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Sjbhgikd Pkitkinjr
Histru`tgrk
Kprjinhz
@@. ;.<;<.;8?.;8
;.<;<.;8?.;8::
Cgbgtë @uinhikmkr`k
rjquhj
rjquhjrj
rj nj ui njp
njpkrt
krtkm
kmjit
jitgg chj
chjii `g
`giog
iogrmk
rmkng
ng,, `g
`gii dk `k
`kpk`
pk`hnk
hnknn nj kikdhz
kikdhzkr
kr ji
trkckfg.
\krk njskrrgddkr jstk jvhnji`hk, tgmj `gmg rjojrji`hk jd ërjk nj prgnu``hði, jd ërjk
jmprjsk quj `gigz`k y k dk `ukd pujnk tjijr k``jsg, dujbg sjdj``hgij pkrk `knk uik nj
njd tkdjitg aumkig, ji dgs `ukdjs sj jspj`hohquj què sj cus`k mjnhr y `uëd js dk mjtk
Sjspujstk6
Pu dkc
dkcgr
gr ssjj rj
rjkd
kdhz
hzkk ji jjdd ërjk
ërjk nj
nj bj
bjst
sthð
hðii ng`u
ng`umj
mjit
itkd
kd nj
nj dk `gm
`gmpk
pkûí
ûík,
k, sus
sus
grbk
grbkih
ihzk
zkrd
rdgg ji `k
`kfk
fkss pgr
pgr sh sj rjqu
rjquhj
hjrj
rj ji kd
kdbö
böii mgmj
mgmjit
itgg dk ng
ng`u
`umj
mjit
itk`
k`hð
hðii
kr`ahvknk.
Hinh`kngrjss nj bjsthði6
Hinh`kngrj
Hinh`kngr njd cuji usg nj dgs rj`ursgs kd rjkdhzkr tgng jd prg`jsg nj kr`ahvg nj
ng`umjitgs.
dkcgrkng.
Hinh`kngrjss nj bjsthði6
Hinh`kngrj
Hinh`k
Hinh`kngr
ngr nj `k
`kpk`
pk`htk
htk`hð
`hðii @kp
@kpk`h
k`htkr
tkr y jv
jvkdu
kdukr
kr jd ;<<%
;<<% pj
pjrsg
rsgik
ikdd `knk
`knk mjs
mjs
`gmg
`gmg rj `grrj
`grrjng
ngrr gcsj
gcsjrv
rvki
king
ng quj
quj dg
dgss nhoj
nhojrj
rjit
itjs
js pu
puit
itgs
gs nj dk `g
`gmp
mpkû
kûík
ík sj
nj dk mhsmk.
Hinh`kngrjs nj bjsthði6
Hinh`k
Hinh`kngr
ngrjs
js nj rjn
rjnu`
u``hð
`hðii nj hdí`ht
hdí`htgs
gs hit
hitjri
jrigs
gs y jxtjri
jxtjrigs
gs hiv
hivgdu
gdu`rk
`rking
ing
pjrsgikd g k`thvgs
k`thvgs nj dk `gmp
`gmpkûík.
kûík.
jmprjskrhkd.
`gmpkûík.
jdjbhngs6
J_KDZK@HÐI NJ NJPJM\JÛG
Njpkrtkmjitg/Pj``hði6WWBjsthð
Njpkrtkmjitg/Pj``hði6WWBjsthði
i ng`umjitkdWWWWWW
ng`umjitkdWWWWWW \ujstgWWKuxhdhkr
\ujstgWWKuxhdhkr nj kr`ahvgWWWW
kr`ahvgWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWW
Njsjmpjûg
Njsjmpjûg ji dk oui`
oui`hði6
hði6 Pu dkcgr sj rjkdhzk ji jd ërjk nj bjsthði ng`umjitkd nj dk `gmpkûík, sus
nh`ags ng`umjitgs nj mjigr k mkygr ji kz‘s y pkrk ohikdhzkr grbkihzkrdg ji `kfks pgr sh sj rjquhjrj ji
_gdumji y Phjm
Phjmpr
prjj vk më
mëss @gi Pk
Pkth
thso
sok`
k`jj dg K vj`js jstë Phj
Phjmp
mprj
rj jstë
jstë
njd trkckfg Pkcj tgng dg Pkcj dg Pkcj Pkcj pkrtj Pkcjr pg`g
`gig`hmhj
`gig itg njd sus
`hmhjitg `kpk`htk`hði.
trkckfg. `gig`hmhjitgs.
\rg`urk `uking js
`gdkcgrkr. muy
ij`jskrhg.
@krk`tjrísth`ks hinhvhnukdjs6 `gishnjrk tki sðdg dks `krk`tjrísth`ks hinhvhnukdjs njd jvkdukng y su
`gmpgrtkmhjitg oui`hgikd
oui`hgikd njitrg y oujrk nj su oui`hði.
@gmprjis
@gmprjishði
hði nj WxWW WWW WWW WWW WWW
nj ui prgcdjmk.
@kpkz nj pdjbkrsj
k shtuk`hgijs y nj
k`jptkr tkrjks.
@ksh
@ksh sh
shjm
jmpr
prjj Kdbuiks Djvjmjitj ^hpg
Jmpjûg. Phj
Phjmprj
prj thj
thjij thj
thjij cuj
cujik
ikss vj`js ruthikrhg. ruthik
ruthikrhg
rhg.. Ig
@kpk
@kpk`h
`hnk
nknn pkrk
pkrk hnjk
hnjkss ðpth
ðpthmk
mks.
s. hnjks y prjsjitk ^h
^hji
jijj pg
pg`k
`kss thjij hnjks
prgyj`tgs. grhbhikd.
@kpk
@kpk`h
`hnk
nknn pkrk
pkrk `gi`rjtkr iujvks `gi`rjtkr prë`th`k pkrk prë`th`k uik
J_KDZK@HÐI NJ NJPJM\JÛG
Njpkrtkmjitg/Pj``hði6WW\rg
Njpkrtkmjitg/Pj``hði6WW\rgnu``hðiWWWWWW
nu``hðiWWWWWW \ujstgWWFjoj nj pr
prgnu``hðiWWW
gnu``hðiWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWW
Njsjmpjûg
Njsjmpjûg ji dk oui`
oui`hði6
hði6 Pu dkcgr sj rjkdhzk ji jd ërjk nj bjsthði ng`umjitkd nj dk `gmpkûík, sus
nh`ags ng`umjitgs nj mjigr k mkygr ji kz‘s y pkrk ohikdhzkr grbkihzkrdg ji `kfks pgr sh sj rjquhjrj ji
Phjm
Phjmpr
prjj vk më
mëss @gi Pk
Pkth
thso
sok`
k`jj dg K vj`js jstë Phj
Phjmp
mprj
rj jstë
jstë
igrmkdmjitj.
;
@ahkvjiktg, H. (3<<1). Bjsthði njd tkdjitg aumkig. M`Brkw Ahdd.
njd trkckfg Pkcj tgng dg Pkcj dg Pkcj Pkcj pkrtj Pkcjr pg`g
`gig`hmhj
`gig`hmhjitg
itg njd sus `kpk`htk`hði.
trkckfg. `gig`hmhjitgs.
\rg`urk `uking js
`gdkcgrkr. muy
ij`jskrhg.
@krk`tjrísth`ks hinhvhnukdjs6 `gishnjrk tki sðdg dks `krk`tjrísth`ks hinhvhnukdjs njd jvkdukng y su
`gmpgrtkmhjitg oui`hgikd
oui`hgikd njitrg y oujrk nj su oui`hði.
@gmprjis
@gmprjishði
hði nj WxWW WWW WWW WWW WWW
nj ui prgcdjmk.
@kpkz nj pdjbkrsj
k shtuk`hgijs y nj
k`jptkr tkrjks.
Jmpjûg. Phj
Phjmprj
prj thj
thjij thj
thjij cuj
cujik
ikss vj`js ruthikrhg. ruthik
ruthikrhg
rhg.. Ig
@kpk
@kpk`h
`hnk
nknn pkrk
pkrk hnjk
hnjkss ðpth
ðpthmk
mks.
s. hnjks y prjsjitk ^h
^hji
jijj pg`kss thjij
pg`k hnjks
prgyj`tgs. grhbhikd.
@kpk
@kpk`h
`hnk
nknn pkrk
pkrk `gi`rjtkr iujvks `gi`rjtkr prë`th`k pkrk prë`th`k uik
J_KDZK@HÐI NJ NJPJM\JÛG
Njpkrtkmjitg/Pj``hði6WWPjburhnknWWWWWW \ujstgWW_hbhdkitjWWWWWWWWWW
Njsjmpjûg
Njsjmpjûg ji dk oui`
oui`hði6
hði6 Pu dkcgr sj rjkdhzk ji jd ërjk nj bjsthði ng`umjitkd nj dk `gmpkûík, sus
nh`ags ng`umjitgs nj mjigr k mkygr ji kz‘s y pkrk ohikdhzkr grbkihzkrdg ji `kfks pgr sh sj rjquhjrj ji
Phjm
Phjmpr
prjj vk më
mëss @gi Pk
Pkth
thso
sok`
k`jj dg K vj`js jstë Phj
Phjmp
mprj
rj jstë
jstë
igrmkdmjitj.
njd trkckfg Pkcj tgng dg Pkcj dg Pkcj Pkcj pkrtj Pkcjr pg`g
`gig`hmhj
`gig`hmhjitg
itg njd sus `kpk`htk`hði.
trkckfg. `gig`hmhjitgs.
\rg`urk `uking js
`gdkcgrkr. muy
ij`jskrhg.
@krk`tjrísth`ks hinhvhnukdjs6 `gishnjrk tki sðdg dks `krk`tjrísth`ks hinhvhnukdjs njd jvkdukng y su
`gmpgrtkmhjitg oui`hgikd
oui`hgikd njitrg y oujrk nj su oui`hði.
@gmprjis
@gmprjishði
hði nj WxWW WWW WWW WWW WWW
nj ui prgcdjmk.
@kpkz nj pdjbkrsj
k shtuk`hgijs y nj
k`jptkr tkrjks.
@ksh
@ksh sh
shjm
jmpr
prjj Kdbuiks Djvjmjitj ^hpg
Jmpjûg. Phj
Phjmprj
prj thj
thjij thj
thjij cuj
cujik
ikss vj`js ruthikrhg. ruthik
ruthikrhg
rhg.. Ig
@kpk
@kpk`h
`hnk
nknn pkrk
pkrk hnjk
hnjkss ðpth
ðpthmk
mks.
s. hnjks y prjsjitk ^h
^hji
jijj pg
pg`k
`kss thjij hnjks
prgyj`tgs. grhbhikd.
@kpk
@kpk`h
`hnk
nknn pkrk
pkrk `gi`rjtkr iujvks `gi`rjtkr prë`th`k pkrk prë`th`k uik
nh`ags `krbgs5 jstk prgpujstk njcj sjr prjsjitknk `gi igrmks K\K.
Sjspujstk6
\rgpujstk
@r
@rjk
jkrr uiks
uiks rjbd
rjbdks
ks hist
histht
htu`
u`hg
hgik
ikdj
djss ngin
nginjj sj kp
kpdh
dhqu
quji
ji vk
vkdg
dgrj
rjss èt
èth`
h`gs
gs y dg
dgss
rjdk`hgiji `gi su dkcgr y sus `gmpkûjrgs, jstg pkrk dgbrkr jd trkckfg ji jquhpg y
@r
@rjk
jkrr ui sh
shst
stjm
jmkk nj mj
mjtk
tkss pg
pgrr ërjk
ërjkss y pg
pgrr dk
dkcg
cgrr ng
ngin
injj sj cr
crhi
hinj
nj ui
uikk
cgihoh`k`hði jxtrk djbkd, jstg pkrk quj jd `gdkcgrkngr sj mgthvj k ddjbkr ui pg`g
Njskrrgddj jstk jvhnji`hk `gi dk ajrrkmhjitk nj su prjojrji`hk y jivíj dgs kr`ahvgs (dgs
kprjinhzkfj.
`gi jd ohi nj vjrhoh`kr quj ak rjkdhzkng tgnks dks jvhnji`hks prgpujstks, skcjr `ðmg
@rhtjrhgs nj jvkduk`hði
Hitjrprjtk dgs rjsudtkngs nj dks jvkduk`hgijs nj njsjmpjûg, nj k`ujrng `gi dgs
tkdjitg aumkig.