ND\CPDK \AKBDMQNQDK

ODVRPCAKRAPHRHV DJQR \DBD DKDJ BHPQDKO \QV\D

Bidiujdk uktuj eaeakumi tuods Vtdsa Dkdj

Bcsak 9 RHE

Bisusuk Cnam 9
Piszd Dpridki Gduziydm

IKP<0<<448

\PCOPDE VRQBH \PCGAVH KAPV

VAJCNDM RHKOOH HNEQ JAVAMDRDK
JQKHKODK
RDMQK DJDBAEHJ 0<0</0<04

 
 Bdgtdr Hsi

Bdgtdr Hsi .............................................................................................................................. i

D. \akoartidk.................................................................................................................... 4
@. Dkdtcei Gisicncoi ...................................................................................................... 4
F. Aticncoi ........................................................................................................................ 7
B. Edkigastdsi Jnikis ..................................................................................................... =
A. Jcepnijdsi ................................................................................................................. =
G. \dtcgisicncoi ............................................................................................................... 8
O. \dtmwdy ..................................................................................................................... 44

M. \aearijsddk \akukidko ......................................................................................... 40

H. \akdtdndjsdkddk Eabis ........................................................................................... 40
I. Jcksap Dsumdk Japardwdtdk.................................................................................47
Bdgtdr \ustdjd .................................................................................................................. 07

i
D.  \akoartidk
Odstrcaktaritis dbdndm pardbdkodk pdbd nde`uko, usus jafin bdk usus
 `asdr bakodk `ar`dodi jckbisi pdtcncois bdri sdnurdk odstrciktastikdn bakodk

edkigastdsi bidra, bakodk dtdu tdkpd bisartdi euktdm, sartd jatibdjkydedkdk

d`bceak (Euttdqik, 0<44).

Odstrcaktaritis dbdndm euktdm bdk bidra dji`dt ikgajsi dtdu pardbdkodk

 pdbd bikbiko sdnurdk pakfarkddk, tarutded nde`uko bdk usus. Bi edsydrdjdt nuds,
odstrcaktaritis na`im bijakdn bakodk istindm euktd`ar  (Kurdrig & Jusued, 0<41)

Bidra earupdjdk pakydjit ydko bitdkbdi bakodk `aru`dmkyd

`aktuj tikid bakodk iktaksitds `udko dir `asdr safdrd `arna`imdk na`im
bdri 6 jdni bdnde juruk wdjtu sdtu mdri (\rdwdti & Mdqi, 0<48). Bidra
dbdndm jckbisi

biedkd sasacrdko `udko dir `asdr bakodk jcksistaksi nae`aj dtdu fdir, `dmjdk
bdpdt `arupd dir sdid bdk grajuaksikyd na`im sariko (`idsdkyd tiod jdni
dtdu
na`im) bdnde sdtu mdri (Birajtcrdt Iakbardn \akoakbdnidk \akydjit Bdk
\akyamdtdk Nikojukodk, 0<44)

@.  Dkdtcei Gisicncoi

4
 Vistae pakfarkddk /sistae odstrcikstastikdn (eundi bdri eunut
sdepdi dkus) dbdndm sistae crodk bdnde edkusid ydko `argukosi uktuj
eakaried edjdkdk, eakfarkdkyd eakidbi zdtzdt oizi bdk akaroi, eakyardp
zdt-zdt oizi

jabdnde dnirdk bdrdm sartd eae`udko `doidk edjdkdk ydko tibdj bdpdt
bifarkd dtdu earupdjdk sisdprcsas tarsa`ut bdri tu`um. Vdnurdk
pakfarkddk
tarbiri bdri eunut, takoocrcjdk (gdriko), jarckojckodk, nde`uko, usus mdnus,
usus `asdr, rajtue bdk dkus. Vistae pakfarkddk bdk iuod eaniputi crodk
crodk ydko tarnatdj binudr sdnurdk pakfarkddk yditu9 pdkjrads, mdti
bdk jdkbuko aepabu.

4.  Eunut

Earupdjdk sudtu rckood tar`ujd taepdt edsujkyd edjdkdk bdk

dir pdbd edkusid. Eunut `idsdkyd tarnatdj bijapdnd bdk ueuekyd

earupdjdk `doidk dwdn bdri sistae pakfarkddk nakojdp ydko `ardjmir
bidkus. Eunut earupdjdk idndk edsuj uktuj sistae pakfarkddk.
@doidk bdnde bdri eunut bindpisi cnamsandput nakbir. \akoafdpdk
birdsdjdk cnam crodk pardsd ydko tarbdpdt bipareujddk nibdm. \
akoafdpdk randtig sabarmdkd, tarbiri bdriedkis, dsde, dsik bdk iuod
pdmit. \akfiuedk birdsdjdk cnam sdrdg cngdjtcrius bi mibuko bdk iuod
na`im rueit, tarbiri bdri
 `ar`dodi edfde `du. Edjdkdk bipctcko-pctcko cnam oioi
bapdk (ikfisivus) bdk bijukydm cnam oioi `andjdko (ecndr, oardmde),
eakidbi

 `doidk-`doidk jafinydko na`im eubdm bifarkd. Nubdm bdri janakidr

nubdm djdk eae`ukojus `doidk`doidk bdri edjdkdk tarsa`ut bakodk
akzie-
akzie pakfarkddk bdk eundi eakfarkdkyd. Nubdm iuod
eakodkbuko dkti`cbi bdk akzie (eisdnkyd nisczie), ydko eaeafdm
prctaik bdk iuod eakyardko `djtari safdrd ndkosuko. \rcsas eakandk
bieundi safdrd sdbdr bdk `arndkiut safdrd ctcedtis.

0
0.   Jarckojckodk (Ascgdous)

Jarckojckodk dbdndm td`uko (tu`a) `arctct pdbd varta`rdtd ydko

bindnui sawdjtu edjdkdk eakodnir bdri `doidk eunut jabdnde

nde`uko.

0
 Edjdkdk `aridndk eandnui jarckojckodk bakodk eakooukdjdk
 prcsasparistdntij. Ascgdous `artaeu bakodk gdriko pdbd ruds ja-7 tundko
 `andjdko. Ascgdous bi`doi eakidbi tiod `doidk9

d)  @doidk suparicr (sa`doidk `asdr dbdndm ctct rdkojd).

 `)  @doidk takodm (fdepurdk ctct rdkojd bdk ctct mdnus).
f)  Vartd `doidk ikgaricr (tarutded tarbiri bdri ctct mdnus).
6.  Nde`uko

Earupdjdk crodk ctct `arckood ydko `asdr bdk iuod `ar`aktuj

saparti jdkbdko janabdi. Rarbiri bdri 6 `doidk yditu9

d)  Jdrbid.
 `)  Gukbus.
f)  Dktrue.

Edjdkdk edsuj jabdnde nde`uko bdri jarckojckodk eandnui ctct

 `ar`aktuj fikfik (sgiktar), ydko `isd eae`ujd bdk eakutup.
Bdnde jadbddk kcredn, sgiktar eakomdndkoi edsujkyd jae`dni isi
nde`uko jabdnde jarckojckodk. Nde`uko `argukosi sa`dodi oubdko
edjdkdk, ydko `arjcktrdjsi safdrd riteijuktuj eakfdepur edjdkdk
bakodk akzie- akzie. Van-san ydko eandpisi nde`uko eakomdsinjdk 6 zdt
paktiko9

d)  Nakbir

Nakbir eanikbukoi san-san nde`uko bdrijarusdjdk cnam dsde

nde`uko. Vatidp jandikdk pdbd ndpisdk nakbir iki,`isd eakya`d`jdk
jarusdjdk ydko eakodrdm japdbd tar`aktujkyd tujdj nde`uko

 `)  Dsde jncribd (MFn)

Dsde jncribd eakfiptdjdk sudsdkd ydko sdkodtdsde,

ydko biparnujdk cnam papsik oukd eaeafdm prctaik. Jadsdedk
nde`uko ydko tikooi iuod `arpardk sa`dodi pakomdndko
tarmdbdp ikgajsi

6
bakodkfdrd eae`ukum `ar`dodi `djtari.

6
 f)  \rajurscr papsik (akzie ydko eaeafdmjdk prctaik)
2.  Qsus Mdnus (usus jafin)

Qsus mdnus /usus jafin dbdndm `doidk bdri sdnurdk pakfarkddk ydko
tarnatdj bidktdrd nde`uko bdk usus `asdr. Bikbiko usus jdyd
djdk
 pae`unum bdrdm ydko eakodkojut zdt-zdt ydko bisardp jamdti eandnui
vakd pcrtd. Bikbiko usus eanapdsjdk nakbir (ydko eanuedsi isi usus) bdk
dir (ydko eae`dktu eandrutjdk pafdmdk-pafdmdk edjdkdk ydko bifarkd).
Bikbiko usus iuod eanapdsjdk saiuendm jafin akzie ydko
eakfarkd
 prctaik, ound bdk iuod naedj. Ndpisdk usus mdnus eaniputi, ndpisdk eujcsd
(sa`andm jdkdk), ndpisdk ctct eanikojdr (Esirjunar), ndpisdk
ctct eaedkidko (E nckoitubikdn) bdk ndpisdk sarcsd (sa`andm nudr). Qsus
mdnus tarbiri bdri tiod `doidk yditu usus bud `ands idri bucbakue), usus
jcscko (iaiakue) bdk usus pakyardpdk (inaue). Winni ususmdnus tarbiri
bdri pipd
 `arctct (;7fe), pakfarkddk safdrd jieidwi, pakyardpdk edjdkdk. Rar`doi
/usus 40 idri (bucbakue), usus takodm (iaiakue), usus pakyardpdk (inaue).

d)  Qsus bud `ands idri Qsus bud `ands idri (Bucbakue)
Qsus bud `ands idri dtdu bucbakue dbdndm `doidk bdri ususmdnus ydko
tarnatdj satandm nde`uko bdk iuod eakomu`ukojdkkyd ja usus jcscko
(iaiakue). @doidk usus bud `ands idri earupdjdk `doidk tarpakbaj
bdri ususmdnus, bieundi bdri `un`c bucbakdna bdk `ardjmir

biniodeaktueRraitz. Qsus bud`ands idri earupdjdk crodk

ratrcparitckadn, ydko tibdj tar`ukojus sanurumkyd cnam
sandput
 paritckaue. pM usus bud `ands idri ydko kcredn `arjisdr pdbd bardidt
sae`indk. \dbd usus bud`ands idri tarbdpdt budeudrd sdnurdk yditu bdri
 pdkfrads bdk jdktuko aepabu. Kded bucbakue `ardsdn bdri
`dmdsd Ndtik bucbakuebioitcrue, ydko `ardrti bud `ands idri.
Nde`uko eanapdsjdk edjdkdk jabdnde usus bud`ands idri
(bucbakue), ydko earupdjdk `doidk partded bdri usus mdnus.
2
Edjdkdk edsuj jabdnde bucbakue eandnui sgikotar pyncrus bdnde
iuendm ydko `isd bifarkd

2
 cnam usus mdnus. Iijd pakum, bucbakue djdk eakoiriejdk sikydn
japdbd nde`uko uktuj `armakti eakodnirjdk edjdkdk.
 `)  Qsus Jcscko (iaiakue)

Qsus jcscko dtdu iaiakue (tarjdbdko sariko bitunis yayukue) dbdndm

 `doidk bdri usus mdnus, bidktdrd usus bud `ands idri (bucbakue) bdk
 iuodusus pakyardpdk (inaue). \dbd edkusid bawdsd, pdkidko sanurum
usus mdnus dktdrd 0-= eatar, 4-0 eatar dbdndm `doidk usus
jcscko. Qsus jcscko bdk usus pakyardpdk biodktukojdk bdnde tu`um
bakodk easaktariue. \areujddk bdnde usus jcscko `arupd
eae`rdk eujus bdk iuod tarbdpdt ickict usus (vini), ydko
eaeparnuds pareujddk bdri usus. Vafdrd mistcncois bdpdt
bi`abdjdk bakodk usus bud `ands idri, ydjki `arjurdkokyd
janakidr @rukkar. Vafdrd mitcncois pund bdpdt

bi`abdjdk bakodk usus pakyardpdk, yditu sabijitkyd sanoc`nat bdk

 pndj \ayari. Vabijit sunit uktuj eae`abdjdk usus jcscko bdk usus
 pakyardpdk safdrd edjrcsjcpis.
f)  Qsus \akyardpdk (inaue)
Qsus pakyardpdk /inaue dbdndm `doidk tardjmir bdri usus mdnus. \dbd
sistae pakfarkddk edkusid, iki eaeiniji pdkidko sajitdr 0-2 e
bdk tarnatdj satandm bucbakue bdk iuod iaiukue, bdk bindkiutjdk
cnam usus `uktu. Hnaue eaeiniji pM dktdrd 7 bdk = (katrdn dtdu
sabijit
 `dsd) bdk `argukosi eakyardp vitdeik @40 bdk iuod odrde-odrde

aepabu.
1.   Qsus @asdr (Jcnck)

Qsus `asdr /jcnck bdnde dkdtcei dbdndm `doidk usus dktdrd usus
`uktu bdk rajtue. Gukosi utded crodk iki dbdndm eakyardp dir bdri gasas.
Qsus
 `asdr tarbiri bdri jcnck dsakbaks (jdkdk), jcnck trdksvarsue, jcnck
basakbaks (jiri), jcnck sioecib (`armu`ukodk bakodk raftue). @dkydjkyd
 `djtari ydko tarbdpdt bibdnde usus`asdr `argukosi eakfarkd edjdkdk
 `a`ardpd `dmdk bdk iuod eae`dktu pakyardpdk zdt-zdt oizi. @djtari

1
bibdnde usus `asdr iuod `argukosi eae`udt zdt-zdt paktiko, saparti

vitdeik J. @djtari iki paktiko uktuj gukosi kcredn bdri usus. @a`ardpd

1
  pakydjit sartd dkti`ictij `isd eakya`d`jdk odkooudk pdbd `djtari-`djtari
bibdnde usus `asdr. Dji`dtkyd taridbi iritdsi ydko `isd eakya`d`jdk
bijanudrjdkkyd nakbir bdk dir bdk taridbindm bidra.

7.  Qsus @uktu (sajue)

Qsus `uktu /sajue (@dmdsd Ndtik 9 fdafus, „`utd―) bdnde istindm dkdtcei
dbdndm sudtu jdktuko ydko tarmu`uko pdbd usus pakyardpdk sartd `doidk
jcnck eakdkidj bdri usus `asdr. Crodk iki bitaeujdk pdbd edednid,
 `uruko, bdk iuod `a`ardpd iakis raptin. Va`doidk `asdr mar`ivcra eaeiniji
sajue ydko `asdr, sabdkojdk jdrkivcrd ajsnusig eaeiniji ydko jafin, ydko
sa`doidk /sanurumkyd biodktijdk cnam ue`di fdfiko.
7.  Qe`di Fdfiko (Dppakbix)

Qe`di fdfiko /dpakbijs dbdndm crodk tde`dmdk pdbd usus `uktu. Hkgajsi
 pdbd crodk iki bisa`ut dpakbisitis /rdbdko ue`di fdfiko. Dpakbisitis ydko
 pdrdm bdpdt eakya`d`jdk dpakbijs pafdm bdk eae`aktuj kdkdm bibdnde
rckood d`bceak /paritckitis (ikgajsi rckood d`bceak). Bdnde dkdtcei
edkusid, ue`di fdfiko dbdndm uiuko `uktu td`uko ydko eakyde`uko
bakodk fdafue. Qe`di fdfiko tar`aktuj bdri fdafue pdbd tdmdp ae`ric.
Bdnde crdko bawdsd, ue`di fdfiko `arujurdk sajitdr 4< fe tatdpi
`isd
 `arvdridsi bdri 0 sdepdi 0< fe. wdndupuk ncjdsi dpakbijs sandnu
tatdp, ncjdsi uiuko ue`di fdfiko `isd `ar`abd-`abd biratrcfdafdn
/bipikoodko (panvis) ydko iands tatdp tarnatdj bi paritckaue. @dkydj
crdko parfdyd ue`di fdfiko tibdj `aroukd bdk crodkvastioidn (sisimdk),
sa`doidk ydko ndik parfdyd `dmwd dpakbijs eaepukydi gukosi bdnde
sistae niegdtij. Cpardsi eae`udko ue`difdfiko bijakdn sa`dodi
dppakbijtcei.

=.  Pajtue bdk Dkus

Pajtue dbdndm sa`udm rudkodk ydko `ardwdn bdri usus `asdr (satandm
jcnck sioecib) bdk `ardjmir bidkus. Crodk iki `argukosi sa`dodi
taepdt
 pakyiepdkdk saeaktdrd gasas. @idsdkyd rajtue iki jcscko jdrakd
7
tikid bisiepdko bitaepdt ydko na`im tikooi, yditu pdbd jcnck
basakbaks. Iijd

7
 jcnck basakbaks pakum bdk iuod tikid edsuj ja bdnde rajtue, edjd
tie`un jaikoikdk uktuj `udko dir `asdr (@D@). Eakoae`dkokyd bikbiko
rajtue jdrakd pakuepujdk edtaridn bibdnde raftue djdk eaeifu sistae

sdrdgydko eakie`unjdk jaikoikdk uktuj eandjujdk bagajdsi.

Iijd bagajdsi tibdj taridbi, sarikojdni edtaridn djdk bijae`dnijdk ja
usus`asdr,
biedkd pakyardpdk dir djdk jae`dni bindjujdk. Iijd bagajdsi tibdj taridbi
uktuj paricba ydko nded, jckstipdsi bdk pakoardsdk gasas djdk
taridbi. Crdko bawdsd bdk dkdj ydko na`im tud `isd eakdmdk jaikoikdk
iki, tatdpi
 `dyi bdk iuod dkdj ydko na`im eubd eakodndei jajurdkodk bdnde
 pakoakbdnidk ctct ydko paktiko uktuj eakukbd @D@. Dkus
earupdjdk nu`dko biuiuko sdnurdk pakfarkddk, biedkd `dmdk nie`d janudr
bdri tu`um. Va`doidk `asdr dkus tar`aktuj bdri pareujddk tu`um
(junit) bdk iuod

sa`doidk ndikkyd bdri usus. \ae`ujddk bdk iuod pakutupdk dkus

bidtur cnam ctct spiktar. Gasas bi`udko bdri tu`um eandnui prcsas bagajdsi
(`udko
dir `asdr ‖ @D@), ydko earupdjdk gukosi utded dkus

F.  Aticncoi 

Eakurut Drig Euttdqik (0<44) bdk Vuridbi (0<4<), pakya`d` bdri

odstrcaktaritis sdkodt `ardode , dktdrd ndik sa`dodi `arijut 9

4.  Gdjtcr ikgajsi 9 

d.  Hkgajsi `ar`dodi edfde `djtari ydko bisa`d`jdk cnam
jcktdeikdsi edjdkdk edupuk dir eikue (aktarcpdtmcoakif,
asfmarifmid fcni,
 sdneckannd, smioannd, W.Fmcnard, bdk fncstribiue). 
 `.  Hkgajsi `ar`dodi edfde virus 9 aktarcvirus, afmcvirusas,
dbakcvirus, bdk rctdvirus. \akya`d` bidra tar`dkydj pdbd dkdj
dbdndm virus
 Pctdvirus. 
f.  Ideur 9 fdkbibd 
7
 b.  \drdsit (oidrbid fnde`nid, dea`idsis, frytcspcribiue bdk fyfncspcrd)
0.  Gdjtcr kck ikgajsi/ `ujdk ikgajsi 9 
d.  Dnaroi edjdkdk, eisdn susu, prctaik

7
  `.  Odkooudk eatd`cnij dtdu ednd`scr`si 9 pakydjit
f.  Hritdsi ndkosuko pdbd sdnurdk pakfarkddk cnam edjdkdk
b.  C`dt-c`dtdk 9  Dkti`ictij, Ndjsdtig, Tuikibika, Jcnikaroij,  bdk

Vcr`itdn. 
a.  \akydjit usus 9 fcnitis unfardtiva, frcmk bisadsa,
aktarcfcnitis  g.  Aecsickdn dtdu strass
o.  C`strujsi usus

B.  Edkigastdsi Jnikis

Eakurut Vcbijik (0<44), @a`ardpd tdkbd bdk oaidnd ydko taridbi pdbd
jdsus odstrcaktaritis, dktdrd ndik 9 

4.  @dyi dtdu dkdj eakidbi fakoako, rawan, oanisdm

0.  Vumu `dbdk eakikojdt
6.   Kdgsu edjdk `arjurdko dtdu tibdj dbd
2.  Rie`un bidra
1.  Gasas edjik fdir, eukoijk eakodkbuko bdrdm bdk dtdu nakbar
7.   _drkd gasas `aru`dm eakidbi jamiidu-miidudk jdrakd `arfdepur aepabu.

7.  Euktdm `dij sa`anue edupuk sasubdm bidra

=.  Rarbdpdt oaidnd bdk tdkbd bamibrdsi 9 u`uk-u`uk `asdr fajuko pdbd `dyi,
tckus ctct bdk turocr junit `arjurdko, sandputnakbir pdbd eunut bdk `i`ir
tarnimdt jariko
8.   @ardt `dbdk eakuruk, \ufdt, naedm

A.  Jcepnijdsi 
Eakurut _iidydkikosim (0<46) `a`ardpd jcepnijdsi bidra, bidktdrdkyd 9

4.  Bamibrdsi dji`dt jajurdkodk fdirdk bdk anajtrcnit ydko bi`doi eakidbi9
Bamibrdsi rikodk,dpd`ind taridbi jamindkodk fdirdk > 1% @@
Bamibrdsi sabdko,dpd`ind taridbi jamindkodk fdirdk 1-4<% @@
Bamibrdsi `ardt,dpd`ind taridbi jamindkodk fdirdk ;4<-41% @@

=
 0.  Pakidtdk mipcvcnaeij dji`dt eakurukkyd vcnuea bdrdm bdk dpd`ind
 pakurukdk vcnuea bdrdm eakfdpdi 41-01% edjd djdk eakya`d`jdk
 pakurukdk tajdkdk bdrdm.

6.  Mipcjdnaeid (bakodk oaidnd eajcriseus, miptcki ctct, naedm, `rdbijdrbi,

 paru`dmdk pdbd anajtrc jdrbidorde).
2.  Hktrcnardksi ndjtcsd sajukbar, sa`dodi dji`dt bagisiaksi akzie ndjtdsa
jdrakd jarusdjdk vini eujcsd, usus mdnus.
1.  Jaidko tarutded pdbd bamibrdsi mipartckij.
7.  Ednkutrisi akaroi, prctaik, jdrakd sandik bidra bdk euktdm, pakbaritd iuod
eakodndei jandpdrdk

G.  \dtcgisicncoi 
Odstrcaktaritis `isd bisa`d`jdk cnam 2 mdn, yditu gdjtcr ikgajsi (`djtari,
virus, pdrdsit), gdjtcr ednd`scr`si, gdjtcr edjdkdk bdk gdjtcr psijcncois.
Bidra jdrakd ikgajsi saparti `djtari, `ardwdn bdri edjdkdk dtdu eikuedk ydko
tarjcktdeikdsi bdk tartandk edsuj ja bdnde sdnurdk pakfarkddk.
Vistae
 partdmdkdk tu`um bi nde`uko yditu dsde nde`uko, bdpdt eae`ukum
`djtari ydko edsuj ja bdnde nde`uko, kdeuk dpd`ind iuendm `djtari tarndnu
`dkydj, edjd bdpdt ncncs bdk edsuj ja bucbakue jaeubidk `arjae`dko
`idj. \dbd ja`dkydjdk jdsus odstrcaktaritis, crodk tu`um ydko bisardko
dbdndm usus. @djtari bi bdnde usus djdk eaeprcbujsi akzie ydko
bdpdt eakfdirjdk ndpisdk nakbir pareujddk usus, samikood `djtari
bdpdt edsuj ja bdnde eae`rdk apitan, bdk djdk eakoanudrjdk
tcjsik ydko bdpdt eardkosdko sajrasi fdirdk-fdirdk usus bi `doidk
jriptd vinni bdk eakomde`dt d`scr`si fdirdk. Dji`dtkyd vcnuea fdirdk
bi bdnde nueak usus eakikojdt ydko eakodji`dtjdk bikbiko usus
eakooae`uko bdk taodko, bdk djdk taridbi mipaectinitds uktuj
eakydnurjdk fdirdk bi usus `asdr. Dpd`ind iuendm fdirdk tarsa`ut eana`imi
jdpdsitds d`scr`si usus edjd djdk taridbi bidra (Kodstiydm, 0<44).

Bidra ydko bisa`d`jdk ednd`scr`si edjdkdk cnam usus taridbi jdrakd

 pakikojdtdk tajdkdk csectij bi bdnde rckood usus. \akikojdtdk tajdkdk

8
csectij taridbi jdrakd edjdkdk dtdu zdt bi usus ydko tibdj bdpdt
bisardp. Vamikood taridbi paroasardk dir bdk anajtrcnit ja bdnde rckood usus.
Hsi rckood usus ydko `arna`imdk djdk eardkosdko usus uktuj
eakoanudrjdkkyd samikood

taridbi bidra (Kodstiydm, 0<44).

Edjdkdk `ardfuk iuod bdpdt eakya`d`jdk bidra dpd`ind

tartandk. Edjdkdk `ardfuk bi bdnde usus djdk eakya`d`jdk iritdsi eujcsd
usus bdk eakodji`djdk miparparistdntij, samikood taridbi pakurukdk d`scr`si
usus, bdk tie`un bidra. \aristdntij ydko eakuruk iuod bdpdt eakya`d`jdk
bidra jdrakd
 `djtari tue`um `arna`imdk (Kodstiydm, 0<44).

Dbdkyd iritdsi eujcsd usus bdk pakikojdtdk vcnuea fdirdk bi nueak

usus eakya`d`jdk kyari pdbd d`bceak. Vandik itu, kyari d`bceak dtdu jrde

 iuod tie`un jdrakd eatd`cnisea jdr`cmibrdt cnam `djtari bi usus

ydko eakomdsinjdk ods M0 bdk FC0 ydko iuod djdk eakie`unjdk
jae`uko bdk
gndtus `arna`imdk. @idsdkyd pdbd jadbddk iki iuod djdk tie`un janumdk eudn
euktdm bdk kdgsu edjdk eakuruk. Mdn iki bijdrakdjdk taridbikyd
jatibdjsaie`dkodk dsde-`dsd bdk anajtrcnit (Kodstiydm, 0<44).

Jamindkodk fdirdk bdk anajtrcnit ydko `arna`imdk djdk

eakya`d`jdk bamibrdsi, ydko bitdkbdi bakodk pakurukdk `ardt
`dbdk, turocr junit
 `arjurdko, edtd fajuko, eujcsd `i`ir bdk eunut sartd junit tdepdj
jariko. Ru`um ydko jamindkodk fdirdk bdk anajtrcnit `arna`imdk, taridbi
pakurukdk vcnuea fdirdk ajstrdsan bdk iktrdsan bdk iuod eakodndei
pakurukdk Kd, J bdk ick jdr`ckdt. Edjd vcnuea bdrdm iuod djdk
`arjurdko. Ru`um djdk eakodndei odkooudk sirjundsi, pargusi idrikodk
tarodkoou bdk djmirkyd bdpdt eakya`d`jdk sycj mipcvcnaeij bakodk
oaidnd bakyut idktuko eakikojdt, kdbi fapdt bdk naedm, pakurukdk tajdkdk
bdrdm , bdk pakurukdk jasdbdrdk. Dji`dt ndik bdri jamindkodk fdirdk tu`um
ydko `arna`imdk dbdndm taridbikyd dsibcsis eatd`cnij biedkd pdsiak djdk

4
pufdt bdk parkdpdsdk eakidbi fapdt bdk bdnde, (Kodstiydm, 0<44).

4
 Gdjtcr psijcncois iuod bdpdt eakya`d`jdk bidra. Jckbisi
psijcncois saparti strass, edrdm bdk tdjut bdpdt eardkosdko janakidr
dbrakdnik bi `dwdm
 pakoakbdnidk sistae parsdrdgdk siepdtis uktuj eardkosdko pakoanudrdk

mcreck ydko `ajarid eakodtur eatd`cnisea tu`um. Vamikood `ind taridbi stras
edjd eatd`cnisea eakikojdt bdnde `aktuj pakikojdtdk ectinitds usus
(Kodstiydm, 0<44).

O.  \dtmwdy 
Hkgajsi Eajakak \sijclcoi

Rcjsis taj dapat disarap Dksiatas

@arjae`ako diusus

Miparsajrasi air & alajtrclit Eala`scr`si JM, laeaj,

Miparparistaltij
prctaik

Hsi usus
Eakikojatjak tajakak
csectij

\aroasarak air &

alajtrclit ja usus

Biara

Grajuaksi @D@ eakikojat Bistaksi a`dceak

Eual euktam
Milako fairak dak alajtrclit Grajuaksi @D@ eakikojat
`arla`imak
Kagsu eajak eakuruk

Oakoouak jasaie`akoak Dsidcsis eata`clij Bagisit kutrisi

fairak dak alajtrclit

Vasaj
Bamidrasi
4
 Oakoouak partujarak oas

Jajurakoak vcluea fairak Pasijc sycj mipcvclaei

Vue`ar 9 Kurdrig & Jusued, 0<41

M.  \aearijsddk \akukidko

Eakurut Kurdrig & Jusued (0<41) paearijsddk pakukidko pdbd
bidokcs eabis bidra dbdndm 9
4.  \aearijsddk bdrdm tapi nakojdp
0.  \aearijsddk urika nakojdp
 
6. \aearijsddk tikid nakojdp bdk `idjdk tikid bdri fcncj bu`ur
2.  \aearijsddk `idjdk aepabu `ind baede tikooi bdk bifuriodi ikgajsi
sistaeij
1.  \aearijsddk sabiddk bdrdm edndrid sartd sarcncoi Manifc`dftar Iaiuki
sdkodt bidkiurjdk
7.  Bucbakdn iktu`dtick uktuj eakoatdmui juedk pakya`d`
safdrd judktitdtig bdk judnitdtig taktdko pdbd bidra jrckij.
7.   \aearijsddk bdrdm 1 bdrdm parigar nakojdp, dkdnisis ods bdrdm (OBD)
& anajtrcnit (Kd, J, Fd, bdk \ sarue ydko bidra bisartdi jaidko)
 
=. \aearijsddk tikid
8.   \aearijsddk dkdnisd ods bdrdm

4<. \aearijsddk jdbdr uraue bdk jradtikik uktuj eakoatdmui gddn oikidn 44. \
aearijsddk sarue anajtrcnit tarutded jdbdr kdtriue, jdniue, fdnsiue
bdk gcsgcr (tarutded pdbd pakbaritd bidra ydko bisartdi jaidko) 40. \
aearijsddk jdbdr onujcsd bdrdm `ind tarbdpdt tdkbd-tdkbd
mipconijaeid
H.  \akdtdndjsdkddk Eabis
Eakurut Birajtcrdt Iakbardn \akoakbdnidk \akydjit Bdk \akyamdtdk

Nikojukodk (0<44) prcorde nied ndkojdm tuktdsjdk bidra yditu9

4
4.  Pamibrdsi eakooukdjdk Crdnit csecndnitds rakbdm.
Crdnit earupdjdk fdepurdk odrde anajtrcnit, saparti kdtriue
jncribd (KdFn), jdniue jncribd (JFn), bdk triscbiue sitrdt mibrdt, sartd

onujcsd dkmibrdt. Crdnit bi`arijdk uktuj eakoodkti fdirdk bdk

anajtrcnit bdnde tu`um ydko tar`udko sddt bidra. _dndupuk dir sdkodt
paktiko uktuj
eakfaodm bamibrdsi, dir eikue tibdj eakodkbuko odrde anajtrcnit ydko
biparnujdk uktuj eaepartdmdkjdk jasaie`dkodk anajtrcnit bdnde
tu`um samikood na`im biutdedjdk crdnit. Fdepurdk onujcsd bdk odrde
ydko tarjdkbuko bdnde crdnit bdpdt bisardp bakodk `dij cnam usus
pakbaritd bidra.
Vaidj tdmuk 0<<2, _MC/QKHFAG earajceakbdsijdk Crdnit
bakodk csecndritds rakbdm. @arbdsdrjdk pakanitidk bakodk Crdnit

csecndritds rakbdm bi`arijdk japdbd pakbaritd bidra djdk9

d)  Eakourdkoi vcnuea tikid mikood 01%
 `)  Eakourdkoi eudn euktdm mikood 6<%
f)  Eakourdkoi safdrd `aredjkd pae`aridk fdirdk eandnui
iktrdvakd sdepdi 66%.
Dturdk pae`aridk crdnit eakurut `dkydjkyd fdirdk ydko mindko, bardidt
bamibrdsi bdpdt bi`doi `arbdsdrjdk 9
d)  Ribdj dbd bamibrdsi, `ind taridbi pakurukdk `ardt `dbdk 0,1%
4)  Qeur > 4 tdmuk 9 ¾ - µ oands satidp jdni dkdj eakfrat

0)  Qeur 4 ‖ 2 tdmuk 9 µ - 4 oands satidp jdni dkdj eakfrat

6)  Qeur bidtds 1 Rdmuk 9 4 ‖ 4µ oands satidp jdni dkdj eakfrat
 `)  Bamibrdsi rikodk `ind taridbi pakurukdk `ardt `dbdk 0,1%-1%
Bcsis crdnit ydko bi`arijdk bdnde 6 ide partded 71 en/ jo`` bdk
sandkiutkyd bitarusjdk bakodk pae`aridk crdnit saparti bidra tdkpd
bamibrdsi
f)  Bamibrdsi `ardt `ind taridbi pakurukdk `ardt `dbdk 1-4<% \akbaritd
bidra ydko tibdj bdpdt eikue mdrus saoard biruiuj ja \usjaseds.
Qktuj dkdj bi`dwdm ueur 0 tdmuk fdirdk mdrus bi`arijdk bakodk
sakbcj bakodk fdrd 4 sakbcj satidp 4 sdepdi 0 eakit. \ae`aridk

4
bakodk `ctcn tibdj `cnam bindjujdk. Dkdj ydko na`im `asdr bdpdt

4
 eikue ndkosuko bdri oands. @ind taridbi euktdm maktijdk bunu sanded
4< eakit jaeubidk eundi ndoi parndmdk-ndmdk eisdnkyd 4 sakbcj satidp
0-6 eakit. \ae`aridk fdirdk iki bindkiutjdk sdepdi bakodk
bidra

 `armakti.
0.  Yikf bi`arijdk sanded 4< mdri `arturut-turut
Yikf earupdjdk sdndm sdtu zdt oizi eijrc ydko paktiko
uktuj jasamdtdk bdk partue`umdk dkdj. Yikf ydko dbd bdnde
tu`um djdk eakuruk bdnde iuendm `asdr jatijd dkdj eakodndei
bidra. Qktuj eakoodktijdk zikf ydko mindko sanded bidra, dkdj bdpdt
bi`arijdk zikf ydko djdk eae`dktu pakyae`umdk bidra sartd eakidod
dodr dkdj tatdp samdt. Yikf earupdjdk sdndm sdtu zdt oizi eijrc
ydko paktiko uktuj jasamdtdk bdk partue`umdk dkdj. Yikf ydko
dbd bdnde tu`um djdk

eakuruk bdnde iuendm `asdr jatijd dkdj eakodndei bidra. Qktuj

eakoodktijdk zikf ydko mindko sanded bidra, dkdj bdpdt bi`arijdk
zikf
ydko djdk eae`dktu pakyae`umdk bidra sartd eakidod dodr dkdj
tatdp samdt.
C`dt Yikf earupdjdk td`nat bisparsi`na ydko ndrut bdnde
wdjtu sajitdr 6< batij. Yikf bi`arijdk sanded 4< mdri `arturut-turut
bakodk bcsis sa`dodi `arijut9
4)  @dnitd ueur > 7 `undk9 4/0 td`nat (4< eo)/ mdri
0)  @dnitd ueur ≡ 7 `undk9 4 td`nat (0< eo)/ mdri

6.  \ae`aridk Edjdk

Eae`arijdk edjdkdk sanded bidra japdbd `dnitd (usid 7 `undk
ja dtds) pakbaritd bidra djdk eae`dktu dkdj tatdp judt bdk tue`um
sartd eakfaodm `arjurdkokyd `ardt `dbdk. Variko sajdni `dnitd ydko
tarjakd bidra iijd tibdj bi`arijdk dsupdk edjdkdk ydko sasudi ueur bdk
`aroizi djdk eakya`d`jdk dkdj jurdko oizi. @ind dkdj jurdko
oizi djdk eakikojdtjdk risijc dkdj tarjakd bidra jae`dni. Cnam
jdrakd parnu biparmdtijdk9

4
 d)  @doi i`u ydko eakyusui `dyikyd, bujuko i`u dodr tatdp eakyusui
 `dmjdk eakikojdtjdk pae`aridk DVH sanded bidra bdk sanded edsd
 pakyae`umdk (`dyi < ‖ 02 `undk dtdu na`im).

 `)  Bujuko i`u uktuj eae`arijdk DVH ajsjnusig japdbd `dyi `arusid <- 7
 `undk, iijd `dyikyd subdm bi`arijdk edjdkdk ndik dtdu susu gcreund
 `arijdk jcksaniko japdbd i`u dodr jae`dni eakyusui
ajsjnusig. Bakodk eakyusu na`im sariko edjd prcbujsi DVH djdk
eakikojdt bdk bi`arijdk japdbd `dyi uktuj eaeparfapdt
jasae`umdk jdrakd DVH eaeiniji dkti`cbi ydko paktiko uktuj
eakikojdtjdk jaja`dndk tu`um
 `dyi.
f)  Dkdj `arusid 7 `undk ja dtds, tikojdtjdk pae`aridk edjdk. Edjdkdk
\akbdepiko DVH (E\ DVH) sasudi ueur pdbd `dyi 7  ‖  02 `undk bdk

saidj `dnitd `arusid 4 tdmuk subdm bdpdt bi`arijdk edjdkdk janudrod

safdrd `artdmdp.
b)  Vatandm bidra `armakti pae`aridk edjdkdk ajstrd bitarusjdk sanded 0
eikoou uktuj eae`dktu paeunimdk `ardt `dbdk dkdj.
2.  Dkti`ictij
Vanajtig Dkti`ictij mdkyd bi`arijdk iijd dbd ikbijdsi, saparti bidra
 `arbdrdm dtdu bidra jdrakd jcnard, dtdu bidra bakodk bisartdi pakydjit ndik.
Agaj sdepiko bdri pakooukddk dkti`ictij ydko tibdj rdsickdn
dbdndm tie`unkyd odkooudk gukosi oikidn, mdti bdk bidra ydko
bisa`d`jdk cnam

dkti`ictij.
1.   Kdsimdt japdbd crdko tud/pakodsum
@arijdk kdsimdt bdk faj paedmdedk i`u/pakodsum taktdko fdrd
 pae`aridk Crdnit, Yikf, DVH/edjdkdk bdk tdkbd-tdkbd uktuj saoard
eae`dwd dkdjkyd ja patuods jasamdtdk iijd dkdj9
d)  @udko dir `asdr fdir na`im sariko
 `)  Euktdm `arundko-undko
f)  Eakodndei rdsd mdus ydko kydtd
b)  Edjdk dtdu eikue sabijit

4
a)  Baede

4
 g)  Rikidkyd `arbdrdm
o)  Ribdj eae`dij bdnde 6 mdri

I.  Jcksap Dsumdk Japardwdtdk

4.  \akojdiidk
\akojdiidk japardwdtdk earupdjdk bdsdr paeijirdk bdnde
eae`arijdk dsumdk japardwdtdk sasudi bakodk ja`utumdk jniak.
\akojdiidk ydko nakojdp, bdk sistaedtis sasudi bakodk gdjtd dtdu jckbisi
ydko dbd pdbd jniak sdkodt paktiko uktuj earueusjdk sudtu bidokcsd
japardwdtdk bdk bdnde eae`arijdk dsumdk japardwdtdk sasudi
bakodk raspck ikbivibu ( Cngdm & Omcgur, 0<47 ).
d.  Dkdekasd

4)  Hbaktitds pakbaritd Eaniputi kded, ueur, iakis jandeik, doded,

 pakbibijdk, pajariddk, dndedt, stdtus parjdwikdk, suju `dkosd, kcecr
raoistar, tdkoodn edsuj ruedm sdjit bdk bidokcsd eabis.
0)  Janumdk Qtded Eakoode`drjdk dndsdk sasacrdko edsuj ruedm sdjit.
\dbd ueuekyd janumdk utdedkyd ydjki @D@ na`im bdri 6 jdni samdri,
jcksistaksi akfar, eudn euktdm, parut sdjit. Qktuj eaeparcnam
 pakojdiidk ydko nakojdp taktdko rdsd kyari jniak bioukdjdk9
d)  \rcvcjiko Hkfibakt9 dpdjdm dbd paristiwd ydko eakidbi ydko
eakidbi gdjtcr prasipitdsi kyari.

 `)  Tudnity cg \dik9 saparti dpd rdsd kyari ydko birdsdjdk dtdu
biode`drjdk jniak. Dpdjdm saparti tar`djdr, `arbakyut, dtdu
eakusuj.
f)  Paoick 9 rdbidtick, raniag9 dpdjdm rdsd sdjit `isd rabd, dpdjdm rdsd
sdjit eakidndr dtdu eakya`dr, bdk biedkd rdsd sdjit taridbi.
b)  Vavarity (Vfdna) cg \dik9 sa`ardpd idum rdsd kyari ydko birdsdjdk
jniak, `isd `arbdsdrjdk sjdnd kyari dtdu jniak eakardkojdk
sa`ardpd idum rdsd sdjit eaepakodrumi jaedepudk gukosikyd.
a)  Riea9 `ardpd nded kyari `arndkosuko, jdpdk, dpdjdm `artde`dm

 `uruj pdbd ednde mdri dtdu sidko mdri.

4
 6)  Piwdydt Jasamdtdk
d)  Piwdydt Jasamdtdk Vajdrdko
@idsdkyd jniak edsuj ja PV bakodk janumdk utded Grajuaksi

@D@ eakikojdt bakodk `aktuj bdk jcksistaksi ydko ndik bdri

 `idsdkyd bdpdt fdir bdk `arnakbir/`arbdrdm bdk bdpdt pund bisartdi
oaidnd ndik pdkds, euktdm, dkcrajsid, kdusad, vceitiko.
 `)  Piwdydt Jasamdtdk Bdmunu
Iijd bisa`d`jdk ikgajsi pdraktardn (ikgajsi) binudr dndt pakfarkddk,
CED ikgajsi.
f)  Piwdydt Jasamdtdk Janudrod
Dbd pdsiak ydko eakbaritd dnaroi edjdkdk (bidra ydko bisa`d`jdk
dbdndm dnaroi tarmdbdp edjdkdk).

b)  DBN
 Kutrisi 9 taridbi dkcrajsid, eudn, euktdm
Anaeikdsi 9 @D@ na`im bdri 2x (`dyi)/@D@ na`im bdri 6x
(dkdj) bdpdt fdir, nakbir, `arbdrdm bdk @DJ grajuaksi eakuruk
\asckdn myoiaka 9 iritdsi pdbd sajitdr
usus Djtivitds 9 naeds bdk eakodktuj
Hstirdmdt tibur 9 `isd tarodkoou `isd tibdj
a)  \aearijsddk gisij
Jadbddk ueue 9 jabddk bamibrdsi rikodk, jasdbdrdk jcepcs

eaktis jadbddk na`im bdri ndkiut, dpdtis, scekcnak, jced.

Vistae jdrbicvdsjunar 9 pakikojdtdk idktuko, kdbi, RB
eakuruk, kdbi jafin bdk fapdt sartd eakikojdt sumu tu`um.
Vistae PP 9 \arkdgdsdk fapdt, bdnde bdk tardtur
0.  Vistae pakfarkddk 9 pakikojdtdk grajuaksi @D@ bdk pakikojdtdk
 paristdntij usus, jae`uko, bistarsi d`bceak, tyepdki.
Vistae parjaeimdk 9 prcbujsi urika eakuruk (cniouri  ‖  dkuri)
Vistae iktaoueak 9 turocr eakuruk, pdkds, pufdt, jdpinar raginn
eande`dt, wdrkd jaeardmdk/nafat (tarutded sajitdr dkus)

4
 Vistae eusjuncsjanatdn 9 jaidko `ind pdkds eakikojdt, pdbd
mypconijaei traecr/oatdr, mipcjdnaei, bistaksi d`bceak.

6.  Dkdnisd Bdtd

Kc Bdtd Aticncoi Edsdndm
4 BV9 \dsiak eakodtdjdk sasdj Jatibdjsaie`dkodk Odkooudk
kdpds vaktindsi ‖ pargusi  partujdrdk ods
BC9 Rdjijdrbid, pakurukdk / (B.<<<6)
 pakikojdtdk \FC0, `ukyi
kdpds tde`dmdk, oanisdm
0 BV9 \dsiak eakoanum sariko \rcsas ikgajsi Bidra (B.<<0<)
@D@ Jafaedsdk
BC9 Bagajdsi na`im bdri 6 jdi Rarpdpdr jcktdeikdk
bdnde 02 ide, gasas
nae`aj

dtdu fdir Jamindkodk fdirdk Mipcvcnaeid

6 BV 9 - djtig (B.<<06)
BC 9 Grajuaksi kdbi Jajurdkodk iktdja
eakikojdt, turocr fdirdk
junit eakuruk, kdbi tard`d
naedm, vcnuea urik eakuruk
2 BV9 - \aru`dmdk sirjundsi Odkooudk iktaoritds
BC9 Jarusdjdk idrikodk \akurukdk ec`initds junit (B.<408)
bdk ndpisdk junit, eukfun Gdjtcr eajdkis
tdkbd ikgajsi (oasajdk)
1 BV9 \dsiak eakodtdjdk kyari Jatibdjedepudk Bagisit kutrisi
d`bceak, kdgsu edjdk eakod`scrpsi kutriakt (B.<<48)
eakuruk
BC9 @isiko usus
mipardjtig, ctct pakouydm
naedm, eae`rdk eujcsd
pufdt, sdridwdk, bidra Rarpdpdr `dmdyd Dksiatds (B.<<=<)
7 BV9 Eardsd `ikouko, nikojukod (pcnutdk,
jmdwdtir tarmdbdp jckbisi ydko jcktdeikdk)
bimdbdpi BC9 Rdepdj oanisdm, Jajurdkodk vcnuea Pasijc
taodko fdirdk mipcvcnaeid
7 BV9 \dsiak eakodtdjdk tibdj (B.<<62)
kdgsu edjdk eikue
BC9 Eujcsd `i`ir jariko

4
  
2. Bidocsd Japardwdtdk Xdko Eukojik Eukfun