>. LÎ
LÎCL
CL]C
]CA
A @M N\
N\LM
LMK\
K\A_
A_M\
M\

Cas térhikas `mc tètuca fnlmk rmemrmklin n cas nslmksarms, mstas sak sistmhns `m trnkspartm
vmrtil
vmrtilnc,
nc, lak
lakearh
earhn`a
n`a par pnrtm
pnrtmss hml
hmlîki
îkilns
lns,, mcé
mcéltr
ltriln
ilnss y mcmltr
mcmltrüki
ükilns
lns,, qum pmrhit
pmrhitmk
mk cn
lirlucnliük `m pmrsakns, mquipas y suhikistras mk cas `iemrmktms kivmcms `mc mstnocmlihimkta `m
sncu`, ms `mlir `mc faspitnc `m lcnsm III-tipa M.

Cas tipas `m nslmksarms qum sm ikstncnrîk `mktra `mc faspitnc smrîk4

 Nslmksar haktn lnhiccns, pnrn mc trnkspartm `m pnlimktm mk ukn lnhiccn.

 Nslmksar pôocila, pnrn mc trnkspartm `m pmrsakns, cas usunrias mk gmkmrnc.
 Nslm
Nslmks
ksar
ar `m ha
hakt
ktnl
nlnr
nrgn
gnss a ha
hakt
ktnn pn
pnqu
qumt
mtms
ms,, pn
pnrn
rn mc tr
trnk
nksp
spar
artm
tm `m mq
mqui
uipa
pass y

suhikistras.

>.>. LNCL]CA @M
@M P_
P_ÎEILA UM
UM_PILNC MK
MK M@
M@IEILIA\

Cn ikstncnliük `m nslmksarms fn `m smr lnpnz `m luorir ta`a mc trîeila `m pnsndmras qum ccmgn nc
m`ieilia `m mstu`ia, mc héta`a pnrn mc mstu`ia `m cn nltivi`n` `m cas nslmksarms y qum `meikn 
`meikn  mc
sistmhn `m trnkspartm vmrtilnc hîs n`mlun`a rmliom cn `mkahiknliük gmkériln `m mstu`ia 
mstu`ia   `m
trîeila.

Pimkmk par aodmta lnclucnr cas npnrntas kmlmsnrias, mk rnzük `mc kôhmra `m pmrsakns qum
`monk `m trnkspartnr mk cas hahmktas `m hîxihn necumklin.

 Karhnchmktm mk `mtmrhikn`ns
`mtmrhikn`ns farns qum pa`mhas ccnhnr farns puktn, mc trîeila sm iktmksieiln
 prihar`inchmktm mk uk saca smkti`a. Yn smn fnlin nonda a fnlin nrrion, qum`nk`a kuca a lak
ukn liern mhpmqumþmli`n mk mc atra smkti`a, par mcca mk cns litn`ns farns pnrn su lîcluca ka sm
timkm mk lumktn mc trîeila ikvmrsa nc qum mk msn lirlukstnklin kas alupn. Cn ikstncnliük `mc
npnrnta a nslmksar `mom mstnr prmvistn pnrn gnrnktiznr uk smrvilia rmgucnr mk mstns farns `m
hîxihn necumklin.
 

 
Cas `ntas qum hmkliaknrmhas pnrn cas tipas `m nslmksarms sak `m nlumr`a n cn karhn pmrunkn
y murapmn,
murapmn, MH 7: y ]KM 6>-?:, ]KM 6>-=
6>-=:,
:, rmspmltivnh
rmspmltivnhmktm.
mktm. Lnom hmkliakn
hmkliaknrr qum mstns
karhns sak nltuncizn`ns, pnrn tnc `ismþa sm lnclucnr mc `ihmksiaknhimkta, smcmlliakms `m
mquipas, nllmsarias `m mcmhmktas `m hîquikns mk onsm n cns mxigmklins hèkihns qum kas

atargn cn KA_
atargn KA_HN
HN PÉ
PÉLKI
LKILN
LN @M \NC
\NC]@
]@ K´>>9
K´>>9 HIK\N
HIK\N –IKE_N
–IKE_NM\P
M\P_]L
_]LP]_
P]_N
N Y
M^]IZNHIMKPA @M CA\ M\PNOCMLIHIMKPA\ @M \NC]@ @MC PM_LM_ KIUMC @M
NPMKLIÜK‘.

@NPA\ ZN_N MC N\LMK\A_ Z]OCILA

Lnrgn rmemrmklinc ><=: Bg
 Kôhmra `m pmrsakns
pmrsakns >= pmrsakns
Umcali`n` > h/s
@ihmksiak
@ihmksiakms
ms iktmrkn
iktmrknss rmem
rmemrmkl
rmklincms
incms hèkih
hèkihns
ns >.== x ?.>
?.>:: x ?.0:
?.0: h (nklfa,
(nklfa, praeuk`i`
praeuk`i`n`
n` y

@ihmksiakms `m pumrtn >.::ncturn).

x ? :: h
 Ka `m pcnktns (Ka `m pisas) <
 Ka `m Nslmksarms
Nslmksarms iguncm
iguncmss ?
_mgucnliük4 \istmhn `m trnlli5k lak ermlumklin y vactndm
vnrinocm.
Mhonrqums4 Onkla Prèpcmx
\mguri`n`4 Lartikn `m cuz.
Pnocn >. @ntas pnrn mc nslmksar puocila

@NPA\ ZN_N MC N\LMK\A_ HAKPN LNHICCN

Lnrgn rmemrmklinc >6:: Bg
 Kôhmra `m pmrsakns
pmrsakns ?0 pmrsakns
Umcali`n` > h/s
@ihmks
@ihmksiak
iakms
ms ikt
iktmrk
mrkns
ns rme
rmemrm
mrmkl
klinc
incms
ms hèk
hèkihn
ihnss ?.:
?.::: x ?.=:
?.=: x ?.0:
?.0: h(nkl
h(nklfa,
fa, praeuk
praeuk`i`
`i`n`
n` y
ncturn).
@ihmksiakms `m pumrtn >.?: x ?.?: h
 Ka `m pcnktns
pcnktns (Ka `m pisas) <
 Ka `m Nslmksarms
Nslmksarms iguncm
iguncmss >
_mgucnliük4 \istmhn `m trnlli5k lak ermlumklin y vactndm
vnrinocm.
Mhonrqums4 Onkla `5pcmx, uk mhonrqum, mktrm atras
\mguri`n`4 Lartikn `m cuz.
Lnoikn hmtîciln lak `mlarnliük earhn`n par pnkmcms `m nlmra
ikaxi`nocm
Pnocn ?. @ntas pnrn mc nslmksar haktn lnhiccn.
 

@NPA\ ZN_N MC N\LMK\A_ HAKPNLN_GN

Lnrgn rmemrmklinc >=:: Bg
 Kôhmra `m pmrsakns
pmrsakns ?: pmrsakns
Umcali`n` :.= h/s
@ihmks
@ihmksiak
iakms
ms iktmrk
iktmrkns
ns rme
rmemrm
mrmkl
klinc
incms
ms hèk
hèkihn
ihnss >.7
>.7:: x >.9= x ?.?=
?.?= h (nklfa
(nklfa,, praeuk`
praeuk`i`n
i`n`` y
ncturn).

 Ka@`m
ihpcnktns
mksiaksm(Ka
pcnktn s `m `m
pumpisas)
rtn >.: x<?.: h
 Ka `m Nslmksarms
Nslmksarms iguncms >
_mgucnliük4 \istmhn `m trnlli5k lak ermlumklin y vactndm
vnrinocm.
Mhonrqums4 Onkla `5pcmx, uk mhonrqum, mktrm atras
\mguri`n`4 Lartikn `m cuz.
Pnocn <. @ntas pnrn mc nslmksar h:ktn lnrgn.

>.>.>.  K]HM_A @M ZN_N@N\

ZN_N@N\ Z_AONOCM\

Hm`inktm cn mlunliük `n`n rmnciznhas mc lîcluca.

 KZZ 8 Kôhmra `m pnrn`ns praonocms.

praonocms.
\ 8 kôhmra `m pisas `mc m`ieilia.
Z 8 kôhmra `m pnsndmras `m ln`n vindm.

>=

 KZZ 8<∟<
R   X 8?.99<>=
< ∟>
<

 
Mc kuhmra `m pnrn`ns praonocms smrîk `m ?.99<>=.

>.>.?. LNZNLI@N@ FA_N_IN

 

n. PIMHZ
PIMHZA
A @M MKP_N@N
MKP_N@N @M ZN\NDM
ZN\NDM_A\
_A\ MK
MK ZC
ZCNKPN
NKPN ONDN (Pa)

Pimhpa `m mktrn`n `m pnsndmras mk cn pcnktn ondn (Pa). Mc timhpa sm mstihn mk 6 smguk`as

laha timhpa hèkiha supakimk`a qum mc kôhmra `m pnsndmras ms 6, a hmkar qum 6, par 
ln`n pnsndmra qum mxlm`n `m 6, sm nþn`m cn lnkti`n` `m :.6 smguk`as par ln`n pnsndmra.

± 8 6 + :.6 × ZZ

@ak`m tmkmhas4

 ZZ8 Kôhmr
 Kôhmra
a `m pnsndmras “ 6

 ZZ 8>=  “ 687

Y rmmhpcnznhas n kumstrn mlunliük

± 8 6 + :.6∗7 8><.5

 Kôhmra `m pnsndmras
pnsndmras 8 >=

Pimhpa `m mktrn`n `m pnsndmras mk pcnktn ondn (s) 8 ><.5

 o. PIMHZA \NCI@N @M Z

ZN\NDM_A\
N\NDM_A\ MK L
LNOIKN
NOIKN (Pt)

Pt 8? xKZ

 KZ 8 Kôhmra `m pnrn`ns

 

 Kôhmra `m pnrn`ns
pnrn`ns 8 <

Pt 8? x <8 5

Pimhpa `m snci`n `m pnsndmras mk lnoikn (s) 8 5

l. PIMHZA
PIMHZA @M
@M NZ
NZM_P
M_P]_N
]_N Y LIM
LIM__M
__M @
@M
M Z]
Z]M_
M_PN
PN (P
(Pp)
p)

Pp 8 Pu× ( KZZ + >)

Pu 8 Pimhpa ukitnria `m npmrturn y limrrm `m pumrtns

 KZZ 8 Kôhmra `m
`m pnrn`ns Zrao
Zraonocms
nocms

Pu 8 0.5 aotmkmhas `m tnocn 0

Pnocn 0. Pnocn `m timhpas `m npmrturn y limrrm `m pumtns .

Eumktm tnocn 0.< pîg. 0:= mcmvn`arms priklipias m Ikkavnliakm

I kkavnliakms/
s/ Nktakia Hirnvmtm)
Pu (timhpa ukitnria) 8 0.5:

Pp 80.5 x ( < + > )8>6.0

 

Pimhpa `m npmrturn y limrrm `m pumrtns (s) 8>6.0

`. PI
PIMH
MHZA
ZA @M ZN
ZN_N
_N@N
@N (P>)
(P>)

P > 8 >.> × ( ± + Pt + Pp )

Pa 8 Pimhpa `m mktrn`n `m pnsndmras mk pcnktn ondn.

Pt 8 Pimhpa `m trnksemr a snci`n `m pnsndmras mk lnoikn.
Pp 8 Pimhpa `m npmrturn y limrrm `m pumrtns.

P > 8>.> x (><.5 + 5 + >6.0 ) 80>.6

Pimhpa `m pnrn`n (s) 8 0>.6

>.>.<. LNCL]CA @MC PIMHZA MK HN_LFN

n. PIMH
PIMHZA
ZA @M \]
\]OI
OI@N
@N (Ps)
(Ps)
\m lnclucn huctipcilnk`a mc kôhmra `m pnrn`ns laksmlu
laksmlutivns
tivns praonocms par mc timhpa `m suoi`n
mktrm `as pnrn`ns praonocms laksmlutivns.

Ps8 Kp × Ppps

Zcnktns laksmlutivns ms `m <h. Mk luncquimr atra lnsa mc enltar huctipciln`ar smrèn mc `m cn

`istnklin rmnc.

  KZ
Prnha ( pp )8 @ ×
 KZZ

@ 8 @istnklin mktrm `as pisas (h)

Uk 8 vmcali`n` kahiknc (h/s)

@istnklin mktrm `as pisas 8 <.::h
 

Umcali`n` kahiknc 8 >.::h/s

Mktaklms4

 @xKZ   < x <

Prnha ( pp )8 8 8 <.::565
 KZZ ?.99<>=

Pimhpa `m `as pnrn`ns praonocms mk >h/s y <.::565h

Pmkimk`a cn tnocn lnclucnhas Ppps

Pnocn =. Pnocn `m `mtmrhiknliük `mc mhpa `m rmlarri`a `m uk nslmksar

Eumktm4 Zriklipias m ikkavnliakms mcmvn`arms Nktakia Hirnvmtm png. 0:0 tnocn 0.?
 

< 5.>
<.::565 x
5 9.>

Lnclucnhas mc vncar `m –x‘ iktmrpacnk`a x 8 5.>:565

Ppps 8 5.>:565

Mktaklms tmkmhas.

Pimhpa `m suoi`n 8 >6.<?:

>.>.0. LNCL]CNK@A MC PIMHZA @M ONDN@N

@m cn tnocn < nktmriar sm aotimkm Po 8 >?.>s

Pimhpa `m ondn`n (s) 8 >?.>

P? 8 Pimhpa `m hnrlfn (s) 8 5<.>s

P8 timhpa tatnc 8 (P> + P?)smg

Lnpnli`n` mk = hikutas