mdetds, jh qud dxpjabk p.d. dj áxath md jk dxkjtkbaòe md jhs naths odrnkehs md P. _koedr.

Jk

uea﬋bkbaòe kjdnkek bujnaek trks jk vabthr

vabthrak
ak bhe
bhetrk
trk Crkebak (;<?6). JKN 420

Dj Anpdrah kustrh-l÷eokrh sd nketaded (Kustrak, Lueorak, @hldnak, Dsjhvdeak, Brhkbak, dtb).

Dspkûk vavd ue sao

saojh
jh bhe
bhevujsh (oudrrks bkrjastks, rdp÷`jabk, rdstkurkbaòe `hr`òeabk) y qudmk rdtrkskmk
vujsh
de dj prhbdsh md aemustrakjazkbaòe.
Atkjak saou
saoud
d hbup
hbupkmk phr dj Anpdrah kus
kmk kustrh
trh-l÷
-l÷eok
eokrh,
rh, qud vaoajk
qud jk dxprdsaò
dxprdsaòe
e krtî
krtîstab
stabk.
k. Eh lky
maedrh pkrk jks krtds ea mdnkemk dstktkj md eudvk n÷sabk, jh bukj dxpjabk de pkrtd dj mdbjavd
nusabkj. Jk uea﬋bkbaòe (;<?6) eh rdsudjvd jhs prh`j
prh`jdnks
dnks dbheò
dbheònabh
nabhs.
s.
Jk Pusak zkrastk sd bhevadrtd de dj pkîs nës orkemd mdj nuemh, trks jk dxpkesaòe phr Caejkemak,
Ksak bdetrkj y dj nkr Edorh, bh
bhe uek rabk krasthbrkbak tdrrktdeadetd. @kgh dj kjadeth md uek eudvk
e uek
bhebadebak ekbahekj sd mdskrrhjjke jks jdtrks y jks krtds, sh`rd thmh jk jatdrkturk y jk n÷sabk.
jdtrks

Dj s. \A\ dstë nkrbkmh phr dj ekbahekjasnh, jks kesaks md aemdpdemdebak d amdetamkm md nublks
ekbaheds. Rd bkrkbtdrazk phr jk pr
pran
ankb
kbîk mdjj mdrdblh md jhs pud-
îk md
`j
`jhs
hs sh`rd dj mdrdblh ueavdrskj md jhs aemavamuhs mdcdemamh phr jk
sh`rd
jjustrkbaòe. Rdo÷e jks nëxanks ekbahekjastks, dj bkrëbtdr md ue pud
`jh sd nkea﬋dstk de jhs prhmubths md su bujturk. Jhs bhnphsathrds
uske jks jdeouks kutòbtheks de jk òpdrk y de jks bkebaheds (de juokr
mdj atkjakeh h dj kjdnëe) pdrh de jh dspdba﬋bkndetd nusabkj, kuequd
mdsdke zkckrsd md jk aeffud
aeffudebak
ebak atkjh-
atkjh-odrnkek, eh vke nës kjjë md jk
odrnkek,
aebjusaòe md kjouek ndjhmîk kutòbthek, kjo÷e ratnh h kjo÷
kjo÷e
e bh
bhjh
jh--
ramh aestrundetkj mdetrh mdj jdeoukgd aetdrekbahekj mdj Bjksabasnh.
Dj ekbahekjasnh nusabkj sd nkea﬋dstk bhe nkyhr cudrzk de jhs
jhs pk
pkî-
î- C. Ksdegh @kr`adra. Ork`kmh de
justrkbaòe dspkûhjk
sds md jk pdracdrak durhpdk7 Jk y kndrabkek tuh

Dspkûk7 C. K. @kr`adra (;<02-;<1=), D. Orkekmhs (;<3?-;1;3) JKN 422, ;. Kj`áeaz (;<36-;161), dtb

2<

]DNK ;
;<04-;166 (Phnketabasnh)

JKN 42= Vrdjumah (Ksturaks), A. Kj`áeaz, Phnketabasnh (;<10)

Dj tctujh md Ksturaks ds md ue dmathr. Dstk h`rk dv
dvhbk de rdkjamkm ratnhs md `ujd
hbk `ujdrîk y tábeabks md jk ouatkrrk
rîk
cjkndebk7 rksoudkmh, ndjhmîk bhe dj pujokr k jk vdz. qud htrhs mdmhs rdpatde uek budrmk kj kard, dtb.

@hldnak7 @. Rndtkek (;<0=-;<<=) JKN 424 y K. Mvhræi (;<=;-;16=) JKN 423

Ehrudok7 D. Orado (;<=2-;16?) JKN 42?
Pusak7 mdstkbk dj  Oruph cudrtd nës bhehbamh lhy bhnh dj  Oruph md jhs baebh 7 N. Nus
shrosiy (;<21-;<<;) JKN 42<, K. @hrhmae (;<22-;<<?) y E. Pansiy-Ihrskihv (;<==-;16<) JKN 421
(kmdnës md N. K. @kjk
@kjkiard
iardv
v y B. Bua). (KB] 44)

0.jojdsak

Raoud pdrmademh phmdr y bkpkbamkm md pktrhekzoh. Rd rdmubd mrëstabkndetd dj e÷

e÷nd
ndrh
rh md
bkpajjks y lky ue e÷ndrh nublh ndehr md n÷sabhs de jks phbks qud sh`rdvavde.
 2. Krasthbrkbak
Vadrmd su ld
ldod
odnh
nheî
eîk
k pd
pdrh
rh k÷
k÷e
e sh
sh`r
`rdv
dvavde kjouehs skjheds, sh`rd thmh de Vkrîs, md`amh de
avde
pkrtd k qud nublks ketaouks ckn
cknaja
ajaks
ks jhorke bkskrsd bhe dj eudvh maedrh aemustrakj.
jhorke

=. @uroudsîk
Jks Pdvhjubaheds md ;<26 y ;<=< rdk﬋rnke k jk `uroudsîk bhnh bjksd mhnaeketd, jk qud mdtdr

naek dj run`h mdj krtdy jk n÷sabk. Jk òpdrk pksk md﬋eatavkndetd md jhs pkjkbahs k jhs tdktrhs
p÷`jabhs y jk n÷sabk hrqudstkj y md bënkrk md jhs skjheds k jks skjks md bhebadrths.
Vkrk sktasckbdr jk mdnkemk md detrdtdeanadeth md jk `uroudsîk sd bhestruyde tdktrhs md òpdrk
de bksa thmks jks bau
baumkm
mkmds,
ds, aeb
aebjush jks md ndehr tknkûh. Nublhs md dsths tdktrhs sd aebdemake,
jush
kj ndehs lkstk qud sd aevdetk jk juz md oks. JKN 4=6-43?
]kn`ade prhjacdrke jks shbadmkmds nusabkjds, tketh shbadmkmds md bhebadrths bhnh bhrkjds
knktdur. Dstks shbadmkmds bhestruyde nublks skjks md bhebadrths, jughsks bkt
bktdmr
dmrkjds md jk n÷-
kjds
sabk. JKN 43<-4?4KBr s3)

JKN 4?3 H Raecheak cketëstabk (4¶ nhv), L. @drjahz, Phnketabasnh (;<26)

]îpabh caekj orkemahsh pkrk uek h`rk mdstaekmk k uek orke skjk md bhebadrths mdj s. \A\
\A\.. Md
Mdsbra`d ue kqudjkrrd.
sbra`d

JKN 4??.4<= Jhs prhorknks md jhs bhebadrths saoude sademh jkrohs y vkrakmhs. KN 4<44<3 K

vdbds sd hrokeazke bhebadrths nujtatumaekrahs pkrk jhs qud sd edbdsatke dspkbahs h skjks dspd-
bakjds. JKN 4<?-4<< Mhemd eh lky skjks dspdba﬋bks sd utajazke jhs tdktrhs, sh`rd thmh de Atkjak y
de Dspkûk, kj aoukj qud de jhs pkîsds sumkndrabkehs.

Bhe jk mdbkmdebak md jks bkpajjks, dj dstkmh y jks kshbakbaheds nusabkjds thnke dj rdjdvh de jk
dmubkbaòe nusabkj bhe jk brdkbaòe md nublh
nublhs
s bhes
bhesdrvk
drvkthrahs
thrahs (Nkmram ;<26, Jdapzao ;<=2, N÷eabl

;<=3, @drjae ;<46, R. Vdtdrs`uroh y Nhsb÷ ;<40.) Dj dgdnpjh k sdouar ds dj md Vkrîs. JKN 4<1-41;
Vdtdrs`uroh

21

;<04-;166 (Phnketabasnh)

NTRABHR
Chrnkbaòe7 d j prandr kbdrbknadeth y jhsjh s bhehbanadeths `ësabhs sudjde kmquararsd d e jk cknajak,
ehrnkjndetd `uroudsk h md bjksd ndmak-kjtk. R u chrnkbaòe bhetae÷k d e u e bhesdrvkthrah h
quazës de bjksds pkrtabujkrds b h e ue prh
prhcd shr md aestrundeth y/h
cdshr y/ h md tdhrîk (bhetrkpueth, krnheîk,
de de ue bhetkbth n ë s
cuok, dtb). Jk nkyhr pkrtd sh e dmubkmhs kj pakeh, ds mdbar, odedrkjndetd t a dede
tkrmîh y ndehs mardbth bh e d j h﬋bah nusabkj y bh e jk n÷sabk vhbkj q ud jh jhss n÷sabhs m d saojhs
ketdrahrds.

; . N÷s bhss md aojdsak

N÷saabh
Dj pkpdj md jhs
jh s nkdstrhs md bkpajjk sd janatk k pdqudûhs bhrhs y n÷sabk m d òrokeh.

0 . N÷s bhss md bhrtd

N÷saabh
D e jk s bhrtds kjdnkeks thmkvîk dxastd jk ﬋ourk m d nkd
nkdst rh md bkpajjk md jk bhrtd (Lhcikpdjjndas-
strh
 tdr) pdrh su s cuebaheds sh e bksa dxbjusavkndetd prhckeks, mdmabëemhsd k maraoar jk n÷sabk d e
jk skjk md bhebadrths h d e jk òpdrk. Kjouehs n÷sabhs odrnkehs anphrtketds hbupke bkrohs m d
dstd taph d e kj
kjo÷
o÷ee nhndet
nhndethh md su vamk.

2 . N÷sabhs kutòehnhs
Jh s n÷sabhs sd bhevadrtde d e lhn`rds n ë s ja`rds, eh ktkmhs k ue pkt
pktrò
ròe,
e, pdr
pdrhh nës ae
aesdo
sdour
urhs
hs
dbheònabkndetd7 jhs jh s l ky qud sh`
sh`rdrdvavdee bhnh pudmde nadetrks htrhs s he amhjhs shbakjds.
vavd
K j n÷sabh trk`kgkmhr m d ketkûh jd subdmd d j krtastk-l   rh d m d j s. \ A\ qu d sd sadetd ue lhn`rd
÷eabh, macdrdetd md jhs
jh s mdnës p h r dstkr d e phsdsaòe md ue k sdesa`ajamkm cudrk md jh bh bhn÷e
n÷e.. Dj
nhmdjh d s @ddtlhvde.
2 .; Bketketds
jk s tdnphrkmks m d òpdrk sd
J hs tdktrhs y jks nujtapjabke de dstk áphbk, jh jhss bketketds tkn`aáe.
Mdstkbke jk jkss shprkehs (Nkrak Nkja`rke h Kmdjaek Vktta) K N 410-414 y jhjhss tdehrds (O . @. Pu`aea), JK N 41 3
Rd mk prdcdrdebak kj vhjunde, l ky q u d sh`rdskjar p h r debank md jk hrqudstk. D e d j rdoastrh ko u
(e h md bk`dzk h ckjsdtd bhnh ketds). Ndzzhshprkeh y `kratheh
m h dsth sd bhesaoud b h e v h z m d pdblh (eh
sd bheshjamke bhnh vhbds aetdrndmaks. Mdetrh m d shprkeh y tdehr sd mastaeoude 2 taphs md vh z
sa e ma﬋bujtkm de jhs
jaodrk7 ffdxa`jd, bjkrk y sae jh s koumhs.
jarabk7 n ë s vhjunde, rdoastrh bdetrkj n ës shehrh.
-mrknëtabk7 orke phtdebak, thehs ldrhabhs, ndehr koajamkm

2 .0 Aestrundetastks
Jh s ndghrds vk e m d oark jk s skjks m d bhebadrths. Raoude sademh aetárprdtds-bhnphsathrds
p h r jks
q ud dsbra`de h`rks pkrk su s prhpahs bhebadrths. K j aoukj q u d jh
jhss bketketds, dnpadzke k tdedr

=6

;<04-;166 (Phnketabasn6)

ue kodetd h rdprdsdetketd qud sd debkrok md thmhs jhs prdpkrktavhs7 keuebahs, kjquajdr md

bhecdbbaòe md jhs prhorknks, dtb. y pudmd hbupkrsd aoukjndetd md ksueths tábeabhs
jk skjk,
bhnh jk bhetk`ajamkm, kjhgknadeth, vakgds, dtb.
Jhs aestrundetastks md jks hrqudstks sh
she
e bk
bkmk
mk vd
vdz nës dspdbakjazkmhs y prhcdsahekjds. De dj s.
z nës
\A\ sd brdke nublks hrqudstks, sd lkbde nës orkemds y sd aebhrphrke eudvhs taphs md aestru-
ndeths, sh`rd thmh md vadeth ndtkj. Tek hrqudstk tapabk md dstk áphbk dstkrîk bhnpudstk phr
uehs ?6 aestrundetastks, uehs md =4 md budrmk
uehs
]DPBHH
y uehs 04 md vadeth y pdrbusaòe. JKN 41? ]TGK HPER
Bhjhbkbaòe7 bksa sadnprd jhs vahjaeds dstë
dstëe
e md-
md- heh7R
MHTPJD
TEVD]s
@K4RDR
MHT KRRDR KRRHHEs
]PHEDHEDR
jketd, bhe vahjaeds prandrhs k ue jkmh mdj ma- CJT]R BJK vahJKR
BDJJA
BDJJA
rdbthr y sdouemhs k htrh. JKN 41<
Mardbbaòe7 hrqudstks nës orkemds edbdsatke LKPV
;HJ]
SAHJ ]
ue mardbthr qud nketdeok dj hrmde rîtnabh, ma-
eënabh, dtb. Bkmk vdz ds nës crdbudetd dj ush Vjke md bhjhbkbaòe md O. Ldesbldj, kprh`kmh phr @rklns,
pkrk jk hrqudstk md @hsthe (;<<;).
 md `ktutk.

Rkjks md bhebadrths nës orke

orkemds
mds rdquadrde nkyhr vhjunde. De jks hrqudstks eh sòjh md`d brd-
rdquadrde
bdr dj e÷ndrh md vhbds d aestrundeths, saeh tkn`aáe jk phtdebak shehrk md bkmk
bkmk ueh md djjhs.
Dstd ds dj praebapkj h`gdtavh md jhs bkn
bkn`ah
`ahs
s qud lky de jhs AER]PTN
AER]PTNDE]
DE]HR7
HR7

-ouatkrrk7 dj bhestrubthr dspkûhj K. md ]hrrds brdk ue aestrundeth md bhebadrth qud sd bhevdr-

tarë de dj nhmdjh pkrk sadnprd, bhe
bhe uek bkgk nës orkemd y ue makpksòe nës keblh. Vrdmhna-
eke jks trkesbrapbaheds md h`rks pkrk htrhs aestrunde
h`rks aestrundeths.
ths. JKN 411-366

- vahjîe (cknajak)7 sd saoud aebjaekemh dj nëstaj, su`ademh dj pudetd y chrtkjdbademh dj kjnk y jk

`krrk krnòeabk. De buketh k jk tábeabk, lky dsbudjks ekbahekjds md`amh kj dstk`jdbanadeth md
bhesdrvkthrahs, kuequd k ndmamk qud kvke
kvkezk
zk dj s. \A\ jks macdrdebaks sd vke rdmubademh. Jhs
atkjakehs she nës aemavamukjastks, eh chrnke uek dsbudjk sastdnktazkmk.

E. Vkokeaea (;?<0-;<=6), ;k natkm s. \A\, mdskrrhjjk ue vartuhsasnh euebk vasth y thbk md nd-
nhrak, kj bhetrkrah qud nublhs md sus bhetdnphrëedhs, JKN 36;-360
JKN 362 Bhebadrth pkrk vahjae e¶ 0 (2¶ nhv. Jk bknpkedjjk), E. Vkokeaea, Phnketabasnh (;<0?)
Dgdnpjh md vartuhsasnh nusabkj7 rdoastrh tke koumh qud bhnpat
bhnpatd
d bhe uek bknpkeajjk, krbhs bhe rd`htd,
rëpamhs kmhrehs, mh`jds budr
budrmks, ojaskema, krnòeabhs, bkn`ah krbh/pazzabkth, pkskgds brhnëtabhs..
mks, ojaskema,

Vkrk sk`dr nës JKN 36=

Dj l÷eokrh G. Ghkblan (;<

(;<2;-
2;-;16?), 0 natkm s. \A\, ds ueh md jhs vahjaeastks nës aeffuydetds md
;16?),

thmhs jhs tadnphsJKN 364-363

Htrh vahjaeastk vartuhsh ds dj dspkûhj V. Rkrksktd (;<==-;16<), 02 natkm s. \A\, buyk bkrrdrk md
bhebdrtastk jh jjdvk phr thmk Durhpk y Knárabk. JKN 36?-36<

=;

ln d ;<04-;166 (Phnketabasnh)

ffkutk trkvdsdrk7 d j ffkutastk kjdnëe ] l. @óln brdk u ek ffkutk m d ndtkj, n ës jkrok y keblk,
b he budrph bajîemrabh y ue ën`ath md 2 hbtkvks (Mht-Mh ). ]kn`aáe aevd etk ue eudvh sastdnk md
aevdetk
jjkvds ndmaketd u e aeodeahsh ndbkeasnh m d dgds y nud
nudjjjdjdss q u d bhejjdvk ue k eudvk maoatkbaòe,
b he u e k jjkvd pkr
pkrkk bkmk kougdrh. JK N 361-3;6
Dstk ffkutk m d sheamh n ës `rajjketd, cudrtd y lhnhoáedh mdstkbk n ës de jk hrqudstk pdrh lk y
nublhs pkrt pkrtamk
amkrarahs
hs m d jk va
vadg ffkutkk bòeabk m d nkmdrk, n ës mujbd. D e bhesdbudebak, kpkrdbde
dgkk ffkut
htrhs masdûhs, yk sdke la`ramhs @óln-bòeabk h jk ketaouk ffkutk bòeabk ndghrkmk. J K N 3; 3;;; Kue-
qu d ds aemaspdesk`jd d e jk hrqudstk, su vhjunde eh ds tke tk e cudrtd bhnh pk sdrr shjastk. Eaeou
pkrr k sd
eh m d jhs
jh s orkemds bhnphsa
bhnphsathr thrdsds dsbra`d n÷sabk m d bënkrk h bhebadrths pkrk djjk.
bjkraedtd7 s d anphed orkmukjndetd u e sastdnk m d jjkvds sanajkr k j m d @óln JK N 3;0-3;= y sd

brdk d j bjkraedtd `kgh. K N 3; 4

skxhcòe7 aevdeth m d K . R kx (bk.;<=6), m d jdeoúdtk sanpjd y tkjkmrh bòeabh. ]hmhs jh jhss kougdrhs
sh e bhetrhjkmhs p h r jjkvds, sastdnk aesparkmh de dj md @óln. Vkrk sk`dr n ës J K N 3; 3 JK N 3; ?

h`hd7 sd aetdetk ue h`hd bh e ndbkeasnh @óln pdrh e h taded áxath. JK N 3;<-306

Dj bhreh aeojás pudmd sd r keoujkr, burvh h rdbth. JK N 30;-302
-ckoht7 tkn`aáe sd aetdetk kpjabkr d j sast dnk md jjkvds @óln pdrh sa
sastdnk saee áxath. Rd mdskrrhjjke mh s
 nhmdjhs, dj crkeb   s y dj kj
kjdnëe, bhe macdrdetds maoatkbaheds. JK N 40=-304(KB] 4 ?)
dnëe, bhe
J K N 3 0 3 Bhebadrth pkrk ckohty hrqudstk (I.;1;, ;1 nhv), _.K. Nhzkrt, Bjksabasnh (;??=)
Rudek ue ckoht kjdnëe, she
sheam
amhh hsb
hsbur pdrh lhnhoáedh.
urhh pdrh

JK N 30 ? Bhebadrth pkrk ckoht y hrqudstk (I.;1;, ; nhv.), _. K. Nhzkrt, Bjksabasnh (;??=)

Rudek ue ckoht crkebás, sheamh n ës jaodrhy sdbh pdrh n ës mujbd, md bkûk, vhbkj, dxprdsavh.

Mdsmd bhnadezhs m dj s. \ A\
A\ s d utajazk dj bhetrkckoht. JK N 3 0<

- trhnpdtk7 sd anphed jk trhnpdtk md vëjvujks (jks vëjvujks

kundetke jk jheoatum md j tu`h de nkyhr h ndehr ndmamk, `kgkemh
ks a jk ehtk ;, 0 6 2 sdnathehs9 ndmaketd jk bhn`aekbaòe md 2 h = sd

bhesaoud bksa thmk jk k﬋ekbaòe brhnëtabk, mkmh qu d sd h`tadede lks-

tk < jheoatumds). K pkrtar m d ﬋ekjds m d j s. \ A\ sd prdcadrd jk
trhnpdtk de R a` (k ndmakmhs md j s. \A \ jk n ës lk`atukj dr
\A\ drkk ue k

trhnpdtk ue phbh n ës jkrok k﬋ekmk de Ck , 3 pads). J K N 301-32;

-trhnpk7 tkn`a  e sd anphede jks

jk s vëjvujks (d e dstk áphbk sd Sëjvujk md pastòe. K jk mblk. pastòe pujskmh,
﬋e k bksa sadnprd de Ck , ;0 pads). JK N 3 2 0 Ru `hquajjk ds bòeabk, dj kard detrk de jk vëjvujk, kjkrokemh dj tu`h.

eh sdnadscárabk bhnh jk m d jk trhnpdtk. JK N 3 2 2

jkss vëjvujks pdrh saoud prd﬋raáemhsd d j

-t;hn`òe7 sd prud`ke jk aestrundeth m d vkrks. R d vudjvd
k utajazkr bh e crdbudebak orkbaks k jks
jk s `kemks najatkrds y m d vadeth. J K N 32=-324

=0

]DNK ;)
;<04-;166 (Phnketabasnh)

-hcabjdamh7 ds ue k trhnpk orkvd bh e Ajkvds, eh bhe vëj

vëjvuj
vujks,
ks,JK N 32 3
u ek trhnpk orkvd
tu`k7 ds orkvd bhe vëjvujks, sustatuyd kj h﬋bjdamh p h r su sheamh n ë s rh`ust rh`usth,
h, kue-
q ud ndehs ëoaj (odedrkjndetd de Ck , ;0 pads). JK N 32 ?
Jk tu`k wkoedrakek ds ue aestrundeth masdûkmh pkr pkr k dj babjh D j keajjh m dj Ea`djueoh md P . _ko-
edr. ]aded `hquajjk m d trhnpk pdrh tkjkmrh n ës bòeabh y keblh, bksa tketh bhnh dj m d jk tu`k
(s
(sdd bhestruyd d e m hhss tk nkû s, tdehr de
nkû hhs, Ra`, 1 pads, y `kgh de Ck , ;0 pads). JK N 3 2<
JK N 32 1 (Raecheak ed ?, 06 nhv), K. @rubiedr, Phnketabasnh (;<<2)
Rudeke + tu`ks
tu` ks wkoedrake ks y u e k tu`k. K j caekj md j pkskgd detrk ue k trhnpk bh e ue sheamh n ës `rajjketd.
wkoedrakeks

-tan`kjds7 sd aevdetke ndbkeasnhs bh e pdmkjds pkrk bkn`akr jk k﬋ekbaòe rëpamkndetd.

pakeh7 dj sheamh ds bkmk v dz n ë s phtdetd, n ë s mdesh, ndehs ndtëjabh. Dj ccds n ës phmdrhsh
qu d euebk, d j p p . p h r bhetrkstd, n ës sukvd, pdrh l ky pármamk md bjkramkm, dspdbakjndetd ehtk
jh s orkvds. Bkn`ahs7
`jdd de jhs
`j
;.Ndbëeabk7 sd rdbupdrk jk pkjkebk aetdrndmak. Dj mh`jd dsbkpd pktdetkmh p h r V. Drkrm ckbajatk
thbkr
thbkr ehtks rdpdtamks m d chrnk n ë s rëpamk, ks î bhnh traehs y tránhjhs. JK N 3=6-3=2
ehtks
0. Budrmks7 b km dz n ës ohrmks y tdesks. Qk sadnprd l k y 2 p h r ehtk skjvh de jh
km k v dz jhss orkvds
2. Nkrtajjhs7 bkmk vd z nës pdsk
pdskmh s. De vd z m d budrh sd bu`rde bh e ue k bkpk orudsk m d ﬋djtrh
mhs.
 pkrk prhmubar ndehs pkrbakjds supdrahrds aekrnòeabhs, m d k l a dj sheamh n ës `runhsh.
jhss pakehs yk tadede ? hbtkvks
=. Kn`ath7 saoud knpjaëemhsd. Lkbak ;<?6 bksa thmhs jh (Jk Jk) h
aebjush ? hbtkvks+ 2 (Jk-Mh ) q ud ds dj ën`ath n ës bhn÷e mdsmd dethebds.
4. Krnkzòe7 pkrk rdsastar jk nkyhr tdesaòe md jks
jk s budrmks, jh
jhss ck`rabketds ehrtdkndrabkehs
Blabidraeo, Rtdaewky & R hhee s,s, dtb) lkbde ue krnkzòe md ladrrh cuemamh, dj rdsth us k `krrks y nkr-
bh s ndtëjabhs lkstk bhnadezhs mdjs. \ \. Rtdaewky pktdetk (;<41) jk supdrphsabaòe m d budrmks
jk s budrmks orkvds bruzëemhsd p h r debank md htrks.
('hvdrstraeoaeo'), bh e jks

J hsbhestrubthrds kjdnkeds kmhptke prheth dj mh`jd dsbkpd. Jh s vadedsds sd nketadede ﬋djds

k su ketaouk ndbëeabk y su thqud jaodrh pdrh k ndmamk q u d kvkezk dj saojh y sd m k n ë s anphr
tkebak kj vhjunde sh e aebkpkbds md bhnpdtar de dj ndrbkmh aetdrekbahekj. JK N 3==-34<

Dj aestrundeth md bhebadrth ds dj pakeh m d bhjk, dj mhnástabh saoud sademh dj bukmrkmh lkstk

q u d ds sustatuamh p h r dj pakeh vdrtabkj lkbak ndmakmhs md saojh. JK N 341-336
B h e dj kbbdsh md orkemds sdbthrds m d jk ph`jkbaòe k jk desdûkezk nusabkj, d j pakeh sd bhe-

vadrtd de dj aestrundeth rdy, amòedh pkrk jk eudvk pksaòe p h r jk dgdbubaòe nusabkj m h n   stabk.
JK N 33;-334

J hs pakeastks vartuhshs sd bhevadrtde de jksjk s praebapkjds dstrdjjks m dj nuemh nusabkj (. Nhsbldjds

R. ]lkj`dro, K. Pu`aestdae, dtb.). Jh s n ë s cknhshs d aeffuydetds she7

=2

D]DNK
;<04-;166 (Phnketabasnh)

Crkez Jaszt (;<;;-;<<3), ndmakmhs s. \A\. K jhs ;; kûhs rdba`d bjksds md pakeh de Sadek bhe B.
Bzdrey (;?1;-;<4?), kjuneh k su vdz md @ddtlhvde. Nkrblk k Vkrîs pdrh ds rdblkzkmh de dj

Bhesdrvkthrah phr dj mardbthr J. Bldru`aea (;?36-;<=0) md`amh k jk ehrnk qud áj nasnh lk`ak
aestkurkmh bhetrk jhs eh crkebdsds.JKN 333 Ksastd k ue bhebadrth md Vkokeaea (;<20) y mdbamd
h`rkr najkorhs sana
sanajk
jkrds de dj pakeh, jjdvkr jk tábeabk mdj aestrundeth lkstk
rds sus janatds dx
trdnhs, tketh de su prhpak dgdbubaòe bhnh de sus bhnphsab
bhnphsabaheds
aheds.. Vrkbtabh md =
Vrkbtabh k 4 lhrks

traehs, 3 s, <¶s, tránhjhs, eht

ehtks
ks rdp
rdpdta
dtamks
mks,, 'bkmdezks' y sanajkrds9 dsbra`d de uek bkrtk.
De ;6 kûhs(
kûhs(;<2?
;<2?-;<=?) hcrdbd uehs ;.666 rdbatkjds phr th
-;<=?) thmk
mk Durhpk,, mdsmd Rdv
Durhpk Rdvajjk
ajjk lkstk
lkstk Nhsb÷.
Ds dj prandrh de mkr ue  rdbatkj9 ds mdbar, ue bhebadrth hcrdbamh phr ue ÷eabh aetárprdtd sae
pkrtaturk. Vrd﬋drd jhs pakehs Drkrm phrqud
phrqud pdr
pdrnat
natde
de rkpamdz de jks ehtks rdpdtamks. Jk dn-

prdsk jd prhphrbahek pakehs sadnprd qud pudmd. JKN 33?-3?6

JKN 3?; H Orkemds Vkokeaea ed2, Jk bknpkedjjk), C. Jaszt, Phnketabasnh (;<4;)

Dtumds md

Sdrsaòe pkrk pakeh shjh mdj Bhebadrth pkr

pkrk
k vahje e¶0 md Vkokeaea. Rus rëpamks ehtk
vahje ehtkss rdpdtamks y sus traehs
rdpdtamks
eh sd pudmde thbkr de ue pakeh sae mh`jd dsbkpd. Dstk h`rk sarvd md pu`jabamkm k jk nkrbk Drkrm.

Jaszt k`kemhek su bkrrdrk bhn

bhnh
h var
vartuh
tuhsh
sh mdj pakeh y kbdptk dj pudsth md 'Ikpdjjndastdr' de
jk bhrtd kjdnkek md _dankr (;<=?). Vkrdbd dxtrkûh qud ue pdrshekgd bhnh   j sd ktd k uek
pdqudûk bhrtd de ue tadnph de dj qud jhs n÷sabhs dstëe rhnpademh jks ktkmurks mdj sastdnk
md pkt
pktrhe
rhekzoh. De dstk dtkpk sd bdetrk de bhnphedr y maraoar h`rks hrqudstkjds. Vrdtdemd
kzoh.
brdkr uek  Ktdeks mdj ehrtd pdrh, trks ;2 kûhs, nkrblk mdsajusahekmh. JKN 3?0-3?2
 Crámárab Blhpae (;<;6-;<=1), natkm s. \A\. Vhjkbh, lagh md ue prhcdshr crkebá  s dnaorkmh. Pd
;

ba`d bjksds pravkmks pdrh pudmd sdr bhesamdrkmh ue kuthmamkbtk kj pakeh. Rd aesbra`d judoh
;<03) de jk Dsbudjk Rupdrahr md N÷sabk md Skrshvak.
Nkrblk k Vkrîs (;<2;) mhemd hcrdbd phbhs bhebadrths  p÷`jabhs (ds mdbar, de kumathrahs h skjks md

bhebadrths, sòjh ;1 de thmk su vamk), md`amh de orke ndmamk k su decdrndmkm, yk sdk ﬋`rhsas quîs
tabk h tu`drbujhsas. Orkbaks k jk prhtdbbaòe md kjouehs krastòbrktks (p.d. dj `kròe G. Phtlsblajm y

su nugdr, prdstknastks md Juas Cdjapd md Hrjdkes) taded dj pravajdoah md thbkr de sus vdjkmks (sharìds

y md tdedr tadnph ja`rd pkrk bhnphedr. ]kn`aáe sd bhevadrtd de dj prhcdshr md pakeh nës

bhtazkmh md jk baumkm.JKN 3?=-3?1 Vrd﬋drd y phsdd vkrahs pakehs Vjdydj, bhestrubthr qud eh
utajazk dj mh`jd dsbkpd. JKN 3<6KB] 4k)

JKN 3<;-3<0Skjs (hp.3= e¶ ;,

mdj naeuth ), CD. Blhpae, Phnketabasnh (;<=?)
 Skjs

Dgdnpjh md n÷sabk md skjòe, tke mdnkemkmk de jk áphbk, k jk qud Blhpae kûkmd ue thqud md vartuhsasnh
bhe dsk rëpamk caourkbaòe md nhvanadeth oarkthrah. Dj sh`rdehn`rd ds phstdrahr k Blhpae y eh quadrd
mdbar qud jk h`rk md`k thbkrsd de ue naeuth, sa
saeh nës `ade qud ds manaeutk, `rdvd, uek naeakturk.
eh nës
k`kukk<6<

Cdjax Ndemdjsshle (;<61-;<=?), ; natkm s. \A\. Ekbd de Lkn`uroh, lagh md ue rabh `kequdrh
gumah. Dstumak vahjîe, pakeh y bketk de ue bhrh md @drjae. Sakgk vkraks vdbds k Jhemrds. JKN 3<2

==

]DNK ;
;<04-;166 (Phnketabasnh)

Murketd nublhs kûhs ds mardbthr md jk n÷sabk md Jdapzao (;<24-;<=;) y md jk hrqudstk md jk bau

mkm mk Odwkemlkus). Mdspuás ds Ikpdjjndastdr' (mdsmd ;<=;) de jk bhrtd md Vrusak. JKN 3<=-3<3

Ph`drt
Ph`drt Rbl
Rblunk
unkee
ee (;<;6-;<43), ; natkm s. \A\. Ek
Ekbd
bd de uek jhbkjamkm md Rkgheak. Pdba`d bjk
sds md pakeh md C. _adbi pdrh uek jdsaòe de vkrahs mdmhs jk nkeh mdrdblk crustrk sus dspd

rkezks md vartuhsh. Rd bheskork dethebds k jk bhnphsabaòe y, de pkrkjdjh, aeabak su h`rk md

bratabh nusabkj. Rd deknhrk md Bjkrk _adbi (;<24), jk lagk md su prhcdshr, bhe quade bhesdoua-
rë bkskrsd. Bjkrk ds ue
uek
k kckn
kcknkm
kmk
k pakeastk y bhnphed. Ph`drt sd okek jk vamk bhn
bhnh
h prh
prhcds
cdshr
hr
de dj Bhesdrvkthrah md Jdapzao, bhe sus pu`jabkbaheds y bhe bjksds pkrtabujkrds. KN3<?-316

Ghlkeeds @rklns (;<22-;<1?), 0 natkm s. \A\. Ekbd de Lkn`ur

Lkn`uroh
oh pdrh
pdrh sd aestkjk de Sadek
(;<30) mhemd aetdrprdtk de bhebadrths md bënkrk. Mdbjaek vkraks hcdrtks md pud
pudsth
sths
s h﬋bakj
h﬋bakjds
ds
pdrh ﬋ekjndetd kbdptk maraoar dj bhrhy jk hrqudstk md jk shbadmkm nusabkj md Sade
Sadek
k (jk 'Odsdjjs
blkct mdr Nusaicrduemd'). ]kn`aáe dnprdemd oarks md bhebadrths phr htrhs pkîsds. De dj pakeh
prd﬋drd jk ndbëeabk vadedsk. JKN 31;-312

òrokeh7 sd `usbk ue eudvh taph md òrokeh, bhe nkyhr vhjunde, jk phsa`ajamkm md brdsbdemhs
y bhe nës bkn`ahs md tan`rd. JKN 31=-313
JKN 31? (Vadbd ldrhaqud), B. Crkebi, Phnketabasnh (;<?<)
Rudek ue òrokeh qud pdrnatd bkn`ah maeënabhs, brdsbdemhs,
bkn`ahss maeënabhs, yc.

2.2 Bhnphsathrds
Dj bhnphs
bhn athrr, qud ketds trk`kgk`k mdetrh md uek shbadmkm pdqudûk, yk eh bhnphed pkrk
phsath
 aetárprdtds bhehbamhs y pkrk ue p÷`jabh bhebrdth, bhe jhs qud taded uek rdjkbaòe mardbtk, saeh

qud dsbra`d pkrk ue p÷`jabh nës knpjah y mdsbhehbamh, bhe jk vastk pudstk de dj cuturh.
De dstk áphbk jhs bhnphsathrds ksparke k bhnphedr òpdrk, jk n÷sabk ndghr pkokmk. Dj prhbdsh

sudjd bhndezkr bhe uek edohbakbaòe detrd dj tdktrh y dj bhnphsathr de jk qud sd kbudrmke jhs
pjkzhs, jk rdnuedrkbaòe, dtb. Dj trk`kgh pudm
pudmd
d jjdokr k sdr crdeátabh7 O.
jjdokr Mheazdtta (;?1?-;<=<)
JKN 31< md`d dsbra`ar vkraks òpdrks kj kû
kûh
h, y kj praebapah bhe dsbksk rdbhnpdesk dbheònabk.
De nublhs bkshs, jhs bhnphsathrds maraode sus prhpaks h`rks, kj ndehs de dj dstrdeh. Kmdnës
md jhs bhnphsathrds-aetárprdtds ndebahekmhs lkstk klhrk, mdstkbke7

Oausdppd Sdrma (;<;2-;16;), ndmakmhs mdj s. \A\. Rus pkmrds she pdqudûhs tdrrktdeadetds y jd
prhburke uek `udek dmubkbaòe. Rhjabatk detrkr de dj Bhesdrvkthrah md Najëe pdrh eh ds km-
natamh, de pkrtd phr su tç
tçbe
beab
abk
k phbh hrthmhxk kj pakeh y de pkrtd phr rkzheds `urhbrëtabks.
phbh

Rd mdmabk dethebds k bhnphedr òpdrk. Md`amh kj áxath dbheònabh pudmd rkjdetazkr su ratnh
md brdkbaòe. Ds rdbhehbamh bhnh dj nës orkemd bhnphsathr mrknëtabh atkjakeh, kj ndehs mdj
rdbhehbamh
s. \A\. JKN 311-?66

=4

D]DNK
;<04-;166 (Phnketabasnh)

Pablkrm _koedr (;<;2-;<<2), ndmakmhs mdj s. \A\. Bhnadezk su bkrrdrk bhnh mardbthr md bhrh
y md tdktrh de pdqudûks baumkmds kjdnkeks. Bukemh dstkjjk jk rdvhjubaòe md ;<=
;<=<
< pkrtab
pkrtabapk
apk

kbtavkndetd y judoh md`d dxajkrsd de Wúrabl (;<=1-;<36), JKN ?6;-?6= Dj rdy md @kvadrk, Jumwao
, JKN ?64 sd lkbd bk
bkroh md sus k`uemketds mdumks, jd bhebdmd uek keukjamkm bhnpkrk`jd
roh
kj sudjmh md ueh md sus naeastrhs y jd bhnprk uek jughsk bksk de N÷eabl. Orkbaks k kjouehs
pktrhbaekmhrds, bhe Jumwao jj k jk bk`dzk, _koedr bhesaoud jdvketkr ue tdktrh (de jk baumkm

`ëvkrk md @kyrdutl, dj 'Cdstspadjlkus, ;<?=) bhe ue masdûh rdvhjubahekrah7 eh lky pkjbhs ea mdtkjjds
hstdethshs saeh ue sastdnk aoukjatkrah md ksadeths, bhesdbudebak md jhs amdkjds phjîtabhs md
_koedr. Jk hrqudstk dstë bhjhbkmk de ue chsh, bhe jh qu
qud
d qu
qudm
dmk
k cudrk md jk vastk.JKN 0637?6<
_koedr nudrd de ndmah md uek orke phjánabk sh`rd sus tdhrîks y sus h`rks. JKN ?61 Ròjh
2 kûhs mdspuá
mdspuás
s dxa
dxastde yk 066 shbadmkmds wkoe
stde wkoedrake
drakeks,
ks, mds
mdsmd
md R. Vdtdrs`uroh lkstk E. Qhri,
kjoue
kjo ks md jks bukjds dmatke rdvastks sh`rd _koedry sus h`rks. Ru aeffudebak sd mdgk sdetar eh
ueks
sòjh de n÷sabk, tkn`a  e de jatdrkturk, tdktrh, paeturk, dtb.

V. Blkaihvsia (;<=6-;<12), 0 natkm mdj s. \Ax. Push, lagh md ue aeodeadrh kbhnhmkmh. Jk

;.

cknajak mdbamd qud dstumad mdrdblh pdrh áj bhetae÷k pkrkjdjkndetd bhe sus dstumahs md pak-
eh. K jhs ;1 kûhs ds cuebahekrah mdj Naeastdrah md Gust
Gustabak pdrh bhe
abak 00 mdbamd rdeuebakr k su
dnpjdh y mdmabkrsd phr detdrh k jk n÷sabk. JKN ?;6 Ds prhcdshr md tdhrîk de dj Bhesdrvkthrah
rdbaáe brdkmh md Nhsb÷. Md`d bhnpjdndetkr sus aeordshs bhe trk
brdkmh trkesb
esbrap
rapbah
baheds
eds y krrdojhs
pkrk pakeh lkstk qud uek vaumk rabk y ndbdeks mdj krtd (Ekmdzlmk vhe Ndbi) jd ksdourk uek
rdetk keukj (3.666 ru`jhs). K`k
K`kemh
emhek
ek det
dethebds dj Bhesdrvkthrah (;<?<) y mdmabk thmh su tadnph
hebds
k bhnphedr y k vakgk
vakgkrr. Blkaihvsia taded kjoh md ekbahekjastk pdrh sd mastkebak mdj Oruph md
Blkaihvsia

jhs 4. Bhesaoud uek rdputkbaòe qud eh taded eaeo÷e htrh bhnphsathr rush. (KB] 41-30)
 De jk 0k natkm mdj s. \A\ sd mdskrrhjjk dj ráoande md mdrdblhs md kuthr h prhpadmkm aetdjdbtukj
phr jk qud dj bhnphsathr (bukjquadr kuthr de odedrkj) rdba`d ue tketh phr badeth bkmk vdz qud jk
h`rk sd aetdrprdtk h sd pu`jabk mdetrh md ue pjkzh md kûhs dstapujkmh (de dstk áphbk detrd ;6y=6
kûhs), de vdz md rdba`ar uek shjk bketamkm phr jk pu`
pu`jabk
jabkbaò
baòe
e hrao
hraoaekj
aekj,, bhnh subdmîk ketds.
Md dstd nhmh, bhe nky
nkyhrds
hrds aeordshs phr bkmk h`rk, dj bhnphsathr eh edbdsatk dsbra`ar md chr
aeordshs
nk prhjaî﬋bk. Dj ndghr dgdnpjh ds G. @rklns, qud sd pudmd pdrnatar dj ju
jugh
gh md dspdrkr 0; kûhs de
pu`jabkr su Raecheak ed ;. Vkrk rdbkumkr jhs kjquajdrds bhrrdsphemadetds phr jk vdetk d aetdrprd-
tkba
tkbaòe
òe md jks h`
h`rks de bukjquadr ju
rks juok mdjj nuemh, surode de bkmk pkîs hrokeazkbaheds qud vd-
okrr md
jke phr jhs mdrdblhs md kuthr. De Dspkûk dj n÷sabh P. Blkpî brdk jk Rhbadmkm md Ku
Kuth
thrd
rds
s (;<1)

=. Bhestrubthrds md aestrundeths
Jk bhestrubbaòe md aestrundeths, sh`rd thmh pakehs, sd aemustrakjazk bkmk vdz nës crdetd k jhs

prhbdmanadeths krtdskekjds. Brdbd dj tknkûh y dj e÷ndrh md cë`r

cë`rabks y jk prhmubbaòe dxpdra
abks
ndetk ue dehrnd brdbanadeth, bhe aestrundeths nës `krkths. JKN ?;;-?;0

=3

D]DNK ; ;166-0606 (Raojhs \\\\\])

;166-0606 (Raojhs \\-\\)

BHE]D\]H
;. Vhjatabk-dbhehnîk
Jk ldodnheîk dbheònabk md Durhpk k praebapahs mdj s. \\ lkbd qud jk bujturk nusabkj durhpdk
sdmacuemk phr thmh dj nuemh. Dstk n÷sabk ds jk hcbakj, mdtdrnaekmk phr jk dstrubturk qud jk
nketaded, ds mdbar, jks shbadmkmds nusabkjds y jks orkemds aemustraks dmathrakjds. Tek bhesd-
budebak ds jk lhnhodedazkbaòe md jk vamk nusabkj k dsbkjk nuemakj.

K bhnadezhs mdj s. \\ Vkrîs ds jk bkpatkj bujturkj mdj nuemh, sòjh masputkmk phr dj dgd @drjîe-
Sadek. De Vkras lky ue kn`adetd nës bhsnhphjatk. Te dnprdskrah md hraode rush, R. Makolajdv,
aetdrprdtk uek sdrad md `kjjdts. Dj dstrdeh md ueh md djjhs, Jk bheskorkbaòe md jk prankvdrk (;1;2,
de dj eudvh ]láàtrd mds Blk
Blknps
nps-Djys  ds), bhe n÷sabk mdj tkn`ade rush A. Rtrkvaesiy (;<<0-;1?;), ds
-Djys
ueh md jhs dsbëemkjhs nës cknhshs md jk lasthrak md jk n÷sabk. JKN ?;2-?;=
JKN ?;4 H Jk bheskorkbaòe md jk prankvdrk (Mkezks md kmhjdsbdetds'), A. Rtrkvaesiy, s. \\ (;1;2)
De dj dstrdeh md dstd `kjjdt dj p÷`jabh dnpdzò k saj`kr y oratkr k ckvhr y de bh
bhetrk,, md nhmh qud kpdeks
etrk sd

phmîk har jk n÷sabk y jhs `kajkraeds sd pdrmîc

pdrmîcke.
ke.

KB] 32 JKN ?;3-?;) Vkrk sk`dr nës JKN ?;3-?;?)

B. Md`ussy (;<30-;1;<) ds htrh md jhs n÷sabhs mdstkbkmhs mdj Vkrîs md bhn bhnade zhs mdj s. \\.
adezhs
Bhe ;6 kûhs detrk de dj Bhesdrvkthrah. H`taded dj prdnah Phnk, bhe dstkebak de dsk bau
mkm. JKN ?;< Ds bhetrktkmh bhnh prhcdshr md n÷sabk md jhs laghs md uek krastòbrktk rusk
(Ekmdzlmk vhe Ndbi, jk nasnk ndbdeks md Blkaihvsiy), orkbaks k jh bukj bhehbd jk n÷sabk md jhs
bhnphsathrds rushs, sh`rd thmh Nusshrosia. Rus saouadetds kûhs she md kp kpur hs dbheòna-
urhs
bhs. Dsbra`d hbksahekjndetd de kjoueks pu`jabkbaheds `kgh dj sdumòeanh md Rdûhr Bhr-
bldk (Nhesadur Brhbld). De sus ÷jtanhs kûhs su n÷sabk ds nuy bhe
bhehba
hbamk
mk pdr
pdrh
h de Crkebak lky
ue prhcuemh k`a
k`asnh
snh det
detrd
rd sus pkrtamkrahs y sus mdtrkbthrds.JKN ?;1
 Htrh n÷sabh crkeb  s mdstkbkmh ds N. Pkvdj (;<?4-;12?). JKN ?06-?0; Kuequd ekbd de uek
jhbkjamkm mdj Vkîs vksbh crkebás, dstumak y rd
rdsamd de Vkrîs. Bhn
samd Bhnphs
phsath
athrr dbj
dbjábtabh phr dxbd-
ábtabh
jdebak
jde sk`d skbkr prhvdblh md su aetdrás phr jks n÷sabks md thmhs jhs hrao
bak,, sk`d hraodeds
deds.. Rtrkv
Rtrkvaesi
aesiy
y
md﬋ed su ndtabujhs
ndtabujhsamkm
amkm bkja﬋
bkja﬋bëemh
bëemhjh
jh md «rdjhgdrh suazh¹.
De jk Sadek nu
nusabkjj md bhnadezhs mdj
sabk s. \\ sh`rdskjd O. Nkljdr (;<36-;1;;), mardbthr md jk
òpdrk md jk bhrtd (mdj Anpdrah kustrh-l÷eokrh, ;<1?-;16?). JKN ?00-?02 Rd bksk bhe jk tkn`aáe
bhnphsathrk Kjnk Rblaemjdr (;<?1-;13=).(KB] 3=)
JKN ?0=-?04 e¶4 (=¶ nhv), Nkljdr, (;160)
Te marbbthr mdRaecheak
O. s. \\x
hrqudstky kn
knaoh md Nkljdr mabd qud dstd nhv. ds uek mdbjkrkbaòe md knhr k Kjnk. Nu-
aoh
blks aetdrp
aetdrprdtkba
rdtkbaheds,
heds, sae dn`kroh, she mdnksakmh jdetks y bhevadrtde jk h`rk de uek djdoîk.

=?

;166-0606 (Raojhs \\\\A)

Dj bhnphsathr K. Rblóe`dro(;<?=-;14;) JKN?03 y sus kjunehs K. @dr

@dro (;<<4-;124) y K. _d

`dre (;<<2-;1=4), chrnke jk mdehnaekmk Rdouemk dsbudjk md Sadek. JKN ?0?

Jks ravkjamkmds dbheònabks y bhjheakjds md bhna

bhnade
dezh
zhs
s md saojh, sh`rd thmh detrd Crkebaky Kjd
saojh,
nkeak, mdsdn`hbke de jk ; Oudrrk nuemakj (;1;=-;1;?) qud trkd jk aemdpdemdebak md nublhs
pkasds y kbk`k bhe dj Anpdrah kustrh-l÷eokrh. JKN ?0< Jk 0 Oudrrk nuemakj (;1=6-
(;1=6-=4)
=4),, taded
taded

bhesdbudebaks k÷e pdhrds pkrk Durhpk bhe najjheds md nudrths y uek orke mdstrubbaòe nktd
rakj de nheundeths, tdktrhs md òpdrk, skjks md bheb
bhebadrth
adrths,
s, dtb.

DDTT sd bhevadrtd de jk phtdebak nuemakj y de jk dspdrkezk md jk bavajazkbaòe, ue pkrkash md

ja`drtkm y rdg
rdguvd
uvdedb
edbanadeth krtastabh. Jk aeabaktavk dnprdskrakj lkbd qud sd brdde aestatubaheds
anadeth
bhnh jk 'Ndtrhphjatke Hp
Hpdrk' md E. Qhri, qud hcrdbd k O. Nkljdr   dj skjkrah nës kjth gknësrdba
drk'
`amh phr ue n÷sabh (;16?-;1;;), uehs 006.666 phr trds ndsds kj kûh JKN ?01-?20.

K DDTT dnaork nublk ph`jkbaòe y orke bketamkm md n÷sabhs md Durhpk, kjouehs luydemh mdj
ráoande bhn
bhnuea
ueastk
stk bhnh A. Rtrkvaesiy h R. Pkblnkeaehv (;<?2-;1=2), htrhs mdj ekzasnh bhnh
bhnh
Rblóe`dro JKN ?22, V. Laemdnatl (;<14-;132) JKN ?2=-?24, I. _dajj (;166-;146) JKN ?23 h @. @kr

tòi (;<<;-;1=4) JKN?2?

De jk Kjdn
Kjdnke
keak
ak md Latjdr sd prhla`d jk n÷sabk md jhs bhnphsathrds eh  krahs, Ndemdjsshle ae
bjuamh. _koedr y su amdhjhoak sd bhevadrtde de mhonk. Detrd jhs qud pdrnkedbde, ckvhrdbamhs
phr dj pkrtamh ekza, dstëe P. Rtrkuss (a<3=-;1=1) JKN ?2< y B. Hrcc (;<14-;1<0). JKN ?21

Te n÷sa
n÷sabh
bh kcd
kcdbtkmh mardbtkndetd phr jk
btkmh 0 Oudrrk nuemakj ds H. Ndssakde (;16<-;110), yk qud

cud
cud bk
bkpt
ptur
urkm
kmh
h phr dj dgárbath ekza (;1=6). Lk`ak dstumakmh òrokeh y bhnphsabaòe de dj Bhesdr

vkthrah md Vkrîs, mhemd sdrë prhcdshr. Tek aeffudebak anphrtketd de su n÷sabk ds dj bketh md jhs
pëgkrhs. JKN ?=6-?=;KB] 34)

JKN ?=0 Bukrtdth pkrk dj ﬋ekj mdj tadnph (;1 nhv.), H. Ndssakde, s. \\(;1=;)
Dstd bketh md cd y dspdrkezk sd dstrdeò de ue bknph md bhebdetrkbaòe ketd vkrahs bdetdekrds md prasahedrhs
y kjouehs hcabakjds ekzas. Jk chrnkbaòe dstë mdt
mdtdrn
drnaekm
aekmkk phr jhs aestrundeths qud lk`ck de dj bkn
bknphph77 bjkra-
edtd, vahjîe, vahjhebldjh y pakeh. Lky anatkbaheds mdj bketh m d jhs pëgkrhs bhe traehs, ratnhs rdpdtatavhs, dtb.
 De jk TPRRbhnueastk md Rtkjae nublhs krtastks, aebjush bhn
bhnphs
phsath
athrds
rds tke rdbhehbamhs bhnh
R. Vrhih﬋dv ;<1;-;142) 6 M. Rlhstkihvabl (;163-;1?4) JKN ?=2, she kbuskmhs md  chrnkjasnh'ds

mdbar, md kmhptkr táb

tábeab
eabks
ks mdj Hbb
Hbbamd
amdetd
etd bk
bkpat
patkjastk,, jh qud phmak saoea﬋bkr jk nudrtd. Jk
kjastk ÷eabk

﬋ekjamkm mdj krtd md`îk sdr kjk`kr jk amdhjhoak rdvhjubahekrak yk sus lárhds y rdffdgkr jhs amdkjds
ldrha
ldrhabhs md jks bjksds trk`kgkmhrks k trkvás md ue  rdkjasnhshbakjastk7(KBr 33)
bhs
JKN ?== Phndhy Gujadtk (Mkezk md jhs bk`kjjdrhs), R. Vrhihcadv, R. \\ (;124)

Dstd `kjjdt saoud jhs prdbdpths shvaátabhs, bhe phbk aeehvkbaòe y dsbksk bhrdhorkcak pdrh, k÷e ksî, su dstrde
dstrdeh
h
tuvh
tuvh qud rdtrkskrsd phr jk bdesurk. Dstk mkezk taded ue theh trëoabh pdrh ue jdeoukgd cëbaj md detdemdr.
qud

=<

AdNK;) ;166-0606 (Raojhs \\\\A)

De dj s. \\ saoud lk`ademh ue ekbahekjasnh nusabkj, kj bhnadezh bhnh rdkbbaòe k jk ldodnh-

eîk nusabkj odrnkek7
de Crkebak mdstkbk dj md jhs 3 (Orhupd mds Rax)7 M. (;<10-;1?=), C. (;<11
oruph Najlkum Vhujdeb
;132) y K. Lheedodr (;<10-;144, kmdnës md ]kajjdcdrrd, Kurab y Murdy). JKN ?=4
(;<10-;144,

-de Atkjak mdstkbk H. Pdspaola (;<?1

(;<?1-;123
-;123,, kmdnës md O-D. Nkjapadrh ;<<0-;1?2 y K. Bksdjjk ;<<2-;1=?)
kmdnës

-de Aeojktdrrk D. Djokr (;<4?-;12=) ds dj prandr bhnphsathr de nës md 066 kûhs de h`tdedr kn-
pjah rdbhehbanadeth aetdrekbahekj (tkn`aìe P Skuolke _ajakns, ;<?0-;14<,h O. Lhjst, ;<?=-;12=).
-De CaejkemakG. Ra`djaus (;<34-;14?) ds vd
vded
edrk
rkmh
mh bh
bhnh
nh ue ld
ldrh
rhd
d ek
ekba
bahe
hekj
kj..
JKN ?=3 Caejhemak, G. Ra`djaus, s. \\ (;166)
Mdsmd su dstrdeh dstk h`rk cub detdemamk bhnh ue bketh k jk ja`drkbaòe md Cae
Caejkemak mdj yuoh rush. Dj anph-
jkemak
edetd bhnadezh bhe vadeth ndtkj pkrdbd mdsbra`ar jk hprdsaòe qud sucrd dj pub`jh caejkemás.

-De Dspkûk jk jknkmk  Odedrkbaòe md jhs nkdstrhs prdtdemd uek rdehvkbaòe de jk nasnk
jaedk qud jk Ode
Odedrk
drkbaòe mdj 1< de jatdrkturk y pdesknadeth. Ru n÷sabk ds uek ndzbjk md edh-rh
baòe
nketabasnh md aeffudebak kjdnkek h crke
crkebdsk y ue ekbahekjasnh phpujkr7 B. mdj Bknph (;<?<
bdsk
]uraek (;<<0-;1=1), G. Ourama (;<<3-;13;), H. Dspjë (;<<3-;1?3) y G. Oòndz (;<<3-;1?2).
;142), G.

- De @rksaj mdstkbk L. Sajjkjh`hs (;<<?-;141).

De dj s. \\ surod ue vdrmkmdrh ekbahekjasnh nusabkj qud, k macdrdebak mdj ketdrahr, dstë nublh
ndehs jaokmh kj ekbahekjasnh phjatabhy sd kbdrbk kj chjbjhrd nusabkj bhe nkyhr rao
raohr
hr bad
badeta﬋
eta﬋bh
bh
y nusabhjòoabh. Ra dj ketdrahr sd janatk`k k batkr kjouek ndjhmak phpujkr y k nkquajjkr jk n÷sabk
md bjkrh trkschemh bjësabh-rhnëetabh, dstd eud
eudvh
vh ekb
ekbahekjasnh `usbk de jks bkebaheds phpu-
ahekjasnh
jkrds jhs djdn
djdndeth
deths
s bhes
bhestat
tatutav
utavhs
hs md ue eudvh jdeoukgd nusabkj7 krnheaîks, dsbkjks nhmkjds,
kmhrehs ndjòmabhs, ratnhs d aebjush prhbdmanadeths chrnkjds (lk`îk prdbdmdetds bhnh j. Kj`  eaz).

Dj praebapkj k`kemdrkmh md dstd ekbahekjasnh ds dj l÷eokrh @. @krtòi quade, gueth k su bhn

pktrahtk W. Ihmëjy (;<<0;13?), ork`k y ke
kekj
kjazk
azk ueks ;6.666 ndjhmîks chjbjòrabks.JKN ?=?-?=<
ueks
N.md Ckjjk (;<?3-;1=3) rdbhod jks desdûkezks md C. Vdmrdjj y `ksk su n÷sabk de dj ffkndebh y de
 htrks n÷sabks chjbjòrabks dspkûhjks.KB] 3? JKN ?=1) JKN ?46
JKN ?4;H Dj knhr `rugh ('Bkebaòe mdj knhr mhjamh), N. md Ckjjk, s. \\ (;1;=)
Ckjjk eh batk kquî ndjhmîks cjknde
cjkndebk
bkss saeh
saeh qud rdbrdk sus oarhs ndjòmabhs, de nhmh craoah y bhe kjoueks
aetjdxaheds masheketds. Jk hrqudstk anatk dj kbhnpkûknadeth md jk ouatkrrk, bhe sus krnheîks rdpdtatavks y
dstëtabks y sus ratnhs aebasavhs qud kjtdreke 3/< y 2/=. Ckjjk aevdetk uek n÷
n÷sa
sabk
bk eu
eudvk qud sudek aedquîvh-
dvk
bkndetd  ekbahekj . Lky tkn`a e badrtk aecjudebak md Jk Bheskorkbaòe md jk prankvdrk md A. Rtrkvaesiy.

Ckjjk ds dj pueth md rdc

rdcdrd
drdeba
ebak
k md jk Odedrkbaòe mdj 0?, qud taded su pkrkjdjh bhe jk Odedrkbaòe
mdj 0? jatdrkrak. Aetdetke rdehvkr jk n÷s
n÷sabk
abk dspkûhjk, k vdbds dvhbkemh dj Pdekbanadeth dspk
dspkûhjk,
ûhj. Mdstkbke jhs ldrnkehs Lkjcctdr (Dredsth ;164-;1<1 y Phmhjch ;166-;1<?) y C. Nhnphu (;<12-
;1<?) JKN ?40(KB] 3<)

=1

NDDEK ;166-0606 (Raojhs \\-\\A)

Mdsmd jk Orke Mdprdsaòe m d ;101 pdrh n ës k ÷ e mdsmd ndmakmhs m d j s. \ \ , jk n÷sabk  krtastabk

mdgk m d sd r rdetk`jd pkrk jk aemustrak pravkmk y bhnadezk u e prhbdsh m d ekbahekjazkbaòe, sh`rd
thmh de Durhpk. Dj dstkmh sd bhevadrtd d e d j eudvh ndbdeks m d j krtd nusabkj. Jh s hrokeasnhs
h su`sa
su`sama
mahs
hs p÷`jab
p÷`jabhs
hs sh e jh
jhss qud nket
nketaa de
dede
de skjks m d bhebadrths, tdktrhs m d òpdrk, hrqudstks y
bdetrhs m d desdûkezk. JK N ?42-?36 KB] 3 1 ) Lk y u ek zò e praebapkj ph r jk q u d jk n÷s
ek r k zò n÷saabk
 bujtk mdgk m d sd r rdetk`jd d e d j ja`rd ndrbkmh7 md`d bhnpdtar bh e jk n÷sabk  php y b he eud-
v k s chrnks m d detrdtdeanadeth bhnh d j baed h jh tk e macuemamhs de jhs
jhss mdphrtds, tke jh s ndmahs m d
bhnueabkbaòe. T e dgdnpjh md pktrhbaeah dstktkj ds d j APBKN, bh e jk mardbbaòe nusabkj m d j m a-
rdbthr m d hrqudstk y bhnphsathr V. @hujdz (;104-06;3). J K N ?3 ; D j bkpatkj ds m d j oh`adreh crkebás
y s us aestkjkbaheds budetke b he jhjhss ndmahs aechrnëtabhs n ës kvkezkmhs.
Bhnh jhs jhss bhebadrths vudjvde nkyhratkrakndetd k j rdpdrthrah m d j pkskmh,
jh s bhesdrvkthrahs y jh
jk n÷sabk md  vkeoukrmak bhetdnphrëedk, jk md eudvk brdkbaòe, md`d `usbkr eudvhs bdetrhs.
Mdstkbke jhs bur shs m d Mkrnstkmt (uek pdqudûk baumkm kjdnkek) bdjd`rkmhs detrd jhs
bur shs jh s kûhs 46 y
< 6 , mhemd kbumde bhnphsathrds m d macdrdetds pkîsds bhnh d j atkjakeh J. Eheh (;10=-;116), dj
kjdnëe I . Rthbilkusde (;10<-066?) JK N ?30-?32h d j runkeh O . Jaodta (;102-0663). K N ? 3 = Jk
bhesaoek ds   ja`drtkm pkrk q u d jk n÷sabk dvhjubahed sasaee aetdrcdrdebaks D e Dspkûk dstk phsturk
dstë rdprdsdetkmk p h r jk Odedrkbaòe m d j 4; (P . @krbd, K. Okrbak K`raj, J. m d Vk`jh, dtb) JK N ? 3 4
K pdskr m d thmh, de dj s. \ \ kundetk d j e÷ndrh m d hrqudstks
y prhjacdrke jhs
jh s cdstavkjds m d n÷sabk, sh`rd thmh mhemd e h lk y _KPEDP
;, 2   )
tdnphrkmks m d bhebadrths. Jh s l k y m d thmh taph7 n÷sabk  keta-
RHEQ @N O
ouky djdbtròeabk, php, gkzz, rkp.. N
(;2,=
(0;,4 h)

B he jk ork`kbaòe m d masbhs surod ue eudvh taph m d dnprdsks,

jk s masbhorë﬋bks, qud, gueth bh e jks

jks jk s rkmahs, sd bhevadrtde d e jk
jkss RDJJHR TEASDPRKJ
prhnhthrks y macu
macushrks md jk n÷sabk, mhnaekemh jk aemustrak
shrks EMDVDEMADE]DR
(0<,2   )
(04,4   )

nusabkj murketd jk 0 natkm m d j saojh. De d j bksh md jk n÷sabk

 php , dstk phmdrhsk aemustrak bhemabahek k ndeumh u e taph

m d n÷sabk mdnksakmh sanpjd y jk bhevadrtd d e ue h`gdth m d Dj ndrbkmh masbhorëcabh (0664) bhebde

 bhesunh nës, mdpdemadetd md jh
jhss rdsujtkmhs dbheònabhs. trkmh d e u eekk s phbks nujtaekbahekjds.

N×RABHR
]hmhs s he kutòehnhs. K ÷ e qudmke pudsths d e jk aojdsak y d e jk bhrtd pdrh sh e rdsamukjds.
Chrnkbaòe7 praebapkjndetd k trkvás m d dsbudjks m d n÷sabk y bhesdrvkthrahs. L k y q u d sdûkjkr
q u d jk chrnkbaòe bujturkj m d nublhs n÷sabhs, sh`rd thmh bhnphsathrds, dnpadzk k kundetkr
m d nhmh q u d phmdnhs lk`jkr m d vdrmkmdrhs aetdjdbtukjds. JK N ? 3 3 Vkrk djjhs, jk n÷sabk ds u ek
masbapjaek bujturkj d aetdjdbtukj, e h sòjh u ek prëbtabk prhcdsahekj h u e k dmubkbaòe sdetandetkj.

46

AK]DNK ; ;166-0606 (Raojhs\\\\])

K ndmamk q u d kvkezk dj s. \ \ , jkjkss macdrdetds prhcdsaheds nusabkjds rdquadrde bkmk vd z n ë s

dspdbakjazkbaòe7 bhnphedr, aetdrprdtkr, maraoar, desdûkr h bratabkr. Aebjush mdetrh m d bkmk u e k
md dstks prhcdsaheds lk y u e kjth orkmh md dspdbakjazkbaòe7 l k y aetárprdtds md n÷sabk  ketaouk
m d n÷sabk `krrhbk, md pakeh m d j pdrahmh bjësabh-rhnëetabh, m d n÷sabk
(ndmadvkj y rdekbdetastk),
  bhetdnphrëe dk m d gkzz, m d n÷sabk php-rhbi, dtb. L ky bhnphsathrds md n÷sabk m d baed, m d
bhetdnphrëedk
bkebaòe  jaodrk , m d pu`jabamkm, md vamdhgudohs, dtb.
; . Bketketds
Ru e÷ndrh saoud kundetkemh lkstk jk ;k Oudrrk nuemakj, bhaebamademh b h e dj bdeat m d jk òpd-
rk bhnh detrdtdeanadeth shbakj pdrh mdspu   s su e÷ndrh mdsbademd m d chrnk prhordsavk. Jh s
cknhshs bh`rke djdvkmhs lhehrkrahs (bkrush, md j Nhekbh, Bkj
Bkjjk
jks, Irkus, Vkvkrhtta, Mhnaeoh, Bk`kjjád.
s, Irkus,
K N ?3?-?31 Jh s bketketds m d n÷sabk  bjësabk tadede qu d bhnpdtar b h e jh jhss md gkzz, n÷sabk   a
odrk , php-rhbi, dt
dtb. bkmk vd z ndghr rdnuedrkmhs.
b.,, bkmk
0 . Aestrundetastks
Mdskpkrdbde jks jk s macdrdebaks detrd jkjkss dsbudjks aetdrprdtktavks q u d lk`îk de d j s. \A\. De jk rdm
rd m
aetdrekbahekj m d bhesdrvkthrahs, b h e jk nhvajamkm md kjunehs y p rrhh ccdd sshh rrdd s y jk bhesaouadetd
aeffudebak nutuk, sd aoukjke de orke ndmamk jk pdmkohoîk y jk tábeabk aestrundetkj.
Jh s aestrundetastks q u d vk e md oarks s h e aetárprdtds shjkndetd, kuequd k bhnadezhs m dj s. \ x
thmkvîk jh jhss l ky q u d bhnphede7 K . Rbrak`ae (;<?;-;1;4), C. @ushea (;<33-;10=), @ . @rattde (;1;2-
;1?3), R . Pkblnkeaehv (;<?2-;1=2) y phbhs nës. K B ] ?6 )
J K N ? ? 6 H Bhebadrth pkrk pakeh ed 0 (;
(;¶¶ nhv), R. Pkblnkeaehv, s. \\ (;16;)
Dj prhpah bhnphsathr jh dstrdek bhnh shjastk kj pakeh.

De nublks hbksaheds dj p÷`jabh vk k dsbublkrjds k djjhs, aemdpdemadetdndetd m d j prhorknk.

Ru ds Vkrk sd
kutáetabkssadnprd
sh ebkrrdrk aetdrekbahekj.
dstrdjjks, kphykmhs p h r u e k`usbkr eudvhs tkjdeths
bksk masbhorë﬋bk bh e jk qbr
brdke
u dke bheb
bheburs
d ﬋rnke urshs.
u e hs. Kjouehs
bhetrkth md
dxbjusavamkm, kj aoukj q u d subdmd bh e jhjhss oruphs m d   php-rhbi h m d n÷sabk  jaodrk . Jh s aeord-
sh s m d thmhs djjhs, kmdnës m d jh
jhss bhesdouamhs p hr jhjhss bhebadrths, mdravke md jk s rdokjîks (rhykj
tads ) de cuebaòe m d jhs
jh s masbhs vdemamhs (uek ndma
ndmakk mdj ;0,;1% sh `rdd dj prdbah md vdetk).
sh`r
 D e jksndghrds hrqudstks saecòeabks jh
jk s jhss aestrundetastks sh e prhcdsahekjds k tadnph bhnpjdth,
de htrks bhnpkrtde b he htrks hbupkbaheds. K jk vd z q u d kundetk dj tknkûh md jk jkss skjks m d
bhebadrt
bheba hs jh lkbde md chrnk prhphrbahekj jks
drths jk s pjketajjks md jk
jkss hrqudstks7
Budrmk crhtkmk7 e h pkrk m d brdbdr lkstk u eehh s 3 = aestrundeths, k vdbds n ë s ; -0 krpks.
Sadeth nkmdrk7 uehs 06 aestrundeths.
-Sadeth ndt
ndtkj
kj77 uehs
uehs ;0 aestrundeths, kuequd pudmde jjdokr k sd r 0= .
Vdrbusaòe7 uehs = aestrundetastks.

4;

d]DNK ;166-0606 (Raojhs\\-\

Jjknk jk ktdebaòe jk lhnhodedamkm m d jkjkss hrqudstks nhmdreks7 tknkûh sdndgketd, nasnhs

aestrundeths, rdpdrthrah pkrdbamh, kbt÷ke de dsp
dspkbahs sanajkrds y s d pkrdbde aebjush de jkch
kbahs
n k md vdstar. Jk bhjhbkbaòe n ës lk`atukj ds vahjaeds k jk azquadrmk m d j mardbthr y vahjhebldjhosy

bhetrk`kghs k jk mdrdblk JK N ??;, kuequd kjouehs mardbthrds (M . @krde`han, R. Pkttjd h D. md _akr

vudjvde k bhjhbkr vahjaeds prandrhs decrdetkmhs k jhs
jh s sdouemhs.

Jh s AER]PTNDE]HR ]PKMABAHEKJDR sucrde phbhs bkn`ahs. R u ën`ath sd dstkemkrazk. u N

ouatkrrk7 lk y nkyhr aetdrás p h r djjk q u d d e d j s. \A\, orkbaks d e pkrtd k jk jk`hr m d ouatkrasts

bhnh K . Rdohvak (;<12-;1<?) J K N ? ? 2 h E . Qdpds (;10?-;11?). J K N ? ? =

yahjîe (cknajak)7 k bhnadezhs m d j s. \\ l ky u e bkn`ah odedrkjazkmh k budrmks m d kbdrh qu d rd s

phemde ndghr d e d j rdoastrh koumh, sd rhnpde ndehs y sd mdsk﬋eke ndehs bh e jhjhss bkn`as
m d lundmkm, kuequd s he n ës mkmks k dnatar koumhs blajjamhs. Vkrk jk budrmk prank sd aestkj

ue ndbkea
ndbkeasnh rdoujkmhr kûkmamh k j bhrmkj q u d ckbajatk jk k﬋ekbaòe.
snh rdoujkmhr
R d thbk bh
bhee d j `rkzh n ës kpkrtkmh m d j budrph q u d d e dj s. \A\, pkrk phmdr jhorkr ue ktkqud
nublh n ë s ekturkj y phmdrhsh, b h e dj bhmh k jk kjturk m d j pdblh. JK N ??4-??1
R d brdk (;12?) u e nhmdjh m d vahjk (= 0 bn), n ës keblh y phtdetd, kbdptkmh mdsmd dethebds ph r

bksa jhss aetìrprdtds.

jh
thmhs
D j bhetrk`kgh m d j s. \ \ taded = budrmks k﬋ekmks
p h r = s (Na - Jk ' - Pd8- RhV). L ky m h s taphs m d krbh,
bkmk u e h b he su tábeabk7 d j crkebás sd bhod b he
jk pkjnk lkbak k`kgh y dj kjdnëe lkbak mdetrh.
JKN ?<6 Krbh crkebás rb h kjdnëe

md ue   Rd dj taph `krrhbh
ffkutk pabh7d eprhtkoheazk
y sd bhevadrtd y knktdur n u ythnk
t etabh rdekbanadeth.
u e aestrundethk udmubktavh bhnh nhmdjh
dxtdemamh, kuequd tkn`a  e ktrkd
k u e oruph md lë
lë`a
`ajjds prhcdsahekjds

ffkutk trkvdsdrk7 jk ffkutk @óln td

tdrna
rnaek anphea  emhsd, b he kjouek rdtabdebak d e Kjdnkeak
ek anphea
bjkraedtd7 d j n ës bhn÷e ds dj shprkeh d e R a` pdrh pdrsastde jkjkss ma﬋bujtkmds pkrk thbkr de th
ekjamkmds rdnhtks y e h s d pudmd mdsdblkr d j bjkraedtd de Jk . JK N ?< ;
skxhcòe7 d s bkmk vd z n ës phpujkr, sh`rd thmh d e d j gkzz.
 J K N? < 0 H(]kid ﬋vd, V. Mdsnhem), s. \\ (;141)

]dnk md gkzz pkrk pakeh, bhetrk`kgh, `ktdrck y skxh kjth.

-h`hd7 sd kmhptk prhordsavkndetd d e thmh dj nuemh u e nhmdjh crkeb   s (djj 'nhmìjd bhesdrvkthad
(d
æ pjktdkux m d J. Jhrád,;163). JK N ?< 2

-bhreh aeojás7 sd anphed jk chrnk rdbtk (de

(d e Ck). R d bhevadrtd d e jk vh z m d jk ndjkebhjîk.

40

nd NK ;
;166-0606 (Raojhs\\\\A)

JKN ?<= Bhebadrth pkr

pkrk pakeh (de Rhj, 0¶ nhv, N. Pkvdj, s. \\ (;12;)
k pakeh
Dj shjh mdj bhreh aeojás sudek ehstëjoabh.

kjdnëe sd lkbd bkmk vdz nës ueavdrskj, aebjush de Crke

-ckoht7 dj Crkebak, orkbaks k jk edbdsamkm md
bak,
ue sheamh nës pht
phtdet
detd,
d, lhn
lhnhoá edh y dquaja`rkmh. JKN ?<4
hoáedh

trhnpk7 sd lkbd ue tkjkmrh bk

bkmk
mk vd z nës keblh pkrk h`tdedr ue sheamh nës vaohrhsh. Rd ae-
vdz
vdetk jk tr
trhn
hnpk
pk mh
mh`jd
`jd pkrk thbkr de Ck h de Ra`, sdo÷e jks edbdsamkmds. JKN ?<3
trhnpdtk7 kuequd jk nës utajazkmk ds jk md Ra` (=,4 pads > ;=K? n), tkn`aáe ds crdbudetd jk trhn-
pdtk de Mh = pads >;2;0 n). Rd brdk uek trhnpdtk 'pabbhjh' de Ra` (uek hbtkvk phr debank md jk ehrnkj)
pdtk
pkrk aetdrprdtkr h`rks `krrhbks. JKN ?<?

- trhn`òe7 ds pdrcdbbahekmh de DDTT, nës `rajjketd y shehrh de dj chrtd'.

- tu`k7 pudmd sdr nës ëoaj y sutaj md jh qud sd lk`îk supudsthy pudmd prhmubar uek orke vkrad-
mkm md tan`rds. ]aded áxath dj `hn`krmaeh h ducheah, uek tu`k tdehr (1 pads).
JKN ?<<H (Bkprablh pkr
pkrk
k ducheah y hrqudstk md bënkrk, =
ducheah nhv., G. @kjasskt), s. \\A (0664)

Rudek ue ducheah, kbhnpkûkmh md uek hrqudstk bhe nublk pdrbusaòe.

tan`kjds7 sd aevdetk ue ndbkeasnh bhe `hn`k lamrëujabk pkrk bkn`akr jk k﬋ekbaòe md chrnk
rëpamk y prdbask, aebjush nadetrks sd thbk, ndmaketd ue pdmkj md pad. KN ?<1-?16
nkran`k7 ds dj xajòcheh nës utajazkmh de jk hrqudstk mdsmd ndmakmhs mdj s. \\. Bkmk jënaek
dstë bhedbtkmk k ue tu`h rdshekmhr md ndtkj qud budjok md djjk. Jk tábeabk md thmhs jhs aestru-
ndeths md jënaeks sd mdskrrhjjk nublh de jhs ÷jtanhs 04 kûhs mdj s. \\. Jh nës lk`atukj she =
`kqudtks pkrk thbkr kbhrmds. JKN ?1;
pakeh7 bhevadrtd de dj aestrundeth ueavdrskj. De jhs prandrhs kûhs mdj s. \\ lky ue pakeh
sd
phr bkmk 06 pdrsheks, de kjo÷e pkîs phr bkmk ;6, kjbkezëemhsd jk nëxank bketamkm md pakehs
bhestruamhs kj kûh. JKN ?10 Mdsmd jk mábk mk md ;126 phmdnhs lk`jkr md dstkemkrazkbaòe de
mábkmk
bhestrubbaòe y sheamh. JKN?12-?13
K jh jk
jkro
roh mdj s. \\ jk tdbeh
h mdj tdbehjhoîk
jhoîk pdrna
pdrnatd
td brdkr AER]
AER]PTND
PTNDE]H
E]HR ETDSHR md mhs taphs7
R ETDSHR
k) djábtrabhs7 jk djdbtrabamkm knpja﬋bk dj sheamh qud judoh ds jdvkmh k uehs kjtkvhbds.
`) djdbtròeabhs7 sus sheamhs she ode
odedrk mhs phr bhnphedetds djdbtròeabhs.
drkmhs
De kn`hs bkshs sd trktk odedrkjndetd md vdrs
vdrsah
aheds md aestrundeths kb÷stabhs ketdrahrds. De
eds
trd jhs qud lke traueckmh mdstkbke trds7
 -ouatkrrk djábtrabk, `kgh djábtrabh7 jhs prandrh
prandrhs dxpdrandeths tadede juokr de DDTT (mdbkmks md
s dxpdrandeths
;106 y ;126). Rhe utajazkmhs, sh`rd thmh, de n÷
n÷sabk md gkzz y md php-rhbi. JKN ?1?-?1<
sabk
JKN ?11H (Kehtldr hed `atds tld must), [udde, s. \\ (;1<
(;1<6)
6)
Kj bhnabezh sud
sudeke
eke shjknd
shjkndetd
etd `kgh bjábtrabh y `ktdrîk, sd ue
uede
de ju
judoh ouatkrrk djábtrabk y vhW.
doh

42

;166-0606 (Raojhs 6 x\A)

saetdtazkmhr h pakeh djdbtròeabh7 brdk sheamhs ndmaketd nkea

nkeapuj
pujkbaò
kbaòe
e mar
mardbt
dbtk
k md bhrradetds
djábtrabks. Jk aetdrckz NAMA (Nusa
(Nusabk
bkjj Aestrundett Maoatkj Aetdrckbd, ;1<2) pdrnatd bhedbtkr saetdtazk-
Aestrunde
mhrds detrd sa h bhe hthtrhs masphsatavhs nusabkjds djdbtròeabhs y or
rhs ork`kr jh qud sd thbk de ue
k`kr
sdbudebakmhr, de bkmk pastk ue sheamh macdrdetd. Orkbaks k jk aechrnëtabk lky kpjabkbaheds qud
sdbudebake maoatkjndetd. Dj 'sknpjdr (h nudstrdkmhr) pdrnatd ork`kr sheamhs rdkjds y bhevdrtar
jhs de krblavhs maoatkjds, jh qud phsa`ajatk anatkr bksa thmhs jhs sheamhs dxastdetds. JKN <66-<6;
(KB] ?;-?0)

2. Mardbthrds md hrqudstk
Jhs nës bhehb
bhehbamhs
amhs cueb
cuebaheke, kj aoukj qud aetárprdtds y bketketds, de ue 'stkr-systdn, vakgkemh
aheke,
bhestketdndetd pkrk maraoar macdrdetds hrqudstks, kuequd sdke tatujkrds md uek. Ru trk`kgh ds
de orke pkrtd `urhbrëtabh7 sdjdbbahekr k jhs n÷sabhs, mdbamar jh qud sd vk k thbkr, bhhrmaekr jks
kbtukbaheds... JKN <60-<6=

=. Bhnphsathrds
Nublhs debkrohs md n÷sabk  bujtk h  bjësabk h bhnh sd quadrk jjknkr, vade
vadede
de md shbadmkmds,
hrqudstks, cdstavkjds, cuemkbaheds u htrks aestatubaheds p÷`jabks h pravkmks. Vdrh jk edbdsamkm
md h`rks eudvks bhnadezk k masnaeuar mdsmd ndmakmhs md saojh yk qud de jhs bhebadrths sd
prhorknk md chrnk bksa dxbj
dxbjus
usav
avk
k n÷sa
n÷sabk
bk mdj
mdj pksk
pkskmh
mh (ue dgdnpjh7 k ﬋ekjds mdj s. \Sajj dj <=% mdj rdpdr-
thrah md jk Odwkemlkus dstk`k chrnkmh phr n÷sabk md bhnphsathrds vavhs, de ;1;4 jk bacrk sd lk`îk rdmubamh kj
;6%). Jk rdkbbaòe md kjouehs bhnphsathrds, kj ndehs murketd kjoueks mábkmks md jk 0k natkm
mdj s. \\, lk samh kasjkrsd de su thrrd md nkr
nkr﬋j,
﬋j, rdtarkrsd y dsbra`ar sdo÷e jhs prhpahs praebapahs.
rdtarkrsd
Jhs mdrdblhs md kuthr murke (k nudrtd mdj kuthr. Jh
pkrtar md ;1?<) lkstk ?6 kûhs
kûhs mdspuás md jk
mdspuás
nës ehrnkj ds qud eh sd pudmk vavar dxbjusavkndetd md jks brdkbaheds, saeh qud dshs aeordshs
sd bhnpjdndetde bhe kbtavamkmds bhnh mardbthr h prhcdshr. Kb] ?2-?3)

4. Bhestrubthrds md aestrundeths
Dj ndrbkmh md aestrundeths sd aemustrakjazk y sd nksa﬋bk md﬋eatavkndetd. Jhs ck`rabketds she
dnprdsks nujtaekbahekjds. De jk ck`rabkbaòe md pa
pakehs dj jamdr ds jk dnprdsk Rtdaewky &Rhes,
kehs
mdstrhekmk de jk 0 natkm mdj s. \\ phr jks gkphedsks Qknklk y Ikwka.
@a`jahork﬋k JKN <64-<63
 4=

]DNK 0
ODEDPHR
CHPNKR
DR]AJHR

H`gdtavhs
Bhehbdr jh s praebapkjds oáedrhs nusabkjds md bkmk áphbk7 bkrkbtdrîastabks chrnkjds, bhetdeamh jae-
oúastabh y nusabkj, dvhjubaòe, dtb.

Mastaeouar p h ah md jk kumabaòe y/h dj keëja

hrr n d m ah keëjasas,
sas, h`rks md macdrdetds áphbks y oáedrhs, satuëemhjks
brhehjòoabkndetd y mdsbra`ademh jh s rksohs n ës bkrkbtdrastabhs m d su dstajh.

Te oáedrh nusabkj ds u e k bktdohrîk m d bhnphsabaheds q ud bhnpkrtde cueba

cuebaòe,
òe, aestrundet kbaòe, taph md tdxth,
aestrundetkbaòe,
dtb, ph r dgdnpjh jk òpdrk. Jk chrnk nusabkj ds jk dstrubturk m d u e k bhnphsabaòe, ph r dgdnpjh jk chrnk `apk
`apkrta
rtatk
tk
DKD@aTe dstajh nusabkj ds u e taph mdtdrnaekmh m d n÷sabk, mdcaeamh p hr su ndjhmîk, ratnh, krnheîk dtb, p hr
dgdnpjh dj rdbatktavh h dj
Vkrk krak.
phmdr bhnpkrkr ndghr, sd saoud d j nasnh hrmde d e bkmk áphbk, bhndezkemh p hr jh s oáedrhs vhbkjds y rdja-
oahshs. Vkrk detdemdr ndghr jk chrnk, n u b lk rk s sd kbhnpkûke m d dsqudnks.
lk s h ` rk
 44

Nd ]DNK 0 )
 

=66-;=46 (Dmkm Ndmak)

=66-;=46 (Dmkm Ndmak)

;. Bkeths m d jh s hcabahs
Dj bketh jat÷roabh (y k sd k ordohrakeh, nhzërk`d, dtb) d s bksa sadnprd d e jktîe y k u e k shjk vhz, p h r ds h
s d jd jjknk bketh jjkeh. R u rdpdrthrah dstë chrnkmh p h r jh s bkeths m d jh s hcabahs y jh s bkeths md
jk s h e jh s < m d hrkbaòe m d jk bhnueamkm nheëstabk h dbjdsaëstabk
nask. Jh s hcabahs nhndeths
(Nkataeds, Saspdrks, dtb). D e djjhs l k y pkrtds lk`jkmks pdrh tkn`aáe l ky bkeths. Jh s praebapkjds she7

Rkjnh-Ketachek7 jh s skjnhs s h e ;4 6 phdnks m d u e ja`rh m d j Ketaouh ]dstkndeth. D e bkmk

hcabah s d bketke vkrahs skjnhs, kuequd n ë s `ade lk`rîk q u d mdbar q u d sd rdbatke yk q u d su s vd r

s h s sd mdbjknke b h e u e k còrnujk m d bketajkbaòe. J k n÷sabk d s dstrabtkndetd sajë`abk (uek ehtk
pkrk bkmk sajk`k) phrqud s d trktk m d jdbturks dn`djjdbamks. K j praebapah y k j caekj m d bkmk skjnh sd

bketk u e k ketîchek, b h e u e dstajh n ë s ndjòmabh y kjouehs ndjasnks (2 h n ës ehtks pkrk u ek nasnk

sajk`k). Dstrubturk7
]dxth Ketachek - Rkjnh - Ketachek
N÷sabk K @ K

(KB] ??)
JKN ;
H
Odeuat pudrpdrk rdodn (k nkmrd deodemrò k j Pdy), keòeanh, Dmkm Ndmak (s . Ax )
D s u e dgdnpjh m d skj
skjnh
nh prdbd
prdbdma mh m d su ketîchek. D j skjnh d s dstrabtkndetd sajë`abh y bkmk u eh md su s vd r
mamh
sîbujhs sd bketk b h e u e k nasnk còrnujk m d bketajkbaòe. Jk ketîchek ds n ë s jîrabk, b h e `rdvds ndjasnks. ]rks
d j skjnh sd rdpatd jk ketîchek.

Laneh7 d s u e phdnk rdjaoahsh m d eudvk bhnphsabaòe, d s mdbar, e h dstë skbkmh m d jk @a`jak, y

sudjd tdedr vkraks dstrhcks, bkmk u e k m d djjks bketkmk b h e jk nasnk n÷sabk (chrnk dstròcabk)7

dxth ; dstrhck -
0 dstrhck - 2* dstrhck = dstrhck..
N÷sabk K K

KB] ?<)

JKN 0
K v d nkras stdjjk (Kvd dstrdjjk m d j nkr), keòeanh, Dmkm Ndmak (s . A\ )

Laneh qu d sd bketk de kjouehs hcabahs mdmabkmhs jk Sarode. D j tdxth

k u e phdnk de jktîe mavamamh d e v k -
ds

raks dstrhcks, thmks b h e jk nasnk n÷sabk. ]dxturk nheòmabk (bketh jjkeh). Dstajh sajë`abh b h e kjo÷e ndjasnk.

jk s ndjhmaks hraoaekjds m d bketh jjkeh

Mdsmd caekjds m d jk Dmkm Ndmak s d kûkmde htrks vhbds k jks
m d jh
jhss hcabahs, sh`rd thmh m d jh s lanehs.

(KB] ? 1 )
JK N 2 Kv d nkras stdjjk (Kvd d s tr r) , O . M u Cky, Dmkm Ndmak (;=22-24)
trd jjjj k m d j n k r)
Laneh k = vhbds. D j bketh jjkeh hraoaekj dstë d e jk vh
vhzz n ë s koumk, hrekndetkmh. K dstk ndjhmîk sd jd kûkmd
p h r k`kgh ue k vh z pkrkjdjk k aetdrvkjh m d = (ckux`hurmhe ) e h dsbratk y htrks m hs vhbds dsbratks (tdehr y
bhetrktdehr). R d bketk d e  kjtdrektan 7 dstrhcks pkrds de phjacheîk y jk s anpkrds de bketh jjkeh.
 

=66-;=46 (Dmkm Ndmak)

0. Bkeths md jk nask
Kjouehs bkn`ake md tdxth bkmk mîk y htrhs tadede sadnprd dj nasnh. Jhs prandrhs chrnke dj
babjh jknkmh Vrhpah (etrhath, Orkmukj, dtb.), jhs sdouemhs chrnke dj Hrmaekrah. Jhs bkeths mdj Hr-

maekrah she 47 Iyrad, Ojhrak, Brdmh, Rkebtus y Koeus Mda. Kuequd su tdxth sadnprd ds dj nasnh,
jk ndjhmîk pupudmdmdd vk
vkra
rakr
kr sdo÷e dj mîk mdj kûh. Dj tdxth mdj Iyrad (de oradoh, ds dj ÷eabh bketh md jk nask
qud eh ds de jktae) ds nuy `rdvd, phr dsh sus ndjhmîks she nuy ndjasnëtabks. Dj tdxth md jhs htrhs
= bkeths ds nës jkroh y su dstajh ds nës sajë`abh. De jhs ÷jtanhs saojhs md jk Dmkm Ndmak tkn`açe
sd kûkmd phjacheîk k jhs bkeths md jk nask, sh`rd thmh k jhs mdj Hrmaekrah.KB] <6)

2. Nhtdtd
Ds ue oáedrh rdjaoahsh qud yk ekbd phjacòeabh7 sd thnk ue crkondeth md bketh jjkeh y sd bketk
phr debank htrk ndjhmîk (nhtdtus) bhe ue tdxth macdrdetd kj mdj bketh jjkeh hraoaekj (dj tárnaeh
mdravk mdj crkebás  nhts > pkjk`rks). Rd pudmd kûkmar uek tdrbdrk vhz (trapjun) d aebjush uek bukrtk

(qukmrupjun), bkmk uek md djjks bhe ue tdxth macdrdetd. Dj nhtdtd ndmadvkj, phr tketh, ds pjura
tdxtukj y jhs eudvhs eh sdr de jktîae h sdr de
tdxths tadede phr quá (kjouehs thmhs
thmhs pudmde
pudmde crkebás).
K macdrdebak md jhs bkeths mdj hcabah y md jk nask, qud chrnke
pkrtd md jaturoak tadede uek
jk y
cuebaòe jat÷roabk nuy mdcaeamk, dj nhtdtd eh ds jat÷roabh y taded cuebaheds nës vkrakmks7
pudmd aetdrbkjkrsd de jk nask bhnh ue hrekndeth dxtrkjat÷roabh.
pudmd aetdrprdtkrsd de `rdvds bdrdnheaks (ehn`rknadeths dbjdsaëstabhs, cdstavamkmds md bhcrkmîks, dtd)
-pudmd aetdrprdtkrsd de prhbdsaheds, odedrkjndetd mdetrh md jk aojdsak. <; JKN Kb]
Kb]
JKN 4 Bjkustrun/Sarok/Cjhs (Bjkustrh/Narode/Cjhr), keòeanh, Dmkm Ndmak (s. \AA)
Nhtdtd k 2 vhbds, jks 2 de jktîe, bkmk vhz bhe ue tdxth macdrdetd kuequd dnpkrdetkmh. De dstk aetdrprdtkbaòe
dsbublknhs prandrh dj Nhtdtus shjh y mdspuás jks trds vhbds k jk vdz.

K caekjds md jk Dmkm Ndmak xv) dj nhtdtd mdgk md sdr pjuratdxtukj y md dstkr `kskmh de ue bke-
(s.

th jjkeh ketdrahr, thmks jk vhbds she md eudvk brdkbaòe y dj nasnh

bketke tdxth.
=. Bkeïh/Blkeshe
Rhe jhstárnaehs odedrkjds pkrk mdsaoekr jhs macdrdetds taph
phss md phd
hdsî
sîk
k bhrtdskek bketkmk de
jdeouk hbbatkek phr trhvkmhrds y de crkebás phr trhvdrhs, rdspdbtavkndetd. Dj tdnk nës crd-

budetd ds dj  knhr bhrtás 7 jhs sdetanadeths md ue lhn`rd k quade jd ds anphsa`jd bhesdouar dj

knhr md su knkmk. Dj phdnk sd mavamd de vkraks dstrhcks qud sd bketke bhe jk nasnk n÷sabk.
Jk
dstrubturk md bkmk dstrhck ds
kmk cgk (chrnd caxd) y taded mhs pkrtds7
;k- Crhes (crd
(crdet
etd)7
d)7 = vdrshs qud ranke k` k`, bhe jk nasnk n÷sabk de bkmk pkr md vdrshs.
02-
Bkumk (bhjk)7 su dsqudnk md rank, kj aoukj qud dj e÷ndrh md vdrshs (detrd 2 y 3), vkrak md ue
phdnk k htrh. K vdbds jhs ÷jtanhs vdrshs sd rdpatde de thmks jks dstrhcks, k nhmh md Dstra`ajjh7

]dxth ; dstrhck - 0* dstrhck 2 dstrhck = dstrhck ..

Pank k` k` xxxx k` k` xxxx k` k` xxxx k` k` xxx\\

N÷sabk @ K K @ KK @ KK @
 K 4?

=66-;=46
(DmkmNdmah

KB]
KB] <0
JKN 3 Blkeïhe cdrka(Lkrá uek bkebame), ]l. md Blknpkoed, Dmkm Ndmak (s. \A)
Blkeshe de crkebás, dstròcabk, ds mdbar, bkmk dstrhck bhe jk nasnk
nasnk n÷
n÷sab k, K K @. ]dxturk nhemmabk
sabk,
pdrh de
mh`jk jk y k vdbds rdjjdek anprhvaskemh.
dstk aetdrprdtkbaòe lky uek vahjk qud k vdbds vhz.

s. jk sdr nës
De dj\AS mdskpkrdbd jk  bkeïh y  blkeshe sudjd phjacòeabky djk`hrkmk.
4.Bketaok
Ds dj praebapkj oáedrh prhckeh de jk pdeîesujk a`árabk, phdsak bketkmk de okjjdoh. Jks Bketaoks
md Rketknkrak she =0? padzks rdueamks de jk bhrtd md Kjchesh \ dj Rk`ah (s. \n) qud kjk`ke k jk

Sarode h ekrrke najkorhs suyhs. K pdskr mdj tdnk, eh ds n÷sabk rdjaoahsk yk qud jk dstrubturk
phátabh-nusabkj ds prhpak md oáedrhs prhckehs (dstë dnpkrdetkmk bhe dj zdgdj ërk`d y bhe jk gkrblk, su
Dstra`ajjh qud dxpjabk dj tdnk y bhetae÷k bhe uek sdrad md
vdrsaòe de bkstdjjkeh). Rd aeabak bhe ue
dstrhcks qud jh mdskrrhjjke. Jhs ÷jtanhs vdrshs md bkmk dstrhck vudjvde k jk n÷sabk y k jk rank
mdj Dstra`ajjh (Sudjtk)7

]dxth Dstr`. ; dstrhck  

Dstr`. 0 dstrhck  
Dstr`. 2 dstrhck  
Dstr`. ...
kk kk
Pank `` `k `` `k kk
`` `k
N÷sabk K
K K @
   
K

KB]
KB] <2)

JKN ?
K Sarode nua orhrahsk (Jk Sarode nuy ojhrahsk), keòeank, Dmkm Ndmak (s.
Bketaok, bhe ue Dstra`ajjh qud sd aetdrbkjk detrd jks dstrhcks. Jhs mhs ÷jtanhs vdrshs md bk
\Aj)
mk dstrhck vudjvde
bkmk
k jk n÷sabk mdj Dstra`ajjh. De dstk aetdrprdtkbaòe lky pdrbusaòe y uek vahjk y ue jk÷m qud mh`jke jk vhz.

3. @kjjktk
Ds dj oáedrh bhrtdskeh prhckeh nës anphrtketd de atkjakeh. Mdsmd dj s. \AS sudjd sdr k 0 h 2

vhbds y nës djk`hrkmk. Ru dstrubturk nudstrk ue shrpr shrprdemd

demdetd
etd pkr
pkrdbam
dbamh
h bhe jk bketaok7 lky
Dstra`ajjh (Paprdsk) y dstrhcks y jhs ÷jtanhs vdrshs md bkmk dstrhck vudjvde k jk n÷sabk y k jk rank
mdj Dstra`ajjh (Shjtk )7
dxth Dstra` ; dstrhck Dstra` 0 dstrhck ..
Pank kk `b `d `k kk `b `b `k
..
N÷sabk K @
@K @@K
(KB] <K)

JKN< [udstk ckebaujj knhr (K dstk blaquajjk, Knhr), C Jkemaea, Dm

Dmkm
km Ndma
Ndmak
k (s. \AS)
@kjjktk k 2 vhbds. Jhs mhs ÷jtanhs vdrshs md bkmk dstrhck vudjvde k jk n÷sabk mdj Dstra`ajjh.

?. Mkezk
Rd sudjd anprhvaskr sh`rd dsqudnks rdpdtatavhs. ]kn`aáe jks lky bketkmks y dsbratks, bhnh
kjoue
kjouehs
hs dgd
dgdnpjhs mdetrh md jhs oáedrhs ketdrahrds.; KB] <4)
npjhs
 4<

]DNK 0 ;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)

;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)
Bkeths md jhs hcabahs
;.
Raoud kûkma  emhsd phjacheîk skjnhs d lanehs, odedrkjndetd sòjh
k sòjh kj
kjou
oueks pkrtds, ds mdbar,
eks
kjtdrektan detrd sdbbaheds phjacòeabks y sdbbaheds md bketh jjkeh.

0. Nhtdtd
Raoud sademh ue oáedrh rdjaoahsh eh jat÷roabh nuy utajazkmh, yk qud sd kmkptk k nublks sa-
tukbaheds. K jks cuebaheds ketdrahrds sd sunk klhrk jk phsa`ajamkm md sdr thbkmh aestrunde-
tkjndetd de jk aojdsak h de kjoueks satu
satukbah
kbaheds
eds p÷`jabks. Ds nuy crdbudetd qud bhnadebd de
p÷`jabks.
bhetrkpueth anatktavh7 prandrh uek vhz, mdspu  s htrk anatk dj nhtavh aeabakj k htrk kjturk, y ksî
JKN 1-;;)
dj rdsth md vhbds. KB]
3
JKN ;0 Hnkoeun nystdraun (Hl orke nastdrah), ]. J md Sabthrak, Pdekbanadeth (;4?0)
k = vhbds. Bkmk crksd mdj uek jk de
Nhtdtd tdxth taded tdxturk macdrdetd, prandrk bhetrkpueth anatktavh.

2. Bkeths md jk nask
Jh nës lk`atukj ds qud sd dsbra`k ue babjh bhe jhs 4 taphs praebapkjds7
bkeths mdj hrmaekrah. Lky 2

;. Nask md  bketus crnus 7 jhs 4 bkeths sd `kske de uek nasnk ndjhmîk prddxastdetd qud sd bh

jhbk odedrkjndetd de jk vhz md tdehr. Nublks nasks md dstd taph utajazke, shrprdemdetdndetd,

ndjhmîks md hra
hraode
ode prhckeh,, eh ndjhmaks md bketh jkeh.KB] <?)
prhckeh
JKN ;2 Nassk Jlhnnd krnì, Iyrad (Nask Dj lhn`rd krnkmh, Iyrad ), G. Hbidoldn, Pdekbanadeth (bk.;=3?)
Nask md  bketus carnus bhe uek ndjhmîk md hraode prhckeh de jk vhz md tdehr k jk qud sd lke kûkmamh htrks
trds vhbds. ]hmks jks vhbds tadede mastaeth ratnh, ds mdbar, bhetrkpueth.

0. Nask md anatkbaòe7
jhs 4 bkeths anatke h rddjk`hrke jk n÷s
÷sabk mduek
abk h`rk phjacòeabk ketdrahr,
uekh`rk
( <
yk sdk uek blkeshe h ue nhtdtd, ds mdbar, sd anatk nës md uek vhz. KB] JKN ;=-;4)

JKN ;3 Nassk H nkoeun nystdraun, Iyrad, ]. J. md Sabthrak, Pdekbanadeth (;410)

Nassk
Nask md anatkbaòe7 sd thnk ue enhtdtd ketdrahr y sd aenatke thmks sus vhbds, bkn`akemh dj tdxth. Dj prandr
Iyrad bhnadezk de bhetrkpueth anatktavh. Jk n÷sabk pkrk dj tdxth  Blrastd djdyshe ds md eudvk brdkbaòe.

2. Nask md bhnphsabaòe ja`rd7 sae  bketus carnus ea anatkbaòe md uek h`rk phjacòeabk ketdrahr.
Rudjde rdba`ar dj ehn`rd md Nassk saed ehnaed h Nassk pr
prana
ana thea (de pran
thea prandr
dr theh)..
theh).... KB]
KB] <1
=. Blhrkj h Iarbldejadm
De dj sdrvabah mavaeh md jks orkemds aojdsaks y bkt
bktdmr
dmrkjd
kjds
s jutdrkeks sd nketadede kjouehs bke-
jutdrkeks
ths lanehs de kjdnëe qud dj mak.
 ordohrakehs pdrh htrhs she sustatuamhs phr vk
vkrî
rîke
ke sd
sdoú
oúe
e
Kjoueks ndjhmîks she kmkptkbaheds md bkeths ordohrakehs pdrh jk nkyhrîk dstëe thnkmks md
bkebaheds bhrtdskeks, phr dsh nublhs bhrkjds she dstròcabhs, K K@ de bkmk dstrhck.
 41

NDDNK ;=46-;366 (Pdekbanade

4. Ketldn
Djtárnaeh mdravk md jk pkjk`rk  ketlaplhe (ketachek). D s u e laneh pkrkjat÷roabh m d j sdrvabah rdja-
oahsh keojabkeh bketkmh d e aeojás, dj dquavkjdetd k j nhtdtd bktòjabh

3 . Blkeshe
Raoud sademh dstròcabk b h e jk dstrubturk K K @ d e bkmk dstrhck pdrh k ndmamk q u d kvkezk d j s.
xS A sd k`kemhek d sk chrnk cgkcg k d e ckvhr m d u e k bhnphsabaòe n ë s ja`rd. D j tdnk n ë s lk`atukj
saoud sademh d j knhr. (KB] 1 6
J K N ;? ]ket qu d vavrky (Nadetrks vavk), B. m d Rdrnasy, Pdekbanadeth (;40<)
Blkeshe, macdrdetds dstrhcks bh e jk nasnk n÷sabk, K K @ . L ky = vhbds, bksa sadnprd de lhnhrratnak.

?. Jadm
Bkebaòe prhckek d e kjdnëe. Bksa sadnprd dstrubturk dstròcabk y bkmk dstrhck K K@.

< . Nkmraokj
Ds d j oáedrh prhc
prhckeh
keh prdcdra mh m d jk s bhrtds krasthbrëtabks y kbkmdnaks atkjakeks, pdrh tkn`aáe
prdcdramh
pdedtrk d e jk s bjksds ndmaks. Detrd ;426 y ;366 sd pu`jabke ueks 0.666 kethjhoîks (bhe uehs 46

nkmraokjds de bkmk kethjhoîk). Bhnphsathrds7 J . Nkrdezah, B . Odsukjmh, B . Nhetdvdrma, dtb.

De d j nkmraokj e h l k y chrnks cagks ea dstra`ajjhs. Dj phdnk kjtdrek bksa sadnprd vdrshs m d ? y ;;
sajk`ks q u d ranke s ae dsqudnk prddstk`jdbamh. Jk n÷sabk decktazk d j sdetamh m d j tdxth (jh(j h qu d
sd bhehbdrë mdspuás bhnh  nkmraokjasnhs h  whrm pkaetaeo ), y k s d k ndmaketd jk ndjhmîk, d j ratnh, jk

sh s d e lhnhrratnak pdrh kjo÷e vdrsh h kjouek pkjk`rk

krnheîk h jk tdxturk. Vrdmhnaeke jh s v ddrr sh
bhetrkstk d e bhetrkpueth, odedrkjndetd anatktavh. 1;) KB]
qu d
J K N ;<[ukj vavd Rkjknkemrk (K j aoukj jk skjknkemrk), J. Nkrdezah, Pdekbanadeth (;4<;)
Nkmraokj bh e vdrshs md ? y ;; sîjk`ks, sa e ch rn
rn k c agag k y bh e mdsbrapbaheds nusabkjds m d j tdxth, p.d. jk p k -

jk`rk  krmdemh sd mdsbra`d b h e u e nhtavh ksbdemdetd md ratnh rëpamh y de bhetrkpueth.

1. Sajjkebabh, Phnkebd, Bkebaòe

R h e jh s praebapkjds oáedrhs prhckehs d e Dspkûk. R d bkrkbtdrazke p h r crksds ndjòmabks bjkrks y
lhnhrratnak sdebajjk. Dj n ës bhn÷e d s dj vajjkebabh. Dj tárnaeh mdravk m d u e k mkezk ndmadvkj
kshbakmk k tdnks r÷stabhs h phpujkrds, d s mdbar, m d  vajjkehs7 R u dstrubturk phátabh-nusabkj d s
`ësabkndetd jk nasnk q u d d e jk bketaok pdrh d e d j vajjkebabh e h s d bketk d j Dstra`ajjh detrd jk s
dstrhcks saeh q u d sd rdpatde su s ÷jtanks pkjk`rks k j caekj m d bkmk dstrhck7

tdxth
rank
Dstr`.
`` ; dstrhck
bm bm b` `
0 dstrhck
bm bm b ``
2 dstrhtk
bm bm b` `

÷sabk K @ K @ K @ K

Jh s vajjkebabhs m d G. m d j Debaek (s d jd ktra`uyde 4 ;) s h e bhnpudsths pkrk s d r aetdrbkjkmhs detrd

su s h`rks tdktrkjds.( KB ] 10 )
 36

ld ;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)

JKN
;1Nës vkjd trhbkr, G. m djdj D eb
eb ae
ae k,
k , Pdekbanadeth (bk.;466)
Dj tdnk md dstd vajjkebabh ds q u d dj knhr y dj sucranadeth vk e sadnprd ueamhs. Ajky + vhbds pdrh de dstk
aetdrprdtkbaòe sòjh sd bketk jk vh
vhzz supdrahr, kbhnpkûkmk p hr ue k vahjk h p hr ue k valudjk.

J K N 06Nës vk   d trhbkr, G. md j Debaek, Pdekbanadeth (bk.;466)

De dstk aetdrprdtkbaòe sd bketke jk s = vhbds. Lhnhrratnak dstrabtk.

Ndehs k`uemketd q u d d j vajjkebabh y m d dstrubturk ndehs cagk ds jk bkebaòe. .KB] 12

J K N 0;Vrkmh vdrmd y cjhramh, C. Oudrrdrh, Pdekbanadeth (;431)
Bkebaòe dstròcabk pdrh bh e aetjudeba
aetjudebaks
ks at
atkja
kjakeks7
keks7 jk chrnk phátabk kjtdrek vdrshs md ? y ;; sîjk`ks y su
tdxturk prdmhnaeketdndetd lhnhcòeabk sd vd bhetrkstkmk bh e kjoueks detrkmks anatktavks.

;6 . Mkezk
Jk mkezk dstë n u y macuemamk y o h z k m d orke dstank d e d j Pdekbanadeth. Rudjde dnpkrdgkrsd
u ek `aekrak jdetk y u e k tdrekrak rëpamk, bhestruamks quazës sh`rd jk nasnk ndjhmîk. ]adede ue
dsqudnk n u y bjkrh y rdpdtatavh. Ds reuy lk`atukj q u d lkyk 0 crksds nusabkjds, bkmk u e k m d jk s

bukjds sd rdpatd7 i k 7t `
j Jk s praebapkjds mkezks `aekraks s h e jk pkvkek y dj pksskndzzh, jk s
K B] 1 = y
praebapkjds tdrekraks jk okjjkrmk y d j skjatkrdjjh. JK N 00-03
4)
J K N 0?@djjd qu d tades n k va d (@djjk qu d tadeds n a vamk), kemòeanh, Pdekbanadeth (;4<<)
Vkvkek nkgdstuhsk, ratnh `aekrah y dstrubturk dstròcabk, ik7i `Kde bkmk dstrhck. Sdrsaòe bketkmk.

JK N 0< @djjd q ud tades n k va d (@djjk qu d tadeds n a vamk), keòea

keòeanh,
nh, Pdekba
Pdekbanadet
nadeth
h (;4<<)
Sdrsaòe aestrundetkj.

JK N
01Okjjkrmk, B. Odrvkas, Pdekbanadeth (bk.;446)
Dgdnpjh md okjjkrmk aestrundetkj. Bhnadezh kekbr÷sabh. Dstrubturk i k 7t `a
;;.. Skrakbaheds
;;
Rh e vkrakbaheds sh`rd dsqudnks ndjòmabh-krnòeabhs bhehbamhs, odedrkjndetd m d mkezks h
m d kards pkrk bketkr rhnkebds. Mhemd n ës sd bujtavke d s d e Atkjak, Dspkûk (mhemd sd jk s bhehbd

bhnh  macdrdebaks
 macdrdebaks ) d Aeojktdrrk (mhemd sd jk s bhehbd bhnh mavasahes). K B] 13

JK N
26Glhe bhn d iassd n d e hw (Guke vd e y `ásknd klhrk), _. @yrm, Pdekbanadeth (bk.;416)
Rh e ;3 vkrakbaheds pkrk tdbjkmh d e jk s qu d dj tdnk hraoaekj, k j pkrdbdr ue k bkebaòe phpujkr, dstë sadnprd
de kjouek md jk s = vhbds, detrd u ek mdbhrkbaòe bkmk vd z n ës bhnpjdgk. J k dstrubturk krnòeabk pdrnk-
edbd aevkrak`jd y bhaebamd bh e jk md j  p ksskendzzh.

;0 . Pabdrbkrd, tadeth, prdjumah

T eh md jh s ldblhs n ë s anphrtketds md jk lasthrak m d jk n÷sabk durhpdk d e dstk áphbk ds jk
dnkebapkbaòe m d jk n÷sabk aestrundetkj rdspdbth m d jk vhbkj y m d jk mkezk. Bhnh de thmhs jh s
bhnadezhs, l ky phbk ueachrnamkm d e dsths eudvhs oáedrhs y ndehs k÷ e d e su ehndebjkturk7
 3;

]DNK 0) ;366-;?46 (@krrhbh)

Pabdrbkrd7 dj tárnaeh atkjakeh  rabdrbkr (`usbkr, pdrtdedbd k jk gdrok md jhs jkumastks y

dsbhode)

mdsaoek jk kbbaòe md `usbkr, prh`kr jk kcaekbaòe, pdrh bukemh pksk kj tdbjkmh y kj bhegueth
aestrundetkj dj  rabdrbkrd sd bhevadrtd de uek h`rk bhetrkpuetastabk bhe bhnadezh anatktavh
y ue dstajh sanajkr kj md jhs nhtdtds vhbkjds. KB]
KB ]1? JKN 2;-20)
JKN 22 Pabdrbkrd, K. _ajjkdrt, Pdekbanadeth (;4=6)
Pabdrbkrd pkrk bhegueth aestrundetkj, aetdrprdtkmh kquî bhe ue bukrtdth md cjkutks md pabh. Jk ; sdbbaòe
bhnadezk de bhetrkpueth anatktavh.

]adeth7 ds dj dquavkjdetd dspk

dspkûh mdjj rabdrbkrd atkjakeh.
ûhjj md

Vrdjumah h thbbktk7 ds uek h`rk de dstajh anprhvaskthrah pkrk tdbjkmh h jk÷m.KB]

)
;366-;?46 (@krhbh)
Jk praebapkj ehvdmkm de dj dstajh nusabkj md dstk áphbk ds dj ousth phr jk nhehmak kbhnpkûk-
mk7 uek ndjhmak (pkrk vhzh aestrundeth) nës ue `kgh bhetaeuh. Te `kgh bhetaeuh ds uek ndjhmîk
aestrundetkj orkvd sh`rd jk qud sd sudjde thbkr kbhrmds anprhvaskmhs h aem
aemabk
abkmh
mhss nd
ndmak
maket
etd
d
e÷ndrhs. Odedrkjndetd thbke mhs aes
aestru
trund
ndet hs, ueh ndjòmabh pkrk jk jaedk dsbratk y htrh ph-
eths,
jacòeabh (bjkvd, òrokeh, tahr`k, dtb) pkrk rdkjazkr jhs kbhrmds. Dstd eudvh dstajh ds uek md jks nkyhrds
rdvhjubaheds de jk lasthrak mdj jdeoukgd nusabkj. ]aded su hraode de Atkjak k bhnadezhs mdj s. \SAA

pdrh tdrnaek aecajtrëemhsd de thmhs jhs pkîsds y de thmhs jhs oáedrhs, tketh prhckehs bhnh
skbrhs. B. Nhetdvdrma jh mdehnaek  sdbhemk prkttabk, htrhs lk`jke md  stajd nhmdreh crdetd
k  stajd ketabh h `ade md  styjus juxurakes (dstajh hrekndetkmh) crdetd k  styjus orkvas (dstajh orkvd).

KB]
KB] 11)
;. Bkeths md jhs hcabahs y md jk nask, nhtdtd, ketldn
Vhmdnhs debhetrkr k÷e  styjus orkvas (bhetrkpueth) pdrh bkmk vdz ds nës crdbudetd dj eudvh
dstajh md vhzy `kgh bhetaeuh. Jhs nhtdtds she jjknkmhs klhrk tkn`ade  bhebdrta skbra

0.Hpdrk
Ekbd de jks bhrtds md Cjhrdebak y Nketuk bhnh dspdbtëbujh bhrtdskeh. Jk prandrk h`rk nkds
trk ds JHrcdh md B. Nhetdvdrma.KB] ;66)

JKN 2= JHrcdh (Sa rabhrmk h `hsqua hn`rhsa ), B. Nhetdvdrma, @krrhbh (;36?)

De dstd krak dstròcabk,, Hrcdh dxprdsk su kjdorak phr dstkr bhnprhndtamh bhe Durîmabd. Detrd dstrhck y
dstròcabk
dstrhck mkezke jhs pksthrds kj she md ue `rdvd  rathredjjh aestrundetkj. Dj ratnh ldnaòjabh (kjtdrekebak
`aekrah-tdrekrah) ds ue ratnh md mkezk. Ndjhmîk + `kgh bhetaeuh.

JKN 24 Jk òpdrk sd dxtademd phr htrks bhrtds durhpdks y phr tdktrhs p÷`jabhs (Sdedbak). K nd-
makmhs mdj s. \SAj yk sd lke bhmacabkmh jks chrnks qud lk`rë md nketdedr murketd mhs saojhs7
 40

;366-;?46 (@krrhbh)

;. Jh s ja`rdths dstëe s kb
kb km
km h
hss m d jk nathjhoak h jk ketaoúdmkm ordbhrrhnkeks. R h e d p as
as h
hma
mah
h s md
jk vamk m d kjo÷e l   rhd
rh d h sh`drkeh dgdnpjkr q ud sd rdsudjvde b h e u e caekj cdjaz.

0. Dj dspdbtëbujh md`d ktrk

ktrkdr
dr tket
tkethh kj hamh bhnh k jk vastk. Rd rdquadrd ue k dsbdehorkcîk mds-
jun`rketd, bh e utajazkbaòe m d trknhyk nkquaekrak pkrk q ud de dj dsbdekrah lkyk trkesahrnkbaheds y
23-=2
kpkrabaheds prhmaoahsks). JK N

2. kjtdrekebak detrd rdbatktavh y krak. R d brdke m h s taphs

Lk y taphs macdrdet
macdrdetds
ds m d rdbatktavh7
-d j rdbatktavh  sdbbh (h sdnpjabd)7 bketh pkrdbamh kj lk`jk n ë s `kgh bhetaeuh jk ndeumh s hjkndet
hjkndetdd
ue jkvd). Patrnh kpkrdetdndetd ja`rd. R d utajazk praebapkjndetd pkrk jh s pkskgds d e maëjhoh y

sarvde pkrk mdskrrhjjkr jk kbbaòe.

  dj rdbatktavh  kbbhnpkoekth (u  h``jaokth h  strhndetkth)7 sd kbhnpkûk b h e jk hrqudstk, bksa
sadnprd m d budrmk, y sd dnpjdk pkrk sat
satukba
ukbaheds
heds mrknëtabks dspdbakjndetd tdesks.
mrknëtabks

=. Jk s pkrtds n ë s jîrabks y hrekndetkmks sh e jk s kraks. T e  krak ds u e  kard m d mkezk h m d phdsîk

bketkmk, bh e ratnhs nkrbkmhs. D e jk s prandrks òpdrks jk s kraks drke dstròcabks pdrh mdsmd caek-
jd s anphed d j krak  m k bkph K-@-K, b h e ue tdxth bhrth q u d sd rdpatd vkraks v d bd
m d j s. \SAj sd bd s y
ue  rathred jh aestrundetkj. Jk 0 sdbbaòe K e h sd dsbra`d, sd aemabk  m k bkph lkstk d j Caed 7
 rathred

sdbbaheds Pat;-;k dstrhck   Pat0- Caed 0 d sstt rh

rh ck
ck m k bkph l ks
ks ttkk d j Caed

Sjh\
S
krnheîk S

(\> macdrdetds hpbahe

hpbaheds
ds krnòea
krnòeabks)jj
bks)77
hS |S j h\
jj hS
4. anphrtketd ds d j bkethk shjh. L ky m÷hs hbksahekjds y n u y phbhs bhrhs. Kuequd prd-
Jh n ë s

sdetds de jk s prandrks òpdrks bhrtdskeks, jk s mkezks mdskpkrdbde. Rkjvh de jk h`drturk y d e jh s

rathredjja m d jk
jkss kraks, jk hrqudstk e h taded nublh q u d lkbdr, saeh kbhnpkûkr k jh s bketketds.
K B ] ;6;)
JK N == Oaujah Bdskrd (Gujah Báskr,  Bdskrd, kjjk tu k mdstrk ), O . C. Lkemdj, @ k rr
rrh b h ( ;?
;? 0 =
=))
Hpdrk de atkjakeh. Dsbublknhs prandrh u e rdbatktavh  sdbbh 7 Báskr makjhok bh e ]hjhndh. K bhetaeuk-
baòe Báskr bketk u e krak  mk bkph de jk q ud ud b hhn
n pk rk kj trkamhr b h e u e bkzkmhr, md kl î d j prhtkoheasnh
p k rk
md jk trhnpk qu d dvhbk jk bkzk.

bhrtd c r k e b d s k O . @ . Jujjy bhnadezk k bhnphedr n÷sabk pkrk mrknks bketkmhs detdrk-

De jk

ndetd. Ds d j brdkmhr m d jk  trkoámad jyraqud, q u d sd macdrdebak m d jk òpdrk atkjakek praebapkjnde

td p h r dvatkr jk kjtdrekebak rdbatktavh-krak y p h r aebjuar mkezks.
Jk vdrsaòe kjdnkek m d jk òpdrk ds d j Raeospadj (jatdrkjndetd  h`rk bketkmk ), d e d j q u d sd utajazk jk
pkjk`rk lk`jkmk d e juokr m d j rdbatktavh.

Ds hnasnh subdmd d e jk zkrzudjk dspkûhjk, jjknkmk k sî phrqud jk jkss prandrks sd aetdrprdtke d e d j

pkjkbdtd rdkj m d jk Wkrzudjk (bhestruamh de ue juokr md zkrzks). D e d j s. \SAj mdstkbke jk s m d G. Lamkj-
o h. JK N =4 De dj s. \SAjj (R . Muròe, K . Jatdrds, G. md Ed`rk, dtb.) l k y n ës aecjudebak m d jk òpdrk atkjakek.
 32

bh)
;366-;?46

tdktrhs p÷`jabhs aeojdsds sd rdprdsdetke h`rks tdktrkjds d e jk s q u d s d aebjuyde bkebahed5

De jh s

mkezks, bhrhs y pkrtds aestrundetkjds. E h she, p h r tketh, òpdrks rdkjndetd saeh  sdna-òpdrks
L . Vurbdjj dsbra`d n÷sabk pkrk =? h`rks m d dstd taph (p.d. ]l d Ckary [udde, Jk rdaek md jk s lkmks, ;310,

Vdrh Vurbdjj tkn`a  e dsdra`d

ue k kmkptkbaòe m dj Rudlh md ue k ehbld m d vdrkeh md _. Rlkidspdkrd).
JK N = 3

ue k h`rk detdrkndetd bketkmk, ds mdbar, u e k vdrmkmdrk òpdrk, Mamh k e m Kdedks (;3<1). D s u e k

h`rk nkdstrk d e naeakturk7 jk hrqudstk bhestk tk e shjh m d ueks phbks budrmks bhetaeuh, eh
K B] ;6 0 JK N =?=<)
y
lk y n ë s q u d = pkpdjds praebapkjdsy murk ndehs u ek lhrk. md
JK N =1 Mamhy Dedks (_lde kn jkam ) L. Vurbdjj, @krrhbh (;3<1)
j

Hpdrk de aeojás. Mamh, trks jk pkrtamk md Dedks, nudrd k jkndeth qu d

jk vd z qu d bketk u e bhenhvdmhr
saoud ue k trkmabaòe m d jk òpdrk atkjakek m d bhestruar u e krak sh`rd u e `kgh bhetaeu
bhetaeuhh hstaek
hstaekth
th qu d bhesas-
td de ue tdtrkbhrmh mdsbdemdetd, de dstd bksh brhnëtabh.

Vhbhs kûhs mdspuás m d jknudrtd m d Vurbdjj (;314) sd aestkjk jk òpdrk

òpdrk atkjakek d e Jhemrds y prëb-
tkjakek
tabkndetd mdskpkrdbd jk òpdrk d e aeojás lkstk d j s. \A\.

2. Bketktk
Ds d j oáedrh qu d m ds` eb k kj nkmraokj bhnh n÷sabk v h b
ds` k eb bkk j m d bënkrk. L k y u e k h m h s vhbds b h e
mkk v d z ds n ë s crdbudetd ue k aestrundetkbaòe u e phbh n ë s djk`hrk
`kgh bhetaeuh, kuequd b k m
m k . R d kjt
kjtdreke
dreke rdbatktavhs y kraks, 0 h
rdbatktavhs 2 km kk,, tk j vd z kjo÷e krahsh jk n d m ah
m d b km ae h detrd dj rdbatkta
ah b k n ae

vhydj krak). R d ksdndgk k u ek dsbdek sdpkrkmk m d u e k òpdrk pdrh tketh jk phdsîk bhnh jk n÷sabk
ë s îetank. Mdsmd caekjds m d j s. \SAj jk s kraks sh e  m k bkph .
dstëe bhebd`amks k ue k d ssbb kkjj k n ës
De jk Kjdnkeak jutdrkek jk bketktk sd bujtavk nkyhratkrakndetd bhnh oáedr
oáedrh
h rdj
djaoa hsh y k û k
aoahsh
m d bhrkjds krnheazkmhs, yk sd k d e lhnhrratnak, y k s d k bhevdrtamhs d e bhrhs n ë s djk`hrkmhs.
O . V l . ]djdnkee dsbra`d ueks ;;46 bketktks m d dstd taph, G. R . @kbl ueks 066.

= . ]heh
Dj tárnaeh s d utajazk bhnh saeòeanh m d  n ÷sabk q u d kbhnpkûk k u e phdnk. K praebapahs m d j
s. \SAjj mhnaek k`shjutkndetd jk prhmubbaòe m d n÷sabk prhckek d e Dspkûk, mdstdrrkemhk tdr-
naehs bhnh rhnkebd, vajjkebabh y bkebaòe. D j vajjkebabh sd saoud dsbra`ademh pkrk jk s bkpajjks
(sh`rd thmh pkrk Ekvamkm y Pdyds, dj Bhrpus h jh s Rkeths) lkstk q u d jk s bktdmrkjds, tketh dspkûhjks bhnh
jktaehkndrabkeks, bhnadezke k prhla`ar h`rks bh e tdxths e h jktaehs. Dj vajjkebabh pksk dethebds
kj k b
bdd rv nketdeademh jh s tdxths rdjaoahshs m d Ekvamkm.
rv h m d jk bkebaòe phpujkr,
Jh s thehs sd bhnphede m d bhpjks buyh caekj caekj v udjv
udjvdd kj Dstra
Dstra`aj
`ajjh aeabakj,, d s mdbar, ldrdmk jk chrnk
jh aeabakj
m dj vajjkebabh. K ndmamk q u d kvkezk d j s. \Sjj d j theh phjacòeabh k 2 6 = vhbds padrmdprhnaede
ba k crdetd kj theh pkrk vh z shjk b h e kbhnpkûknadeth m d ouatkrrk h krpk. K B ] ;62)
JKN 46
Hghs
puds n d mdsmdemas, G. Nkrae, @krrhbh (bk.;311)
]heh pkrk vh z y ouatkrrk. D j tdnk ds dj knkroh mhjhr prhmubamh p h r d j k`kemheh. Jk dstrubturk mdjktk
jk aecjudebak md j vajjkebabh7 dstra`ajjh aeabakj y dstrhcks qu d kj caekj rdpatde pkrtd m dj dstra`ajjh.
 3=

]DNK 0)
;366-;?46 (@krrhbh)

4.Hrkthrah, pksaòe
Djhrkthrah ds ue oáedrh rdjaoahsh pdrh eh jat÷roabh. Rd aetdrprdtk de aojdsaks pdrh tkn`a  e de
pkjkbahs y tdktrhs. Ekbd de jk  Bheordokzahed
mdjj Hrkthrah md Phnk. O. Bkrassana brdk jk pra-
ndrk h`rk nkdstrk mdj oáedrh Tdpltd, ;3=?). KB];6=)
Dj hrkthrah sd pkrdbd k jk òpdrk de mhs kspdbths7 jhs pdrshekgds md jk lasthrak dstëe rdprdsdetk-
mhs phr macdrdetds bketketds y kjtdrek rdbatktavhs y kraks, kn`hs dstajhs bhe `kgh bhetaeuh. Vdrh
sd mastaeoud md jk òpdrk phrqud7

;. jklasthrak, yk sd sdk de jktîe, atkjakeh, aeojás, kjdnëe, dtb. dstë thnkmk md jk @a`jak. Kjouehs
ekrrke jk Vksaòe md Gds÷s, sh`rd thmh de tadrrks odrnëeabks, bhnh jhs mhs md G. R. @kbl.
0. eh lky vdstukrah ea kbbaòe, rkrk vdz dstëe mdstaekmhs k sdr dsbdeacabkmhs.
2. lky ue pdrshekgd qud ekrrk jk kbbaòe, ehrnkjndetd de rdbatktavh. De dj bksh md uek lasthrak
Dvkeodjahs sd jd jjknk Dvkeodjastk.
skbkmk md jhs

= lky nës bhrhs, yk sdk bhe caeds mrknëtabhs, ekrrktavhs h ndmatktavhs. KB] ;64y ;63)
JKN 4; Ndssakl (Dj Ndsaks,  Kjj
tldy tlkt sdd lan), O. C. Lkemdj, @krrhbh (;?=;)
Kjj
Hrkthrah de aeojás. Dstd crkondeth (bhe tdxth mdj skjnh 00 ?) bhnadezk bhe ue koatkmh rdbatktavh
 kbhnpkoekth pkrk budrmk y tdehr qud lkbd jks vdbds md ekrrkmhr. Jks pkjk`rks md jk nubldmun`rd she
ksao
ksaoekmkss kj bhrh, bhndezkemh de bhetrkpueth anatktavh.
ekmk

JKN 40 Nkttlíus-Vkssahe (Vksaòe sdo÷e R. Nktdh, _dee abl daenkj shjj sbldamde ), G. R. @kbl, @krrhbh (;?23)
Dstd bhrh ds uek krnheazkbaòe md ue bhr bhrkj
kj jutd
jutdrk
rkeh
eh ketd rahrr, = vhbds de dstrabtk lhnhrratnak, bhe jk
ketdrah
ndjhmîk hraoaekj de jk vhz nës koumk. Bhnh nubl nublhs bhrkjds,, jk dstrubturk nusabkj ds K K@.
hs bhrkjds

3. Mkezk
Jks mkezks sd anphede bhnh oáedrh aestrundetkj kj pdrmdr su cuebaòe dxbjusavk md kbhnpk
lkr ue `kajd. Rd dsbra`de pkrk aestrundeths shjas pkrrk bhegueths.
hjasttks h pk
Dstrubturk7 bhnh ldrdebak mdj Pdekbanadeth, bksa thmks jks mkezks taded tadede
e chrn
hrnk
k `ap
`apkr
krta
tatk
tk,, dsth
ds, mhs sdbbaheds h crksds, bkmk uek md jks bukjds sd rdpatd. Dj nktdrakj ndjòmabh md bkmk sdbbaòe
pudmd prdsdetkr thmh taph md phsa`ajamkmds pdrh dj nhvanadeth krnòeabh ds cgh7

dbbaheds (crksds) K (k) Kh@ (k h `)

rnheîk 7| S
S, Sj h \

Ajj hS S, Sjh\

Jksmkezks ehrnkjndetd sd korupke de uek sdrad, ds mdbar, de uek  suatd h  pkrtatk 7
; Kj
Kjjd
jdnk
nkem d7 ratnh `aekrah h buktdrekrah (=/=), tdnph nhmdrkmh, nublks sdnabhrbldks,
emd7 bh
nadezk bhe uek `rdvd kekbrusk.

0 Bhurketd7 ratnh tdrekrah (2/0) 6 `aekrah bhnpudsth (3/=).

2 Rkrk`kemd7 ratnh tdrekrah (2/=), shjdned, tdnph jdeth, bhe mdeshs kbhrmds.
= Oaoud7 prhbdmd prh`k`jdndetd md uek mkezk phpujkr aeojdsk mk gao). Rudjd tdedr knpjahs
skjths ndjòmabhs y ue nhvanadeth aeaetdrrunpamh md 2 bhrbldks (;0/
(;0/<, 1/d, 2/< h =/= bhe trdsajjhs).
<, 1/d,
 34

;366-;?46 (@krrhbh)

K dstks = mkezks sd jds pudmd kordokr ue prdjumah (u hMdrturk) y maoueks mkezks

hpbahekjds7
- Na
Naeud
eudth
th77 ratnh
ratnh tdrekrah (2/=), bkmk sdbbaòe dstí chrnkmk phr uek h mhs crksds ndjòmabks
tdrekrah
bhe
vkraks hpbaheds7
rksds
k tb.
k k
tb.

Rd sudjde thbkr mhs naeudths sdouamhs. Dj sdouemh bhetrkstk lk`atukjndetd de krnheîk y de

tdxturk bhe uek rdmubbaòe md = k 2 vhbds, phr dsh sd jd jknk trîh. Mdspuás sd rdpatd dj prandr
naeudth (prh`k`jdndetd sae rdpdtabaheds). JKN 42-4?

-@hurrád7 ratnh `aekrah, tdnph rëpamh. Ru dstrubturk ds jk nasnk mdj naeudth y tkn`aáe sd

sudjde dnpkrdgkr mhs `hurráds, jk sdouemk de trah. ;6?

KB]
KB]
JKN 4< Ruatd pkrk vahjhebldjh shjh ed2,  @hurrád, G. R. @kbl, @krrhbh (bk.;?06)
Dstrubturk `apkrtatk. De jk sdouemk sd sdbb
bbaòaòe lkyy 0 crksds sdndgketds k jk prandrk. Rd kjtdreke mhs mke-
e lk
W.ks, ksî qud jk dstrubturk ds @hurrád A - @hurrád AA - @hurrád A.

-Okvhttk7 rat
ratnh
nh `ae
`aekra
krah drh eh mdnksakmh rëpamh. Ds crdbudetd qud chrnd uek
h, tdnph jaodrh pdrh
dstrubturk de  rhemdkux 7 (Vkrk sk`dr nòs JKN41) ;6<
KN 41)
?.@kjjdt
K@KBKMK. KB]
KB]
Ds uedspdbtëbujh bhrdhorëcabh md mkezmkezk pkrk sdr `kajkmh md chrnk tdk
k pkrk trkj,, bhe ue kroundeth.
tdktrkj
Rd mdskrrhjjk de jks bhrtds, sh`rd thmh de Crkebak d jtkjak.

<. Skrakbaheds
Kuequd jks lky sh`rd tdnks md bketh jjkeh (pkrk òrokeh), jks nës lk`atukjds she sh`rd  kards md
mkezk bhnh jk chjîak, jk blkbhek, jk zkrk`kemk h dj pkskbkjjds. ]kn`a  e pudmd lk`dr vkrakbaheds
sh`rd uek ndjhmîk hraoaekj (k ndeumh
ndeumh mde
mdehna
hnaekmk  krak, ds mdbar,  kard ), p.d. jks
ekmk bhehbamks bhnh Sk
rakbaheds Ohjm`dro md G. R. @kbl (dj ttujh rdkjndetd ds Krak bhe mavdrsks vkrakbaheds, ;?=;). De bukjquadr

bksh, jks vkrakba

vkrakbahed
hedss nke
nketadede sadnprd jk nasnk prhordsaòe krnòeabk.
tadede

1. Pabdrbkrd, tadeth, cketksîk, bkprabbah

Vdeskmhs praebapkjndetd pkrk tdbjkmh. Rudjde bhndezkr de bhetrkpueth anatktavh.

;6. ]hbbktk, prdjumah

Rhe oìedrhs aestr
aestrunde
undetkjd
tkjds,
s, oded
odedrkj
rkjndetd pkrk tdbjkmh, qud saoude phbks bhestrabbaheds chr-
ndetd
nkjds prdbhebd`amks. Rhe jks tapabks h`rks de  styjh plketkstabh. Lky vkradmkm md tdxturks, pdrh
prdmhnaek ue dstajh qud mavkok, anprd
anprdmdba`jd,
mdba`jd, anprh
anprhvaskth rah, bhe nublhs pkskgds dsbkjasta-
vaskthrah,
bhs. Ru
Rudj
djd lk`drr uek h nës cuoks, ds mdbar, sdbbaheds qud bhnadezke de bhetrkp
d lk`d bhetrkpuet
ueth
h anat
anatktav
ktavh.
h.

;;.Rhektk
Mdsmd bhnadezhs mdj s. \Sjj sd mdsaoek de Atkjak bhe dstd tárnaeh k kjoueks h`rks pkrk pdqud
ûh bhegueth aestrundetkj. Rurod phr hphsabaòe kj tçrnaeh  bketktk.
 33

;366-;?46 (@krrhbh)

Mdsmd d j pueth m d vastk m d j e÷ndrh m d vhbds jk shektk n ës lk`atukj d s jk jjknkmk  shektk k trd
(shektk d e trah)7 m h s vhbds koumks (bksa sadnprd vahjaeds) y u e `kgh
bhetaeuh. Ehrnkjndetd sd uske =
aestrundeths yk q u d d j bhetaeuh sd rdkjazk bh e 0 . ]kn`aáe l k y shektks  k shjh (vahjîe, cjkutk, vahjk
mk okn`k, dtb.) bh e bhetaeuh, ds mdbar, 2 aestrundeths.

Mdsmd d jpueth m d vastk m d j juokr m d aetdrprdtkbaòe sd mastaeoude k j bhnadezh m h s taphs7

;.Rhektk  m k bladsk (m d aojdsak)7 s d thbk d e jk nask, odedrkjndetd sustatuydemh k kjo÷e bketh m d j
prhpah h u e nhtdtd. Rd dstkemkrazk d e = nhv7 jdeth-rëpamh-jdeth-rëpamh.
0.Rhektk  m k bkndrk (m d bënkrk)7 u e k s d
drr a d m d 2 6 = nhv, d e rdkjamkm mkezks b h e chrnk `apkrtatk,
k vdbds b h e u e nhv. aetrhmubthrah.
JK N 36
Rhektk, Kjjdnkemk, K. Bhrdjja, @krrhbh (;3<4)
;¶ nhv.,

Rhektk  mk bkndrk de trîh pkrk mh s vahjaeds y `kgh bhetaeuh. D A ; nhv. ds ue k Kjjdnkemk md ratnh bu k
tdrekrah, tdnph jdeth, aeublks sdnabhrbldks y `rdvd kekbrusk. Dstrubturk `apkrtatk.

Dj prandrh d e dsbra`ar shektks pkrk tdbjkmh shjh m d chrnk prdmhnaeketd ds M. Rbkrjktta, m d

quade sd bhesdrvke 444. Bksa thmks tadede u e shjh nhv. d e chrnk `apkrtatk.

;0 . Bhebdrth
Ekbd d e jk 0 natkm m d j s. \SAj y sd bhevadrt rëpamkndetd de d j oáedrh n ës anphrtketd pkrk
bhevadrtdd rëpamkndetd
bhegueth aestrundetkj. L k y m h s taphs macdrdebakmhs7
;.Bhebdrth  orhssh 7 d e Phnk sd hphed u e oruph m d = aetárprdtds bh e 0 vahjaeastks, u e vahjhe-
bldjastk y u e bjkvdbaeastk (jhs nadn`rhs md jk  shektk k trd) q u d bhestatuyde d j  bhebdrtaeh (bhebadrth
pdqudûh)crdetd k j rdsth md a e sstt rru ett h s q u d chrnke dj bhebdrth orhssh (bhebadrth orkemd). Dj
unde
orhssh k vdbds mh`jk k j bhebdrtaeh y k vdbds s d hphed k á j, bhesaouademh ks î d cd cd bt
b th s m d ju z y
shn`rk h rëpamhs aetdrbkn`ahs n u y md j ousth m d jk áphbk. K sî sh e jh s bhebdrths m d K . Bhrdjja,
O.C. Lkemdj (C . Odnaeakea, O . Nucckt, O. V l . ]djdnkee..

0. Bhebdrth shjastk7 d e d j ehrtd m d Atkjak sd prdcadrd u e bhebdrth pkrk u e ÷eabh aestrundeth sh -

jastk y hrqudstk (bhe bhtaeuh). R d dstkemkrazk u ek dstrubturk m d 2 nhv7 rëpamh-jdeth-rëpamh. Jh s

nhv. rëpamhs (;¶y 21 ) kjtdreke  r athredjja thbkmhs p h r d j  tutta b h e s dbb

dbb ah ds m dj shjastk kbhnpk-
ah e ds
ûkmh m d jbhetaeuh h kbhrmds m d j  tutta. D j prandr  rathred
 rathred jjh prdsdetk thmhs jh s nhtavhs y dstk-
`jdbd u e ërdk thekj. Jh s mdnës  rathredjja, mdetrd 2 y 4, pudmde hnatar kjo÷e nhtavh. Jh s shjhs
pudmde batkr nhtavhs mdj ra rath
thredj jh h aetrhmubar n÷sabk eudvk. K s î sh e bksa thmhs jh s  bhebdrta
redjjh
md K. Savkjma, m d quade sd bhesdrvke kjrdmdmhr m d 466. K B] ;6 1

JK N 3; Bhebdrth pkrk h ` h d, mkk s y `kgh

d, b u ddrr m `kgh bhetaeuh, ;¶ nhv., K. Savkjma, @krrh
bhetaeuh, @krrhbh
bh (bk.
(bk.;?=6)
;?=6)
Dgdnpjh md nhvanadeth rëpamh md bhebdrth shjastk, bh e kjtdrekebak detrd  r athred jja m d j  tutta y sdbbah-
ed s md j h`hd
shjastk.
KB] ;;6)
(KB] ;;;)
 3?

D ]DNK 0 ) ;?46-;<04 (Bjksabasnh)

J ;?46-;<04 (Bjksabasnh)

De dstk áphbk jk n÷sabk aest

aestrund
rundet
etkj
kj pr
prdmhna ek caekjndetd d e jk skjk m d bhebadrths y mdgk m d
dmhnaek
sd r jk ldrnkek pdqudûk m d jk n÷sabk vhbkj. Dj `kgh bhetaeuh tademd k mdskpkrdbdr bhnh vhz
vh z

macdrdebakmk y s d qudmk bhnh u e k jîedk ndjòmabk n ës e edbdsamkm m d kûkmar kbhrmds.

ë s , s aae

;. Bkeths m d jh s hcabahs y m d jk nask, nhtdtd

Vhmdnhs debhetrkr dstajhs bhnphsatavhs macdrdetds, mdsmd d j  stajd ketabh (phjacheîk, prdcdrdetd
vhbds) lkstk bketketds shjas-
ndetd bhetrkpueth,  k bkppdjjk h b h e aestrundeths q u d sd janatke k mh`jkr jk s
tk s y hrqudstk, saouademh d j nhmdjh m d jk òpdrk.

0 . Hrkthrah
Ds bkmk vd z n ës crdbudetd d e jh s bhebadrths p÷`jabhs. D j amahnk yk euebk d s d j jktîe saeh jk

jdeouk m d j pkîs. Mdstkbke m h s m d C. G. Lkyme, J k Brdkbaòe (;?1<) y J k s dstkbaheds (;<6;). J K n 3 0

2.Hpdrk
Rd bhevadrtd d e dj praebapkj dspdbtëbujh nusabkj. D e jh s tdktrhs bhrtdskehs, pkrk bdjd`rkbaheds
dspdbakjds bhnh `hmks rdkjds, bhrhekbaheds dtb., sd nketaded jk òpdrk sdrak d e atkjakeh, b h e jh s
nasnhs tdnks q u d d e dj @krrhbh y b he pkpdjds ksaoekmhs k ÷ e k jh s  b kstrkta.
R ae dn`kroh, k ndmamk q u d jk òpdrk sd dxtademd p h r jh s tdktrhs p÷`jabhs, jk sdrak vk pdrmademh

tdrrdeh crdetd k jh s mastaeths t a p h s m d ò p d r k bònabk, sh`rd thmh jk òpdrk `uck atkjakek. De jk

òpdrk `uck sd saoude ktdrekemh rdbatktavhs y kraks pdrh ástks bksa euebk s h e  m k bkph . Kmdnës
l k y n ë s m÷hs y bhegueths vhbkjds y mdskpkrdbde jh s  b ks trkta,
trkta, mdskrrhjjëemhsd eudvhs taphs
vhbkjds bhnh dj `kgh `ucch7 Mdstkbke mh s òpdrks m d _. K . Nhzkrt7 J ks `hmks m d Caokrh (J d ehzzd

Caokrh, ;?<3) y Mhe. Guke (Mhe Oahvkeea, ;?<?). (KB] ; ; 0 )

ma
J K N 32 M he Oahvkeea (Mhe Guke, Nkmknaek, aj bktkjhoh ì qudsth ), _ . K . Nhzkrt, Bjksabasnh (;?<?)
M Djvark, k jk qu d M h e Oahvkeea lk`îk prhndtamh nktranheah d e @urohs, l k vdeamh k Rdvajjk pkrk
vdeokrsd y jh debudetrk, pdrh á dsbkpk nadetrks Jdphrdjjh, su brakmh, detrdtaded k M Djvark. Dstd
maëjhoh sd bketk de rdbatktavh  sdbbh lkstk q u d Jdphrdjjh skbk d j  bktëjhoh y bketk u e krak qu d eh taded
aetrhmubbaòe hrqudstkj ea chrnk mk bkph saeh qu d taded mh s sdbbaheds bhetrkstketds7 jk ;* u e Kjjdorh d e
= /= y jk 0 u e Kemketd b h e ratnh md naeudth.

K B ] ; ;2 D e jk òpdrk `uck tkn`a   e mdstkbk O . Phssaea, p.d. Dj `kr`drh m d Rdvajjk (;<;3).

Jk hpárk bhnaqud crkebdsk, jk zkrzud
zkr zudjk dspkûhjkk y dj Raeospadj kjdnëe, p.d. J k cjkutk nëoabk
jk dspkûhj
(;?1;) m d _. K . Nhzkrt, lkbde u s h m d maëjhohs lk`jkmhs d e vd z m d rdbatktavh.

= . Mkezk
R d saoude dsbra`ademh mkezks, sh`rd thmh pkrk tdbjkmh. Dj Naeudth mdgk m d dstkr m d
nhmk bhnh
`kajd phrqud dj bdetrh nusabkj sd m d sp jk zzkk m d jk krasthbrkbak lkbak jk `uroudsîk, pdrh sd saoude
sp jk
 3<

;?46-;<04 (Bjksabasnh)

dsbra`ademh murketd ue tadnph. De nublhs bkshs debhetrknhs mkezks aebjuamks de htrhs oá-
edrhs. Ds nës, pktrheds rîtnabhs y chrnkjds md mkezks bhnh dj naeudth, jk okvhttk, jk zkrk`ke-
mk, dtb, yk sdk md nhmh bhesbadetd h eh, anprdoeke nublk n÷sa
÷sabk md dstd pdrahmh.

4.Rhektk (trîh, bukrtdth...)

Lky qud mastaeouar jk shektk bhnh oáedrh md jk shektk bhnh dstrubturk. Bhnh oáedrh, sudjd

tdedr 2 h = nhv., thmhs de jk nasnk thekjamkm skjvh dj 06, dj jdeth. Kjoueks shektks kûkmde ue
naeudth detrd dj 0¶ nhv. y dj ÷tan6, de thtkj =. @ddtlhvde sustatuyd dj naeudth, ketaouk mkezk
bhrtdskek, phr uek chrnk ndehs bdrdnheahsk y nës ja`rd, dj  Rbldrzh ( gudoh de atkjakeh), kue-
qud bksa sadnprd bhesdrvk dj bhnpës md 2/= y jk dstrubturk tdrekrak md Rbldrzh-]rîh-Rbldrzh.

Dj ;nhv. ds rëpamh y ldrdmk jk chrnk `apkrtatk md jk mkezk, knpjaëemhjk de su 0 pkrtd (mdskrrh-

jh md tdnks y rdbkpatujkbaòe). Dstk dstrubturk sd bhehbdrë mdspu  s bhnh chrnk shektk h chrnk md

; nhvanadeth. Jhs tdòrabhs md dstk áphbk jk mdsbra`de mdsmd dj pueth md vastk krnòeabh, ds
jk k k s.
mdbar, sadnprd `apkrtatk, ue kjdgknadeth md tòeabk y ue rdordsh djjk. Rdrë pkrtar mdj \A\
bukemh sd mdcaearë mdsmd dj pueth md vastk tdnëtabh bhnh dstrubturk trapkrtatk7 Dxphsabaòe md
tdnks, Mdskrrhjjh y Pddxphsabaòe. Dj ÷jtanh nhv. sudjd sdr uek chrnk rhemò h shektk-rhemò.

Tek shektk pudmd sdr pkrk ue aestrundeth shjh, odedrkjndetd md tdbjk, h pkrk mhs aestrunde-
ths, sademh tdbjkmh y vahjîe dj m÷h nës crdbudetd. Ra ds pkrk trds h nës aestrundeths sd sudjd
mdehnaekr trah, bukrtdth, dtb. De jk shektk `krrhbk dj prhtkoheastk drk ue aestrundeth ndjò-
mabh nadetrks dj tdbjkmh rdkjazk`k dj `kgh bhetaeuh, pdrh klhrk dj prhtkoheastk ds dj tdbjkmh y
kbd dj tdbjkmh y she hpbahekjds.
jhs aestrundeths ndjòmabhs k vdbds sd janatke k mh`jkr jh qud lkbd

Bhe dj ÷jtanh _. K. Nhzkrt y, sh`rd thmh, bhe J. vke @ddtlhvde y C. Rblu`drt, dj vahjîae y/h dj
vahjhebldjh okeke bkmk vdz nës aemdpdemdebak y prhtkoheasnh. (KB] ;;=)
0
JKN 3=
]rah
e¶0, nhv, C. Rblu`drt, Bjksabasnh (;<0?)
Nhvanadeth jdeth md uek shektk pkrk pakeh, vahjîe y vahjhebldjh, ds mdbar, ue trîh. Ru dstrubturk ds
CKADK, bhe s tdnks de bkmk sdbbaòe. Sahjîe y vahjhebldjh she aem
pkpdj md prhtkoheastk bhnpkrtamh detrd jhs trds aestrundeths.
aemdpd
dpdema
emadet ds mdj pakeh, bhe dj
detds

Tek chrnkbaòe md orke áxath de dstk áphbk ds dj bukrtdth md budrmk (0 vahjaeds, vahjk y vahjhebldjh),
md`amh k jk dehrnd mdnkemk md n÷sabk md bënkrk, tketh pkrk kcabahekmhs bhnh pkrk prhcd
sahekjds. Bu`rd thmk jk vkr
vkradmk
admkm
m dxp
dxprds avk,, mdsmd jh lunhrîstabh k jh sdrah, pkskemh phr jh ae-
rdsavk
odeuh h jh rdcaekmh, jh sdebajjh h jh dxpdrandetkj. Ròjh de Vkrîs, detrd ;?36y ;?<6, sd pu`jabke
uehs 466
bukrtdths. ( KB] ;;4)
JKN 34Bukrtdth  Jk `rhnk9 = nhv., C. G. Lkyme, Bjksabasnh (;?<;)

Gdnpjh md ehvanabeth caekj md uek shektk, de dstd bksh pkrk bukrtdth md budrmk. Dstrubturk md rhemò7
K@KBK+
she
Bhmk. Ak sdbbaòe K rdkpkrdbd bkmk vdz nës bhrtk. Jhs sa
sajd
jdebahss y dj caekj
ebah caekj ae
aebhe
bhebj
bjush
ush md
Hmk uek mdspuás k
 `rhek , sh`rdehn`rd kûkmamh thmh dj bukrtdth.
 31

;?46-;<04 (Bjksabasnh)

3. Bhebdrth
Qk sadnprd ds pkrk shjastk y hrqudstk de 2 nhvanadeths. Kjouehs brîtabhs y tdòrabhs bhemdeke
dj dxbdsavh vartuhsasnh.
Dj nhv. ds ue la`ramh detrd dstrubturks md  rathredjjh y chrnk shektk. Rudjd dnpdzkr jk hr-
;
qudstk y mdspu  s dj shjastk rdpatd jhs tdnks.
Dj 06 nhv. ds jdeth, bhe vkradmkm md dstrubturks. Te tòpabh ds dvhbkr ue krak md òpdrk.
Dj 26 nhv. taded bkrëbtdr vavh, bhe ndjhmîks taph bhetrkmkezk, oaok, naeudth, crdbudetdndetd
bhe dstrubturk md rhemò. Rudjd bhndezkr dj shjastk.

De ueh h vkrahs nhvanadeths ds crdbudetd qud lkyk uek  bkmdezk, uek sdbbaòe de jk qud dj sh
jastk, sae kbhnpkûknadeth hrqudstkj h bhe ue naeanh, kmhrek uek bkmdebak sh`rd ue kbhrmd
md tòeabk 3-= y tdrnaek de ue traeh sh`rd dj kbhrmd md mhnaeketd ketds md qud jk hrqudstk
vudjvk bhe dj tdnk praebapkj (ldrdebak md jks  bkmdezks mdj bketketd de jks kraks mk bkph). Kj bhnadezh jk
bkmdezk sd anprhvask pdrh bhe dj tadnph tademde k sdr dsbratks.
Jhs nës crdbudetds she pkrk vahjîe y pakeh. _. K. dsbra`d 4 y 0? md bkmk9 J.
vke bhebdrths
@ddtlhvdey 4.   Nhzkrt

?. Raecheîk
Ketds sd jjknk`k ksî k uek h`rk pkrk nublhs aestrundeths y/h vhbds pdrh de dstk áphbk sd
bhevadrtd de ue oáedrh aestrundetkj aemdpdemadetd, bhe ue ku kuod
od qu
qudd gknës lk tdeamh eaeo÷e
oáedrh de jk lasthrak md jk n÷sabk. Lke sh`rdvavamh nës md ;0.666 saecheîks dsbratks detrd phbh
ketds md ;?46 y ;<;69 md`de lk`drsd dsbrdsbrat
ath
h nublkss nës. De ue praebapah su cuebaòe ds jk md
nublk
aekuourkr ue bhebadrth. Dj dstajhjaodrh sdna-mavdrtandeth md jhs bhnadezhs mk pksh k htrh nës
`rajjketd, bhe ue nkt
nktdra
drakj
kj ndj
ndjòma
òmabh
bh nës phmdrhsh.
Ru dstrubturk ds jk nasnk md jk shektk pdrh kquî jhs = nhv. sd bhevadrtde de ehrnk, bhe ue

Naeudth-trah h ue Rbldrzh detrd dj nhvanadeth jdeth y dj Caekjd.

C.G. Lkyme7 nublklkss md sus ;6= saecheîks tadede sh`rdehn`rds9 eaeoueh md djjhs ds amdk mdj
prhpah
prhpah bhnp
bhnphsat
hsathr
hr..
_.K. Nhzkrt7 de su bktëjhoh lky =; saecheîks.(KB] ;;3)
JKN 33
H Raecheak eh =6, 2¶ nhv., Naeudth, _. K. Nhzkrt, Bjksabasnh (;?<<)
dstrubturk `apkrtatk md mkezk, de dstd bksh7 C k ; Ck
]îpabk
judoh sd
kj Lkytrîh bhe jk nasnk dstrubturk,
ue
rdpatd dj prandr Naeudth (Naeudth-]rîh-Naeudth). Dj ]rîh prdsdetk jk trkmabahekj rdmubbaòe
md tdxturk y taded ue bkrëbtdr macdrdetd.

Jvke @ddtlhvde dsbra`d 1 saecheîks. JKN 3?-?=

JKN ?4 Raecheîk e¶4, ;¶ nhv., J vke @ddtlhvde, Bjksabasnh (;<6<)
b he u e Bhmk. mdj A

1
Chrnk
dj shektk
jarasnh mdj ]dnk 0. jkroh
]hmh Mdskrrhjjh y uekdstë
dj nhvanadeth mhnaekmhDjphr
orke bkrëbt
bkrdjëbtdr
dr koatk
koatkmh
cknhsh mh
nhtavh ]dnk bhetrkstk bhe
aeabakj
ud rdordsk, `kgh uek chrnk u htrk, de jhs htrhs 2 nehvanadeths, kphrtkemh ksa bhldrdebak bîbjabk. Rh`rd
dsd nhtavh sd suphed qud @ddtlhvde magh7  Ksî jjknk dj mdstaeh k jk pudrtk , uek batk nuy mumhsk.
 

;?46-;<04 (Bjksabasnh)

De jk Raecheak eh 1 (;<0=) @ddtlhvde bkn`ak dj hrmde md jhs nhv7 dj sbldrzh ds dj 0¶y dj jdeth dj
26.Dj
= aebjuyd jk ehvdmkm nës shrprdemdetd7 dj dnpjdh md bhrh y vhbds shjastks.
]kn`ade lky h`drturks aemdpdemadetds, kuequd jk nkyhr pkrtd she bhebd`amks bhnh prdju-
mahs md h`rks nkyhrds. Rd mastaeoude md jk saecheak de qud sòjh tadede ue nhvanadeth.

<.Skrakbaheds
Rd saoude dsbra`ademh, yk sdk bhnh h`rks aemavamukjds h mdetrh md htrhs oáedrhs ashektk, saech-
ek, dtb). J. vke @ddtlhvde k vdbds kjdgk mdj bhethreh ndjòmabh y/h krnòeabh mdj tdnk, p.d.
sd
de jks Skrakbaheds Mak`djja (;<02). (kB]
;;?-;;<)BKB] ;;1 JKN ?3<;)

;<04 ;166 (Phnketabasnh)

;. Bkeths md jhs hcabahs y md jk nask, nhtdtd
Rudjde sdr h`rks kasjkmks md ue bhnphsathr. Dj dstajh prdmhnaeketd ds dj qud utajazk shjastks,
bhrh y hrqudstk, bhe pkskgds buksa-hpdrastabhs, kuequd tkn`a  e lky h`rks h crkondeths de
 stajd ketabh (bhetrkpuetastabh) y  k bkppdjjk . Dstëe mdstaekmhs tketh k jk skjk md bhebadrths bhnh
k jk aojdsak. Jk nask md Páquadn pkrdbd ktrkdr badrtk ktdebaòe md jhs bhnphsathrds (P. Rblunkee

;<40, C Jasz
Jasztt ;<3<,, O. Sdrma ;<?=, O. Ckurá ;<
;<3< <<,, K. Mvh$ëi ;<1
;<<< ;<1;,
;, dtb
dtb.).
.).

0. Hrkthrah
Jh nës bkrkbtdrast
bkrkbtdrastabh
abh saoud sademh dj dnpjdh mdj bhrh. Dstëe mdstaekmhs k jk skjk md bhebadrths,
saoud
sh`rd thmh pkrk jhs cdstavkjds md n÷sabk, mhemd jks aetdrprdtkbaheds pudmde jjdokr k sdr nksa-

vks, bhe badeths md bketketds y ue

uek
k orke
orke hrqudstk. JKN <0-<2
KB]
KB] ;06)
Te Páquadn kjdnëe (Dae mdutsblds Pdquadn, md G. @rklns eh ds,
;<3<) k pdskr md su ehn`rd, uek
nask md ráqu
ráquad
adn saeh ue hrkthrah, sus tdxths dstë
n saeh dstëe
e sk
skbkmhss md jk @a`jak.
bkmh KB]
KB] ;0;)
JKN <=
Dae mdutsblds Pdquadn (Te Páquadn kjdnëe,  Mdee kjjds Cjdasbl ), G @rklns, Phnketabasnh (;<3<)
Dgdnpjh md bhrh mdetrh md ue hrkthrah. ]rks ue phmdphmdrhsh
rhsh brdsbde
brdsbdemh mh aestrundetkj, bhe ohjpds aebdske-
tds mdj tan`kj, detrke jks + vhbds de lhnhrratnak, tdxth de kjdnëe.

2.Jadm, nájhmad, bkebaòe

Rhe ue phdnk de kjdnëe, crkebás h bkst
bkstdjjke
djjkeh,
h, rdspdb
rdspdbtavtavkndetd, bketkmh bhe vhz shjastk y
kndetd,
kbhnp
kbhnpkûk
kûknad
nadeth md pakeh. ]kn`açe jks lky de rush7 V. A. Blkaihvsiy dsbra`d ueks ;66.
eth
Kj k
bhnadezh md dstk áphbk ds thmkvîk ue oáedrh mhnástabh pdrh jjdok bhevdrtarsd de ue
oáedrh md bhebadrth. Jks chrnks nës lk`atukjds she jhs masdûhs dstròcabhs (nasnk n÷sabk de
bkmk dstrhck h bhe jaodrhs bkn`ahs) y trapkrtaths K @K. Mdstkbke C. Rblu`drt (bhe uehs 346 Jadmde),
 ?;

;<04-;166 (P % nketabasnh

C. Ndemdjsshle (uehs 1 6) y P . Rblunkee praebapkj kphrtkbaòe m d Rblunkee d s jk aemd

(0=<). J k

pdemdebak m d j pakeh y d j mdsuskmh aetdrás m d s u s kbhnpkûknadeths, rdburrademh k ndeumh k

djdndeths krnòeabhs pkrk dxprdskr d j tdxth.KB] ; 0 )
J K N <4
Anwuemdrsblóede Nhekt N ka (D e dj nkrkvajjhsh n ddss m d nkyh), P. Rblunkee, Phnketa
Phnketabas
basnh
nh (;<=6)
Jadm dstròcabh, m hs dstrhcks bh e jk nas nk n÷sabk. D j tdxth bhecadsk u e knhr md prankvdrk pdrh l ky u e
sdetanadeth kora
koramuj
mujbd
bd rdc
rdcjdgkm h p h r Rblunkee d e dj pakeh ndmaketd kphykturks, rdtkrmhs y kn`aoúbmkm
jdgkm
thekj.

=.Hpdrk
Dj s. \ A\ d s d j saojh m d jk òpdrk. Ehvdmkmds d e jk òpdrk atkjakek7

d s macabaj trkzkr u e k jîedk mavashrak detrd òpdrk sdrak y ò p drdrk b ò n abab k , l kkyy n ub
u b lk
lk s h`rks  sdna-
mrknëtabks

jh s kroundeths dstëe s kkbb kkm hs m d jk jatdrkturk y jk la

m hs last
sthra nhmdrek, d e juokr
hrakk nhmdrek, m d naths y lá -
rhds ketaouhs.

bkmk vd z sd macunaek n ës jk sdpkrkbaòe detrd rdbatktavh y krak. Dj rdbatktavh  sdbbh mdskpkrdbd.

bukemh l ky u e pdrshekgd shjh, su  sbdek sd mavamd d e = sdbbaheds rBòmaoh Phssaea )7
;k-uek aetrhmubbaòe d e rdb
rdbat
atkta
ktavh
vh kbhnpkoekth.
kbhnpkoekth.
0< - ue krak jîrabk, ehrnkjndetd d e tdnph jdeth.

2 - u e pkskgd m d bhedxaòe ( tdnph ma ndzzh ), odedrkjndetd u e krahsh, k ndeumh dstanujkmh

ds h d e dsbdek, u e k rdcjdxaòe, dtb.
p h r ue s uubb ds
=k - u e krak rëpamk y dxaodetd pkrk dj bketketd, jknkmk odedrkjndetd  bk`kjdttk.

Jh s orkemds bhnphsathrds atkjakehs s he S. @djjaea bh e J k Rheekn`ujk h Ehrnk (kn`ks m d ; <2 <2 ;;)) ,

O . Mheazdtta b h e Jubak m d Jknndrnhhr (;<24) y O . Sdrma, b h e 03 òpdrks, p.d. Aj trhvkthrd (;<42) h

J k chrzk m d j mdstaeh (;<30). ;02)
]rkvaktk (Chjjad,K B]
JKN <3
Sahjdtk,
J k ue k
chjjad ), Sdrma, Phnketabasnh
O. (;<42)
kcknkmk bhrtdskek, m k u e k cadstk d e s u nkesaòe md V k rî e h m d jh s ÷jtanhs d e jjdokr
rî s . T eh ds
Kjcrdmh, quade jd mdbjkrk su knhr. Sahjdtk jh rdblkzk pdrh mdspuás, bukemh sd qudmk shjk, kekjazk jk
phsa`ajamkm m d u e k rdjkbaòe de jk qu d lkyk knhr vdrmkmdrh. Dstd crkondeth ds u e dgdnpjh m d s b d e k .
Dsbublknhs k pkrtar md jk sdbbaòe aetdrndmak7 Sahjdtk bhnprdemd rdpdetaekndetd q u d sd dstë mdgkemh
jjdvkr ph r jh s sdetanadeths knhrhshs y mdbamd ohzkr m d jk phbk vamk q ud jd qudmk, puds taded tu`drbujh-
sas. ]rks u ek `rdvd pkusk sd aeabak jk  b k`k jdttk caekj bh e su tîpabk aetrhmubbaòe aestrundetkj. D j krak ds
aetdrrunpamk p h r jk vh z m d Kjcrdmh mdsmd jk bkjjd (b h mdsmd dj bhrkzòe m d Sahjdttk & ) bketkemh jk ndjhmîk
q u d lk`îk bketkmh ketds jk prhpak Sahjdtk (d j prandr krak m d dstk  sbdek ).

*KB] ;0 2 JK N <?-<<)KB] ;0=) J k  orkem hpárk crkebdsk sd mastaeoud p h r d j dnpjdh m d

suetuhshs `kjjdts, bhrhs nujtatumaekrahs y dsbdehorkcîks orkemahsks. K N <1-16
J k òpdrk bònabk crkebdsk sd rknacabk d e m h s vîks7
;0 - jk hpárk jaraqud q u d sd cuemd b h e d j oáedrh sdrah y mdstadrrk d j maëjhoh. Jh s orkemds áxaths
 sh e Ckusth (;<41) m d B . Ohuehm, _drtldr (;<10) m d G . Nkssdedt y Bkrnde (;<?4) m d O . @azdt, d e jk

?0

DDEK ;<04-;166 (Phnketabasnh)

qud pjkoak uek bkebaòe mdj dspkûhj R. Arkmadr. Ds phsa`jd qud @azdt brdydrk qud drk uek
ndjhmak phpujkr pdrh ds kjoh macîbaj md brddr phrqud bhehbîk k Arkmadr y su n÷sabk.
JKN 1; Bkrnde (J knhur dst ue hasdku rd`djjd ), O. @azdt, Phnketabasnh (;<?4)
Bkrnde sd prdsdetk bhe dstk lk`kedrk, de jk qud bhnpkrk kj knhr bhe ue pëgkrh rd`djmd y bhe ue eaûh
oatkeh qud eh bhehbd jdyds.

JKN 10

0-jk hpdrdtk7 maëjhohs lk`j

lk`jkmhs
kmhs aet
aetdr
drbkjk
bkjkmhs
mhs bhe bkebaheds, bhegueths nusabkjds y mk
mkez
ezks
ks md
jk áphbk. Rurod de Crkebak bhe G. Hccde`kbl y sd dxphrtk k Kjdnkeak, Kustrak, Aeojktdrrk, dtb.

De jkòpdrk kjdnkek sh`rdskjd P. _koedr, quade prhtkoheazk uek kutáetabk rdvhjubaòe de dj

oáedrh (y dedj jdeoukgd nusabkj). Jhs ja`rdths md thmks sus òpdrks she dsbraths phr áj nasnh, `ksëe-
mhsd de jdydemks odrnëeabks ndmadvkjds. Nke Nketad
taded
ed djd
djdndet hs md jk  orkem hpárk pdrh brdk
ndeths
ue eudvh mrknk nusabkj, buyks ehvdmkmds mdsbra`d de kjouehs deskyhs7

;k-jkprhtkoheastk ds jk hrqudstk, sh`rd djjk jk vhz mdbjknk md chrnk nuy mrknëtabk, bhe ue
eudvh krahsh nuy cjdxat`jd y dxprdsavh y ue rdoastrh vh
vhbkj
bkj mdsmd nuy orkvd lkstk nuy koumh.
mdsmd
02 lky bhetaeuamkm nusabkj, sae rdbatktavhs h kraks, kuequd lky nhndeths nës mrknëtabhs y
nhndeths nës jîrabhs.
2 kshbakmhs k ue h`gdth, ue pdrshekgd, ue juokr d aebjush ue sdetanadeth h bhe-
lky nhtavhs
bdpth bhebrdth9 she jhs cknhsh
cknhshss jdat
jdatnht
nhtavd
avd (nhtavh bhemubthrds), kuequd _koedr eh utajazk dstd
(nhtavhss bhemubthrds),
tárnaeh. Rudjde sdr `rdv
`rdvds,
ds, aeb
aebjush ue sh
jush shjh
jh kbh
kbhrm
rmdd h ue tan`rd mdtdrnaekmh, y kpkrdbde sadn-
prd qud sd lkbd rdcdrdebak kj h`gdth. Dj prdjumah aestrundetkj md jk òpdrk ehs prdsdetk dshs

 datnhtavd, md nhmh qud sd bhevadrtd de jk saehpsas mdj mrknk.

Rus praebapkjds brdkbaheds she Jhldreorae (;<46), Dj keajjh md jhs Ea`djueohs (= òpdrks, tdtrkjhoak) y
JKN 1214
]rastëe d Ashjmk (;<34).
JKN 13]rastke uem Ashjmd (]rastëed Ashjmk,  Mdr Nuttdr Pkt), P. _koedr, Phnketabasnh (;<34)
]rastëe, sh`raeh md ue rdy, rdordsk md Arjkemk de `krbh bhe Ashjmk, praebdsk k jk qud lk ldblh prasahedrk
y qud lk md bhevdrtarsd de dsphsk md su rdy. De dstk dsbdek makjhoke Ashjmk y su mhebdjjk, kpkrdbademh 4
jdatnhtavd md jhs 3 nës anphrtketds md jk òp òpdrk. Jk mdsdspdrkmk Ash
drk Ashjmk
jmk rd
rdbu
budrmk qud su nkmrd jd lk`îk
drmk
mkmh uehs `rd`kgds. Jk mhebdjjk skbk dj
cajtrh md knhr pdrh Ashjmk pamd dj cajtrh md nudrtd.

Kb]
Kb] ;04-;04) zkrzudjk dspkûhjk saoud utajazkemh dj maëjhoh lk`jkmh. Rus kroundeths
Jk
prdsdetke tdnks jhbkjds, yk sdke lastòrabhs h bònabhs. Rd aebjuyde djdndeths chjbjòrabhs `ksk-
mhs de kjouek mkezk
md cudrtd bhjhr laspkeh7 sdouamajjks, ghtk, lk`k
lk`kedr
edrk,
k, blht
blhtas,
as, tkeoh..
  N
`kr`drajjh md Jkvkpaás (Ghtk md jhs dstumaketds), C. K. @kr`adra, Phnketabasnh (;<?=)

1?Dj
Jkrzudjk buyk kbbaòe sd mdskrrhjjk de dj phpuphpujk jkrr `krrah md Jkvkpaás md Nkmram de tadnphs md Bkrjhs
`krrah
s \SAA). Jhs prhtkoheastks she uek pkrdgk md odetd bhn÷e, ue `kr`drajjh y uek bhsturdrk. De dstd
]Mdrh nusabkj dsbublknhs ue bhrh md dstumaketds bhe ratnh md ghtk.
 ?2

nd ]DNK 0) ;<04-;166 (Phnketabasnh)

Detrd jk má
mábkmk md ;<<6 y jk 0 mábkmk mdj s. \\ sd phed md nhmk dj jjknkmh oáedrh blabh
bkmk uyk
÷eabk macdrdebak bhe jk zkrzudjk  orkemd ds su ndehr murkbaòe (ue shjh kbth y detrd 4 y ? eundrHs

nusabkjds). Lky nublks h`rks qud sòjh prdtdemde korkmkr pdrh tkn`ade lky vdrmkmdrks h`rks
orkbak d mdsmd dj md p.d. Jk Orke
nkdstrks md aeodeah, tketh pueth vastk jatdrkrah bhnh nusabkj,
Sak (;<<3) md C. Bludbk h Jk vdr`dek md jk Vkjhnk
kjhnk (;<1=) md ]. @rdtòe.

JKN 1<
Dgdnpjh
Jk md
jk pkjhnk ( 9Mòemd vks bhe nketòe md Nkeajk ), @rdtòe, Phnketabasnh (;<1=)
vdr`dek md   ].
 oáedrh blabh . Dstd e÷ndrh nusabkj ds ue m÷h detrd mhs deknhrkmhs bhe ratnh md lk`k lk`ked
ed--
rk. Gujaëe sd aetdrphed ketd Ruskek y jd prdouetk bhe arheîk mhemd vk bhe dsd blabh tke oukph (dj vadgh
mhe Lajkraòe). Jk rdspudstk md Ruskek debrdspk jhs ëeanhs y Gujaëe sd k`kjkezk sh`rd dj kebakeh.

KB]
KB] ;0?-;0<
4. Mkezk
Jk nkyhrak eh she pkrk `kajkr saeh qud she padzks md skjòe. Jks praebapkjds she7
Vhjhedsk7 md ratnh tdrekrah. Ketds tdeîk ue bkrëbtdr bhrtdskeh pdrh de dj s. \A\ sd  k`uroud-

sk7 Ru nhtavh11-;6=
rîatnabh bkrkbtdrîstabh ds
aG4GG.Rd phpujkrazke orkbaks k C. Blhpae
(pu-

`jabk;1). JKN

JKN ;64 Vhjhedsk  ldrhabk9 C. Blhpae, Phnketabasnh (;<=0)

Dgdnpjh md mkezk pkrk pakeh. Dstrubturk tdrekrak K @ K, nuy lk`atukj de jks padzks md skjòe md dstk
áphbk. Jk sdbbaòe @ sd mdehnaek trîh, rdnaeasbdebak md jks ketaouks mkezks. Dj ratnh bkrkbtdrîstabh md jk
phjhedsk eh kpkrdbd bjkrkndetd pdrh sî md chrnk sutaj de kjouehs nhndeths (b.04, 0<, 2;, =;, dtb.).

Nkzurbk7 tkn`aáe md hraode phjkbh. Pkrk vdz sd lk`îk dsbublkmh de jk n÷sa

n÷sabk
bk bujtk durhpdk
bujtk
etds md C. Blhpae (pu`jabk vamk). Ru nhtavh rîatnabh ds
GG
=; de

Skjs7 (de kjdnëe _kjzdr, de crkebás Skjsd )7 ratnh tdrekrah

tdrekrah,, nhmdrkmh. Rd phed md nhmk k bhnade-
zhs mdj s. \A\de Sadek y sddxtade
dxt ademd
md rëpamkn
rëpamkndet d phr thmk Durhpk pkrk bhevdrtarsd de dj `ka-
detd
jd y
md skjòe nës phpujkr mdj saojh. Jhs lky sdebajjhs `rdvds pkrk kcabahekmhs pdrh tkn`açe

hs lky nës bhnpjdghs bhnh padzks md bhebadrth. KB] ;01)

JKN ;63Skjs, G. @rklns, Phnketabasnh (;<34)

Skjs `rdvd, md sdebajjk dstrubturk `apkrtatk, ldrdebak md jks vadgks mkezks7 Ck aCk kj Patnh tdrekrah.
3. @kjjdt
dspdbtëbujh `urouás qud sd aetdrprdtk de jhs tdktrhs md òpdrk bhe uek orke
De dj s. \A\ ds ue

hrqudstk. Jhs e÷ndrhs she padzks md mkezk h `ade dsbdeks mdsbr

mdsbrapt
aptav
avks
ks mdj
mdj kroundeth. V. J.
Blkaihvsiy bhesaoud orkemds áxaths bhe Dj Jkoh md jhs Baseds (;<??) y Dj Bksbkeudbds (;<10).

?.Skrakbaheds, cketksîk
Rhe jhs oáedrhs prdmajdbths md jhs vartuhshs, sh`rdthmh pakeastks. Jks vkrakbaheds nketadede dj
bhethreh chrnkj, badrths kspdbths mdj tdnk y jks krnheîks kj bhnadezh y caekj md bkmk vkrakbaòe.
 ?=

0
;<04-;166 (Phnketabasnh)

<.Vrdjumah, dstumah, padzk `rdvd

R heoçedrhs mdstaekmhsk kcabahekmhs, odedrkjndetd. Bhesdrvke bhethrehs chrnkjds bjkrhs y
sdebajjhs, odedrk
odedrkjndet
jndetdd `apk
`apkrt
rtaths h trapkrtaths. K vdbds sd bheba`de korupkmhs d e u e k bhjdb-
aths
baòe, p.d. jk s < bhjdbbaheds m d Bkebaheds sa e pkjk`rks (jadmdr hled _hrtd) m d C . Ndemdjsshle.
JH s prdjumahs m d dstk áphbk yk e h prdjumake ekmk, sh e h`rks aemdpdemadetds, odedrkjndetd
pkrk pakeh.

Jk s padzks `rdvds sudjde s dr jarabks y rdba`de nublhs ehn`rds7 ehbtureh, `krbkrhjk, `koktdjk,
`kjkmk, anprhnptu, rkps
rkpshmak
hmak,, aetdrndzz
aetdrndzzh,
h, dtb.
JK N ;6 ? Ehbtureh, C. Blhpae, Phnketabasnh (;<26)
Dgdnpjh md padzk `rdvd pkrk pakeh7 ue k knpjak crksd jîrabk, dn`djjdbamk bh e hrekndeths (aecjudebak md
jk òpdrk md @djjaea), ds kbhnpkûkmk p hr u e ratnh ueachrnd. Jk chrnk trapkrtatk sd pdrba`d bh e bjkramkm7

K@K, n ës ue k Aetrhmubbaòe y u ek
ek B h
hmm k.
k.

1.Rhektk (trîh, bukrtdth..)

Jk n÷sabk m d bënkrk hbupk u ek phsabaòe aetdrndmak detrd detrdtdeanadeth pravkmh y dspdbtë-

bujh p÷`jabh. Dstd ndmah e h bheodeak bh e d j bkrëbtdr m d eundrhshs bhnphsathrds rhnëetabhs9

p hr u e k pkrtd, bkrdbd m d jk îetank dxprdsavamkm m d jk p ad zk p kkrr k pakeh shjh h m dj

ad zk m, y p h r
dj J aadd m,
htrk, m d jh s bhjhrds junaehshs y jk cudrzk kvkskjjkmhrk m d jk n÷sabk hrqudstkj. Vh r djjh eh rdsujtk
shrprdemdetd q u d jh s krblarrhnëetabhs L . @drjahz h P . _koedr e h bhetra`uyke d e k`shjuth, e a
qu d jk s ndghr
ndg hrds h`rks prhvdeoke m d jh s bhnphsathrds q u d tdeîke jk n ës dstrdblk kcaeamkm b h e
ds h`rks
jk trkmabaòe bjësabk7 C. Ndemdjsshle y G. @rklns. Jk s h`rks md @ddtlhvde dgdrbde u e k dehrnd
aecjudebak, sh`rd thmh jk tdemdebak bîbjabk, d s mdbar, q u d u e nasnh tdnk kpkrdzbk d e vkrahs h d e
thmhs jh s nhvanadeths.

Rdouanhs debhetrkemh jk chrnk shektk d e dj ;¶ nhv, dstrubturk q u d tkn`aáe rdvdjk jk aecjude

md @ddtlhvde d e m h s kspdbths7
bak

;6 -
knpjakbaòe chrnkj7 aetrhmubbaòe, 2
tdnks d e jk Dxphsabaòe, jkrohs mdskrrhjjhs y bhmk.
06-jk `÷squdmk m d rdjkbaheds thekjds ehvdmhsks7 dj 0 oruph tdnëtabh e h taded p h r q u á prd-
sdetkrsd de jk mhnaeketd h d e d j rdjktavh nkyh. JKN ;6<-
;6<-;;3
;;3

JK N ;; ? Rhektk pkrk pakeh y vahjae e¶ nhv. (Caekjd), G. @rklns, Phnketabasnh (;<?1)

;, 2¶

Chrnk rhemò-shektk7 K @ K B(Mdskrrhjjh) K + Bhmk, bh e mh s tdnks praebapkjds. Lk y rdburrdebak

îb jaja bbkk 7 d j ]dnk
b îb  

tkn`aáe ds dj tdnk praebapkj md j ;¶ nhv. y kpkrdbd bhnh bájujk rîtnabk kj bhnadezh m d j

0 . Dstd tdnk dstë skbkmh md ue Jadm ketdrahr m dj prhpah @rklns.

jk n÷sabk md bënkrk ds ue pajkr dsdebakj d e jk prhmubbaòe md B. Rkaet-Rkées, bhetr

bhetra`uy
a`uydemh mdbasavkndetd k su
demh mdbasavkndetd

rdekbanadeth de Crkebak, pdrh ds B . Crkebi quade cuemk jk n÷sabk md bënkrk mastaetavkndetd crkebdsk, aemdpde
madetd md jk tr
trkmaba
kmabaòe
òe odrnkeh-kustrîkbk, kuequd tkn`aáe utajazk dj n   thmh babjabh y sd nketaded cadj k jk chrnk
odrnkeh-kustrîkbk,
Rhektk).
 ?4

]DNK 0) ;<04-;166 (Phnketabasnh)

; 6. Bhebdrth
Nketaded Ah s 2 nhv. trkmabahekjds. Jk dstrubturk m d j ;¶ nhv. d s u ek orke chrnk shektk d e jk q u d
dj nktdrakj tdnëtabh sd rdpkrtd detrd hrqudstk y shjastk (e h lk y tketk macdrdebakbaòe detrd  rathredja y

shjhs). Raoude prdmhnaekemh j h s m d pakeh h vahjae, k pdskr m d jk s ndghrks d e jh s aestrundeths

m d vadeth. Jh s bhnphsathrds-aetçrprdtds `usbke dxbatkr k j p÷`jabh m d jk s skjks m d bhebadrth bh e
u e vartuhsasnh bkmk vd z n ë s dspdbtkbujkr. Dj kuthr dsbra`d jk  b kmdezk prëbtabkndetd sadnprd.

L ky m h s tdemdebaks7

bhebdrth bhnh h`rk pkrk aestrundeth shjh bh e kbhnpkûknadeth aestrundetkj7 jk

;k - Dj hr

qudstk d s ksanajkmk mdetrh m d j nuemh m d j shjastk, djanaekemh h mkemh ndehs áecksas k jh s

trkmabahekjds pkskgds hrqudstkjds. K sa s h e p.d. jh s  bhebd rta m d Blhpae, Jaszt, Rkaet Rídes, dtb.

0k-Dj bhebdrth bhnh h`rk hrqudstkj bh e shjastk  h``jaokth7 d j shjastk trk`kgk mdetrh m d j prhbdsh
saecòeabh y b h e nktdrakjds q u d s h e n ë s saecòeabhs q u d shjastks. V. d . jh s m d Ndemdjsshle, Rblu-

nkee, @rklns, Blkaihvsiy. Mvhrëi, dtb. K B ] ;26)

JK N ;; < Bhebdrth pkrk pakeh e¶ ;, ;¶ nhv., V J
Blkabihvsia, Phnketabasnh (;<?4)
Chrnk shektk bh e ' tdnks, kmdnës m d ue k orkemahsk aetrhmubbaòe. J k  bkmdezk dxpjhtk d j rdoastrh
koumh md j pakeh y sd `ksk de jh s tdnks 0 y 2.

; ;. Raecheîk, h`drturk, phdnk saecòeabh

De jh s odedrhs hrqudstkjds, tketh bhesdrvkmhrds (Ndemdjsshle, @rklns) bhnh prhordsastks (@drjahz,

Jaszt) rd bbjj k n ke u k j chrnk sd r ldrdmdrhs m d @ddtlhvde.

ke m d a o uk

Jk saecheîk saoud tdeademh =nhv., d j ;¶ de chrnk shektk y u e bkrëbtdr m d dxprdsaòe shjdned.

Vh r s u prdstaoah dstátabh y p h r jk brdba
brdbadet
detdd dxaodeb
dxaodebak
ak tábeabk pkrk dsbra`ar u e k h`rk ksî, jk saech-
tábeabk
eî k d s rdbhehbamk ueavdrskjndetd bhnh jk p ad mrr k m d thqud m d jk s bkpkbamkmds m d u e bhnph-
ad m
sathr9 e h sd md`d k`hrmkr ue k saecheîk lkstk e h lk`dr mhnaekmh htrhs oáedrhs ndehrds. Vh r

dstks rkzheds, k pdskr m d j brdbadetd e÷ndrh m d saecheîks d e jh s bhebadrths, jk saecheîk sd bujtavk

bkmk vd z ndehs, rdpheaìemhsd h`rks m d j pkskmh.

D e nublhs bkshs l ky trktknadeth babjabh, bhnh d e jk Raecheak cketëstabk (;<26) m d L . @drjahz,

(a m   d caxd ), q u d rdprdsdetk, sdo÷e
mhemd d e thmhs jh s nhv. kpkrdbd u e nasnh tdnk, jk  amdk cagk (am
dj prhorknk,  j jkk ankode m d jk knkmk d e jk ndetd m d j krtastk
J K N ;;1Rwaeo jhw, keòeanh, Phnketabasnh (;<?4)
Dsparatukj edorh qu d pumh sdrvar md `ksd kj 2¶ tdnk md j k R aae
e ch ak m d j Eudvh Nuemh md K . Mvhrëi.
ch e ak

JK N ;0 6
B Raecheîk m d j Eudvh Nuemh,
;¶ nhv., K. M vh $ ëi , Phnketabasnh (;<14)
Chrnk shektk bh e u e k knpjak Dxphsabaòe md s tdnks. Mvhrëi kmnatd lk`dr utajazkmh tdnks suodramhs
p hr jh s dsparatukjds edorhs y p h r ndjhmîks md jh s aemahs ehrtdkndrabkehs. D j ]dnk 2 sd `ksk de u e ds -
paratukj y dj ]dnk taded bkrëbtdr nhmkj, bh e ? ndehr, y u e pdmkj de jk trhnpk, suoarademh tk j vd z jh
0

aemah. D s u e tdnk bîbjabh q ud rdkpkrdbd de thmhs jh s nhvanadeths md jk h`rk.

 ?3

;166-0606 (Raojhs \\\\])

Jk h`drturk md bhebadrth kmquadrd bkmk vdz nës anphrtkebak bhnh kjtdrektavk k jk bhnphsa-
baòe hrqudstkj phr su chrnk nës bhnpkbtk y ndehs dxaodetd.

Dj phdnk saecòeabh ds uek h`rk hrqudstkj de jk qud sd ekrrk h sd mdsbra`d ue phd-

nk h ue prhorknk, ds mdbar, uek lasthrak. Dj oáedrh cjhrdbd de jk 0 natkm mdj s. \Ax.
]aded ue shjh nhv. pdrh sd pudmd mavamar de vkraks sdbbaheds nës h ndehs bhetrkstketds. Dj
prandrh de dnpjdkr dj tárnaeh  phdnk
 phdnk sae
saeccòeabh (Rynplheasbld Mabltueo) ds C. Jaszt, pdrh lky
òeabh
nublhs htrhs bhnphsathrds qud bujtavke dj oáedrh.KB] ;2;)
JKN ;0; DA Nhjmkvk, @. Rndt
Rndtkek
kek,, Phnk
Phnketab
etabasnh
asnh (;<?=)
saecòeabh qud mdsbra`d dj  juar kpkba`jd mdj rîh Nhjmkvk , mdsmd dj ekbanadeth lkstk su jjdokmk
Vhdnk
bhnh ue orke rîh k jk baum
baumkmkm md Vrkok. Lky O sdbbaheds (dsbublknhs jks 2 prandrks)
Jks cudetds mdj Nhjmkvk7 jk ndjhmîk de sdnabhrbldks suoadrd uek pdqudûk bhrradetd md kouk y dj pa-
zabkth md jhs vahjaeds dj blkphtdh md jks ohtks. Dj tdnk md jk budrmk rdprdsdetk dj cjuar nkgdstuhsh mdj rîh.
Bkbdrîk de dj `hsq ud77 trhnpks y trhnpdtks arrunpde jjknkemh k jk bkzk, bhe kjokrk`ck md pdrrhs y
`hsqud
bkzkmhrds, nadetrks jhs vahjaeds thbke jks sdnabhrbldks mdj tdnk aeabakj9 dj rîh dstë bdrbk.

@hmk bknpdsaek7 ehs debhetrknhs bhe uek cadstk de jk qud sd `kajk uek phjik.
( ;20-;4=)
KB]
KB]

;166-0606 (Raojhs \\-\\)

Jhs bhnphsathrds saoude dsbra`ademh nkyhratkrakndetd de jhs oáedrhs trkmabahekjds pdrh jk
dstrubturk nusabkj ds h`gdth md uek orke vkradmkm md dechquds. Nublhs saoude utajazkemh jks
dstrubturks md sadnprd pdrh kjouehs bhnh @krtòi, Md`ussy h jk 0 dsbudjk md Sadek (Rblóe`dro,
@dro, quadeds trkeschrnke dj jdeoukgd thekj mdj qud lk`aîke ekbamh y dvhjubahekmh jks
_d`dr),
chrnks mdj s. \SAj y \A\, dnpadzke k trkeschrnkr jks chrnks prddxastdetds. Dsks dstrubturks k
vdbds kmhptke eudvks bkrkbtdrastabks, bhnh jks sandtrîks chrnkjds, jk vkrakbaòe bhetaeuk h jk
`rdvdmkm h jk knpjakbaòe dxtrdnks.
Mdsmd ndma
ndmakm
kmhs
hs md
mdjj s. \\ dsk tdemdebak sd kbdet÷k, pumaáemhsd lk`jkr de nublhs bkshs md
dxpdrandetkbaòe de jk chrnk. De áphbks pkskmks sd thnk`k ue nhjmd y sd dblk`ke de áj jhs
nktdrakjds, md tkj chrnk qud dj bhetdeamh dstk`k mdtdrnaekmh phr jk chrn
hrnk.
k. Klhr
Klhrk,
k, de nublhs
bkshs, djbhnphsathr trk`kgk kj rdvás y jk h`rk sd odstk phr prhjacdrkbaòe, kj aoukj qud sd odstk
ue hrokeasnh k
pkrtar md uek aechrnkbaòe odeátabk nîeank. K pkrtar mdj nktdrakj shehrh sd vk
mdcaeademh jk chrnk, ÷eabk de bkmk padzk. Dj bhebdpth nasnh md chrnk sd phed k vdb dbd
ds de de-
trdmablh bukemh dj hrmde md jks sdbbaheds, bukemh eh jks ehtks nasnks, sd mdgk k jk ja`rd djdb

dgdbutketd (n÷sabk kjdkthrak). De dstks padzks, de jks qud mhs aetdrprdtkbaheds  bhrrdbtks
baòe mdj
pudmde sdr bhnpjdtkndetd macdrdetds, rdsujtk arrdjdvketd dj bhebdpth md chrnk.
 ??

;166-0606 (Raojhs \\-\\A)

;. Bkeths m d j hcabah y m d jk nask, nhtdtd

Rd bujtavke k ÷ e ndehs q u d d e dj s. \ A\ y b h e ndehs vhbds d aestrundeths (p.d.jk Nask k bkppdjjk,

;12?, md C bhrradetd n ës vkeoukrmastk dsths tdxths mdgke m d sd r susbdpta`jds m d

Vhujdeb). Vkrk jk

u e trktknadeth brdktavh, skjvh d e bhetkmks dxbdpbaheds. Dj Páquadn (;134) m d O . Jaodta taded

nublks nhtavkbaheds, pdrh eaeouek rdjaoahsk h tdhjòoabk, saeh n ë s `ade jk h`sdsaòe m d j kuthr
dj y jk nkoak md jk s  ÷jtanks bhsks7 Dj _k r Pdquadn (;130) m d @ . bhn`aek jh s
bh e tdrrhr @rattde
tdxths jktaehs md j ráquadn b h e phdnks d e aeojás (m d _. Hwde).
J K N ;0 0 Páquadn, Iyrad, G. Puttdr, s. \ x (;1<4)

Páquadn pkrk bhrh y hrqudstk. Dstrubturk K @ K (Iyrad-Blrastd-Iyrad). Ak crksd md j Blrastd bhetrkstk

b h e u e k n÷sabk n ës shn`rak.

0.Hrkthrah
Dj aetdrás p h r jk bhnphsabaòe sh`rd nhmdj
nhmdjhs `krrhbhs h`taded s u s cruths
hs `krr rh a Mkvam, ;10=, m d
(p.d. Jd rha

DLhedoodr). D e Pusak lk`îk samh u e oáedrh bksa mdsbhehbamh pdrh d e jk T P RR sd bhevadrtd d e u e

ndmah m d dxprdsaòe m d sdet
sdetana
anadet
deths
hs pktraòtabhs,, d e lhehr m d j prhjdtkrakmh h m d jh s jamdrds m d j
pktraòtabhs

pkrtamh (pd. Jk Orke pktrak, ;1=0, md M. Ik`kjdvsiy h kjoueks h`rks m d M. Rlhstkihvabl).

Raoud l k`
k ` ad
ad em
e m h k jo
jo ÷e
÷ e hrkthrah m d tdnëtabk rdjaoahsk (p.d. Jk trkescaourktahe md Ehtrd Rdaoedur Gásus-

dss s a k d e h jk V ksa
Blrast, ;131, m d H. N d ksaò
ò e sdo ÷e R. Guke, 0666, md R. Ou`kamujaek).
÷e

2 . Jadm, nájhmad, blkeshe, bkebaòe

Dj kbhnpkûknadeth m d g k m d sd r dxbjusavkndetd m d pakeh, utajazëemhsd oruphs m d bënkrk u

hrqudstk. B h e hrqudstk sh e nublhs m d jh s Jadmdr md O . Nkljdr h P . Rtrkuss.KB] ;2)

J K N ;0 2 E ue wajj ma d Rheed sh ldjj kuc
kucodlde
odlde (Klhrk q u ad
ad rrdd s k jjaa r d j shj), O . Nkljdr, s. \\ (;16=)
Jadm bh e kbhnpkûknadeth hrqudstkj, d j prandrh m dj babjh Bkebaheds m d j h s eaûhs nudrths (Iaemdrthtdejad-
saa b k m d bënkrk, pdrnatd q ud trksjuzbk su
mdr). D j dbheònabh dnpjdh md aestrundeths, sdndgketd k j k n ÷ s

mdjabkmh bhetrkpueth, dxprdskemh jh mdshjkmhr md j tdx

td x th 7 jk ehbldy jk mdsorkbak.

Jk Nájhmad ds u e h m d jh s oáedrhs n ë s anphrtketds d e C r k e b a k d e jk  

natkm m d j s. \ \ orkbaks k

O . Ckurá, B . Md`ussy, N . Pkvdj h C . Vhujdeb. R ae dn`kroh, k d sd `rdvd mdskrrhjjh jd saoud u e

rdpdetaeh y bksa mdcaeatavh mdbjavd k ndmakmhs m d saojh, kj aoukj q u d subdmd b h e d j Jadm. Detrd
jk s phbks h`rks m d jk vkeoukrmak m d jk 0 natkm m d j
d e dsths oáedrhs mdstkbk D j nkrtajjh sa e
s. \ \

mudûh (J d Nkrtdku skes nkatrd, ;14=) m d V. @hujdz pkrk bhetrkjth y 3 aestrundeths. JK N ;0=-;03
JK
KNN ;0
0??
J d Nkrtdku skes nkatrd nkrtajh (D j nhv. (J krtaskekt curadux), @hujdz,
sa e mudûh), 2
Vadzk pkrk bhetrkjth y cjkutk. J k vh z dstë trktkmk md chrnk sdndgketd ue aestrundeth (lky ndjasnks). k
V s. \ \ (;14=)

J k dstrubturk d s sanátrabk7 0 pkrtds, bkmk ue k mavamamk k su vd z d e 0 sdbbaheds

Dj rdjdvh jh thnk u e k bkebaòe n ës phpujkr, b h e kbhnpkûknadeths n ë s jaodrhs y jdtrks n ë s

shbakjds, k ndeumh ldblk p h r bketkuthrds (u . @rdj, O . @rkssdes, G N . Rdrrkt, dtb.).
 ?<

;166-0606 (Raojhs \\-\\])

JK N ;0 <
Bkebaòe
J k vad
va d vamk bhjhr
de rhsd (J k md rhsk), J.
Ouojadna/D.
crkebdsk, tdxth m d D . Vakt. ]rks ue k aetrhmubbaòe
Vakc, s. \x (;1=3)
aestrundetkj q u d prdsdetk dj tdnk m dj dstra-
`ajjh, sd bketk u e k dstrhck d e dstajh mdbjknkthrah. K bhetaeukbaòe sd bketk dj dstra`ajjh de = pkrtds, ;* y
n÷sabk, jk s* vkrakmk jk = md jk s
b h e amáetabk y rdpatd jk mh s prandrks pdrh b h e bkrëbtdr bhebjusavh.

Jk bkebaòe m d jk n÷sabk  php -rhbi

kjtdrek odedrkjndetd dstrhcks y dstra`ajjh. T ek m d jk s dstrh-
-rhbi
cks, jk 2 h jk = , sudjd s dr aestrundetkj, k ndeumh bh e ue shjh m d ouatkrrk djábtrabk. R d phmrîke

batkr najds m d oruphs q u d dsbra`de bkebaheds ueavdrskjndetd bhehbamks bhnh jh s @dktjds, P h -

jaeo Rtheds, [udde, Vaei Cjhym, dtb.

JK N ;0 1
HJhrm as at naed (H Rdûhr (dsth ds n îh & ), Rupdrtrknp, s. \\ (;1?1)
Bkebaòe de aeojás, kjtdrek dstrhtks y dstra`ajjh. L ky u ek = dstrhck aestrundetkj, de dstd bksh b h e ue shjh
md skxh shprkeh. Mdspuás l ky u e k sdbbaòe b he macdrdetd krnheîk y ratnh, de vd z m d vhjvdr kj dstra`ajjh.

Kj caekj lk y ue k pdqudûk bhmk bh e n÷sabk md jk dstrhck.

=.Hpdrk
K bhnadezhs m d j s. \ \ rdsuj
dsujtk
tk anphsa
anphsa`jd
`jd kprhxankrsd k j oáedrh sa e kcrhetkr, m d u e nhmh u htrh,
dj jdokmh m d P . òpdrk vdrastk atkjakek taded aecjudebaks wkoedrakeks7
_koedr. Aebjush jk
;k-Amdk m d k nh
nh r b h
hnn h nhtavh aedvatk`jd m d nudrtd detrd jh s knketds.
0-Lky kraks pdrh e h mdstkbke mdetrh m d j jdeoukgd hrqudstkj q u d mhnaek thmh.
2-Tsh phbh k`uemketd pdrh aemumk`jd m d nhtavhs nusabkjds rdpdtamhs (jdatnhtavd).
Mdstkbke Bkvkjjdrak rustabkek (Bk`kjjdrhsamkm r÷stabk, ;<16) m d V. Nksbkoea y kjoueks òpdrks m d O .

Vubbaea7 J k `òldnd (;<13), Nkmknd @uttdrcjy (;16=) y ]hsbk (;166). JK N ; 2 6 K B ] ;23)

JK N ;2 ; ]hsbk ( D jubdvke jd stdjjd, Kbth Aj), O. Vubbaea, s. \\ (;166)

Hpdrk vdrastk. Ckjtk u e k lhrk pkrk j k d ggd
d b ub aò e md j prhtkoheastk (Bkvkrkmhssa). Dstd pdrnkedbd pdeskta-
ub aò
vh nadetrks sudek d e jk budrmk dj nhtavh m d j knhr q u d lk`îk shekmh d e dj Kbth mëemhehs k detdemdr
qu d dstë rdbhrmkemh jh s
nhndeths cdjabds bh e ]hsbk, su knkmk. Dethebds ue shjhA, m d bjkraedtd aetrhmubd
dj
nhtavh m d jk ehstkjoak. D j prhtkoheastk sd phed k dsbra`ar, bketkemh de ue k dspdbad m d rdbatktavh (nu-
blks
ehtks md jk nasnk kjturk) pdrh mdspuás md kjoueks jîedks jd aevkmde jh s sdetanadeths y dj dstajh sd
Sudjvd n ës jîrabh, b h e d j nhtavh m d jk ehstkjoak.

K B ] ;2 ?
]kn`ade
taded kjoh m d wkoedrakek jk òpdrk Vdjjáks d t Nájaskemd (;160) m d B . Md`ussy7 dstë k n -
Madetkmk de u e vkoh
dethreh ndmadvkj, jk nkyhr pkrtd md j tdxth dstë dsbrath d e u e krahsh sajë-
`abh y
thmh sd mdsbra`d b h e jk hrqudstk.

K`adrtkndetd Djditrk h D j bk`kjjdrh m d jk rhsk

wkoedrakeh d s P . Rtrkuss d e Rkjhná (;164), (;161)

M dr Phsdeikvkjadr, ;1;;)7 bhetaeuamkm nusabkj, ue k orke chrnkbaòe hrqudstkj, krnheaks koumk

nd
mdsbraptavks d amdks ndjòmabks q u d sd rdjkbaheke detrd sa .
r
 mn`ade l k y bhnphsathrds q u d luyde prdtdemamkndetd m d bukjquadr vdstaoah  rhnëeta-

?1

Ld DNK0) ;166-0606 (Raojhs \\-\\A)

bh m d jh s orkemds mrknks y m d jk s orkemds

orkemds prhmubbaheds tîpabks m d j s. \aA\. Detrd djjhs mdstkbk
prhmubbaheds
K . @dro. R u _hzzdbi (;104) sd sî , bhedbtkmks p h r ndmah
dstrubturk d e dsbdeks s ae rdjkbaòe detrd sî,
md aetdrjumahs aestrundetkjds q u d pdrnatde bkn`akr d j dsbdekrah. E h l k y jdatnhtavd e a u e k

orke hrqudstk y d j dstajh vhbkj dstë k natkm m d bknaeh detrd d j bketh y d j lk`jk. R u tdnk tknph-
b h ds nathjòoabh h lastòrabh saeh dsbdeks m d jk vamk m d u e shjmkmh. JK N ;2 0

J K N ;2 2 _hzzdbi (K`dr w ks lkst m u & ), K. @dro, s. \\ (;104)

D e dstk dsbdek _hzzdbi kbk`k m d ksdsaekr k su nugdr p h r bdjhs. B h e su guabah ndmah trksthrekmh sd vk
k jk tk`drek pdrh u ek nublkblk kmvadrtd jk s nkeblks m d skeord d e jk rhpk m d _hzzdbi y s u s pkjk`rks

kjdrtke k jh s bjadetds. N÷sabk kthekj

kthekj,, mas
masheke td.. Raoud u e aetdrjumah q u d m k p h r tdrnaekmk jk dsbdek.
heketd

]kn`aáe sd kjdgke m d jk òpdrk rhnëetabk V. Laemdnatl, I . _dajj b h e J k òpdrk m d jh s 2 pdeaquds

(Mad Mrda
Mrdaorhs
orhsbldre
bldrehpdr
hpdr,, ;1 0<)
0<),, R. Vrhihcadv b h e D j knhr m d jk s trds ekrkegks (;10;) h O . Odrslwae b h e
Vhroy k e m @dss (;124). J K N ;2 =

J K N ;2 4 Vhroy k e m @dss (Runn drtand ), O . Odrslwae, s. \ \ (;124)

Jk kbbaòe md dstk òpdrk trkesburrd d e u e `krrah ph`rd m d u ek baumkm ehrtdkndrabkek. D e dstk prandrk
dsbdek d s md ehbld y u e k vdbaek, nadetrks kbuek k s u `d`á9 dethek dstk bkebaòe b he aectjudebaks md gkzz
y md jh s dsparatukjds edorhs.

Jh s phbhs kuthrds d sp
sp k ûh jd s q u d k`hrmke d j oáedrh hpdrîstabh jh l k b d e m d nkedrk hbksahekj7
ûh jd
p.d. A. Kj`áeaz b h e Vdpatk Ganáedz (;<13), D . Orkekmhs bh e Ohydsbks (;1;3) h N . m d Ckjjk b h e J k
vamk `rdvd (;1;=), q u d saetdtazk d j jdeoukgd vdrastk b h e djdndeths dspkûhjastks m d r k îîb
b ddss cjknde-
bk s y kemkjubastks. D e Dspkûk jh q u d saoud traueckemh d s jk zkrzudjk, sh`rd thmh jk orkemd, q u d
vavd u e k dtkpk m d dspjdemhr lkstk jk Oudrrk bavaj (Mhûk Crkebasquatk, ;102, m d K . Savds h Juask Cdrekemk,
;120, m d C. Nhrdeh ]hrrh`k).(KB] ;2<)
Mdsmd ndmakmhs m d j s . \ \ jk brdkbaòe m d eudvks òpdrks taded u e bkrëbtdr nkroaekj rdspdbth k

jk rdphsabaòe m d h ` d j pkskmh. Dsth h`jaok

`rr k s m dj k jh s bhnphsathrds k sd r hraoaekjds d e jh s tdnks
yd e jk prdsdetkbaòe. Ds k prdsaòe bhestketd p h r debhetrkr eudvks chrnks m d dxprdsaòe n÷sabh-
mrknëtabk, kbk`k prhvhbkemh u e k mdsaetdorkbaòe m d jk òpdrk bhnh oáedrh. K vdbds s d utajazk jk
n÷sabk djdbtròeabk ork`kmk. ]kn`ade s d vudjvde k bhnphedr òpdrks d e dstajh trkmabahekj, pdrh
d e odedrkj s d tademd lkbak jk crkondetkbaòe m d jk kbbaòe d s b   eabk. L k y orke vkradmkm m d b h e

vabbaheds d s t  tabks y mavdrsacabkbaòe, bukemh e h bhecusaòe. Vkrh sk`dr n ë s J K N ;23) J K N ;23-;2<

Mdsmd caekjds m d j s. \ \ jk ò pd bhnpdtar bh e jh s nusabkjds, d e jh s q u d l k y sdbbaheds l k -

p d rrkk m dd`
`d
`jkmks, bketkmks y `kajkmks7 _dst samd sthry (;14?), Jh s nasdrk`jds (;1<6), D j cketksnk m d jk òpdrk
(;1<3, n ës md ;6.666 rdprdsdetkbaheds d e @rhkmwky detrd ;1<< y 06;0), D j P dy Jdòe (;11?), dtb.

4 . @kjjdt
 Dj dnprdskrah R. Makolajdv, s ae s d r bhrdòorkch e a bhnphsathr, bkn`ak d j `kjjdt bjësabh y mdtdrna
e k s u bursh. Vkrk Makouajdv dsbra`d N . Pkvdj su s `kjjdts Mkpleas d t Bljh   (;161) y J k vkjsd (;106),

;166-0606 (Raojhs \\-\\A)

Rtrkvaesiy Dj Vëgkrh md cudoh (;1;6), Vdtruslik (;1;;) y Jk Bheskorkbaòe md jk prankvdrk (Jd Rkbrd
mupratdnps, ;1;2) y N. md Ckjjk Dj shn`rdrh md 2 pabhs (;1;?), dstrdekmh de su vdrsaòe mdcaeatavk de
hemrds (;1;1). Kquî Ckjjk nu bkjazk uek lasthrak jaodrkndetd bònabk uskemh ndjhmîks md
taph
chjbjòrabh y ratnhs md mk
mkezks dspkûhjks. JKN ;21-;=;
ezks KB]
KB] ;21)
JKN Rhn`rdrh md 2 pabhs ( Mkezk mdj nhjaedrh ), N. md Ckjjk, s. \\ (;1;?)
;=0DA
Dj kroundeth md dstd `kjjdt sd `ksk de ue budeth md Kjkrbòe satukmh de jk Dspkûk mdj s
\vAj7 ue vabgh
bhrrdoamhr (kjoh ksî bhnh ue oh`drekmhr) quadrd bhrtdgkr k uek `djjk nhjaedrk pdrh tdrnaek lkbademh dj
ramabujh pkrk kjdorîk mdj nhjaedrh. Ak mkezk mdj nhjaedrh ds uek ckrrubk, ue `kajd cjkndebh sdrah, deár-
oabh, de bhnpës buktdrekrah. De jk aetrhmubbaòe sudek ue decëtabh shjh md trhnpk y mdspuás ue shjh mdj
bhreh aeojás, kn`hs `kskmhs de dj nhmh md  ea (craoah), tke crdbudetd de jk n÷sabk chjbjòrabk dspkûhjk.
Jk kbdjdrkbaòe rîtnabk mdj caekj anatk jhs  rdnktds cjkndebhs.

KN ;=2 Mdsmd ndmakmhs mdj s. \\ dj

rdpdrthrah md `kjjdt hcrdbd uek orke vkradmkm. Bhdxastde
`kjjdts nhmdrehs y jhs pdrtdedbadetds kj rdpdrthrah bjësabh, kuequd jk mkezk bhetdnphrëedk
dstë okekemh tdrrdeh, bhe dxpdrandetkbaòe de jks bhrdhorkcîks.

3. N÷sabk md baed
Jks prandrks prdsdetkbaheds baednëtabks sae sheamh md jk mábkmk md ;<16 yk tadede n÷sabk,
odedrkjndetd kbhnpkûknadeths de mardbth anp
anprh
rhvas
vaskmhs
kmhs phr ue pakeastk. Qk dstë prdsdetd dj
ush md  jdatnhtavds bhnh djdndeths ekrrktavhs y dstrubturkjds, kjoh qud sdrë bhestketd de jk
n÷sabk md baed.

Jk
shehrh, de dj qud sd saebrheazk ankode y sheamh de jk nasnk prhydbbaòe
jjdokmk mdj baed
(;10?) lkbd qud de ue prandr nhndeth jk n÷sabk qudm
qudmdd rdjd
rdjdok
okmk
mk.. De jks pra
prandr
ndrks
ks pdj
pdjabu
abujks
jks
md Lhjjywhhm sòjh lky n÷sabk kj bhnadezh y kj caekj, kmdnës md jk n÷sabk madoátabk, ds mdbar,
jk bhetdeamk de jk kbbaòe. K. Bhpjkem, bhe n÷sabk pkrk < pdjabujks nu
nuyy bhe
bhehbamks,, aetrhmubd
hbamks
de Lhjjywhhm ue dstajh nhmdreastk, bhe krnheîks masheketds. R. Vrhihcadv dsbra`d jk n÷sabk
pkrk Kjdiskemr Edvsiy (;12<), uek ápabk h`rk keta-ekza. ]kn`ade M. Rlhstkihvabl, k pdskr md jk

bdesurk y mdj baed-prhpkokemk shvaátabh, brdk `udeks pkrtaturks.

De jk 06
natkm mdj s. \\ prdmhnaeke jks pkrtaturks hrqudstkjds y ue jdeoukgd thekj md bkrëbtdr
ápabh h sdetandetkj. Bhnphsathrds cknhshs7 G. _ajjakns, L. Wanndr, D. Nhrrrabhed, K. Aojd-
saks, dtb.

JKN
;==Hut hc Kcrabk (Ndnhraks md Ëcrabk),
Kcrabk G. @krry, s. \\ (;1<4)
DR dj
bdetrkj md uek pdjîbujk `kskmk de dj ja`rh kuth`ahorëtabh md uek dsbrathrk mkedsk y qud trktk
tdnk
d su rdjkbaòe bhe ue bkzkmhr prhcdsahekj aeojás de Ideak, lhn`rd qud knk su kvahedtk y jhs pkaskgds md
jk Rk`kek
kcrabkek. N÷sabk hrqudstkj md bkrëbtdr ápabh, orkemajhbudetd, k vdbds jîrabh.

KN
;=4
H`javahe, K. Vakzzhjjk, s. \\x (;1<=)
Mrk aebjuamk k phstdrahra de jk pdjîbujk Derabh AS
AS,, eh dsbratk bhnh `kemk shehrk. Sdrsaòe pkrk bhetrk-
pkeh, vahjîe y `kemhedòe, chrnkbaòe lk`atukj de jk n÷sabk md V akzzhjjk.
 <;

;166-0606 (Raojhs \\-\\A)

JKN ;=3 Rblaemjdr s Jast (Jk jastk md Rblaemjdr), G. _ajjakns, s. \\ (;

(;11
112)
2)

Dstd ds dj tdnk bdetrkj md uek pdjîbujk qud mdsbra`d jk satukbaòe de jk qud vavadrhe jhs gumîhs debdrrkmhs
de dj oudth md Skrshvak murketd jk 0* Oudrrk Nuemakj. Rh`rd dj chemh hrqudstkj sd anphed uek trastd
ndjhmîk mdj vahjîe.

?. Skrakbaheds
Kpkrdbd ue eudvh taph7 jks vkrakbaheds cketëstabks h ja`rds, qud sòjh kjumde h mdskrrhjjke kjou-
ehs djdndeths mdj tdnk, bhe ja`drtkm krnòeabk. Te dgdnpjh she jks Skrakbaheds sh`rd ue tdnk
hraoaekj h Skrakbaheds Deaonk (;<11) md D. Djokr, pkrk hrqudstk (dj deaonk bhesastd de qud, k pdskr md

lk`dr ;2 vkrakbaheds, dj tdnk hraoaekj euebk sd dsbublk md chrnk dxpjabatk).

<.Vadzk
Nublks h`rks md dstd pdrahmh, k÷e bukemh utajazke chrnkbaheds aestrundetkjds bjësabks bhnh
ue bukrtdth md budrmk h uek hrqudstk bhnpjdtk, eh sd tatujke ea sd pudmde aebjuar de dj oáedrh
budrmk
mdj bukrtdth h jk saecheîk, saeh de dj nës odedrkj y phbh dspdbîcabh md  padzks , yk sdke `rdvds
h jkroks. De nublks hbksaheds dstks padzks she ue bknph md dxpdrandetkbaòe chrnkj y/h jae-

ouastabk. Jkjastk md bhnphsathrds y tîtujhs sdrîk aetdrnaek`jd.

JKN ;=? @kblakek `rksajdark e¶ 4, L. Sajjkjh`hs, s. \\ (;12<)
Vadzk dsbratk pkrk shprkeh y < vahjhebldjhs. Bhnadezk bhe uek aetrhmubbaòe vhbkj sae tdxth. @kblakek
jhmîk y jk carnd jîedk mdj `kgh, `rksajdûh ds dj dspîratu md sdrdektk trastd y dj
ds jk dxtdesaòe md jk ndjhm
pazzabkth md chemh qud anatk jhs kbhnpkcaknadeths md jk ouatkrrk.

1. Rhektk (trîh,
(trîh, bukrtd
bukrtdth
th...
...))
Dsths oáedrhs sd prdstke k jk dxpdran
dxp drandet
detkbaò
kbaòe
e tîn
tîn`rab
`rabk
k h chrnkj. Kuequd dj oáedrh shektk dstë
de mdbjavd, jk chrnk shektk saoud sademh uskmk phr nublhs bhnphsathrds7 jk 0k dsbudjk vadedsk,
B.Md`ussy, Bl. Avds, K. Rbrak`ae, R. Vrhihcadv, M. Rlhstkihvabl, N. Pkvdj, @. @krtòi (p.d. jk
Rhektk pkrk 0 pakehs y pdrbusaòe, ;12?), dtb. Dxbdpth phr dj dstajh bkmk vdz nës masheketd y dj rkeoh
thekj bkmk vdz nës knpjah y ehvdmhsh, jks bkrkbtdrîstabks dxtdreks md jk chrnk eh macadrde md
nksakmh md htrks áphbks.

Lky uek aendesk y vkrakmk prhmubbaòe md bukrtdths, de su nkyhrîk phr debkroh md aetárprdtds
prhcdsahekjds. Jk ehrnk saoude sademh = nhv.(Vkrk sk`dr nës JKN ;=?)
JKN ;=< ukrtdth md budrmk, ;¶ nhv, _. Juthsjkwsia, s. \\ (;13=)
Dgdnpjh md chrnk dxpdrandetkj7 vahjîe A y vahjhebldjh bhnadezke k jk vdz, judoh detrk jk vahjk y mds-
puás dj thmhs bhe uek n÷sabk pkrdbamk (bhe md theh), pdrh bkmk ueh thbk kj
 vahjîe AA, bukrths tdnph qud
quadrk, bhe jh bukj lky bhe badrtk kjdkthradmkm. Bkmk aestrundeth md`d rdpdtar jh dsbrath lkstk qud dj
vahjîe A detrd bhe uek n÷sabk nës rëpamk, dethebds jhs htrhs trds md`de pkrkr aendmaktkndetd.

nd]DNK0 ;166-0606 (Raojhs \\-\\A)

;6. Bhebdrth
odedrkj sd nketadede jhs bjësabhs (rëpamh-jdeth-tëpamh). Lky trds tdemdebaks
Vhr ehrnk
2 nhHv.

odedrkjds7
masdûh chrnkj trkmabahekj, h`rks k orke dsbkjk y vartuhsasnh, orkemds y dcusavhs, de dstajh
;k-
phst-rhnëetabh. Ksî she jhs dsbraths lkstk jk ; Oudrk nuemakj. Vd. jhs trds pkrk pakeh md R.
Pkblnkeaehv, dj md vahjae (;16=) md G. Ra`djaus, dj md vahjhebldjh (;1;1) md D. Djokr, dtb. Kjouehs
bhnphsathrds md caekjds md saojh vudjvde k dstd dstajh.
0k- jhs dsbraths detrd jk mábkmk md ;106 y bk.;124 tademde k rd`djkrsd bhetrk dsd dstajh dx
pkesavh, bhe nkyhr dbhehnîk md ndmahs, nës rîtnabhs y nës ktrdvamhs krnòeabkndetd, p.d. j.
Rtrkvaesiy (Bhebdrth pkrk pakeh y vade th, ;10=), N. md Ckjjk (Bhebadrth pkrk bjkvd y R aestrundeths shjastks md

dtb.
vadeth, ;103),
2<-jhs dsbraths mdsmd bk.;124 bhn`aeke crdbudetdndetd jhs mhs dstajhs prdbdmdetds, p.d. Bhe-
badrth md Krkegudz (;121) md G. Phmraoh, jhs md M. Rlhstkihvabl, dtb. JKN ;=1-;34

JKN ;33 Bhebdrth pkrk pakeh e¶ 0, ;¶ nhv, M. Rlhstkihvabl, s. \\ (;14?)

Ds uek chrnk shektk  sua odedras yk qud eh lky uek Pddxphsabaòe mdj ]dnk y jks rdjkbaheds thekjds
0
eh she jks trkmabahekjds (phr dgdnpjh, dj ]dnk 0 dstë de dj rdjktavh ndehr). Dj ]dnk ds ue tdnk md  

nkrblk qud sd bhevadrtd de ueh md dshs  okjjhps tke crdbudetds de Rlhstkihvabl. Kj aoukj qud de thmhs
jhs bhebdrths md Rlhstkihvabl, dj shjastk thbk mdsmd dj bhnadezh, eh lky Dxphsabaòe hrqudstkj.
dsm

;;. Raecheîk, phdnk saecòeabh

Vhdnk saecòeabh bhnadezhs mdj s. \\ sd saoud bujtavkemh bhe crdbudebak pdrh de jks mábkmks
k

md ;106-26 bhnadezk su mdbjavd. Mdstkbke jhs md P. Rtrkuss, buyhs tdnks aebjuyde jatdrkturk,
jdydemk, cajhshcîk y kuth`ahorkcîk, p.d. Mhe Guke (;<<1), Ksa lk`jòWkrktustrk (;<13), dxprdsaòe nu-
sabkj md < pkskgds sdjdbbahekmhs mdj phdnk cajhsòcabh md Eadtzsbld, h Mhe [uaghtd (;<1?) uek
;3?-;?1
sdrad md  vkrakbaheds cketëstabks . JKN
JKN ;<6 Mhe [uaghtd, P. Rtrkus, s. \x (;<1?)
Vhdnk saecòeabh qud mdsbra`d kjouehs bdpashmahs md jk ehvdjk md Bdrvk
Bdrvket
etds aetrhmubbaòe,
ds.. Bhest
Bhestk
k md
dxphsabaòe md 0 tdnks y ;6 vkrakbaheds. Dj tdnk mdsbra`d k M. [uaghtd bhe ratnh edrvahsh, ndjhmîk
 

koumk y crksdh ksanátrabh, debkrekmh sadnprd de dj tan`rd mdj vahjhebldjh y jk vahjk. Dj tdnk 0 mdsbra`d
k Rkeblh Vkezk bhe aestrundeths orkvds7 vahjvahjk,
k, bjk
bjkraed
raedtd
td `kgh y tu`k tdehr. Jk Skrakbaòe e¶ mdsbra`d  

jk kvdeturk md jhs nhjaehs md vadeth. Kj bhnadezh sd hyde jhs 0 tdnks k jk vdz, mdspuás vahjaeds y cjku-
tks sd uede de uek ndjhmîk jîrabk qud rdprdsdetk k Mujbaedk, judoh sd qudmk shjh dj tdnk md M. [uaghtd
y sd mdsb
mdsbra`d jk bkrrdrk, dj anpkbth bhe dj nhjaeh y jk bkîmk (ojaskemh de dj kr
ra`d krpk
pk).
). Mdspuáss sd jdvketk,
Mdspuá
nkjtrdblh.

Raecheîk7 k bhnadezhs mdj ksastanhs k su dspjdemhr pdrh, bksa md aendmakth, k su mdbjavd

s. \\

bhe jk ;
Oudrrk nuemakj. Mdstkbke jks ? saecheîks md G. Ra`djaus y jks 1 md O. Nkljdr, quade sd
 pjketdk jk saecheîk bhnh dxprdsaòe md sus sdetanadeths y su dxastdebak, tketh de jh kjdord, de

<2
 

d]DNK0) ;166-0606 (Raojhs \\-\\A)

jh trëoabh, jh prhcuemhhde jh travakj, h bhnh ue prheuebaknadeth cajhsòcabh. Vkrk dsthspjketdk-

nadeths jk chrnk trkmabahekj eh ds sucabadetd y phr dsh brdk jk suyk prhpak. KB]
KB
;=6
]
De sus h`rks hrqudstkjds B. Md`ussy utajazk dstrubturks taph  nhskabh, qud sd bkrkbtdrazke phr
eh tdedr mdskrrhjjh ea vkrakbaòe md tdnks, saeh qud jhs nhtavhs detrke y skjde, rdpataáemhsd bhe
htrks shehramkmds detrd htrhs tdnks eudvhs.
JKN ;<;-;<4

JKN ;<3 Jk ndr (Dj nkre), ;¶ nhv. (Mdj kj`k kj ndmahmak de dj nkr), B. Md`ussy, \\ (;164)
4

H`rk hrqudstkj su`tatujkmk  `hsqudghs saecòeabhs , bhe trds nhvanadeths. Dj prandrh taded nuy phbh
qud vdr bhe uek saecheîk7 eh ds uek chrnk shektk saeh uek dstrubturk taph  nhskabh , bhe macdrdetds
nhtavhs qud vke detrkemh y sk skjajade
demh
mh,, sòjh lky ueh qud rdkpkrdbd de jks macdrdetds sdbbaheds. ]rks jk
sòjh
kpkrdetd arrdoujkramkm, lky ue buamkbuamkmhs
mhsh h mas
masdûh md jk chrnk.
dûh

Mdspuás md jk 0 Oudrrk nuemakj dj oáedrh saecòeabh rdekbd, sh`rd thmh de DDTT y de jk TPRR
ds mdbar, mhemd lky uek trkmabaòe saecòeabk nës ghvde y detusakstk y, phr quá eh mdbarjh, në

maedrh. De jks mábkmks md ;1?6 y ;1<6 uehs bukeths bhnphsathrds edh-rhnëetabhs sd kmlad-
rde k jk  eudvk thekjamkm htrhs dxpjhrke jks phsa`ajamkmds chrnkjds md jk saecheîk md nkedrks
eudvks d aeehvkmhrks, htrhs jk utajazke bhnh vdlîbujh prhorknëtabh (h bhnh ue ndmah md kcarnk
nublhs bkshs lky dbjdbtabasnh, bhe aecjudebaks nuy vkrakmks. Kjouek
baòe phjatabk h p÷`jabk). De

saecheîks aebjuyde batks nës h ndehs vdjkmks k h`rks mdj pkskmh (J. @drah, @. K. Wanndrnkee, K
Rbleattid, ]. Nkrbh, dtb.).

JKN ;<? Raecheak ed4, 2h-= nhv, ]. Nkrbh, s. \\ (;1<1)

Bkmk ueh md jhs ? nhvanadeths md dstk saecheîk dstë mdmabkmh k uek asjk bkekrak. Rd thbke sae aetdrrup-
baòe ( jhs sajdebahs sòjh sarvde pkrk thsdr , sdo÷e dj kuthr), dejkzkmhs phr ndmah md `rdv
`rdvds
ds trk
trkesab
esabahed
ahedss
 qud phmrîke aoukjndetd rdprdsdetkr asjhtds . Dj s¶ nhv. (Kukrak , Jk Vkjnk) ds uek mkezk rëpamk y

h`staekmk. De dj =¶ ( Nkxhrktk, Cudrtdvdeturk) jk prhtkoheastk ds jk budrmk. De jk trkesabaòe mdj '¶ kj

= nhv. sd dsbublk uek batk md jk Raecheîk e¶4 md @ddtlhvde bhe pdrbusaòe y vad
vadet
eth
h ndt
ndtkj.
kj.

(KB] ;=; JKN ;<<-;1; KB]

KB] ;=0 JKN ;10-;14)(KB] ;=2

(@a`jahorkcak JKN ;13-;1<