EMF@OM ICKQCY
 

3.  Y`je`ktms f` iob`kt`

 
@o kb
kbv`o
v`o smibm`
smibm`imk
imkùeb
ùebim,
im, c fba`r`
fba`r`kib
kibcc f`o s`xm m oc `fcf,
`fcf, `s ukc f` ocs icrci
icrcit`r
t`råst
åstbic
bicss eãs
bepmrtckt`s pcrc t`k`r `k iu`ktc `k `st` emf`om f` k`jmibm `k `o iuco su sup`rvbv`kibc s` dcsc
k`tce`kt` `k v`kf`r oms pock`s f`ktco`s ma`rtcfms.
 
F`sf` `st` puktm f` vbstc, y f`dbfm c ocs icrcit`råstbics f` ocs ioåkbics f`ktco`s `k imkv`kbm imk
Ymkrbscs \crc Vmfms, `o `kamqu` imk r`ocibùk c ocs iocs`s `imkùebics imrr`spmkf` c oms sbjub`kt`s
s`itmr`s7
 
I3c, I3d y I4
 
@stm fcfm qu` smk ocs iocs`s smibco`s qu` kmrecoe`kt` pr`ab`r`k uk s`rvbibm prbvcfm, eb`ktrcs qu`
oc iocs` CD mptc j`k`rcoe`kt` pmr uk s`rvbibm f`ktco f` âobt`.
 
4.  \rmpu`stc f` Qcomr
 
Ymkrbscs \crc Vmfms `s ukc bkkmvcfmrc poctcamrec qu` r`vmouibmkcrã oc amrec `k qu` ocs p`rsmkcs
cii`f`k c s`rvbibms f`ktco`s `k tmfm Ihbo`.
Cjr`jcems c uk s`rvbibm trcfbibmkco qu` yc `xbst`, imem om `s oc ct`kibùk f` scouf mrco qu` mar`i`k
ocs ioåkbics f`ktco`s prbvcfcs y `o s`rvbibm p÷dobim> oc t`ikmomjåc, y `k `st` icsm, ocs imemfbfcf`s f`
hci`rom `k ku`strc poctcamrec sbk oc k`i`sbfcf f` scobr c r`imrr`r oc ibufcf `k dusic f` ukc ioåkbic
f`ktco. Imk ku`strc poctcamrec pmfrãs imtbzcr `k oåk`c, pcjcr pr`ibms abgms, imktcr imk vcrbcfcs
amrecs f` pcjm y t`k`r oc pmsbdbobfcf f` csbstbr c ukc ioåkbic qu` `o iob`kt` `obgc, `k dcs` c oc
udbici
udb icibùk
bùk f` `stc
`stc u mtrms
mtrms pcrãe`
pcrãe`trm
trmss f` pr`a`r
pr`a`r`ki
`kibc
bc f`o iob`k
iob`kt`.
t`. \mfrã
\mfrã r`c
r`cobz
obzcrs
crs`` tmfcs
tmfcs ocs
 pr`stcibmk`s f`o pock
pock `k ukc ebsec ioåkbic f`ktco
f`ktco chmrrckfm fbk`rm y tbtb`epm
`epm pcrc ku`strms iob`kt`s.
iob`kt`s.

Cf`eãs,, oms f`ktb

Cf`eãs f`ktbstc
stcss csmibc
csmibcfms
fms km s`rãk
s`rãk `ep
`epo`c
o`cfms
fms f` ku`st
ku`strc
rc `ep
`epr`s
r`sc,
c, sb km trc
trcdcg
dcgcfm
cfmr`s
r`s
bkf`p`kfb`kt`s qu` j`stbmkcrck su cj`kfc `k dcs` c oc fbspmkbdbobfcf f` pcib`kt`s, usckfm cså oc
`imkmeåc imocdmrctbvc imem emf`om f` k`jmibm.

9.  Ickco`s
 
@o ickco pcrc `ktr`jcr oc prmpu`stc f` vcomr c oms iob`kt`s s`rã pmr e`fbm f` oc pãjbkc w`d, icoo
i`kt`r y ku`strcs r`f`s smibco`s. Cf`eãs, s` dusicrã r`cobzcr imkv`kbms imk `epr`scs f` oc r`jbùk
mar`ibâkfmo`s iupms pcrc cii`f`r c ku`strm prmjrcec.
 
F`ktrm f`o ickco s`iukfcrbm t`kfr`ems ocs ioåkbics f`ktco`s `k imkv`kbm imk kmsmtrms, mar`ib`kfm c
oms pcib`kt`s oc pmsbdbobfcf f` cii`f`r c ku`strms pock`s f`sf` iucoqub`rc f` ku`strc r`f f` ioåkbics
f`ktco`s.

Pkc v`z r`cobzcfc oc cpobicibùk*, `stc pcscrã c s`r `o ickco prbkibpco pcrc imeukbicrs` imk oms
usucrbms, sbk f`gcr f` ocfm ocs r`f`s smibco`s y oc pãjbkc w`d.
 
6.  T`ocibùk imk oms iob`kt`s
 
 

Oc r`ocibùk imk `o iob`kt` s`rã pmr e`fbm f` oc poctcamrec w`d, `k fmkf` imktcems imk pr`juktcs
ar`iu`kt`s pcrc r`smov`r fufcs f` ocs p`rsmkcs, cf`eãs f` uk icoo i`kt`r `k fmkf` ocs p`rsmkcs
 pu`f`k oocecr m db`k `sirbdbrkms våc ZhctsCpp pcrc r`smov`r ocs fufcs. \mr mtrm ocfm, `xbst`k ocs
r`f`s smibco`s.
 
Pkc v`z imka`iibmkcfc oc cpobicibùk `stc pcscrã c s`r `o e`fbm prbkibpco f` imeukbicibùk imk oms
usucrbms. Imem ickco s`iukfcrbm, `xbstbrãk ocs ioåkbics f`ktco`s `k imkv`kbm `k fmkf` s` r`cobzcrãk
imeukb
ime ukbici
icibmk
bmk`s
`s citbvc
citbvcss imk `o p`r
p`rsmk
smkco
co pcrc
pcrc `vbf`k
`vbf`kibc
ibcrr iuco`s
iuco`s smk ocs fufcs
fufcs y qu`gcs
qu`gcs f` oms
usucrbms y f`o ebsem p`rsmkco f` ocs ioåkbics imk r`ocibùk c Ymkrbscs \crc Vmfms.
 
0.  Au`kt` f` bkjr`sm
 
Oc au`kt` f` bkjr`sm `s fbr`itce`kt` pmr oc v`ktc f` pock`s f`ktco`s, `xbstb`kfm ukc imebsbùk pmr 
icfcc pock
icf pock v`kfb
v`kfbfm
fm oc iuco
iuco oo`
oo`jc
jc fbr`it
fbr`itce`
ce`kt`
kt` c Ymkrbs
Ymkrbscs
cs \crc
\crc Vmfms.
Vmfms. @o r`stm
r`stm f`o bkjr`sm
bkjr`sm
imrr`spmkf` c oc ioåkbic `k imkv`kbm, y, cf`eãs, co ibrugckm f`ktbstc trctckt`.
 
1.  Citbvbfcf`s iocv`s
 
\crc qu` oc `epr`sc iuepoc su prmpu`stc f` vcomr s` f`d`rãk ir`cr prmtmimoms f` ct`kibùk y
aougmjrcecs `k fmkf` tmfm `o prmi`fbeb`ktm f`sf` oc icptcibùk f`o pcib`kt` hcstc `o cotc f` âst`
qu`f` iocrce`kt` `sp`ibabicfm. @stm, cf`eãs, imk `o abk f` qu` `o p`rsmkco f` ocs ioåkbics `k
imkv`kbm `ktb`kfc f` amrec åkt`jrc `o aukibmkceb`ktm f` Ymkrbscs \crc Vmfms.
 
Oc `epr`sc tcedbâk r`cobzcrã citbvbfcf`s f` imktrcomr `vbf`kibckfm qu` `o aukibmkceb`ktm y oms
trctceb`ktms r`cobzcfms `stâk `a`itucfms f` oc e`gmr eck`rc pmsbdo`. Y` dusicrã ir`cr imkv`kbms
imk prma`sbmkco`s qu` `ktb`kfck oc bepmrtckibc f` uk iob`kt` a`obz y f` uk prmi`sm ùptbem. @st`
 puktm s`rã iocv` co eme`ktm f` r`cobzcr oms imkv`kbm
imkv`kbms.s.
 
\mr om tcktm, `s k`i`scrbm t`k`r ib`rtms N\B‒s (n`y
( n`y p`ramecki` bkfbictmr ) tco`s imem7
•  Vb`epm pcrc cj`kfcr ukc hmrc t`o`aùkbic
•  Vb`epm pmr prmi`sm f` pock f`ktco `k dcs` c r`kfbeb`ktm f`o mfmktùomjm
•  \uk
\uktu
tucib
cibùk
ùk pmr ct`kib
ct`kibùk,
ùk, ukc `kiu`s
`kiu`stc
tc rãp
rãpbfc
bfc f` 9 kbv`o`
kbv`o`ss imem
imem ocs qu` s` v`k `k oms
c`rmpu`rtms, imk icrcs a`obi`s, kmreco`s y trbst`s
•  \mri`ktcg` f` icptcibùk f` pcib`kt` f` icfc ibrugckm f`ktbstc `k dcs` c pr`supu`stms f` pock`s
r`cobzcfms v`rsus pr`supu`stms v`kfbfms.
•  Bf`cs f` e`gmrcs. @st` N\B s`rvbrã pcrc emtbvcr y km `vcoucr co p`rsmkco, s` pu`f` r`cobzcr uk
imkiursm e`ksuco fmkf` s` pr`eb` c oc e`gmr bf`c imk dmkbabicibmk`s `imkùebics, trctceb`ktms
f`ktco`s jrctubtms tco`s imem dockqu`ceb`ktms m coj÷k mtrm pr`ebm.
 

:.  Csmibcibmk`s iocv`

 
Oms smibms iocv`s f` oc `epr`sc s`rãk oms i`ktrms imeukbtcrbms fmkf` ocs p`rsmkcs pu`fck `siuihcr 
f`o ku`vm k`jmibm y om p`ribdck imem cojm pmsbtbvm pcrc oc smib`fcf, f` `sc amrec vck c t`k`r `k su
sudimksib`kt` `o kmedr` f` oc ecric y co eme`ktm f` `o`jbr uk oujcr pcrc su ct`kibùk f`ktco km
fufcrãk `k `o k`jmibm.
 
 

Mtrm smibm
Mtrm smibm iocv`
iocv` s`rãk
s`rãk ocs ioåkb
ioåkbics
ics f`k
f`ktco
tco`s
`s `k imkv`k
imkv`kbm
bm,, `k fmkf`
fmkf` s` dusicr
dusicrãã eckt`k
eckt`k`r
`r ukc
imeukbicibùk trckspcr`kt` y i`rickc pcrc eckt`k`r kbv`o`s ùptbems f` imkabckzc y qu` km s`
 prmfuzick qub`dr`s pmr kbkj÷k emtbvm. \crc `stm, s` bepo`e`ktcrãk hmgcs f` iãoiuoms imepcrtbfcs
`k sb
sbst
st`e
`ecs
cs `k oc ku kud`
d` im
imkk icicfc
fc io
ioåk
åkbi
bicc `k fm
fmkf
kf`` `s`stc
tcrã
rãk
k db`k
db`k `xpo
`xpobi
bicf
cfms
ms oms
oms emkt
emktms
ms
imrr`spmkfb`kt`s c oc ioåkbic y c oc `epr`sc.
 
\crc imktcr imk oms e`gmr`s prma`sbmkco`s
prma`sbmkco`s y ocs e`gmr`s prãitbics
prãitbics `s k`i`s
k`i`scrbm
crbm eckt`k`r ukc
r`ocibùk
r`ocibùk pmsbtbvc
pmsbtbvc imk ocs bkst
bkstbtuib
btuibmk`s
mk`s ukbv`rsbtcrbc
ukbv`rsbtcrbcs,
s, imktcr
imktcr imk oms e`gmr`s
e`gmr`s prmi`fbeb
prmi`fbeb`ktm
`ktmss y
 pcrtbibpcr `k ocs bkv`stbjcibmk`s mfmktmoùjbics `s iocv` pcrc fbaukfbr `o kmedr` f` oc `epr`sc. Y`
 dusicrã c auturm icedbcr `o sbst`ec f` fbvbsbùk f` bkjr`sms imk `o ibrugckm f`ktbstc trctckt` `k
fmkf` `st` r`ibdbrã uk emktm e`ksuco ctrcitbvm y km uk pmri`ktcg`, fbsruptb`kfm cså `o emf`om f`
k`jmibm tåpbim imk `stms y ctrcy`kfm c eãs prma`sbmkco`s qu` qub`rck trcdcgcr imk oc `epr`sc,
 pufb`kfm f` `stc amrec r`cobzcr prmi`sms s`o`itbvms f` imktrctcibùk y qu`fãkfmkms imk oms e`gmr`s
 prma`sbmkco`s.
 
8.  Ymibms iocv`s
 
Oms smibms iocv`s pcrc `o k`jmibm `k sb s`rãk ocs `epr`scs c ocs iuco`s s` o`s mar`i`rãk iupms
f`ktco`s pcrc sus trcdcgcfmr`s `k fmkf` âstms t`kfrãk oc pmsbdbobfcf f` csbstbr c oc ioåkbic f`ktco qu`
`ooms qub`rck. Vcedbâk s` dusicrã ir`cr `stm imk imo`jbms y gcrfbk`s bkacktbo`s.
 
\mr mtrm ocfm, oms prmv``fmr`s tco`s imem DcedmmDrush, qub`k`s supo`k oms i`pbooms f`ktco`s
`ktr`jcfms pcrc icfc pcib`kt` co eme`ktm f` pcjcr `o cdmkm, s`rãk iocv`s y s` dusicrã eckt`k`r 
 du`kcs r`ocibmk`s.
Vcedbâk, VrcksDckn, bE`f, F`ktcObkn y AMKCYC smk f` bepmrtckibc y s` dusicrã c auturm ir`cr 
imkv`kbms imk icfc ukc f` `stcs `epr`scs.
 
2.  @struiturc f` imstms
 
Oc `struiturc dãsbic f` iucoqub`r ioåkbic imksbst` `k uk dcgm imstm vcrbcdo` f` ect`rbco`s y uk imstm
vcrbcdo` f` oms trcdcgcfmr`s, `o eãs bepmrtckt`, `o su`ofm f` oms mfmktùomjms.
Om eãs r`o`vckt` f` oc `struiturc f` imstms `s qu` `o ecymr jcstm, `o su`ofm f` oms mfmktùomjms, `s
fbr`itce`kt` prmpmribmkco c oc icktbfcf f` trctceb`ktms qu` r`cobi` y kmrecoe`kt` `s uk pmri`ktcg`
qu` s` pcitc imk `o mfmktùomjm dcscfm `k su `xp`rb`kibc, kmrecoe`kt` rmkfc `ktr` `o 3<-9<% `k oc
ibufcf f` Ycktbcjm.
 
Ybk `edcrjm, Ymkrbscs \crc Vmfms trcdcgc `k imkv`kbm imk ocs ioåkbics f`ktco`s, pmr tcktm, oms
imstms abgms f` icfc ioåkbic km smk f` bepmrtckibc pcrc `stc, cukqu` km s` f`sicrtc oc pmsbdbobfcf f`
cdrbr ukc icf`kc f` ioåkbic `k s`itmr`s fmkf` ocs mpmrtukbfcf`s s`ck d`k`abibmscs eckt`kb`kfm
cf`eãs `o sbst`ec f` imkv`kbm imk mtrcs ioåkbics.
Imem s` `xpobiù ckt`rbmre`kt`, f` ir`i`r `o k`jmibm s` dusicrã icedbcr oc amrec `k imem s` pcjc c
oms mfmktùomjms.
mfmktùomjms.
 
\mr mtrm ocfm, oms imstms abgms f`o k`jmibm imrr`spmkf`k c oc rcfbmjrcaåc, nbts f` hbjb`k`, pmri`ktcg`
f` trcksciibùk (y `o BQC f` âst`), su`ofms f`o p`rsmkco f`o k`jmibm, `o pmri`ktcg` `ktr`jcfm c icfc
ioåkbic, oc bepo`e`ktcibùk f` sbst`ecs f` pcjm, `o imstm f` eckt`kibùk f` oc poctcamrec, y `o
ecrn`tbkj. @st` ÷otbem `s `o imstm abgm eãs bepmrtckt` y s` dusicrã qu` s`c `o imstm eãs cotm.