DL_EQ[@M VEE

KTQY[DQ[YL AK YKDED@M AK@ AELCYLBL AK F@[GM

Lhmrl quk hkbms

Lhmrl hkbms akdeae
akdeaeam
am `l kst
kstrud
rudtur
turll ak kjtrla
kjtrlal-s
l-sl`e
l`eal
al ak` aelcrl
aelcrlbl,
bl, plslbm
plslbmss l`
secuekjtk jevk` ak` aesküm. Tlikbms quk `l aestreiudeôj ambejl k` aesküm, pmr `m tljtm ,
kstuaelbms `ms aktl``ks ak` sestkbl ak` rkldtmr. Akieam tlbieåj l quk `ms dmbprksmrks
clskmsms smj kquepms ak l`tm dmstm, lcrkclbms k` dmstm ljul`ezlam y ak mpkrldeôj ak tmams
`ms dmbprksmrks rkqukreams. Kj kstl ktlpl dmjseakrlbms k` sestkbl sk skplrldeôj sm`m dmbm
ujl dlgl jkcrl, y akglbms `ms aktl``ks plrl bìs lak`ljtk.

3.< Akdesemjks
Akdesemj ks plrl `l Kstrudturl
Kstrudtur l ak Ykded`m.
Ykded`m .

@ls akdesemjks quk sk akikj tmblr kj kstk jevk` sk ejaedlj kj `ls Qli`l 3.<.

Qli`l 3.< 7 Akdesemjks plrl `l Kstrudturl ak Ykded`m .

l. ½ Dul
Duljt
jtms
ms sest
stkb
kbls
ls ak rkld
rkldtm
tmrrks sk rkq
rkque
uekr
krkj
kj = >
½ Kxestkj sestkbls ak skplrldeôj kjtrk rkldtmrks =

i.
d. ½½ Duljtms
Aks
Akskl
klbm
bmsf`ugms
s uj
uj kxdakksm
kxdksrkded`ms
m ak ujskrkl
ak uj rkquekrkj
rkldt
dtev
evm `l=kjt
m l `l kjtrl
rlal
al ak`
ak`,, rkld
rkldtm
tmrr =
a. ½ Tk rkquekrk uj dmbprksmr ak cls = ½ Dul` ks su dmstm =
k. ½ Akik mpkrlrsk k` rkldtmr laeliltedlbkjtk, dmj dl`kjtlbekjtm aerkdtm m
kjfrelbekjtm, m sk rkquekrk uj ae`uykjtk m pmrtlamr ak dl`mr =
f. ½ Aks
Akskl
klb
bms bmvk
bmvkrr `l`l kdu
kduld
ldeeôj ak kqu
kquee`e
`eir
ireem = ½ Dmbm
mbm =
c. ½ Dmb
Dmbmm lfkd
lfkdtl
tlj
j `ms
`ms dmst
dmstms
ms ak`
ak` rkl
rkldt
dtmr
mr l`
l` pmtk
pmtkjdjdel
el`` kdmj
kdmjôbôbed
edm
m=

l. J÷bkrm ak
ak Te
Testkbls ak Yk
Ykldtmrks 7

Te `ls rklddemjks sk prmaudkj l aefkrkjtks tkbpkrlturls m prksemjks, m se k``ls rkquekrkj

dltl`ezlamrks aefkrkjtks, kjtmjdks uslbms aefkrkjtks sestkbls ak rkldtmrks . _lrl k` dlsm ak
`l hearml`que`ldeôj ak tm`ukjm ,

Qm`ukjm + Hearôckjm Ikjdkjm + Bktljm <<;?-<4?? ¿ F

9 Ikjdkjm Aefkje`m + Hearôckjm  ;?? psel

Dmbm lbils rklddemjks mdurrkj l `l besbl prkseôj y tkbpkrlturl sej dltl`ezlamr, pmr `m
tljtm sk rkquekrk sm`m uj rkldtmr.
Kj dmjtrlstk , plrl k` secuekjtk sestkbl ak rklddemjks ak `l prmauddeôj ak Ljhâaream
Ldåtedm

Ldktmjl \uktkjm + DH1

 3?? ¿ D , < ltb
\uktkjm DM + ² D9H1

\uktkjm + Ldeam Ldåtedm Ljhâaream Ldåtedm 8? ¿ D , < ltb

<;9
@ls ams prebkr
prebkrls
ls rkldde
rklddemjk
mjkss sk kfkdt÷
kfkdt÷lj
lj l l`tl
l`tl tkbpkr
tkbpkrltu
lturl
rl , bekjtr
bekjtrls
ls quk `l tkrdkr
tkrdkrll
rklddeôj sudkak l ilgl tkbpkrlturl. _mr `m tljtm, sk rkquekrkj ams sestkbls ak rkldtmrks quk
``lblrkbms Y< y Y9.

i. J÷bkrm ak F`ugms ak Ykded`m 7

Ak` ljì`eses ljtkremr pmakbms akauder quk sk lsmdel dlal rklddeôj dmj uj rkldtmr, ks akder
sk lsmdel dlal f`ugm ak l`ebkjtldeôj dmj k` rkldtmr amjak kstms dmbpmjkjtks rklddemjlj. Kj
fmrbl sebe`lr lsmdelbms `ms dmbpmjkjtks kj f`ugms ak rkded`m dmj `ms rkldtmrks amjak kstms
dmbpmjkjtks rklddemjlj.
Tk tmbl `l `estl ak tmams `ms dmbpmjkjtks quk sl`kj ak` rkldtmr mrakjlams pmr sus pujtms
ak kiu``edeôj jmrbl`, y sk ejaedl k` j÷bkrm ak` rkldtmr y k` dôaecm ak akstejm plrl dlal
f`ugm
f`ugm ak rkded`m.
rkded`m. L dmjtej
dmjtejulde
uldeôj
ôj sk lcrupl
lcrupljj `ms dmbpmjk
dmbpmjkjtk
jtkss quk tekjkj
tekjkj pujtms
pujtms ak
kiu``edeôj dkrdljms se tekjkj k` besbm rkldtmr dmbm akstejm. Kjtmjdks k` j÷bkrm ak f`ugms
ak rkded`ms ks k` besbm j÷bkrm ak crupms fmrblams. @m ljtkremr kstì ilslam kj `l sebp`k
rkc`l hkurâstedl 7

‐Jm ks dmjvkje
dmjvkjekjt
kjtkk skplrlr
skplrlr ams dmbpmj
dmbpmjkjt
kjtks
ks y l dmjtej
dmjtejuld
uldeôj
eôj vm`vkr`
vm`vkr`ms
ms l
bkzd`lr kj `l kjtrlal ak` rkldtmr‒

Akikbms tlbieåj aestejcuer kjtrk `ms f`ugms ak rkded`m `âqueams y clskmsms, akieam l quk `ms
rkded`ms clskmsms rkquekrkj dmbprksmrks, `ms dul`ks smj dmstmsms. Tk dmjseakrl uj rkded`m
dmbm
dmb m clskms
clskmsmm se hekrvk l bkjmr
bkjmr tkbpkr
tkbpkrltu
lturl
rl quk k` prmpe`
prmpe`kjm.
kjm. @ms f`ugms
f`ugms ak rkded`
rkded`m
m
`âqueams sm`m rkquekrkj imbils, y kj jukstrm aesküm prk`ebejlr jm ejd`uebms k` dmstm ak `ls
imbils akieam l quk usul`bkjtk smj bkjmrks dmbplrlams dmj dmbprksmrks, hmrjms,
dm`ubjls ak akste`ldeôj, ktd.

Kgkbp`m 3.< 7 J÷bkrm ak F`ugms ak Ykded`m 7

Dmjseakrk `ms secuekjtks

Dmjseakrk secuekjtks dmbpmjkjtks
dmbpmjkjtks y sus akstejms
akstejms , mrakjlams
mrakjlams ak ldukram
ldukram l sus pujtms
ak kiu``edeôj jmrbl`.

L. Tuiprmaudtm Ykseaul` F. _rmaudtm _reblrem

I. Tuiprmaudtm Ykseaul` C. Ykldtevm - rkded`lr l Y9
D. Ykldtevm - rkded`lr l Y< H. Ykldtevm - rkded`lr l Y9
A. Tuiprmaudtm Dmbiustei`k E. Ykldtevm - rkded`lr l Y<
K. Tuiprmaudtm Dmbiustei`k G. Tuiprmaudtm Vl`emsm

Tm`udeôj 7 Kxestkj dultrm f`ugms ak prmaudtms ( L + I , A + K , F , y G ) y trks f`ugms ak

rkded`ms ( D , C + H , k E ) , amjak k` prebkrm y k` ÷`tebm vlj l` rkldtmr Y < y k` skcujam l`
rkldtmr Y9..

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
Kgkbp`m 3.9 7 Hearml`que`ldeôj ak Qm`ukjm .

<;4
@ms dmbpmjkjtks y su akstejm plrl k` prmdksm ak Hearml`que`ldeôj ak Qm`ukjm smj `ms
secuekjtks 7

Dmbpmjkjtk _ujtm ak Kiu``edeôj , ¿D Dôaecm ak Akstejm

H9 -9;4 Ykded`m y _urcl

DH1 -<6< Ykded`m y _urcl
Ikjdkjm 8? _rmaudtm _reblrem
Qm`ukjm <<< Ykded`m
Aefkje`m 9;4 Dmbiustei`k

_mr `m tljtm kxestkj trks f`ugms ak prmaudtms, ujl _urcl, Ikjdkjm y Aefkje`m , y ams f`ugms
ak rkded`m , ujm clskmsm ( H 9 + DH1 ) , y ujm `âqueam, Qm`ukjm . K` aelcrlbl ak f`ugm dmj

rkded`m
clskmsm.sk bukstrl kj `l Fecurl 4.<., `l dul` bukstrl k` rkldtmr y k` dmbprksmr ak` rkded`m

Ykded`m Clskmsm _urcl

Dmbprksmr

H9 , DH1 Ikjdkjm

Ykldtmr Tkplrlamr

Aefkje`m
Qm`ukjm

Ykded`m ak Qm`ukjm

Fecurl 3.< 7 Aelcrlbl ak F`ugm ak Ykded`ms ak `l Hearml`que`ldeôj ak Qm`ukjm

Kgkbp`m 3.4 7 _rmdksm ak _rmauddeôj ak Ljhâaream Ldåtedm.

<;1
@ms dmbpmjkjtks ak` prmdksm ak prmauddeôj ak ljhâaream ldåtedm smj `ms secuekjtks 7

Ldktmjl \uktkjm + DH1

3?? ¿ D , < ltb
\uktkjm DM + ² D9H1

\uktkjm + Ldeam Ldåtedm Ljhâaream Ldåtedm 8? ¿ D , < ltb

Dmbpmjkjtk _ujtm ak Kiu``edeôj , ¿F Dôaecm ak Akstejm

DM -4<4 Dmbiustei`k
DH1 -9;5 Dmbiustei`k
D9H1 -<;; Dmbiustei`k
\uktkjm -19 Ykldtevm ejkstli`k-Dmjvkrseôj dmbp`ktl
Ldktmjl <44 Ykldtevm-Ykded`lr l Y<-`âqueam
Ldeam Ldåtedm 911 Ykldtevm-Ykded`lr l Y9-`âqueam

Ljhâaream Ldåtedm 989 _rmaudtm _reblrem

Ak ldukra
ldukramm l `ms prmaudtm
prmaudtmss quk sl`kj ak` rkldtm
rkldtmr,
r, kxe
kxest
stkj
kj ams f`ugms
f`ugms ak prmaudt
prmaudtms
ms ,
DH1+DM+D9H1 y k` Ljhâaream Ldåtedm, y ams f`ugms ak rkded`ms `âqueams quk sk rktmrjlj l
rkldtmrks aefkrkjtks 7 `l ldktmjl ks rkded`lal l Y< , y k` ìdeam ldåtedm ks rkded`lam l` rkldtmr
Y9. K` aelcrlbl ak f`ugm ks k` secuekjtk 7

Ldeam Ldåtedm DM , DH1 , D9H1

Ldktmjl Ykldtmr Ykldtmr Tkp. Ljh. Ldkt.

Y< Y9

Ykded`m Ldeam Ldåtedm

Ykded`m Ldktmjl

Fecurl 3.9 7 Kstrudturl ak Ykded`m ak Ljhâaream Ldåtedm.

d. Kxdksm ak Ykldtevms.

<;;
Kj l`cujms dlsms sk usl uj kxdksm ak rkldtevm quk pukak aksp`lzlr `l aestreiudeôj ak
prmaudtms .

_mr kgkbp`m, ak ldukram l uj bmak`m sebp`efedlam ak `l prmauddeôj ak Esmmdtljm pmr vâl ak

l`que`ldeôj ak Iutkjm tkjkbms 7

Iutkjm + Esmiutljm Esmmdtljm

Iutkjm + Esmmdtljm D<9

Te `l dejåtedl dmjdukral dmj `l kstkquembktrâl, kjtmjdks k` usm ak uj kxdksm ak Esmiutljm

``kvl l lubkjtlr `l sk`kdteveala plrl prmauder Esmmdtljm. Bekjtrls blymr ks k` kxdksm,
bkgmr `l sk`kdteveala , pkrm smj blymrks `ms dmstms ak rkdupkrlr y rkded`lr k` Esmiutljm. K`
ôptebm kxdksm sk mitekjk ak uj ljì`eses kdmjôbedm.

K` usm
usm ak uj kxdks
kxdksmm ak uj dmbpm
dmbpmjkj
jkjtk
tk tlbi
tlbieå
eåj
j sk pukak
pukak us
uslr
lr pl
plrl
rl fmrz
fmrzlr
lr l mtrm
mtrm
dmbpmjkjtk l kstlr dkrdl ak `l dmjvkrseôj dmbp`ktl. _mr kgkbp`m, kj `l prmauddeôj ak

fmsckjm
DM + D`9 DMD`9

k` dul` ks uj dmbpukstm ejtkrbkaem kj `l prmauddeôj ak ae-esmdeljltm, akik kstlr `eirk ak

D`9 . _mr `m tljt
tljtm,
m, uj kxdk
kxdksm
sm ak DM sk ute`
ute`ez
ezll plrl
plrl fmrz
fmrzlr
lr l` D` 9 l dmjvkrtersk dlse
dmbp`ktlbkjtk.

Kj fmrbl sebe`lr, k` usm ak uj kxdksm pukak uslrsk plrl bmvkr `l dmjvkrseôj ak kque`eirem,
dmbm kj k` dlsm ak `l prmauddeôj ak ded`mhkxljm pmr bkaem ak `l rklddeôj ,

Ikjdkjm + 4 H9 Ded`mhkxljm

Aksklbms mitkjkr dmjvkrsemjks ak kque`eirem buy dkrdljls l ujm ak bmam ak `mcrl ujl
l`tl dmjvkrseôj ak` Ikjdkjm plrl kvetlr `l skplrldeôj kjtrk `k Ikjdkjm y ded`mhkxljm
( pujtm
pujtmss ak kiu``
kiu``ed
edeô
eôj
j buy
buy dkrd
dkrdlj
ljms
ms , 4;4,9
4;4,966 N y 4;4,5
4;4,5?
? N ). _makbm
_makbmss bmvk
bmvkrr `l
dmjvkrseôj ak kque`eirem hldel `l akrkdhl usljam uj kxdksm ak H 9 kj `l kjtrlal ak` rkldtmr .
_mr `m tljtm, `l rlzôj bm`lr ak rkldtevms
rkldtevms l `l kjtrlal
kjtrlal ak` rkldtmr
rkldtmr ks l bkjuam ujl vlreli`k
ak aesküm. Jmrbl`bkjtk `l dljteala ôptebl ak kxdksm ks uj dmbprmbesm kdmjôbedm kjtrk
kfkdtms ikjkfedemsms y k` dmstm ak rkdupkrldeôj y rkded`m ak` kxdksm. Akslfmrtujlalbkjtk
jm kxestkj rkc`ls hkurâstedls plrl ksdmckr `ms vl`mrks ôptebms ak kxdksm, y pmr `m tljtm l
bkjuam jkdksetlbms kfkdtulr k` ljì`eses kdmjôbedm kj fujdeôj ak kstl vlreli`k laedemjl`.

3.9 Il`ljdks
Il`ljd ks ak Bltkrel ak` Ykded`m.
Ykded`m .

<;6
Jukstrl bktl ks mitkjkr `m bìs rìpeam pmsei`k `ms f`ugms ak rkded`ms, y jm kfkdtulr dì`du`ms
recurm
recurmsms
sms.. Hlstl
Hlstl k` bmbkjt
bmbkjtm m jm hkbms
hkbms kspkde
kspkdefed
fedlam
lam jejc÷j
jejc÷j aktl``
aktl``kk ak` sestk
sestkbl
bl ak
sk
skpl
plrl
rlde
deôj,
ôj, y pmr
pmr `m tljt
tljtm
m susupm
pmjk
jkbm
bmss quk
quk rkdup
rkdupkr
krld
ldem
emjk
jkss su
supk
pkre
remr
mrks
ks l` 55 % sm smj
j
kquevl`kjtks l <?? % ak rkdupkrldeôj. Kstl lprmxebldeôj jmrbl`bkjtk ejtrmaudk sm`m
pkquküms krrmrks kj `ms f`ugms.

l. Ykldtevm @ebetljtk 7

_lrl kfkdtulr `ms il`ljdks ak rkded`ms, prebkrm rkl`ezlbms k` il`ljdk ak rkldtevm `ebetljtk.
_lrl k` prmdksm ak hearml`que`ldeôj ak` tm`ukjm, aksecjlbms k` f`ugm ak tm`ukjm quk kjtrl `l
rkldtmr dmbm FQ. Kjtmjdks plrl ujl dmjvkrseôj x, `l dljteala ak tm`ukjm quk akgl k` rkldtmr
skrì FQ ( <- x ). _lrl ujl rkdupkrldeôj dmbp`ktl kj k` sestkbl ak skplrldeôj, k` f`ugm quk
sl`k ak` rkldtmr skrì ecul`
ecul` l` f`ugm ak rkded`m. Te hldkbms uj il`ljdk kj k` pujtm ak bkzd`l
ljtks ak` rkldtmr, `l subl ak` f`ugm ak tm`ukjm frksdm bìs k` f`ugm ak tm`ukjm ak rkded`m skrì
ecul` l` f`ugm ak tm`ukjm quk kjtrl l` rkldtmr, m skl,

FFQ  FQ   <  x  FQ 4.<

Kjtmjdks `l l`ebkjtldeôj l` rkldtmr skrì 7

FFQ
FQ  4.9
x

Fecurl 3.4 . Kstrudturl ak Ykded`m ak `l Hearml`que`ldeôj ak Qm`ukjm

_urcl
Dmbprksmr

H9 Ikjdkjm , _I

Ykldtmr Tkplrlamr
FQ ( < - x )
Qm`ukjm FQ Aefkje`m > _A
FFQ
Ykded`m ak Qm`ukjm
FQ ( < - x )
Kstk il`ljd
Kstk il`ljdkk ak bltkre
bltkrell ks se
sekbp
kbprk
rk vl`eam
vl`eam plrl
plrl k` rkldte
rkldtevm
vm `ebet
`ebetljt
ljtkk duljam
duljam kxestk
kxestk
rkdupkrldeôj dmbp`ktl y rkded`m ak` rkldtevm `ebetljtk.
Mtrm kgkbp`m ks `l _rmauddeôj ak Ktljm` ( Lzkmtrmpm
Lzkmtrmpm Ktljm`-Lcul ). Kj kstk prmdksm k`
rkldtevm `ebetljtk ks k` lcul.

<;3
 DH  DH  H M  DH  DH MH
9 9 9 4 9

Kte`kjm Lcul Ktljm` 4.4

9  DH
4
 DH MH
9
  DH
4
 DH
9
 9
MH M
9

Ktljm` Aekte`ktkr

Ykded`m Clskmsm Lcul D9H1 , DH1

Dmbprksmr
_urcl
Fecurl 3.1 . Kstrudturl ak Ykded`m .
Testkbl _rmaudtmr ak Ktljm`

D9H1,DH1

Ykldtmr Tkplrlamr Lzkmtrmpm

FS( < - x ) KtMH-H9M
H9M FS FS_
( FS_+FSY ) Ktkr
H9M , FS ( <-x ) - FS_

Kfkdtuljam k` il`ljdk ak rkldtevm `ebetljtk 7

 FS_  FSY    FS   <  x  FS_   FS 4.1

FSY
FS  4.;
x

K` rksu`tlam ks eakjtedm l` dlsm ak `l hearml`que`ldeôj ak tm`ukjm, kxdkptm ak quk kj vkz ak

`l l`ebkjtldeôj frksdl sk sustetuyk pmr `l dljteala ak rkldtevm quk kjtrl kj `l rklddeôj.
i. Dì`du`m ak mtrms rkldtevms 7 Ykded`m Clskmsm

Akspuks ak hlikr ksteblam k` f`ugm ak rkldtevm `ebetljtk, uslbms `l kspkdefedldeôj ak `l

rlzôj bm`lr kj `l kjtrlal ak` rkldtmr plrl dl`du`lr `ms f`ugms ak rkded`m ak `ms mtrms
dmbpmjkjtks.

Ykded`m Clskmsm _urcl

Dmbprksmr
YC , y_H _C , y_H

FC , yFH YB Ikjdkjm , _I

<;8
 Ykldtmr Tkplrlamr
FQ ( < - x )
FFQ FQ Aefkje`m > _A
Fecurl 3.; . Kstrudturl ak Ykded`m Clskmsm ak `l Hearl`que`ldeôj ak Qm`ukjm

 bm`ks H 9   bm`ksQ 
y  FC  y _H  Y C  YB   FQ 
FH
 bm`ks Q   hr 

F  _
y  FC  y _H  Y C  YB   FQ  , F  I
FH
 x  FQ T

 
_  YB y 
Y  I
  FH

T y
C
_H

x

y y
FH _H
 

lLquâ
x ( lplrkdk
T ) y l ujl
FK (jukvl
y_H ).vlreli`k, YB , l`
Kspkdefedljam kstuaelr
kstls `l kstrudturl
trkl vlreli`ks ak rkded`m,
, pmakbms `l dul`k`skf`ugm
dl`du`lr lcrkcl
ak
rkded`m YC.

Kgkbp`m 3.1 Dì`du`m ak Ykded`m ak `l Hearml`que`ldeôj ak Qm`ukjm 7

@ls akdesemjks quk sk tmblj plrl `l kstrudturl ak rkded`m ak kstk prmdksm smj 7

<. Tk rkquekrk
rkquekrk sm`m uj rkldtmr
rkldtmr ( `ls rklddemjks
rklddemjks sk kfkdt÷lj
kfkdt÷lj l `l besbl
besbl tkbpkrlturl
tkbpkrlturl y
prkseôj ).
9. Kxestkj
Kxestkj ams f`ugms
f`ugms ak rkded`ms,
rkded`ms, ujm clskmsm
clskmsm ( y purcl ) dmj H 9 y DH1 y uj rkf`ugm
`âqueam ak tm`ukjm.
4. Akik
Akikbm bmss uslr
uslr uj
uj rlzô
rlzôj
j ;/<
;/< ak hear
hearôc
ôckj
kjm
m l lrmbì
lrmbìte
tedm
dmss l `l kjtr
kjtrla
lall ak` rkl
rkldt
dtmr
mr ak
ldukram l `ls rkstreddemjks ak` prmdksm.
1. Tk rrkkquekrk uj
uj dm
dmbprksmr cl
clskmsm.

Il`ljdks ak Bltkrel ak `ms rkded`ms 7

F _ <9? nbm`
FQ I
@l l`ebkjtldeôj ak tm`ukjm l` rkldtmr skrì 7 FQ     <6;
x T x 1  ?,3;
?,5651
?,565 hr

y k` rkded`m ak tm`ukjm skrì 7 FQ ( <-x ) 2 <6; ( <-?,3; ) 2 1<,9 nbm`/hr

y k` rkded`m clskmsm skrì 7

<;5
  
_
I  YB y
FH  <9?  ; ?.5;  nbm`
Y          <;95
C T y x   ?,5651  ?,1  ?,3;
?,5651 ?,5;  ?,
?,5; 1? 
?,1? hr
_H 
  y FH  y _H  


Ykded`m Clskmsm _urcl

Dmbprksmr
YC 2 <;95 nbm`/hr _C 2 99;,4 nbm`/hr

FC2994,1
nbm`/hr YB 2 ; _I 2 <9? nbm`/hr

Ykldtmr Tkplrlamr

FFQ 2 _A 2 <,85 nbm`/hr

<94,8
nbm`/hr FQ 2 <6; nbm`/hr
Fecurl 3.6 . Il`ljdk ak

Ykded`m Clskmsm ak` Testkbl

FQ (<-x) 2 1<,9 nbm`/hr
d. Ykc`ls Hkurâstedls ak Aesküm 7

Jm kxestkj rkc`ls hkurâstedls plrl sk`kddemjlr uj vl`mr ak `l dmjvkrseôj x plrl k` dlsm ak

rklddemjks dmbp`kgls. Kj fmrbl sebe`lr, jm kxestkj rkc`ls plrl sk`kddemjlr `l dmbpmsedeôj
ak `l purcl y_H m `l rlzôj bm`lr YB. _lrl k` dlsm ak rklddemjks sebp`ks, uj vl`mr rlzmjli`k
plrl `l dmjvkrseôj ks x 2 ?,56 ô x 2 ?,58 x kq .

a. Tuiprmaudtms Ykvkrsei`ks 7

Te rkded`lbms uj suiprmaudtm fmrblam pmr ujl rklddeôj rkvkrsei`k y akglbms quk kstk

dmb
dmbpmjk
pmjkjtk
jtk sk ak
hearl`que`ldeôj ldubu`k
ldub u`k hlstl
tm`ukjm hls
, tl `l dmjdkj
dmjdkjtrl
trldeô
deôj
j ak kque`e
kque`eire
irem,
m, dmbm
dmbm kj k` dlsm
dlsm ak `l

9 Ikjdkjm Aefkje`m + Hearôckjm

m k` aekte`ktkr kj `l sejtkses ak ktljm`, kjtmjdks pmakbms kjdmjtrlr k` f`ugm ak rkded`m

usljam `l rk`ldeôj ak kque`eirem l `l sl`eal ak` rkldtmr ,

 A e f k j e`m    H 9 
N kq 
 Ikjdkjm 9

Tej kbilrc
kbilrcm,
m, `ms f`ugms
f`ugms ak hearôc
hearôckjm
kjm y ikjdkj
ikjdkjm
m hlj seam
seam aktkrb
aktkrbejl
ejlams
ams ua½sljam
ua½sljam `l
rklddeôj
kque`eiremprejdepl` y `msk`dì`du`ms
plrl dl`du`lr f`ugm akak `l purcl
aefkje`m l `l> sl`eal
ak bmamak` quk pmakbms uslr `l kxprkseôj ak
rkldtmr.

<6?
3.4 Kfkdtms Kjkrcåtedms
Kjkrcå tedms ak` Ykldtmr.
Ykldtm r.

Jkdksetlbms tmblr ujl akdeseôj dmj rkspkdtm l` rkldtmr, se kstk mpkrlrì laeliìtedlbkjtk,
dmj dl`kjtlbekjtm m kjfrelbekjtm aerkdtm , m se sk jkdksetl uj ae`uykjtk m pmrtlamr ak dl`mr.
Te jkdksetlbms ejtrmauder uj dmbpmjkjtk kxtrlüm dmbm ae`uykjtk m pmrtlamr ak dl`mr,
kjtmjdks jukstrm il`ljdks ak bltkrel ak` rkded`m, y quezls k` il`ljdk c`mil`, akikj dlbielr.
Tk akik tmblr kstl akdeseôj
akdeseôj ljtks ak aeskülr
aeskülr k` sestkbl
sestkbl ak skplrldeôj,
skplrldeôj, yl quk kstk sk vkrì
lfkdtlam.
_lrl tmblr `ls akdesemjks dmj rkspkdtm l `ms kfkdtms kjkrc±tevms kj k` rkldtmr, prebkrm
ksteblbms `l dlrcl tårbedl ak` rkldtmr y k` dlbiem a ktkbpkrlturl laeliìtedm.

l. Dlrcl Qårbedl ak` Ykldtmr 7

_lr rklddemjks sebp`ks, slikbms quk tmal `l l`ebkjtldeôj frksdl ak` rkldteve `ebetljtk
usul`bkjtk sk dmjvekrtk kj k` prmdksm ( `l dmjvkrseôj pmr plslal pukak skr bkjmr ak bmam
quk hlirì uj f`ugm crljak ak rkded`m, pkrm tmal `l l`ebkjtldeôj frksdl sk dmjvekrtk kxdkptm
pmr pkquküls påraeals kj k` prmaudtm y suiprmaudtms m kj `l purcl ).

_mr `m tljtm plrl ujl rklddeôj sebp`k,

Dlrcl Qårbedl l` Ykldtmr 2 Dl`mr ak Yklddeôj x F`ugm ak L`ebkjtldeôj Frksdl

amjak k` dl`mr ak rklddeôj sk dl`du`l l `ls dmjaedemjks ak mpkrldeôj ak` rkldtmr.

Kgkbp`m 3.; 7 _rmdksm ak Hearml`que`ldeôj ak Qm`ukjm .

Ak` il`ljdk c`mil` ak `l HAQ, kjdmjtrlbms

kjdmjtrlbms quk sm`m sk prmaudkj dljtealaks
dljtealaks pkquküls ak
Aefkje`m kj k` rljcm ak dmjvkrseôj quk trlilglbms. _lrl ksteblr `l dlrcl tårbedl ak`
rkldtmr, aksprkdeljam `l rklddeôj skdujalrel ,plrl k` dlsm ilsk dmj `ms vl`mrks 7
x 2 ?,3; , _ I 2 <9? nbm`/hr ( 38.??? tmjs/lüm ) , y FFQ 2 <94, 8 nbm`/hr,

l <9?? ¿ F y ;?? psel , Hf,D< 2 +<;,;<? ndl`/nbm`

Hf,I 2 -9<,666 ndl`/nbm`
Hf,Q 2 +;,85; nbm`/hr
Lsâ . HY 2 ^ <;.<?? + ( -9<.666)R -( ;.58; ) 2 - <<.56< Ndl`/nbm`
2 -15.553 nG/nbm` 2 -9<.;4? Itu/`ibm`

nbm`/hr 2 -6.<5 x <?6 nG/hr

\Y 2 HY x FFQ 2 ( -15.553 ) nG/nbm` x<94,8 nbm`/hr
2 2 -<34? nS
2 - ;,838 x <? 6 Itu/hr

Kgkbp`m 3.6 7 Akshearmckjldeôj ak Esmprmpljm`

<6<
 [j prmdksm plrl prmauder ldktmjl ks k` secuekjtk 7 (DH4)9DHMH (DH4)9DM + H9
Esmpr
smprmp
mplj
ljm`
m` Ldktm
dktmjl
jl Hearô
earôck
ckjm
jm

_lrl prmauder ;<,4 `ibm`/hr. ak ldktmjl ( 9;.??? tmjs/lüm ) , sk rkquekrkj ;<,4 `ibm`/hr ak
Esmprmpljm`, sekjam k` dl`mr ak rklddeôj l ;3? ¿ F y < ltb ak 9;.8?? Itu/`ibm`, ak bmam
quk `l dlrcl ak` rkldtmr skrì 7

\Y 2 9;.8?? x ;<,4 2 +<.491 x <?6 Itu /hr.

_mr `m tljtm, `l rklddeôj ks kjamtårbedl, y sk dmjsubk dl`mr kj k` prmdksm.

i. Dlbiem ak Qkbp
kbpkrl
krltur
url
l Laeliìt
iìtedl 7

[jl vkz quk sk hl aktkrbejlam `l dlrcl ak` rkldtmr y k` f`ugm ltrlvks ak` besbm kj fujdeôj
ak `ls vlreli`ks ak aesküm, pmakbms ksteblr k` dlbiem ak tkbpkrlturl laeliìtedm l plrter ak
`l secuekjtk kxprkseôj 7

\Y 2 F D_ ( QY, k - QY, s)

Kgkbp`m 3.3 7 _rmdksm ak Hearml`que`ldeôj ak Qm`ukjm

@ms f`ugms y dlpldealaks dl`ôredls ak `l l`ebkjtldeôj
l`ebkjtldeôj l` rkldtmr plrl k` dlsm
dlsm ilsk dmj x 2
?,3; , y_H 2 ?,1 sk kjtrkclj kj `l secuekjtk tli`l 7

Dmrrekjtk F`ugm, nbm`hr. D_ , nG/nbm` N

Cls L`ebkjtldeôj, FC 994,1 ?,5; 95,4 + ?,?; 19,4 2 95,5;
Cls Ykded`m , YC <;95 ?,1? 95,4 + ?,6? 19,4 2 43,<?
L`ebkjtldeôj ak Qm`ukjm <94,8 9?4,5
Ykded`m ak Qm`ukjm 1<,9 9?4,5

Kjtmjdks , supmjekjam QY,k 2 <<;? ¿ F ( 69< ¿ D ) 7

6
nG

QY,s  QY,s  6,<5

<5  <? hr
  64,3  D
 <94,8  1<, 9;
9;  9?4, 5  994,1  95,5;
5 ;  <;95  43,<?
<?

_mr `m tljtm , QY,T 2 69< +64,< 2 68; ¿ D 2 <964 ¿ F

yH9 2 ?,8
yyH9 2 ?,6
2 ?,3
3<? H9 @âbetk ak Hearmdrlqukm
yH9 2 ?,;
yH9 2 ?,1

Qkbpkrlturl ak
Tl`eal ak` Ykldtmr 68? y_H yH9 2 ?,4

yH9 2 ?,9

<69
QY, T > ¿ D
6;? yH9 2 ?,<

69?
? ,? ?
?,,9? ?,1? ?
?,,6? ?
?,,8? <,?
Dmjvkrseôj , x

Fecurl 3.6 . Qkbpkrlturl ak Tl`eal ak` Ykldtmr

d. Ykc`
Ykc`ls
ls Hkur
Hkurâs
âste
tedl
dlss pl
plrl
rl Dlrc
Dlrcl
l Qårb
Qårbed
edl
l ak
ak`` Ykld
Ykldtm
tmrr 7

_lrl rklddemjks clskmsls, pmakbms supmjkr plrl `l trljsfkrkjdel ak dl`mr,

Itu  nG 
[  9?   1??  , Q 2 ;? ¿F ( 9; ¿D )
hr  pek 9  F  hr  b 9  D 

Te tkjkbms ujl dlrcl ak \ 2 < x <?6 NG / hr ( 938 nS )

Ak `l kduldeôj ak aesküm ak uj ejtkrdlbielamr 7 \ 2 [ L Q

 nG 
<  <? 6 
 hr 
L  < ? ?  b 9  < ? ? ?  p ek 9 
 nG 
1??  9; D
 hr  b 9  D 

K` rljcm tâpedm ak tlblüms ak ejtkrdlbielamrks kstì kjtrk 6??-8?? b 9

( 6.???-8.??? pek9 ) , pmr `m tljtm k` dl`mr bìxebm plrl ute`ezlr uj sm`m ejtkrdlbielamr ks
ecul` l 6 x <?6 nG /hr ( <666 nS )

a. F`ugms ak _mrtlamrks ak Dl`mr 7

Ykded`m Clskmsm _urcl , _C

Dmbprksmr
YC , H 9 , DH 1 , _ 2 ;;; psel H9 , DH 1

<64
 FC

_ 2 ;;? psel Ykldtmr Tkplrlamr

Q 2 <??¿ F _ 2 ;?? psel _ 2 16; psel

Q 2 <?? ¿ F

L` k`ebejlr uj dmbpmjkjtk quk jm plrtedepl kj `l rklddeôj dmbm rkldtevm, e.k.7 ( DH 1 ) ,sk

pmarâl vlrelr dmjseakrli`kbkjtk `l tkbpkrlturl ak` rkldtmr.

k. @ebetldemjks ak
ak Kq
Kque`eirem.

Kxestkj rklddemjks ak kque`eirem quk pukakj tkjkr dekrtls `ebetldemjks pmr sus dmjaedemjks
ak rklddeôj 7

Kg. 7 Yklddeôj rkvkrsei`k kxmtårbedl 7

_rmauddeôj ak H9TM1 7 TM9 + ² M 9  TM4

DM + H9M  DM9 + H9

_rmauddeôj ak JH4 7 J9 + 4 H9  9 JH4

3.1
3.1 Aes
Aesküm
küm y Dms
msttm ak
ak`` Dmbp
Dmbprk
rkssmr 7

l. Aesküm ak` Dmbprksmr 7

Kstk kquepm sk uiedl kj k` rkded`m clskmsm ak` sestkbl, y k` trlilgm sk pukak dl`du`lr dmbm
eskjtrôpedm m dmbm trlilgm esmtårbedm ,

Qrlilgm Eskjtrôpedm 7

 Clsks bmjmltô
    
 Clsks ieltôbedm
Y  Q p9
S     <  2 
  p<    Clsks dmbp`kgms

 Mtrms clsks
Qrlilgm Esmtårbedm 7

 p9   p9 
S  Y  Q  `j  , dmj Q9  Q<    
 p<   p< 

i. Dmstm ak` Dmbprksmr 7 Tkc÷j Amuc`ls `l _mtkjdel sk pukak dl`du`lr dmbm 7

<61
  4,??44  <? ;   p    `i   pek 4 
7 Hp     _<  \ <     < , dmj _<   pek 9  , \ <  
9
bej 
    p <  
Tkc÷j dmrrk`ldeôj ak Cuthrek 7 IHp 2 Hp/  ,  2 ?,8?

 B& T  ? ,89
D. E.      ;<3,;   IHp   9,<<  Fd 
 98? 

Kgkbp`m 3.8 Aesküm y Dmstm ak Dmbprksmr ak Ykded`m ak` prmdksm HAQ

_lrl jukstrm dlsm ilsk, tkjkbms p< 2 16; psel y p9 2 ;;; psel, Q < 2 <?? ¿ F ( ;6? ¿ Y ),
lakbìs ak `ms f`ugms YC 2 <;95 ncbm`/hr 2 443< `ibm`/hr , y plrl k` vl`mr ak  sk tekjk 7
   H 9  y H9   DH 1  y DH 1  ?,95  y _H  ?,94   <  y _H   ?,95  ?,1?  ?,94  ?,6?  ?,9;1
 p9   ;;;  ?,9;1
tlbieåj tkjkbms 7 Q9  Q<     ;6?     ;6?  <,?16 2 ;86 Y  <96 F
 p<   16; 

_mr `m tljtm k` dl`kjtlbekjtm ks buy pkquküm y pmakbms supmjkr quk jm ks ebpmrtljtk.

@l akjseala ak` cls l <?? ¿ F y 16; psel , sk dl`du`l dmbm cls eakl` >

 <`ibm`  16? + 49  16; 

b   4 
    ?,?3
?331
31 `i
`ib pekk 4
bm` / pe
 4;5 pek  16
16?
? + <??  <1 ,3 
<??

y `l prkseôj ak kjtrlal l` dmbprksmr ks 7 _< 2 16; psel 2 6,3? x <?1 `i/pek9

K` f`ugm vm`ubktredm skrì 7

Y C  `ibm / hr  YC 443< pek 4
\<     393
 b `ibm` / pek 4   6? bej / hr  6? b 6?  ?,?331 bej

 4,?4
? 4  <? ;   p     4,?4  <? -; 
Hp   _  \   9  < 2  6,3  <? 1   393   <,?16  < 2 96
9633 Hp
Hp
< <
    p <    ?,9;1   
y `l pmtkjdel l` frkjm skrì 7 Ihp 2 963 / ?,8? 2 441 Hp

y k` dmstm ak` dmbprksmr l` lüm 9??5 skrì 7

D.E .  
 B & T    ;<3 ,;   IHp  ?,89   9,<<  F   <1??   ;<3 ,;   441  ?,89  9,<<  <  511 .4?? [T $
 d
 98?  98?
Dmstm Ljul`ezlam 2 511..4?? /4 24<;.??? [ T $ / lüm , y k` dmstm ak mpkrldeôj l uj vl`mr
vl`mr
ak ?,?1; $/nwh skrì 7 (441/?,8)(<nw/<,41<hp)(?,?1;/nwh)(81??hr/lüm) 2 <<3.3?? [T
$/lüm, y plrl dì`du`ms ak mptebezldeôj , pmakbms ksdreier 7

<6;
  Y C  ?,89  (;;;/
(;;;/ 16;) 
16;)  ?,89
Dmstm Dmbprksmr 2   ,
 443<   
<?16
,

 YC   [T $ 
Dmstm _mtkjde
jdell 2 <<3.3???  
<<3.3?   41,59  Y C  
 443<   lü m 

3.; Aesküm y Dmstm ak` Ykldtmr

Kj ujl ktlpl prk`ebejlr ak` aesküm , `ms bmak`ms dejåtedms jmrbl`bkjtk jm sk dmjmdkj. _mr
`m tljtm, ilslbms jukstrms dì`du`ms ak il`ljdks ak bltkrel kj `ls dmrrk`ldemjks ak `l
aestre
aestreiude
iudeôj
ôj ak prmaud
prmaudtms
tms.. _lrl
_lrl rkldtm
rkldtmrks
rks laeliì
laeliìted
tedms,
ms, ilslbm
ilslbmss jukstr
jukstrm
m aesküm
aesküm kj ujl
tkbpkrlturl esmtårbedl quk sk tmbl dmbm k` prmbkaem kjtrk `l ak kjtrlal y `l ak sl`eal ak`
rkldtmr m uj prmbkaem ak `ls dmjstljtks ak rklddeôj ak kjtrlal y sl`eal. Kstk ljì`eses ks
buy druam, pkrm kj `l blymrâl ak `ms dlsms k` dmstm ak` rkldtmr jm ks tlj ebpmrtljtk dmbm
`ms dmstms
dmstms ak aestreiudeôj
aestreiudeôj ak prmaudtms.
prmaudtms. _mr `m tljtm ksteblbms
ksteblbms k` dmstm
dmstm ak` rkldtmr uj
rkldtmr tepm pestôj ak `l besbl bljkrl dmbm `m hldkbms dmj kstljquks l prkseôj , y
ljul`ezlbms k` dmstm ejstl`lam ejtrmaudekjam k` fldtmr ak rkdupkrldeôj ak dlpetl` FYD ( </4
lüm-< ).

Kgkbp`m 3.5 Aesküm y Dmstm ak` Ykldtmr ak Hearl`que`ldeôj ak Qm`kujm 7

Te akieam l quk `l dljteala ak aefkje`m prmaudeal ks buy pkqukül, ilslbms k` aesküm ak`
rkldtmr sm`m kj `l rklddeôj preblrel, duyl dejåtedl ks `l secuekjtk 7

r   n   Q   H </ 9

 cbm`  </ 9 -<  -;

-;9.?
9.??? cbm` 
?? dl` / cbm` dl`
6 ,4  <? 
amjak n 2 6,   s  k xp 
<?
 , Y 2 <,58
<,583
3 , QY  N
 `t   Y QY  cbm` N
_ukstm quk kxestkuj crìj kxdksm ak hearôckjm , pmakbms supmjkr quk H </9 ks ujl dmjstljtk.
Qlbieå
Qlb ieåj
j supmjkb
supmjkbms ms quk pmakbm
pmakbmss ksteb
ksteblr
lr k` vm`ubk
vm`ubkj
j ak` rkldtm
rkldtmrr kj ujl mpkrlde
mpkrldeôj
ôj
esmtårbedl, dmbm k` prmbkaem kjtrk `ls tkbpklrturls ak kjtrlal y sl`eal ak` rkldtmr 7
QY 2 ( <<;? + <96; ) /9 2 <9?8 ¿ F

_mr `m tljtm plrl uj Ykldtmr tepm F`ugm _estôj

VY ax
 ?
x
,
q r
</ 9
 cbm`  </ 9  <`ibm`  98,49 `t   `ibm` 
7 n  n   H   6,4  <?   
</ 9
' <?
      ?.1  ?,?935  
 `t   1;1cbm`  pek  4
 pek 4 
 ;9.???  <,8  ? ,;  546?? . 
kxp   9 ,;9
;99  <?<<   ?, 1  ?, ?9
?935  kxp   ?,?< 19 s -<
?<19
 <,5 83
83  <668   <,5 83
83  <668 

<66
_mr `m tljtm sk pukak ksdreier k` vm`ubkj ak` rkldtmr dmbm 7

 < 
F  `j 
<  x 
VY  ' , dmj
dmj F 2 FC  Y C  FQ
_lrl jukstrm dlsm ilsk 7
n  b

FC 2 994,1 nbm`/hr 2 159,; `ibm`/hr

YC 2 <;95 nbm`/hr 2 443< `ibm`/hr
FQ 2 <6; nbm`/hr 2 461 `ibm`/hr > F 2 <5<3,1 nbm`/hr 2 1993 `ibm`/hr

 159,;  443<  461   `ibm` / hr   `j < /  <  ?,3; 

VY   1.<<? ppeek 4  <<3 b 4
 ?,?<19 s    46?? s / hr    ?,?935 `ibm` / pek 
-< 4

Te supmjkbms uj rkldtmr de`ejaredm dmj @Y/AY 2 6, kjtmjdks ,

  A 9Y 
VY   @Y    6  A 4Y 
1 1
A Y  <? peks ( 4 b ) , @Y  6? peks ( <8 b )

Dmstm ak` Ykldtmr 7 Tkc÷j `l dmrrk`ldeôj ak Cuthrek 7

B &T
D .E .    <?<,5   A
<, ?66
 H ? ,89   9,<8  F  d
 98? 

 <.1?? 
D E    <, ?66
 ? , 89
   
. .  98?  <?<,5  <?   6?   9,<8 4,63 <,6?  <.93?.??? [T $

B&T ( 9??5 ) 2 <.1?? > Fb 2 4,63 ( Ldkrm Ejmx.)> F p 2 <,6? ( 6?? psel ).

K` dmstm ljul`ezlam
ljul`ezlam ak` rkldtmr ks ak DL 2 199.??? [T $/lüm .

<63