GLO^CTLD DN GLZKLO@L P J@A\^@K@OL

GLZKLOAJATLE@OL
Rrlotol E² <<-<:

KAZGACAHËL DNC GZ^TA P _NK@CCL

@ETNHZLETN9
 OFLWNY _AEOOA NZ@ML
 HZLO@L HLZOËL CN@_P

O@OCA9
GJ:E<

DAONETN9
  @RLZZLH^@ZZN DAK@HA

GNOFL DN ZNLC@YLO@AE DN CL RZÌOT@OL9

  2> dn Iuc`a

GNOFL DN NETZNHL DNC @EGAZKN9

  2> dn Iuc`a

RZLOT@OL E² <<-<:
 

KAZGACAHËL DNC GZ^TA P _NK@CCL

<. KL
KLZO
ZOA
A TNß
TNßZ@
Z@OA
OA99

Cas
Cas gr
grut
utas
as y cls
cls sn
snk`
k`cc
ccls
ls oae
aest
st`t
`tuy
uyne
ne ca
cas
s ÿr
ÿrhl
hlea
eas
s dn d`
d`sp
spnr
nrs`
s`ÿe
ÿe y
praplhlo`ÿe dn cls nspno`ns vnhntlcns dn glenrÿhlkls. _u olrlotnr`zlo`ÿe
karg
kargac
acÿh
ÿh`o
`ol
l ns ku
kuy
y `k
`kpa
part
rtle
letn
tn dl
dldl
dl cl `k
`kpa
part
rtle
leo
o`l no
noae
aeÿk
ÿk`o
`ol
l y
glrkloaheÿs`ol dn kuofls grutas y snk`ccls oaka drahls vnhntlcns.

:. OA
OAKR
KRNT
NTNE
NEO@
O@L9
L9

  Znoaeaonr cls plrtns dn ue gruta y d`gnrneo`lr cls oclsns dn grutas.

?. O^
O^N_
N_T@
T@AE
AELZ
LZ@A
@A

L. _nülcn nc oaeonpta dn glcsa gruta y vnrdldnra gruta

gruta..

Glcsa
Glcsa gr
grut
uta9
a9 _a
_ae
e cls gru
gruot`
ot`g`o
g`olo`
lo`aen
aens
s dn cls H`k
H`keas
easpnr
pnrkls
kls,, qun par 
dnr`vlr dn fails olrpnclrns a olrpncas lj`nrtas (ea garkle ue avlr`a),
par ca tleta, ea garkle ue vnrdldnra gruta.

N_TZßJ@CA9 oaea a p`ül9 nin oae fails olrpnclrns ccnvleda ne cl lx`cl

uel a kìs snk`ccls, nik. ‖p`ea‐ (R`eus spp), ‖ondra‐ (Ondrus spp), glk.
R`elon
R`elonln=
ln= ‖lr
‖lrluo
luolr`
lr`l‐
l‐ (Lr
(Lrluo
luolr`
lr`l
l spp
spp),
), glk
glk.. Lrl
Lrluol
uolr`l
r`lon
onln=
ln= ‖o`prà
‖o`pràs‐
s‐
(Ouprnssus spp), glk. Ouprnsslonln.

HÌCJ^CA9 oa
oaea
ea lj
ljly
lyld
lda,
a, oa
oae
e cls
cls fa
fail
ils
s ol
olrp
rpnc
nclr
lrns
ns ol
olre
reas
asls
ls,, ni
ni.,
.,
‖nenjra‐, (Iue`pnrus spp), glk. Ouprnsslonln.

_NK@CCL_ DZ^RLONL_9 ne nc ‖ìrjac dn cas oulrnetl nsoudas‐ (H`emha

j`cajl), glk. H`emhalonln. Cls snk`ccls t`nene nc tnhukneta olreasa y
plrnone grutas.

NC GZ^TA WNZDLDNZA

Ns dn cls leh`aspnrkls, yl qun nc gruta ns nc avlr`a dnslrracclda y

kldura, cunha dn cl gnouedlo`ÿe dn cas ÿvucas a rud`knetas snk`elcns
qun sn trlesgarkle ne snk`ccls.

Dnslrracca dnc gruta9 praduo`dl cl gnouedlo`ÿe, cas olrpncas dnc avlr`a sn

tr
trl
les
esga
gark
rkle
le ne nc pnr
nr`o
`olr
lrpa
pa dnc gr
gru
uta
ta,, neo
eon
nrr
rrl
leda ca
cas
s ÿv
ÿvu
uca
cas
s
trlesgarkldas ne snk`ccls. Grnounetnknetn, cls p`nzls dn cas rnstletns
 

o`ocas
o`ocas gca
gcarlc
rlcns
ns sn klr
klrof
of`tl
`tle
e y dns
dnsprn
prnedn
edne,
e, s`e nkj
nkjlrh
lrha,
a, ne lch
lchuea
ueas
s
olsa
olsas
s lo
loak
akpl
plül
üle
e lc gr
grut
uta
a kl
kldu
dura
ra,, y sn dn
dnea
eak`
k`el
ele
e `e
`edu
duv`
v`ls
ls.. _a
_ae
e
ninkpc
ninkpcas
as dn `ed
`eduv
uv`ls
`ls cls hcu
hcuknc
kncls
ls qun nevun
nevuncvn
cvne
e nc ol
olr`a
r`apsn
psn dn cl
‖onjldl garrlinrl‐ (Fardnuk vuchlrn)= cl vnsëoucl garkldl par nc oìc`z
lornsonetn qun nevuncvn cl jlyl dnc ‖olklkjù‐ (Rfyslc`s v`soasl)= cas

nsparag`cas pnrs`stnetns ne nc paka dnc klezlea (Klcus sycvnstr`s).

J. Nxpc`qun
Nxpc`qun oÿka
oÿka sn
sn gar
garkl
kl ue gruta,
gruta, oaes`dnr
oaes`dnrnn ue ninkp
ninkpca.
ca.

Ne cls pcletls oae gcar, nc gruta ns nc oaeiueta dnc avlr`a kldura y cls
dnkìs
dnkìs p`n
p`nzls
zls gcarlc
gcarlcns.
ns. Ne sne
snet`d
t`da
a jat
jatìe`
ìe`oa,
oa, sn ccl
cclkl
kl gru
gruta
ta lc avl
avlr`a
r`a
kldura. Nc oaed`o`aens elturlcns nc gruta suncn garklrsn uel vnz qun fl
tne`da
tne`da cuh
cuhlr
lr cl gno
gnoued
uedlo`
lo`ÿe
ÿe dnc avu
avuca
ca pn
pnra
ra ne kuo
kuofls
fls pclst
pclstls,
ls, ols
ols``
s`nkprn ne vlr`ndldns ouct`vldls, oaka cas oëtr`oas s`e snk`ccls, nc gruta
kldu
kldurl
rl s`e en
enon
ons
s`dld
`dld dn gn
gnou
oued
edlo
lo`ÿ
`ÿe=
e= ns
nstn
tn gn
gneÿ
eÿkn
knea
ea sn cc
cclk
lkl
l
plrtneaolrp`l.

Garklo`ÿe dnc gruta9 Cas grutas qun dnr`vle dn uel gcar oae ue saca
olrpnca,
olrpnca, kaea
kaeaolrpn
olrpnclr
clr sn dnea
dneak`el
k`ele
e kaea
kaeaolrp`o
olrp`oa.
a. Nink
Ninkpca
pca (o`ru
(o`runcl,
ncl,
durlzea nto.).

 \un cas olrpncas nstàe ue`das (garkleda ue ùe`oa avlr`a qun prav`nen
dn ue h`enona
h`enona hlkaolrpncl). _n dneak`el grutas pac`oìrp`oas9 ninkp
ninkpca9
ca9
cl uvl, takltn, elrleil y m`w`.
 

 
 

J@JC@AHZLG@L
 _taen _.C. & D.I.H`ggard. <008. _truoturlc led j`aofnk`olc oflehns `e
Cajcaccy p`en (R`eus tlndl C.) snnds dur`eh hnrk`elt`ae led nlrcy-snndc`eh
hrawtf. @. _tarlhn pratn`e rnsnrvns. @et.I.Rclet._o`. <>69 8:8-8?8.

 Wlccl I.I. y Klrt`e K.N. <087. Cl snk`ccl y cl pcìetucl dnc `rupà (W`otar`l
oruz`lel D'Arj.)(Eykpflnlonln). Dlrw`e`lel :29 ?0<-428.

 _trlsjurhnr, N. <004. Trltlda dn Jatìe`ol. 6.ª nd`o`ÿe. Aknhl,

Jlroncael, <266 p.