CMXJ\PGA _J

@S\YPC\PYM L@ @K\YMLM-SMGJLM L@ PK LJMEYMFM L@ OGPDAS

\migm = . Xrac`ljfj`kta D`rmrqujzmla pmrm Sækt`sjs l` Xrac`sas.

Kjv`
v`gg =.
=. Jkoarf
arfmcjók l` @k @ktrmlm
mlm 4 \jpa l`
l` Xraig
ig``fm
Kjv`
Kjv`gg 9
9.. @st
stru
ruct
ctuurm l` @ktktrm
rml
lm-S
m-Smgjl
mgjlmmll`g
`g Ljme
Ljmerm
rmfmfm l` Og
Ogud
uda
a
Kjv`
v`gg 3.
3. @stru
ruccturm
turm l` Y`Y`cjcga l`
l`g Lj
Ljmer
mermfm
mfm l`
l` Og
Oguda
Kjv`
v`gg <.
<. @sp`cjojojccmcj
cjók
ók l`g Sj
Sjst`
t`ffm l`
l` S`
S`pmrmcj
mcjók
Kjv`g <m. @structurm E`k`rmg 4 S`pmrmcjók l` Oms`s
Kjv`g
jv`g <i.
<i. Sjst
Sjst`f
`fmm l`
l` Y`cu
Y`cup`p`rm
rmcj
cjók
ók l` _mpa
_mpar` r`ss
Kjv`g
jv`g <c.
<c. Sjst
Sjst`f
`fmm l` Y`cu
Y`cup`p`rm
rmcj
cjók
ók l` Gæ
Gæq
quj
ujla
lass
Kjv`g
jv`g <l.
<l. Sjst
Sjst`f
`fmm l`
l` Y`cu
Y`cup`p`rm
rmcj
cjók
ók l` Sógj
Sógjllas
Kjv`g 0. Jkt`ermcjók @k`reêtjcm
Kjv`g ?. @vmgumcjók l` Mgt`rkmtjvms
Kjv`g 5.
5. Og`xjijgjlml y Caktrag
Kjv`
v`gg >.
>. S`e
`euurjlml-\a-\axjcjlml-J
l-Jfpmcta Mfij`k `kttmg

?.= L`cjsjak`s pmrm gm @structurm l` @ktrmlm-Smgjlm

Xmrm `kt`kl`r `st` kjv`g l` l`cjsjók, ljiudmfas ukm cmdm ‗ K`erm ‗ mgr`l`lar l`g prac`sa
tatmg. @s l`cjr saga oacmgjzmfas
oacmgjzmfas ku`strm mt`kcjók `k gms fmt`rjms prjfms y `k gas praluctas
y suipraluctas.
S` tj`k`k gms sjeuj`kt`s mgt`rkmtjvms l` ljmermfms l` ogudas 4

Ojeurm 9.= 4 m) Y`mctjvas ka mimklakmk `g sjst`fm

sjst`fm

Mgjf`ktmcjó
mcjók
k Xralucta
Xrac`sa
Mgjf`ktmcjók Suipralucta

Ojeurm 9.9 4 i) Sjst`fm cak Y`cjcga y Xurem

Xurem

Mgjf`ktmcjók Xralucta
Xrac`sa
Mgjf`ktmcjók Suipralucta

\migm 9.= L`cjsjak`s l` Kjv`g 9 l`

l` @ktrmlm-Smgjlm
=. ± S`
S` l`
l`i`k purj
purjojojccmr gms mgmgjf`ktmcjakcjak``s 1
9. ± S` l`i`
l`i`k k r`fa
r`fav` v`rr a r`cj
r`cjcgcgmr
mr uk su
suip
ipra
ralu
luct
cta
a r`v
r`v`r`rsj
sjig
ig`1
`1
3. ± S` l`
l`i`
i` ut
utjg
jgjz
jzmr
mr uk r`cj
r`cjcgcgaa ems
ems`a
`asa
sa y pu
pure
rem1
m1
<. ± S`
S` l`i
l`i`k`k r`cu
r`cup` p`rm
rmrr cj`r
cj`rtatass r`m
r`mct
ctjv
jvas
as y r`cj
r`cjcg
cgmr
mrga
gass 1
0. ± Cumk
Cumkta
tass ogu
oguda
dass l`
l` pra
praluluct ctas
as s` l`i`
l`i`k kaait
it`k
`k`r
`r11
?. ± Cum
Cumg`
g`ss sak
sak gms
gms vmrj
vmrjmi
mig`g`ss l` ljs
ljs`ý
`ýaa y gas
gas caf
cafprpraf
afjs jsas
as `ca
`cakó
kófj
fjca
cas1
s1

=. Xurjojcmcjók l` Mgjf`ktmcjak`s 4

Mgeukms r`egms a euæms qu` pu`l`k myulmr `k gm `tmpm l` purjojcmcjók l` gm mgjf`ktmcjók

sak gms sjeuj`kt`s 4

m). Sj gm jfpur`zm ka `s jk`rt` y `stí pr`s`kt` `k cmktjlml`s sjekjojcmtjvms, l`i` r`fav`rs`

( l` atrm
atrm fmk`r
fmk`rmm jfpgj
jfpgjcm
cm pêrlj
pêrljlms
lms l` fmt`r
fmt`rjm
jmss pr
prjfm
jfmss y usumg
usumgf`
f`ktkt`` uk sjst`
sjst`fm
fm l`
s`pmrmcjók fís cafpgjcmla ).

i) Sj gm jfpur`zm `s ems`asm s` l`i` prac`smr y ka vmg` gm p`km r`fav`rgm.

r `fav`rgm.

c). Sj gm jfpur`zm
jfpur`zm `stí `k ukm mgjf`ktmcjók
mgjf`ktmcjók gæqujlm, y `s uk suipralucta a cafpak`kt` l`g
pralucta prjkcjpmg,
pr jkcjpmg, `s f`dar mgjf`ktmr par `g
` g sjst`fm l` s`pmrmcjók.
l). Sj gm jfpur`zm `stí `k gm oarfm l` mz`atrapa cak uk r`mctjva, `s f`dar prac`smr gm
jfpur`zm, ka s` l`i` r`cup`rmr.

`). Sj gm jfpur`zm `s uk jk`rt` y `s fís oícjg s`pmrmrgm l` gas praluctas qu` l` gm

mgjf`ktmcjók, `s f`dar prac`smr gm jfpur`zm.

o). Sj gm jfpur`zm `s uk v`k`ka pmrm `g cmtmgjzmlar, nmy qu` r`fav`rgm.

Sj ka `stmfa
`stmfass s`eura
s`eura l` ku`strm
ku`strm l`cjsjók
l`cjsjók sair`
sair` gm mgjf`kt
mgjf`ktmcjó
mcjók,
k, gjstmf
gjstmfas
as gm l`cjsjók
l`cjsjók
apu`stm cafa ukm ku`vm mgt`rkmtjvm.

9. Y`fav`r a Y`cjcgmr uk Suipralucta Y`v`rsjig` 4

@d`fpga 4
\agu`ka + Njlróe`ka I`kc`ka + F`tmka
9 I`kc`ka Ljo`kjga + Njlróe`ka

Xu`sta qu` gm s`euklm r`mccjók `s r`v`rsjig`, pal`fas r`cjcgmr `g Ljo`kjga l` vu`gtm mg

r`mctar y l`dmr qu` s` mcufug` nmstm qu` gg`eu` mg `qujgjirja. L` `stm fmk`rm `g r`cjcga l`
Ljo`kjga s` l`scafpak` `k i`kc`ka m gm fjsfm v`gacjlml qu` `g I`kc`ka praluc`
Ljo`kjga.

Xar ga tmkta, sj
sj r`cjcgmfas uk pralucta r`v`rsjig`, l`i`fas sair`ljf`ksjakmr talas gas
`qujpas `k `g r`cjcga gjqujla, pmrm mcafalmrgas mg oguda l` `qujgjirja l`g pralucta
r`v`rsjig`.
Sjk `fimrea, sj ga r`fav`fas l`g prac`sa, l`i`fas pmemr uk p`kmgjlml `cakófjcm,
l`ijla mg muf`kta l` fmt`rjm prjfm y l`g casta ( tagu`ka ) qu` nm sjla cakv`rtjla mg
suipralucta r`v`rsjig`. Gm l`cjsjók sjekjojcm uk cafprafjsa `cakófjca, `ktr` p`rljlm l`
fmt`rjm prjfm y casta fmyar`s l` r`cjcga y ka `s oícjg tafmr ukm l`cjsjók. @g r`sugtmla
s`rí s`ksjig` m gm cakstmkt` l` `qujgjirja l` gm r`mccjók gmt`rmg. Xar ga tmkta `stí l`cjsjók
e`k`rm ukm mgt`rkmtjvm l` prac`sa.

3. Y`cjcga Ems`asa y Xurem 4

Sj
Sj`f
`fpr
pr`` qu
qu`` t`
t`ke
kemf
mfas
as uk r`mctjv a gjvjmka a uk
r`mctjva ukm jfpur `zm ems`asm gjvjmkm a uk
jfpur`zm
alucta ems`asa gjvjmka , `s ukm príctjcm cafôk utjgjzmr uk r`cjcga ems`asa y ukm
suipralucta
suipr
purem2 `s l`cjr l`s`mfas r`cjcgmr `g r`mctjva ems`asa, p`ra l`i`fas puremr uka a fís
cafpak`kt`s l`g prac`sa.

L`ojkjfas ‗ Y`mctjva Gjvjmka ‗ cafa mqu`g cuya pukta l` `iuggjcjók karfmg `s f`kar
qu` `g l`g ‗ Xrapjg`ka ‗ ( X.@.K 6 - 00 ¸O 6 - <> ¸C ).
@scae`fas `g Xrapjg`ka cafa `g pukta l` s`pmrmcjók `ktr` gjvjmkas y p`smlas , l`ijla m
qu` gas cafpu`stas l` f`kar pukta l` `iuggjcjók karfmgf`kt` ka pu`l`k s`r cakl`ksmlas
m mgtms pr`sjak`s cak meum l` r`orje`rmcjók 2 `s l`cjr s` r`quj`r` l` mgtm pr`sjók y sjst`fm
l` r`orje`rmcjók.
Xu`sta qu` gas r`mctjvas ems`asas sak karfmgf`kt` l` f`kar casta qu` gas gæqujlas
areíkjc
areík jcas
as , y pu`st
pu`staa qu
qu`` gm r`orje
r`orje`rm
`rmcjó
cjók
k `s uka l` gm ap`rmc
ap`rmcja
jak`
k`ss fís
fís cacast
stas
asms
ms,,
usumgf`kt` `s f`kas castasa p`rl`r mgeukas l` gas r`mctjvas ems`asas l` uk r`cjcga
ems`asa y sjst`fm l` purem, qu` r`cup`rmr y r`cjcgmr uk r`mctjva pura.
Sj
Sjk
k `fim
`fimrerea
a cak
cak gms
gms t`ck
t`ckag
agae
aeæm
æmss l` pu
pukt
ktmm mctu
mctumg
mg`s
`s y l`
l`gg ou
outu
tura
ra ( s`pm
s`pmrm
rmcj
cjók
ók pa
parr
f`firmkms l` f`zcgms l` ems`s a gæqujlas ), pu`l` nmc`r gm s`pmrmcjók f`kas castasm, msæ
cafa tmfijêk gms r`strjccjak`s l` e`k`rmcjók l` r`sjluas pu`l` nmc`r fís `cakófjca
r`cup`rmr a s`pmrmr gas r`mctjvms ems`asas.
L`sermcjmlmf`kt` , gm jkoarfmcjók sair` `st` tjpa l` t`ckagaeæms `s pacm y par `st` fatjva
imsmr`fas ku`stra ljs`ýa arjejkmg `k uk prac`sa cak r`cjcga y purem 4

Sj`fpr` qu` uk r`mctjva gjvjmka a ukm jfpur`zm gjvjmkm a uk

suip
suipra
ralu
luct
ctaa gjvj
gjvjmk
mka
a nj`r
nj`rvm
vm m f`ka
f`karr t`fp
t`fp`r
`rmt
mtur
urm
m qu`
qu` `g
prapjg`ka
prapjg`ka ( -00 ¸ O, - <> ¸ C ) , usmr uk r`cjcga ems`asa y uk oguda

l` purem.
<. Ka r`cjcgmr a r`cup`rmr cj`rtas r`mctjvas 4

S`eôk ku`strm
S`eôk ku`strm r`egms
r`egms n`uræstj
n`uræstjcms
cms sj`fpr
sj`fpr`` r`cup`rm
r`cup`rmfas
fas `g :: % l` ku`stra
ku`stra fmt`rjm
fmt`rjmg`s
g`s
vmgjasas. Xu`sta qu` mgeukms fmt`rjms prjfms cafa `g mjr` y `g meum, sak fucna f`kas
castasms qu` gas cafpu`stas areíkjcas, karfmgf`kt` ka kas pr`acupmfas `k r`cup`rmr y
r`cjcgmr cmktjlml`s ka cakv`rtjlms l` `stas cafpak`kt`s. Sj`fpr` s` trmtm l` mgjf`ktmr `st`
tjpa l` r`mctjvas l` fala l` cakv`rtjrgas tatmgf`kt`, a jkcgusa s` mgjf`ktmk `k `xc`sa
pmrm trmtmr l`
l ` cakv`rtjr gas r`mctjvas vmgjasas `k oarfm tatmg.
Pk `d`fpga l` ga mkt`rjar sak gms r`mccjak`s l` cafiustjók , lakl` s` mgjf`ktm uk `xc`sa
l` mjr` pmrm ms`eurmr gm cafiustjók cafpg`tm l`g cafiustjig`. Fj`ktrms fmyar `s `g
`xc`sa , fmyar `s gm cakv`rsjók l`g atra r`mctjva, p`ra gas castas l` cmpjtmg y l` ap`rmcjók
l`g sapgmlar pmrm fav`r `g mjr` msæ cafa `g pr`cmg`ktmfj`kta y `korjmfj`kta muf`ktmk m
f`ljlm qu` muf`ktmfas
muf`ktmfas `g `xc`sa l` mjr`. Xar ga tmkta `xjst` uk vmgar óptjfa l`g `xc`s
`xc`saa
l` mjr`.
0. Kôf`ra l` Xraluctas 4

Xmrm l`t`rfjkmr `g kôf`ra l` praluctas qu` l`dmk `g prac`sa, nmc`fas ukm gjstm l` talas
gas
gas cafp
cafpak
ak`k
`kt`
t`ss qu
qu`` smg`
smg`k
k l`
l`gg r`mc
r`mcta
tar.
r. @stm
@stm gjst
gjstmm jkcg
jkcguy
uy`` usum
usumgf
gf`k
`kt`
t` tala
talass gas
gas
cafpak`kt`s `k gm mgjf`ktmcjók, y talas gas r`mctjvas y praluctas qu` mpmr`c`k `k cmlm
r`mccjók.
M caktjkumcjók cgmsjojcmfas cmlm cafpak`kt` `k gm gjstm y g` msjekmfas uk cóljea l`
l`stjka s`eôk gm \migm 9.9.
Ojkmgf`kt` arl`kmfas gas cafpak`kt`s par sus puktas l` `iuggjcjók karfmg, y merupmfas
gas cafpak`kt`s cak l`stjkas sjfjgmr`s.

\migm 9.9 4 Cóljeas l` L`stjka y Cgmsjojcmcjók l` Cafpak`kt`s

Cóljea l` L`stjka Cgmsjojcmcjók l`g Cafpak`kt`

=. _`kt`a Suipraluctas Ems`asas ` Jfpur`zms

9. Y`cjcga y Xurem Y`mctjvas emsEms`asas

Suipraluctas `asas fís Ems`s Jk`rt`s y/a
3. Y`cjcga Y`mctjvas ka r`mccjakmlas
Y`mctjvas Jkt`rf`ljas
Mz`atrapas cak r`mctjvas
Xraluctas r`v`rsjig`s ( m v`c`s)
<. Kjkeuka Y`mctjva cakv`rtjla a
Xraluctas Jkt`rf`ljas Jk`stmig`s
0. _`kt`a-@xc`sa Y`mctjva Ems`asa ka r`cup`rmla
?. Y`sjlua-@xc`sa Y`mctjva Gæqujla ka r`cup`rmla a r`cjcgmla
5. Xralucta Xrjfmrja Xralucta Xrjfmrja
>. Suipralucta _m
_mgjasa L`stjkmcjók S`pmrmlm l` Suipraluctas
:. Cafiustjig` Suipraluctas m Cafiustjig`

=8. Y`sjlua Suipraluctas m \rmtmfj`kta

@d`fpga 9.= 4 Kôf`ra l` Xraluctas

Supakemfas qu` t`k`fas =8 cafpak`kt`s gjstmlas l` mcu`rla m sus puktas l` `iuggjcjók y
cak `g cóljea l` l`stjka qu` s` jkljcm. ± Cumktas ogudas l` praluctas s` aitj`k`k 1

Cafpak`kt`
Cafpak`kt` L`stjka
L`stjka Cafpak`kt`
Cafpak`kt` L`stjka
L`stjka

M Y`sjlua O Xralucta Xrjfmrja

I Y`sjlua E Y`cjcga
C Y`cjcga N Y`cjcga
L Cafiustjig` J Suipralucta _mgjasa
@ Cafiustjig` D Cafiustjig`

Sagucjók 4

Gas ogudas l` praluctas l`i` s`r 4

=. M + I m Y`sjluas ( ka s`pmrmr y f`zcgmr l`spu`s `k `g mgcmktmrjggmla )

9. L + @ m caf
cafiu
iust
stji
jig`
g` ( ka
ka s`p
s`pmr
mrmr
mr y l`s
l`spu
puês
ês f`
f`zc
zcgm
gmrr p
pmr
mrmm qu`
qu`fm
fmrg
rgas
as )

3. O Xralu
raluct
cta
a Xrj
Xrjfm
fmrj
rja
a ( m mgfm
mgfmc`
c`km
kmf
fj`kt
j`kta
a pmr
pmrmm v`k
v`ktm
tm )

<. J su
suip
ipra
ralu
luct
cta
a vmg
vmgja
jasa
sa ( m mgfm
mgfmc`
c`km
kmf
fj`kt
j`kta
a pmr
pmrmm v`k
v`ktm
tm )

0. D m cafiustjig` ( D l`i` s`r s`pmrmla l` L y @ pmrm r`cup`rmr gas cafpak`kt`s O, E, N `

J , p.g.t. , trmtmfas D cafa uk pralucta s`pmrmla.)

@d`fpga 9.9 4 Njlramgqujgmcjók l` \agu`ka pmrm pralucjr I`kc`ka

 \agu`ka + Njlróe`ka I`kc`ka + F`tmka
9 I`kc`ka Ljo`kjga + Njlróe`ka

\migm 9.3 4 Xraluccjók l` I`kc`ka

Cafpak`kt` Xukta l` @iuggjcjók , ¸C Cóljea l` L`stjka

N9 -903 Y`cjcga y Xurem

CN< -=?= Y`cjcga y Xurem
I`kc`ka >8 Xralucta Xrjfmrja
\agu`ka === Y`cjcga
Ljo`kjga 903 Cafiustjig`

Xurem 2 N9 , CN<

N9 , CN< I`kc`ka
Xrac`sa
\agu`ka Ljo`kjga

Ojeurm 9.3 4 @structurm l` @ktrmlm-Smgjlm l`g Xrac`sa l`

Njlramgqujgmcjak l` \agu`ka

?.9 _mrjmig`s l` Ljs`ýa , Imgmkc`s l` Fmt`rjm

Xmrm cmgcugmr gas imgmkc`s l` fmt`rjm egaimg`s l`g prac`sa y gas castas l` gas ogudas,
l`i`fas prjf`ra v`r sj gm l`ojkjcjók l`g praig`fm `stm cafpg`ta a sj `xjst`k mgeukas
ermlas l` gji`rtml qu` l`i`k s`r `sp`cjojcmlas pmrm cmgcugmr gas imgmkc`s l` fmt`rjm. @k
e`k`rmg gm l`ojkjcjók l`g praig`fm ka `stm cafpg`ta, par ga cumg `s jfpasjig` l`smrraggmr
uk cakdukta ôkjca l` imgmkc`s l` fmt`rjm pmrm uk prac`sa. Sagmf`kt` uk prac`sa cak ukm
sagm r`mccjók y sjk pêrljlm l` r`mctjvas l`g prac`sa ka tj`k` ermlas l` gji`rtml.

L`i`fas , par ga tmkta l`smrraggmr gas imgmkc`s l` fmt`rjm y gas ogudas l` casta `k oukcjók
L`i`fas
l` gms vmrjmig`s l` ljs`ýa, y `v`ktumgf`kt` trmtmr`fas l` `kcaktrmr gas vmgar`s óptjfas l`
`stms vmrjmig`s l` ljs`ýa.

?.9.=
?.9 .= _mrjmig
_mrj mig`s
`s l` Ljs`ýa
Ljs` ýa 4

Gms vmrjmig`s qu` s`g`ccjakmfas pmrm cafpg`tmr gm l`ojkjcjók l`g praig`fm l` ljs`ýa `s ga
qu` s` ggmfm ‗ Ermlas l` Gji`rtml ‖ . Xmrm r`mccjak`s cafpg`dms , usumgf`kt` `s pasjig`
carr`gmcjakmr gm ljstrjiucjók l` praluctas f`ljlms `k `g gmiarmtarja l`g quæfjca cafa
oukc
oukcjjók l` gm cak
cakv`r
v`rsjók
sjók l`g r`mctjv
r`mctjva gjfjtmkt``, gm rm
a gjfjtmkt rmzó
zókk fagmr
fagmr l` r`r`mct jvass, gm
mctjva
t`fp`rmturm l`g r`mctar, y /a gm pr`sjók l`g r`mctar. Sj gms `k`reæms l` mctjvmcjók l`
talms gms r`mccjak`s ak jeumg`s, `ktakc`s gm t`fp`rmturm ka mpmr`c` `k `stm carr`gmcjók. @k
oarfm sjfjgmr sj gas fag`s l` r`mctjvas y praluctas sak jeumg`s pmrm gms r`mccjak`s `k oms`
ems`asm, a sj s` tj`k`k r`mccjak`s `k oms` gæqujlm, `katkc`s gm pr`sjók ka mpmr`c` `k gm
carr`gmc
carr `gmcjók.
jók. Ml`fís
Ml`fís,, usumgf`
usumgf`kt`
kt` trmtmf
trmtmfas
as l` carr`gmc
carr`gmcjakm
jakmrr gm cakv`rsj
cakv`rsjók
ók v`rsus
v`rsus gm
v`gacjlml `spmcjmg l` fmk`rm l` `stjfmr `g tmfmýa l`g r`mctar.
Xmrm ljs`ýas pr`gjfjkmr`s, lakl` gas lmtas cjkêtjcas ka `stík ljspakjig`s, supak`fas qu`
gm cakojeurmcjók l`g r`mctar utjgjzmlm `k `g prac`sa `s gm fjsfm qu` gm utjgjzmlm par `g
quæfjca.
Ml`fís l` gms vmrjmig`s l` ljs`ýa qu` mo`ctmk gm ljstrjiucjók l`g pralucta, atrms vmrjmig`s
l` ljs`ýa carr`spakl`k m sjtumcjak`s lakl` ka s` r`cup`rmk y r`cjcgmk talas gas r`mctjvas (
Xar `d`fpga , mg usmr uk `xc`sa l` mjr`, l`i`fas `sp`cjojcmrga ). @k oarfm sjfjgmr, sj
t`k`fas uk r`cjcga ems`asa y ukm purem pr`s`kt`, l`i`fas
l`i`fas `sp`cjojcmr
`sp`cjojcmr ym s`m `g `xc`sa l`
r`mctjva ems`asa `g cumg `s pêrljla `k `g oguda l` purem a gm cafpasjcjók l`g r`mctjva `k
`g oguda l` purem.

?.9.9 Imgmkc`s
Imgmkc `s Egaimg`s
Egaimg `s l` Fmt`rjm
Fmt`rj m 4

Karfmgf`kt` `s pasjig` l`smrraggmr `xpr`sjak`s pmrm gas imgmkc`s l` fmt`rjm egaimg`s `k

têrfjka l` gms vmrjmig`s l` ljs`ýa sjk caksjl`rmr gas ogudas l` r`cjcga.
m)
m).. Xrac`
rac`l ljfj`
jfj`kkta l` Img
Imgmk
mkc`
c`ss l`
l` F
Fmt
mt`r
`rjm
jm 4
Xmrm l`smrraggmr gas imgmkc`s egaimg`s l` fmt`rjm l` uk pgmktm fakapraluctarm, sj`fpr`
pmrtjfas l` gm praluccjók prjkcjpmg ( Sj uk prac`sa `xjst`kt` `s r``fpgmzmla par uka
ku`va, `ktakc`s s` cakac` gm mgjf`ktmcjók `k v`z l` gm praluccjók).
L` gm v`gac
v`gacjlm
jlmll l` praluc
praluccjó
cjók,
k, gm `st`
`st`quj
qujaf
af`t
`træm
ræm l` gm r`
r`mc
mccjó
cjók,
k, y us
usumg
umgf`
f`kt`
kt` gms
gms
carr
carr`g
`gmc
mcja
jak`
k`ss pmpmrm
rm gm lj
ljst
strj
rjiu
iucj
cjók
ók l` pr pral
aluc
ucta
tas,
s, cmgc
cmgcug
ugmf
mfas
as tala
talass gas
gas ogud
ogudas
as l`
suipraluctas y gas r`qu`rjfj`ftas l` fmt`rjms prjfms `k oukcjók l` gms vmrjmig`s l`
ljs`ýa. Cakacj`kla gms cafpasjcjak`s l` jfpur`zms
jfpur`zms l` gms mgjf`ktmcjak`s
mgjf`ktmcjak`s cmgcugmfas
cmgcugmfas gas
ogudas l` `ktrmlm y smgjlm l` gas fmt`rjmg`s jk`rt`s. Xmrm gms mgjf`ktmcjak`s lakl` s`
mgjf`ktm uk `xc`sa l` r`mctjva y ka s` r`cup`rmk a r`cjcgmk a mgjf`ktmcjak`s lakl` `g
r`mctjva smg` `k `g r`cjcga y gm purem, s` l`i` `sp`cjojcmr gm cmktjlml `k `xc`sa l`g r`mctjva
qu` s` pj`rl` l`g prac`sa.Pk r`suf`k l`g rpac`ljfj`kta s` jkljcm `k gm \migm 9.<

=. \migm cak
Caf`kzmr 9.< `g
Xrac`ljfj`kta l` l`msmrragga
kjv`g l` praluccjók l`s`mlm2 l` Imgmkc`s l` Fmt`rjm
9. L` gm `st`qujaf`træm
`st`qujaf`træm `kcaktrmr
`kcaktrmr gas ogudas l` suipraluctas
suipraluctas y l` gas r`mctjvas
r`mctjvas
r`qu`rjlas2
3. Cakacj`kla gm cafpasjcjók l` gms ‗jfpur`zms‖ `k gm mgjf`ktmcjók s` cmgcugmk gas
ogudas l` `ktrmlm y smgjlm l` fmt`rjmg`s jk`rt`s2
<. Cmgcugmr
Cmgcug mr gas ogudas l`
l` smgjlm
smgjlm l` gas r`mctjvas
r`mctjvas `k oukcjók
oukcjók l`g ‗`xc`sa‖
‗`xc`sa‖ l` r`mctjvas
r`mctjvas
qu` ka s` r`cjcgmka r`cup`rmk ( r`cjcga y purem a mjr` y meum )2
0. Cmgc
Cm gcug
ugmr
mr gas
gas og
ogud
udas
as l` `ktr
`ktrml
mlmm y smgj
smgjlm
lm pm
pmrm
rm gms
gms jfpu
jfpur`
r`zm
zmss qu
qu`` `k
`ktr
trmk
mk ca
cak
k gas
gas
r`mctjvas.

i). Gjfjtmcjak`s

Gas imgmkc`s
imgmkc`s l` fmt`rjm
fmt`rjm pr`gjfj
pr`gjfjkmr`
kmr`ss `stík
`stík imsmlas
imsmlas `k gm supasjc
supasjcjók
jók l` r`cup`r
r`cup`rmcjó
mcjók
k
cafpg`tm l` gas fmt`rjmg`s vmgjasas, y ka `k gm r`egm l`g :: %.
@d`fpga 9.3 4 Imgmkc`s Egaimg`s l` gm Njlramgqujgmcjók l` \agu`ka

L`smrragg` gas imgmkc`s

L`smrragg` imgmkc`s egaimg`s l` fmt`rjm pmrm `g prac`sa l` njlramgqujgmcjók
njlramgqujgmcjók l` tagu`ka
pmrm pralucjr i`kc`ka.

\agu`ka + Njlróe`ka I`kc`ka + F`tmka

9 I`kc`ka Ljo`kjga + Njlróe`ka

N9 , CN<
XE 4 N9 , CN<

OE 4 N9 , CN< XI 4 I`kc`ka
Xrac`sa
OO\ 4 \agu`ka XL 4 Ljo`kjga

S` kas lm gm praluccjók l` i`kc`ka 4

XI 6 >8.888 tas/mýa 6 9?0 gifag`s/nr. 6 =98 bfag`s/nr.

c). S`g`ctjvjlml y `st`qujaf`træm l` gms r`mccjak`s 4

L`ojkjfas ‗ S`g`ctjvjlml‖ S cafa gm ormccjók l` tagu`ka cakv`rtjla `k `g r`mctar qu`

carr`spakl` mg oguda l` i`kc`ka m gm smgjlm l`g r`mctar.

Fag`s l` I`kc`ka m gm smgjlm l`g r`mctar

S6 -----------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
Fag`s l` \agu`ka cakv`rtjlas

Xmrm gm cakv`rsjak ^ , l`ojkjlm cafa gas fag`s l` tagu`ka cakv`rtala l` gas mgjf`ktmlas
mg r`mctar .

Fag`s l` \agu`ka cakv`rtjlas `k `g r`mctar

x6 --------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
Fag`s l` \agu`ka mgjf`ktmlas mg r`mctar

Supakj`kla qu` r`cup`rmfas y r`fav`fas tala `g I`kc`ka, pmrm ukm praluccjók l` X I

fag/nr , `g \agu`ka mgjf`ktmla mg prac`sa s`rí OO\ ,

XI
OO\  S 9.=
L` gm `st`qujaf`træm, gm cmktjlml l` F`tmka pralucjlm XY,CN< s`rí 2

XI
XY ,CN <  9.9
S

Sj gm ormccjó
ormccjók
k S l` \agu`ka
\agu`ka `s cakv`rtjl
cakv`rtjlmm m I`kc`ka,
I`kc`ka, ukm ormccjók
ormccjók =-S l`i` p`rl`rs
p`rl`rs``
cafa Ljo`kjga. Sljk `fimrea l` gm `st`qujaf`træm, gm cmktjlml l` Ljo`kjga pralucjlm X L
s`rí ,

= S X =- S
I
X O    9.3
L O\ 9 S 9

Ptjgjzmkla gm r`gmcjók `ktr` s`g`ctjvjlml y cakv`rsjók lmlm par `g quæfjca,

8.883?
S 6 = - --
----------------- ^  8,:5
R =-x V =,0<<

Supakj`kla uk vmgar pr`gjfjkmr l` ^ 6 8,50 s` aitj`k` , S 6 8,:?:< y,

=98
O O\ 6 ----------- 6 =9< bfag/nr
bfag/nr 6 953,< gifag/nr 6 :9.888 taks/mýa
taks/mýa
8,:?:<

XY,CN< 6 =9< bfag/nr 6 953,< gifag/nr

=98 ( =-8,:?:< )
XL 6 ----------- --------------- 6 =,>: bfag/nr
bfag/nr 6 9888 taks/mýa
taks/mýa
8,:?:< 9
l). Y`cjcga y Xurem l`g prac`sa4

Gm `s
`st`
t`quj
qujaf
af`tr
`træm
æm tmfi
tmfijêk
jêk jkljcm
jkljcm gm cmktj
cmktjlm
lml
l l` Nj
Njlra
lrae`
e`ka
ka qu` s` r`quj
r`quj`r`
`r` pmrm
pmrm gm
r`mccjók
r`mccjók.. Sj gm mgjf`ktmf
mgjf`ktmfas
as uk `xc`sa
`xc`sa l` njlróe`k
njlróe`ka
a O@ `k `g prac`sa, `st` Njlróe`ka
l`i` l`dmr `g prac`sa `k `g oguda l` purem. Xar ga tmkta gm cmktjlml tatmg l` Njlróe`ka
mgjf`ktmla mg prac`sa s`rí ,

X X (=-S)
I I
O     O y
@ S S 9 E ON

ó,
X
I
O   (=  S)  O  y 9.<
@ 9S E ON

lakl` yON carr`spakl` m gm cafpasjcjók l`g Njlróe`ka `k gm mgjf`ktmcjók .

@k oarfm sjfjgmr , `g oguda l` F`tmka qu` l`dm `g prac`sa s`rí gm cmktjlml l` F`tmka qu`
`ktrm mg prac`sa ( =- yON ) OE , fís gm cmktjl
cmktjlml
ml l` F`tmka
F`tmka pralucjlm
pralucjlm par gm r`mccjók
r`mccjók 4
XY ,CN <  X , ó
I

S
 X
I
X
CN
 (=  y
ON
)O
E
 9.0
< S

X
@g oguda tatmg l` purem XE s`rí `g `xc`sa l` N 9 , O@ , fís `g oguda l` F`tmka tatmg , CN
<
,
ó
X
I
X  O  (= - y )O  9.?
E @ ON E S

@k v`z l` usmr `g `xc`sa l` Njlrae`ka `k gm mgjf`ktmcjók O@ cafa vmrjmig` l` ljs`ýa ,

pal`fas usmr gm cafpasjcjók
cafpas jcjók l`g r`mctjva `k gm purem , lakl`

O@
y XN  2 8  y XN  = 9.5
XE

Xal`fas l`smrraggmr gms `xpr`sjak`s pmrm `g oguda l` ems l` `ktrmlm OE y `g oguda l` purem
XE `k oarfm `xpgjcjtm
`xpgjcjtm y `k oukcjók l` gm cafpasjcjók
cafpasjcjók l`g r`mctjva
r`mctjva `k gm purem yXN ym s`m
usmkla
usmkla gm `cumcjók
`cumcjók 9.5 pmrm `gjfjkmr
`gjfjkmr O@ l` gms `cumcjak
`cumcjak`s
`s 9.< y 9.5 a `scrjij`k
`scrjij`kla
la gas
imgmkc`s pmrm `g Njlróe`ka y F`tmka y `ktakc`s cafijkíklagas. @s l`cjr, gm cmktjlml l`
Njlróe`ka
Njlróe`k a `k gm mgjf`ktmcjók
mgjf`ktmcjók l`i` sufjkjstrmr
sufjkjstrmr gas r`qu`rjfj`ktas
r`qu`rjfj`ktas k`tas l` gm r`mccjók msæ
cafa gm pêrljlm par gm purem,
XI XI
y ON  OE     =  S  y XN  XE
S S 9.>

y `g F`tmka `k gm mgjf`ktmcjók fís `g F`tmka pralucjla l`i`k mimklakmr `g prac`sa cak

gm purem

XI
=  y ON   OE 
S
 =  y XN   XE 9.:

Sufmkla `stms `xpr`sjak`s s` aitj`k`,

XI =  S
XE  OE   9.=8
S 9

Y`sagvj`kla pmrm OE 4

 = S
XI  =   =  y XN  
 9  9.==
OE 
S   y ON  y XN 

Sj t`k`fas lmlas gas vmgar`s l` XI , S y ym s`m O@ ó yXN , pal`fas usmr gms `cumcjak`s
mkt`rjar`s pmrm cmgcugmr `g oguda mgjf`ktmla or`sca l` tagu`ka , OO\ ( @c. 9.=), gm praluccjók
l` Ljo`kja , XL , ( @c. 9.3 ) , `g oguda l` ems mgjf`ktmla OE ( @c. 9.< ó 9.==) , y `g oguda l`
 gm purem , XE ( @c. 9.? ó 9.=8 ). Msæ , n`fas l`t`rfjkmla talas gas ogudas l` `ktrmlm y
smgjlm `k oukcjók l` gms vmrjmig`s jkcaekjtms S y ym s`m O@ ó yXN .

`)
`).. Img
mgmk
mkc`
c`ss l` Fmt`
Fmt`rj
rjm
m `k \migm
migmss l` Og
Ogud
udas
as 4

@s ukm príctjcm cafôk jkoarfmr gas imgmkc`s l` fmt`rjm `k oarfm l` tmigms l` ogudas. @s
l`cjr gas ogudas s` kuf`rmk `k uk ljmermfm
ljmermfm l` oguda, y s` pr`pmrm ukm tmigm qu` `ktr`em gas
ogudas l` cmlm cafpak`kt` qu` carr`spakl` m uk cakdukta pmrtjcugmr l` vmrjmig`s l`
ljs`ýa. Gm fmyar ljojcugtml cak `stm príctjcm `s qu` `g ljs`ýmlar `stí oarzmla m s`g`ccjakmr
vmgar`s l gms vmrjmig`s l` ljs`ýa sjk cakac`r gas vmgar`s óptjfas. Xar `stm rmzók, s`
r`cafj`klm qu` gm tmigm l` ogudas `ktr`eu` gas vmgar`s l` gms vmrjmig`s l` ljs`ýa y qu` gms
`cumcjak`s
`cumcja k`s l`g imgmkc` s` praermf`k
praermf`k `k ukm pgmkjggm `g`ctrókjcm
`g`ctrókjcm ( Gatus, @xc`g,
@xc`g, `tc.) . L`
`stm oarfm `s fuy oícjg cmfijmr gm praluccjók
praluccjók y gms vmrjmig`s
vmrjmig`s l` ljs`ýa y r`cmgcugmr talas
gas ogudas l`g prac`sa. Xal`fas usmr `stm fjsfm tmigm cafa ims` pmrm cmgcugmr gas castas
l` gas ogudas `k oukcjók l` gms vmrjmig`s l` ljs`ýa.

N9 , CN<
XE 4 N9 , CN<

OE 4 N9 , CN< XI 4 I`kc`ka
Xrac`sa
OO\ 4 \agu`ka XL 4 Ljo`kjga

\migm 9.0 4 \migms l` Oguda pmrm Njlramgqujgmcjók l` \agu`ka

_mrjmig`s l` Ljs`ýa 4 O@ ( ó y XN ) y x

Cafpak`kt` OE OO\ XI XL XE
N9 ON9 8 8 8 O@
CN< OF 8 8 8 OF+XI/S
I`kc`ka 8 8 XI 8 8
\agu`ka 8 XI/S 8 8 8
Ljo`kjga 8 8 8 XI (=-S)/(9S) 8
Oguda \atmg, bfag/nr OE OO\ XI XL XE
\`fp`rmturm , ¸O =88 =88 =88 =88 =88
Xr`sjók , psjm 008 =0 =0 =0 <?0

=,0<<
Lakl` 4 S 6 =-8,883?/(=-x)
=-8,883?/(=- x) 2 ON9 6 O@+XI ( =+S )/(9S)
OF 6 ( =- yON ) R O @ + XI ( =+S )/(9S) V/ y ON 2 OE 6 ON9 + OF
?.3 Xat`kcjmg @cakófjca l` uk Ljmermfm l` Ogudas 4

Xu`sta
Xu`sta qu`
qu` gas
gas ‗f`d
‗f`dar`
ar`s‖
s‖ vmgar
vmgar`s
`s l` gms
gms vmrj
vmrjmig
mig`s
`s l` ljs`
ljs`ýa
ýa l`p`kl
l`p`kl`k`k l`g
l`g omcta
omctarr
`cakófjca, s` l`s`m cmgcugmr gas castas l` gas ogudas, `s l`cjr, `g casta l` gms fmt`rjms
prjfms y l` gas praluctas `k oukcjók l` gms vmrjmig`s l` ljs`ýa. Karfmgf`kt`
cafijk
caf ijkmf
mfas
as `s
`sta
tass casta
castass `k uk sa
saga
ga têrf
têrfjka
jka,, `g qu` s` ggmf
ggmfmm Xat`k
Xat`kcj
cjmg
mg @c
@cakó
akófj
fjca
ca
Fíxjfa ( X@F ), l`ojkjla cafa `g pat`kcjmg `cakófjca l` kjv`g 9 4

X@9 6 _mgar Xraluctas + _mgar Suipraluctas - Casta Fmt`rjms Xrjfms

@st` pat`kcjmg `xpr`smla `k PS $ / mýa , pmrm `g prac`sa l` Njlrmgqujgmcjók l` \agu`ka

s`rí 4

X@9 6 _mgar I`kc`ka + _mgar Ljo`kjga ( Cafi. ) + _mgar Xurem ( Cafi.)

-Casta \agu`ka-Casta Ems Mgjf`ktmcjók

@g pat`kcjmg `cakófjca ait`kjla `s gm utjgjlml mkumg `k `g cmsa l` ka t`k`r qu` pmemr par
`g casta l` cmpjtmg y l` gas s`rvjcjas. Xar supu`sta sj `st` pat`kcjmg `s k`emtjva, `ktakc`s
t`rfjkmr`fas `g `stulja l`g ljs`ýa , y iuscmr`fas ukm ou`kt` l` fmt`rjm prjfm l` f`kar
vmgar a trmtmr`fas l` `kcaktrmr atrm væm quæfjcm qu` us` fmt`rjms prjfms f`kas castasms.

\migm 9.? Lmtas l` Casta pmrm Xrac`sa l` Njlrmgqujgmcjók l` \agu`ka

_mgar I`kc`ka PS $ 8,>0 / emg 6 PS $ :,8< / gifag

_mgar \agu`ka PS $ 8,08 / emg 6 PS $ ?,<8 / gifag
_mgar N9 m
mggjf. PS $ 3,88/ =888 pj`3 6 PS $ =,=< / gifag
_mgar Cafiustjig` 4 PS $ <,8 / =8? Itu

_mgar Suipraluctas cafa Cafiustjig` 4

N9 8,=93 * =8? Itu/ gifag

CN< 8,3>3 * =8? Itu/ gifag
?

Ia
\`kguc``k
kaa =,,?
= <>=8
8**=
=88? Itu/
Itu/ gifag
gifag
Ljo`kjga 9,?>> * =8? Itu/ gifag

@d`fpga 9.< Casta l` Ogudas l` Njlramgqujgmcjók l`g \agu`ka.

Xmrm `g prac`sa l` njlramgqujgmcjók l` \agu`ka , cmgcugmr `g Xat`kcjmg @cakófjca Fíxjfa

`k oukcjók l` gms vmrjmig`s l` ljs`ýa ( usmr cakv`rsjók `k v`z l` s`g`ctjvjlml ` y XN ),
usmkla gm \migm 9.? lakl` gas vmgar`s pmrm Njlróe`ka, F`tmka y y Ljo`kjga `stík imsmlas
`k `g Cmgar l` Cafiustjók l` gas cafpak`kt`s y uk vmgar l` cafiustjig` l` PS $ </ =8 ?
Itu.
Eríojcmr gas vmgar`s l`g X@ `k oukcjók l` gm cakv`rsjók y gm cakc`ktrmcjók l` r`mctjva `k
gm purem yXN .
 Sagucjók 4 Ptjgjzmkla gms `cumcjak`s l`smrraggmlms `k gas imgmkc`s l` fmt`rjm s` aitj`k`
pmrm gas vmgar`s l` gms vmrjmig`s l` `ktrmlm y l` ljs`ýa 4 X I 6 9?0 gifag`s/nr 6 =98
bfag/nr , x 6 8,50 , y ON 6 8,:0 , yXN 6 8,<8 ,

\migm 9.0 4 \migms l` Oguda pmrm Njlramgqujgmcjók l` \agu`ka

_mrjmig`s l` Ljs`ýa 4 x 6 8,50 , y ON 6 8,:0 , y XN 6 8,<8 , XI 6 =98 bfag/nr

Cafpak`kt` , bfag/nr OE OO\ XI XL XE

N9 9=9 8 8 8 :8
CN< == 8 8 8 =30
I`kc`ka 8 8 =98 8 8
\agu`ka 8 =9< 8 8 8
Ljo`kjga 8 8 8 =.>: 8
Oguda \atmg, bfag/nr 993 =9< =98 =.>: 990
\`fp`rmturm , ¸O =88 =88 =88 =88 =88
Xr`sjók , psjm 008 =0 =0 =0 <?0

=-8,883?/(=- x)=,0<< 2 ON9 6 O@+XI ( =+S )/(9S)

Lakl` 4 S 6 =-8,883?/(=-x)
OF 6 ( =- yON ) R O @ + XI ( =+S )/(9S) V/ y ON 2 OE 6 ON9 + OF

Supakj`kla uk vmgar pr`gjfjkmr l` x6 8,50 s` aitj`k` , S 6 8,:?:< , y

XI 6 =98 bfag/nr 2 s` aitj`k` 4

=98
O O\ 6 ----------- 6 =93,> bfag/nr 6 953,< gifag/nr 6 :9.888 taks/mýa
8,:?:<

XY,CN< 6 =9< bfag/nr 6 953,< gifag/nr

=98 ( =-8,:?:< )
XL 6 ----------- --------------- 6 =,>: bfag/nr
8,:?:< 9

8  =- (=-8,<8
XI  =   =  y XN   =  S  =- 8,
8,:?:< 
:?:<
=9
=98 (=-8,<8))  
 9   9 993,3 bfag/nr
OE  6 
S   y ON  y XN  ?:<  (8,:0- 8,<8)
8,:?:<
8,: 8,<8)

XI =  S =98 =  8,:?:<
XE  OE   6 993.3   6 990,9 bfag/nr
S 9 8,:?:< 9

@xc`sa l` Njlróe`ka 4 O@  y XN  XE  8,<8  (990,9) 6 :8,8> bfag / nr

Njlróe`ka r`mccjakmla 4

X X 
I  I  (=-S)  =98  =98  (= 8,:
,:?:
?:<
<)  =9=
=9=,>: bfag / nr
S S 9 8,:?:< 8,:?:< 9
 yXN 6 8,<8
N9 , CN< X E 6 990,9 bfag/nr
XE 4 N9 , CN<
yON 6 8.:0
OE 6 993,3 bfag/nr XI 6 =98 bfag/nr
OE 4 N9 , CN< XI 4 I`kc`ka
Xrac`sa
OO\ 4 \agu`ka XL 4 Ljo`kjga
OO\ 6 =93,> bfag/nr XL 6 =,>: bfag/nr
F`tmka mgjf`ktmla 4 ==,=5 bfag/nr 6 =.3=3 taks/mýa
N9 mgjf`ktmla 4 9=9,=< bfag/nr 6 3.0:9 taks/mýa
\agu`ka mgjf`ktmla 4 =93,> bfag/nr 6 :9.003 taks/mýa

I`kc`ka pralucjla 4 =98 bfag/nr 6 5>.?9< taks/mýa

Njlrae`ka `k Xurem 4 :8,8> bfag/nr 6 =090 taks/mýa
F`tmka `k Xurem 4 =30,=9 bfag/nr 6 =0>:8 taks/mýa
Ljo`kjga suipralucta 4 =,>: bfag/nr 6 9<<0 taks/mýa

Cígcuga l` Xat`kcjmg @cakófjca Fíxjfa 4

_mgar I`kc`ka PS $ 8,>0 / emg 6 PS $ :,8< / gifag

_mgar \agu`ka PS $ 8,08 / emg 6 PS $ ?,<8 / gifag
_mgar N9 m
mggjf. PS $ 3,88/ =888 pj`3 6 PS $ =,=< / gifag
_mgar Cafiustjig` 4 PS $ <,8 / =8? Itu

_mgar Suipraluctas cafa Cafiustjig` 4

N9 8,=93 * =8? Itu/ gifag

CN< 8,3>3 * =8? Itu/ gifag
I`kc`ka =,<=8 * =8? Itu/ gifag
\agu`ka =,?>8 * =8? Itu/ gifag
Ljo`kjga 9,?>> * =8? Itu/ gifag

\migm l` _mgar`s l` Fmt`rjms Xrjfms y Xraluctas.

_mgar l` Fmt`rjms Xrjfms y Xraluctas

Cafpu`sta XF PS $/emg PS $/gifag PS $/gi PS $/tak
Njlrae`ka 9.8=? =.=< 8.05 =908
I`kc`ka 5>.88 8.>0 :.8< 8.=9 900
\agu`ka >:.88 8.08 ?.<8 8.85 =?8
_mgar Xraluctas Cafa Cafiustjig`s
Njlrae`ka 9.8=? 8.<:8 8.9< 030
F`tmka =<.88 =.038 8.== 9<9
I`kc`ka 5>.88 0.?<8 8.85 =?8
\agu`ka >:.88 ?.598 8.8> =??
Ljo`kjga =0<.88 =8.5?8 8.85 =0<
_mgar I`kc`ka 6 5>.?9< * 900 6 98.808.888 PS $ /mýa 2
_mgar Ljo`kjga 6 9<<0 * =0< 6 35?.088 PS $ /mýa 2
_mgar F`tmka Cafiustjig` 6 =0.>:8 * 9<9 6 3.>08.888 PS $ /mýa
_mgar Njlróe`ka Cafiustjig` 6 =090 * 030 6 >=?.888 PS $ /mýa
\atmg _mgar Xraluctas y Suipraluctas 6 90.8:9.088 PS $ /mýa

_mgar \agu`ka 6 :9.009 * =?8 6 =<.>8>.398 PS $ /mýa

_mgar Ems 6 30:9 * =908 6 <.<:8.888 PS $ /mýa
_mgar \atmg Fmt`rjm Xrjfms 6 =:.9:>.398 PS $ /mýa

X.@.F 6 90.8:9.088 - =:.9:>.398 6 + 0.5:<.=>8 PS $ / mýa

Xar ga tmkta, caktjkumfas cak `g mkígjsjs l`g prac`sa , pmsmkla m gm sjeuj`kt` `tmpm.