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PLJY 9 : 5 pr`s`lt p`rf`et8 J‚v` c``l g`r` mr …
9 pnst sjbpd`8 J wns cmrl jl …
0 amjla tm fmr futur` pdnls8 J‚b amjla tm vjsjt by uled` …

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PL JY 0 >> ^P@UYJML QMSIU
0 > Qgnt 3 Qgm 5 Qg`r` 9 Qg`l 0 Gmw 6 Qgy

PLJY 6 >9 NPWJDJNSZ V@SCU

6 > im 3 im`s 5 iji 9 iml‚t 0 im`sl‚t 6 ijil‚t 1 Nr`
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PLJY 1 >6 VMENCPDNSZ

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fmmi8 tmbntm, suanr, pnstn
PLJY 7 >: hmcs8 sgmp nssjstnlt, dnwy`r, imetmr
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PLJY >3 3: 5
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 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >.> p>37―>3:
N > Gmw bnly 3 Qgm 5 Qgnt/Qgjeg 9 Qgnt 0 Qg`l
6 Qg`r` 1 Qgjeg 7 Gmw
C > `) 3 c) 5 g) 9  ) 0 e) 6 i) 1 n) 7 a)
E > Gmw bueg im`s tgjs emst=
3 Im ymu gnv`/Gnv` ymu amt nly crmtg`rs mr sjst`rs=
5
9 Qgntmf`l
Gmw `l im`s
tjb`
mf im ymutg`pdny
﬎dbmmtcndd=
stnrt=
0 Qgm js ymur l`w t`neg`r=
6 Im ymu wnlt
wnlt tm emb` nli gnv` n pjzzn=
1 Qgy iml‚t ymu djo` arnbbnr=
7 Qg`r` iji ymu am ml gmdjiny dnst y`nr=

Up`nomut [r`-jlt`rb`ijnt` Nlsw`r O`y © [`nrsml @iuentjml Djbjt`i 3;>1 >

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@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@ NLUQ@S O@Z >

0C C
> Gmw bnly p`mpd` nr` jl ymur nbjdy= r`audnr8 djo`i, i`eji`i, trj`i
3 Gmw mf`l im ymu s`` ymur pnr`lts= jrr`audnr8 w`lt, `dd, amt, snji
5 Im ymu `lhmy sp`lijla tjb` wjtg ymur nbjdy= l`antjv`8 ijil‚t
9 Qg`l wns ymur dnst nbjdy e`d`crntjml= qu`stjml8 Iji
0 Qgm im ymu djv` wjtg= sgmrt nlsw`r8 ijil‚t
6 Gmw mf`l im ymu `nt mut wjtg rj`lis=
1 Qg`r` im`s ymur c`st rj`li djv`= 0C
/i/8 sbjd`i, stuij`i
E /t/8 wmro`i, stmpp`i, wndo`i, tndo`i, g`dp`i
U`` @x 0C ncmv`. /ɨi/8 wnlt`i, l``i`i, i`eji`i

U[@NOJLA  DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >.3 p>37―>3:
6N
N 3 snw 5 amt 9 ol`w 0 `bnjd`i 6 `dd 1 i`eji`i
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
7 nso`i : nrrjv`i >; snji >> amt
Gmdjinys
C > tnuagt 3 iji, armw up 5 b`t 9 ijil‚t a`t ml
Gmw dmla im ymu usunddy am ml gmdjiny mr=
0 d`f, amt 6 djv`i, ijil‚t s`` 1 Iji, `lhmy 7 ijil‚t gnv`
Qgm im ymu usunddy am wjtg=/Qgm im ymu djo` amjla wjtg=
: ﬎ljsg`i >; stuij`i
Qgnt im ymu djo` imjla=
Qg`r` im ymu djo` amjla=
Qg`r` im ymu wnlt tm am ml ymur l`xt gmdjiny= 6N
Q``o`li > snw 3 w`lt 5 stny`i 9 w`lt 0 emmo`i 6 sp`lt
Qgnt im ymu usunddy im/djo` imjla nt tg` w``o`li=
Qg`r` im ymu (djo` tm) am= C
Im ymu `v`r/usunddy/mf`l (gnv` tm) wmro mr stuiy= > Qg`l iji ymu dnst s`` ymur c`st rj`li=
Qgnt tjb` im ymu usunddy a`t up= 3 Qg`l iji ymu dnst am tm n w`iijla=
5 Qg`l iji ymu dnst stny up ndd ljagt=
9 Qg`l iji ymu dnst am ml gmdjiny=
0 Qg`l iji ymu dnst emmo n b`nd (mr (smb`) rj`lis/smb`ml`)=
>.3 YSP@ DMV@ 6 Qg`l iji ymu dnst sp`li tg` iny wjtg ymur sjst`r/crm
sjst`r/crmtg`r/
tg`r/
cmyrj`li/`te.=
U[@NOJLA
QSJYJLA DJLOJLA QMSIU
>
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 7N
3 nt wmro/emdd`a`, jl educs/smej`tj`s, pdnyjla spmrts, nt pnrtj`s, nt > e) nli 3 i) c`enus` 5 c) sm 9 n) cut
rj`lis‚ gmus`s
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VMENCPDNSZ S@DNYJMLUGJ[U > c`enus` 3 nli 5 cut 9 sm

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1, 0, 3, 7, >, 6, 9, 5 3N
> emlv`rsntjml 3 t`dds 5 jlt`rrupt 9 snyjla 0 amssjp 6 hmo`
DJUY@LJLA 1 tndo
5N
Utmry >8 Yg` bnl put tg` `lana`b`lt rjla jl tg` wmbnl‚s sndni cut C
Yg` nrtjed` tndos ncmut tg` ojlis m prmcd`bs ymu enl gnv` wg`l
sg` ijil‚t s`` jt nli put jt jl g`r bmutg. tryjla tm gnv` n emlv`rsntjm
emlv`rsntjml
l wjtg smb`ml`.
Utmry 38 Yg`y w`lt ml n ijv` nli tg` bnl prmpms`i tm tg` wmbnl
uli`rwnt`r. FPLEYJML BNOJLA EMLV@SUNYJML
Utmry 58 Yg` bnl bni` n vji`m m gjb prmpmsjla tm gjs ajrdrj`li nli
put jt ml ZmuYuc`. 5N
Emlv`rsntjml
Emlv`rsntjml 3 js c`tt`r c`enus` jt ffimws bmr` `nsjdy nli cmtg
C sp`no`rs smuli jlt`r`st`i.
> jl n r`stnurnlt
3 Ug` put tg` rjla jl g`r bmutg nli l`nrdy swnddmw`i jt. C
5 @aypt > [d`ns`i 3 dmv` 5 rmb 9 dmv`dy 0 MO 6 t`rrjcd` 1 smml
9 Ug` snji y`s.
0 G` bni` n twm-bjlut` ZmuYuc` vji`m m gjb prmpmsjla nli s`lt 9
g`r n djlo. Utui`lt N qu`stjmls/Utui`lt C nlsw`rs
6 Ug` bni` n vji`m m g`rs`d snyjla y`s. > N8 Qmudi ymu djo` n irjlo=
C8 J‚i dmv` nl mrnla` huje`, pd`ns`.
E 3 N8 Iji ymu wnteg tg` bnteg dnst ljagt=
> Utmry > 3 Utmry 3 5 Utmry 5 9 Utmry 3 0 Utmry 5 6 Utmry > C8 Z`s, jt wns crjddjnlt.
5 N8 Lje` iny, jsl‚t jt=
ASNBBNS [NUY UJB[D@ C8 Z`s, jt‚s dmv`dy.
dmv` dy.
9 N8 Im ymu wmro g`r`=
9N C8 Lm, J‚b n stui`lt.
> w`r` (J) 3 ijil‚t sny (J), anv` (J) 5 b`t (J)
9 sbjd`i (S) 0 nee`pt`i (S), ijil‚t t`dd (J) 6 trj`i (J)

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Utui`lt C qu`stjmls/Utui`lt N nlsw`rs C

> C8 Ygjs js by rj`li, [`t`. J‚v` olmwl _lnb`R mr …
N8 Gj, [`t`. [d`ns`i tm b``t ymu. Q` b`t …
3 C8 Iji ymu gnv` n ammi w``o`li= Q` a`t ml r`nddy w`dd _c`enus` …R …
N8 Z`s, tgnlos. J ijil‚t im bueg.
Q`‚v` amt dmts m tgjlas jl embbml …
5 C8 Qg`r` `xnetdy nr` ymu rmb=
Yg` mldy prmcd`b wjtg _lnb`R js …
N8 J‚b rmb Ymd`im, l`nr Bnirji.
G`/Ug`‚s n ar`nt p`rsml.
9 C8 J‚dd s`` ymu dnt`r.
N8 Z`s, s`` ymu smml.
wrjt`cneo
wrjt`cneo n embp`tjtjml `ltry
 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >.5 p>37―>3: 1N

N 3 Gj. [d`ns`i tm olmw b``t ymu. Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8

5 Im Qmudi ymu djo` n irjlo= Ug` js ndwnys tg`r` mr b`.
9 Qg`r` `xnetdy im ymu emb` rmb= Ug` gns g`dp`i b` tgrmuag smb` ijſteudt tjb`s.
0 Iji ymu gnv` n ammi w``o`li= Q` olmw `v`rytgjla tg`r` js tm olmw ncmut `neg mtg`r.
6 J‚dd s`` ymu dnt`r. J enl tndo tm Hudj` ncmut nlytgjla.
C > [d`ns`i tm b``t ymu. Ug` wjdd c` n rj`li mr`v`r.
3 J wmudi dmv` n em﬋``.
5 Um, wgnt im ymu im=
9
0
J‚dd s`` ymu dnt`r.
dnt`r.
Qg`r` `xnetdy im ymu emb` rmb=
>.0 DMMOCNEO
6 U`` ymu smml.
FS@@ YJB@
>N
YJ[ > gnv` 3 m﬋ 5 sp`li 9 sp`lijla 0 `nt 6 am
Emlv`rsntjml >
Um, wmudi ymu djo` n irjlo, Sneg`d= ^P@UYJML FMSBU
Um, wg`r` `xnetdy im ymu emb` rmb= 3
Emlv`rsntjml 3 Gmw mdi nr` ymu=
Um, iji ymu gnv` n ammi w``o`li= Qg`r` w`r` ymu cmrl=
Um, iji ymu wnteg tg` bnteg dnst ljagt= Nr` ymu bnrrj`i=
Qgnt js ymur niir`ss=
Qgnt js ymur t`d`pgml` lubc`r=
>.9 UMB@ML@ U[@EJND Gnv` ymu amt n bmcjd` pgml` lubc`r=
Qgnt js ymur `bnjd niir`ss=
Qgnt im ymu im=
IVI [S@VJ@Q Im ymu gnv`/Gnv` ymu amt nly gmccj`s=
>C
5N
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
> Bjrnlin ndwnys pnljes wg`l g`r cmyrj`li snys ‗J dmv` ymu‚ nli
dmv`8 Gnv` ymu amt n ajrdrj`li/cmyrj`li= Qg`l iji ymu b``t=
im`sl‚t olmw wgnt tm sny.
gmb`8 Qg`r` im ymu djv`=
3 Ug` bjagt c` ule`rtnjl m g`r ``djlas nli/mr jt bjagt c`
fnbjdy8 Gmw bnly p`mpd` nr` tg`r` jl ymur nbjdy= Gnv` ymu amt nly
smb`tgjla tm im wjtg g`r mdi rj`li, Anry.
egjdir`l=
wmro8 Qg`r` im ymu wmro= Im ymu `lhmy ymur hmc=
IVI VJ@Q fmmi8 Im ymu djo` emmojla= Im ymu `nt hulo mmi=
3N gmdjinys8 Qg`r` im ymu usunddy am ml gmdjiny=

Ug` enl‚t sny ‗J dmv` ymu‚ tm Bjo` c`enus` sg`‚s jl dmv` wjtg Anry. Ug` S@DNYJMLUGJ[U
l``is tm wmro mut gmw tm `li g`r r`dntjmlsgjp wjtg Bjo`.

C 9C
3 n) 5 `) 9 c) 0 i) 6 ) J b`t Dnydn nt n bnro`t. Ug` wns s`ddjla cr`ni. Q` stnrt`i egnttjla
egnttjla
nli amt ml w`dd. Nt tg` tjb` J ijil‚t gnv` n ajrdrj`li, sm J nso`i g`r ml
5C n int`. Q` w`lt tm n dmend cno`ry! Q` smml `dd jl dmv` nli J prmpms`i
> Bjo` ― tm Bjrnlin tm g`r nf`r n bmltg. J gji tg` rjla jl n pj`e` m eno`. Fmrtulnt`dy,
3 tg` bnl ― tm Bjrnlin sg` nee`pt`i, nli sg` ijil‚t `nt tg` rjla! Jt wns n ammi wny tm a`t
5 Ut`vj` ― tm Bjrnlin `lana`i. N w``o dnt`r w` amt bnrrj`i.
9 Bjrnlin ― tm g`r rj`lis (Ut`vj` nli tg` bnl)
0 Anry ― tm Bjrnlin [NUY UJB[D@
6 Bjrnlin ― tm Ut`vj`
0N
sp`nomu
sp`nomutt n sp`ejnd p`rsml > Qg`r` iji
iji ymu
ymu am=
3 Qgy iji ymu am tg`r`=
5 Iji ymu stny jl n gmt`d=
6N
9 Qgnt iji ymu im iurjla tg` iny=
> Yg`y b`t nt segmmd.
0 Iji ymu am mut jl tg` `v`ljlas=
3 Yg`y a`t ml r`nddy w`dd? tg`y‚v` amt dmts m tgjlas jl embbml? tg`
sp`no`r tgjlos sg` enl r`dy ml Bjeg`dd` nli tgnt Bjeg`dd` js n ar`nt 6 Qgnt
1 Qns tg` w`ntg`riji
dnlauna` gmt=
ymu sp`no=
p`rsml? tg`y gnv` n r`nd dnuag tma`tg`r.
7 Iji ymu bno` nly l`w rj`lis=
5 Ug`‚s n cjt embp`tjtjv`.

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BNOJLA EMLV@SUNYJML Emlv`rsntjml 0

N8 Iji ymu gnv` n ammi w``o`li=
1N C8 Z`s, jt wns MO. J ijil‚t im bueg.
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 Emlv`rsntjml 6
Emlv`rsntjml > N8 Iji ymu wnteg tg` bnteg dnst ljagt=
N8 Gj, (lnb`). Lje` iny, jsl‚t jt= C8 Z`s, jt wns t`rrjcd`.
C8 Z`s, jt‚s dmv`dy.
dmv`d y. Emlv`rsntjml 1
Emlv`rsntjml 3 N8 Q` dmst 5―;.
N8 Ygjs js by rj`li (lnb`). C8 Mg lm! J‚b smrry tm g`nr tgnt.
C8 Gj. [d`ns`i tm b``t ymu. Emlv`rsntjml 7
Emlv`rsntjml 5 N8 J‚dd s`` ymu dnt`r.
N8 Um, im ymu wmro g`r`= C8 Z`s, s`` ymu smml.
C8 Lm, J‚b n stui`lt.
Emlv`rsntjml 9
N8 Qg`r` `xnetdy im ymu emb` rmb=
C8 J‚b rmb S`nijla.

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@IJYJM L [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@ NLUQ@S O@Z

3.> YG@ EMB[NLZ 9 P= QSJYJLA UYNSYJLA/@LIJLA NL @BNJD

VMENCPDNSZ QMSO
3N
> embpnly 3 eustmb`r 5 cmlus 9 m
6 tnso 1 cmss 7 stn
﬎e` 0 `bpdmy``
m﬎e`
stn : sndnry >; `bpdmy`r
:N
Fmrbnd8 I`nr Ujr, I`nr Ir Crye`, J nb wrjtjla ncmut, S`anrijla,
C`st wjsg`s, J dmmo mrwnri tm g`nrjla rmb ymu, C`st r`anris,
Zmurs sjle`r`dy
Jlfmrbnd8 Gj, G`ddm, I`nr Ndd, Gj `v`ryml`, Jt‚s ncmut, U`` ymu smml,
3
Cy` mr lmw, Up`no smml, Yno` enr`, Eg``rs, Dmv`
DJUY@LJLA C

wm
Ug` i`sjals npps.
9N
N Zngmm `bpdmy``s gnv` n r`` cus rji` tm wmro.

ro
E
C Zngmm `bpdmy``s wnteg ﬎dbs tma`tg`r mle` n bmltg. Bmi`d nlsw`r8
E [mltjffi`x prmvji`s n lnp rmmb mr jts `bpdmy``s.
I`nr Br Cndjo,
I Nt ml` embpnly, tg` cmss wrjt`s tgnlo-ymu lmt`s tm `bpdmy``s.
By lnb` js [ntrjejn Amlznd`z. J nb rmb V`l`zu`dn, cut J nb djvjla
C jl Dmliml nt tg` bmb`lt.
Nt Zngmm tg`r`‚s n i`ltjst nli n gnjrir`ss`r nt tg` mſte`. Nt J nb wrjtjla ncmut ymur niv`rtjs`b`lt mr wmro `xp`rj`le`.
Ammad` duleg js r`` nli ymu enl a`t n eg`np bnssna` nt tg` J nb tw`lty y`nrs mdi nli J nb stuiyjla jliustrjnd i`sjal nt tg`
mſte`. Nt nlmtg`r embpnly tg` stn﬋ im`s n hmc swnp twm inys n Smynd Emdd`a` m Nrt jl Dmliml.
y`nr. Emudi ymu s`li b` smb` jlmrbntjml ncmut ymur wmro `xp`rj`le`
prmarnbb`=
0N
> egmmsjla n EI 3 stuiyjla 5 eg`eojla `bnjds J dmmo mrwnri tm g`nrjla rmb ymu.
Zmurs sjle`r`dy,
C [ntrjejn Amlznd`z
> Yg` `bpdmy``s nt tg` busje sgmp a`t r`` em﬋`` nt Ojlom‚s.
Yg` `bpdmy``s nt Ojlom‚s a`t ml` r`` EI n w``o rmb tg`
busje sgmp.
3 Jt pnys mr `bpdmy``s tm im emurs`s. 3.3 N SJUOZ CPUJL@UU
5 C`enus` tg` embpnly gns ffi`xjcd` gmurs.
HMCU
ASNBBNS [S@U@LY UJB[D@ NLI EMLYJLPMPU VMENCPDNSZ
>C
6N N nsgjml i`sjal`r C r`seu` wmro`r E bmtmreyed` emurj`r
> n) 3 c) 5 n) 9 c) I snd`s r`p @ JY emlsudtnlt F mr`jal emrr`spmli`lt
A p`rsmlnd trnjl`r
C
> n) nli c) 3 e) nli i)
YJ[
snd`s r`p, nsgjml i`sjal`r
i`sjal`r,, JY emlsudtnlt, mr`jal emrr`spmli`lt,
 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 3.> p>5;―>5> p`rsmlnd trnjl`r, r`seu` wmro`r, bmtmreyed` emurj`r
N > jsl‚t 3 ‚s wmrojla 5 ‚b pdnyjla 9 im, olmw
0 nr`, w`nrjla 6 iml‚t `nt 1 ‚b wnjtjla
 [GMYM
[GMYMCNLO
CNLO p>03
C > Hmgl wmros jl snd`s nli g` js amjla am`s tm tg` mſte`
`v`ry iny nt 7n.b. > > [ 3 J 5 @ 9 A 0 H 6 C 1 G 7 M : B >; I
3 Yg` l`w `bpdmy`` snys sg`‚s `jagt``l, cut J‚b lmt >> O >3 L >5 D >9 E >0 F >6 N
c`dj`vjla J iml‚t c`dj`v` jt.
9 Iml‚t cuy n cmttd` m wjl` mr g`r. Ug` jsl‚t irjlojla 3N
im`sl‚t irjlo ndemgmd. > a`t 3 wmro 5 rjso 9 i`nd wjtg
0 J enl‚t sp`no Egjl`s`, cut by rj`li t`neg`s ‚s t`negjla 5N
b`.
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a`t tm wmro. hmc8 N bmultnjl r`seu` wmro`r C bmtmrcjo` emurj`r E hmeo`y
5 J iml‚t us` @ladjsg mr by hmc. J‚b lmt usjla tg` pgmtmempj`r nt emultry8 N Nustrjn C Crnzjd E Frnle`
tg` bmb`lt. p`mpd` jlt`rvj`w`i8
9 Im ymu wnteg tg` l`ws ml YV `v`ry iny= Nr` ymu wntegjla YV N Bnrtjl Uegbjit, `b`ra`ley
`b`ra`ley imetmr? Bnrjus Nid`r,
Nid`r, pnrnb`ije?
rjagt lmw= Odnus Gnrtbnll, g`djempt`r pjdmt
0 J‚b lmt r`nijla nly ammi cmmos nt tg` bmb`lt. J iml‚t r`ni n C Smc`rtm Em`dgm,
Em`dgm, bmtmrcjo`
bmtmrcjo` emurj`r? enr irjv`rs
l`wspnp`r `v`ry bmrljla. E Vjle`lt Inx, hmeo`y
6 Nr` ymu gnvjla n ammi tjb` nt tgjs pnrty= Im ymu gnv` n wgy tg` hmc js inla`rmus
inla`rmus88
embpnly enr= N cni w`ntg`r emlijtjmls?
emlijtjmls? p`mpd` mf`l pnlje,
pnlje, wgjeg bno`s tg`
1 J‚b s`ddjla by gmus`. J s`dd JY prmiuets tm embpnlj`s jl Nsjn. t`nb‚s hmc bmr` ijſteudt/inla`rmus
C neeji`lts nli rmcc`rj`s
rmcc`rj`s
7N
E crmo`l cml`s
cml`s nli meensjmlnd
meensjmlnd i`ntgs
3 Im ymu sp`no nly mtg`r dnlauna`s=
5 Qgy nr` ymu d`nrljla @ladjsg= sp`ejnd b`bmrj`s/st
b`bmrj`s/stmrj`s8
mrj`s8
9 Nr` ymu stuiyjla mr nl `xnb lmw= N Yg`y mle` r`seu`i n wmbnl nf`r n sojjla
sojjla neeji`lt. G`r
0 Nr` ymu wmrojla ml n sp`ejnd prmh`et nt tg` bmb`lt= guscnli crmuagt tg`b n cmx m egmemdnt`s tm sny tgnlo ymu.
6 Im ymu gnv` ymur mwl mſte`= C G` wns rmcc`i
rmcc`i nli dmst `v`rytgjla.
`v`rytgjla.
1 Im ymu djo` ymur cmss= E G` mle` `dd m﬋ gjs gmrs` nli wns olmeo`i
olmeo`i ulemlsejmus.

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emlijtjmls? mf`l, tg` p`mpd` tg`y r`seu` nr` rjagt`l`i? meensjmlnddy,
tg`y a`t n surprjs`? Yg` p`mpd` tg`y r`seu` … gnridy `v`r sny tgnlo 3.9 IS@NB EMBBPY@SU
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9 Lnhjb im`sl‚t mf`l pdny t`lljs. Hustjl‚s dj` js c`tt`r
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gnppj`r..
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C
6 Qgy nr` ymu ndwnys
ndwnys dnt`=
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1 J rnr`dy wmro dnt` ml Frjinys.
7 Bnry gnridy `v`r
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wjtg eustmb`rs.
eustmb`rs. 9
: Meensjmlnddy,, J wmro jl n t`nb./J meensjmlnddy
Meensjmlnddy meensjmlnddy wmro jl n t`nb./
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> J ndwnys wmro nt ljagt. ^u`stjml8
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9 J wmro nt gmb` meensjmlnddy. Gmw bueg tjb` im ymu sp`li … (sd``pjla/r`dnxjla/embbutjla)=
(sd``pjla/r`dnxjla/embbutjla)=
0 Jt js smb`tjb`s ijſteudt tm stuiy nli wmro nt tg` snb` tjb`. Im ymu `v`r … (gnv` n gmdjiny)=
6 J iml‚t usunddy bjss ednss`s c`enus` m wmro. Qgnt ncmut ymur … (smejnd dj`/w``o`lis)=

wrjt`cneo
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I J‚b amjla tm tg` ejl`bn
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0N
> Q`‚r` amjla tm tg` ejl`bn ml Frjiny.
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3 Nr` ymu amjla tm stny nt gmb` tgjs `v`ljla= 9
5 Ug` jsl‚t wmrojla tgjs w``o`li. > n) 3 c) 5 mch`et qu`stjmls
9 Qgnt tjb` nr` w` b``tjla tmbmrrmw=
0 J‚b amjla tm wnteg n/tg` mmtcndd bnteg dnt`r.  DNLAPNA@
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6 Yg`y‚r` amjla mut mr n pjzzn ml Unturiny.
N 3 Qgm im`s r`ni r`nis tg` bmst jl ymur nbjdy=
QSJYJLA JLVJYNYJMLU 5 Qgm c` js/wns ymur nvmurjt` wrjt`r=
0 Qgnt iji c` wns ymur nvmurjt` cmmo wg`l ymu w`r` n egjdi=
1N 6 Qgm iji wrjt` wrmt` jt=
> Gj Umljn ― J‚b amjla tm c` jl … 1 Gmw mf`l im ymu r`ni ml tg` jlt`rl`t=
3 Ar`nt tm g`nr rmb ymu. J‚b smrry, cut … C > Qgnt emdmur wns
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9 J‚i dmv` tm. Umulis ar`nt! … X`pp`djl)
5 Qgms` gmb` wns Arne`dnli=
Arne`dnli= (@dvjs [r`sd`y‚s
[r`sd`y‚s))
C 9 Qgjeg emultry iji Ij`am
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(B`xjem)
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ijll`r= 6 Qgjeg pnjlt`r jlv`lt`i
jlv`lt`i Eucjsb= ([ncdm
([ncdm [jenssm/A`mra`s
r`spmls`s8 J‚b smrry, cut J‚b cusy. J‚i dmv` tm. Crnqu`)

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9 Gmw mf`l im ymu am tm nrt andd`rj`s nli/mr bus`ubs= 5 Yg` dmends t`dd gjb tm am tm tg` sup`rbnro`t Nbnzml tm ﬎li `xmtje
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1 Gmw bueg YV im ymu wnteg= egmemdnt`.
7 Gmw mf`l im ymu wnteg mr pdny spmrts= 0 Yg` b`l djo` tm pdny r`semcndd jl tg` pnro ml tg` c`neg.
6 Yg`y pdny busje wjtg n dmend cnli ml tg` str``t jl n puc/cnr/educ.

5.5 ENL J YNO@ N B@UUNA@= sp`nomu

sp`nomutt n iny jl ymur
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tg` pgml` imwl > Q`‚r` amjla tm …
3 Jt‚s amjla tm c` …
FPLEYJML BNOJLA N [GML@ ENDD 5 Q`‚r` stnrtjla tg` iny …
9 Jl tg` nf`rlmml, w`‚r` pdnlljla tm …
5N 0 Jl tg` `v`ljla, w`‚r` …
Endd`r > wnlts tm cmmo n tncd`. 6 Nf`rwnris, mr duleg, w`‚r` …
Endd`r 3 wnlts tm egnla` tg` int` m tjeo`ts cmmo`i mr n sgmw.
Endd`r 5 js jlvjtjla n rj`li mr ijll`r.
Endd`r 9 wnlts tm enle`d ijll`r. 5.0 DMMOCNEO
C
> mur, : m‚edmeo 3 Ojla, >9 Hul` 5 7.5;, Unturiny 9 ijll`r
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>
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3 Nr` ymu imjla nlytgjla sp`ejnd tgjs w``o`li=
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5 Qgm js emmojla ymur ijll`r tgjs `v`ljla=
N8 Invji sp`nojla. 9 Qg`l nr` ymu amjla ml gmdjiny=
C8 G`ddm, jt‚s Bnro Hmglsml. 0 Qgjeg ejty nr` ymu l`xt amjla tm vjsjt/nr` ymu amjla tm vjsjt l`xt=
N8 Gmw enl J g`dp ymu, Br Hmglsml=
Hmglsml= 6 Qgnt nr` ymu amjla tm im nf`r tg` d`ssml=
C8 J‚i djo` tm sp`no tm Unrn Ymrr`s, pd`ns`.
N8 J‚b nrnji sg`‚s lmt g`r` nt tg` bmb`lt. ^P@UYJMLU QJYGMPY NPWJDJNSJ@U
C8 Enl J d`nv`
d`nv` n b`ssna`=
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N8 Z`s, m emurs`. 9N
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N8 Lm prmcd`b. 5 Qgjeg >:10 ^u``l ndcub jledui`s tg` smla Cmg`bjnl Sgnpsmiy=
C8 By lubc`r js ;316 160506. 9 Qgm wns n murtg ar`nt S`lnjssnle` pnjlt`r, c`sji`s D`mlnrim,
N8 Enl ymu r`p`nt
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pd`ns`= Bjeg`dnla`dm nli Yjtjnl=
C8 ;316 160506. 0 Qgjeg ‗Hmgl‚ wml nl Msenr mr gjs smla Enl ymu f``d tg` dmv` tmljagt
N8 MO. Ygnlos mr enddjla.
enddjla. rmb Yg` Djml Ojla=
C8 Cy`. 6 Qgjeg Cmc Bnrd`y smla jledui`s tg` wmris D`t‚s a`t tma`tg`r nli
f``d ndrjagt=
1 Qgjeg wnt`ry Jtndjnl ejty gns nl jlt`rlntjmlnd nrt `xgjcjtjml `v`ry
D@NSL YM BNLNA@ [GML@ [SMCD@B
[SMCD@BU
U twm y`nrs=
7 Qgjeg b`bc`r m tg` Ijml nbjdy smdi 3;; bjddjml r`emris c`mr`
6N 3;;1=
c) 5 e) 0 i) > `) 9 : Qgms` gjt smlas jledui` J‚b djo` n cjri , [rmbjseumus nli Bnl`nt`r=
1C E
> Umrry, enl ymu sdmw imwl, pd`ns`= 3 S`nanl 5 N Ljagt nt tg` Mp`rn 9 Snpgn`d 0 @dtml
3 Umrry, enl ymu sp`no up, pd`ns`= 6 Ml` Dmv` 1 V`lje` 7 Eêdjl` : L`ddy Furtnim
5 Enl ymu r`p`nt tgnt, pd`ns`=
9 Enl J hust eg`eo= BNOJLA N [GML@ ENDD
0N
> jt‚s 3 enl 5 djo` 9 g`r` 0 cneo

C
> tgjs 3 cusy 5 d`nv` 9 b`ssna` 0 endd

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@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@ NLUQ@S O@Z

9.> GJI
GJII@L
I@L YND@LY
YND@LY 9.3
9.3 UEGMM
UEGMMDDU MF YGMPAGY
VMENCPDNSZ
>N
BNO@ NLI IM

(tmp tm cmttmb, d`f tm rjagt)

VMENCPDNSZ @IPENYJML
3N
> stuiy 3 pdny 5 bno` 9 im/tno` 0 ajv` 6 w`nr
9
im n prmh`et wjtg n cja t`nb, im w`dd/cnidy jl nl `xnb, bno`
n pgml` endd, im cusjl`ss jl nlmtg`r dnlauna`, bno` n sp``eg, S@NIJLA
bno` n b`nd
5C
ASNBBNS [S@U@LY [@SF@EY + @V@S/L@V@S n) 5 c) > e) 3
r`
a
n
3N ASNBBNS ENL, GNV@ YM, BPUY
tg` pr`s`lt p`r`et nli pnst sjbpd` (nli ml` `xnbpd` m tg`

t
pr`s`lt sjbpd`) 9
lmt pmssjcd`/lmt nddmw`i8 enl‚t, bustl‚t?
C l`e`ssnry8 gnv` tm, bust?

b
> ^u`stjmls8 Gnv` ymu `v`r bni` n sp``eg jl pucdje= Gnv` ymu lmt l`e`ssnry8 iml‚t gnv` tm
`v`r bni` rj`lis wjtg smb`ml` rmb nlmtg`r emultry=
Fmrb8 gnv` ymu (`v`r) + pnst pnrtjejpd`
3 U`lt`le`s8 G` b`t n wmbnl rmb Egjd` jl 3;>9. Jl net, tg`y  DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 9.3 p>59―>50

jl
amt bnrrj`i n w``o nam! N > gnv` tm 3 enl 5 enl‚t 9 gnv` tm 0 enl 6 bustl‚t
V`rc t`ls`8 pnst sjbpd` 1 enl‚t 7 iml‚t gnv` tm
5 Lm, l`v`r. Z`s, J gnv`. Lm, J gnv`l‚t. C > enl 3 iml‚t gnv` tm 5 bust/gnv` tm 9 enl

i
0 im`sl‚t gnv` tm 6 enl‚t/bustl‚t 1 gns tm/bust
 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 9.> p>59―>50 7 enl‚t/bustl‚
enl‚t/bustl‚tt

N > Gnv` ymu

ymu `v`r snw s``l tg` ﬎db Yjtnlje=
0C

s
3 Ywm inys nam sg`‚s c``l w`lt tm n bus`ub.
5 Plmrtulnt`dy,
Plmrtul nt`dy, w` gnv` `v`r
`v`r l`v`r wml tg` dmtt`ry. > iml‚t gnv` tm
9 Gns sg` `v`r vjsjt`i ymu= 3 iml‚t gnv` tm
0 J gnv`l‚t b``t b`t ymur crmtg`r. 5 enl
6 Jl 3;>>, tg`y‚v` trnv`dd`i tm A`l`vn. 9 gnv` tm/bust
1 Gnv` ymu s``l Iji ymu s`` tgnt YV prmarnbb` dnst 0 enl
Q`il`siny= 6 gnv` tm/bust
7 G` gns l`v`r pdny`i n busjend jlstrub`lt. 1 bustl‚t/enl‚t
7 bustl‚t/enl‚t
C > Gnv` ymu `v`r iml` 3 ‚s wmro`i 5 vjsjt`i
: enl‚t
9 Gns g` bni` 0 gnv`l‚t g`nri 6 nt`
>; enl
6
5N Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
> wns 3 Gnv` ymu `v`r wrjtt`l 5 ‚v` l`v`r `nt`l 9 ﬎ljsg`i
Ujbjdnrjtj`s8 Utui`lts gnv` tm stuiy. Yg`y enl tno` `xnbs/a`t
0 Gnv` ymu `v`r c``l 6 ﬎ljsg`i
qundj﬎entjmls.
9N Ij﬋`r`le`s8 Gmb`-segmmdjla8 Utui`lts enl stuiy wg`l tg`y
o``p ― o`pt, bno` ― bni`, irjv` ― irjv`l, im ― iml`, ffiy ― ffimwl, wnlt tm. Nt lmrbnd segmmd tg`y gnv` tm stuiy wg`l tg` segmmd
emb` ― emb`, ermss ― ermss`i, ajv` ― ajv`l, swjb ― swub, sd``p ― i`eji`s tg`y sgmudi. Nt gmb` tg`y iml‚t gnv` tm w`nr n uljmrb.
sd`pt, dms` ― dmst, wjl ― wml, pny ― pnji, armw ― armwl Nt segmmd tg`y gnv` tm w`nr n uljmrb. Nt gmb` tg`y enl us` tg`jr
bmcjd` pgml`s. Nt segmmd tg`y enl‚t us` tg`jr bmcjd` pgml`s. Nt
C segmmd tg`y gnv` n vnrj`ty m t`neg`rs. Nt gmb` tg`y prmcncdy
o`pt, sd`pt /`/? bni`, pnji /`ɨ/? irjv`l, ajv`l /ɨ/? iml`, wml /ʄ/? mldy gnv` ml` t`neg`r (n pnr`lt).
ffimwl, armwl /ɚʈ/? emb`, swub /ʄ/? ermss`i, dmst /ɓ/

DJUY@LJLA 9.5
9.5 QGNY UGMPDI J IM=
0N
> emmojla VMENCPDNSZ DNLAPNA@ D@NSLJLA
3 Jl gjs tw`ltj`s? g` stnrt`i tm bno` b`nds mr gjs rj`lis.
3N
5 G` stnrt`i s`ddjla mmi tm gjs emdd`nau`s nli tg`l mp`l`i n
> c) 3 n) 5 `) 9 a) 0 e) 6 ) 1 i)
enê jl tg` mſte`.
C FPLEYJML AJVJLA NIVJE@
> `lhmy`i 3 bno` 5 s`dd 9 im 0 Gnv` 6 bni`
0N
> tgjlo 3 Fjli n cusjl`ss w`csjt`/Qrjt` tg`b jl n lmt`cmmo
QSJYJLA EMSS@EYJLA BJUYNO@U 5 dmmo tg`b up 9 wmrry 0 iml‚t, us` 6 ji`n
1N
By tnd`lt js tgnt J enl sjla r`nddy w`dd. J‚v` ndwnys djo` djo`i (ar) C
busje_.RR (p) J sjla ndd ojlis m smlas, jleduijla rmeo, pmp nli
busje_. >, 5, 0 nli 9, 6 gnv` tg` snb` b`nljla.
ednssjend busje_.R (p) J ﬎rst ijsemv`r`i tgjs ncjddjty ncjdjty (sp) wg`l E
J wns ymula. J mf`l djst`l`i tm busje nli snla nt tg` snb` tjb`.
Yg` d`tt`r d js sjd`lt jl sgmudi.
J‚v` imjla iml` (ar) jt bnly tjb`s nt pnrtj`s, jl rmlt m by r`jlis
frj`lis (sp), nli jl onrnmo` cnrs. Yg`r` js lm bnaje s`er`t_.R (p) J
hust djst`l enr`udy
enr`udy enr`fuddy (sp) nli nb prnetjsjla prnetjs` (ar) ml
by mwl.

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6N sp`nomu
sp`nomutt jlv`ltjmls
Utui`lts nr` tmm sgy tm sp`no jl rmlt m tg` ednss. Yg`y wmrry ncmut
bnojla bjstno`s. Yg`y gnv` prmcd`bs djst`ljla tm @ladjsg. Lntjv` 6C
sp`no`rs sp`no r`nddy nst nli jt‚s ijſteudt mr stui`lts tm uli`rstnli > b`ijejl`s (nspjrjl, nltjcjmtjes), tg` enr 3 tg` jlt`rl`t 5 tg` enr
tg`b.
E
C Us sgmudi tjeo ndd tg` pgrns`s `xe`pt Jl by mpjljml … , Ygnt‚s rjagt nli
> bnojla bjstno`s 3 pr`pnr` 5 armups 9 djst`ljla (tm @ladjsg) J nar``.
0 gnlis 6 suctjtd`s

D@NSL YM S@U[MLI YM NIVJE@

wrjt`cneo
wrjt`cneo n fmrub pmst
7N
1N
> Ygnt‚s n ammi ji`n. 3 Z`s, ymu‚r` rjagt. Yg` surv`y js ncmut tg` tmp t`l jlv`ltjmls jl gjstmry. Yg` embb`lt`r
5 J‚b lmt sur` tgnt‚s n ammi ji`n. 9 J suppms` sm. tgjlos tg` djst jledui`s jbpmrtnlt jlv`ltjmls, cut ndsm smb` strnla`
egmje`s (`.a. dnlauna` nli `d`etrjejty nr`l‚t jlv`ltjmls). G`‚s surprjs`i
C tg` tmjd`t nli prjltjla pr`ss nr`l‚t ml tg` djst. G`‚s nbnz`i tg`
>✕ 3= 5✕ 9✑ j[gml` js ml tg` djst.

 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 9.5 p>59―>50
N n) Ygnt‚s n ammi ji`n. 9.0 DMMOCNEO
c) J tgjlo w` sgmudi am mut nf`r tg` d`ssml.
e) J‚b lmt sur` c`enus` J gnv`l‚t amt bueg bml`y. BNO@ NLI IM
i) Qgy iml‚t w` am mut mr n b`nd=
>N
`) MO, d`t‚s am tm Cutd`r‚s enê mr n em﬋``.
3 bno`s 5 im`s 9 bno`s 0 im`s 6 bno`s
C c), n), i), e), `)

[NUY UJB[D@ MS [S@U@LY [@SF@EY +

7N @V@S/L@V@S
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
3N
N
C Yg` bnl `nts
G` wnteg`s tmmtmm bueg.
bueg YV. > Gnv` ymuymu `v`r swub
E Ug`‚s v`ry ﬎t nli enl rul n dmt, cut g` jsl‚t ﬎t nli a`ts tjr`i `nsjdy. 3 Iji ymu am
I Yg`y l``i tm mranljs` tg`jr sgmppjla c`tt`r. 5 J‚v` l`v`r vjsjt`i
9 J ijil‚t am mut
C 0 J‚v` djv`i
> ymu sgmudi wmro, n ammi 6 J nt`
3 sgmudil‚t sp`li, Zmu‚r`
5 Qgy iml‚t, ‚b lmt sur` tgnt‚s @IPENYJML
9 jt‚s n ammi, suppms` sm
5N
> `) 3 e) 5 a) 9 i) 0 c) 6 n) 1 )
9.9
9.9 JLV@LYJMLU ENL, GNV@ YM, BPUY
IVI [S@VJ@Q 9N
> bust 3 enl‚t 5 enl‚t 9 iml‚t gnv` tm 0 gnv` tm
3
Inddns Enbpc`dd am`s tm tg` PUN tm try mut n r`pdjen m tg` Qrjagt
crmtg`rs‚ adji`r nli s`` j g` enl ffiy jt. DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@ D@NSLJLA
5C 0N
> c) 3 i) 5 `) 9 n) 0 e) > r`-r`ni 3 mldjl` 5 suctjtd`s 9 egntrmmb 0 b`bmrjs`

IVI VJ@Q AJVJLA NIVJE@

9N 6N
> Yg` Qrjagt crmtg`rs‚
crmtg`rs‚ ﬎rst ffijagt wns jl >:;5. Jt wns ml n snli iul`. ajvjla nivje`8 (J tgjlo) ymu sgmudi … , Zmu sgmudil‚t … , Qgy iml‚t
Yg`y ffi`w >3; ``t (56 b`tr`s). Ygjs egnla`i `v`rytgjla (‗trjaa`r`i w`/ymu … =, J (iml‚t) tgjlo jt‚s n ammi ji`n tm … , Fjli/Yry/Am …
n e`ltury m jllmvntjml
jllmvntjml‚).
‚). Yg`y d`nrl`i tm rji` tg` wjli jl n sjbpd` r`spmlijla tm nivje`8 Ygnt‚s n ammi ji`n., J suppms` sm., Zmu‚r` rjagt.,
wny. J‚b lmt sur` tgnt‚s n ammi ji`n.
3 y`s
C
> >:;5 3 >3; ``t 5 n adji`r 9 pdnl`t

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0.> FNLYNUYJE FJDB YSJ[U

0
1C
3 J wns wnjtjla mr n cus wg`l J b`t by cmss.
VMENCPDNSZ YSNLU[MSY 5 J wns wntegjla YV wg`l J r`emaljs`i by c`st rj`li!
rj`li!
9 J wns wndojla gmb` wg`l J muli $0,;;; jl n cna.
0 Q` w`r` trnv`ddjla cy pdnl` wg`l n bnl wjtg n aul stmmi up.
 [GMYM
[GMYMCNLO
CNLO p>00 6 Q` w`r` rjijla mur cjeyed`s wg`l n emw wndo`i nermss tg` rmni.
> > F 3 B 5 O 9 D 0 L 6 A 1 G 7 C : @ >; H 1 Q` w`r` `ntjla jl n r`stnurnlt wg`l w` snw n bmus`.
>> J >3 I >5 E >9 N 7 J wns stuiyjla jl by rmmb wg`l J g`nri dmui busje l`xt immr.

rt
n
S@NIJLA
3 0.3 YSNV@D YJ[U
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
> N rnf C cus, wndojla, enr (p`mpd` anv` gjb rji`s)
VMENCPDNSZ YSNV@D JY@BU
v
`
E lml` (wndojla) 3N
3 N nermss nl me`nl C jltm tg` wjdi E nermss n i`s`rt Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
9
> Oml-Yjoj8 Ygmr G`y`ringd nli ﬎v` snjdmrs/`xpdmr`rs?
Jltm tg` Qjdi8 n ymula bnl endd`i
e ndd`i Egrjs BeEnlid`ss?
Snccjt-[rmmf F`le`8 tgr`` Ncmrjajl` ajrds (Bmddy, Injsy, Arnej`)
> sujtens`, ijajtnd enb`rn, sulgnt, smuv`ljrs
3 lmt`cmmo, wnt`rprmm
c`dt
wnt`rprmm edmtg`s, wndojla cmmts, rueosneo, bml`y

5 sujtens`, lmt`cmmo, ijajtnd enb`rn, bnp, cjlmeudnrs, ubcr`ddn

d
3 Oml-Yjoj8 tm prmv` jt wns pmssjcd` tm trnv`d rmb Umutg Nb`rjen
tm [mdyl`sjn usjla mldy cnsje tmmds? C
Jltm tg` Qjdi8 tm `xp`rj`le` dj` ndml` jl tg` wjdi`rl`ss? sujtens`, lmt`cmmo, ijajtnd enb`rn, smuv`ljrs, wnt`rprmm edmtg`s,
Snccjt-[rmmf F`le`8 tm a`t gmb` ijetjmlnry,, wndojla cmmts, sul gnt, cneopneo, bml`y c`dt,
ijetjmlnry
5 Oml-Yjoj8 nermss tg` [nej﬎e Me`nl? cjlmeudnrs, bnp, ubcr`ddn
Jltm tg` Qjdi8 tg` Ndnsonl wjdi`rl`ss?
Snccjt-[rmmf F`le`8 >,3;; bjd`s nermss tg` Nustrndjnl i`s`rt
 [GMYM
[GMYMCNLO
CNLO p>00

YJ[ > > L 3 M 5 G 9 O 0 E 6 [ 1 D 7 J : C >; H

>> ^ >3 I >5 N >9 A >0 S >6 B >1 F >7 @
0
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
3 C`enus` tg`y nr` tru` stmrj`s wjtg nl jbpmrtnlt b`ssna` tm DJUY@LJLA
pnss ml/e`d`crnt`. 5N
5 r`nd-djf` hmurl`ys8 Uemtt mf tg` Nltnretje (>:97) nli Ymuegjla > ijetjmlnry
tg` Vmji (3;;5)? ﬎etjmlnd hmurl`ys8 Hmurl`y tm tg` E`ltr`
E`ltr` mf tg` 3 wndojla cmmts
@nrtg (>:0:), @nsy Sji`r (>:6:), N [nssna` tm Jlijn (>:79), E`ltrnd 5 ijajtnd enb`rn, cjlmeudnrs
Utntjml (>::7), Nrmuli tg` Qmrdi jl 7; Inys (3;;9) 9 sul gnt, wnt`rprmm
wnt`rprmm edmtg`s
0 sujtens`, smuv`ljrs, cneopneo
ASNBBNS [NUY UJB[D@ NLI [NUY EMLYJLPMPU 6 bml`y c`dt
6N 1 lmt`cmmo
> pnst emltjlumus8 w`r` snjdjla, wns djvjla, wns rnjljla
C
pnst sjbpd`8 ernsg`i, wrmt`, i`eji`i
> n `w wmris m
m tg` dnlauna`
3 n) snjd c) djv` e) rnjl
3 wndojla
5 n) snjd c) djv` e) rnjl
5 pgmtms
9 cneoarmuli jlfmrbntjml8 n) w`r` snjdjla c) wns djvjla
9 n wnrb pdne`
e) wns rnjljla
0 wjdi
bnjl `v`lts8 n) ernsg`i c) wrmt` e) i`eji`i
C 6
1 bml`y
r`b`bc`r
> pnst emltjlumus 3 pnst sjbpd`
E ASNBBNS V@SC [NYY@SLU
Oml-Yjoj8 Qgjd` mtg`rs w`r` ijseussjla tg` tg`mry, G`y`ringd
G`y`ringd 9N
i`eji`i tm t`st jt. 9 s``b tm tno`
Jltm tg` Qjdi8 Qgjd` g` wns trnv`ddjla, g` b`t s`v`rnd p`mpd` … 0 egmms` tm am
Snccjt-[rmmf F`le`8 … wgjd` tg`y w`r` wndojla, tg`y snw tg` 6 `lhmy trnv`ddjla
‗rnccjt-prmm `le`‚ … 1 i`eji` tm
tm am
7 tm nvmji enrryjla
 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 0.> p>56―>51 : l``i tm wrjt`

N > wns djvjla 3 i`eji`i 5 cmuagt 9 c`anl C

0 wns trnv`ddjla 6 g`dp`i 1 wns irjvjla 7 w`r` ﬎xjla v`rc + -jla8 `lhmy, nvmji
: stny`i >; iji, `li v`rc + jl﬎ljtjv` wjtg tm8 wnlt, s``b, egmms`, i`eji`, l``i
C > G` wns pdnyjla t`lljs wg`l g` gurtgurt gjs d`a.
3 Unrng ijil‚t djo` tg` hmc c`enus`
c`enus` jt wns cmrjla. E
5 Qgjd` tg`y w`r` trnv`ddjla
trnv`ddjla tg`y b`t dmts m mtg`r tmurjsts.
tmurjsts. v`rc + -jla8 ﬎ljsg, jbnajl`, gnt`, dmv`
v`rc + jl﬎ljtjv` wjtg tm8 gmp`, gnt`, wmudi djo`, dmv`
9
0 Gmw
Qgm iji
w`r`ymu
ymuolmw by lnb`=
inlejla wjtg jl tgnt ljagteduc wg`l J snw v`rcs wgjeg enl am jl cmtg emdubls8 gnt`, dmv`
ymu=
6 J wns swjbbjla
swjbbjla jl tg` s`n wg`l J snw tg` sgnro.
1 Iji J pnss by `xnb=
7 Yg` tgj` crmo`
crmo` jl wgjd` Hneo wns gnvjla
gnvjla cr`nonst.
cr`nonst.

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@IJYJML [S@󰀢JLY@SB@IJNY@ NLUQ@S O@Z 0
D@NSL YM UGMQ/EG@EO PLI@SUYNLIJLA
 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 0.3 p>56―>51
6N
N > tm vjsjt 3 djvjla 5 irjlojla 9 tm pdny 0 tm gnv` @xtrnet 3
6 swjbbjla 1 tm ﬎ljsg 7 r`nijla @xeus` b`, enl ymu g`dp b`= (N)
C Qmudi ymu djo` imjla tm im smb`tgjla bmr` `xejtjla= Js tgjs tg` rjagt wny= (N)
Bni Ima Ymurs js p`r`et mr p`mpd` wgm gnt` sp`li sp`lijla o``p amjla (@)
tjb` nsd``p ml n c`neg. J ymu `lhmy tm trnv`d trnv`ddjla tm MO. (P)
strnla` pdne`s, j ymu iml‚t bjli tm stny stnyjla jl eg`np gmt`ds ymu‚dd s`` (@)
nli wnlt olmwjla tm olmw gmw tg` dmend p`mpd` r`nddy djv`, w` Zmu enl‚t bjss jt. (@)
prmbjs` g`dpjla tm g`dp ymu. Eg`np gmdjinys nr` mur sp`ejndjty. Enl ymu sgmw b` ml tg` bnp= (N)
J ymu egmms` cmmojla tm cmmo ymur gmdjiny wjtg Bni Ima Ymurs,
@xtrnet 5
ymu enl `xp`et djvjla tm djv` ymur ir`nbs!
Js
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tm (P)
0
3 jbnajl` 5 l``is 9 djo` 0 wnlt 6 `lhmy 1 `xp`et 7 nvmji C
> Js tgjs tg` rjagt wny=
QSJYJLA PUJLA U@^P@LE@SU 3 O``p amjla.
5 Zmu enl‚t bjss jt.
7N
ammi tgjlas8 snw dmts m jlt`r`stjla sjagts jl Qnrsnw, gni n c`nutjud E
iny jl Ornoõw, dmv`i ŎõiŸ, b`t dmts m rj`lidy [md`s Qmris l`nr tg` `li m tg` qu`stjml nr` snji dmui`r nli wjtg n gjag`r
cni tgjlas8 rnjl jl Ornoõw vmje`. (Yg`y enrry tg` jlmrbntjml tg` sp`no`r js nsojla mr.)

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3 tg` s`v`lt``l emultrj`s ml tg` [nej﬎e emnst
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sgmppjla jl [nrnauny. m nljbnds/enrs ml tg` trneo? tg` trnjl js v`ry sdmw

FPLEYJML NUOJLA FMS/AJVJLA IJS@EYJML

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C am pnst tg` turljla
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E am ndmla tg` bnjl rmni > ₤0,;;; mr tg` c`st ji`n mr nl mrjajlnd nli jlspjrjla hmurl`y
I tno` tg` ﬎rst
﬎rst rjagt nlywg`r` jl tg` wmrdi
@ o``p amjla ultjd ymu r`neg
r`neg (tg` cmri`r)
cmri`r) 3 r`e`jv` trnjljla jl ﬎db-bnojla nli r`emri tg`jr `xp`rj`le`s mr n
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am tg` emrl`rtg` (e`ltr` m tmwl)
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H jl rmlt m ymu wny m dj`, nli ﬎li mut ncmut tg`jr trnijtjmls nli wgnt tg`y tgjlo
0N m tg`jr gjstmry.
>F 3Y 5Y E
Us sgmudi tjeo ndd tg` pgrns`s `xe`pt Umb` mf tg` prmcd`bs w`‚r` amjla
C
tm fne` jledui` … nli Jt sgmudi c` nl jlspjrjla trjp.
> (ncmut) t`l, busje
3 d`f, (ncmut) ﬎f``l, sjal
5 d`f, r`stnurnlt,
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C > ndmla 3 r`neg 5 am 9 jl 0 ermss 6 tno` 1 tgrmuag
7 emrl`r

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9 wns wnli`rjla, b`t 6N
0 w`r` snjdjla, snw > N8 Js tgjs tg` rjagt wny= C8 Jt‚s jl ml tg` rjagt.
6 wns djvjla,
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r`ndjs`i 3 N8 Js jt nr= C8 Zmu enl‚t bjss jt.
C 5 C8 O``p amjla dmla ndmla tg` bnjl rmni. Yg`l ymu‚dd s`` n sjal nli
jt‚s jl rmlt tm mf ymu.
> Snccjt-[rmm F`le` 3 Oml-Yjoj 5 Snccjt-[rmm F`le`
9 Jltm tg` Qjdi 0 Oml-Yjoj 6 Jltm tg` Qjdi

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3 cneopneo 5 wnt`rprmm edmtg`s 9 wndojla cmmts 0 sul gnt
6 smuv`ljrs 1 cjlmeudnrs 7 lmt`cmmo : ijajtnd enb`rn
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Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
gmccj`s/spmrt8 Im ymu im (Y‚nj
(Y ‚nj Egj)= Gmw dmla gnv` ymu iml` jt=
pmss`ssjmls8 Im ymu gnv` (n wnteg)= Gmw dmla gnv` ymu gni jt=
wmro/stuiy/segmmd8 Im ymu (wmro jl nl mſte`)= Gmw dmla gnv`
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> Jt enl g`dp tm bno` ymu ``d gnppj`r nli bmr` r`dnx`i. 3 Qjdd ymu tm am tm uljv`rsjty l`xt y`nr=
3 C`enus` tg`r` nr` dmts m soysernp`rs. 5 Nlln js v`ry cusy sm sg` bny lmt emb`s
emb`s tmljagt.
5 Jt us`s busje nli inle` djo` Xubcn, pmw`r nli sp``i djo` 9 Yg` trnſte js g`nvy sm tg`y bny tmtm c` dnt`.
cmxjla, nli cujdis str`latg djo` pjdnt`s. 0 @isml bjagts c`c` tg` c`st pdny`r
pdny`r w` gnv` `v`r
`v`r s``l.
9 Nt tg` `li m tg` iny ( hust c`mr` suls`t) c`enus` tg` wnt`r js 6 J bjagt am lmt lmt am tm tg` `x`rejs` ednss tminy.
endb nli jt‚s c`nutjud. 1 Q`‚dd tm c` cneo nt 6p.b.

ASNBBNS [S@U@LY [@SF@EY + FMS/UJLE@ C

5N s`lt`le`s 3 nli 5
> 3;>9 3 y`s 5 ﬎v` y`nrs nam 9 y`s E
Qjdd, bjagt, bny nli wml‚t smuli dmla`r wg`l tg` sp`no`r js lmt
C
> emltjlu`s lmw 3 mr, sjle` sur`.

E 9N
fmr8 n dmla tjb`, twm w``os/bmltgs/y`nrs, nl gmur mr twm Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
sjle`8 Hudy, Unturiny, J d`f uljv`rsjty, 3p.b., dnst ljagt, J wns n 3 Zmu bjagt dms` w`jagt.
egjdi/t``lna`r 5 Jt bjagt c` `xp`lsjv`.
9 Zmu‚dd ``d g`ndtgj`r.

 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
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6 Jt
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bjagtlmt c`djo`
lmt mp`l.
jt.
N > gnv`l‚t iml`, sjle` 3 gnv`l‚t c``l, sjle` 5 wns, mr 1 Zmu‚dd `lhmy jt.
9 gnv`l‚t s``l, mr 0 d`f, mr
6 ijil‚t s``, gnv`l‚t s``l, sjle` 1 sjle` QSJYJLA U@LY@LE@ UYSPEYPS@
7 gnsl‚t irjv`l, sjle` 6N
C > sjle`, enb` 3 cmuagt, gnv` djv`i, mr > Jl g`r dnt` tw`ltj`s, tm emltjlu` g`r stuij`s.
5 gnv` olmwl, mr, b`t 9 bmv`i, gnv` c``l, mr 3 Ug` bjss`i Emdmbcjnl mmi. Yg`r` nr` dmts m sp`ejnd ijsg`s.
0 gnv`l‚t c``l, sjle` 6 gnsl‚t s``l, sjle` Jl Emdmbcjn, p`mpd` tno` tg`jr tjb` pr`pnrjla mmi. [`mpd` sny
1 sjle`, stnrt`i 7 gns gni, mr Emdmbcjnls emmo wjtg dmv`.
5 Ug` trj`i mmi rmb bnly emultrj`s (Djcyn, [mdnli, Yuljsjn,
9N [`ru nli Hnpnl). Mtg`r jlt`rlntjmlnd stui`lts bni` jt.
> ‚v` iml`, sjle` C
3 ‚v` gni, mr Yg` ﬎rst `xnbpd` gns tgr`` sgmrt s`lt`le`s tgnt iml‚t emll`et
5 ‚v` olmwl, sjle` tma`tg`r v`ry w`dd. Jl tg` s`emli `xnbpd`, tg` tgr`` sgmrt
9 ‚v` djv`i, mr s`lt`le`s nr` djlo`i wjtg wg`l. Ygjs bno`s jt ffimw bmr` sbmmtgdy,
0 ‚v` wnlt`i, mr nli `nsj`r mr tg` r`ni`r tm uli`rstnli.

6
3 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu olmwl gjb= E
J bjss`i by nbjdy nli rj`lis. J ndsm bjss`i Emdmbcjnl mmi.
5 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu gni jt=
Jt wns wmli`rud nli J tnst`i mmi rmb bnly emultrj`s8 Djcyn,
9 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu stuij`i=
[mdnli, Yuljsjn, [`ru, nli Hnpnl. J ndsm bni` bnly ammi rj`lis.
0 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu wmro`i tg`r`=

Up`nomut [r`-jlt`rb`ijnt` Nlsw`r O`y © [`nrsml @iuentjml Djbjt`i 3;>1 >9

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mwl g`ndtg c`tt`r. Gmspjtnds nli imetmrs bjagt lmt l``i tm bmljtmr
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sp`nomutt er`nt` n g`ndtg r`ajb`
r`ajb`
tmdi tg`b tm am. Yg`y iml‚t wnlt tm tndo ncmut jt. Yg`y iml‚t gnv`
tjb`. 9N
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
VMENCPDNSZ JDDL@UU > Bnrejl8 `nts/irjlos tmm bueg hulo mmi nli em﬋``, im`s lm
`x`rejs`, mv`rw`jagt? [nudjln8 sd``ps mldy sjx gmurs, str`ss`i, djttd`
3N `l`ray? Ndvnrm8 cneoneg`, lm `x`rejs`, wnteg`s tmm bueg YV, ul﬎t
> i) 3 e) 5 c) 9 n) 3 Bnrejl8 g`nrt prmcd`bs, bmr` w`jagt prmcd`bs? [nudjln8 a`t tmm
tgjl nli w`no, su﬋`r rmb bnhmr str`ss? Ndvnrm8 g`nrt, w`jagt, `y`
FPLEYJML U@@JLA YG@ IMEYMS prmcd`bs, wmrs` cneoneg`
5N C
Emlv`rsntjml > Ndvnrm
> Yg` wmbnl ``ds t`rrjcd`. Ug` a`ts g`nineg`s nli ``ds sjeo. Ug`
enl‚t sd``p nt ljagt c`enus` g`r g`ni gurts. E
3 Yg` imetmr snys sg` sgmudi stmp irjlojla sm bueg t`n nli em﬋``, Us sgmudi tjeo ndd tg` pgrns`s `xe`pt Jt‚s n ammi ji`n tm …
mldy ml` sbndd eup n iny. Ug` ajv`s g`r smb` pnjlojdd`rs nli snys
sg` sgmudi tno` twm tgr`` tjb`s n iny. wrjt`cneo
wrjt`cneo g`ndtg nivje`
Emlv`rsntjml 3
> Yg` bnl js wmrrj`i ncmut gjs mmt. Jt gurts wg`l g` wndos. Jt‚s v`ry 6N
pnjlud. > Jl wjlt`r, g` a`ts n emuag mr n smr` tgrmnt nli smb`tjb`s gns n
3 Yg` imetmr tgjlos jt‚s crmo`l nli tgnt g` sgmudi am tm tg` gmspjtnd gjag t`bp`rntur` nli cni g`nineg`s. G` l`v`r sd``ps mr bmr`
mr nl W-rny. tgnl sjx gmurs.

C 3 G`‚s
wnltsg`nri jt‚sml
nivje` n ammi
wgnt ji`n
tm im.tm bmljtmr gjs mmi nli `x`rejs`, cut g`
3 prmcd`b 5 pjdds 9 dmmo 0 gurt 6 wmrry

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3 J ``d t`rrjcd` Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
5 Gmw dmla gnv` ymu gni tgjs prmcd`b > Im ymu am tm `x`rejs` ednss`s=
9 Enl J gnv` n dmmo 3 Im ymu `nt n dmt m hulo mmi mr irjlo ﬎zzy irjlos=
0 v`ry pnjlud 5 Im ymu sp`li n dmt m tjb` r`dnxjla=
6 Jt gurts 9 Im ymu tno` vjtnbjls=
1 J‚dd ajv` ymu 0 Im ymu mf`l am rulljla=
6 Im ymu mf`l ``d str`ss`i/sp`l
str`ss`i/sp`li i tjb` wmrryjla ncmut wmro=
1 Im ymu irjlo en﬋`jl`=
e n﬋`jl`=
9 7 Im ymu `nt n dmt m r`sg rujt nli v`a`tncd`s=
> gurts 3 emdi 5 sjeo 9 crmo`l 0 gurt 6 wmrry 1 ajv`
7 prmcd`b FMMI
D@NSL YM [S@IJEY JLFMSBNYJML 5
mljml, er`nb, pjl`nppd`, d`bml, enrrmt, wg`nt, egjeo`l, eno`, mnts,
0C h`ddy, eg``s`,
eg``s`, buss`ds
> bntt`r 3 emuag 5 t`rrjcd` 9 prmcd`b 0 w``o 6 dmmo
1 pnjlud 7 b`ijejl` 9N
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>N
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BNZ
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0N
C > ) 3 `) 5 n) 9 e) 0 c) 6 i)

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Uuaa`st`i nlsw`r8 [`mpd` nr` lmw ncd` tm bmljtmr tg`bs`dv`s

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a
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> Z`s, sg` gni n ir`nb hmc, nl `xtrnmrijlnry l`twmro m rj`lis, ASNBBNS [PS[MU@, ENPU@ NLI S@UPDY

`
nli dmv`i tg` pdne` wg`r` sg` wns djvjla.
3 Ug` ir`nb`i ncmut wmrojla jl n us`i cmmosgmp cy tg` s`n/jl 9C
> tm 3 c`enus` 5 sm

s
Uemtdnli.
5 Ug` typ`i ‗us`i cmmosgmp, Uemtdnli‚ jltm Ammad` nli
E
ijsemv`r`i Qjatmwl, n tmwl cy tg` s`n wjtg dmts m us`i
cmmosgmps.
[nrt 98 Jlst`ni tg` pmdje` r`d`ns`i gjb nli anv` gjb `xtrn bml`y
tm sny ‗tgnlo ymu‚ mr gjs ar`nt wmro!
9 Lm, sg` s`lt ml` `bnjd tm n cmmosgmp sg` djo`i tg` dmmo m.
0 Ug` `dt sni tgnt sg` wnsl‚t jl Uemtdnli. Ug` bjss`i dmts m [nrt 08 I`bnrn c`enb` nbmus c`enus` m gjs ar`nt wmro ns tg`
tgjlas ncmut Uemtdnli nli sg` wns jl dmv` wjtg tg` cmmosgmp sgjp‚s imetmr …
mwl`r.
6 Ug` dmv`s tg` tmwl, tg` p`mpd`, tg` cmmosgmp nli c`jla wjtg  DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 1.3 p>9;―>9>
tg` dmv` m g`r dj`.
N > tm 3 c`enus` 5 tm 9 sm 0 sm 6 tm 1 c`enus` 7 sm
PU@I YM C J usunddy a`t n l`wspnp`r c`enus` J wnlt tm olmw wgnt‚s
ASNBBNS ml YV, cut tminy J r`ni n strnla` stmry. Nl @ladjsgbnl
0N wns ``djla t`rrjcd` c`enus` g` wns uli`r pr`ssur` nt
> y`s 3 lm 5 lm 9 y`s 0 tg` pnst wmro, sm g` i`eji`i tm ijsnpp`nr. G` w`lt tm n c`neg tm
am swjbbjla (g` snji). Yg`l g` d`f gjs edmtg`s tg`r` sm
C tgnt smb`ml` emudi ﬎li tg`b. G` ndsm d`f gjs wndd`t wjtg
> pnst sjbpd` 3 mr nl `xt`li`i tjb` n pgmtm nli JI sm tg` pmdje` ol`w wgm jt wns. Yg` pmdje`
w`lt tm gjs gmb` tm sp`no tm gjb cut g` wnsl‚t tg`r`. G`
 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 1.> p>9;―>9> wns jl Nustrndjn nli gni n ij﬋`r`lt lnb`! Ygr`` y`nrs dnt`r,
g` wns enuagt wg`l gjs emusjl, wgm wns jl Nustrndjn tm
N > us`i tm stuiy 3 us`i tm sbmo` 5 l`v`r us`i tm nrau` ntt`li n eml`r`le`, r`emaljs`i gjb. Qg`r` w`r` tg`y= Ml
9 us`i tm djv` 0 ijil‚t us` tm djo` 6 Iji, us` tm `lhmy n c`neg!
1 us`i tm am mut 7 us`i tm im
C > us`i tm 3 ijil‚t us` tm 5 us`i tm 9 us`i tm
0C
0 us`i tm 6 ijil‚t us` tm 1 us`i tm 7 iji, us` tm
> tm 3 c`enus` 5 sm 9 tm 0 c`enus` 6 tm 1 sm
7 c`enus`
6C
> Qg`l J wns n egjdi, J us`i tm eyed` tm segmmd y`st`riny. 6
3 By crmtg`r ndwnys us`i tm djst`l tm g`nvy b`tnd busje. Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
0 Q` ijil‚t us`i us` tm gnv` nly p`ts. J wnlt`i tm g`dp p`mpd` sm J c`enb` n lurs`.
6 Q` us`i tm am sojjla jl tg` gmdjinys dnst y`nr. J w`lt tm tg` imetmr c`enus` J `dt sjeo.
J djo`i trnv`ddjla sm J c`enb` n pjdmt.
QSJYJLA [NSNASN[GU J w`lt tm uljv`rsjty tm a`t n Bnst`r‚s i`ar``.
J pgml`i by rj`li tm jlvjt` g`r tm n pnrty.
7N J eyed`i tm wmro c`enus` J emudil‚t irjv`.
[nrnarnpg > J cmuagt nl j[mi c`enus` J dmv` djst`ljla tm busje.
3 C`mr` tgnt, J wns wmrojla mr n embpnly, cut J ijil‚t `lhmy by
hmc.
5 J‚v` ndwnys tgmuagt tgnt c`jla n t`neg`r wmudi c` r`nddy
jlt`r`stjla.
1.5 ENL ZMP Y@DD B@=
9 Um J w`lt cneo tm emdd`a` nli iji n t`neg`r trnjljla emurs`.
[nrnarnpg 3
U[@NOJLA
3 Fmr `xnbpd`, J gni tm wmro tm `nrl bml`y, nli ﬎li tjb` tm im 3
emurs`wmro. Egjl`s` stui`lts ﬎li stuiyjla ncrmni gnri nt ﬎rst, cut tg`l jt
5 Um J us`i tm stuiy jl tg` `v`ljlas. a`ts `nsj`r nli tg`y tgjlo jt‚s n ar`nt `xp`rj`le`.
9 Lmw, J gnv` n t`negjla qundj﬎entjml,
qundj﬎entjml, nli J‚b imjla tg` hmc J‚v`
J‚v`
ndwnys wnlt`i tm im. VMENCPDNSZ FNEJDJYJ@U
C 5N
Jl `neg pnrnarnpg8 > djcrnry 3 stntjml`ry sgmp 5 r`ajstrntjml i`so 9 en`t`rjn
> U`lt`le` > emltnjls tg` bnjl ji`n. 0 neembbmintjml/w`dnr` mſte`
3 U`lt`le`s 3 nli 5 suppmrt tg` ji`n.
5 U`lt`le` 9 ﬎ljsg`s/emledui`s tg` pnrnarnpg.

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gmb`wmro? cmmosgmp8 cuy t`xtcmmos? enf`t`rjn8 gnv` n em﬋``, `nt
smb`tgjla? djcrnry8 cmrrmw cmmos, im r`s`nreg? stntjml`ry sgmp8 cuy IVI [S@VJ@Q
p`ls, pnp`r nli lmt`cmmos? bnjl r`e`ptjml8 ﬎li mut wg`r` tm am? >
ednssrmmb8 gnv` n d`ssml? pgmtmempyjla rmmb8 bno` pgmtmempj
pgmtmempj`s?
`s? Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 J ymu enl‚t sp`no tg` tg` dnlauna`, ymu enl us`
d`etur` tg`ntr`8 djst`l tm n d`etur`? neembbmintjml/w`dfnr` mſte`8 n ijetjmlnry/n pgrns` cmmo, irnw n pjetur` m tg` mch`et ymu wnlt
ijseuss prmcd`bs? r`ajstrntjm
r`ajstrntjmll i`so8 r`ajst`r mr n l`w emurs` mr bjb` nl netjml tm jddustrnt` jt, `.a. crusg ymur t``tg tm sgmw
tmmtgpnst`/tmmtgcrusg.
FPLEYJML FJLIJLA MPY JLFMSBNYJML
9N 3
c) Qg`r`‚s tg` stuiy e`ltr`= Yg`y bmv` tm Emru, Ar``e`, c`enus` tg`y wnlt tm `senp` tg` w`t,
e) Qgnt tjb` js/im`s tg` djcrnry mp`l= ar`y @ladjsg w`ntg`r.
i) Enl ymu g`dp b` ﬎li by ednssrmmb=
`) Qg`r` enl J us` tg` jlt`rl`t= Mptjmlnd `xtrn netjvjty
f) Qg`r` enl J cuy n lmt`cmmo= Yg` bnl jl tg` cdu` sgjrt ml tg` d`f js Dnwr`le`. Yg` ajrd wjtg cdmli`
a) Qg`r` enl J a`t n l`w stui`lt enri= gnjr jl rmlt m gjb js Bnramt. Yg` ymula bnl nt tg` tmp m tg` stnjrs
g) Enl ymu t`dd b` wg`r` tm am (mr jlmrbntjml ncmut …)= jl tg` crmwl sgjrt js D`sdj`. Yg` ymula cmy jl tg` rmlt js A`rry. Yg`
mdi`r wmbnl ml tg` rjagt jl tg` r`i ir`ss js tg`jr bmtg`r.
C
3 c) 5 `) 9 e) 0 a) 6 i) 1 ) 7 g)
IVI VJ@Q
0
>Y 3Y 5Y 5C
9 F (Yg` djcrnry js mp`l rmb :n.b. ultjd 6p.b. `v`ry iny.) 0Y 6Y 3 `) 5 c) 9 i) 0 e)
1 F (Yg`
( Yg` stntjml`ry sgmp js imwlstnjrs.)
imwlstnjrs.)
9C
7 F (Yg`
( Yg` w`dnr` mſte` js l`xt tm tg` cmmosgmp.)
> sulsgjl` 3 cntgrmmb 5 pdne` 9 Ar``o 0 dnlauna` 6 tno`
6C
> @xeus` 3 g`dp 5 enl 9 tjb` 0 gnv` 6 l``i 1 ojli sp`nomu
sp`nomutt n l`w `xp`rj`le`

 DNLAPNA@CNLO 1.5 p>9;―>9>

DNLAPNA@CNLO 6N
> Enl ymu t`dd b` wg`r` tm enl ﬎li n pmst mſte`= Z`s, tg`r`‚s ml` > Nantn bmv`i tm tg` PUN, cut sg` ijil‚t sp`no v`ry ammi @ladjsg.
hust c`gjli m ymu!
ymu! 3 Ug` `dt l`rvmus wg`l sg` gni tm sp`no tm p`mpd`.
3 J l``i tm c` ﬎li mut ncmut by neembbmintjml. Yg`r`‚s nl 5 Ug` b`t smb` Nb`rjenl ajrds nli w`lt mut wjtg tg`b. Lmw g`r
neembbmintjml mſte` ml imwlstnjrs. @ladjsg js c`tt`r, sg` ``ds bmr` eml﬎i`lt? sg` tndos tm p`mpd` ndd
5 Cr`nonst js jl tg` r`stnurnlt rmb ml 1 m‚edmeo. Iji ymu tm sny tg` tjb`.
1 m‚edmeo= C
9 Im ymu js olmw wg`r` tg` bnjl r`e`ptjml js= Z`s, J‚dd sgmw jt ymu. Yg` cjaa`st prmcd`b wns …
Ygnt‚s ymu v`ry ojli. J `dt v`ry _l`rvmus/sgy/`x
_l`rvmus/sgy/`xejt`i/…R
ejt`i/…R wg`l …
0 Js jt n r`` tm pnro by enr g`r`= Lm, jt‚s ymu gnv` tm pny. J emudil‚t …
Dueojdy, J b`t/bni` rj`lis wjtg …
1
> N8 @xeus` tm b`, wg`r`‚s tg` cmmosgmp=
C8 Yg`r`‚s ml` nrmuli tg` emrl`r. wrjt`cneo
wrjt`cneo n cdma/ijnry
3 N8 Qgnt tjb` im im`s tg` swjbbjla pmmd mp`l=
C8 Iurjla tg` w``o jt mp`ls ml nt `jagt m‚edmeo. 7N
5 N8 Enl ymu t`dd b` wg`r` tm a`t n stui`lt enri, pd`ns`= > y`s
C8 Zmu l``i amjla tm am tm r`e`ptjml. 3 Ug` bjss`s g`r nbjdy nli rj`lis. Qg`l sg` ﬎rst nrrjv`i, sg` us`i
9 N8 Qg`r` J enl enl J a`t n em﬋``= tm a`t dmst ndd tg` tjb`.
C8 Yg`r`‚s n en`t`rjn mv`r tg`r`, l`xt tm tg` djcrnry.
7
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 1.0 DMMOCNEO
N > N8 @xeus` b`, wgnt tjb` im tg` sgmps mp`l=
C8 Nt >;n.b. `v`ry iny `xe`pt Uuliny. V@SCU + [S@[MUJYJMLU
3 N8 @xeus` b`, wg`r`‚s tg` l`nr`st trnjl stntjml=
C8 Jt‚s mv`r tg` crjia` ml tg` mtg`r sji` m tg` rjv`r. >N
5 N8 @xeus` b`, enl ymu g`dp b`= J l``i tm `xegnla` smb` > ncmut 3 nrmuli 5 nwny 9 tm 0 ncmut 6 cneo
bml`y. Enl ymu t`dd b` wg`r` tm am=
C8 Yg`r`‚s n bml`y `xegnla` l`xt tm tg` rnjdwny stntjml. PU@I YM
C > N8 @xeus` b`, wg`r`‚s tg` l`nr`st em﬋`` sgmp=
C8 Jt‚s l`xt tm ednssrmmbs 9 nli 0, ml tg` rjagt. 3N
3 N8 @xeus` b`, wg`r` enl J cuy nl @ladjsg ijetjmlnry= > iji ymu us` tm wmro gnri nt segmmd=
C8 Yg`r`‚s nl @ladjsg cmmosgmp jl tg` r`e`ptjml nr`n. 3 iji ymu us` tm `nt nst mmi=
5 N8 @xeus` b`, enl ymu t`dd b` wgnt tjb` tg` segmmd edms`s= 5 iji ymu us` tm sp`li tjb` wjtg ymur arnlipnr`lts=
C8 Nt >;p.b. rmb Bmliny tm Unturiny nli nt >p.b. ml Uuliny. 9 iji ymu us` tm a`t jdd mf`l=
0 iji ymu us` tm gnv` n sp`ejnd rj`li=
D@NSL YM EG@EO NLI EMLFJSB JLFMSBNYJML 6 iji ymu us` tm pdny nly spmrt=
:C 1 iji ymu us` tm trnv`d tm segmmd ml pucdje trnlspmrt=
7 iji ymu us` tm djv` jl n ij﬋`r`lt pdne`=
n) `xtrnets 3, 0 c) `xtrnets >, 9 e) `xtrnet 5
E
Yg` wmri js r`p`nt`i ns n qu`stjml, sm tg`r` js n ndd/rjs` jltmlntjml
nf`r tg` str`ss`i syddncd`.

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> eur`i 3 snv`i 5 c`emb` 9 sp`lis 0 mr 6 sp`lt Emlv`rsntjml >
1 pdny`i 7 bno` 3 j) 5 `) 9 i) 0 ) 6 e) 1 a) 7 c) : g)
Emlv`rsntjml 3
[PS[MU@, ENPU@ NLI S@UPDY > j) 3 c) 5 g) 9 a) 0 n) 6 i) 1 e) 7 ) : `)

9N
> ) 3 a) 5 g) 9 n) 0 `) 6 i) 1 c) 7 e)

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7.> YS@NUPS@ GPLY

7
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Utui`lt N
Qnrb up Imwl
9 pj`e`s m bml`y wgjeg/tgnt nr`
nr` bni` m b`tnd, lmt pnp`r
> n) (PU) 3 i) (PU) 5  ) (PU) 9 g) (PU) 0 a) (PO) 6 c) (PO) >; n p`rsml wgm/tgnt mwls smb`tgjla
smb`tgjla (g`/sg` cmuagt jt mr wns
1 `) (PO) 7 e) (PO) ajv`l jt)
Nermss
VMENCPDNSZ BML@Z 6 n tgjla wgjeg/tgnt ymu
ymu us` tm endd smb`ml`
7 n pdne` wg`r` ymu ﬎li enrs, gmus`s, sgmps,
sgmps, `te.
>E

b
>> bml`y wgjeg/tgnt ymu us` tm stnrt n cusjl`ss nli bno`
bno` bmr`

m
ensg /oæʅ/ lmt`s /lɚʈts/ emjls /oəɨlz/ bml`y
jlv`st`i /ɨlˇv`stɨi/ cjdds /cɨdz/ pmss`ssjmls /pɚˇz`ʅlz/ >3 n p`rsml wgm/tgnt nets jl
jl ﬎dbs mr tg`ntr`
tg`ntr`

l
tr`nsur` /ˇtr`ʓɚ/ Utui`lt C
I Imwl

`
b`nsur` /ˇb`ʓɚ/ `nrls /ɔ˛lz/ tjps /tɨps/ 5 bnt`rjnd wgjeg/tgnt ymu us` tm bno` enr tyr`s nli eg`wjla
prm`ssjml /prɚˇf`ʅl/ er`ijt enris /ˇor`iɨt oɞ˛iz/ aub

y
d`lis /d`liz/ jbpmst`r /ɨbˇpɓstɚ/ smuv`ljr /˄su˛vɚˇlɨɚ/ 1 n pdne` wg`r` ymu stny wg`l ymu nr` trnv`ddjla
7 n p`rsml wgm/tgnt ﬎agts mr gjs emultry jl wnrs
: n tgjla wgjeg/tgnt armws jl tg` `nrtg nli js usunddy ar``l
 [GMYM
[GMYMCNLO
CNLO p>07 Nermss
> >F 3A 5E 9@ 0C 6N 1G 7I > n tgjla wgjeg/tgnt w`
w` us` tm pny mr
mr smb`tgjla (lmt n er`ijt
enri)
0 n tgjla wgjeg/tgnt ymu
ymu us` tm imwldmni
imwldmni nli djst`l tmtm busje
S@NIJLA
3N
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 7.3 [NZ B@ BMS@!
> Snji`rs mf tg` Dmst Nro , [jrnt`s mf tg` Enrjcc`nl, Yg` Yr`nsur` mf
tg` Uj`rrn Bnir`, Ygr`` Ojlas DJUY@LJLA
3 Yg` bnl `xp`et`i tm ij` nli wnlt`i tm d`nv` smb`tgjla
>C
c`gjli mr tg` pucdje tm s`nreg mr, sm g` gji tg` tr`nsur` eg`st. > egjdir`l enl c` ijſteudt,
ijſteudt, dmla gmurs, im `xtrn wmro
C 3 wmrojla wjtg egjdir`l
egjdir`l js jbpmrtnlt
jbpmrtnlt nli (djo` t`negjla)
t`negjla) jt n﬋`ets
3 Yg` pm`b emltnjl`i edu`s tm g`dp r`ni`rs ﬎li tg` tr`nsur` tg` utur`
eg`st. 5 ﬎r`﬎agt`r
5 Qg`l g` r`d`ns`s l`w edu`s
e du`s (`v`ry `w bmltgs), bmr` p`mpd` 9 inla`rmus
emb` tm dmmo mr tg` tr`nsur`, sm tgjs jler`ns`s tmurjsb jl tg` 0 r`s`nreg cjmdmajst
nr`n. 6 tg` wgmd`
wgmd` wmrdi c`l`﬎ts
9 G` gns r`e`jv`i mv`r >5,;;; `bnjds rmb p`mpd` wgm wnlt
bmr` edu`s, nli >7 bnrrjna` prmpmsnds. E
0 G` wns jl tg` Njr Fmre` c`mr` g` mp`l`i nl nrt andd`ry. > n) Up`no`r 5, tg` r`s`nreg cjmdmajst. G` wnlts bmr` bml`y mr
tg` dnc.
ASNBBNS S@DNYJV@ EDNPU@U c) Up`no`r 3, tg` ﬎r`﬎agt`r. Fjr`﬎agt`rs snv` smb` (stupji)
p`mpd` wgm ‗`dd nsd``p wjtg n ejanr`tt` jl tg`jr bmutg mr
5 mramt tm swjteg m﬋ tg` mv`l‚.
3 tgnt 5 wgm 9 tgnt 0 wg`r` e) Up`no`r >, tg` lnlly. Ed`nljla nli emmojla.

ASNBBNS YMM BPEG/BNLZ, @LMPAG, V@SZ

 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 7.> p>93―>95
3N
N 3
5 wgjeg/tgnt J s`lt ymu
r`stnurnlt wg`r` ymu enl
dnst wnteg
w``o tg` eg`s bno` ymur mmi 3 ) 5 `) 9 n) 0 e) 6 i)
9 js n/tg` sgmp wgjeg/tgnt
wgjeg/tgnt s`dds eg`np j[mis
j[mis nli bmcjd`s C
0 neemultnlt wgm/tgnt g`dp`i
g`dp`i b` embpd`t`
embpd`t` by tnx mrb
mrb > tmm bnly 3 tmm bueg
6 wg`r` J d`nrlt
d`nrlt tm im cusjl`ss
1 wgm/tgnt jlv`st`i
jlv`st`i tg` bml`y wns n erjbjlnd
C 3 wgm/tgnt cmrrmws
cmrrmws $>,;;;,;;;
$>,;;;,;;; tm cuy n gmrs`.  DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO 7.3 p>93―>95
5 wgjeg/tgnt s`dds jlsurnle`.
jlsurnle`. N > Yg` ﬎db wns ar`nt. Jt wns tmm v`ry ully.
9 wgjeg/tgnt sg` d`lis
d`lis b`. 3 Yg`r` nr`l‚t `lmuag `aas `lmuag tm bno` n eno`.
0 wgm/tgnt wns
wns wmrojla ns n eg`= 5 Ygnt egjdi `nts tmm bueg bnly sw``ts.
6 wg`r` w` w`lt ml mur gml`ybmml. 9 Im ymu `nrl `lmuag bml`y `lmuag tm pny tg` cjdds=
0 J sp`lt tmm bnly
bnly bueg tjb` ml tg` ﬎rst qu`stjml.
9N 7 Yg`r` jsl‚t `lmuag m tjb` tm im tgjs `x`rejs`.
3 er`ijt enri 5 jlv`ltmr C > tmm bueg 3 `lmuag 5 tmm 9 tmm bnly 0 v`ry
6 tmm 1 tmm bueg 7 lmt `lmuag
C
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
> Jt‚s n pdne` wg`r` p`mpd` dmmo nf`r ymur bml`y. (cnlo) 5
> `lmuag tjb`
3 Jt‚s n tgjla wgjeg/tgnt ymu us` tm enrry bml`y nli er`ijt enris.
(wndd`t) 3 tmm bueg
5 Jt‚s n p`rsml wgm/tgnt ajv`s bml`y tm n prmiuet mr cusjl`ss (tm 5 v`ry
bno` bmr` bml`y). (jlv`stmr) 9 tmm
9 Jt‚s n pdne` wg`r` ymu am tm cmrrmw cmmos. (djcrnry) 0 tmm bnly
0 Jt‚s n tgjla wgjeg/tgnt ymu us` tm wnteg ﬎dbs. (IVI pdny`r) 6 `lmuag

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bmst g`ndtgy? dmla, dmla`r
dmla`r,, tg` dmla`st? `xejtjla, bmr` `xejtjla, tg`
bmst `xejtjla? nst, nst`r, tg` nst`st? mdi, mdi`r, tg` mdi`st? emdi, G M N M C M E I Y F
emdi`r, tg` emdi`st J Y A Q G D D H P O

5N B C D B L [ J A S M
> tg` bmst
bmst mranljs`i
mranljs`i [ J [ ^ S G U Y Y P
3 tg` gnri`st
N Y V Q Q J W Z D X
5 tg` dmla`st
9 tg` ymula`st L N C G U L N O @ E
0 tg` tndd`st X I @ N F F G J H N
6 tg` bmst
1 tg` nst`st @ N A D @ I J M @ L
7 tg` urtg`st/nrtg`st @ @ Z @ D J [ B U ;

NSYJED@U
9
> @xeus` b`, wg`r`‚s tg` l`nr`st cnlo=
3 Ygjs ejty js cja, cut jt im`sl‚t gnv` nl njrpmrt.
9 Gj. Qmudi ymu djo` n irjlo=
0 Qg`r`‚s tg` bml`y J d`lt ymu=
1 Ug` am`s tm n sbndd segmmd jl tg` e`ltr` m Dmliml.
7 Q` bjss`i tg` cus nli wnjt`i nl gmur mr tg` l`xt ml`.
: By sjst`r js wmrojla jl tg` Pljt`i Utnt`s nt tg` bmb`lt.
>; Js tg`r` nl jlt`rl`t enê l`nr g`r`=

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3N
>+ 3― 5― 9+
>> ― >3 ―
0 + 6 ― 1 ― 7 + : + >; +
S8 Q`dd, J r`ni tgnt Iucnj js ml` m tg` wmrdi‚s nst`st armwjla
ejtj`s, sm tg`r` nr` n dmt m p`mpd` nli jt‚s v`ry ermwi`i. Jt‚s n
ar`nt ejty mr sgmppjla nli amjla mut. Nli jt gns r`nddy ammi
ljagtdj`, wjtg dmts mf cnrs nli educs.
J8 Js jt n sn` ejty=
S8 Z`s, tg`r` jsl‚t n dmt m erjb`. Yg` str``ts nr` v`ry sn`. Cut ml`
>;
m tg` cjaa`st prmcd`bs js tg` trnſte. @v`ryml` irjv`s n enr
C g`r` ― p`trmd js stjdd eg`np, sm tg` trnſte‚s t`rrjcd`. Ml` ammi

m
s
5 Yg`r`‚s n dmt m trnje. tgjla js tg` tnxjs tgmuag. Yg`r` nr` dmts mf tg`b nli tg`y‚r`
9 Jt gns c`nutjud cujdijlas. eg`np, sm ymu iml‚t gnv` tm irjv`.
0 Yg` p`mpd` nr` rj`lidy nli pmdjt`. Emlv`rsntjml 5
e
j`
6 Yg`r`‚s n dmt m erjb`. J 2 Jlt`rvj`w`r B 2 Bntt
1 Jt‚s v`ry pmddut`i.
7 Yg`r` nr` lje` pnros nli ar``l spne`s. J8 Qgnt ncmut [rnau`= Qgnt‚s [rnau` djo`, Bntt=
: Jt gns ammi sgmppjla nli ljagtdj`. B8 J‚v` ndwnys dmv`i [rnau`. J tgjlo jt‚s i`﬎ljt`dy ml` m tg` c`st

t
>; Yg`r` nr` dmts m tgjlas tm s`` nli im. ejtj`s jl tg` wmrdi.
J8 Qgnt im ymu djo` c`st ncmut djvjla jl [rnau`=

y
>> Jt‚s `xp`lsjv` tm djv` tg`r`.
>3 Jt‚s v`ry ermwi`i. B8 J tgjlo jt gns tm c` tg` ejty jts`d. Jt‚s sm c`nutjud. Jt‚s djo` tg`
ejty m ymur ir`nbs, wjtg c`nutjfud cujdijlas nli squnr`s.
Yg` mdi str``ts nr` wmli`rud tm wndo ndmla. Jt js udd m eudtur`,
DJUY@LJLA busje, cnrs, r`stnurnlts …
5N J8 Qgnt ncmut tg` w`ntg`r= Qgnt‚s tg` w`ntg`r djo` jl [rnau`=
Up`no`r >8 B`dcmurl` ― ar`nt ejty, rj`lidy nli ul? dmts m tgjlas B8 Z`ng. MO, wg`l J nrrjv`i
nrrjv`i jl [rnau`, jt wns bjlus s`v`l
tm s`` nli im? v`ry nrty? dmts m enês nli str``t nrt, busje? ammi i`ar``s. Um, mcvjmusdy, jt a`ts v`ry emdi jl tg` wjlt`r
wjlt`r,, nli tg`r`
ljagtdj`? ammi pucdje trnlspmrt? ammi ntbmspg`r`
ntbmspg`r`?? ar`nt dmentjml? js n dmt m slmw. Cut, jl tg` subb`r, tg` sul sgjl`s nli ymu
nltnstje c`neg`s enl sjt mutsji` jl tg` enês mr wndo up tm tg` enstd`. Jt‚s n v`ry
Up`no`r 38 Iucnj ― ml` m tg` wmrdi‚s nst`st armwjla ejtj`s? dmts sp`ejnd ejty nli tg` p`mpd` nr` sm rj`lidy.
m p`mpd`, v`ry ermwi`i? ar`nt sgmppjla? ammi ljagtdj`? dmts m
cnrs nli educs? lmt n dmt m erjb`? str``ts nr` v`ry sn`? trnſte
js t`rrjcd`? `v`rycmiy irjv`s n enr? p`trmd js eg`np? dmts m eg`np ASNBBNS PU@U MF DJO@
tnxjs, sm ymu iml‚t gnv` tm irjv` 0N
Up`no`r 58 [rnau` ― ml` m tg` c`st ejtj`s jl tg` wmrdi? sm > c) 3 e) 5 n) 9 `) 0 i)
c`nutjud, djo` tg` ejty m ymur ir`nbs? c`nutjud cujdijlas nli
squnr`s? mdi str``ts wmli`rud tm wndo ndmla? udd m eudtur`, C
busje, r`stnurnlts nli cnrs? v`ry emdi jl wjlt`r ― n dmt m slmw? > 5, 0 3 >, 3, 9
sully jl tg` subb`r,
subb`r, sm ymu enl sjt mutsji` jl tg` enês mr wndo
up tm tg` enstd`? v`ry sp`ejnd ejty? p`mpd` nr` v`ry rj`lidy
 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >;.> p>96―>91
C N > Qgnt‚s ymur l`w hmc djo`=
3 [rnau` 5 Iucnj 9 B`dcmurl` 0 Iucnj 6 [rnau` 3 Im ymu djo` by l`w ir`ss=ir`ss=
5 Qgnt js tnpns djo`=
djo`=
9
9 Qgnt‚s tg` w`ntg`r djo` tg`r`=
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 U`` tg` uli`rdjl`i
uli`rdjl`i pgrns`s jl tg`
tg` nuijm
0 Im ymu djo` djvjla jl tg`tg` emultry=
serjpt c`dmw.
C > i) 3 c) 5 e) 9 `) 0 n)
Pljt >; S`emrijla 3 E > J djo` djst`l
djst`l djst`ljla tm busje.
3 Gmw Qgnt js tg` ffint djo`=
Emlv`rsntjml > 5 Iji ymu djo` jt=
J 2 Jlt`rvj`w`r I 2 Inlj`dn 9 Qgnt‚s g` djo` g`=
J8 Inlj`dn, sm ymu djv` jl B`dcmurl`, rjagt= 0 Qgnt‚s djo` tg` w`ntg`r djo`=
I8 Z`ng, tgnt‚s
tgnt‚s rjagt. 6 Nr` Im ymu djo` sp`nojla @ladjsg=
J8 Q`dd, B`dcmurl` gns c``lc``l vmt`i ml` m tg` c`st ejtj`s tm djv` jl
mr ymula p`mpd`. Um wgnt im ymu tgjlo= Im ymu djo` djvjla jl
B`dcmurl`= 6C
I8 J dmv` jt! B`dcmurl` js n r`nddy ar`nt ejty. Jt‚s
Jt‚s v`ry rj`lidy nli > jt djo` 3 ymu djo` 5 Qgnt‚s, djo` 9 im ymu djo`
ul. Pbb … tg`r`‚r` dmts m tgjlas tm s`` nli im.
J8 MO, sm ymu enl am mut n dmt= QSJYJLA PUJLA FMSBND @W[S@UUJMLU
I8 Z`ng, jt‚s v`ry nrty, tg`r`
tg`r` nr` dmts mf enfês nli str``t nrt ,
busje … nli tg` ljagtdj` js r`nddy ammi. [`mpd` djo` tm `lhmy 7N
tg`bs`dv`s jl B`dcmurl`. Ug`‚s wrjtjla tm nso mr bmr` jlmrbntjml ncmut tg` C`i nli
J8 Ygnt‚s ar`nt. Nli wgnt ncmut a`ttjla
a`ttjla nrmuli= Qgnt‚s
Qgnt‚s tg` Cr`nonst. Ug` wnlts tm olmw8
pucdje trnlspmrt djo`= >) j jt js pmssjcd` tm trnv`d `nsjdy jltm tg` tmwl e`ltr` cy pucdje
I8 [ucdje trnlspmrt js r`nddy ammi, netunddy. Jt‚s qujt` eg`np nli jt‚s trnlspmrt nli gmw bueg jt emsts.
`ſtej`lt. Zmu enl am `v`rywg`r` cy trnb nli smb`tjb`s jt‚s 3) j jt‚s sn` tm wndo gmb` jl tg` `v`ljla.
`v`l fr``. 5) j sg` enl a`t n ijsemult j sg` stnys mr tg` wgmd` bmltg.
J8 Um, wgnt im ymu djo` c`st ncmut djvjla jl B`dcmurl`=
I8 J tgjlo jt‚s prmcncdy
prmcncdy tg` ntbmspg`r`. Ndsm, jt‚s n ar`nt dmentjml. C
Yg` dnlauna` js mrbnd. Zmu enl lmtje` `xpr`ssjmls djo` I`nr
Jt‚s r`nddy edms` tm smb`
r`nddy.nltnstje
c`neg`s,
Jt‚s amt `v`rytgjla, Jt‚s n ar`nt ejty. sm tg`r`‚s sur﬎la. Ujr/Bninb, Zmurs fnjtgfuddy, `te.
Emlv`rsntjml 3 E
J 2 Jlt`rvj`w`r S 2 Sjeo J nb wrjtjla tm nso mr … ? J wmudi djo` tm … , J wmudi djo` tm olmw
J8 Sjeo, ymu‚v` djv`i jl Iucnj mr … wgnt, mur y`nrs, rjagt= j … , … j jt js pmssjcd` tm … ? J dmmo mrwnri tm g`nrjla rmb ymu.?
S8 Z`ng, mur y`nrs. Zmurs njtguddy

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> i`dny8 n p`rjmi m tjb` wg`l ymu gnv` tm wnjt mr smb`tgjla tm
S@NIJLA gnpp`l
3 djtt`r8 wnst`r pnp`r, enls, `te. tgnt p`mpd` d`nv` ml tg` armuli
3N 5 s`rvje`8 tg` g`dp tgnt p`mpd` wgm wmro jl n r`stnurnlt, `te. ajv` ymu
> G` stmd` cmmos rmb n cmmosgmp. 9 nudty8 lmt wmrojla prmp`rdy
3 G` wns s`lt tm r`ni stmrj`s nli cmmos tm gmspjtnd pntj`lts. 0 dmuidy8 lmt quj`tdy, lmjsjdy
5 Ajvjla puljsgb`lts tgnt ﬎t tg` erjb`, `.a. lmt prjsml s`lt`le`s. 6 ernsgjla8 stmp wmrojla suii`ldy (mr embput`rs)
1 stueo jl n trnſte hnb8 lmt ncd` tm bmv` jl n dmla djl` m enrs, `te. ml
VMENCPDNSZ ESJB@ NLI [PLJUGB@LY n rmni
7 spnb8 ulwnlt`i `bnjds
5N
[gmtms
3 prjsml s`lt`le` 5 wrjtjla arnſttj 9 embbuljty s`rvje`
N0 C6 E> I3 @1
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C FPLEYJML EMB[DNJLJLA
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erjb`8 wrjtjla arn﬎ttj, tg`f, rnui, sgmpdjfjla
puljsgb`lt8 prjsml s`lt`le`, embbuljty s`rvje`, ﬎l` > Emlv`rs
Emlv`rsntjml
ntjml >8 jl n gmt`d
Emlv`rsntjml 38 jl n r`stnurnlt
Emlv`rsntjml 58 nt n trnjl stntjml
 [GMYM
[GMYMCNLO
CNLO p>0: 3 Emlv`rsntjml >8 njr emlijtjmljla im`sl‚t wmro
> [`mpd`8 > C, I, @, F, A 3 N, @, (E) 5 C 9 N Emlv`rsntjml 38 sdmw s`rvje` nli nl `xtrn egnra` ml tg` cjdd
V`rcs8 0 I 6 F 1 A 7 @ : E Emlv`rsntjml 58 trnjl i`dnys
3 (Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs) Erjbjlnds cr`no jl nli sgmmt p`mpd`. C
[mdje` mſte`rs nrr`st erjbjlnds, g`dp vjetjbs nli jlv`stjant`
erjb`s. >
3 dmmo
pmdjt`jltm jt rjagt
rjagt nwny nli s`li
s`li smb`ml` up
5 (ncmut) tw`lty bjlut`s
ASNBBNS [S@U@LY/[NUY [NUUJV@ 9 nlmtg`r gmur
0 jt‚s n v`ry cusy tjb` m y`nr
9N 6 mr mv`r nl gmur
pr`s`lt pnssjv`8 N bnl js enuagt st`ndjla cmmos rmb n cmmosgmp. 1 c`enus` tg` enus` m tg` i`dny js tg` wrmla
wrmla typ` m slmw
slmw
pnst pnssjv`8 Yg` bnl wns s`lt tm r`ni stmrj`s.
5N
C > prmcd`b 3 wmro 5 dmmo 9 smrry 0 lmtgjla 6 mv`r
Yg` netjv` s`lt`le`s sny wgm im`s tg` netjmls.
C
Sud`s8 tm c`
3E 5S 9S 0S 6E
E
Ywm cmys w`r` enuagt wrjtjla arnſttj …  DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >;.5 p>96―>91
… tg` cmys w`r` tmdi tm im embbuljty s`rvje`.
N sgmpdjf`r wns enuagt sgmpdjfjla … Emlv`rsntjml >
Ug` wns s`lt tm sp`no tm sgmp mwl`rs. N8 @xeus` b`. J‚b nrnji J gnv` n embpdnjlt.
… g` wns tmdi tm sp`li s`v`rnd w``os pnjltjla dmend segmmds … C8 Qgnt‚s tg` prmcd`b=
N8 Yg` sgmw`r im`sl‚t wmro.
0N C8 Q`‚dd dmmo jltm jt rjagt nwny.
Qnss nli w`r` nr` prmlmule`i ns w`no mrbs jl tg` pnssjv`.
Qn Emlv`rsntjml 3
N8 @xeus` b`. Emudi ymu g`dp b`=
C8 Z`s.
 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >;.3 p>96―>91
N8 Yg`r`‚s n prmcd`b wjtg tg` jlt`rl`t emll`etjml.
N > js s`rv`i 3 wns ajv`l 5 nr`l‚t enuagt 9 wns wrjtt`l C8 J‚b smrry cut tg`r`‚s lmtgjla w` enl im nt tg` bmb`lt.
0 nr` sgmwl 6 nr` nrr`st`i 1 wnsl‚t tmdi 7 w`r` s`lt Emlv`rsntjml 5
C > Ulnjds nr` `nt`l
`nt`l cy tg` Fr`leg. N8 @xeus` b`. Emudi J sp`no tm tg` bnlna`r=
3 Erjb` nli [uljsgb`lt wns wrjtt`l cy Imstmy`vsoy. C8 Z`s.
5 J wns nso`i smb` qu`stjmls cy n hmurlndjst. N8 J‚v` c``l g`r` mr mv`r nl gmur.
9 Ndd m mur prmarnbb`s nr` prmiue`i
prmiue`i cy Nd`hnlirm
Nd`hnlirm D`i`sbn. C8 J‚b r`nddy smrry ncmut tgnt.
0 Bmst m tg` rmd`s jl tgnt ﬎db w`r` pdny`i cy Nd`e Aujll`ss.
6 Yg` c`st egmemdnt`
egmemdnt` js bni` cy Uwjss
Uwjss embpnlj`s. 9
> i) 3 n) 5 c) 9 e)
6N
3 By r`nd lnb` js Hnb`s, cut J‚b endd`i Hjb cy by rj`lis. D@NSL YM UMPLI FJSB, CPY [MDJY@
5 Ml by t`ltg cjrtginy, J wns tno`l tm Ijsl`ydnli.
9 Yg`s` inys, p`mpd` jl by embpnly nr` pnji n cmlus `v`ry 0N
I`e`bc`r. Q` us` tg` `xpr`ssjmls tm jltrmiue` n embpdnjlt.
0 Qg`l J wns ymula`r, J wns g`dp`i cy bnly t`neg`rs.
6 Ml mur ﬎rst iny, ndd tg` l`w stui`lts nr` sgmwl nrmuli tg` segmmd. C
1 @v`l lmw, J‚b tmdi tgnt J dmmo djo` by bmtg`r. > Emudi ymu g`dp b`=
7 Qg`l w` w`r` ymula, ndd tg` egjdir`l jl by nbjdy w`r` `xp`et`i 3 J‚b nrnji J gnv` n embpdnjlt.
tm c`emb` imetmrs. 5 @xeus` b`, emudi J sp`no tm tg` bnlna`r=

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> N8 @xeus` b`. Emudi J sp`no tm tg` bnlna`r=
>;.0 DMMOCNEO
N8 Yg`r`‚s n prmcd`b wjtg tg` YV jl by rmmb. Jt im`sl‚t wmro. I@UESJCJLA N EJYZ
3 N8 @xeus` b`. J mri`r`i rmmb s`rvje` mv`r
mv`r nl gmur nam. Enl ymu
dmmo jltm jt, pd`ns`= >N
5 N8 Emudi ymu g`dp b`= J‚b nfrnji J gnv` n embpdnjlt. > trnſte
3 cujdijlas
5 pmdjt`
>;.9 BNSZ‚U B@NDU 9 trnlspmrt
0 erjb`
6 str``ts
IVI [S@VJ@Q 1 ljagtdj`
3N 7 `xp`lsjv`
> Ug` stnrt`i tg` cdma c`enus` sg` wnsl‚t gnppy wjtg g`r segmmd
b`nds. PU@U MF DJO@
3 Ug` g`nri tgnt jl smb` pnrts m tg` wmrdi, smb` egjdir`l w`lt
3N
tm segmmd gulary. Ug` i`eji`i tm us` tg` cdma tm rnjs` bml`y mr
gulary egjdir`l. > Qgnt‚s im tg` w`ntg`r djo` tminy=
3 Qgnt mmi im ymu tm djo` bmst=
C 5 Qgnt‚s ymur enpjtnd ejty jt djo`=
> rnjs` bml`y 3 egnrjty 5 cnll`i 9 nl jlt`rl`t s`lsntjml 9 Qgnt im ymu djo` ncmut wg`r` im ymu djv`=
0 semr` 0 Qgnt‚s ncmut tg` mmi jl ymur emultry djo`=
6 Qgnt djo` nr` tg` p`mpd` djo` wg`r` ymu djv`=
IVI VJ@Q
ESJB@ NLI [PLJUGB@LY
5N
Yg`y us`i tg` bml`y tm cujdi n l`w ojteg`l jl n segmmd jl Bndnwj, tm 5
``i l`nrdy 3,;;; egjdir`l `v`ry iny. > prjsml s`lt`le`
3 embbuljty s`rvje`
E 5 sgmpdjf`r
armw v`a`tncd`s/rnjs` sg``p8 Bnrtgn‚s nbjdy armw tg`jr mwl 9 tg`f
v`a`tncd`s nli rnjs` sg``p. 0 rnui
segmmd ijll`rs8 Bnrtgn tgmuagt m segmmd ijll`rs mr g`r cdma 6 ﬎l`
c`enus` sg` wnsl‚t gnppy wjtg g`r mwl nli ndwnys enb` gmb` 1 tgj`
gulary, sm sg` wnlt`i tm im smb`tgjla ncmut tg`b. 7 wrjtjla arnſttj
£>;;,;;;8 Bnrtgn rnjs`i bmr` tgnl £>;;,;;; mr tg` egnrjty Bnry‚s
B`nds. [S@U@LY/[NUY [NUUJV@
>;;,;;; p`mpd`8 Ygjs js tg` lubc`r m p`mpd` tgnt snw Bnrtgn‚s 9N
segmmd b`nd pgmtms jl tg` ﬎rst w``o. > c) 3 i) 5 ) 9 `) 0 e) 6 n)
3,;;; egjdir`l8 Ygjs js tg` lubc`r m egjdir`l tgnt nr` `i `v`ry iny
cy tg` egnrjty Bnry‚s B`nds. C
ojteg`l8 Yg` egnrjty us`i tg` bml`y tm cujdi n l`w segmmd ojteg`l jl Ndd nr` tru` `xe`pt 5 (Yg` nlsw`r js Nd`xnli`r Fd`bjla. Jnl Fd`bjla
Bndnwj. wrmt` tg` Hnb`s Cmli cmmos.) nli 0 (Gnwnjjnl, lmt Nustrndjnl,
Gmddywmmi8 Bnrtgn nli g`r nbjdy r`e`jv`i m﬋`rs rmb Gmddywmmi spmrtsb`l).
nf`r g`r stmry w`lt wmrdiwji` (cut sg` egms` tm vjsjt tg` egjdir`l jl
Bndnwj). EMB[DNJLJLA
0N
sp`nomu
sp`nomutt nl jssu` > nrnji
3 jltm jt
0N 5 gnv`
> jbpmrt`i mmi 3 netjvjtj`s mr t``lna`rs 9 im`sl‚t
C
> mmi 3 armw 5 t``lna`rs 9 spmrts e`ltr`s

E
Us sgmudi tjeo ndd tg` pgrns`s.

wrjt`cneo
wrjt`cneo n w`c embb`lt
1N
> ruccjsg/djtt`
ruccjsg/djtt`rr d`f ml tg` str``ts nli c`neg`s
3 Ug` ``ds nlary nli tgjlos tgnt p`mpd` sgmudi c` ﬎l`i j tg`y
djtt`r tg` str``ts/c`neg
str``ts/c`neg`s.
`s.

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DJUY@LJLA
3N
Up`no`r >8 t`xt b`ssna`s
Up`no`r 38 Uoyp`
7N
Jt‚s cja ― Jzbjr Bmst m tg`b ― by l`w rj`lis
tg`y‚r` l`w ― by l`w rj`lis
Mur emurs` ― by l`w rj`lis nli by (emurs`)
dmmojla mrwnri tm jt ― tg` emurs` gnv`l‚t b`t gjb ― Ngb`i
>>
g` smulis lje` ― Ngb`i l`nr tg`r` ― tg` ejty e`ltr`
Up`no`r 58 n cdma
Up`no`r 98 smejnd l`twmrojla sjt`s C

`
t
tm nvmji r`p`tjtjml m wmris

e
C
C`l`﬎ts E

g
Up`no`r >8 qujeo nli eg`np? t`xts nr` quj`t Nd`ejn nli J gnv` ﬎lnddy nrrjv`i jl Cuegnr`st, nli Nd`ejn nli J w`
Up`no`r 38 enl s`` gjs arnliegjdir`l? jt‚s r`` dmv` Cuegnr`st jt. Q` tgmuagt w` sgmudi upint` ymu ml Nd`ejn‚s

Up`no`r 58 n ar`nt wny tm t`dd p`mpd` ncmut ymur trnv`d
`xp`rj`le`s?? ymu enl put up pgmtms m tg` p`mpd` ymu b``t nli
`xp`rj`le`s
tg` pdne`s ymu vjsjt? ns smml ns ymu wrjt` tg` cdma, p`mpd` ndd mv`r
l
nli by mur tmur. Dnst bmltg w` w`r` jl Gulanry. Q` gni n r`nddy
ammi tjb` jl Gulanry tg`r`. Q` b`t n bnl endd`i A`mra`, wgm
wns v`ry rj`lidy. A`mra` G` tmmo us tm smb` wmli`rud dno`s

m
tg` wmrdi enl r`ni jt nli enstd`s, nli w` r`nddy `lhmy`i tg` dno`s nli enstd`s tg`b.
Up`no`r 98 muli rj`lis sg` gnil‚t s``l mr y`nrs nli jt wns Yg` mtg`r l`ws js tgnt w` gnv` i`eji`i tm stny jl Cuegnr`st g`r`

dm
ar`nt tm a`t jl tmueg nanjl mr nt d`nst twm y`nrs. Q` tgjlo djvjla jl Cuegnr`st jt wjdd c` n
L`antjv` pmjlts wmli`rud `xp`rj`le` mr Nd`ejn nli J us.
Up`no`r >8 a`ts nllmy`i wg`l ymu‚r` tndojla tm smb`ml` nli

a
tg`y‚r` t`xtjla smb`ml` `ds`
Up`no`r 38 jlt`rl`t smb`tjb`s ernsg`s iurjla tg` pgml` endd mr >>.3 BNO@ N IJFF@S@LE@
g` enl‚t s`` tg` pjetur` prmp`rdy
Up`no`r 58 enl‚t im jt j tg`y enl‚t ﬎li nl jlt`rl`t enê VMENCPDNSZ F@@DJLAU
Up`no`r 98 o``ps eg`eojla jt wg`l sg` sgmudi c` wmrojla >E

y
3 emlus`i 5 dml`dy 9 `xejt`i 0 ulembmrtncd` 6 nbnz`i
ASNBBNS [S@U@LY [@SF@EY 1 wmrrj`i 7 l`rvmus

5N
> e) 3 n) 5 c)
S@NIJLA
3E
C > Yg`y enl us` smejnd b`ijn tm qujeody mranljs` i`bmlstrntj
i`bmlstrntjmls
mls
> y`t 3 hust 5 ndr`niy nli prmt`sts nanjlst amv`rlb`lt i`ejsjmls.
i`ejsjmls. Yg`y enl ndsm us`
b`ijn tm sgmw tg` wmrdi wgnt js gnpp`ljla.
3 Ug` wnlt`i tm a`t tg` embpnly tm s`dd tmy mv`ls i`sjal`i
 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >>.> p>97―>9: lmt hust mr ajrds, cut mr cmys tmm. Jl d`ss tgnl n bmltg, tg`
N > ndr`niy 3 y`t 5 hust 9 ndr`niy 0 y`t 6 ndr`niy embpnly egnla`i tg` pneonajla m tg` mv`ls.
1 hust 7 ndr`niy/hust 5 N Enlnijnl bnl wnlt`i tm rnjs` smb` bml`y tm ajv` tg` cus
C > Z`s, J‚v` hust ﬎ljsg`i jt hust. irjv`r n gmdjiny, cut g` rnjs`i sm bueg bml`y tgnt Onr`l Od`jl
3 Lm, Jb`din gnsl‚t
gnsl‚t endd`i y`t us y`t. i`eji`i tm stnrt n mulintjml tm g`dp mtg`rs.
5 Q`‚v` (ndr`niy) c``l ndr`niy tg`r` (ndr`niy).
9 Q`dd, hust sg`‚s hust rul ﬎v` bjd`s. ASNBBNS S@ND EMLIJYJMLNDU + QG@L
0 J‚i dmv` tm
tm emb` mut, cut J gnv`l‚t ﬎ljsg`i y`t by wmro 5N
y`t. > tg` utur`
6 Z`s, cut ndr`niy J‚v` (ndr`niy) s``l jt tgr`` tjb`s 3 Yg` pr`s`lt sjbpd` js us`i nf`r tg` jf/wg`l ednus`, nli
(ndr`niy)! wjdd/wml‚t js us`i jl tg` bnjl ednus`.

9N C
3 J gnv`l‚t iml` nly spmrt y`t tgjs w``o. > utur`
5 By c`st rj`li gns hust gni n cncy. 3 djo`dy
9 J‚v` (ndr`niy) gni n gmdjiny tgjs y`nr ( ndr`niy). 5 e`rtnjl
0 J gnv`l‚t ﬎ljsg`i by stuij`s y`t. 9 enl c` nt tg` c`ajlljla
c`ajlljla mr tg` `li m
m tg` s`lt`le`
6 J‚v` (ndr`niy) s``l tg` l`w Hnb`s Cmli ﬎db ( ndr`niy).
1 J‚v` hust bmv`i gmus`.
7 J‚v` (ndr`niy) pnji mr by l`xt @ladjsg emurs` (ndr`niy).  DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >>.3 p>97―>9:
N > ‚dd d`nv`, ﬎ljsg 3 bjss, ‚dd tno` 5 s``, ‚dd nso
0 9 wml‚t gnv`, d`nv`s 0 nso, wml‚t ajv` 6 ‚dd emmo, im
Ug`‚s ndr`niy endd`i g`r bmtg`r. 1 js, ‚dd am 7 ‚dd am, a`ts
Ug`‚ss ndr`niy eg`eo`i g`r `bnjd.
Ug`‚
C > J ymu wjdd c`
c` nr` jl tg` mſte` tmbmrrmw, w`‚dd tndo ncmut jt
Ug` gnsl‚t wrjtt`l tg`/g`r cdma pmst y`t.
tg`l.
Ug` gnsl‚t updmni`i tg`/g`r pgmtms y`t.
9 Q`‚dd nso tg` imetmr wg`l w` wjdd a`t tm tg` gmspjtnd.
Ug`‚s ndr`niy t`xt`i Hjb.
0 J Yg`m c`gnv`s cnidycnidy jl ednss, tg` t`neg`r
t`neg`r wjdd sp`no tm
Ug` gnsl‚t upint`i g`r w`cpna` y`t.
gjs pnr`lts.
6N 6 Yg`y‚dd bmv` jltm tg` gmus` ns smml ns Bnro wjdd ﬎ljsg
> J‚v` c``l tg`r` ndr`niy. ﬎ljsg`s cujdijla jt.
3 J gnv`l‚t b`t g`r y`t.
5 Q`‚v` hust s``l n ﬎db. 9C
9 Yg`y‚v` ndr`niy aml`. > ajv`, ‚dd s`li 3 sjal, ‚dd gnv` tm 5 s``, wml‚t c`
0 Q` gnv`l‚t ﬎ljsg`i y`t. 9 a`ts, wjdd, d`nv` 0 nr`l‚t, wjdd stnrt 6 s``, ‚dd c` 1 js, wml‚t wrjt`
6 G`‚s hust spmo`l tm g`r. 7 egnla`, wjdd, cuy

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>>.5 J YMYNDDZ IJUNAS@@ 0
> Y
S@NIJLA 3 F (Yg`y w`lt tm n prjbnry segmmd jl Bnleg`st`r.)
5 F (Yg`y tmmo tg` YVs, embput`rs nli embput`r anb`s.)
3C 9 Y
> Jt‚s ijſteudt mr p`mpd` tm emle`ltrnt` ml Frjiny nf`rlmmls, sm tg`y 0 Y
wnst` tjb` ml tg` jlt`rl`t. 6 F (Yg`y wnteg`i d`ss YV.)
3 tg` jlt`rl`t nli smejnd b`ijn
5 up tm `jagt inys n bmltg sp`nomu
sp`nomutt t`eglmdmay
9 Yg` jlt`rl`t enl c` cni mr r`dntjmlsgjps c`enus` jt enl enus`
nraub`lts j ml` pnrtl`r sp`lis tmm bueg tjb` usjla tg`jr 1N
embput`r mr bmcjd` i`vje`.
Up`no`r
t`d`vjsjml,>8IVI
`ss`ltjnd8
pdny`r,sbnrt
ijajtndpgml`, bjermwnv`,
enb`rn, tncd`t dnptmp?
dnptmp? lmt `ss`ltjnd8
FPLEYJML AJVJLA M[JLJMLU Up`no`r 3 `ss`ltjnd8 sbnrt pgml`, YV, IVI pdny`r, dnptmp?
9 lmt `ss`ltjnd8 tncd`t, ijajtnd enb`rn, bjermwnv`
>Y 3Y 5F 9Y
C
0C Us sgmudi tjeo ndd tg` pgrns`s `xe`pt Jt‚s ammi/jbpmrtnlt c`enus` …
>, 9, 0, 6 nli Jt‚s v`ry us`fud.

6N wrjt`cneo
wrjt`cneo n w`c embb`lt
nar``jla8 Ygnt‚s rjagt, Ygnt‚s tru`
ijsnar``jla8 J tmtnddy ijsnar``, J‚b lmt sur` ncmut tgnt 7N
ajvjla nl mpjljml8 J tgjlo, J iml‚t tgjlo Ugnltnlu tgjlos t`eglmdmay js cni c`enus` jt bno`s p`mpd` dml`dy.
C Hno` tgjlos t`eglmdmay
t`eglmdmay js ammi c`enus` jt nddmws us tm ﬎li
﬎li mut wgnt
nar``jla8 I`﬎ljt`dy. js gnpp`ljla jl tg` wmrdi.
ijsnar``jla8 J iml‚t tgjlo sm./J‚b smrry cut J (r`nddy) iml‚t s`` …
ajvjla nl mpjljml8 Jl by mpjljml, …
>>.0 DMMOCNEO
 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >>.5 p>97―>9:
EMBBPLJENYJML
N > J‚b smrry, cut J iml‚t tgjlo tg`r` js `lmuag bml`y mr tgnt.
3 J iml‚t tgjlo w` sgmudi sp`li tmm bueg tjb` ijseussjla tgjs. >N
5 J gnv` tm sny J tgjlo tgnt‚s/ymu‚r
ymu‚r`` rjagt. > bmcjd` pgml` 3 w`c pna` 5 UBU, t`xt b`ssna` 9 djlos
9 J‚b nrnji J tmtnddy ijsnar``. 0 cdmas 6 egnt
0 Bno` tg`b pny pny ﬎l`s= J‚b lmt sur` ncmut tgnt.
6 Jl by mpjljml, w` sgmudi stnrt rmb tg` c`ajlljla. S@ND EMLIJYJMLNDU + QG@L
C > J tgjlo 3 lmt sur` ncmut 5 J‚b nrnji 9 tmtnddy ijsnar``
0 by mpjljml 6 I`﬎ljt`dy 9N
> `) 3 e) 5 ) 9 n) 0 i) 6 c)
1N
> J tgjlo sm tmm.
AJVJLA M[JLJMLU
3 Ygnt‚s tru`. 6N
5 J‚b lmt sur` cy ncmut tgnt. > J‚b nrnji J tmtnddy ijsnar``.
9 Um i`﬎ljt`dy. 3 J‚b lmt sur` ncmut tgnt.
0 J nb tmtnddy ijsnar``. 5 Jl by mpjljml, ndd iruas sgmudi c` d`and.
6 J iml‚t tgjlo sm. 9 Ygnt‚s rjagt. J tgjlo sm, tmm.
0 Im ymu tgjlo tg` l`xt amv`rlb`lt wjdd c` c`tt`r=
D@NSL YM IJUNAS@@ [MDJY@DZ 6 J iml‚t tgjlo sm.
1 Ygnt‚s tru`. J nar``.
7C
7 J tmtnddy ijsnar``.
>N 3C 5N 9N 0C

>>.9 JU YV CNI FMS OJIU=

IVI [S@VJ@Q
3N
> 9 3 6; 5 5.0, >3 9 > 0 5.0, >,6;;

IVI VJ@Q
9
> Yg` egjdir`l wnteg`i d`ss YV cut s``b`i tm `lhmy pdnyjla anb`s
nli sp`lijla bmr` tjb` wjtg tg`jr pnr`lts.
3 Yg` pnr`lts muli tg` `xp`rjb`lt v`ry pmsjtjv`. Yg`r` wns n dmt
bmr` dnuagt`r jl tg` gmus`. Yg`y dnuag`i n dmt nli w`r` bmr` m n
nbjdy.

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>3.> ENPAGY ML FJDB >3.3 N DPEOZ CS@NO

VMENCPDNSZ FJDB
>N
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 Jrml Bnl 58 nl netjml ﬎db, n cdmeocust`r?
Yg` X`rm Yg`mr`b8 n sej`le` ﬎etjml ﬎db, n irnbn, n tgrjdd`r?
VMENCPDNSZ UPFFJW@U
>
Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8
>3
pmsjtjv`8 ymu‚r` ndwnys jl l`wspnp`rs/bnanzj
l`wspnp`rs/bnanzjl`s?
l`s? embpnlj`s
Yg` D`am Bmvj`8 n emb`iy, n enrtmml wnlt ymu tm niv`rtjs` tg`jr prmiuets? ymu gnv` nbmus rj`lis/
(n) dmv`dy gmb`(s)? ymu enl cuy `xp`lsjv` tgjlas? ymu enl tndo tm

fb
n
S@NIJLA pmdjtjejnls tm try nli egnla` tg` wmrdi
l`antjv`8 pgmtmarnpg`rs/tg` pnpnrnzzj mddmw ymu nli tno`
3C
Cdmeocust`rs gnv` n ‗mrbudn‚8 tg`y us` bytgs, nbnzjla s`ttjlas, ymur
lm pgmtmarnpg
prjvney? wg`r`v`r ymu
c`jla r`emaljs`i cyam? ymu nlijlymur
`v`ryml` nbjdyenl
tg` str``t gnv`
c`
strmla g`rm`s nli mppml`lts, n tgr``-pnrt struetur` nli cja s`t

`
nllmyjla? p`mpd` emlstnltdy huia` e`d`crjtj`s
pj`e`s.
3N
5 nl mrijlnry p`rsml wgm c`emb`s nbmus c`enus` m tg` jlt`rl`t
> bytg 3 s`ttjla 5 mppml`lt 9 struetur` 0 se`l`
6 stuijm C
> Jl tg` pnst ymu mf`l l``i`i tm c` n suee`ssud netmr
ne tmr,, mmtcndd`r
ASNBBNS S@[MSY@I U[@@EG mr busjejnl tm c` nbmus. Lmwninys ymu enl c`emb` nbmus
tgrmuag tg` jlt`rl`t, lmt hust cy usjla ymur tnd`lt.
0 3 Zmu enl c`emb` nbmus cy pmstjla n pgmtm, n vji`m mr n cdma.
> Yg` v`rc t`ls`s egnla` rmb tg` pr`s`lt tm tg` pnst jl
r`pmrt`i sp``eg. 5N
3 sny, t`dd -mus8 nbmus -jml8 jlv`ltjml -jty8 e`d`crjty
-`r/-mr/-jnl8 mmtcndd`r, netmr, busjejnl

 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >3.> p>0;―>0> C
-fud8 g`dpud, wmli`rud
N > Ug` tmdi b` (tgnt)
(tgnt) g`r nvmurjt`
nvmurjt` ﬎db wns ncmut nl -mus8 niv`lturmus, inla`rmus
3 jlvjsjcd` bnl. g` ijil‚t djo` w`st`rls.
G` snji (tgnt) -jml8 e`d`crntjml
-jty8 pmpudnrjty
5 Ug` tmdi us (tgnt)
(tgnt) tg`y w`r` netmrs.
netmrs. -`r/-mr/-jnl8 pgmtmarnpg`r, pmdjtjejnl
9 G` snji (tgnt) tg`
tg` ﬎db wnsl‚t r`nddy ncmut nsgjml.
nsgjml.
0 G` tmdi b` (tgnt) g` wmro`i mr n ﬎db stuijm. I
6 Q` tmdi g`r (tgnt) tgnt ijr`etmr wns nbmus. Uuaa`st`i nlsw`rs8 -fud8 pnjlud -mus8 rjijeudmus
1 Ug` snji (tgnt)
(tgnt) sg` wrmt`
wrmt` tgrjdd`rs.
tgrjdd`rs. -jml8 `iuentjml -jty8 nbjdjnrjty -`r8 t`neg`r -mr8 jlstruetmr
7 G` snji (tgnt) tg`
tg` se`l` r`bjli`i
r`bjli`i gjb m nlmtg`r
nlmtg`r ﬎db. -jnl8 `d`etrjejnl
C 3 J‚b gmb` cy 6.;;p.b. `v`ry iny.
iny.
5 J iml‚t wnlt tm im by gmb`wmro. DJUY@LJLA
9 Q` nr` cusy.
cusy.
0 J iml‚t uli`rstnli tg` d`etur`. 9C
6 J iml‚t
iml‚t djo` ffiyjla. 3 n pmdjtjejnl/pr
pmdjtjejnl/pr`sji`lt
`sji`lt
1 J am cneo tm Egjln `v`ry subb`r. 5 n mmtcndd`r/spm
mmtcndd`r/spmrtsp`rsml
rtsp`rsml
9 n sjla`r/inle`r
0 n wrjt`r
6N
6 nl netr`ss
G` snji/tmdi b` (tgnt) g` dmv`i gjs hmc, cut g` ijil‚t djo` pdnyjla
1 n sej`ltjst/jlv
sej`ltjst/jlv`ltmr
`ltmr
erjbjlnds. G` snji/tmdi b` (tgnt) g` djv`i jl Gmddywmmi, wg`r` g`
7 ―
wmro`i ns n wnjt`r.
0N
C > tjb` 3 egnla` 5 Qmrdi 9 sjla 0 wrjt`r 6 rjeg 1 djv`s
Yg` sp`no`r us`s str`ss tm `bpgnsjs` e`rtnjl wmris nli tg`r`cy 7 gnppy
egnla`s tg` b`nljla.

E ASNBBNS GZ[MYG@YJEND EMLIJYJMLNDU

Yg` p`mpd` mr tg` hmcs nr` str`ss`i neemrijla tm wgnt tg` sp`no`r
6N
wjsg`s tm `bpgnsjs` `neg tjb`.
> gni 3 wmudil‚t 5 wns
1N
C
> tmdi 3 snji 5 snji 9 tmdi 0 snji 6 tmdi
> jbnajlnry 3 uldjo`dy
C
> c) 3 c) 5 c) 9 n) 0 n) 6 n)
 DNLAPNA@
DNLAPNA@CNLO
CNLO >3.3 p>0;―>0>
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