Pd kîteme snkpj` phrh `dt`dm`r `j pr`bne

NDR]N]P]N DHJ
]YHMNDA APNM@
Bòke k`oerhr tu trhmnda y eit`d`r jes r`sujthmes qu` r`hjk`dt` m`s`hs
C H Y ] K H D ] N ] P H D H C P Y ] H M E

«Rnn qun`r
«R qun`r`s
`s s`
s`rj
rje,
e, ¡Chz
¡Chzje
je!¶
!¶..
- Ch
Chrt
rtkh
khd
d
 www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

ËDMNB@
8. Ndtremubbnòd =
8.8 µXuî `s jh Jnqunm`z5 =
8.9 µXuî ku`v` `j pr`bne5 <

9. @j`k`dtes m` udh ep`rhtnvh 1

9.8 Khrbe m` trhihoe 1

9
9..8
8..8
9 @Y`
xptrhedbs`nòsed 8
882
9.8.2 Y`ar`snòd 80
9.8.= Bedsejnmhbnòd 8<
9.8.0 Erm`r Ljew 81
9.9 Wudtes m` r`l`r`dbnh Ndstntubnedhj 83
9.9.8 Hbukujhbned`s (EI, KI, Ir`hf`r) 8>
9.9.9 Nd`lnbn`dbnhs 91
9.9.2 D`utrhjnzhbnòd m` jnqunm`z 27
9.9.2.8 Bhs`rëh m` Rtep Jess 29
9.9.= Ndstntutnedhj F`y J`v`js 2=

2. Kîteme ep`rhtnve 2<

2.8 Ndstntutnedhj Erm`r Ljew 23
2.9 Lrhbthjnmhm y @strubturh m` K`rbhme =0
2.2 Khrf`t Khf`r Iuy/R`jj Kem`j 08
2.= Cerhrnes - Fnjj _ed` & Wew`r El ]cr`` 0=
2.0 ]rhm`s m` hjth pr`bnsnòd 0>
 www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

8. ND]YEMPBBNÒD
8.8 µXuî `s jh Jnqunm`z5

Jh jnqunm`z chb` r`l`r`dbnh h jh bhphbnmhm m` ud phr m`

mnvnshs m` bekprhrs` e v`dm`rs` `d ud k`rbhme snd a`d`rhr
nkphbte snadnlnbhtnve `d `j tnpe m` bhkine. Pd k`rbhme `s
jëqunme buhdme sus ndstruk`dtes s` bekprhd y s` v`dm`d bed
r`aujhrnmhm y lhbnjnmhm.

@o`kpje m` k`rbhme jëqunme?

@PYPRM

Beke eis`rvhkes `d jh njustrhbnòd, `s` `s `j bekperthkn`dte

m` ud k`rbhm hme
e jëqu
qunnme. M`
M`dt
dtrre m` `s `stt`, jes nd
ndsstru
ruk
k`d
`dttes
lndhdbn`res s` `stèd d`aebnhdme bedsthdt`k`dt` khdt`dn`dme
ud `qunjnirne m` k`rbhme, `s m`bnr, de `xnst` ud `xb`se khrbhme
e ud
udh
h `s
`sbh
bhss`s nk
nkpe
pert
rthd
hdt`
t` m` el
el`r
`rth
thdt
dt`s
`s y/
y/e
e m`
m`kh
khdm
dmhd
hdt`
t`ss
(Ndstntubned`s KK y/e Ndstntubned`s kndernsths).
 =

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

De ch
chae
ae hj
hjus
usnò
nòdd hj ph
phrh
rhmn
mnak
akh
h m`
m`jj k`
k`rb
rbhm
hme
e `l
`lnb
nbn`
n`dt
dt`
`, sn
sndd
`kihrae `j dnv`j m` d`aebnhbnòd s` mh `d òptnkhs
bedmnbned`s.

Bedsnm`r`kes `dtedb`s qu`, ud phr m` mnvnshs `s hjthk`dt`

jëqunme
jëqunme buhdme
buhdme s` pu`m`
pu`m` bekprh
bekprhrr y/e v`dm`r
v`dm`r bed
bed ihsthdt`
ihsthdt`
lhbnjnmhm, bedsnm`rhr hm`kès su nkperthdbnh.

W`re, µp
µpe
er qu
quî
î `s nk
nkpe
pert
rthd
hdt`
t` jh jnq
nqun
unm`
m`zz5 Rnkpj`k`dt`
perqu` jh jnqunm`z chb` qu` ud d`aebne s`h r`dthij`, `d jh
vnmh betnmnhdh, sn de chy jnqunm`z de chy r`dthinjnmhm, Je knske
phsh `d `j k`rbhme Ler`x, h k`mnmh qu` `xnst` khyer jnqunm`z
`d sus ndstruk`dtes, `j ljuoe m` trhdshbbned`s s` premub` bed
khyer lhbnjnmhm, `ste chb` qu` jes pr`bnes s`hd kès
bekp`tntnves.

µXunîd prev`` jnqunm`z hj k`rbhme Ler`x Jhs Ndstntubned`s

qu` hbtÿhd beke br`hmerhs m` k`rbhme 5prel`snedhj, `ste
qun`r` m`bnr, trhihohd m` `xtr`ke h `xtr`ke `d jhs ep`rhbned`s
bek`rbnhj`s qu` s` r`hjnzhd bed ude e vhrnes ndstruk`dtes. @d
`st` s`dtnme, `j prndbnphj prev``mer m` jnqunm`z m`j k`rbhme `s
`j bedoudte m` ndstntubned`s Khrf
Khrf`t
`t Kh
Khf`f`rr, `sths elr`b`d hj
k`rbhme betnzhbned`s m` bekprh/v`dth phrh temes jes phr`s
m` mnvnshs.

Bedtnduhkes…
 0

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

… µ@d quî bedsnst` `j ]rhmnda Ndstntubnedhj5 @d r`suk`d,

nm`dtnlnbhr jh jnqunm`z e zedhs m` jnqunm`z, `j ljuoe m` òrm`d`s y
khdn
kh dnpu
pujhjhbn
bnòd
òd ququ`
` `s
`stè
tè a`
a`d`
d`rh
rhdm
dmee jh ndndst
stntntub
ubne
nedh
dhjnjnmh
mhm
m m`
m`jj
k`rbhme y kev`rdes hj rntke m` `st` ljuoe.

Wr`audth?
Bedebnm
Bedeb nmh
h `s
`sth
th nd
ndle
lerk
rkhb
hbnò
nòdd µ@
µ@ss r`be
r`bek`
k`dm
dmhi
hij`
j` ep
ep`r
`rhr
hr `d ud
k`rbhme bed pebh jnqunm`z5 Rn tu r`spu`s
r`spu`sth
th `s DE,
DE, bedtndÿh
bed jh j`bturh.

8.9 µXuî ku`v` `j pr`bne5

@dtedb`s, µq
µqu
uî chb
hb`
` qu` `j pr
pr`
`bne s` ku`vh5 @s udh
`vh5
r`spu`sth s`dbnjjh, p`re, mnlëbnj m` `daujjnr phrh jes trhm`rs qu`
ep`rhd ihsèdmes` `d bedb`ptes, k`temejeaëh y phtred`s,
khyerk`dt` ushmes per `j arupe r`thnj, jh r`spu`sth `s? jnqunm`z.

Bedtndu`kes hj snaun`dt` bhpëtuje.

 <

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

9. @J@K@D]ER M@ PDH EW@YH]N\H

9.8 KHYBE M@ ]YHIHOE

Whr
hrh
h des
deset
etre
ress `d
`dt`d
t`dm`r
m`r jh ep
ep`rh
`rhtnv
tnvh
h nd
ndstn
stntu
tubn
bned
edhj
hj,, m`
m`i`k
i`kes
es
bedb`inr bjhrhk`dt` `j snaun`dt` bedb`pte?

NAC
C
L Y@BP@DB^

] YHMNDA
Jhs ndst
ndstntu
ntubne
bned`s
d`s Khr
Khrff`t Kh
Khf`f`rr (Jhr hra`
a` & Rk Rkhj hjjj sp
sp`b`buj
ujhterss)
hter
(Ihdbes
(Ihd bes b`dt
b`dtrhj`
rhj`ss, aein
aein`rde
`rdess, c`
c`ma ma`` le
leud ms, etres) sed jes
udms
bekped`dt`s khs b`rbhdes hj k`rbhme y h su v`z a`d`rhd `j
kevnkn`dte khyernthrne `d `j knske. Jhs ljubtuhbned`s m` pr`bne
m` ud ndstruk`dte lndhdbn`re sed a`d`rhmhs `d ud 37% per jes
Khrf
Kh rf`t
`t Kh Khff`r. µBòke ep`rhd `sths ndstntubned`s5 @sths
ndstntubned`s, h mnl`r`dbnhs m` jhs ndstntubned`s kndernsths (r`bermhr
qu` Ler`x `s ud k` k`rb
rbhm
hmee ndndst
stntntub
ubne
nedh
dhj)j) ut
utnjnjnz
nzhd
hd sn snst
st`k
`khs
hs m`
ndt`rbhkine ihshmes `d lòrkujhs kht`kètnbhs bedebnmes beke
hjaerntkes, `d juahr m` jes trhm`rs sed `stes prearhkhs jes
`dbhrahmes m` bekprhr e v`dm`r ndstruk`dtes lndhdbn`res `d `j
k`rbhme `d hutekètnbe y h udh arhd v`jebnmhm.
 1

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

@s
@sttes prprea
earh
rhk
khs m` trhrhm
mnd
nda
a pupu``m`
m`dd p`
p`rrs`
s`au
aunnr m` lelerk
rkh
h
ndm`p`dmn`dt` `strht`anhs kuy bekpj`ohs bed udh v`jebnmhm
ndbr`ëij`, bekpnt`d `d `j k`rbhme phrh hs`aurhrs` m` qu` de
hd `j rn
berrrrhd
be rn`s
`sae
ae m` p` p`rm
rm`r`r, sn`kp
kprr` tn`
n`dd`d qu
qu` ` s`r kè
kèss
rèpnmes, kès lj`xnij`s y kès ndm`p`dmn`dt`s.

@stes snst`khsm`j
ep`rhmer`s seje r`pr`s`dthd
k`rbhme, udh p`qu`øh
snd `kihrae, sed jesphrt` `dtr` jes
r`spedshij`s
m`j 37% m` temhs jhs trhdshbbned`s qu` s` r`hjnzhd `d temes
jes k`rbhmes m` vhjer`s. Jh k`temejeaëh ep`rhtnvh m` `stes
snst`khs `s snkpj`, ep`rhr thd rèpnme s`h pesnij`, `j khra`d m`
i`d`lnbne `d bhmh trhdshbbnòd `s bed lr`bu`dbnh ihsthdt`
p`qu`øe, p`re `sths p`qu`øhs ahdhdbnhs s` chb`d knj`s m`
knjjed`s m`inme h jh khsh y v`jebnmhm bed jh qu` jhs r`hjnzhd.

M`inme h jh prexnknmhm m` jes snst`khs m` hjth lr`bu`dbnh hj

k`rbhme
k`rb hme,, jes trhm`rs m` hj
hjth
th lrlr`b
`buu`d
`dbn
bnh
h tntn`d
`d`d
`d udh bj bjhr
hrh
h
v`dt
v` dtho
hohh r`
r`sp
sp`b
`bte
te h jh hmhmqu
quns
nsnb
nbnò
nòdd m` jh nd ndle
lerk
rkhb
hbnò
nòdd, `s
`see
snadnlnbh qu` temes jes trhm`rs bjèsnbes pn`rm`d hj CL]6 udh v`z
c`bch `sth hbethbnòd, bedtndu`kes…
 3

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

@j kîtîtem
emee ep ep`
`rh
rhttnv
nve
e m` `s `sttes hj
hja
aernrnttkes `s s`s`ddbnjnjje
je m`
`dt`dm`r, su lndhjnmhm `s jh d`utrhjnzhbnòd m` jnqunm`z, ou`ahd
`d bedtrh phrtnmh h jes etres kn`kires m`j k`rbhme, mnbce
`ste,, qun`re rekp`r `j phrhmna
`ste phrhmnakh kh m` qu` ud trhm`r (beke tÿ e
beke ye) ahdh buhdme etre trhm`r pn`rm` y vnb`v`rsh, `j
v`rmhm`re `d`knae m` ud trhm`r de `s etre trhm`r, sed
`ste
`stess hj
hjae
aernrntk
tkes
es m` hj hjth
th lrlr`b
`bu`
u`db
dbnh
nh,, qu
qun` n`d`
d`ss kh
khdn
dnpu
pujh jhdd `j
k`rbhme iusbhdme sn`kpr` su i`d`lnbnes je buhj bedjj`vh h jhs
pîrmnmhs m` jes trhm`rs ` ndstntubned`s r`thnj (pesntned trhm`rs,
ihdbes p`qu`øes
p`qu`øes,, `tb.).
Wer jòanbh y s`dtnme bekÿd, sn `stes hjaerntkes tn`d`d beke lnd
d`ut
d` utrrhj
hjnz
nzhr
hr jnjnqu
qunm
nm`z
`z y ch chb`
b`rr qu
qu`
` je
jess m`
m`kè
kèss ph
phrtrtnb
nbnp
nphd
hdtt`s
pn`r
pn`rmhd
mhd su mnd mnd`re
`re,, µd
µde
e s`r
`rëëh je kè
kèss s`
s`d
dshte s`
s`a aunr sus
kevnkn`dtes5 ]` m`oe jh mumh…
 >

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

]` je r`suke…

Jes hjaerntkes CL] ku`v`d `j

37% m` òrm`d`s `d `j
K@YBHME k`rbhme, r`pr`s`dthd
r`pr`s`dthd 8/2 m`
Whahd? ep`rh
ep`rhme
mer`
r`ss `d `j k`k`rb
rbhme
hme..
Br`h
`hdd khd hdnnpu
pujh
jhb
bnòd m`j
8. `xp
`xpjnb
jnbntnt ste
stebf
bf khr
khrf`
f`tt l``
k`rbhme.
9. nk
nkpj
pjnb
nbntnt CL
CL]] kh
khrf
rfup
up
Hjaerntkes CL]

Khrf`t
Y`thnj Khf`r

Hquë desetres
`o`buthdme Hjaerntkes `stèdmhr
khduhj

]rhm`rs
Ndstntubned`s
p`qu`øhs

Beke pu`m`m`s
`s mh
mhrtrt`
` bu
bu`d
`dth
th,, ch
chyy 9 aru
rup
pes m` ep
ep`r
`rhm
hme
er`
r`ss `d `j
k`rbhme, `j mnkndute arupe qu` khd`oh hjaerntkes CL] sed qun`d`s
sn`kpr` vhd h ahdhr y jes r`jhtnj kuy preihij`k`dt` pn`rmhd su mnd`re
m`inme h jhs khdnpujhbned`s m` jes KK, m`bnm` tÿ h buèj arupe m`
ep`rhmer`s s`aunr…
 87

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Hcerh in`d, m`dtre m`j khrbe m` trhihoe, phrh `l`btuhr ud

iu`d hdèjnsns tîbdnbe m`i`kes bedsnm`rhr jes kevnkn`dtes qu`
r`aujhrk`dt` a`d`rhd jes hjaerntkes CL]? `d bedb`pte tîbdnbe,
`stes
`stes kev
kevnknkn`d
n`dte
tess se
sed?
d? ke
kevnk
vnkn`dtess m` `xphdsnòd (nkpujse)
n`dte
kevnkn`dtes m` pr`bne ouste e r`prnbnda (r`treb`se), kevnkn`dte
m` r`ar`snòd (a`d`rhjk`dt` `d lerkh m` khdnpujhbnòd) y jes
kevnkn`dtes m` vejhtnjnmhm (s` mhd buhdme `d `j k`rbhme de
`xnst` jh jnqunm`z sulnbn`dt` phrh `dtrhr `d ud p`rëeme `lnbn`dt`
m` d`aebnhbnòd) thkinîd bedebnme beke bedsejnmhbnòd.

]` `xpjnbe bed kès m`thjj`s?

9.8.8 @xphdsnòd

Jes ke
kevn
vnkn
kn`d
`dte
tess `x
`xph
phds
dsnv
nves
es se
sedd `j kek`dtuk m`
m`dt
dtre
re m`
m`jj

arèl
arèlnbe
nbe,, m`
m`dtre kevnkn`d
kevnk
`j ud bnbjen`dte
m`ted`aebnhbnòd,
khyer
khyer m`
m`dt
dtr`st`
re m` udh `s
`sttru
kevnkn`dte rubt
btuurhjhs
tn`d` e
snaun`dt`s bhrhbt`rëstnbhs?
 88

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

8. R` ernandh `d zedhs m` hjtes dnv`j`s m` jnqunm`z hbukujhmh

(òrm`d`s jnknt).
Jnqunm`z hbukujhmh

Jnqunm`z hbukujhmh

9. Red kevnkn`dtes r`p`dtndes m`sm` `j `qunjnirne. Pdh v`z qu`

`j k`
k`rb
rbhm
hme
e ch hbhbuk
ukuj
ujhm
hmee jh jnjnqu
qunm
nm`z
`z su
sulnlnbn
bn`d
`dt`
t`,, tntn`d
`dm`
m` h
`xphdmnr.

2. Jes ke
kevn
vnkn
kn`d
`dte
tess `x
`xph
phds
dsnv
nves
es j` mh
mhdd mnmnr`
r`bb
bbnò
nòdd hj pr
pr`b
`bne
ne
(snau`d ud ljuoe m` òrm`d`s) Whrh r`thnjs? snau` udh t`dm`dbnh.
\hkes bed `j snaun`dt` kevnkn`dte.
 89

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

9.8.9 Y`treb`se

Jes kevnkn`dtes k`der`s m`dtre m` jh `strubturh m` k`rbhme,

s` bedeb`d beke r`treb`se, `stes kevnkn`dtes tn`d`d per
eio`tnve br`hr jh htrhbbnòd d`b`shrnh phrh qu` jes
ndv`rsnednsths `dtr`d `d `j ou`ae m` d`aebnhbnòd ` ndy`bt`d

jnqunm`z hj k`rbhme.
Bhrhbt`rëstnbhs?

8. Iusbh hsn snad

adhhr ud du
du`
`ve pr`b`bnne m` d`
d`ae
aebbnhb
hbnnòd h ud
ndstruk`dte lndhdbn`re `ste nkpjnbh qu` `stes hjaerntkes br``d
ud m`sbu`dte hjr`m`mer m`j 07% m`j pr`bne m` d`aebnhbnòd
m`j kevnkn`dte
kevnkn`d te `xphdsnve hdt`rner.
hdt`rner.

8 @PY;8,8979< PRM -17% 8 @PY;8,73921 PRM (du`ve pr`bne)

 82

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

9. Iusbh `j Lhnr \hju` `qunjnirhdme nd`lnbn`dbnhs `d jh `xphdsnòd

pr`vnh.

h Lhnr vhju` (877%)

n
b
d
`
n J\-AHW
b
nl
`
d
N

Buhdme `xnst` ud vejuk`d `j`vhme m` bekprhs e v`dths `d ` d `j

k`rbhme s` premub` ud m`s`qunjnirne `d jhs trhdshbbned`s m`
jes KK. @d `j arèlnbe `sths nd`lnbn`dbnhs s` hpr`bnhd `d v`jhs
m` arhd vejuk`d, ude m` jes eio`tnves a`d`rhjk`dt` m` `st`
kevnkn`dte `s `qunjni
kevnkn`dte `qunjnirhr
rhr `sth nd`lnbn`d
nd`lnbn`dbnh,
bnh, jj`ahdme hj 877
877%
% m`
r`bhpnthjnzhbnòd bedebnme beke Lhnr \hju` e pr`bne ouste m`
d`aebnhbnòd.

Pd mhte nkperthdt` h tekhr `d bu`dth `s qu` jhs nd`lnbn`dbnhs

de sn`kpr` vhd h s`r vnsnij`s `d `j tnk` lrhk` medm` `st`kes
vnsuhjnzhdme `j arèlnbe, h v`b`s `s d`b`shrne v`r `dtr` mnstndtes
tnk` lrhk` y m`t`rkndhr ud pesnij` Lhnr \hju`.
 8=

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

9.8.2 Y`ar`
Y`ar`snòd
snòd

Jhs r`ar`sned`s ssed ed ke kevn vnkn

kn`d`dte
tess be
berrrr`b
`btntnvves m` je jess KK
(j(jnq
nqun
unm`
m`zz nd
nda`
a`dn
dnhm
hmh)
h),, su lnlndh
dhjnjnmh
mhm
m `s d`d`ut utrh
rhjnjnzh
zhrr jnjnqu
qunm
nm`z
`z `d
zedhs hjths/ihohs m` jh `strubturh y bedtnduhr bed su ljuoe m`
òrm`d`s. Wer je a`d`rhj s` premub` udh v`z bujkndhmh udh
`strubturh e bnbje m` k`rbhme.

Bhrhbt`rëstnbhs?

8. Red kevnkn
kevnkn`dte
`dtess `d s`dtnme
s`dtnme epu`
epu`ste
ste h jh mnr`bbn
mnr`bbnòd
òd hbtuhj
hbtuhj,,
suped`d ud lhjse khrf`t scnlt.

9. Eburr
Eburr`
` buhdme chy ud preb`s
preb`se
e BRJ (bhs`rë
(bhs`rëh
h m` step jess)

2. R` pu`m`
pu`m` hdtnbn
hdtnbnphr
phr h `st`
`st` lhjse
lhjse kevnkn
kevnkn`dt
`dte
e hsukn`dm
hsukn`dme
e ud

swnda
ÿjtnkh jew per m`ihoe
`xphdsnòd m` jh m`j 877% hdt`rner,
`strubturh m` r`bhpnthjnzhbnòd m` `d
per je a`d`rhj jh
ud 887% y 891%.
 80

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

9.8 = Bedsejnmhbnòd BRJ ‒ Rtep Cudt

Rwnda cnac

Rwnda jew

Yupturh y du`vh mnr`bbnòd

Red je
Red jess p`
p`er
er`s
`s `s
`sb`
b`dh
dhrnrnes
es ph
phrh
rh be
beje
jebh
bhrr ud
udh
h `d
`dtrtrhm
hmh
h, jh
jhss
bedsejnmhbned`s hsuk`d lhjth m` jnqunm`z `d `j k`rbhme, per je
qu` jes KK khdnpujhd `j pr`bne h trhvîs m` ep`rhbned`s qu`
de mhd mnr`bbnòd bjhrh hj pr`bne, a`d`rhdme hsë ud preb`se
BRJ, `j pr`bne tn`dm` h kev`rs` `dtr` ud swnda cnac y swnda jew
(pnse y t`bce phrh bchrtnsths).

Bhrhbt`rëstnbhs?
8. Kevnkn`
Kevnkn`dtes
dtes bedtnd
bedtndues
ues `dtr` seper
sepert`
t` y r`snst`
r`snst`dbnh
dbnh..

9. @j pr`bne
pr`bne de tn`d`
tn`d` mnr`bbnòd
mnr`bbnòd bjhrh y `s k`oer
k`oer de ep`rhr.

2. ]n`
n`dm`
dm` h m`
m`ohr
ohr ud step cudt pr`vne h jh rupturh.

=. Jh rupturh nkpjnbh du`vh mnr`bbnòd `d `j pr`bne (`j

k`rbhme `dtrh `d udh du`vh `thph m` d`aebnhbnòd)
 8<

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

9.8.0 Erm`r Ljew

@j ernrna`
a`dd m` je
jess ke
kevn
vnkn
kn`d
`dte
tess hd
hdt`
t`ss `s
`stu
tumn
mnhm
hmes
es nk
nkp
pjnjnbh
bh jh
br`hbnòd m` udh `strubturh m` k`rbhme, snaun`dme hsë ud ljuoe
m` òrm`d`s `d `j k`rbhme. @d `st` s`dtnme, `s nkperthdt` qu`
`dtn`dmhs `j ljuoe m` kevnkn`dtes qu` a`d`rhd jes hjaerntkes
m` CL].

M` le
lerk
rkh
h a`d`
a`d`rh
rhjj, `j er
erm` ew s` a`
m`rr ljljew a`d`
d`rh
rh snau
snaun`
n`dm
dme
e ud
udh
h
s`bu`dbnh m` jh snaun`dt` khd`rh? (Je `xpjnbe h preludmnmhm
`d `j hphrthme 2.8)
BEDREJNMHBNÒD

@SWHDRNÒD

Y@AY@RNÒD

Y@]YEB@RE

]` je `xpjnbe m` etrh
et rh khd`rh?

@SWHDRNÒD Y@]YEB@RE

@SWHDRNÒD Y@AY@RNÒD
@SWHDRNÒD BEDREJNMHBNÒD
 81

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

9.9 WPD]ER M@ Y@L@Y@DBNH

NDR]N]PBNEDHJ
Buhdme
Buhdm e ch
chij
ije
e m` pu
pudte
dtess m` r`l
r`l`r
`r`db
`dbnh
nh nds
ndstntntu
tubne
bnedhj
dhj, cha
chae
e
hjusnòd h jhs zedhs pet`dbnhj`s m` d`aebnhbnòd y
khdnpujhbnòd m` jes CL], `sths zedhs, bedebnmhs beke zedhs
m` jnqunm`z `d p`rl`bth bedlju`dbnh bed `j ljuoe m` òrm`d`s,
mhd jh phuth d`b`shrnh phrh `sp`bujhr pesnij` r`v`rsnòd m`j
pr`bne y hm`jhdthrdes hj pròxnke kevnkn`dte m` jes KK. @s
nkperthdt` r`bhjbhr qu` jh jnqunm`z de j` mh mnr`bbnòd hj
pr`bne, jh mnr`bbnòd `s br`hmh per `j erm`r ljew.

‚ ò ‛

Chy hjaudes bedb`ptes qu` t` vhd h p`rkntnr chb`r `dtrhmhs

jnkpnhs, pr
prei
eihi
hij`
j`k`
k`dt
dt`
` sn
sndd mrhwmewd, sòje sn jes hpjnbhs
berr`bthk`dt`, t` bekphrte jes bedb`ptes qu` hpjnbèdmejes
berr`bthk`dt` k` chd p`rkntnme t`d`r r`sujthmes ndbr`ëij`s `d
kn bhrr`rh beke trhm`r. Rnd `kihrae m`i`s bedsnm`rhr qu` je
qu` hquë t` bekphrte `s ÿdnbhk`dt` hsp`btes ludmhk`dthj`s
phrh ud iu`d hdèjnsns tîbdnbe, `s d`b`shrne hbekphøhr `stes
bedb`ptes bed udh iu`dh a`stnòd m` rn`sae y bedtrej m`
`kebned`s.
 83

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek
9.9.8 Hbukujhbned`s

Erm`r Ijebf

Jhs hbukujhbned`s, sed pudtes r`hbtnves h tekhr `d bu`dth h

jh cerh m` chb`r hdèjnsns tîbdnbe. ]hkinîd tekhd `j dekir` m`
erm`r ijebf, `d `sphøej? ijequ`s m` òrm`d`s, bÿkujes m`
òrm`d`s, `dtr` etres.
et res.

R`au
R` aurh
rhk`
k`dt
dt`
` t` `s`sth
thrè
rèss pr
pr`a
`aud
udth
thdm
dmee, µq
µquî
uî se
sedd je
jess erm`r
ijebf5 @s snkpj`, sed jes dnv`j`s `d `j pr`bne medm` jes KK
hbukujhd jh khyer jnqunm`z pesnij` bed jh lndhjnmhm m`
br`hr udh r`v`rsnòd m` pr`bne, pest`rnerk`dt` h trhvîs m` ud
r`treb`se d`utrhjnzhd `sh jnqunm`z chbn`dme qu` jhs
trtrhds
hdshb
hbbne
bned`s
d`s qu` `st
`stes
es v`
v`dëh
dëhdd khd
khdt`d
t`dn`
n`dm
dme
e `d d`a
d`aht
htnv
nve
e,
lndhjk`dt` pu`mhd phshr h i`d`lnbnes.

Erm`r ijebf
Erm`r ijebf

Rna
Rnaun`
un`dme
dme `j erm
erm`r
`r lje
ljew
w (hj
(hjbns
bnsth)
th) `j Jes KK chb`d bedtrhphrtnmh h jes r`thnjs, sn
pr`bne tn`d` udh lu`rt` r`hbbnòd `d tÿ bekprhs, preihij`k`dt` `shs òrm`d`s
jh zedh m` hbukujhbnòd s`hd udh v`dth m` jes KK y vnb`v`rsh.
 8>

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

µBòke s` a`d`rhd jhs hbukujhbned`s m` òrm`d`s5

Buhdme jes KK bn`rrhd udh `thph m` d`aebnhbnòd, tn`dm`d h

ndy`bthr jnqunm`z phrh r`v`rtnr `j pr`bne y ahdhr jhs òrm`d`s m`
bedtrhphrtnmh, p`re, µbòke je chb`d5 Eis`rvh bed ht`dbnòd
jh snaun`dt` njustrhbnòd?

LJPOE M@ ÒYM@D@R HJBNR]H (knbre tnk` lrhk`)

^ IHONR]H (khbre tnk` lrhk`)

Erm`r ijebf

Erm`r ijebf
Erm`r ijebf

_edhs m` hbukujhbnòd m` òrm`d`s m` jes KK, bhmh

v`z qu` `j pr`bne jj`ah hj EI tn`dm` h r`v`rtnrs`

m`inme h `j
bejebò `d qu` hbtnvh
ijequ` jhs òrm`d`s
hdt`rner jnknt `jqu`
phrh r`v`rtnr `j KK
pr`bne.
 97

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

m ` EI? Iujjnsc Ijebf y I`hrnsc Ijebf

@xnst`d 9 tnpes m`

Iujjns
Iujjnscc Ije
Ijebf?
bf? hb
hbuk
ukuj
ujhb
hbne
ned`
d`ss `d je
jess pu
pudt
dtes
es kè
kèss ih
ihoe
oess m`
m`jj
pr`bne (erm`r ijebf hjbnsth). @j pr`bne tn`dm` h tebhr jes `stes
EI y r`hbbnedhr m` khd`rh preknd`dt` br`hdme udh r`v`rsnòd.
@d `j arèlnbe, `j EI hjbnsth `s jh ÿjtnkh v`jh ihonsth pr`vne h ud
nkpujse hjbnsth.

Erm`r ijebf

Erm`r ijebf

IPJJNRC IJEBF
(ÿjtnkh v`jh ihonsth)

@d ud erm`
m`rr ljew hjbnsth
th,, jes ije
jequ
qu`
`s m` òrm`
m`d`
d`ss qu
qu`
` s`
r`sp`thd sed jes Iujjnsc Ijebf, `s m`bnr jes EI hjbnsths.
 98

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

I`hrnsc Ijebf? hbukujhbned`s `d jes pudtes kès hjtes m`j

pr`bne (erm`r ijebf ihonsth). @j pr`bne tn`dm` h tebhr jes `stes
EI y r`hbbned
r`hbbnedhr
hr m` khd`rh preknd`dt` br`hdme udh r`v`rsnòd
m`j pr`bne. Pd EI ihonsth `d `j arèlnbe je nm`dtnlnbhkes beke jh
ÿjtnkh v`jh hjbnsth pr`vne h ud nkpujse ihonsth.

I@HYNRC IJEBF
(ÿjtnkh v`jh hjbnsth)

Erm`r ijebf
Erm`r ijebf

@d ud er
erm`
m`rr ljljew
ew ih
ihononst
sth
h, je
jess ij
ijeq
equu`s m` òr
òrm`
m`d`
d`ss qu
qu`
` s`
r`sp`t
r`sp`thd
hd se
sedd je
jess I`h
`hrnrnsc
sc Ij
Ijeb
ebff, `s m`
m`bn
bnrr je
jess EI ih
ihononst
sths
hs..
µ@sthkes bjhres5 Rn tu r`spu`sth `s DEDE,, j`` du`vhk`dt`.
 99

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Hbethbned`s hb`rbh m` jes Erm`r Ijebf

Whrh nm`dtnlnbhr berr`bthk`dt` ud EI m`i`kes bedsnm`rhr jes

snaun`dt`s hsp`btes?

8. @d `j arèln
arèlnbe
be,, jes EI per
per je a`d`rhj
a`d`rhj s` pr`s
pr`s`dt
`dthd
hd beke
beke jh
ÿjtnkh v`jh m`j kevnkn`dte e lrhbthj.
9. Jes EI tn`d`d jes snaun`
snaun`dt`s
dt`s bekped`
bekped`dt`s?
dt`s?

I@HYNRC IJEBF
(ÿjtnkh v`jh hjbnsth)

_EDH K@DER R@DRNIJ@ (k`der preihinjnmhm m` r`v`rsnòd)

877% D@P]YHJN_HBNÒD

07%
LHNY \HJP@

HW@Y]PYH
7%
_EDH M@ HJ]H R@DRNINJNMHM (khyer preihinjnmhm m` r`v`rsnòd)

Buhdme
Buhd me `j WWrnb
rnb`
` hbtned jjjj`a
hbtned `ah
h h te
tebh
bhrr jh ze
zedh
dh hj
hjth
thk`
k`dt
dt`
`
s`dsnij`, bekpr`dmnmh `dtr` `j 7% y 07% m`j EI ud trhm` tn`d`
khyer preihinjnmhm, per `j bedtrhrne sn seir`phsh `j Lhnr \hju`,
`j trhm` pn`rm` preihinjnmhm.
 92

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

M`j knske keme, jes Iujjnsc Ijebf tn`d`d jes knskes bekped`dt`s
p`re `d s`dtnme epu`ste (eivnhk`dt`).

IPJJNRC IJEBF
(ÿjtnkh v`jh ihonsth)

_EDH M@ HJ]HR@DRNINJNMHM (khyer preihinjnmhm m` r`v`rsnòd)

7% HW@Y]PYH

07% LHNY \HJP@

877% D@P]YHJN_HBNÒD

_EDH M@ IHOH R@DRNINJNMHM (k`derr preihinjnmhm m` r`v`rsnòd)

Buhdme `j pr`bne jj`ah h tebhr jh zedh hjthk`dt` s`dsnij`,

bekpr`dmnmh `dtr` `j 7% y 07% m`j EI ud trhm` tn`d` khyer
preihinjnmhm, per `j bedtrhrne sn seir`phsh `j Lhnr \hju`, `j
trhm` pn`rm` preihinjnmhm.

]` je `xpjnbe bed ud `o`kpje `d jh snaun`dt` pèandh…

 9=

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

… @o`kpje?

HW@Y]PYH

LHNY \HJP@

IPJJNRC IJEBF _EDH R@DRNIJ@ @dtrhmh p`rl`bth

(ÿjtnkh v`jh ihonsth) `dtr` `j 7% y 07%
m`j EI

Jhs k`oer`s `dtrhmhs per je a`d`rhj s` mhd `d jh zedh s`dsnij`

m`j EI. Wer je thdte, sn nm`dtnlnbhs berr`bthk`dt` `sths zedhs m`
hbukujhbnòd je kès preihij` `s qu` chahs `dtrhmhs pr`bnshs
y m` pebe rn`sae. Y`bhjbe, phrh nm`dtnlnbhr berr`bthk`dt` jes
EI `s d`b`shrne s`aunr `j ljuoe m` òrm`d`s qu` `j pr`bne vh
m`ohdme `d su m`shrrejje.

Nkperthdt`? De bedsnm`re v`jh m` ndm`bnsnòd beke EI vèjnme.

 90

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek
Kntnahtned Ijebf & Ir`hf`r

µ]` chs pr`audthme quî phsh bed jes EI qu` sed

r`aujhrk`dt` nrr`sp`thmes5

Pdh v`z qu` `j k`rbhme ch bedbjunme ud bnbje hjbnsth/ihonsth,

je kès bekÿd `s qu` s` pr`s`dt` ud r`v`rshj `d `j Wrnb` hbtned,
`ste nkpjnbh qu` jes EI medm` s` pume chi`r a`d`rhme
hjaÿd tnpe m` r`hbbnòd s`hd nrr`sp`thmes. Rnd `kihrae, jhs
òrm`d`s ndy`bthmhs `d mnbch zedh m` hbukujhbnòd ( iuy/s`jj
jnknt) su`j`d s`r kntnahmhs (b`rrhmhs
(b`rrhmhs snd pîrmnmh dn ahdhdbnh) `d
jh knskh zedh m` jnqunm`z. Eis`rvh `j arèlnbe?

Rtep Cudt

Iujjnsc Ijebf Nrr`sp`thme (Ir`hf

(Ir`hf`r)
`r)

Iujjnsc Ijebf
Iujjnsc Ijebf _EDH M@ @D]YHMH

Jh mnl`r`dbnh `dtr` ud Ir`hf`r y Kntnahtned Ijebf `s k`rhk`dt` bedb`ptuhj.

@d `st` s`dtnme, buhdme `j swnda qu` nrr`sp`th `j EI pr`vne m`oh ud Rtep
Cudt s` m`dekndh Ir`hf`r,
Ir`hf`r, per `j bedtrhrne s` m`dekndh Kntnahtned Ijebf.
 9<

9.9.9 Nd`lnbn`dbnhs e m`sihjhdb`s www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Jhs nd
nd`l
`lnb
nbn`
n`db
dbnh
nhss e m`
m`si
sihj
hjhd
hdb`
b`ss se
sedd je
jess pu
pudt
dtes
es me
medmdm`
` s`
premuoe ud m`s`qunjnirne `dtr` el`r`dt`s y m`khdmhdt`s. @d
`st` bhse, per rhzed`s beke hdudbnes m` detnbnhs nkperthdt`s
qu` chb`d qu` `j k`rbhme s` ku`vh bed lu`rzh e per `j
cerhrne m` trhmnda s` premub` ud `xb`m`dt` m` el`rth e
m`khdmh m` ud ndstruk`dte lndhdbn`re, `ste prevebh
m`s`qunjnirnes `d `j pr`bne. Pd m`s`qunjnirne s` vnsuhjnzh m` jh
snaun`dt` khd`rh?

_EDH ND@LNBN@D]@

Y`treb`se

Bhdmy Jhdm

LHNY \HJP@

EI

_EDH M@ @D]YHMH

Jhs ndnd`
`lnlnbn
bn`d
`dbn
bnhs
hs pu
pu`m
`m`d
`d pr`
r`s`
s`dt
dthr
hrs`
s` m` 9 le
lerk
rkhs
hs?? be
beke
ke
jnqunmnty venms (vhbëes m` jnqunm`z) y AHW.
 91

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Jnqunmnty venm. R` pr`s`dthd beke v`jhs m` arhd vejuk`d qu`

pest`
pest`rne
rnerk`
rk`dt
dt`
` tn`
tn`dm`
dm` h s`r r`ih
r`ihjhd
jhdb`
b`hmh
hmh,, der
derkhj
khjk`
k`dt`
dt` s`
uinbh ud J\ `dtr` `j pudte kèxnke pr`vne h jh v`jh m` hkpjne
vejuk`d
vejuk`d y `j pudte
pudte këdnke pest`rne
pest`rnerr h jh knskh v`jh.
v`jh.

Jes KK iusbhd ihjhdb`hr nd`lnbn`dbnhs bed du`vhs

ep`rhbned`s
ep`rhb ned`s chsth jearhr ud `qunjn
`qunjnirne
irne `dtr` el`rth y m`khdmh
m`khdmh,,
phrh `jje `j pr`bne m`i` iusbhr ud pr`bne ouste m`
d`aebnhbnòd
d`aebnh bnòd,, `st` pr`bne ouste s` uinbh a`d`rhjk`dt` hj 877%
m` jh nd`lnbn`dbnh.

JNXPNMN]^ \ENM

(Nd`lnbn`dbnh 7%)

Lhnr \hju` (877%)

_EDH M@ @XPNJNIYNE

Buhdme nm`dtnlnbhkes `j Lhnr \hju` `d udh zedh qu` `stî ihoe

`j 07% m` m` m`sb
sbuu`d
`dte
te m`
m`jj pr`r`bn
bne
e, s` pu`m
`m`` `s
`spp`b
`buujh
jhrr ud
pesnij` lndhj m` r`treb`se ` ndnbne m` ud du`ve nkpujse.
 93

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

AHW. R` pr`s`dthd beke vhbëes `d `j arèlnbe, derkhjk`dt` s`

m`i`d hj cerhrne m` trhmnda. Jes AHW sed nd`lnbn`dbnhs `d `j

pr`bne qu` `s
vnsuhjnzhbnòd tn`dm`d h s`r r`jj`dhmes bed ud r`treb`se. Ru
jh snaun`dt`?
AHW

(Nd`lnbn`dbnh 7%)

Lhnr \hju` (877%)

_EDH M@ @XPNJNIYNE

Hj nauhj qu` jes J\

J\ jes AHW sed `sphbnes nd`lnbn`dt`s qu` m`i`d
s`rr r`
s` r`ih
ihjh
jhdb
db`h
`hmemess, a`
a`d`
d`rh
rhjk
jk`d
`dt`
t` be
bedd ud r` r`trtreb
eb`s
`se
e, sn `j
r`treb`se r`ihjhdb`h `j ahp `d udh zedh m` m`sbu`dte khyer
hj 07% s` pu`m` `sp`bujhr udh pesnij` bujkndhbnòd m`j knske.

Y`bermhr? RN ud J\ e AHW de `stèd `d udh zedh m` m`sbu`dte,

preihij`k`dt`
preihij`k`dt ` `j pr`bne snah bed su mnr`bbnòd, `stes pudtes m`
r`l`r`dbnh ndstntubnedhj sed vèjnmes sn s` uinbhd `d udh zedh
òptnkh m` `dtrhmh. 9>

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek
9.9.2 D`utrhjnzhbnòd m` jnqunm`z

Jhs d`
d`ut
utrh
rhjnjnzh
zhbn
bned
ed`s
`s m` jnjnqu
qunm
nm`z
`z s` pr
pr`s
`s`d
`dth
thdd m` mn
mnst
stnd
ndth
thss
lerkhs,
KK, nkbedebnmhs
pjnbh `j jj`prndbnphjk`dt`
dhme m`j 87beke 7% m`khdnpujhbned`s
j EI (m` ud m` jes
Rwnda
Cnac/R
Cnac/Rwnd a Jew) me
wnda medmdm`
` ku
kuyy prprei
eihi
hij`
j`k`
k`dt
dt`
` `s
`sp`
p`rè rèih
ihkekess
r`hbbnòd,
r`hbbnò d, tn`dm`
tn`dm` h seir`phshr
seir`phshr `dtr` ud 87% 87% y 27%
27% m`j lrhbthj
lrhbthj
pr`v
pr`vne
ne.. Bu
Buhdhdme
me je
jess EI p`p`dm
dmn`n`dt
dt`s
`s m` r`r`bh
bhpn
pnth
thjnjnzh
zhbn
bnòd
òd s`
uinbhd `d `j `xtr`ke m` jh `strubturh, jh d`utrhjnzhbnòd tn`dm` h
m`ohrdes udh `sp`bn` ‚lhjsh rup ruptur h‛ jh buhj hbtnvh òrm`d`s
turh‛
Rtep m` jes r`thnj y pest`rnerk`dt` bhshr sus Rtep Jess.

Jhs d`utrhjnzhbned`s sed kuy bekud`s `d cerhrnes `sp`bëlnbes

m` bhmh s`snòd. Rnd `kihrae, s` pu`m`d vnsuhjnzhr `d buhjqun`r
tnk` lrhk`. Pdh d`utrhjnzhbnòd nkpjnbh ndy`bbnòd m` jnqunm`z `d
arhd vejuk`d je buhj a`d`rh udh r`hbbnòd e pesnij` r`v`rsnòd
har`snvh m`j pr`bne.
]urtj` seup (D`utrhjnzhbnòd)
Jnqunmnty peej / Bhdmy Jhdm

EI d`utrhjnzhme
 27

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

@stes `sb`dhrnes kuy preihij`k`dt` des pu`m`d shbhr m`j

ou`ae, sn s`aunkes `j ljuoe m` òrm`d`s qu` yhb` `d udh

`strubturh, je kès
m`dtre m` jhs zedhsderkhj
E]@,s`rëh `sp`rhr jhs`r`hbbnòd
snd `kihrae, `d `j EI
pu`m` bedsnm`rhr
r`vnshr pr`bnes y jnqunm`z hbukujhmh `d `j lrhbthj pr`vne.

EI d`utrhjnzhme

_edh m` `dtrhmh
]urtj` seup

Wer je a`d`rhj, `d jes `sb`dhrnes m` d`utrhjnzhbnòd m` jnqunm`z,

jhs r`hbbned`s y pest`rner r`v`rsnòd m`j pr`bne s` premub`
ju`ae m` ud lhkese kevnkn`dte m` ‚khdnpujhbnòd‛
m`dekndhme tu turtj ` seup, `st` kevnkn`dte tn`dm` h iusbhr
rtj`
jnqunm`z `d `j EI pr`vne hj EI d`utrhjnzhme, thj beke je
ku`strh jh njustrhbnòd hdt`rner.
hdt`rner.
 28

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

9.9.2.8 BRJ (Bhs`rëh m` Rtep Jess) ‒ `d bedsejnmhbnòd

M`inme h jh hprexnkhbnòd qu` tn`d`d jes snst`khs CL], jh

rhpnm`
m`zz bed jh ququ`` tn`d
`d`d
`d hb
hbb`
b`sse h jh ndndle
lerk
rkhhbnòd m`j
k`rbhme, `stes tn`dm`d h ‚khdnpujhr‛ `j pr`bne ndy`bthdme
jnqunm`z h trhvîs m` òrm`d`s br`hdme udh mnr`bbnòd mnl`r`dt`
h jh qu` jes hjaerntkes `stèdmhr `stèd `sp`rhdme phrh su
d`ae
d` aebn
bnhb
hbnò
nòdd, `s
`sth
thss kh
khdn
dnp
puj
ujhb
hbne
ned`
d`ss br
br`h
`hdd kekevn
vnkn
kn`d
`dte
tess y
mnr`bbnòd nd`sp`rhmh `d `j pr`bne shbhdme m`j ou`ae jhs
òrm`d`s m` jhs ndstntubned`s p`qu`øhs y trhm`rs kndernsths.

Jes preb`ses BRJ kès bekud`s sed jes snaun`dt`s?

sn aun`dt`s?
EYM@Y IJEBF BRJ ‒ Rtep Cudt 887%-891% Lhjsh rupturh
Rwnda cnac

RJ Meij`

Rwnda jew

Yupturh y du`vh mnr`bbnòd

@sb`dhrne 8. Wr`vne hj Rtep Cudt, `j k`rbhme hphr`dt`k`dt`

br`h udh `sp`bn` m` mnr`bbnòd m`j pr`bne, br`hdme lrhbthjnmhm
hjbnsth/ihonsth, a`d`rh udh lhjsh rupturh m`sm` jh zedh m`
bedsejnmhbnòd ( swnda cnac/swnda jew) y pest`rnerk`dt`, ju`ae m`
hjbhdzhr `dtr` ud 87% y 27% m` rupturh, y r`bhpnthjnzhdme EI
m`j lrhbthj pr`vne, `j pr`bne s` r`vn`rt` y br`h mnr`bbnòd.
 29

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

@sb`dhrne 9. Pdh v`z bujkndhme ud bnbje m` d`aebnhbnòd jes

KK tn`dm`d h khdnpujhr `j pr`bne bed jh lndhjnmhm m`
d`utrhjnzhr jnqunm`z, per je a`d`rhj buhdme tn`d`d qu` hjbhdzhr
jnqunm`z `d jh zedh òptnkh m` m`sbu`dte y hÿd je chd pemnme
hjbhdzhr `s` dnv`j m` pr`bne bed ud kevnkn`dte `strubturhj. @d
`st` `sb`dhrne jes KK br`hd jnqunm`z nda`dnhmh phrh shbhr
m`j ou`ae h jes ndv`rser`s kndernsths, `d `j arhlnbe s` vnsuhjnzh
m` jh snaun`dt` khd`rh?

M`sbu`dte òptnke
33%
1>%
17%
<9%

_edh m` `dtrhmh

Oumhs swnda

Jhs trhdshbbned`s m` jes KK `d lerkh m` lhjse kevnkn`dte

(Oumhs Rwnda) iuiusb
sbhd
hd d`
d`ut
utrh
rhjnjnzh
zhrr jnjnqu
qunm
nm`z
`z m` je
jess lrlrhb
hbth
thj`
j`ss
hdt`rner`s phrh ju`ae iusbhr jnqunm`z `d dnv`j`s òptnkes m`

m
be`dsbbuju`d
`dte
nmte.
e . u@ds bbnbejk
eÿdm``d
`dbbke`drbtrtrhr
hhrmejesy Ou
Oumh
bmhs
uhds me
Rwnd
nda
îast`udh
de vc`z
h
hjbhdzhme ud dnv`j òptnke m` m`sbu`dte.
 22

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

9.9.= Ndstntutnedhj F`y J`v`js

µ]` chs pr`audthme

µ]` pr`audthme hjaudh
hjaudh v`z sn jes Hjaerntkes
Hjaerntkes CL] bekprhd
bekprhd
e v`dm`d h buhjqun`r pr`bne e je chb`d h pr`bnes `sp`bëlnbes5
Rn in`d `s bn`rte, `d `j k`rbhme sekes `j Rtr``t Ked`y y beke
thj de t`d`kes nkperthdbnh hjaudh m`dtre m`j knske. W`re, `st`
bedb`pte des hyumh h nm`dtnlnbhr jes dnv`j`s `sp`bëlnbes medm`
jes KK `stèd ndy`bthdme sus òrm`d`s, medm` s` `stè
pesnbnedhdme `j Rkhrt Ked`y y pesnbnedhrdes oudte bed `jjes.

Jes F`y J`v`js de sed kès qu` jes pr`bnes `sp`bëlnbes h jes
buhj`s jes KK `stèd `o`buthdme sus bekprhs e v`dths. R`
bjhsnlnbhd
bjhsnlnbhd s`aÿd jh prnernm
prnernmhm
hm `d?

Lnaurh bekpj`th. ]eme pr`bne qu` t`rkndh `d 777

@o`kpjes? 8,89777 887,77 8,9>777 7,>8777

K`mnh Lnaurh. ]eme pr`bne qu` t`rkndh `d 977, 077 y 377

@o`kpjes? 8,89977 880,77 8,9>377

Dnv`j`s Wsnbejòanbes. ]eme p`bne qu` bujkndh `d 877, 277,

=77, <77, 177 y >77
@o`kpjes? 8,89877 882,77 8,9>177 7,>8>77

@j
KKsupu`ste
ndy`bthdm`
susprnernmhm
òrm`d`s hjchb` r`l`r`dbnh hj f`y j`v`j qu` jes
k`rbhme.
 2=

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

@d `st` s`dtnme, jes KK Iusbhrèd `d prnk`rh ndsthdbnh

r`b
`bh hpn
pntthj
hjnz
nzh
hr e d` d`ut
utrrhj
hjnz
nzhr
hr òr
òrm
m`d`d`ss m` Lna naur
urh
h Bek ekp pj`
j`tth
(Wrnrner
(W ernm
nmhm
hm 8) 8).. Wer be bedsdsna
naun
un`d
`dt`
t`,, je
jess sn
snau
aun`
n`dt
dt`s
`s eieio`
o`tntnve
vess h
r`bhpnthjnzhr e d`utrhjnzhr sed jhs òrm`d`s m` K`mnh Lnaurh
(Wrnrner
(W ernm
nmhm
hm 9). Lnd ndhj
hjk`k`dtdt`
` y de k` k`de dess nk
nkpper
erth
thdt
dt`
`, je
jess KK
iusbhrèd r`bh bhppntnth
hjnz
nzhr
hr e d`u `uttrhj
hjnz
nzh
hr òrm` m`dd`s h pr`b `bnnes
psnbejòanbes (Wrnernmhm 2).

Pd mhte nkperthdt`? Jes sepert`s y r`snst`dbnhs m`i`d t`d`r ud

ludmhk`dte, trhzhr ud dnv`j m` R/Y snd ud ludmhk`dte sòjnme `s
beke hrhr `d `j khr.
H bedtnduhbnòd t` ku`stre udh njustrhbnòd m` bòke s` vnsuhjnzhd
jes F`y J`v`js?

8.8>77
8.8>777
7 - LB
8.83377
8.83377 - KL

8.83177
8.83177 - DW

8.8307
8.83077
7 - KL

8.8327
8.83277
7 - DW

8.8377
8.83777-
7- LB
 20

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

2. KÎ]EME EW@YH]N\E
Xun`re m`ohr bjhre je snaun`dt`, sn pn`dshs qu` tus kevnkn`dtes e
jes kevnkn`dtes m` ud arupe m` trhm`rs qun`d`s `kpn`zhd h
bekprhr e v`dm`r ud ndstruk`dte lndhdbn`re pu`m`d a`d`rhr
hjaÿd nkphbte `d `j pr`bne m` thj hbtnve m`dtre m`j k`rbhme,
mîohk` m`bnrt` qu` `stès ud thdte `qunvebhme. Ler`x `s ud
k`rbhme ndstntubnedhj y qun`d`s r`hjk`dt` a`d`rhd nkphbte `d
`j pr
pr`b
`bne
ne m` ud nd
ndst
stru
ruk`
k`dt
dte
e lnlndh
dhdb
dbn`
n`re
re se
sedd jh
jhss nd
ndst
stntntub
ubne
ned`
d`ss
khrf`t khf`r (Rkhrt Ked`y).

]ÿ y ye de pem`kes kev`r `j k`rbhme, p`re sn pem`kes s`r

phrt` m` jh hbbnòd prevebhmh per jh khdnpujhbnòd
ndstntubnedhj, je qu` trhte m` m`bnr `s qu` chahs je qu` chahs,
t`dahs `j mnd`re qu` t`dahs, de vhs h kev`r 8 b`dthve `d `j
k`rbhme Ler`x, `s thd s`dbnjje beke `dt`dm`r qu` desetres
seje sekes Rtr``t Ked`y (mnd`re m` jh bhjj`).

@sbrnie `ste perqu` qun`re qu` bekpr`dmhs quî chb`d jhs

ndstntubned`s
ndstntubned`s,, per quî je chb`d y m` quî khd`rh je chb`d y m`
quî khd`rh desetres pem`kes hprev`bchr `sh ndlerkhbnòd
phrh qu`, `d juahr m` ep`rhr `d bedtrh m` jhs ndstntubned`s
beke sn luîs`kes h ahdhrj`s udh ihthjjh, r`hjk`dt` ep`r`kes
`d jh knskh mnr`bbnòd qu` `sths. @ste des preperbnedh beke
trhm`rs ud bhknde jnir` phrh pem`r shbhr i`d`lnbnes `d `j
k`rbhme. 2<

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

µReøhst` bed t`d`r `st` tnpe m` `dtrhmhs5

Rnîdt`t` hlertudhme/h m` t`d`r `sth ndlerkhbnòd `d tus khdes,

y kès qu` `se, hpjnbh hj pn` m` jh j`trh temes `stes bedb`ptes
y v`rès bòke tu trhmnda `kpn`zh h t`d`r bhkines dethij`s. Rn
tÿ hpr`dm`s h mnsb`rdnr jh ndlerkhbnòd m` jh jnqunm`z y
phtrebndne ndstntubnedhj `d `j k`rbhme, vhs h m`ohr m` p`dshr
beke trtrhm`r r`thnjj y vhs h `kp`zhr h hbtuhr y `dt`dm`r `j
hm`r r`thn
pr`bne thj beke je chb`d jhs ndstntubned`s. Eoe? desetres de

sekes ihdbes,
shi`kes bòke desetres
ep`rhd jes sekes trhm`rs
deihdbes, shi`kesndstntubnedhj`s,
bòke ep`rhd p`re
jes
trhm`rs ndstntubnedhj`s y bed ihs` `d `se ep`rhkes.
21

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

2.8 Ndstntutnedhj Erm`r Ljew

Hjaudh v`z t` chs pr`audthme µbòke ludbnedh5 Rn cuin`s` udh

lòrkujh phrh `dt`dm`r perquî s` ku`v` `j pr`bne, bòke s`
ku`v`, jh rhzòd `sp`bëlnbh m`j perquî s` ku`v` bòke s`
ku`v` y hdtnbnphr `ses kevnkn`dtes lu`s` a`dnhj. Lu`s` ndbr`ëij`
shi`r `sp`bëlnbhk`dt` quî `stè chbn`dme `j k`rbhme `d teme
kek`dte.

@l`btnvhk`dt` chy udh lerkh m` shi`r quî `stè chbn`dme `j

k`rbhme, qunzè de sn`kpr` dn thkpebe bed temh `xhbtntum,
p`re sn m` hb`rbhrdes h je qu` `stè chbn`dme `j pr`bne y quî
`s je qu` vh h chb`r `j k`rbhme h bedtnduhbnòd, `se s` jjhkh

Erm`r
Erm`
luddbne
lu rdhLjew
nedh Ljew.
`j . k`
Hquë
k`rbhmt`e, vey
rbh h `xpjnbhr
phrh `st
ste
e m`
m`ihi`s
preludmnmhm
t`d
`d`r
`r bjh
jhrebòke
res
s je
jess
bedb`ptes m`j khrbe m` trhihoe (hphrthme 9.8).
 23

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

µXuî `s `j Erm`r ljew5 WWh

hrh hs`aurhr udh khyer
bekpr`dsnòd, t` vey h `xpjnbhr quî DE `s `j Erm`r Ljew?

•
De `s chb`r trhmnda bed ihs` `d jh MH] MH]H
H Ndstntubnedhj (seje
jhs ndstntubned`s tn`d`d `sth ndlerkhbnòd)
• De `s`s jh j`bturh
j`bturh m`j
m`j Dnv`j NN (r`hm tc` thp`)
• ]hkpebe `s prnb` hbtned

@s nkpesnij` qu` desetres beke kndernsths t`dahkes hbb`se h

jh ndlerkhbnòd qu` tn`d`d jhs ndstntubned`s, p`re, `xnst`d bn`rths
cu`jjhs `d jh arèlnbh qu` des p`rknt`d v`r quî `stèd chbn`dme
jhs ndstntubned`s. Wer bedsnaun`dt`, `j erm`r ljew bedsnst` `d tekhr
pesnbnbnned`
d`ss ihs
hshm
hme
e `d je qu` chb`d e chrèd jes m`kès
phrtnbnphdt`s m`j k`rbhme.

@d ud k`rbhme thd jëqunme, thd vejètnj beke Ler`x, m`i`kes

`dt`dm`r qu` de `sthkes sejes, m`j etre jhme `stèd bn`dtes m`
ndstntubned`s, trhm`rs beke tÿ e beke ye trhthdme m` shbhrj`
rîmnte hj k`rbhme. @j Er Erm`r
m`r ljew s` ihsh `xbjusnvhk`dt` `d
ljew
shi`
sh i`rr qu
quî
î `s
`stè
tèdd ch
chbn
bn`d
`dme
me jes m`m`kè
kèss ou
ouah
ahme
mer`
r`ss y te
tekh
khrr
m`bnsned`s ihshmhs `d `j ludbnedhkn`dte m` kevnkn`dtes y
bhrhbt`rëstnbhs `sp`bëlnbhs m` bn`rtes `sp`bujhmer`s m`dtre m`j
k`rbhme.

Dese
Desetre
tress be
beke
ke r`thnjs de
dess kev`kes m` udh lerkh, des
hphjhd
hphjhdbh
bhke
kess `d `j ke
kevn
vnkn
kn`d
`dte
te m` bn
bn`r
`rth
thss nd
ndst
stntntub
ubne
ned`
d`ss, th
thjj
beke etres s` hphjhdbhd `d ndmnbhmer`s, `d `strubturhs, `d jh
pesnbnòd m`j sej, `tb.
2>

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

]`dn`dme bjhre qu` `j bedb`pte m` Erm`r Ljew, bedsnst` `d ud

preb`se k`dthj hdt`s qu` ud preb`se tîbdnbe, v`hkes bòke

s` pr`s`dth `st` `d `j arèlnbe?

@s `vnm`dt` jh lu`rzh ihonsth m`j pr`bne `d `st` ndstruk`dte

lndhdbn`re, jh hbukujhbnòd m` òrm`d`s m` v`dth `d `j k`rbhme
`o`buthmhs per jes khrf`t khf`r br`hd thj mnr`bbnòd6 ihshme
`d jes bedb`ptes pr`vnhk`dt` `stumnhmes (hphrthme9.9) jhs
hbuuku
hb kujh
jhbn
bned
ed`s
`s m` òròrm`
m`d`
d`ss ` nd nd`l
`lnb
nbn`
n`db
dbnh
nhss be
bedl
dlju
juy`
y`dd `d jh
iÿsqu`mh m` pesnbned`s `d berte `d `st` hbtnve lndhdbn`re,
m`t`rkndhme hsë ud ljuoe m` òrm`d`s ihonsth. Hcerh t`
pr`audthrès, µbòke `j Erm
Erm`r`r Ljew br`h jh lrhbthjnmhm `d `j
Ljew
pr`bne5 @s kès s`dbnjje m` je qu` phr`b`, s` trhth snkpj`k`dt`
m` phtred`s
lrhk` m` bekperthkn`dte
, t` je `xpjnbe h bedtnduhbnòd.r`p`tntnves `dtr` mnstndtes
tnk`
 =7

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

W`re Chrtkhd, µbòke sî e quî vhrnhij`s m`ie bedsnm`rhr phrh

hlnrkhr qu` `d jh njustrhbnòd hdt`rner `j ljuoe m` òrm`d`s `s
ihonsth5 Eis`rvh bed ht`dbnòd je snaun`dt`?

I@HYNRC EI

RC/RJ Kès ihoes

Bjhrhk`dt`
pudtes kès hjtes jhs ndstntubned`s
(I`hrnsc EI`stèd hbukujhdme
) y br`hd jh bhëmh jnqunm`z `d m`
m`j pr`bne jes
`st`
`st` hbhbtntnve
ve lnlndh
dhdb
dbn`
n`re
re,, m`
m`oh
ohdm
dme e bebeke
ke bededs`
s`bu
bu`d
`dbbnh ud
udhh
beds`
s`bbubnò nòdd m` kè kèxxnkes y këd ëdnnke
kess bh
bhm
mh v`z kès ihoes
(RC/RJ). @d `st` s`dtnme, r`sujth k`des bekpjnbhme `dt`dm`r jh
mnr`bbnòd m`j pr`bne. Rnd `kihrae, phrh t`d`r udh nm`h kès
hb`rthmh `d buhdte h jh mnr`bbnòd r`sp`bth, `s nkperthdt`
bedeb`r y `dt`dm`r jes bedb`ptes? Ev`rhjj Inhs y Mnr`btnedhj
Inhs, bedb`ptes m`t`rkndhdt`s m` jh t`dm`dbnh a`d`rhj.
 =8

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek
Jh phrt` kès nkperthdt` m` du`stre hdèjnsns `s shi`r chbnh
mòdm` s` mnrna` `j k`rbhme, sn desetres des `dbedtrhkes `d ud
f`y j`v`j, desetres m`i`kes nm`dtnlnbhr chsth medm` `j pr`bne
pu`m` ihohr h tebhr `s` ff`y `y j`
j`v`
v`jj, e m` predte bed jes
lrhbthj`s pem`kes nm`dtnlnbhr chsth medm` pu`m` nr `j pr`bne
yh s`h `d udh mnr`bbnòd m` bekprh e m` v`dth.

@d `st` hphrthme vhkes h m`t`rkndhr buhj `s jh mnr`bbnòd

berr`bth (t`dm`dbnh a`d`rhj) `d jh buhj desetres vhkes h
ep`rhr.. µper quî k` ihse `d `ste5 Werqu` m`i`kes shi`r

chbnh medm` `stè y`dme `j pr`bne.

Ev`rhjj Inhs. @dtnîdmhs` `st` bedb`pte beke jh t`dm`dbnh
khbre, chbnh medm` s` mnrna` `j pr`bne m`sm` ud m`t`rkndhme
pudte chsth jh hbtuhjnmhm, `sth t`dm`dbnh su`j` m`t`rkndhrs`
`d tnk` lrhk` Mhnjy, Q``fjy y Kedtjy. @st` `s prnk`r phse phrh
shi`r bed khyer pr`bnsnòd chbnh mòdm` vh `j pr`bne, chbnh
mòdm` s` mnrna` `j k`rbhme, eis`rvh jh snaun`dt` njustrhbnòd?

SHPPRM, Mhnjy
 =9

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

@j eio`tnve m` nm`dtnlnbhr bed jh hyumh m` `st` bedb`pte jh

t`dm`dbnh khbre m`j pr`bne, `s de bh`r `d `j `rrer m` nr `d
bedtrh m`j k`rbhme. @j s`audme bedb`pte qu` des hyumhrè h
t`d`r ud phderhkh kès bjhre m` jh mnr`bbnòd m`j pr`bne, `s `j
Mnr`btnedhj Inhs
Inhs..

Mnr`btnedhj Inhs. Chb` r`l`r`dbnh h jh t`dm`dbnh knbre m`j

pr`bne, s` m`t`rkndh `d tnk` lrhk` knbre? c=, c8, k27. @st`
bedb`pte des hyumh h v`r y tekhr pesnbned`s `d p`rëemes m`
bertes m` tn`kpe. @d ud supu`ste bhse m` pesnbned`s `d jhrae
`d `j Ev`rhjj Inhs, `j pr`bne tn`dm` h berr`anr y iusbhr ud
m`sbu`dte òptnke `d `j pr`bne m` ud hbtnve lndhdbn`re, p`re,
de pem`kes `sp`rhr h `sthr mëhs lu`rh m`j k`rbhme kn`dtrhs
s` mh jh be berrrr`b
`bbn
bnò
òd, per `jje, `j Mnr
Mnr`b
`btne
tnedhj Inhss pu`m`
dhj Inh
hyumh
mhrrde
dess h tekhr pesnb nbnned`s berths `d mnmnbbce p`rëeme
(epbnedhj). \`hkes `j snaun`dt` `o`kpje?

SHPPRM, Mhnjy
 =2

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

SHPPRM, =c

@d `st` p`rëeme (berr`bbnòd e r`treb`se Mhnjy), `j Mnr`bbtnedhj

Inhs des ku`strh ud bjhre `sb`dhrne ihonsth, snd `kihrae, phrh
m`t`rkndhr chsth quî pudte `j pr`bne pu`m` bh`r, `s d`b`shrne
knrhr `j arèlnbe `d tnk` lrhk` khbre. M` `st` keme s` pu`m`
m`t`rkndhr
m`t`rknd hr bed khyer preihinjnmhm
preihinjnmhm jh shjnmh m` jhs pesnbned`s

`d berte y bedtnduhbnòd m` jhs pesnbned`s `d jhrae.

Y@BP@YMH? JH BJH\@ WHY

HYH
H PD
PDIP
IP@D
@DHD
HDÈJ
ÈJNR
NRNR
NR
]ÎBD
]ÎBDNB
NBE
E, @R NM
NM@D
@D]N
]NLNBHY JH BEYY@B]H
LNBHY
MNY@BBNÒD M@J
M@JK@Y
K@YBH
BHME
ME....
 ==

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

2.9 Lrhbthjnmhm y @strubturh m` K`rbhme

]`d
`dn`
n`dmdme e bjhr
bjhree `j be bedb
db`p
`ptete m` Er
Erm`
m`rr Ljew y sh
Ljew shin
in`d
`dme
me
nm`d
nm `dtntnlnlnbh
bhrr jh berr
berr`b
`bth th mn
mnrr`b
`bbn
bnòd
òd m`
m`jj pr
pr`b
`bne
ne (Ev`
Ev`rrh
rrhjj Inh
Inhss,
Mnr`
Mn r`bt
btne nedh
dhjj In hs), µXuî snau`5, hquë je r`sejv`kes. µChs
Inhs
`sbubchme hjaudh v`z qu` ‚`j k`rbhme `s lrhbthj‛5. Wu`s in`d,
jh lrhbthjnmhm chb` r`l`r`dbnh hj bekperthkn`dte r`p`tntnve
`dtr` mnstndths mnk`dsned`s m` hdèjnsns (lrhak`dtes)6 mnbce kès
snkpj`, jes lrhak`dtes m`j k`rbhme qu` s` vnsuhjnzhd `d tnk`
lrhk`
lrh k` Mhn Mhnjy
jy,, Q``f jy, C=, C8, K8, `tb, tn`d`d bhrhbt`rëstnbhs
``fjy
snknjhr`s. @ste nkpjnbh qu` buhjqun`r bedb`pte qu` ludbned` `d
ud tnk` lrhk` khbre, ludbnedh nauhj `d ud tnk` lrhk` knbre y
vnb`v`rsh.

Eis`rvh jh snaun`dt` njustrhbnòd?

]L Mhnjy
C8
]L 80K
 =0

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

@s
@str
trub
ubtu
turh
rh m` K`
K`rb
rbhm
hme
e. JJe
es hjaerntntk
kes m` CL] `stèd
mns`øhmes phrh ndy`bthr jnqunm`z `d arhd vejuk`d hj k`rbhme.
Rnd `kihrae, `sth ndy`bbnòd m` jnqunm`z de nkpjnbh ud nkphbte
snadnlnbhtnve `d `j tnpe m` bhkine (shjve `sbhshs `xb`pbned`s).
@stes hjaerntkes
hjaerntkes `stèd mns`øhmes phrh kev`r sus òrm`d`s `dtr`
ud swnda cnac y ud swnda jew, bedstntuy`dme h jhrae pjhze udh
`sp`bn` m` rhdae, thj beke s` hpr`bnh `d `j snaun`dt` arèlnbe
m`j r`anstre cnstòrnbe m` pr`bne m`j phr m` mnvnshs @PYPRM?
Rwnda cnac

Rwnda jew

@j prndb
dbnnphj eio
io`t
`tnnve m` jes Kh
Khrf
rf`t Khff`r sn
`t Kh sn`k
`kpr
pr`
` s`
s`rè
rè

d`utrhjnzhr
pesn
pe snij
ij`
` kh jnqunm`z,
khdn
dnppuj
ujhrèd `ste
hrèd `j prsnadnlnbh
pr`b
`bne ne ph qu`qu
phrh
rh qu``d jhs k`mnmh
` su
sus bedo
be doud m`
udte
tess m`je
òrm`
òrm`d`
d`ss bn
bn`r
`rr`
r`dd `d i` i`d`
d`lnlnbn
bne
e. Hc Hcer
erh
h in
in`d`d,, sn
snau
aun`
n`dm
dmee `s`sth
th
pr`k
pr`kns
nsh
h, `j prpr`b
`bne
ne m` ud nd ndst
stru
ruk`
k`dt
dte
e lnlndh
dhdb
dbn`n`re
re s` kekev`v`rè
rè
(phtrebndhme per jh khde ndstntubnedhj) m` `xtr`ke h `xtr`ke
iusbhdme zedhs m` jnqunm`z qu` hÿd de ch snme
r`bhpnthjnzhmh e d`utrhjnzhmh. @stes kevnkn`dtes s` a`d`rhd
m` lelerk
rkh
h sn
snsst`
t`kh
khtntnzh
zhmh
mh bebedd ke kevn
vnkn
kn`d
`dte
tess m` `x `xph
phds
dsnò
nòdd y
r`prnbnda h je jhrae m` udh t`dm`dbnh, bukpjn`dme m` `st`
keme jh pr`knsh m` jh `strubturh m` k`rbhme ihshmh `d `j
phrhmnakh m`j ‚k`rbhme `lnbn`dt`‛.
=<

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

@d `j m`shrrejje m`j pr`bne, snaun`dme udh mnr`bbnòd `sp`bëlnbh,

ihshme `d kn ndv`stnahbnòd y seir` teme `d kn `xp`rn`dbnh `d
`st` k`rbh bhm me, `j k`rbh
bhm me s` `s `sttrubt
btuurh a`
a`dd`rhj
hjk
k`dt
dt`
`
snaun`dme phtred`s m` bekperthkn`dte qu` su`j`d a`d`rhr
bn`rte tnpe m` bedlusnòd `d kubces trhm`rs. Eis`rv`kes jh
snaun`dt` njustrhbnòd?

Rwnda m` jhrae pjhze

Rwnda m` berte pjhze

@dtr` swndas m` mnstndtes tntnk hk` `j bek

k` lrlrh bekper
perthkn
thkn`dte
`dte
`strubturhj `s snknjhr (chbn`dme hjusnòd h jh lrhbthjnmhm), `ste
nkpjnbh qu` thdte swndas m` berte y jhrae pjhze s` br``d `dtr`
dnv`j`s bjhv` m` pr`bne (f`y j`v`js) per je buhj `s nkperthdt`
shi`r nm`dtnlnbhrjes berr`bthk`dt` y ep`rhrjes `d `j cerhrne kès
hm`buhme snaun`dme jh pr`knsh `j Ev`rhjj y Mnr`btnedhj Inhs.

@d tîrkndes prèbtnbes, kn r`bek`dmhbnòd sn`kpr` s`rè jh knskh,

`d tnk` lrhk` khyer, iusbhr ` nm`dtnlnbhr jh t`dm`dbnh6 `d tnk`
lrhk` k`mne iusbhr ` nm`dtnlnbhr R/Y bjhv` y, `d tnk` lrhk` m`
 berte pjhze nm`dtnlnbhr `j pudte pet`dbnhj m` `dtrhmh.
=1

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

@d tîrkndes m` `strubturh m` k`rbhme, qun`re m`ohrt` `d `st`

hphrthme, hjaudhs pr`knshs `sp`bëlnbhs m`j bekperthkn`dte
m`j pr`bne `d rhdaes Mhnjy y Q``fjy?

]ru` Mhy ]rhmnda (]M]) ‒ Ep`d . Jes Hjaerntkes m` trhmnda

m` hjth lr`bu`dbnh (CL]), tn`d`d udh cerh `sp`bëlnbh m` ndnbne y
lnd m` ep`rhbned`s, y de `s pr`bnshk`dt` `j tëpnbe ‚m`sbhdse
m` s`snòd‛ qu` tu Iref`r t` ku`strh. @j \`rmhm`re cerhrne m`
ndnbne m` ep`rhbned`s KK `s h jhs 77c77 m`j cerhrne m` D`w
^erf. µNdt`r`shdt` de5 H phrtnr m` `st` cerhrne, s` premub` udh
s`rn` m` ke kevn
vnk
kn`d
`dttes m` khd hdnp
npuujhb
hbnnòd m` pr`b
`bne
ne,, `stes
kevnkn`dtes br`hd ud phtròd m` `strubturh mnhrnh (Mhnjy rhda`)
qu` su`j` r`p`tnrs` bed r`aujhrnmhm bhsn temes jes mëhs, t` je
`xpjnbe `d jh snaun`dt` njustrhbnòd?

Mëh ihonsth?
*Cerhrne m` ndvn`rde D^ P]B -0, `d cerhrne m` v`rhde P]B-= s` r`mub` 8 cerh thdte `d
Jedmed Ep`d beke `d D^ Ep`d*

Cnac El ]c` Mhy Y`hj Mhnjy Bhdmj`

Jedmed ‒ D^ Ep`d
Cnac

Ep`d

]ru` Mhy ]rhmnda ]ru` Mhy ]rhmnda

Ep`d 7c D^ Bjes`
Bjes` 92?
92?0>
0> D^
D^
Bjes`

Jew
 Jew El ]c` Mhy
D^ Ep`d / Jedmed Bjes`
=3

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Mëh hjbnsth?
Cnac El ]c` Mhy Y`hj Mhnjy Bhdmj`
Jedmed ‒ D^ Ep`d
Cnac

Bjes`
]ru` Mhy ]rhmnda
]ru` Mhy ]rhmnda Bjes`
Bjes` 92?
92?0>
0> D^
Ep`d 7c D^
Ep`d

Jew
Jew El ]c` Mhy
D^ Ep`d / Jedmed Bjes`

@d `sb`dhrnes m` kek`dtuk, jhs ljubtuhbned`s m` pr`bne su`j`d

s`r ku
kuyy kh
khrrbhm
hmhhs, m`ohd
hdm
me dedetthr lu
lu`r
`rtt`s `x
`xp
phd
hdssned`
d`ss y
bedtrhbbned`s berths, `stes bedb`ptes de sn`kpr` s` vhd h

pr`s`dthr
ebhsned`sthjmedm`
buhj jes ku`stre `stes
nm`dtnlnbhr `d jh njustrhbnòd, m` c`bce,
phtred`s pu`m` chirè
r`sujthr ud
thdte t`mnese y bedluse, p`re dhmh k`oer qu` `j ihbft`stnda
phrh hbjhrhr mumhs (Hj lndhj t` m`ohrî ud bedoudte m`
c`rrhkn
kn`
`dt
dth
hs ququ`` t` pu`m `m`d
`d hyumh mhrr h nm nm`
`dt
dtnlnlnb
nbh
hr `stes
kevnkn`dtes). \`r Hd`xe 8.

Q``fjy Yhda`. Hj nauhj qu` `j Mhnjy Yhda`, jes KK h trhvîs

m` jes hjaerntkes CL] lerkhd jes kèxnkes y këdnkes s`khdhj`s
`d mëhs y cerhrnes `sp`bëlnbes.
 =>

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

R`khdh ihonsth? Ep`d Yhjjy - R`jj Bjes`

Cnac El ]c` Q``f Q``fjy Bhdmj`

Jud`s
Jud`s - Khr
Khrt`s
t`s
Cnac

Ep`d
Ep`d
Mekndae
Bjes`
\n`rd`s
Bjes`

Jew
Jew El ]c` Q``f
Ou`v`s
Ou`v`s - \n`
\n`rd`
rd`ss

R`khdh hjbnsth? Ep`d Mnp - Iuy BJes`

Cnac El ]c` Q``f

Q``fjy Bhdmj`
Ou`v`s
Ou`v`s - \n`
\n`rd`
rd`ss

Cnac

Bjes`
Bjes`
\n`rd`s
Ep`d
Mekndae
Ep`d

Jew
Jew El ]c` Q``f
 Jud`s
Jud`s - Khr
Khrt`s
t`s
07

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek
Hbethbned`s nkperthdt`s?

8. @j ep`d
ep`d m`j
m`j ]M] pu`m
pu`m`
` m`t`rknd
m`t`rkndhr
hr jh mnr`b
mnr`bbnò
bnòdd m`j mëh.
mëh. @d
`st` s`dtnme, sn `j ep`d (2 cerhs prek`mne m`spuîs m` jhs
7c D^) `s hjbnsth, jh preihinjnmhm m` t`d`r ud mëh ihonsth
`s hjth y vnb`v`rsh.
9. Rn `j ep
ep`d
`d s`
s`kh
khdh
dhjj (m
(me
ekn
knda
dae
e, ju
jud`
d`ss, nd
ndbj
bjuuse kh
khrtrt`s
`s)) `s
hjbnsth, jh preihinjnmhm m` t`d`r udh s`khdh hjbnsth `s
hjth y vnb`v`rsh.

2.2 Khrf`t Khf`r Iuy/R`jj Kem`j

Jes lrlrhb
hbth thj`
j`ss tntn`d
`d`d
`d ud udh
h lelerk
rkhh kèkèss ëdëdtntnkh
kh m` `s `stu tumn
mnhr
hrs`
s`..
Wre
reih
ihijij`k`k`d
`dt`t` `s `ste
tess ke
kem`
m`je
jess t`
t`da
dahd
hd bnbn`r `rth
th snsnkn
knjnjntu
tum
m bebedd
t`er
t`erëh
ëhss ququ`` prprei
eihihij`j`k`
k`dt
dt`` h `s `st`
t` dn
dnv`
v`jj m` trtrhm hmnd
nda a tu yh
bedezbhs, p`re mîohk` m`bnrt` qu` `sths t`erëhs dhb`d e s`
br`hred `d ludbnòd m` jes kem`jes ep`rhtnves m` jes KK. Jh
rhëz
rhëz `s
`strtrub
ubtu
turh
rhjj yhyhb`
b` `d `j Erm` Erm`rr Lje w, m` je
Ljew jess ke
kevnk vnkn`
n`dt
dtes
es
prearhkhmes m` jes Hjaerntkes CL].
CL].

Khrf
Khrf`t
`t Kh
Khff`r Iu
Iuyy Ke
Kem`
m`jj. JJes
es lrlrhb
hbth
thj`
j`ss m` be
bekp
kprh
rh,, s`
pr`s`dthd m` udh khd`rh kuy p`bujnhr `d `j arèlnbe,
bukp
bu kpjnjn`d
`dme
me bn
bn`r
`rth
thss `t
`thp
hphs
hs.. @j ke
kem`m`je
je m` bek
ekpr
prh
h `s ududh h
njustrhbnòd
njustrhbnòd pr`bnsh phrh nm`dtnln
nm`dtnlnbhr
bhr jes kevnkn`dtes m`j pr`bne
pr`bne,, h
jh cerh m` nm`dtnlnbhr `sths `thphs `s nkperthdt` qu` s`phs
mnsb`rdnr jh njustrhbnòd
s`dbnjjh rhzòd m` qu` qu`
`d `jt` arèlnbe
ku`strepu`m`d
h bedtnduhbnòd, perm`
pr`s`dthrs` jh
lerkhs kuy vhrnhmhs.
08

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

KK Iuy Kem`j?

Hbbukujhtned
Mnstrniutned

Y`-hbbukujhtned

Yud te suppert

Hbbukujhtned
Ynsf
Ynsf je
jew
w iuy

Rkhrt Ked`y Y`v`rshj IP^ _ED@

West`rner h jh lerkhbnòd m` jh hbukujhbnòd y rupturh, s` lerkh

ud MNW, `d `s` MNW preihij`k`dt` `j pr`bne vh h jj`ahr h ud
s`au
audmdme
e sepert` medm dm`
` vh h m`sbh bhddshr y ju`ae s`au aunnr
bhy`dme h udh zedh medm` bed hjths preihinjnmhm`s chrè ud
r`v`rshj, ``dd `sth `thph `s medm` `j RRk khrt Ked`y `s
khdnpujhme y premub` `d kubces m` jes bhses BRJ, `sth `s jh
k`oer `thph m` bekprhs. West`rner hj r`v`rshj, `j prnb` hbtned
iusbh udh r`snst`dbnh `d jh iÿsqu`mh m` udh berr`bbnòd h jh
r`snst`dbnh reth pr`vnhk`dt` (sepert`). @d `sth `thph
(berr`bbnòd) s` pr`s`dth udh du`vh epertudnmhm m` bekprh
m` ihoe rn`sae. @d jh `thph pest`rner (r`-hbbuknjhtned) thkinîd
s` pu`m`d pr`s`dthr epertudnmhm`s m` bekprh, m`p`dm`rè
kubce m`j cerhrne medm` s` pr`s`dt` `st` `sb`dhrne.
09

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

KK R`jj Kem`j?

Rkhrt Ked`y Y`v`r

Y`v`rshj
shj

Hbbukujhtned
Ynsff jew s`jj
Yns

Yud te r`snsthdb`

Y`-hbbukujhtned

Mnstrniutned
Hbbukujhtned

R@JJ _ED@

Bhrhbt`rëstnbhs m` jes p`rlnj`s Iuy/R`jj

@stes p`rlnj`s ndnbnhd sn`kpr` m` udh bedsejnmhbnòd, sn de ndnbnh

bed udh bedsejnmhbnòd `dtedb`s de vhs h t`d`r dndaÿd p`rlnj dn
m` bekprh dn m` v`dth, je qu` v`dah hdt`s m` jh
beds
be dsej
ejnm
nmhb
hbnò
nòdd de ndndt`
t`r`
r`sh
sh,, nd
ndt`
t`r`
r`sh
sh je qu
qu`
` s` ch le
lerk
rkhm
hme e
m`spuîs m` jh bedsejnmhbnòd.

Jes p`rlnj`s thdte

nm`dtnlnbhmes m` bekprh
`d mnstndtes beke
tnk` lrhk` m` ep`rhmes
y s`r v`dth pu`m`d s`r
`d bhmh
ude m` `jjes.
02

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

2.= Cerhrnes - Fnjj _ed` & Wew`r El ]cr``

Beke
`j prn
prnb`
b`je v`dae
ned k`dbnedhdme
hbtned
hbt m`sm` hjaudes
`o`buth kevnkn`dtes hphrthmes
`sp`bëlnbes htrès,
`d cerhrnes
`sp`bëlnbes m`ohdme phtred`s m` bekperthkn`dte `sp`bëlnbes
h je jhrae m`j m`shrrejje m`j pr`bne `dtr` jhs mnstndths s`sned`s.

Fnjj _ed`. @s `j `sphbne m` tn`kpe medm` jhs 2 s`sned`s kès

nkperthdt`s m`j k`rbhme bekn`dzhd sus ep`rhbned`s y iusbhd
nkperthdt`s
jnqunm`z phrh a`d`rhr `j khrf`
khrf`tt pretr
pretrhbtned m`dtre m` bhmh
hbtned
s`snòd.

Mnharh
Mnha rhkh
kh m`
m`jj be
bekp
kper
erth
thkn
kn`d
`dte
te a`
a`d`
d`rh
rhjj `d ]ef
efne
ne,, Jed
edme
med
d y D^
R`ssneds?

Jedmed Ep`d RC (CEM) (9 hk ‒ = hk)

Hsnhd
Hsnhd Yhd
Yhda`
a` D^ Ep`d (3 hk ‒ 87?27 hk)

Hsnhd
Hsnhd Yh
Yhda
da`` (1 pk ‒ 88pk)

@sb`dhrne 8. Bedtnduhbnòd? West`rn

West`rner
er h jh lerkhbnòd m`j rhdae m` Hsnh (1 pk ‒ 88 pk), `j prnb`
hbtned `s khdnpujhme phrh tekhr jnqunm`z `d ud pudte m` r`l`r`dbnh ndstntubnedhj seir` mnbce
rhdae,, `ste sub`m` a`d`rhjk`dt` `d `j Jedmed Ep`d (9 hk ‒ = hk). Ju`ae m` `sh tekh m`
rhdae
jnqunm`z `j k`rbhme tekh jh mnr`bbnòd m`j mëh, chbn`dme udh berr`bbnòd y bedtnduhbnòd m`
t`dm`dbnh `d `j D^ Ep`d (3 hk ‒ 87?27 hk). *Cerhrne AK]-0*
0=

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Hsnhd
Hsnhd Yhd
Yhda`
a`

Jedmed Ep`d RC (9 hk ‒ = hk)

Hsnhd
Hsnhd Yhd
Yhda`
a`

D^ Ep`d (3 hk ‒ 87?27 hk)

@sb`dhrne 9.Y`v`rshj? West`rner h jh lerkhbnòd m`j rhdae m` Hsnh (1 pk ‒ 88 pk), `j prnb`
hbtned `s khdnpujhme phrh tekhr jnqunm`z `d ud pudte m` r`l`r`dbnh ndstntubnedhj seir` mnbce
rhdae,, `ste sub`m` a`d`rhjk`dt` `d `j Jedmed Ep`d (9 hk ‒ = hk). Ju`ae m` `sh tekh m`
rhdae
jnqunm`z `j k`rbhme tekh udh mnr`bbnòd, `d `j D^ Ep`d (3 hk ‒ 87?27 hk) `j prnb` hbtned br`h
ud r`v`rshj, m`ohdme hsë `j kèxnke e këdnke m`j mëh.

Ihshme `d `st` mnharhkh m` bekperthkn`dte y m`p`dmn`dme

`strnbthk`dt` m`j erm
erm`r ew, jes k`oer`s cerhrnes phrh tekhr
`r ljljew
pesnbnòd `d `j k`rbhme sed jes snaun`dt`s?
*Cerhrne m` ndvn`rde D^ P]B -0, `d cerhrne m` v`rhde P]B-= s` r`mub` 8 cerh thdte `d Jedmed
Ep`d beke `d D^ Ep`d*

Jedmed
Jedmed Ep`d? 9 hk ‒ = hk P]B-0, `d `st` cerhrne s` pu`m`
tekhr `j kèxnke e këdnke m`j mëh pest`rner hj Rtep Cudt seir` e
ihoe `j rhdae m` Hsnh.
D^ Ep`d? 3 hk ‒ 87?27 hk P]B-0, m`p`dmn`dme m`j erm`r
ljew, `d `stes cerhrnes pem`kes tekhr `j ndnbne m`j nkpujse
pr`vn
pr `vne
e h jh hp`rtu
hp`rturh
rh m` jh s`snòd
s`snòd m` D^ e `d su m`l`b
m`l`bte
te,, `j
kèxnke e këdnke m`j mëh `d ud `sb`dhrne m` r`v`rshj.

K`oer`s phr`s h ep`rhr per s`snòd?

Jedmed Ep`d? AO AP AB ABC @P
D^ Ep`d? @P ‒ PB ‒ PBC ‒ HP ‒ AP ‒ AO 00

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Wew`r El ]cr``. @st` `s snd mumh ude m` jes bedb`ptes kès

nkper
nkp erth
thdt
dt`s
`s m`
m`jj ]rh rhmn
mnda
da m` hjhjth
th pr
pr`b
`bns
nsnò
nòdd. hb
hbuø uøhm
hmee per
Knbch`j C. per bn`rte m` qun`d hpr`dmë jh khyerëh m` jes
bedb`ptes pjhskhmes `d `sth auëh y hpjnbhmes h kn trhmnda.
R` ihsh `d jh ep`rhtnvh `d ludbnòd m`j erm erm`r ew br`hme
`r ljljew
thdte `d jh s`snòd hsnètnbh, jh s`snòd `urep`h y jh s`snòd
hk`rnbhdh. @j Mh
Mhnjnjyy rh
rhda` s` m`t`rkndh `sp`bëlnbhk`dt` m`sm`
da`
`j ]ru` Mhy ]rhmnda Ep`d, chsth `j ]M] Bjes`, bedsnm`rhdme h
su v`z `j CEM/JEM (kèxnke e këdnke m`j mëh). @d `st` p`rëeme
eburr`d udh s`rn` m` khdnpujhbned`s m`j prnb` hbtned jhs buhj`s
vhkes h `stumnhr h bedtnduhbnòd.
@j 17% m` jhs v`b`s eburr` ud preb`se BRJ `dtr` `j ]M] Ep`d
y Jedmed Ep`d, `d `st` preb`se m` tekh m` jnqunm`z `j prnb`
hbtned lerkh `j CEM/JEM `d ud Yhjjy/Mnp Mhy, nkpujshdme `j
pr`bne chsth `j etre `xtr`k
`xtr`ke
e m`j Mhnjy rhda`, r`aujhrk`dt` `st`
r`berrnme su`j` thrmhr chsth jhs 88 hk, 8 pk y kèxnke chsth jhs
2pk `d hjaudhs ebhsned`s (`ste de `s r`ajh, `s udh
hs`v`rhbnòd ihshmh `d kn `xp`rn`dbnh).

Wn`
n`ds
dse
e qu
qu`` sn bej
bejeb
ebhd
hd je jess pud
udte
tess m` r`l `l`r
`r`d
`dbbnh m`
m`sm
sm`
` `j
Jedmed Ep`d chsth `j Jedmed Bjes`, r`aujhrk`dt` v`rèd bed
khye
kh yerr bj
bjhr
hrnm
nmhm
hm je
jess `x
`xtrtr`k
`keses m`
m`jj Mh
Mhnjnjyy Yhd a`. @d etrhs
hda`
phjhirhs, `d ud mëh ihonsth, sn `j kèxnke s` lerkh `d Jedmed
Ep`d, v`rèd `j këdnke `dtr` jhs 87 hk y 8 pk. Hsë `s beke s`
m`shrrejjh `j Mhnjy rhda`. Jes KK `stèd chbn`dme su trhihoe,
dnv`jhdme hrrnih y hihoe `j k`rbhme `d `shs cerhs `sp`bëlnbhs
m`j mëh.
0<

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

A`d`rhjk`dt` `j vejuk`d ndbr`k`dth y `dtrh `d Jedmed Ep`d

y ju`ae s` ku`v` chsth su ÿjtnkh perbnòd `d Jedmed Bjes` (88
hk ‒ 8 pk), `ste `s je qu` mnrna` teme ndt`rdhk`dt`, `d tîrkndes
m`j perquî m` qu` `ste eburrh. @d jh perbnòd kès hkpjnh m`j
Mhnjy rhda`, `j pr`bne ihoh y lerkh `j JEM,
JEM, `st` pudte hyumhrè
h br`hr `sp`bujhbnòd r`l`r`dt` h je qu` `j pr`bne m`i` e de
m`i` chb`r.

\EJPK@D
(]EKH M@ JNXPNM@_)
CNAC EL ]C@ MH^

HRNHD YHDA@ @
R
E
J
B
-
D A
@ D
W N
E M
- D H
A @ Y
W ]
D
N D ^
E @
M W H
H D M
E
Y
] E
M ^ @
P
^ D D Y
H E ]
M J
@
P
Y
]

JEQ EL ]C@ MH^

H bedtnduhbnòd t` ku`stre bòke s` m`shrrejjh `d pr`bne `d ud

Mhnjy rhda`, thdte `d `sb`dhrnes m` Yhjjy beke `d `sb`dhrnes
MNW.
01

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek
Wew`r El ]cr``

MNW
R`jjynda Fnjjnda Areudm (Rcert pesntneds)

EW@D YHJJ^ M@BJND@

YHJJ^

EW@D MNW HRB@D]

Iuynda Fnjjnda Areudm (Jeda pesntneds)

@j R`jjynda/Iuynda
hm`jhdthrs` Fnjjnda`j Areudm
y ep`rhr èr`h m`mh kubch
prelnt ndlerkhbnòd
pretrhbtned phrh
m`sm` su
pudte ndnbnhj, phrtn`dme m` jh ndy`bbnòd m` jnqunm`z `d arhd
vejuk`d. 03

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

2.0 ]rhm`s m` hjth pr`bnsnòd

@d `st` hphrthme
utnjnzhdme t` `xpjnbem`sbrntes
jes bedb`ptes bòke ep`re `d `jauëh.
`d `sth K`rbhme Ler`x
Rn in`d `s
bn`rte, jh bedb`pbnòd qu` pu`m`s t`d`r m` jes knskes pu`m`
s`r ud thdte mnsphr h jh këh, snd `kihrae, c` trhthme y trhthrî
m` s`r je kès eio`tnve pesnij` h jh cerh m` bekphrtnr `stes
bedb`b`pptes y tîbîbddnb
nbh
hs qu
qu`` snd juahr h mumumh
mhss k`
k`ooerhrèd
snadnlnbhtnvhk`dt` tu trhmnda.

De chy dndaudh ahrhdtëh qu` hj hpjnbhr `stes bedb`ptes t`

vhs h vejv`r ud trhm`r r`dthij`, kubce k`des ud aurÿ m` jhs
ndv`rsned`s `d `st` k`rbhme, je qu` sn `s s`aure `s qu` sn de
hpjnbhss `stes bedb`ptes hm`buhmhk`dt`
hpjnbh hm`buhmhk`dt`, de r`sp`ths tu pjhd
m` trtrhm
hmnd
nda
a, de a`
a`st
stne
nedh
dhss hm
hm`b
`buh
uhmh
mhk`
k`dt
dt`
` tu rnrn`s
`sae
ae vh
vhss h
p`rm`r mnd`re.

@sth de `s udh au auëëh m` nd

ndvv`rsnò
nòdd, per je th
thddte
te,, temh jh
ndlerkhbnòd hquë pjhskhmh m`i` s`r `stumnhmh y hpjnbhmh
bed r`spedshinjnmhm ihoe brnt`rne m` bhmh trhm`r. Kn eio`tnve
`s bjhre, bekphrtnr jes bedb`ptes qu` k` chd jj`vhme h jh
r`dthinjnmhm, t`dn`dme trhm`s m` hjth pr`bnsnòd y rhtnes Yn`sae ?
I`d`lnbne m` arhd hkpjntum.

H bedtnduhbnòd t` m`thjje phse h phse jes brnt`rnes qu`

bedsnm`re
bedsnm`re phrh r`hjnzhr ud hdèjnsns tîbdnbe hm`buhme,
hm`buhme, m`
hjths preihinjnmhm`s y bed kubch pr`bnsnòd?
0>

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Je qu` k` ludbnedh? (Ndtrhmhy ]rhmnda)

Whse 8. M`lndnr cerhrne m` ep`rhbned`s (Jedmed Ep`d e D^

Ep`d).

D
@
W
E
D D
E @
M W
D E
E ^
J D

Whse 9. Nm`dtnlnbhr Ev`rhjj y Mnr`btnedhj Inhs (berr`bth j`bturh

m`j Erm`r Ljew)6 Inhs ihonsth iusbhr v`dths y vnb`v`rsh.

MNY@B]NEDHJ INHR -
IHONR]H
 <7

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek
Whse 2. Rnaun`
Rnaun`dme
dme `j Mnr`
Mnr`bt
btned
nedhj Inhs, nm`dtnlnbhr zedhs m`
hj Inhs
jnjnq
qunm
nm`
`z b`
b`rb
rbhd
hdhhs qu
qu`` pu
pu``m`d s`r r`b `bh
hpn
pnththjnjnzzhmhs y/e
d`ut
d`utrh
rhjnjnzh
zhmh
mhss `d `j JJe
edmed Ep
Ep`
`d (_edh pet`dbnh
nhjj m`
`dtrhmh). Eis`rvhr bed ht`dbnòd `j bekperthkn`dte m`j Hsnhd
Yhda` y jh v`jh m`j ]M] (7c D^).
Jnqunm`z Hbukujhmh p`dmn`dt`
p`dmn`dt` m` d`utrhjnzhbnòd (Jnqunmnty Weej)

HRNHD YHDA@

K
W
8
D
@
W
E
D ‒
@ A
W D
E N
M
D D H
E @ Y
M W ]
D E ^
^ H
E D M
J @
P
Y
]

Whse =. NNm`d
m`dtntnlnlnbhr
bhr bed
edljlju`
u`db
dbnh
nhss hmnb
nbne
neddhj`
j`ss `d jh zed
edh
h
pet`dbnhj m` `dtrhmh? F`y J`v`js, EI, Ir`hf`r, E]@, `tb.

_EDH WE]@DBNHJ M@ @D]YHMH

EYM@Y IJEBF 0K
MHNJ^ IY@HF@Y
F@^ J@\@J
JNXPNMN]^ WEEJ
 <8

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Whse 0. Bejebhr jh erm`d berr`spedmn`dt` (R`jj jnknt) `d jh

zedh pet`dbnhj m` `dtrhmh, p`rsedhjk`dt` su`je bejebhr `d `j
F`y J`v`j
J`v`j kès b`rbhde
b`rbh de h jh _edh pet`dbnhj m` `dtrhmh.

Jes phrèk`tres m` `dtrhmh y shjnmh vhd h `sthr m`lndnmes per

`j Erm`r Ljew, @dtrhmh hj F`y J`v`j, Rhjnmh `d RJ h jh hjturh m`
udh pesnij` d`utrhjnzhbnòd m` EI. Rhjnmh `d ]W 87% ihoe `j
ÿjtnke këdnke m` jh `strubturh
 <9

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek
@stes sed jes jnd`hkn`dtes a`d`rhj`s bed jes buhj`s teke kns
`dtrhmhs. Chy ebhsned`s `d jhs buhj`s jes `sb`dhrnes de sed
bjhr
bjhres
es,, `d `sh
`shss eb
ebhsn
hsned
ed`s
`s `s r`b
r`bek
ek`d
`dmhi
mhij`
j` `v
`vnth
nthrr ep
ep`r
`rhr
hr..
Y`bermhr sn`kpr` ‚k`des `s kès‛. Jj`ahr h ud dnv`j m` j`bturh
m`j erm
erm`r ew me
`r ljljew medm`
dm` de d`
d`b`s
b`sntnt`s
`s trtrhzh
hzhrr jëjëd`h
d`hss, thk
thkpe
pebe
be
utnjnzhr ndmnbhmer`s, `s hjae qu` r`qun`r` kubce `stumne, kubch
bedsthdbnh y seir` teme kubch mnsbnpjndh

De je vhs h beds`aunr m` jh debc` h jh khøhdh, p`re, sn snau`s

`stumnhdme y prhbtnbhdme bedsthdt`k`dt` snd m`s`dlebhrt` jhs
prei
pr eihin
hinjnjnmh
mhm`s
m`s m` hj
hjbhd
bhdzhr
zhr r`d
r`dthi
thinjnjnm
nmhm
hm hu huk`d
k`dthd
thd.. Wer `j
bedtrhrne sn de hsuk`s `sth prel`snòd r`spedshij`k`dt` t` vhs
h qu`mhr `sthdbhme `d `j arupe m`j >0%. @d jhs snaun`dt`s
jëjëd`
d`hs
hs pj
pjhs hske
ke 0 r`
r`be
bek`
k`dm
dmhb
hbne
ned`
d`ss nk
nkpe pertrthd
hdt`
t`ss qu
qu`
` m`m`i`
i`ss
hmhpthr h tu ep`rhtnvh.
Y@BEK@DMHBNED@R WHYH K@OEYHY RNADNLNBH]N\HK@D]@ ]P ]YHMNDA

8. M`ln
M`lndn
dnrr y `s
`strtruubt
btur
urhr
hr ud pjh jhdd m` trtrhm
hmnd
nda
a (Hd`xe 9) bed
eio`tnves k`dsurhij`s? 0% y80% k`dsuhj.
9. Y`sp
Y`sp`thr
`thr y t`d`r
t`d`r mnsbnp
mnsbnpjndh
jndh bed `j pjhd m` trhmnda
trhmnda..
2. Jh kè
kèss nk
nkpe
perth rthdt`
dt`,, a`s
a`stntned
edhr
hr hm`
hm`bubuhm
hmhk`
hk`dt`
dt` tu rn`
rn`sa
sae
e.
@ste `vnthrè preij`khs m` psnbetrhmnda. De hrrn`sahr kès
m`j 0% per trhm`. (Hd`xe 2) 2)
=. De seir`
seir` ep`rhr
ep`rhr, sn de chy chy `dtrhmhs
`dtrhmhs bjhrh
bjhrhss `d `j k`rbhme
k`rbhme
`s k`oer tekhr ud m` m`ssbhd hdsse y ebuphr `d tn`k `kp
pe `d
buhjqun`r etrh hbtnvnmhm.
0. @stumnh
@stumnhrr h prelu
preludmnmhm
dmnmhm `j bekper
bekperthkn`dte
thkn`dte m` 8 y kèxnke
kèxnke 9
 phr`s m` mnvnshs y ep`rhr ÿdnbhk`dt` `ses phr`s.
<2

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

HD@SER
Hd`xe 8? W`rlnj`s m` k`rbhme
Mëh r`aujhr m` bekprh KK

BJER@

EW@D

Rwnda m` `jnkndhbnòd bedsejnmhmh `d ludmhk`dthj`s

BJER@

EW@D
 <=

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Yhdae m`j rhjjy `dtr` D^ Ep`d y Jedmed Bjes`

BJER@

EW@D

Rwnda m` Jedmed `d R``f & M`strey Bhdmj`

BJER@
EW@D
 <0

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Rwnda m` Jedmed `d mëh m` hbukujhbnòd

BJER@
EW@D

Rwnda m` r`v`rshj D^ Ep`d Jedmed

Jed med Bjes`

EW@D

BJER@
 <<

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Hd`xe 9? Wjhd m` ]rhmnda

Bjnb hquë phrh m`sbhrahr `j hrbcnve

 <1

www.chrtkhdhbhm`ky.bek

Hd`xe 2? ]hijh m` vejuk`d (rn`sae)

Bjnb hquë phrh m`sbhrahr `j hrbcnve

 <3

XPN@YE XP@ R@HR PD ]YHM@Y

Y@D]HIJ@
Eitîd hbb`se arhtunte hj snst`kh `mubhtnve m` Chrtkhd LS Hbhm`ky y
p`rkët`k` s`r phrt` m` `st` m`shlnhdt` bhknde.