OMZEQMC ZHCNMGXOXMC

M[XGMC DHZHQMVM^MC ZMNM ZM[@HC NHCFMC FMCFFXMC

KM@QMC NMC HOHD^QEO@^ N@ QXMCF LHOM^@
Q[XN LMIHCMCF

N`susuc Eohg9

Q@C@ MQ@ QMLNGMC@

C@L9 M;1:1:1:;

ZQEFQML [^XN@ ZQEBH[@ CHQ[

[HDEOMG ^@CFF@ @OLX DH[HGM^MC LXGMLLMN@PMG FELAECF

1:1:
 AMA @
OMZEQMC ZHCNMGXOXMC

=. Zh
Zhcf
cfhr
hrt`
t`mc
mc
Km`rmc tuaug mnmomg km`rmc ymcf thrn`r` nmr` m`r nmc zmt thromrut (Zr`kh, 1::2).
Dhlun`mc hohdtreo`t `tu shcn`r` mnmomg zmt d`l`m ymcf lhcfgms`dmc pmrt`dho-pmrt`dho
ahrlumtmc o`str`d ymcf n`shaut `ec i`dm ahrmnm nmoml omrutmc (Zr`kh, [`ov`m, 1::2).
Km`rmc Nmc hohdtreo`t smcfmt n`phroudmc nmoml rmcfm lhcimfm decn`s` tuaug thtmp
shgmt. Dhsh`lamcfmc km`rmc nmc hohdtreo`t n` nmoml tuaug mnmomg lhrupmdmc smomg
smtu amf`mc nmr` b`s`eoef` gelhestmt`s.
Km`rmc tuaug mnmomg km`rmc susphcsh sho n` nmoml tuaug ymcf lhl`o`d` bucfs`
b`s`
b`s`eo
eoef
ef`s
`s thrth
thrthct
ctu.
u.km`
km`rm
rmc
c tu
tuau
aug
g lhru
lhrupm
pmdm
dmc
c de
delp
lpec
echc
hc ph
phct
ct`c
`cf
f am
amf`
f` km
km`rm
`rmc
c
hdstrmshouohr, thrlmsud pomslm nmrmg nmc km`rmc trmcshouohr (Mcec`l 1:=:). [hom`c
m`r, km`rmc tuaug lhcfmcnucf num ihc`s suastmcs` thromrut (zmt thromrut) ym`tu hohdtreo`t
nmc cec hohdtr
hohdtreo`
eo`t.
t. Hohdtr
Hohdtreo`
eo`tt mnmomg
mnmomg suastmc
suastmcs`
s` ymcf
ymcf lhcfg
lhcfgmct
mctmrd
mrdmc
mc mrus
mrus o`str`d
o`str`d..
Hohd
Hohdtre
treo`t
o`t ah
ahrn
rn`se
`ses`m
s`ms`
s` lhci
lhcimn
mn`` `e
`ec
c pe
pes`t
s`t`b
`b nm
nmc
c ch
chfm
fmt`
t`vh
vh nm
nmc
c n`
n`ud
udur
ur nh
nhcf
cfmc
mc
dmpms`tmsccym uctud smo`cf ahr`dmtmc smtu smlm om`c. Hohdtreo`t thrn`r` nmr` dmt`ec nmc
mc`ec. Dmt`ec mnmomg `ec-`ec ymcf lhlahctud lumtmc pes`t`b nmoml omrutmc. Dmt`ec
hdstrmshouohr utmlm mnmomg cmtr`ul (Cm+ ), shnmcfdmc dmt`ec `ctrmshsuohr mnmomg
dmo`ul (D+ ).
Km`rmc nmc hohdtreo`t smcfmt n`phroudmc nmoml rmcfdm lhcimfm decn`s` tuaug
thtmp shgmt. Dhsh`lamcfmc km`rmc nmc hohdtreo`t n` nmoml tuaug mnmomg lhrupmdmc
smomg smtu amf`mc
amf`mc nmr` b`s`eoef` gelhestmt`s.
gelhestmt`s. Dhsh`lamcfm
Dhsh`lamcfmc
c km`rmc nmc hohdtreo`t
hohdtreo`t
lho`amtdmc delpes`s` nmc phrp`cnmgmc ahramfm` km`rmc tuaug. Km`rmc tuaug mnmomg
omrutmc ymcf thrn`r` nmr` m`r (phomrut) nmc zmt thrthctu (zmt thromrut). Hohdtreo`t mnmomg
zmt d`l`m ymcf lhcfgms`odmc pmrt`dho-pmrt`dho ahrlumtmc o`str`d ymcf n`shaut `ec i`dm
ahrmnm nmoml omrutmc. (Manuo 1::7).
Km`rmc tuaug lhrupmdmc bmdter phct`cf nmoml ahramfm` preshs
preshs b`s`eoef`s nmoml
tuaug.
tuaug. Nmpmt
Nmpmt n`dmtmd
n`dmtmdmc
mc amgwm
amgwm dhlmlp
dhlmlpumc
umc uctud
uctud nmpmt
nmpmt ahrtmg
ahrtmgmc
mc g`nup
g`nup smcfmt
smcfmt
thrfmctucf nmr` km`rmc ymcf thrnmpmt nmoml tuaug. Eohg dmrhcm `tu lmdm tuaug shomou
 lhlphr
lhlphrtmg
tmgmcd
mcdmc
mc iulomg
iulomg km`rmc
km`rmc tuaug
tuaug nmoml
nmoml dhmnmm
dhmnmmc
c sh`lamc
sh`lamcf
f ymcf
ymcf n`shau
n`shautt
gelhestmt`s.
1. Ht`e
Ht`eoe
oef`
f`
Bmdter ymcf lhlhcfmrug` dhautugmc km`rmc nmc hohdtreo`t
m. Xs`m
Msup
Msupmc
mc km`r
km`rmc
mc `cn`
`cn`v`
v`nu
nu ahrv
ahrvmr
mr`m
`ms`
s` ah
ahrn
rnms
msmr
mrdm
dmc
c us`m.
s`m. Nmom
Nmoml
l gm
gmoo `c
`c`,
`,
us`mah
us`mahrph
rphcfm
cfmrug
rug thrgmn
thrgmnmp
mp preper
prepers`
s` tuaug,
tuaug, oums
oums phrlud
phrludmmc
mmc tuaug,
tuaug, dhautu
dhautugmc
gmc
lhtmae
lhtmaeo`d
o`d,, shrtm
shrtm ahrmt
ahrmt amnmc.
amnmc. Amy`
Amy` nmc mcmd
mcmd n` lmsm
lmsm phrtuc
phrtucaug
augmc
mc lhl`o`d
lhl`o`d``
prepers` km`rmc tuaug ymcf oha`g ahsmr n`amcn`cfdmc ermcf nhwmsm.Dmrhcmcym,
iulomg km`rmc ymcf n`phroudmc nmc iulomg km`rmc ymcf g`omcf iufm oha`g ahsmr
n`amcn`cfdmc ermcf nhwmsm. Ahsmrcym dhautugmc km`rmc pmnm amy` nmc mcmd-
mcmd
mcmd iufm n`phcf
n`phcfmru
mrug`
g` eohg
eohg omiu lhtmae
lhtmaeo`d
o`d ymcf
ymcf t`cff`
t`cff` shrtm
shrtm decn`s
decn`s`` f`cimo
f`cimo
lhrhdmm ymcf ahoul mtur n`amcn`cfdmc
lhrhd n`amcn`cfdmc f`cimo ermcfnhwmsm.
ermcfnhwmsm. Dhg`omcfmc
Dhg`omcfmc km`rmc
nmpmt thri
rimmn` md`amt phcfhoumrmc km`rmc ymcf ahsmr nmr` duo`t nmc
phrcmpmsmc. Zmnm omcs`m, dht`nmdsh`lamcfmc km`rmc nmc hohdtreo`t shr`cf
n`shamadmc eohg lmsmomg imctucf mtmu fmcffumc f`c
f`cimo.
imo.
a. Mdt`v`tms
Mdt`v`tms g`nup shshermcf smcfmt ahrphcfmrug thrgmnmp dhautugmc km`rmc nmc
hohdtreo`t. Mdt`v`tms lhcyhamadmc phc`cfdmtmc preshs lhtmaeo`slh nmoml tuaug.
Gmo `c` lhcfmd`amtdm
lhcfmd`amtdmc
c phc`fdmtmc
phc`fdmtmc gmoumrmc km`rmc lhomou`
lhomou` dhr`cfmt.
dhr`cfmt. Nhcfmc
nhl`d`mc, iulomg km`rmc ymcf n`autugdmc iufm
iufm lhc`cfdmt. [hom`c `tu,dhg`omcfmc
km`rmc ymcf t`nmd
t`nmd n`smnmr`
n`smnmr` (`cshcs`aoh
(`cshcs`aoh wmthr oess) iufm lhcfmoml`
lhcfmoml` phc`cfdmtmc
phc`cfdmtmc
omiu phrcmpmsmc nmc mdt`vms` dhohcimr dhr`cfmt.
k. @do`l
Cerlmocym, `cn`v`nu ymcf t`cffmo n` o`cfducfmc ymcf `do`lcym t`nmd thromou
pmcms t`nmd mdmc lhcfmoml` phcfhoumrmc km`rmc ymcf hdstrhl lhomou` duo`t
nmc phrcmpmsmc.
phrcmpmsmc. Nmoml
Nmoml s`tums` `c`,
`c`, km`rmc ymcf dhoumr ululcym
ululcym t`nmd n`smnmr`
n`smnmr`
(`cshcs
(`cshcs`ao
`aohh wmthr
wmthr oess/
oess/@V
@VO)
O).. Ahsmr
Ahsmrcy
cymm @VO
@VO pm
pmnm
nm t`mp
t`mp `c
`cn`
n`v`
v`nu
nu ah
ahrv
rvmr
mr`m
`ms`,
s`,
n`phcfmrug` eohg sugu o`cfducfmc, t`cfdmt lhtmaeo`slh,nmc us`m. @cn`v`nu ymcf
t`cffmo n` o`cfducfmc ymcf ahrsugu t`cff` mtmu n`nmhrmg nhmcfmc dhohlamamc
ymcf
ymcf rhcnmg
rhcnmg mdmc
mdmc oha`g
oha`g shr`cf
shr`cf lhcfmo
lhcfmoml`
ml` dhg`om
dhg`omcfm
cfmc
c km`rmcn
km`rmcnmc
mc hohdtre
hohdtreo`t
o`t..
 Nhl`d`
Nhl`d`mc
mc puom
puom pmnm ermcf
ermcf ymcf
ymcf ahdhri
ahdhrimm ahrmt
ahrmt n` o`cfduc
o`cfducfmc
fmc ymcf
ymcf ahrsug
ahrsugu
u
t`cff`,lhrhdm nmpmt dhg`omcfmc km`rmc shamcymd o`lm o`thrshgmr` lhomou` dhr`cfmt.
Xlulcym, ermcf ymcf a`msm ahrmnm n` o`cfducfmc pmcms mdmc dhg`omcfmc km`rmc
shamcymd 6:: lo phr iml smmt ahrmnm n`thlpmt ymcf pmcms, shnmcfdmc ermcf ymcf
t`nmd a`msm ahrmnm n` o`cfducfmc
o`cfducfmc pmcms nmpmt dhg`omcfmc
dhg`omcfmc km`rmc g`cffm
g`cffm num o`thr
phr iml.
n. N`ht
N`ht shshermcf ahrphcfmrug iufm thrgmnmp msupmc km`rmc nmc hohdtreo`t. I`dm
msupmc
msupmc lmdcmc
lmdcmc t`nmd sh`lamcf
sh`lamcf,, tuaug
tuaug ahrusm
ahrusmgm
gm lhlkmg
lhlkmg s`lpmc
s`lpmcmc
mc preth`
preth`c
c
nhcfmc
nhcfmc throha`g
throha`g nmguou lhlhkmg
lhlhkmg s`lpmcmc
s`lpmcmc ohlmd nmc fo`defhc.
fo`defhc. Decn`s` `c`
lhcyhamadmc phcurucmc dmnmr moaul`c.
h. [trhss
Decn`s`
Decn`s` strhss ahrphcfmrug
ahrphcfmrug pmnm dhautugmc
dhautugmc km`rmc nmc hohdtreo`t
hohdtreo`t tuaug.
tuaug. [mmt
strhs
strhss,
s, tu
tuau
aug
g lhcf
lhcfmo
moml
ml`` ph
phc`
c`cf
cfdm
dmtm
tmc
c lhtm
lhtmae
aeo`
o`sl
slhh shouo
shouohr
hr,, ph
phc`
c`cf
cfdm
dmtmc
tmc
decshctrms
decshctrms`` foudesm
foudesm nmrmg,
nmrmg, nmc fo`deo`s`s
fo`deo`s`s etet. Lhdmc`slh `c` lhcfmd`amtd
lhcfmd`amtdmc
mc
rhthcs`` m`r nmc cmtr`ul.N`smlp`c
rhthcs cmtr`ul.N`smlp`cf
f `tu, strhss iufm lhcyhamad
lhcyhamadmc
mc phc`cfdmtm
phc`cfdmtmc
c
prenuds` gerlec mct`n`ur`t`d
mct`n`ur`t`d ymcf nmpmt lhcfurmcf` prenu
prenuds`
ds` ur`c.
b. Zhcymd`t
^rmulm pmnm imr`cfmc nmpmt lhcyhamadmc dhg`omcfmc km`rmc nmc hohdtreo`t
nmsmr sho mtmu imr`cfmc
imr`cfmc ymcf rusmd (l`s. oudm
oudm reahd, mtmu oudm
oudm amdmr). Zms`hc
ymcf lhcnhr`tm
lhcnhr`tm n`mrh iufm nmpmt lhcfmoml`
lhcfmoml` phc`cfdmtmc
phc`cfdmtmc dhautugmc
dhautugmc km`rmc
md`amt dhg`omcfmc km`rmc lhomou` smourmc fmstre`cthst`cmo. Fmcffumc imctucf nmc
f`cimoo iufm nmpmt lhcyhamad
f`cim lhcyhamadmc
mc dht`nmdsh`la
dht`nmdsh`lamcfmc
mcfmc km`rmc
km`rmc nmc hohdtreo`t
hohdtreo`t..
[mmt mo`rmc nmrmg dh f`cimo lhcuruc dmrhcm dhlmlpumc pelpm imctucf lhcuruc,
tuaug
tuaug mdmc
mdmc lhomdu
lhomdudmc
dmc phc`la
phc`laucm
ucmc
c km`rmc
km`rmc nmc cmtr`u
cmtr`ul
l shg`cf
shg`cffm
fm thrimn`
thrimn`
rhthcs` km`rmc nmc dhoha`gmc ahamc km`rmc (g`phrvhoel`m). Oha`g omiut, decn`s` `c`
nmpmt
nmpmt lhcyha
lhcyhamad
madmc
mc hnhlm
hnhlm pmru.
pmru. Cerlmo
Cerlmocym
cym,, ur`c
ur`c mdmc
mdmc n`dhou
n`dhoumrd
mrdmc
mc nmoml
nmoml
iulomg ymcf kudup uctud lhcyh`lamcfdmc km`rmc nmc
hohdtreo`t shrtm dmnmr msml nmc amsm nmoml tuaug.
Mpma`o
Mpma`omm msupmc
msupmc km`rmc
km`rmc amcymd,
amcymd, f`cimo
f`cimo mdmc lhlb`ot
lhlb`otrms`
rms` km`rmc
km`rmc oha`g
oha`g
amcymd nmc lhcmgmc MNG shg`cffm prenuds` ur`c mdmc lhc`cfdmt. [hamo`dcym,
 nmoml
nmoml dhmnmmc
dhmnmmc dhdurm
dhdurmcfm
cfmc
c km`rmc,
km`rmc, f`cimo
f`cimo mdmc
mdmc lhcuruc
lhcurucdmc
dmc prenu
prenuds`
ds` ur`c
ur`c
nhc
hcf
fmc ahra
ahramf
mf`` kmrm
kmrm.. N`mc
N`mctm
tmrm
rmcy
cymm ph
phc
c`c
`cf
fdm
dmtm
tmc
c rh
rhmp
mpse
serp
rps`
s` tua
tuauo
uou
us,
rhthcs
rhthcs`` cmtr`ul
cmtr`ul nmc phohpm
phohpmsmc
smc rhc`c.
rhc`c. Mpma`o
Mpma`omm f`cimo
f`cimo lhcfmo
lhcfmoml`
ml` dhrusm
dhrusmdmc
dmc,,
dhlmlpumc f`cimo uctud lhomdudmc rhfuoms` mdmc lhcuruc. Dmrhcmcym, smmt
thrimn` fmcffumc f`cimo (l`s. fmfmo f`cimo) `cn`v`nu nmpmt lhcfmoml` eo`fur`m
(prenuds` ur`c durmcf nmr`
nmr` >:lo/ 1> iml) shg`cffm mcur`m (prenuds`
(prenuds` ur`c durmcf
nmr` 1:: lo/ 1> iml).
f. ^`c
`cnm
nmd
dmc Lhn
Lhn`s
`s
Ahahrmpm t`cnmdmc lhn`s lhc`lauodmc hbhd shducnhr thrgmnmp dhautugmc
km
km`r
`rmc
mc nm
nmc
c hohd
hohdtre
treo`t
o`t tuau
tuaug.
g. ^`cn
^`cnmd
mdmc
mc ph
phcf
cf`s
`smp
mpmc
mc km
km`r
`rmc
mc om
omla
lauc
ucf
f nm
nmpm
pmtt
lhcyhamadmc phcurucmc dmnmr dmos`ul nmc dmo`ul.
g. Zhcfeamtmc
Zhcffucmmc ahahrmpm eamt shphrt` n`urht`d lmupuc omdsmt`b shkmrm ahroha`gmc
nmpmt lhcyhamad
lhcyhamadmc
mc phc`cfdmtm
phc`cfdmtmc
c dhg`omcfmc
dhg`omcfmc km`rmc nmoml tuaug.Md`
tuaug.Md`amtcy
amtcym,
m,
thrimn
thrimn`` nhb`s`
nhb`s`tt km`rmc
km`rmc tuaug.
tuaug. [hom`c
[hom`c `tu,
`tu, phcffu
phcffucmc
cmc n`urht`
n`urht`d
d lhcyha
lhcyhamad
madmc
mc
dhg`om
dhg`omcfm
cfmc
c cmtr`u
cmtr`ul
l shg`cf
shg`cffm
fm dmnmr
dmnmr dmo`ul
dmo`ul mdmc
mdmc lhc`cf
lhc`cfdmt
dmt.. Zhcff
Zhcffucm
ucmmc
mc
dert`destrhre`n nmpmt puom lhcyhamadmc rhthcs` cmtr`ul nmc m`r nmoml tuaug.
`. Zhlahnmgmc
Do`hc ymcf lhcimom
momc` phlahnmg
mgmmc ahrhs
hs``de t`cff` lhcfmoml`
dht`nmdsh`lamcfmc km`rmc. Ahahrmpm do`hc nmpmt dhg`omcfmc amcymd nmrmg shomlm
phr`enh ephrms`, shnmcfdmc ahahrmpm do`hc om`cym iustru lhcfmoml` dhoha`gmc
ahamc km`rmc md`amt msupmc km`rmc ahroha`g lhomou` `ctrmvhcm shomlm
phlahnmgmc mtmu shdrhs` gerlec MNG shomlm lmsm strhss md`amt eamt- eamt
mcmsths`m.
i. Decn`s` smd`t
Decn`s`
Decn`s` smd`t smcfmt ahrphcfmrug
ahrphcfmrug thrgmnmp decn`s` dhsh`lamcfmc
dhsh`lamcfmc km`rmc nmc
hohdtreo`t tuaug l`smocym 9
=) ^rmulm
^rmulm shphrt` oudm
oudm amdmr
amdmr mdmc lhc`cfd
lhc`cfdmtdmc
mtdmc dhg`omc
dhg`omcfmc
fmc m`r lhomou`
lhomou` @VO.
@VO.
1) Zhcymd
Zhcymd`t
`t f`cimo
f`cimo nmc dmrn`e
dmrn`evms
vmsduo
duohr
hr smcfmt
smcfmt lhlphc
lhlphcfmr
fmrug`
ug` preshs Zms`hc
Zms`hc
nhcfmc phcurucmc t`cfdmt dhsmnmrmc.
 ;) Zms`
Zms`hc
hc nh
nhcf
cfmc
mc ph
phcu
curu
rucm
cmc
c t`cf
t`cfdm
dmtt dh
dhsm
smnm
nmrm
rmc
c md
mdmc
mc lhcf
lhcfmo
moml
ml`` fm
fmcf
cffu
fumc
mc
phlhcugmc `ctmdh km`rmc dmrhcm dhg`omcfmc dhlmlpumc uctud
lhlhcug`cym shkmrm lmcn`r`.
;. Amtmsmc
Amtmsmc Dmrmdthr
Dmrmdthr`st`d
`st`d
m. G`phrveohl`
hl`m
=) Fhi
Fhimom
mom nmc
nmc ^mcnm
^mcnm Lmyer
Lmyer
m) Ertepchm
a) N`spchm
k) Zmrexy
Zmrexyslm
slmoo cektur
cekturcmo
cmo nysp
nyspchm
chm (ZCN
(ZCN))
n) Hnhlm
Hnhlm mcmsmr
mcmsmrdm
dm mtmu
mtmu hnhlm
hnhlm phr`
phr`bhr
bhr
h) Ahrmt
Ahrmt amnmc
amnmc lhc`c
lhc`cfdm
fdmtt nmoml
nmoml wmdtu
wmdtu s`cfd
s`cfdmt
mt
b) Iufu
Iufuom
omrr Rhce
Rhceus
us Zr
Zrhs
hssu
surh
rh (I
(IRZ
RZ)) nm
nmc
c kh
khct
ctmo
mo Rhce
Rhceus
us Zr
Zrhs
hssu
surh
rh (K
(KRZ
RZ))
lhc`cfdmt
f) Qhbohd
Qhbohdss ghpmt
ghpmteiu
eiufu
fuomr
omr pes`
pes`t`b
t`b
1) Fhi
Fhimom
mom nmc
nmc ^mcnm
^mcnm L`cer
L`cer
m) N`sth
N`sthcs
cs`` vhcm
vhcm iuf
iufuo
uomr
mr`s
`s
a) ^hrnhcfmr sumrm cmbms tmlamgmc
k) Ghpm
Ghpmte
tel
lhf
hfmo
mo``
n) Dmnm
Dmnmrr Ga
Ga/Gt
/Gt
h) Eo`fur`m
b) @ctmdh oha`g amcymd
amcymd nmr`
nmr` eutput
eutput (amomcs
(amomcs km`rmc
km`rmc pes`t`b
pes`t`b))
f) Decf
Decfhs
hst`
t` pmr
pmru
u
a. G`peveohl`m
=) Fhi
Fhimom
mom nmc
nmc ^mcnm
^mcnm Lmyer
Lmyer
m) Brhd
Brhduh
uhcs
cs`` cmn`
cmn` lhc`c
lhc`cfd
fdmt
mt
a) Cmn` thrmam ohlmg
k) ^hdm
^hdmcm
cmc
c cmn
cmn`` lhc
lhcyh
yhlp
lp`t
`t
n) ^urf
^urfer
er du
duo`
o`tt lhcu
lhcuru
ruc
c
h) Lhlar
Lhlarmc
mc lude
ludesm
sm dh
dhr`
r`cf
cf
b) Reou
Reoulh
lh ur
ur`c
`c lhcu
lhcuru
ruc
c
f) Ghlm
Ghlmtr
tred
ed`t
`t lhc
lhc`c
`cfd
fdmt
mt
 1) Fhi
Fhimom
mom nmc
nmc ^mcnm
^mcnm L`cer
L`cer
m) Lhr
hrmmsm ohlmg
a) Lhcfhoug gmus
k) Zhcf
Zhcf`s`
`s`mc
mc vh
vhcm
cm lhcu
lhcuru
ruc
c
n) [tmt
[tmtus
us lhc
lhctm
tmoo ahru
ahruam
amg
g
h) [ugu
[ugu tu
tuau
aug
g lhc
lhc`c
`cfd
fdmt
mt
b) Decs
Decshc
hctr
trms`
ms` ur
ur`c
`c lhc`
lhc`cf
cfdm
dmtt
f) Ahrmt
Ahrmt amnm
amnmc
c turu
turuc
c t`am
t`am-t`a
-t`amm
k. Qhs`
Qhs`de
de G`
G`pe
peve
veoh
ohl`
l`mm
=) Bmdte
mdterr Qhs`
Qhs`de
de
m) Dhg`omc
Dhg`omcfmc
fmc km`rmc
km`rmc shkmrm
shkmrm mdt`b
mdt`b
a) Fmcffumc maseas` km`rmc
k) Xs`m om
omciut
n) Dhoh
Dhoha`
a`gm
gmc
c ahrm
ahrmtt amnm
amnmc
c
h) [tmt
[tmtus
us g`ph
g`phrl
rlht
htma
maeo
eo`d
`d
b) Dhfm
Dhfmfm
fmom
omc
c lhdm
lhdmc`
c`sl
slhh rhfuo
rhfuoms
ms``
f) Hvmperms`
g) Dhdu
Dhdurm
rmcf
cfmc
mc `ctm
`ctmdh
dh km`r
km`rmc
mc
`) Hb
Hbhd
hd mfh
mfhc
c bmrl
bmrlmd
mdeo
eoef
ef`s
`s
1) Decn
Decn`s
`s`` Do`c
Do`c`s
`s thrd
thrdm`
m`tt
m) Zh
Zhcy
cymd
md`t
`t Mnn`
Mnn`se
sec
c
a) ^rmulm/ phrnmgmrmgmc
k) Oudm amdmr
n) M@N[
h) Zhc
Zhcymd
ymd`t Kre
Kreg
gc
b) Luctmg
f) N`mrh
g) Deo`
Deo`t`
t`ss Xoshr
Xoshrmt
mt`b
`b
 n. Qhs`de
Qhs`de Dht`nm
Dht`nmdsh
dsh`la
`lamcf
mcfmc
mc Km`rmc
Km`rmc
=) Bmdte
mdterr rhs`
rhs`d
de
m) Zr
Zres
eshn
hnur
ur phla
phlahn
hnmg
mgmc
mc lmye
lmyerr
a) ^rmulm/ phrnmrmgmc
k) Oudm amdmr
n) Mbhrhs`s
h) Msk`ths
b) East
Eastru
ruds
ds`` `cth
`cthst
st`c
`cmo
mo
f) Zhrm
Zhrmnm
nmcf
cfmc
mc pm
pmcd
cdrhm
rhmss
g) Zhcymd
Zhcymd`t
`t f`ci
f`cimon
monmc
mc dhohc
dhohcimr
imr
`) N`
N`sb
sbuc
ucfs
fs`` `ct
`cths
hst`
t`cm
cmoo
1) Decn
Decn`s
`s`` do`c
do`c`s
`s thr
thrdm
dm`t
`t
m) Zr
Zres
eshn
hnur
ur phla
phlahn
hnmg
mgmc
mc lmye
lmyerr
a) Zhcymd`t f`cimo nmc dhohcimr
k) Zhrnmr
mrmmgmc
n) Oudm am
amdmr
>. Bedu
Beduss Zhcf
Zhcfdm
dmi`
i`mc
mc
m. Q`wm
Q`wmym
ymtt Dhph
Dhphrm
rmwm
wmtm
tmc
c
Bmdter ymcf lhcyhamadmc mnmcym phcurucmc thrgmnmp dhautugmc km`rmc
gmr`mc, n`mctmrmcym9
=) G`pe
`pethrl
thrl`.
`.
1) Dhohlamamc
Dhohlamamc o`cfducfm
o`cfducfmc
c ymcf
ymcf smcfmt t`cff`.
t`cff`.
;) Eo`f
Eo`fur
ur`m
`m mtmu
mtmu mc
mcur
ur`m
`m..
>) Gmlp`r
Gmlp`r t`nmd
t`nmd mnm mdt`v`
mdt`v`tms.
tms.
8) Qhthcs
Qhthcs`` km`rmc
km`rmc l`smo
l`smo fmfm
fmfmoo imctuc
imctucf.
f.
a. Zhlhr`dsmmc Zhcucimcf
=) Zhlhr`
Zhlhr`dsm
dsmmc
mc hohdtre
hohdtreo`t
o`t shrul
shrul
Zhlhr`dsmmc
Zhlhr`dsmmc `c` n`omdudmc
n`omdudmc uctud
uctud lhcfhtmgu`
lhcfhtmgu` dmnmr cmtr`ul,
cmtr`ul, dmo`ul,
dmo`ul,
doer`nm, `ec a`dmraecmt.
1) Zhlhr`
Zhlhr`dsm
dsmmc
mc nmrmg
nmrmg ohcfdm
ohcfdmp
p
 Zhlhr`dsmmc
Zhlhr`dsmmc `c` lho`put`
lho`put` iulomg
iulomg sho nmrmg lhrmg,
lhrmg, ghlefoea`c
ghlefoea`c (Ga),
ghlmtred`t (Gt).
Gt cm
cm`d
`d 9 mnmc
mnmcym
ym nhg
nhg`n
`nrm
rms`
s` ahr
ahrmt
mt nmc
nmc fh
fhim
imom
om sye
syed.
d.
Gt turuc 9 mnmcym
mnmcym phrnmrmgmc
phrnmrmgmc mdut, lms`b, nmc rhmds` ghleo`t`d.
ghleo`t`d.
Ga cm
cm`d
`d 9 mn
mnmc
mcym
ym gh
ghle
lede
decs
cshc
hctrm
trms`
s`
Ga turuc 9 mnmcym
mnmcym phrnmrmgmc
phrnmrmgmc gmamt,
gmamt, rhmds`
rhmds` ghleo`t`
ghleo`t`d.
d.
;) pG nm
nmc
c ahrm
ahrmtt ihc`
ihc`ss ur`c
ur`chh
Ahrmt ihc`s lhcuciuddmc dhlmlpumc f`cimo uctud lhcfmtur decshctrms`
ur`ch. Cerlmocym, pG ur`ch mnmomg >,8-7 nmc ahrmt ihc`scym =,::;-=,:;:
8. Zmteb`eoe
Zmteb`eoef`
f` & Zmtwmys
Zmtwmys Dhphrmwmt
Dhphrmwmtmc
mc

Bmdter B`s`eoef`s Bmdter Zhrdhlamcfmc Bmdter Zhr`omdu Bmdter O`cfducfmc

m. Q`wmy
`wmymtmt m. Amy` m. [trhh
hhss m. ^hlp
^hlphrhrmt
mtur
ur
phcymd`t ymcf a. Mcmd-mcmd a. Mdt`b`tms o`cfducfmc
ahrguaucfmc k. Qhlmim tuaug
a. Qmsm nmgmfm n. Nhwmsm lunm k. Fmym
Fmym g`n
g`nup
up
k. Mct` n`urht`k nmc phrthcfmgmc n. N`ht
gerlech h. Omcs`
s`mm
n. Mo
Mone
nest
sthre
hrecc
h. Zres
Zrestm
tmfo
fomc
mcn`
n`cc
b. Fo
Foud
uded
ederert`
t`de
de`n
`n
f. Erfmc
rfmc
phcfhoumrmc
(f`c
(f`cim
imo,
o, du
duo`
o`t,
t,
pmru-pmru, nmc
fmstre`cthst`cmo)

Fmcffumc Zhlhcugmc
Km`rmc Nmc Hohdtreo`t

G@ZEREOHL@M G@ZHQREOHL@M Qhs`de Qhs`de

G`peveohl`m Dht`nmdsh`lamcfmc
Reoulh Km`rmc
2. Lmsmomg
Lmsmomg dhphrmwm
dhphrmwmtmc
tmc
m. G`peveohl`m
a. G`phrveohl`m
k. Qhs`
Qhs`de
de G`
G`pe
peve
veoh
ohl`
l`mm
n. Qhs`de
Qhs`de dht`
dht`nmd
nmdsh`l
sh`lamc
amcfmc
fmc veou
veoulh
lh km`rmc
km`rmc