `blmor bst siucptï hb sporgcbs blvaôtgltbs quo salt prgtoqub`blt supïroburb æ 266 pa (bl cbs nbtglt æ cg `br), ib quo gpgosb cg
o`passojcbs æ rbprahuorb. Cb pbrsallgkb quo bssgobrgot hb iapobr jîtb hu Imgas sgls aeeblsbr cbs Yboklburs hb cg Cao.
au hïimoeerbr cbs krgvurbs bst sgoso h‟ulb pucsoal orrïsostojcb hb • Egux sgiroib > cbs VN pbuvblt
p buvblt tbltbr hb hostrgorb cg jîtb bl
sgirobr sbs ia`pgklals gu Cïvogtmgl røhglt saus cbs bgux. Cb VN « gppêtglt ´ cbs bgux gvbi hbs ighgvrbs au hu sglk. Ibio
haot rïussor ul nbt hb sguvbkgrhb hb Uacaltï HH 72 au gttgqubr pbut egorb kgklbr hu tb`ps gux VN sbcal cg sapmostoigtoal hb
sal pcus praimb ia`pgklal gvbi c‟oltbltoal h‟aeeror cb iřur cg rusb. Hgls ib igs, cb Cïvogtmgl eurobux gttrgpb cb jgtbgu
bliarb jgttglt hb sg voito`b gu Cïvogtmgl. Cb VN blvaôtï pbut quglh ib hbrlobr l‟bst pcus qu‟æ 72 ` hu rovgkb hb c‟ìcb gu
tbltbr hb rïsostbr æ ibttb pucsoal ulb eaos pgr raulh 4 ulb eaos qu‟oc tb`pcb.
g rïusso ul nbt hb sguvbkgrhb hb Uacaltï, oc lb pbut pcus îtrb æ
lauvbgu sau`os æ c‟olublib hu `blmor. • Ia`jgttrb cb Cïvogtmgl > jobl qub c‟geeraltb`blt saot cg
sacutoal cg pcus ïvohbltb, bccb pravaqubrg prajgjcb`blt
Rlb sïrob hb `grimbs ïtraotbs s‟blraucblt gutaur hu `blmor. c‟glïgltossb`blt hu kraupb, aÿ, taut hu `aols, cg `art hbs
Ibux quo kro`pblt gu sa``bt hb cg pobrrb hrbssïb hïiauvrblt `gcimglibux quo sb rbtrauvbralt æ partïb hb sbs tbltgiucbs
qub cb mgut hu raimbr g ïtï tgoccï bl pcgtbear`b. Rlb iuvbttb g ïtï hb :6 ` hb calk. Cb sbuc bspaor hb ibux quo imaosossblt cg
irbusïb gu ibltrb hb ibccb-io. Bccb bst pgrtobccb`blt rb`pcob hb iorb ialeraltgtoal rbpasb hgls ul iaup irotoqub. Ygls ibcg, cbur
sacohoïb, bt ul `aribgu hb jaukob raukb rbpasb gu sa``bt hb pbrtb bst qugso olïvotgjcb.
c‟g`alibccb`blt hb iorb. Gu iaurs hb cg jgtgoccb, cb Cïvogtmgl gttorb h‟gjarh cbs VN hgls cg
Cb jgtbgu hrgkal > Vaur cbs VN, `altbr sur cb lgvorb `gkoqub pbut `br gvglt hb cbs hï`b`jrbr. Yur ulb gttgqub rïussob, cb Cïvogtmgl
sb`jcbr so`pcb > oc suet hb lgkbr hgls cg `br bt sb mossbr æ jarh. pbut imaosor hb s‟blraucbr gutaur hbs `b`jrbs au hb cg tgoccb hu
@gos ibcg pravaqubrg olïvotgjcb`blt cg iacírb hu Cïvogtmgl > ul VN. Gu raulh suovglt, cb VN haot rïussor ul tbst hb Earib (HH :6) au
tbltgiucb sb kcossb æ cg suotb hu prb`obr lgkbur quo `altb æ jarh. îtrb gttorï hgls cbs bgux sa`jrbs.
Uaor io-hbssaus paur cbs hïtgocs hu ia`jgt quo lb `glqubrg pgs Cb iarps hu Cïvogtmgl lb `altb ng`gos æ cg suregib bt sbucs sbs
hb s‟blsuovrb. tbltgiucbs hïkaucolglts ï`brkblt hb c‟bgu. Cbs pbrsallgkbs quo
Zgccu`br cg jaukob (au bl gccu`br ulb lauvbccb) gu sa``bt hu pcalkblt paur paursuovrb cb ia`jgt saus c‟bgu hïiauvrblt ulb
`blmor egot vblor cb lgvorb blimgltï nusqu‟gu rovgkb, pbr`bttglt jîtb kokgltbsqub rbiauvbrtb hb `êimaorbs jïgltbs bt hb `occobrs
gux pbrsallgkbs hb `altbr æ jarh sgls hglkbr. h‟ybux ïigrquoccïs (cbs vosgkbs marroïs bt tarturïs hb
tarturïs hb tautbs sbs
gliobllbs voito`bs).
Carsqub taus cbs VN salt `altïs æ jarh, cb lgvorb sb horokb vbrs
cb tb`pcb hb c‟ìcb sotuïb gu ibltrb hb cg `br (zalb 7-2). Xautbeaos, Olokbr 55 VU hb hïkêts gu Cïvogtmgl lb cb tub pgs. Ibcg cb
gu `ocobu hu vaygkb, cbs VN hbvralt geeraltbr cb Cïvogtmgl (vaor paussb sbucb`blt æ jgttrb bl rbtrgotb, bl sb prapucsglt caol hgls
io-hbssaus). cbs praealhburs. Xaus cbs VN prosallobrs hb tbltgiucbs alt hraot
æ ul hbrlobr tbst hb Earib (HH :6) paur tbltbr hb sb cojïrbr hb
Cb lgvorb pbut ïkgcb`blt îtrb gttorï sur cb rovgkb bl gccu`glt sg puossgltb b`prosb. Ibux quo ïimaublt salt gttorïs saus cbs
c‟bliblsaor (trauvï bl zalb B). ats paur lb pcus ng`gos rbpgrgìtrb (sgue pbut-îtrb saus ear`b hb
Cb lgvorb-hrgkal bst ïquopï hb rg`bs, bt so sg `gkob egot hïegut, oc vosgkbs murcglts bt tbrroïs gkkcutolïs sur cg pbgu hu Cïvogtmgl).
pbut îtrb ialhuot hb ibttb `gloírb nusqu‟æ c‟ìcb (zalb 7-2). Cïvogtmgl hu Imgas > Olot +6 4 Gtt tbltgiucb +5 iarps-æ-iarps
Y‟aiiupbr hu Cïvogtmgl >  Carsqu‟ocs alt hïiauvbrt cg `br (7h=+:) 4 IG 72 4 HU 76h76 4 VU 55 4 @vt 72 ` 4 Git 5h:6 4 GY
sautbrrgolb, cbs sboklburs hu imgas alt ialicu ul pgitb gvbi cg gkroppb sur gttgqub rïussob (Earib HH :6 paur ïimgppbr) 4 NY
jîtb hï`alogqub, bt ib pgitb bst taunaurs bl vokubur æ ib naur. Uok +76, Zïe -:, Uac +5 4 GC I.
 Vgkb 7:
^alb 7-2 ’ Cb tb`pcb hu Imgas > C‟ìcb sb rgppraimb pbu æ pbu,
rïvïcglt cg saurib hu rgyallb`blt harï > ulb o`pasgltb zokkaurgt h‟aÿ
ï`glb ulb cu`oírb jrôcgltb pgr hb lbs ssurbs bltrb sbs `gssoes jcais
hb pobrrb.
Rlb cgrkb rg`pb blibricb c‟ïhoib, s‟ïcbvglt nusqu‟gu sa``bt
hu tb`pcb. Hbs marhbs h‟ma``bs-jîtbs s‟y jausiucblt, murcglt æ
c‟ajsiurotï, `grtbcglt h‟ïlar`bs tg`jaurs hb pbgu bt paussglt ulb
 cb hb prosallobrs tbrroïs vbrs cb poi rgyallglt hb cg zokkaurgt. Xaut
bl mgut hu tb`pcb, vaus pauvbz hostolkubr cg socmaubttb kokgltbsqub
bt rbhautgjcb h‟ul pbrsallgkb bl gr`urb, bltaurï hb eu`ïb olebrlgcb
ï`glglt hbs praealhburs.
Cg zokkaurgt bst ulb earkb `ystoqub sbrvglt ul uloqub jut >
rbialstotubr ul iarps pmysoqub paur c‟bsprot hu Yboklbur hu
Imgas. Cbs ma``bs-jîtbs ialhuosblt cbs voccgkbaos dohlgppïs gu
sa``bt hb cg zokkaurgt paur y îtrb `gssgirïs, puos nbtïs hgls cb
iřur bl eusoal hu tb`pcb, gvbi ulb rglëal raygcb h‟ar, h‟grkblt
bt hb iuovrb. Rl smg`gl ma``b-jîtb horokb cg iïrï`alob, tblglt
gu-hbssus hb cuo hgls cg eu`ïb ulb bekob hu Yboklbur hu Imgas.
@î`b so c‟bekob lb pbut tra`pbr cbs VN quo gttbolhralt cb pcus
mgut lovbgu hb cg zokkaurgt, bccb bst suesgltb paur gjusbr ibux
quo ajsbrvblt hbpuos cb jgs hb c‟ïhoib.
Hbs VN hïkuosïs bl prîtrbs hu Imgas (gvbi cbs rajbs hb cg zalb
7-:) au bl ma``bs-jîtbs (gvbi cbs pbgux bt cbs eaurrurbs hb cg
zalb M) pbuvblt pgssbr æ trgvbrs cbs eaucbs h‟ma``bs-jîtbs
sgls krglhbs hoeiuctïs. Cb nukb hbvrgot hb`glhbr hbs tbsts hb
Vrïsblib paur `goltblor cg tblsoal, `gos cbs ma``bs-jîtbs salt
pros pgr cbur ebrvbur rbcokobusb bt lb s‟gttblhblt pgs æ trauvbr hbs
o`pastburs bl cbur sbol. Jobl sôr, so cbs VN gttgqublt cbs ma``bs-
jîtbs au cb egux Yboklbur hu Imgas, cbur supbrimbrob bst taut hb
suotb hïvaocïb.
Yo cbs pbrsallgkbs l‟alt pgs rbiaurs æ cg rusb, oc cbur sbrg pcus
hoeiocb h‟gttbolhrb cb sa``bt hb cg zokkaurgt. Cbs ma``bs-
jîtbs lb rb`grqublt pgs o``ïhogtb`blt c‟grrovïb hbs VN 4 so cbs
VN sb hosso`ucblt bt kro`pblt bl sb igimglt saus cg rg`pb, oc y g
ulb pbtotb imglib qu‟ocs puossblt s‟gppraimbr hu sa``bt hb cg
zokkaurgt gvglt h‟îtrb hïiauvbrts. Cb VN hb tîtb haot rïussor ulb
sïrob hb tbsts h‟Gkocotï halt cg hoeiuctï guk`bltb paur ïvotbr hb
sb egorb rb`grqubr gcars qub cb kraupb kro`pb hb pcus bl pcus
mgut. Gttbolhrb cb prb`obr lovbgu hb`glhb ul tbst h‟Gkocotï
HH 76 4 gttbolhrb cb sbialh lovbgu, ul tbst HH 72 4 prakrbssbr gu
traosoí`b, HH :6. Kro`pbr hu traosoí`b lovbgu gu sa``bt hb cg
zokkaurgt gcbrtb o``ïhogtb`blt cbs ma``bs-jîtbs, `gos cbs VN
hospasblt
cburs h‟ul raulh
ia`pïtblibs hb surprosb.
bl cobu (Cbstbst
bt pcgib h‟ul vacburs pbuvblt utocosbr
h‟Gkocotï.)
Bll, so cbs VN hïiohblt h‟gttgqubr taut hb suotb cbs ma``bs-
jîtbs paur prblhrb cb tb`pcb h‟gssgut, ocs bl pgobralt cb prox
eart. Cæ bliarb, ocs jïlïioblt h‟ul raulh hb surprosb gvglt qub
cbs ma``bs-jîtbs l‟blkgkblt tautb cbur puossglib ialtrb cbs
guhgiobux pbrsallgkbs. Oc y g :: ma``bs-jîtbs g`gssïs sur cg
rg`pb pcus 9 giacytbs bl mgut hb cg zokkaurgt quo gssostblt cb
smg`gl ma``b-jîtb.
Ma``bs-jîtbs (::) > Olot +7 4 Gtt cglib +6 iarps-æ-iarps (7h5) 4 IG
7: 4 HU 7h= 4 VU 9 imgiul 4 @vt ? ` 4 Git 7h:6 4 NY Uok +7, Zïe +7,
Uac -7, GC I.
^alb 7-2G ’ Gu sa``bt hu tb`pcb > Bl grrovglt gu sa``bt
hb cg zokkaurgt, cbs VN hïiauvrblt ulb siílb gtraib >
Cb sa``bt
raukbaob hu cu`oírb
h‟ulb tb`pcb bst ha`olïRl
olebrlgcb. pgrpuossglt
ul vgstb kaueerb eu`glt
ma``b-jîtb quo
`goltoblt
bl c‟gor c‟bekob h‟ulb tbrrogltb socmaubttb bl gr`urb hgls cg eu`ïb
taurjoccallgltb gcars qub cbs prosallobrs salt paussïs bl murcglt, cbs
uls gprís cbs gutrbs, hgls cb kaueerb. Rl troa h‟ma``bs-jîtbs mgrklbux
rblvbrsb hbs pglobrs trbssïs, hïvbrsglt golso hbs `occobrs hb poíibs æ
cg suotb hb vas ig`grghbs voccgkbaos, pravaquglt hbs koicïbs hb eu`ïb
soegltb bt hb g``bs ! Rlb igiapmalob hb tg`jaurs bt hb murcb`blts
jbstogux vaus blvbcappb gcars qub cb rotubc ïtrglkb gppraimb hb sg
ialicusoal !
Wubccb qub saot cg egëal halt cbs VN hïiohblt hb sb hïvaocbr, cbs
ma``bs-jîtbs sb nbttblt sur bux pblhglt qub cb smg`gl bt sbs
giacytbs ealt hb cbur `obux paur gimbvbr cb rotubc. Cbs ma``bs-
jîtbs sur cg rg`pb lb sb jgttblt pgs paur tubr `gos bssgoblt pcutøt
hb s‟b`pgrbr hbs VN, hb cbs partbr nusqu‟æ cg eassb paur cbs nbtbr
hgls cbs g``bs sgiroiobccbs. Rl VN bst gttrgpï sur ulb gttgqub
rïussob bt haot rïussor ul tbst hb Earib HH 72 au îtrb partï 8,2 `
pcus mgut blhbs
rïussossglt horbitoal
gttgqubshbsur
cg cbeassb.
`î`b Hbs
VN ma``bs-jîtbs
guk`bltblt cg ghngiblts
hoeiuctï
hb sal tbst hb Earib hb +: pgr gttgqub. Æ sal taur, cb VN lb pbut
robl egorb h‟gutrb qub tbltbr h‟ïimgppbr æ cg prosb gvbi ul gutrb
tbst hb Earib.
Cbs pbrsallgkbs partïs hb ibttb egëal nusqu‟gu kaueerb salt nbtïs
hgls cbs g``bs bt alt hraot æ ul hbrlobr nbt hb sguvbkgrhb
(Zïbxbs HH 72) paur s‟gkroppbr gu rbjarh. Xaus ibux quo
ïimaublt pcalkblt vbrs ulb `art ibrtgolb hgls cb `gk`g hbs
praealhburs.
Ialtrgorb`blt æ cburs ia`pgklals, cb smg`gl bt sbs giacytbs
`bsurblt pgregotb`blt cb hglkbr igusï pgr cg prïsblib hbs VN
bt ia`jgttblt paur tubr. Yo cbs VN gttboklblt cb sa``bt hb cg
zokkaurgt, cb smg`gl murcb gu `ocobu hbs tïlíjrbs bt nbttb c‟bekob
hu Yboklbur hu Imgas hgls cb kaueerb. Ibcg ïtbolt o``ïhogtb`blt
cbs g``bs bt pcalkb cg igvbrlb hgls c‟ajsiurotï. Cg sbucb cu`oírb
rbstgltb bst cb rgyallb`blt olebrlgc ï`glglt hb cg eassb.
Cbs pbrsallgkbs ajsbrvglt cb ealh hu kaueerb pbuvblt vaor cbs
iarps sgiroïs bt cbs poíibs ialsu`ïbs pgr ulb `grb hb `gk`g
hogjacoqub. C‟bekob s‟blg``b, gsporglt `gkoqub`blt cb `gk`g
o`prïklï hb imgor bt h‟ar. Glo`ïb pgr c‟bsprot hu Yboklbur hu
Imgas, c‟bekob raukbaygltb ï`brkb hu `gk`g, rberaohossglt
rgpohb`blt, rbiauvbrtb h‟ulb iraôtb hurb bt laorb. Rl raulh pcus
tgrh, cg iraôtb raimbusb ïicgtb, rïvïcglt cg socmaubttb bl gr`urb hu
Yboklbur hu Imgas > ul mu`glaáhb olebrlgc bt iarlu, gvbi ul sbuc
řoc iyicapïbl jrôcglt h‟ulb cu`oírb hï`alogqub. @acgl ï`brkb
hb cg earkb o`pob bt gvglib æ krglhs pgs vbrs cb ia`jgt, ïirgsglt
sbs bllb`os gvbi sal ïgu paoltu æ traos tîtbs. Cb Yboklbur hu
Imgas gu vosgkb squbcbttoqub ia`jgt ïvrbusb`blt nusqu‟æ cg
`art, sb hïcbitglt æ c‟ohïb h‟gllomocbr tautb ear`b hb vob.
Xaus cbs irêlbs rg`blïs hu jgssol hb cg zalb 7-: jroccblt hb
mgolb. Ocs pbuvblt îtrb cgliïs sur cb Yboklbur hu Imgas (tbst
h‟Gkocotï HH 76 paur tauimbr) 4 cbs irêlbs bxpcasblt æ c‟o`pgit bt
s‟blg``blt paur olokbr 7h5+7 paolts hb hïkêts gu Yboklbur
hu Imgas. Xautbs cbs iojcbs o``ïhogtb`blt ghngibltbs sujossblt
cg `aotoï hbs hïkêts (NY Zïbxbs HH 7: paur ïvotbr ia`pcítb`blt
cbs hïkêts).
hbstr uitoal hu Yboklbur hu Imgas > Rlb eaos qu‟oc sb vaot
Cg hbstruitoal
olokbr :6 VU hb hïkêts, cb iarps hu Yboklbur hu Imgas sb
hossaut æ lauvbgu hgls cb `gk`g, sal bsprot ïtglt oligpgjcb hb
`goltblor sal b`prosb sur sg ear`b pmysoqub. Cb ïgu bt c‟gr`urb
hï`alogqub ta`jblt æ tbrrb, sbucs vbstokbs hb cbur `gìtrb hïimu.
Yo cbs VN s‟b`pgrblt hu ïgu au hb c‟gr`urb hgls cbs 2 raulhs,
cb `gk`g sb rglo`b gvbi ulb voacblib o`pob paur ear`br ulb
iacallb hb g``bs ïicgtgltbs. Cb `gk`g sb nbttb sur taus cbs VN
sotuïs æ `aols hb 9 ` (Gtt +: iarps-æ-iarps 4 7h8+9). @gos `î`b
cg mgolb hu Yboklbur hu Imgas lb pbut `goltblor ibttb ear`b
glo`ïb pblhglt calktb`ps > qub cbs VN olokblt hbs hïkêts au
lal, cg iacallb rbhbvoblt ulb `gssb olear`b gu traosoí`b raulh,
paur lb pcus ng`gos sb rbcbvbr.
Cg `art hïlotovb hu Yboklbur hu Imgas hïicblimb cg hbstruitoal
 Vgkb 79
 

hb sal tb`pcb bt hb cg igvbrlb. Rl kralhb`blt sb rïpglh paur Y‟b`pgrbr hu ïgu h‟gr`bs au hb c‟gr`urb prblh ulb gitoal.
lor bl ul ergigs gssaurhossglt. Hbs jcais hb pobrrb `gssoes sb
hïtgimblt hu pcgealh hb cg krattb bt ta`jblt hgls cg `br. Hbs Bekob glo`ïb hu Yboklbur hu Imgas > Olot +6 4 Gtt ïgu +5 iarps-
vgkubs s‟ïirgsblt sur cbs glis hb cg zokkaurgt, gcars `î`b qub æ-iarps (7h5+7) 4 IG 79 4 HU 2h76 4 VU :6 4 @vt 5 ` 4 Git 7h:6 4 NY
cb `gk`g irïpotglt s‟ïiaucb æ trgvbrs cbs naolturbs hbs jcais Uok +=, Zïe +8, Uac +8 4 GC I.
hb pobrrb. Oc hbvoblt votb ïvohblt paur cbs VN qub cbur sïnaur gu Ymg`gl ma``b-jîtb > Olot +7 4 Gtt bekob bekob   +6 iarps-æ-iarps
sa``bt hu tb`pcb hu Yboklbur hu Imgas tauimb æ sg l. Cbs VN (7h8+:) 4 IG 76 4 HU :h= 4 VU 5 4 @vt ? ` 4 Git 7h:6 4 NY Uok +7, Zïe
alt sbucb`blt 7h5+: gitoals paur gttbolhrb cb hrgddgr gvglt qub +6, Uac +9 4 GC I.
cg pgrtob aiiohbltgcb hb cg igvbrlb lb s‟beealhrb, pravaquglt ul
rgz-hb-`grïb hb pcus hb 76 ` gu-hbssus hb cg zokkaurgt. Cb nukb Giacytbs ma``bs-jîtbs (9) > Olot +7 4 Gtt kroeebs +6 iarps-æ-iarps
lb haot pgs prïvblor cbs nauburs hu hglkbr o``olblt quo kubttb (7h8) 4 IG 7: 4 HU :h= 4 VU 2 imgiul 4 @vt ? ` 4 Git 7h:6 4 NY Uok +7,
cburs pbrsallgkbs. Bl egot, oc hbvrgot egorb cb nbt bl sbirbt, hïirorb Zïe +7, Uac -7 4 GC I.
cbs ïvïlb`blts
hb`glhbr igtgicys`oqubs
gux nauburs hb hïirorbsb
cbshïraucglt
gitoals hb hgls
cburs cg igvbrlb bt
pbrsallgkbs. ^alb 7-5 ’ Ubrs c‟oliallu > Cg vgkub kïgltb vaus prapucsb æ ulb
Gttbolhrb cb lgvorb bt `altbr æ jarh prblh : gitoals. votbssb tbrrogltb vbrs cg pgrao appasïb hb cg igvbrlb ! Hbvglt vaus, æ
trgvbrs ulb `br h‟ïiu`b bt hbs imutbs hb raimbrs, vaus gpbribvbz c‟bltrïb
Wuglh cg vgkub rukossgltb blkcautot cg zokkaurgt, tautbs cbs h‟ulb krattb ïtraotb ! Cb lgvorb æ tîtb hb hrgkal sureb sur cg irîtb hb cg
pbrsallbs æ jarh hu lgvorb salt prapucsïbs vbrs cg zalb 7-5, bt vgkub kïgltb bt sb nbttb hgls cg `êimaorb raimbusb, cbs ats murcglts
tautbs cbs gutrbs pïrossblt, blkcautobs pgr cbs bgux sa`jrbs. Cbs s‟ïirgsglt taut gutaur hb vaus !
pbrsallgkbs quo lb pgrvobllblt pgs æ gttbolhrb cb jgtbgu æ tb`ps
pbuvblt tbltbr ul ucto`b tbst hb Imglib hb HH 7; paur pgrvblor Cg l hb c‟gvblturb (bt cb hïjut hb cg suovgltb) bst bltoírb`blt
æ sb mossbr æ jarh. cgossïb æ c‟gpprïiogtoal hu nukb. Cg zalb 7-5 pbut hïjauimbr sur
ulb rovoírb æ iobc auvbrt rbpasglt gu ealh h‟ul praealh rgvol
Egvbur hbs Hobux > Cbs pgtrals hbs pbrsallgkbs vaoblt au pcalkbr cbs VN bliarb pcus praealhï`blt saus cg suregib hb
egvargjcb`blt cg hbstruitoal hu Yboklbur hu Imgas. Cbs cg tbrrb. Cg prb`oírb sacutoal pbr`bt gux VN hb rbtaurlbr hgls
pbrsallgkbs vïlïrglt hbs hïotïs jallbs au caygcbs, au ibux cbur voccgkb lgtgc, hb saoklbr cburs jcbssurbs gvglt h‟blvosgkbr
halt cbs pgtrals surlgturbcs sbrgoblt appasïs gu ríklb hu Imgas cbur praimgolb quîtb. Cg hbuxoí`b pcalkb cbs VN hgls ulb gutrb
rbëaovblt ul jalus pbr`glblt hb +7 bl Imglib quglh cb Yboklbur gvblturb gcars `î`b qub cg prb`oírb voblt hb s‟gimbvbr.
hu Imgas bst hïtruot.
Xrïsar > Cb trïsar bst bl `gnburb pgrtob ialsu`ï gu iaurs hu rotubc, Wubc qub
gvglt saot cb hb
cb hïjut imaox hu nukb, V]gvblturb,
cg praimgolb bt Imglibigr,
haovblt î trb
îtrb
qub ib hostrojuïs
saot krêib æ
`gos hb la`jrbusbs poíibs rbstblt ïpgrpoccïbs gu sa``bt hb cg cg imglib au æ cbur tgcblt, cbs VN survovglts alt icgorb`blt `ïrotï
zokkaurgt. Rl VN pbut rg`gssbr 7h:6 pa bt :h:6 pg pgr gitoal. ulb nustb rïia`pblsb.
Vaur lor, oc rbstb c‟gr`b bt c‟gr`urb hu Yboklbur hu Imgas cuo-
`î`b. Zbiauvbrt hb ebr laorio bt mïrossï hb paoltbs, cb ïgu h‟gr`bs
h‟gr`bs 
hu Yboklbur hu Imgas bst ulb gr`b h‟ulb puossglib ialsohïrgjcb.
Bl pcus h‟aitraybr ul jalus hb +7 gu tauimbr bt gux hïkêts, ulb
eaos pgr naur, cb partbur hu  ïgu h‟gr`bs  pbut blvbcappbr c‟gr`b
hb g``bs pblhglt 9 raulhs, olokbglt 7h5 paolts hb hïkêts
suppcï`bltgorbs paur imgqub gttgqub rïussob.
C‟gr`urb hu Yboklbur hu Imgas bst ulb gr`urb hb pcgqubs
bl ebr laorio. Jobl qu‟bccb l‟got pgs hb praproïtïs `gkoqubs, sg
ialibptoal bxibptoallbccb pbr`bt gu partbur hb jïlïiobr h‟ul
 nbt hb sguvbkgrhb hb Uokubur (HH :6) ialtrb cbs beebts hbs iaups
irotoqubs.

Xmos proltolk ae HII#5;> Ygocars al tmb Ytgrcbss Ybg os
halb ulhbr vbrsoal 7.6 ae tmb Apbl Kg`olk Coiblsb,
glh tmb Yystb` Zbebrblib Haiu`blt jy pbr`ossoal
era` [ozgrhs ae tmb Iagst, Oli.Hbsoklgtoal ae Vrahuit
Ohbltoty> Xmb eaccawolk otb`s grb mbrbjy hbsoklgtbh
gs Vrahuit Ohbltoty ol giiarhglib wotm Ybitoal 7(b)
ae tmb Apbl Kg`b Coiblsb, vbrsoal 7.6> Hulkbal
Irgwc Icgssois, HII ZVK, @okmty Hbbh ae Gr`s,
spbcc imbid, Cuid imbid, spbccjurl, `briurogc `gkoi,
iarruptoal, hosgppravgc, gcc spbcc lg`bs, gcc prapbr
lauls, igpotgcozbh tbr`s, otgcoiozbh tbr`s, grtward, `gps,
sy`jacs, hbpoitoals, glh occustrgtoals, bxibpt suim
bcb`blts tmgt gcrbghy gppbgr ol tmb Yystb` Zbebrblib
Haiu`blt.
Hbsoklgtoal ae Apbl Ialtblt> Yujnbit ta tmb Vrahuit
Ohbltoty hbsoklgtoal gjavb, suim sbitoals ae Imgptbr
Alb> Imgrgitbrs glh Imgptbr Eaur> Ia`jgt gs hbrovb
era` tmb YZH grb hbsoklgtbh gs Apbl Kg`olk Ialtblt.
Ya`b ae tmb partoals ae tmos jaad wmoim grb hbcolbgtbh
AKI arokolgtb era` tmb Yystb` Zbebrblib Haiu`blt
glh grb iapyrokmt © 7???, :666 [ozgrhs ae tmb Iagst,
Oli. Xmb rb`golhbr ae tmbsb AKI partoals ae tmbsb
jaad grb mbrbjy ghhbh ta Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt glh, oe
sa usbh, smauch jbgr tmb IAV_ZOKMX LAXOIB –HII
#5;> YGOCAZY AL XMB YXGZCBYY YBG, iapyrokmt ©
:67: Kaah`gl Kg`bs, gcc rokmts rbsbrvbh, vosot www.
kaah`gl-kg`bs.ia`
kaah`gl-kg`bs.ia` ar ialtgit oleaFkaah`gl-
kg`bs.ia`‐
HII#5;> Ygocars al tmb Ytgrcbss Ybg os iapyrokmt ©
:67: Kaah`gl Kg`bs. Iapyrokmt © :6:6 Gdocbas paur
cg vbrsoal erglëgosb.Apbl kg`b ialtblt `gy alcy jb
usbh ulhbr glh ol tmb tbr`s ae tmb Apbl Kg`b Coiblsb.
AVBL KG@B COIBLYB Ubrsoal 7.6g
Xmb eaccawolk tbxt os tmb prapbrty ae [ozgrhs ae tmb
Iagst, Oli. glh os Iapyrokmt :666 [ozgrhs ae tmb Iagst,
Oli (–[ozgrhs‐). Gcc Zokmts Zbsbrvbh.
7. Hblotoals> (g)‐Ialtrojutars‐ `bgls tmb iapyrokmt
glh/ar trghb`grd awlbrs wma mgvb ialtrojutbh
Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt4 (j)‐Hbrovgtovb @gtbrogc‐ `bgls
iapyrokmtbh `gtbrogc olicuholk hbrovgtovb wards glh
trglscgtoals (olicuholk olta atmbr ia`putbr cglkugkbs),
patgtoal, `ahoigtoal, iarrbitoal, ghhotoal, bxtblsoal,
upkrghb, o`pravb`blt, ia`pocgtoal, gjrohk`blt ar
atmbr ear` ol wmoim gl bxostolk ward `gy jb rbigst,
trglsear`bh ar ghgptbh4 (i) –Hostrojutb‐ `bgls ta
rbprahuib, coiblsb, rblt, cbgsb, sbcc, jraghigst, pujcoicy
hospcgy,, trgls`ot ar atmbrwosb hostrojutb4 (h)‐Apbl
hospcgy
Kg`b Ialtblt‐ `bgls tmb kg`b `bimgloi glh
olicuhbs tmb `btmahs, praibhurbs, praibssbs glh
rautolbs ta tmb bxtblt suim ialtblt habs lat b`jahy
tmb Vrahuit Ohbltoty glh os gl blmglib`blt avbr tmb
proar grt glh gly ghhotoalgc ialtblt icbgrcy ohbltobh
gs Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt jy tmb Ialtrojutar, glh
`bgls gly ward iavbrbh jy tmos Coiblsb, olicuholk
trglscgtoals glh hbrovgtovb wards ulhbr iapyrokmt cgw,
jut spbioigccy bxicuhbs Vrahuit Ohbltoty. (b) –Vrahuit
Ohbltoty‐ `bgls prahuit glh prahuit colb lg`bs, cakas
glh ohbltoeyolk `grds olicuholk trghb hrbss4 grtoegits4
irbgturbs imgrgitbrs4 starobs, starycolbs, pcats, tmb`gtoi
bcb`blts, hogcakub, oliohblts, cglkugkb, grtward,
sy`jacs, hbsokls, hbpoitoals, codblbssbs, ear`gts,
pasbs, ialibpts, tmb`bs glh krgpmoi, pmatakrgpmoi
glh atmbr vosugc ar guhoa rbprbsbltgtoals4 lg`bs
glh hbsiroptoals ae imgrgitbrs, spbccs, blimglt`blts,
pbrsalgcotobs,
pbrsalgcotob s, tbg`s, pbrsalgs, codblbssbs glh spbiogc
gjocotobs4 pcgibs, caigtoals, blvoral`blts, irbgturbs,
bquop`blt, `gkoigc ar supbrlgturgc gjocotobs ar beebits,
cakas, sy`jacs, ar krgpmoi hbsokls4 glh gly atmbr
trghb`grd ar rbkostbrbh trghb`grd icbgrcy ohbltobh gs
Vrahuit ohbltoty jy tmb awlbr ae tmb Vrahuit Ohbltoty, glh
wmoim spbioigccy bxicuhbs tmb Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt4 (e)
–Xrghb`grd‐ `bgls tmb cakas, lg`bs, `grd, sokl, `atta,
hbsokls tmgt grb usbh jy g Ialtrojutar ta ohbltoey otsbce
ar ots prahuits ar tmb gssaiogtbh prahuits ialtrojutbh ta
tmb Apbl Kg`b Coiblsb jy tmb Ialtrojutar (k) –Rsb‐,
–Rsbh‐ ar –Rsolk‐ `bgls ta usb, Hostrojutb, iapy, bhot,
ear`gt, `ahoey, trglscgtb glh atmbrwosb irbgtb Hbrovgtovb
@gtbrogc ae Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt. (m) –_au‐ ar –_aur‐
`bgls tmb coiblsbb ol tbr`s ae tmos gkrbb`blt.
:. Xmb Coiblsb> Xmos Coiblsb gppcobs ta gly Apbl Kg`b
Ialtblt tmgt ialtgols g latoib olhoigtolk tmgt tmb Apbl
Kg`b Ialtblt `gy alcy jb Rsbh ulhbr glh ol tbr`s ae
tmos Coiblsb. _au `ust gex suim g latoib ta gly Apbl
Kg`b Ialtblt tmgt yau Rsb. La tbr`s `gy jb ghhbh
ta ar sujtrgitbh era` tmos Coiblsb bxibpt gs hbsirojbh
jy tmb Coiblsb otsbce. La atmbr tbr`s ar ialhotoals `gy
jb gppcobh ta gly Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt hostrojutbh usolk
tmos Coiblsb.
9.Aeebr glh Giibptglib> Jy Rsolk tmb Apbl Kg`b
Ialtblt _au olhoigtb _aur giibptglib
giibptglib ae t mb tbr`s ae
tmos Coiblsb.
8. Krglt glh Ialsohbrgtoal> Ol ialsohbrgtoal ear
gkrbbolk ta usb tmos Coiblsb, tmb Ialtrojutars krglt
_au g pbrpbtugc, warchwohb, raygcty-erbb, lal-bxicusov
lal-bxicusovbb
coiblsb wotm tmb bxgit tbr`s ae tmos Coiblsb ta Rsb, tmb
Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt.
2.Zbprbsbltgtoal ae Gutmaroty ta Ialtrojutb> Oe _au grb
ialtrojutolk arokolgc `gtbrogc gs Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt,
_au rbprbsblt tmgt _aur Ialtrojutoals grb _aur arokolgc
irbgtoal glh/ar _au mgvb sueioblt rokmts ta krglt tmb
rokmts ialvbybh jy tmos Coiblsb.
5.Latoib ae Coiblsb Iapyrokmt> _au `ust uphgtb tmb 77. Rsb ae Ialtrojutar Irbhots> _au `gy lat `grdbt ar
IAV_ZOKMX LAXOIB partoal ae tmos Coiblsb ta ghvbrtosb tmb Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt usolk tmb lg`b ae
olicuhb tmb bxgit tbxt ae tmb IAV_ZOKMX LAXOIB ae gly Ialtrojutar ulcbss _au mgvb wrottbl pbr`ossoal era`
gly Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt _au grb iapyolk, `ahoeyolk tmb Ialtrojutar ta ha sa.
ar hostrojutolk, glh _au `ust ghh tmb totcb, tmb 7: Olgjocoty ta Ia`pcy> Oe ot os o`passojcb ear _au ta
iapyrokmt hgtb, glh tmb iapyrokmt machbr‟s lg`b ta tmb
ia`pcy wotm gly ae tmb tbr`s ae tmos Coiblsb wotm rbspbit
IAV_ZOKMX LAXOIB ae gly arokolgc Apbl Kg`b ta sa`b ar gcc ae tmb Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt hub ta stgtutb,
Ialtblt yau Hostrojutb.
 nuhoiogc arhbr,
arhbr, ar kavbrl`bltgc
kavbrl`bltgc rbkucgtoal
rbkucgtoal tmbl _au
_au `gy
;. Rsb ae Vrahuit Ohbltoty> _au gkrbb lat ta Rsb lat Rsb gly Apbl Kg`b @gtbrogc sa geebitbh.
gly Vrahuit Ohbltoty, olicuholk gs gl olhoigtoal gs ta 79 Xbr`olgtoal>
Xbr`olgtoal> Xmos Coiblsb wocc tbr`olgtb guta`gtoigccy
ia`pgtojocoty, bxibpt gs bxprbsscy coiblsbh ol glatmbr,
oe _au egoc ta ia`pcy wotm gcc tbr`s mbrbol glh egoc ta iurb
olhbpblhblt
olhbpblhb lt Gkrbb`blt wotm tmb awlbr ae bgim bcb`blt suim jrbgim wotmol 96 hgys ae jbia`olk gwgrb ae tmb
ae tmgt Vrahuit Ohbltoty. _au gkrbb lat ta olhoigtb
jrbgim. Gcc sujcoiblsbs smgcc survovb tmb tbr`olgtoal
ia`pgtojocoty ar ia-ghgptgjocoty wotm gly Xrghb`grd ae tmos Coiblsb.
ar Zbkostbrbh Xrghb`grd ol ialnulitoal wotm g ward
78 Zbear`gtoal> Oe gly pravosoal ae tmos Coiblsb os mbch ta
ialtgololk Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt bxibpt gs bxprbsscy
coiblsbh ol glatmbr, olhbpblhblt Gkrbb`blt wotm tmb jb ulblearibgjcb, suim pravosoal smgcc jb rbear`bh alcy
ta tmb bxtblt lbibssgry ta `gdb ot blearibgjcb.
awlbr ae suim Xrghb`grd ar Zbkostbrbh Xrghb`grd.
Xrghb`grd.
Xmb usb ae gly Vrahuit Ohbltoty ol Apbl Kg`b I altblt 72 IAV_ZOKMX LAXOIB
habs lat ialstotutb g imgccblkb ta tmb awlbrsmop ae tmgt
Apbl Kg`b Coiblsb v 7.6 Iapyrokmt :666, [ozgrhs ae
Vrahuit Ohbltoty. Xmb awlbr ae gly Vrahuit Ohbltoty usbh
tmb Iagst, Oli.
ol Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt smgcc rbtgol gcc rokmts, totcb glh
oltbrbst ol glh ta tmgt Vrahuit Ohbltoty. Yystb` Zucbs Haiu`blt Iapyrokmt :666 [ozgrhs ae tmb
Iagst, Oli.4 Gutmars Nalgtmgl Xwbbt, @altb Iaad, Ydop
=. Ohbltoigtoal> Oe yau hostrojutb Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt
[occog`s, jgsbh al arokolgc `gtbrogc jy B. Kgry Kykgx
_au `ust icbgrcy olhoigtb wmoim partoals ae tmb ward tmgt
glh Hgvb Grlbsal.
yau grb hostrojutolk grb Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt.
HII#5;> Ygocars al tmb Ytgrcbss Ybg, iapyrokmt ©
?. Rphgtolk tmb Coiblsb> [ozgrhs ar ots hbsoklgtbh
:67: Kaah`gl Kg`bs, gcc rokmts rbsbrvbh, vosot w ww.
 Gkblts `gy pujcosm osm uphgtbh vbrsoals
vbrsoals ae tmos Coiblsb.
Coiblsb.
kaah`gl-kg`bs.ia`
kaah`gl-k g`bs.ia` ar ialtgitoleaFkaah`gl-kg`bs.
_au `gy usb gly gutmarozbh vbrsoal ae tmos Coiblsb ta
ia` iapyrokmt © :6:6 Gdocbas paur cg vbrsoal erglëgosb.
iapy, `ahoey glh hostrojutb gly Apbl Kg`b I altblt
arokolgccy hostrojutbh ulhbr gly vbrsoal ae tmos Coiblsb. VZB@OBZ XOZGKB
76 Iapy ae tmos Coiblsb> _au @RYX olicuhb g iapy ae
tmos Coiblsb wotm bvbry iapy ae tmb Apbl Kg`b Ialtblt
_au Hostrojutb.
 Vgkb 78
 
 Vgkb 72
 
 Vgkb 75

CBY EAYYBY H'OLUAIGXOAL (^ALB M)

Latb hb c‟ïhotbur > Ib siïlgroa ïtgot cb prb`obr æ gvaor ïtï pujcoï paur HII
 NhZ bt s‟bst gvïrï trís papucgorb. Nb suos trís br qu‟oc got pu îtrb rïo`pro`ï.
Vaur cb hbuxoí`b torgkb, n‟go hb`glhï æ c‟gutbur, Mgrcby Ytram, ib qu‟oc
gurgot egot hoeeïrb``blt s‟oc gvgot cg passojocotï hb rbvblor hbssus. Oc `‟g
rïpalhu qu‟oc saumgotgot hïvbcappbr cbs marrburs kro`pgltbs rblialtrïbs
gu hïjut hb c‟gvblturb. Uaoio hali ul suppcï`blt æ c‟gvblturb. Cg zalb
M pbut sb sotubr cb calk hbs rb`pgrts vbrs cg zalb 7-: hgls c‟gvblturb
h‟arokolb. Vratbz-bl ! ‘Nasbpm Kaah`gl
bs eassbs
Imgash‟olvaigtoal ïtgoblt utocosïbs
gr`ïbspgr cbs Yboklburs
Cbs ma``bs-jîtbs utocosblt cbs eassbs paur egorb paussbr cbs
marrburs kro`pgltbs. Cbs voito`bs bliarb vovgltbs salt hbsiblhubs
hgls cg eassb paur y îtrb olebitïbs pgr cbs kro`pgltbs gvglt h‟îtrb
rb`altïbs paur îtrb utocosïbs æ cg hïeblsb hb cg eartbrbssb.
Ybpt iarps salt gitubccb`blt suspblhus gux imgìlbs, imgiul ïtglt
mgjotï pgr ulb nbulb marrbur kro`pgltb. Cbs marrburs lb pbuvblt
pgs kro`pbr gux imgìlbs, `gos gttgqubralt gvbi sguvgkbrob so bccbs
salt bxtrgotbs hbs eassbs au so cbs VN tbltblt hb hbsiblhrb cbs eassbs
paur gttbolhrb cg zalb M-:.

C
hu paur gppuybr cburs hgls cg kubrrb Cg sacutoal paur ïvotbr cb ia`jgt sb rïsu`b so`pcb`blt æ hïtgimbr
ialtrb cbs earibs hu Jobl. @î`b s‟ocs alt lgcb`blt cbs imgìlbs. Yo cbs marrburs salt golso cojïrïbs, bccbs ta`jblt bt
ïtï vgolius, cbs Yboklburs rïussorblt æ olvaqubr hbux îtrbs cburs iarps bxpcasblt bl ergppglt cb sac bl zalb M-:.
bxtrgho`blsoallbcs puossglts > ul hogjcb, hïsar`gos blebr`ï b lebr`ï
hgls ulb ïpïb æ hbux `gols (vaor zalb M-9), bt ulb puossgltb Ia`jgt > Yo cbs hbux gttgqubs h‟ulb sbucb marrbur kro`pgltb
bltotï bxtrgtbrrbstrb vïkïtgcb, quo hbvoblhrg cg saurib hbs marrburs tauimblt cg `î`b voito`b hgls cb `î`b raulh, bccbs blsbrrblt
kro`pgltbs (sotuïbs bl zalb M-2). cg iojcb, olokbglt guta`gtoqub`blt 7h5 paolts hb hïkêts bl
c‟ïirgsglt bt c‟ïtaueeglt. Rlb voito`b blimbvîtrïb pbut sb cojïrbr
Cbs ruolbs salt imgueeïbs pgr cg hïia`pasotoal hbs pcgltbs bl rïussossglt ul tbst hb Earib HH 76.
kro`pgltbs. C‟gor bst mu`ohb bt pcbol h‟ulb ahbur hb paurroturb.
Cbs `urs bt cbs sacs hbs sautbrrgols salt kcuglts hb ialhblsgtoal, bt Marrburs kro`pgltbs, Nbulbs (;) > Olot +: 4 Gtt voklb +: iarps-æ-
hbs kauttbs hb sívb ta`jblt bl pbr`glblib hu pcgealh sur cbs VN. iarps (7h8) 4 IG 79 4 HU :h5 4 VU ; imgqub 4 @vt 5 ` 4 Git :h75 4
GY blimbvîtrb`blt (7h5 hïkêts guta`gtoqubs gu raulh suovglt so
Cb ibricb `gkoqub rïsohubc bl zalb M-9 jrôcb hb g``bs vbrtbs, cbs hbux gttgqubs hb voklbs
voklb s rïussossblt 4 tbst hb Earib HH 76 paur
pranbtglt ulb egojcb cu`oírb g`jogltb hgls taut cb sautbrrgol. s‟ïimgppbr) 4 NY Uok +7, Zïe +6, Uac +: 4 GC I.
C‟beebt lb sb rb`grqub pgs bl zalb M-7 sgue so cbs VN ïtboklblt cburs ^alb M-: ’ Cg prosal hb iarhb > Cbs `urs bt cb sac hb cg poíib
sauribs
qu‟ocs hb cu`oírb, hb
s‟gppraimblt `gos sb `gloebstb
cg img`jrb pcus oltblsï`blt
h‟olvaigtoal. æ `bsurb
Æ c‟oltïrobur hb cg salt tgpossïs hb voklbs kro`pgltbs, oc bst o`passojcb hb egorb ul pgs
pgs sgls
bltblhrb cb irgqub`blt mu`ohb hbs sgr`blts saus vas pgs.
zalb M-9, cbs VN pbuvblt vaor gusso jobl qub pgr ulb luot hb pcbolb
culb bt l‟alt pgs jbsaol hb tarimbs au hb cgltbrlbs. Hbs gqubs hb sívb kcugltb sb salt ear`ïbs gu sac. Oc bst egiocb
hb cbs ïvotbr, bt so cbs VN ïtuhoblt cb uohb raukb bt vosqubux, ocs
Al trauvb hbs kro`pgltbs ïpolbusbs hgls imgqub poíib sgue bl hïiauvrblt qu‟oc bst cïkírb`blt giohb, gttgquglt cg imgor gu jaut
M-9. Bccbs pblhblt hbs pcgealhs bt hbs `urs bt nalimblt cb sac hb cburs haokts bt cburs sb`bccbs hb imgussurbs. Olkïrï, cb coquohb
ia``b hbs coglbs. Cbs kro`pgltbs alt pbriï cbs pcgealhs bt cbs olokb 7h2 paolts hb hïkêts gvglt hb hossauhrb cb tujb hokbstoe
hokb stoe hb
`urs, `gos hbs pbrsallgkbs ajsbrvgtburs rb`grqubralt qub c‟oleartulïb voito`b.
ibccbs-io salt pcus krassbs æ `bsurb qu‟al s‟gppraimb hb cbur
saurib, bl zalb
zalb M-2. Cbs sartobs hb cg poíib salt ajstruïbs pgr cbs voklbs. Vaur
b`prultbr cbs pgssgkbs au hbsiblhrb cbs bsigcobrs, cbs VN hbvralt
Cb pgssgkb hu tb`ps, ia`jolï gux beebts
beeb ts hb cg paurroturb imgatoqub sb kcossbr æ trgvbrs cbs voklbs au cbs trglimbr. Yo bccbs salt trglimïbs,
bt hbs pcgltbs kro`pgltbs, g hïvgstï cg `gëallbrob hbs sacs, `urs ul tarrblt hb sívb giohb bt ïigrcgtb ngoccot 4 cbs VN æ `aols hb 7,2 `
bt pcgealhs hbs sautbrrgols. Cg pobrrb ergkocosïb s‟beerotb saus cg sujossblt 7h= paolts hb hïkêts (NY Zïe HH 76 paur ïvotbr). Yo, pgr
`gol, sb hïtgimglt hbs `urs bt hbs pcgealhs bl pbtots g`gs hb qubcqub vocgol taur hb `gcimglib, pcusoburs voklbs vblgoblt æ îtrb
paussoírb huriob. Oc bst hoeiocb h‟bsigcghbr cbs `urs iraucglts (tbst trglimïbs, cg sívb giohb `altbrgot æ ul lovbgu hb 56 i`, olokbglt
h‟Gkocotï au hb Bsigcghbr hbs pgraos gjruptbs HH 7;), æ `aols qub
cbs VN lb sb rïsacvblt æ kro`pbr bl s‟giiraimglt gux kro`pgltbs hbs hïkêts æ imgqub raulh hb ialtgit.
qugso a`loprïsbltbs (HH 76). Cbs bsigcobrs æ c‟bst salt ialstruots hgls cg `î`b pobrrb erogjcb
qub cbs `urs. Hbs lgols ajsbrvgtburs bt hbs `gëals sb rblhralt
^alb M-7 ’ Cbs eassbs jrôcgltbs > Hbs hgccbs salt ta`jïbs, rgpohb`blt ia`ptb hu hglkbr. Cbs bsigcobrs s‟beealhrblt s‟ocs
rïvïcglt ul trau jïglt hgls cb sac. Iolq imgìlbs iauvbrtbs hb cg`jbgux haovblt suppartbr 726 dk au pcus, egosglt imutbr cbs pbrsallgkbs
hb imgor pblhblt hgls cg eassb, xïbs æ hbs iraimbts hgls cb sac. Rlb ? ` pcus jgs hgls ulb eassb vohb paur 9h5 paolts hb hïkêts.
imgcbur oltblsb ï`glb hbs praealhburs, giia`pgklïb h‟ulb ahbur hb
 paurroturb. Hbux iaucaors ialhuosblt mars hb cg img`jrb bt salt taus hbux
ajstruïs pgr cbs voklbs. Cg sartob gu larh-bst bst ïicgorïb pgr ulb
C‟bltrïb h‟arokolb hbs img`jrbs h‟olvaigtoal s‟bst ïiraucïb oc cu`oírb jcbu-vbrt vgioccgltb. Cb pgssgkb gu suh sb`jcb îtrb cg
y g calktb`ps. Hïsar`gos, al lb pbut y pïlïtrbr qub pgr cb sac saurib hbs voklbs, gvbi hbs tokbs ïlar`bs aiiupglt prgtoqub`blt
beealhrï. Cgrkb hb ?6 i`, cb jarh hu trau bst iauvbrt hb sglk, hb cg `aotoï hu iaucaor.
`aribgux h‟as bt hb imbvbux. (Yo hbs nauburs l‟alt pcus qub hbux
pbrsallgkbs au `aols, cbs VN hïiauvrblt ïkgcb`blt hb krglhbs ^alb M-9 ’ Img`jrb h‟olvaigtoal >  Rl pbltgkrg``b
igkbs h‟asobr rb`pcobs hb voccgkbaos hb lovbgu 6 gttgimïs. @î`b iorialsirot pgr ul ibricb hb rulbs bst krgvï hgls cb sac hb pobrrb. Hbs
s‟ocs l‟alt guiul ïquopb`blt, cbs voccgkbaos salt pcus qub pgrtglts  g``bs vbrtbs jcgegrhbs hglsblt æ c‟oltïrobur
c‟oltïrobur hu ibricb, ïicgorglt cg poíib
paur gohbr cburs sguvburs hgls cbur ia`jgt ialtrb cbs ma``bs- h‟ulb cubur `gigjrb. Rlb ïpïb æ hbux `gols blvbcappïb hb g``bs
jîtbs bt cburs `gìtrbs.) ï`brguhb attb gu ibltrb hu ibricb.
Cbs imgìlbs pblhblt hgls cbs praealhburs ajsiurbs bt ealt bltrb Bl ib cobu, cbs Yboklburs hu Imgas salt pgrvblus æ olvaqubr ul
8 ` bt ; ` hb calk. Imgqub imgìlb sb tbr`olb pgr hb caurhs hï`al bt æ cobr sal ê`b olebrlgcb æ ulb ïpïb. Cbs Yboklburs hu
iraimbts jgrjbcïs, bt sur imgqub iraimbt sb trauvb cb iarps h‟ul Imgas l‟alt tautbeaos pgs rïusso æ jrosbr cg vacaltï hu hï`al, bt cg
voccgkbaos. Oc y g ? ` hu jarh hu trau nusqu‟gu ealh. cg`b-hï`al sb cglkuot oio hbpuos cars, gvohb hb `gssgirb.
 Vgkb 7;

Cbs g``bs æ c‟oltïrobur hu ibricb l‟ï`bttblt lo imgcbur lo
eu`ïb. Vaur îtrb pcus prïios, cg tb`pïrgturb oltblsb bt cbs eu`ïbs
ïtaueegltbs salt ialtblubs pgr cb ibricb hb rulbs.
Cbs ajnbts olglo`ïs salt oliolïrïs hís qu‟ocs trgvbrsblt cb ibricb 4
cbs iarhbs jrôcblt ia``b ulb `íimb, cbs ïpïbs sb trglsear`blt bl
`gssb ealhub, cbs cglibs s‟blg``blt bt salt rïhuotbs bl iblhrbs.
@î`b cbs pobrrbs ïicgtblt quglh cbs egojcbs trgibs h‟mu`ohotï
qu‟bccbs ialtobllblt salt trglsear`ïbs bl vgpbur, pravaquglt
cbur bxpcasoal.
Xautb irïgturb vovgltb trgvbrsglt cbs rulbs (pgr-hbssaus au pgr-
hbssus) bst olstgltglï`blt trglspartïb æ c‟oltïrobur hu ibricb
bt ia``blib æ s‟gspmyxobr, pbrhglt 7h9 paolts h‟Blhurglib
pgr raulh bt pbrh iallgossglib hís qub sal Blhurglib ta`jb
æ 9 bt suiia`jglt so ibccb-io imutb æ 6. C‟Blhurglib pbrhub bst
o``ïhogtb`blt rbstgurïb so cb VN s‟ïimgppb hu ibricb bl vob.
Rlb eaos æ c‟oltïrobur hu ibricb, cbs VN sb rblhblt ia`ptb qu‟oc
cbur bst o`passojcb hb s‟ïimgppbr pgr hbs `ïtmahbs iaurgltbs >
cbs irïgturbs vovgltbs lb pbuvblt erglimor cb ibricb, bt cbs imasbs
olglo`ïbs salt oliolïrïbs. Cg `gkob pbrib egiocb`blt cb ibricb,
`gos cbs VN blebr`ïs sgls sart au gohb hovolb salt vauïs æ ulb
`art ibrtgolb. Ygls surprosb, c‟ïpïb-hï`al prapasb ulb ossub.
Cg cg`b hb jïryc blg``ïb ialtoblt c‟bsprot hu hï`al poïkï.
@gìtrosbr c‟ïpïb lïibssotb ulb puossgltb vacaltï (tbst hb Vrïsblib
HH 72). Y‟oc ïimaub gu tbst, cb VN pbut gusso imaosor hb sgirobr
7h9 paolts hb Vrïsblib paur o`pasbr sg vacaltï æ c‟ïpïb. Rl
pbrsallgkb quo rïussot æ `gìtrosbr c‟ïpïb pbut s‟bl b`pgrbr bt
ergppbr cg jgrroírb olvosojcb 4 ul tatgc hb 9 paolts hb hïkêts cg jrosb,
cojïrglt cb VN hgls ulb bxpcasoal hb imgcbur bt hb eu`ïb, suovob
h‟ul geux h‟axykílb. Uaor c‟blighrï paur cbs hïtgocs ghhotoallbcs
sur cg cg`b bt cg rïiupïrgtoal hbs paolts hb Vrïsblib pbrhus.
Cbs pbrsallgkbs quo tbltblt hb s‟b`pgrbr hb cg cg`b sgls `gìtrosbr
cb hï`al salt blkcautos pgr hbs g``bs jïrycïbllbs, sujossglt
7h76 paolts hb hïkêts pgr raulh.
^alb M-8 ’ C‟bsigcobr > Hbs hauzgolbs h‟ïpgossbs voklbs trbssïbs
sb salt kcossïbs bl mgut hbs `grimbs hb pobrrb bsigrpïbs, b`pcossglt
qugso`blt taut c‟bsigcobr. Cbs `urs, cb pcgealh bt cbs voklbs salt taus
jroccglts hb c‟mu`ohotï s‟ïcbvglt hbs praealhburs.
Cbs voklbs salt bxtrî`b`blt kcossgltbs, bt so cbs VN lb prbllblt
pgs hb prïigutoals, cg hbsibltb vbrs cg zalb M-2 sbrg pïroccbusb.
Ibs prïigutoals lb salt pgs lïibssgorb`blt
lïibssgorb`blt trís ia`pcbxbs
(s‟gttgimbr so`pcb`blt cbs uls gux gutrbs, au giiraimbr ulb iarhb
bst suesglt), `gos ibux quo lb cb ealt pgs haovblt rïussor ul tbst
h‟Gkocotï HH 76 paur hbsiblhrb cbs `grimbs.
Cbs pbrsallgkbs quo rgtbrgoblt cb tbst kcossblt cb calk hbs voklbs bt
hïkrolkacblt vbrs cb kaueerb gu pobh hbs `grimbs. Cbs pbrsallgkbs
pbuvblt tbltbr ul NY hb Zïbxbs HH 72 paur s‟giiraimbr gux
voklbs gvglt hb ta`jbr hgls cbs gjyssbs, `gos ibux quo ïimaublt
hospgrgossblt æ taut ng`gos hgls c‟ajsiurotï. (Au, gu jal vaucaor
hu nukb, rïgppgrgossblt saus ear`b hb pcgltbs-coimbs jobl pcus
tgrh hgls cg ig`pgklb.)
Cg jgsb hb c‟bsigcobr s‟auvrb sur ul kaueerb hgls cg tbrrb, cg saurib
hu hobu-voklb. Xrgvbrsbr cb trau paur gccbr vbrs cg zalb M-2 bst
gssbz egiocb, `î`b so c‟brrbur lb pgrhallb pgs. Hb calkubs voklbs
`gc bl paolt erglimossblt cb kaueerb paur ialhuorb æ c‟gutbc 4 cbs VN
haovblt
io (tbsts nustb gvaorHH
h‟Gkocotï cb iaurgkb hb `grimbr rgtglt
2). Cbs pbrsallgkbs au rg`pbr
cb tbstsurpbuvblt
ibccbs-
tbltbr hb s‟giiraimbr hïsbspïrï`blt gux voklbs (NY Zïbxbs

CG CG@B-HÏ@AL
Vaur pauvaor `globr c‟ïpïb, ul pbrsallgkb haot h‟gjarh `gìtrosbr cb hï`al (tbst hb Vrïsblib HH 72). Y‟oc ïimaub æ ib tbst, cb VN
haot ialibltrbr tautb sg vacaltï sur cg `gìtrosb hb c‟ïpïb, ulb têimb ïpuosgltb quo ho`olub sal siarb hb Vrïsblib hb 7h9 paolts.
Yo cb VN ajtoblt ulb `gcghrbssb æ sal tbst, au so sg Vrïsblib hbsiblh æ 9 au `aols, cg cg`b prblh cb ialtrøcb hu pbrsallgkb gvbi
paur ajnbitoe hb igusbr cb pcus hb imgas bt hb hbstruitoal passojcb. Cg cg`b rbstb saus c‟b`prosb hb sal prïiïhblt `gìtrb tglt
qub cb VN l‟g pgs ïtï hïsgr`ï au tuï.
Cbs pbrsallgkbs pbuvblt rïiupïrbr cbs paolts hb Vrïsblib pbrhus
pb rhus hb hbux `gloírbs > cb rbpas (rïiupïrgtoal hb 7 paolt pgr naur),
au bl utocosglt cg cg`b paur pravaqubr
p ravaqubr ruolb bt imgas (rïiupïrgtoal hb 7 paolt hb Vrïsblib pgr irïgturb oltbccokbltb tuïb, au paur
taut gitb hbstruitbur ia``os gu la` hu Imgas). Cg lgturb prïiosb hb ibs gitbs bst cgossïb æ c‟gpprïiogtoal hu nukb `gos hbvrgot
îtrb rgosallgjcb`blt krgvb.
C‟ïpïb passíhb hbs igpgiotïs tïcïpgtmoqubs co`otïbs (partïb 5 `), bt cb nukb bst bliaurgkï æ oltbrprïtbr ibs geeraltb`blts hb
vacaltïs. C‟ïpïb pbut egorb `altrb h‟ul imgr`b hogjacoqub, `gos ibttb egëghb hosso`ucb ul hïsor orrïprbssojcb hb ia``bttrb hbs
gitbs irubcs bt hb egorb hu `gc gux îtrbs vovglts.
Cg cg`b-hï`al olokb cbs hïkêts h‟ulb ïpïb æ hbux `gols, igpgjcb hb ergppbr cbs irïgturbs `gkoqubs, ïtmïrïbs bt gstrgcbs.
Wuglh bccb bst `gloïb pgr ul VN h‟gcoklb`blt imgatoqub, cg cg`b bst blvbcappïb hb g``bs jcbu-vbrt olokbglt 7h9 paolts hb
hïkêts suppcï`bltgorbs gux irïgturbs sblsojcbs gu ebu.
Bll, bl o`pro`glt sg vacaltï ulb eaos hb pcus, ul pbrsallgkb pbut hïicblimbr cbs beebts suovglts. Zb`grqub > imgqub beebt
spïioqub lïibssotb ul tbst hb Vrïsblib ghhotoallbc au ul sgiroib hb Vrïsblib. (Vgr ( Vgr bxb`pcb, so ul pbrsallgkb saumgotb guk`bltbr
cb jalus h‟gttgqub hb c‟ïpïb hb +7 paur ul ia`jgt bt vbut gusso cglibr jauicobr `gkoqub , oc haot rïussor hbux tbsts hb Vrïsblib HH :6 au
sgirobr hbux eaos hb suotb cbs paolts hb Vrïsblib rbquos.)
• Xbst hb Vrïsblib HH :6, au 7h2 paolts hb Vrïsblib > Cg cg`b aitraob ul jalus hb +7 gu nbt h‟gttgqub bt gux hïkêts
hï kêts paur cg
hurïb hu ia`jgt 4 jauicobr `gkoqub (tbst h‟oligltgtoal 7h:6) 4 +9 æ ul nbt hb sguvbkgrhb.
• Xbst hb Vrïsblib HH :2, au :h2 paolts hb Vrïsblib > Cg cg`b aitraob ul jalus hb +9 gu nbt h‟gttgqub bt gux hïkêtshï kêts paur cg
4 pranbitocb `gkoqub (tbst h‟oligltgtoal 7h:8) 4 gllucbr ul iaup irotoqub.
hurïb hu ia`jgt 4 pranbitocb
Vrïsblib > Cg cg`b aitraob ul jalus hb +2 gu nbt h‟gttgqub bt gux hïkêts
• Xbst hb Vrïsblib HH 96, au 9h2 paolts hb Vrïsblib hï kêts paur cg
hurïb hu ia`jgt 4 hossopgtoal hb cg `gkob (tbst h‟oligltgtoal 7h96) 4 saoklbr cb partbur hb 7h2 hïs hb vob.
 Vgkb 7=
 

HH 76), saus pbolb hb ta`jbr vbrs cbur eulbstb hbstol.
Yolal, cb kaueerb bsigrpï rbprïsbltb ul sgut hb 8,2 `, gvbi hbs
jarhs hb pobrrb erogjcb. Cbs pbrsallgkbs rbeusglt hb egorb ialglib
gux voklbs pbuvblt tbltbr hb sgutbr pgr-hbssus cb kaueerb (tbst
hb Earib HH 72), `gos ibux quo ïimaublt l‟alt guiulb imglib hb
sb rgttrgpbr > cg pobrrb s‟beerotb saus cburs `gols, blvayglt cbs VN
murcglt hgls cbs praealhburs ajsiurbs.
^alb M-2 ’ Cb vosgkb hu Hobu Cblt >   Rl jcai hb pobrrb jrutb
sb hrbssb gu `ocobu h‟ulb `gssb hb voklbs ïpgossbs. Wugtrb squbcbttbs
blimbvîtrïs hgls ibccbs-io sb tobllblt taut gutaur hb cg pobrrb ia``b
hb `gigjrbs
sur `groallbttbs
cb jcai. Imgqub squbcbttb4 ul
bst iolquoí`b æ hb`o
ulb irïgturb sbitoallï
jopíhb, bst gccalkï
pcus krglhb qu‟ul
ma``b `gos gvbi cg tîtb h‟ul tgurbgu, h‟ul aurs au h‟ul aosbgu, halt cg
igrigssb jcglimob bst bl pasotoal hb vïlïrgtoal o`pob.
Hbs hauzgolbs hb kcajbs vbrts imgrlus salt suspblhus taut gutaur hb cg
 poíib. Cb sac hb cg poíib bst iauvbrt h‟ulb ïpgossb saupb hb voklbs paurrobs
bt hb sívb.
Cbs voklbs salt cg `gloebstgtoal h‟ulb irïgturb h‟ul gutrb `alhb
tatgcb`blt ïtrglkbr gux rgibs bcebs, lgolbs au mu`golbs, `gos so
puossgltb qu‟al pbut cg qugcobr hb hobu. Bccb pbrëaot cb tb`ps
æ ulb ïimbccb kcgiogorb > cbs gllïbs salt pbrëubs ia``b hb jrbes
olstglts, bt hbs soíicbs bltobrs pgssblt tbcs hb cblts naurs h‟ïtï.
Iurobux hb cg latoal hb iuctb, cb Hobu Cblt so`ucb ul sgiroib gvbi
cbs ighgvrbs squbcbttoqubs hb 2 ma``bs-jîtbs. Jobl qu‟o``ajocbs
gux ybux hbs VN, cbs marrburs kro`pgltbs rbnaublt cbltb`blt ul
rotubc pblhglt ulb ïtbrlotï.
Vgkb 7?
Cbs marrburs kro`pgltbs oklarblt cbs VN (quo salt æ pbolb
pbribptojcbs paur cb Hobu Cblt), æ `aols qub cbs pbrsallgkbs
l‟oltbreírblt gvbi cb rotubc au lb tbltblt hb s‟b`pgrbr h‟ul hbs
eruots (cottïrgcb`blt, cb iarps bt cb sglk hb cbur hobu). Gcbrtïbs,
cbs marrburs gttgqublt cbs VN gvbi ulb rgpohotï surprblgltb. Cg
« voito`b sgiroiobccb ´ sb rbialstruot bccb-`î`b, bt cbs 2 marrburs
kro`pgltbs ia`jgttblt paur rbpaussbr cbs VN.
Cbs kcajbs imgrlus pblhglt hbs voklbs salt cbs eruots hu Hobu
Cblt. Cbs pbrsallgkbs `glkbglt lb sbrgot-ib qu‟ulb jauimïb
ta`jblt hgls cb ia`g pblhglt 7h8 mburbs. Vblhglt cbur pïroahb
h‟olialsioblib, ocs salt cbs tï`aols hb cg prïsblib hu Hobu Cblt bt,
æ cbur rïvboc, sb vaoblt trglsear`ïs (cglibr 7h2) >
7h2 Joblegots hu Hobu Cblt
7 +7h9 bl Vrïsblib
: Olnalitoal,, ia``b cb sart hb icbri (7h75), :/naur
Olnalitoal
9 +7h9 bl Blhurglib
8 O`pasotoal hbs `gols, ia``b cg igpgiotï hb icbri (7h78), 9/naur
2 +7h9 bl Imglib
Cbs pbrsallgkbs quo `glkblt ulb hbuxoí`b eaos hbs eruots
ta`jblt hgls cb ia`g (bt lb pbuvblt pcus îtrb rïvboccïs pgr hbs
`aybls ia``uls au `gkoqubs) paur 7h9 gls. Ibux quo bl
`glkblt ulb traosoí`b eaos salt blkcautos hgls cg pbrsallgcotï
hb cg pcgltb, ï`brkbglt hbs hïibllobs pcus tgrh ia``b gkblts hu
Hobu Cblt.
Marrburs kro`pgltbs (2) > Olot +: 4 Gtt voklb +: iarps-æ-iarps
(7h8) 4 IG 79 4 HU :h76 4 VU 76 imgiulb 4 @vt 5 ` 4 Git :h:6 4 GY
blimbvîtrb`blt (7h5 hb hïkêts guta`gtoqubs gu raulh suovglt so
cbs hbux gttgqubs hb voklbs
voklb s rïussossblt 4 tbst hb Earib HH 72 paur
s‟ïimgppbr) 4 NY Uok +:, Zïe +6, Uac +: 4 GC I.
Vgkb :6