P 5.< DM[TRMBPKMNO D@ ZR@[MNO@[ @E@KTMUL[ O@PTRL[ ] TNTLC@[.

@s uo loìcmsms d` Tmpns d` pr`smno`s  Lír`ls d` knotlktn [up`remkm` mot`relkmlc @qumcmbrmn dmr`kkmûo

cls pr`smno`s qu` onralc
<. [no lqu`cc
lqu`ccns
ns qu`  L7 L[/L ϋ[7 Z[/L[
alo`glo `c
trlosamt`o Z7Z[+(L-L[)Po
e`oûa`on d` cl τs 7 Ts/Ls
dmr`ktla`ot` d`
knosncmdlkmûo.
irlon l irlon d`c
su`cn.
Zlrtákucls Z
2. [no lqu`ccns qu` Z[ ] T[ Zr`smûo d` liul
lkt÷lo knotrl `c ecumdn ϋ7 Z/L
 @seu`rzns ϋ7 ϋi(<-l)uo…..(<:-<<)
qu` cc`ol cns pnrns Zlrtákucls T onralc`s
d`c amsan.
τ7 T/L  @seu`rzns
tloi`okmlc`s
@qumcmbrmn plrlc`cn
Zr`smno`s
Τ7T[
mot`rirlouclr`s n @studml cl r`plrtmkmûo d`
`e`ktmvls cls pr`smno`s `o alt`rmlc T7lts
pnrnsn, knan `c
Zr`smno`s o`utrls n d` ϋ7ϋi+uo
knokr`tn y rnkls.
prn.

P5 KNO[NCMDLKMÛO D@ [P@CN[ GPLO KLRCN[ U@CÌW\P@W RMN[ E@KFL D@ @OTR@IL7 :5/GPO/2:2<

 LKT < ALZL KNOK@ZTPLC ON. KNOTRNC7 <=;::295 ALT@RML7 A@KÌOMKL D@ [P@CN[

( ϋ ) s` d`onamol ( Po ) s` d`onamol ϋi s`ϋd`onamol @s mapnrtlot` cl pr`smûo Knapno`ot`s

mot`rirlou
mot`rirlouclr,
clr, kìcku
kìckucns,
cns,
 Zr`smûo onralc tntlc  Zr`smûo d` liul Zr`s
Zr`smû
mûo
o mot`
mot`ri
rirl
rlou
oucl
clr 
r  Zr`smûo fmdrnstìtmkl (uf)
kna
knapr`o
pr`os
smbmc
mbmcmd
mdl
ld y
 K.t. lpcmkldl lc su`cn mot`rstmkmlc eu`r
eu`rzl
zl qu`qu` snsnpn
pnrt
rtl
l cl
r`smst`okml. Dmstrmbukmûo cmo`lc
Zr`smûo o`utrlc `strukturl
`stru kturl,, su`cn y altl
 @otr` ìr`l d`c amsan 

d`c su`cn. @qumcmbrmn `stìtmkn

Po1uf+u
ϋ1p1yaz
(u) `s `c t`ramon mapnrtlot`
`o c` t`nrál d` uf s` klckucl7
knosncmdlkmûo.
uf1ywz

`s cl pr`smûo tntlc knostlot`,

o`utrlc, `e`ktmvl, `s cl sual d` cl
Knokcusmûo7 pr`smûo tntlc

@s mapnrtlot` plrl `c moi`om`rn kmvmc lolcmzlr

snbr` cl dmstrmbukmûo d` klrils o`utrls `e`ktmvls
y tntlc`s plrl slb`r cns dme`r`ot`s tmpns d`
sup`remkm` y ìr`ls d` knotlktn plrl slb`r cns
tmpns d` `qumcmbrmn qu` fly `otr` cns pnrns y cls
plrtákucls d`c su`cn.

P5 KNO[NCMDLKMÛO D@ [P@CN[ GPLO KLRCN[ U@CÌW\P@W RMN[ E@KFL D@ @OTR@IL7 :5/GPO/2:2<