Y@OUIR[OHJH CJOKJ –ICD_ JCEJRD„ HI NJ@JBÎ

I\XI@[OÛ@ I@ IC KJRNI@
Krijhj Ciy @d. :6 ‛ Rimostrd Deokojc ;:; hi `dvoinbri :; hi :?<9
Xicïed`d7 6925565?9 ixt. :::
IC KJRNI@ ‛ NJ@JBÎ - IKYJHDR

KJRRIRJ HI O@MI@OIRÎJ I@ KD@XJBOCOHJH _ JYHOXDRÎJ

NJXIROJ

Jhno`ostrjkoû` Eo`j`koirj OO

HDKI@XI7
O`m. Vjbcd Ihosd` Êvocj Rjnîriz, NJI.
XJCCIR7

Xïk`okjs pjrj icjbdrjr ic prisupuistd hi kjpotjc y roismds ‛ Dpkod`is

Jhno`ostrjtovjs

O@XIMRJ@XI[7
@jpj Irjzd Dhicy Njrotzj
Njrotzj
O`trojmd Cddr _onbir Gdsï
Kûrhdvj Nuúdz Uîktdr Lumd

Cûpiz Wjnbrj`d Ko`hy Goni`j

@OUIC7
<· @ovic –B„
EIKLJ7
2</65/2626
VIRÎDHD JKJHÏNOKD7
2626-262: (:)
Ic Kjrni` ‛ Nj`jbî ‛ Ikujhdr
 VRIMY@XJ[ KJVÎXYCD :;

(Cobrd hi Uj` Ldr`i & ]jkldwokz)

Xïk`okjs pjrj icjbdrjr ic prisupuistd hi kjpotjc

:. Ixpc
Ixpcoq
oqui
ui quï
quï so
som`
m`oe
oeok
okjj ic vjcdr hic ho`ird i` ic toinpd. ´Vdr quï –u` pêgjrd i`
nj`d vjci nês qui hds d nês vdcj`hd„4 ´Zuï i`edqui hi prisupuistd hi
kjpotjc om`drj isti kd`kiptd4 ´Is ûptond4
Ic vjcdr hic ho`ird i` ic toinpd som`oeo
som`oeokj
kj qui u` vjcdr nd`itjrod
nd`itjrod i` ic euturd `d is
omujc j u`d i` ic prisi`ti, hibohd j qui ixosti` icini`tds qui ljki` qui hokld
ho`ird `d ti`mj ic nosnd pdhir jhquosotovd i` u` toinpd euturd1 pdr iginpcd, cj
o`ecjkoû` is u` icini`td qui jeiktj jc vjcdr hic ho`ird i` ic toinpd y so dkurroirj
quoiri hikor qui nos o`tirisis tjnboï` vj` j subor, pdr cd qui u`j sunj hi ho`ird
jktujc qui ni sirvorîj pjrj sjtosejkir u` pjmd ldy, i` ic euturd `d vj j sir
sueokoi`ti.
Vdr cd tj`td, cj erjsi –u` pêgjrd i` nj`d vjci nês qui hds d nês vdcj`hd„ is
pdrqui u`j pirsd`j jc ndni`td hi o`virtor vj j prieiror dbti`ir u`j sunj hi ho`ird
eogj i` ldy i` viz hi rikobor i` ic euturd u`j sunj hi ho`ird j u` vjcdr `dno`jc.
Ic i`edqui hi prisupuistd hi kjpotjc qui om`drj isti kd`kiptd is ic Nïtdhd hi
Virodhd hi Rikupirjkoû`.
Isti nïtdhd `d is tdtjcni`ti ûptond, pird sorvi kdnd kdnpcini`td pjrj cds
nïtd
nïtdhd
hdss hi ec
ecug
ugdd hi ieik
ieikto
tovd
vd hisk
hiskd`
d`tj
tjhd
hd,, hi
hibo
bohd
hd j qui
qui `ds
`ds hj u` o`
o`ho
hoko
kodd
jprdxonjhd hi coquohiz, ju`qui is i`mjúdsd kdnd nihohj hi ri`tjbocohjh, yj qui
`d tdnj i` kui`tj cds ecugds hi ieiktovd qui dkurri` hispuïs hic pirodhd hi
rikupirjkoû` y nukld ni`ds ic vjcdr hic ho`ird i` ic toinpd.
2. ´Vdr
´Vdr quï ic piro
pirodhd
dhd hi rik
rikupir
upirjko
jkoû`
û` sismj ic pr
prdki
dkisd
sd hi sici
sicikko
kkoû`
û` hi u` jktov
jktovdd
ljkoj cds jktovds kd` vohj ÷toc kdrtj4
Ic pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` sismj ic prdkisd hi sicikkoû` hi u` jktovd ljkoj cds
jktovds kd` vohj ÷toc kdrtj pdrqui isti nïtdhd jkiptj prdpuistjs hi o`virsoû` sdcd so
ic pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` kjckucjhd is ni`dr qui ic pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû`
nêxond jkiptjbci.
;. ´Vdr
´Vdr quï ic nïtd
nïtdhd
hd hic vj
vjcd
cdrr pr
prisi
isi`ti
`ti `itd
`itd ejv
ejvdri
driki
ki cds prdyi
prdyikt
ktds
ds mrj`
mrj`his
his
sdbri cds piquiúds kuj`hd si usj pjrj icimor i`tri prdyiktds nutujni`ti
ixkcuyi`tis4 ´Is istd u` prdbcinj4
Ic nïtdhd hic vjcdr prisi`ti `itd ejvdriki j cds prdyiktds mrj`his sdbri cds
piquiúds kuj`hd si usj pjrj icimor u` prdyiktd nutujni`ti ixkcuyi`ti pdrqui isti
nïtdhd `d tdnj i` kui`tj u` pdrki`tjgi hi ri`tjbocohjh pdr hikorcd jsî, nês boi`
cds risuctjhds hic nïtdhd hi vjcdr prisi`ti `itd si ixprisj` i` tïrno`ds hic
o`krini`td nd`itjrod jbsdcutd i` ic vjcdr hi cj inprisj, pdr cd qui si eogj i` cj
iskjcj hi o`virsoû`. istd ljki qui u` prdyiktd hi njydris njm`otuhis mi`irjsi
njydr
njydr ri`tj
ri`tjbo
boco
cohj
hjhh rieci
riecigj
gjhjs
hjs i` kj`t
kj`toh
ohjh
jhis
is,, j ho
hoeir
eiri`k
i`koj
oj hi u` prd
prdyi
yikt
ktdd hi
o`virsoû` kd` koerjs nês piquiúd1 is hikor u` prdyiktd hi u`ds $;66 puihi mi`irjr
$;666 jc tirno`d hi 9 júds noi`trjs qui u`j o`virsoû` hi $26666 puihi mi`irjr
mj`j`kojs hi $:66666 jc tirno`d hi 9 júds. Ic UJ@ ejvdrikirê jc ÷ctond prdyiktd

pdr mi`irjr njydris mj`j`kojs i` tïrno`ds hi kj`tohjhis so`

s o` onpdrtjr qui ic dtrd is
nês ri`tjbci i` bjsi j cj o`virsoû` o`okojc. Hjhd isti iginpcd is dbvod qui is u`
prdbcinj
8. Kdnp
Kdnpjr
jrii ic nïtdhd
nïtdhd hi cj tjsj o`tir
o`tir`j
`j hi ri`ho
ri`hono
noi`
i`td
td pjrj cj ivj
ivjcu
cujko
jkoû`
û` y
sicikkoû` hi prdyiktds kd` ic nïtdhd hic vjcdr prisi`ti `itd. ´Vdr quï istjs
hds tïk`okjs hi ecugds hi ieiktovd hiskd`tjhd kd`huki` j kd`ecoktds i` cj
kcjsoeokjkoû` hi prdyiktds4
Ic UJ@
UJ@ y ic XO
XOR
R kd`h
kd`huk
uki`
i` j kd`e
kd`eco
cokt
ktds
ds i` cj kc
kcjs
jsoe
oeok
okjk
jkoû
oû`` hi prdy
prdyik
iktd
tdss
nutujni`ti ixkcuyi`tis pdr tris ejktdris7
Iskjcj hi o`virsoû`7 Cds kdstds hi cds prdyiktds hoeoiri`.
Vjtrû` hi ecugds hi ieiktovd7 Cds toinpds hi cds ecugds hi ieiktovd hoeoiri`.
Vdr iginpcd, cds ecugds hi ieiktovd hi u` prdyiktd juni`tj` kd` ic toinpd
noi`trjs qui cds hi dtrd hosno`uyi`.
 Uohj hic prdyiktd7 Cds prdyiktds toi`i` vohjs ÷tocis hoeiri`tis.
9. Ju`qu
Ju`quii kd`kiptujcni`
kd`kiptujcni`ti
ti `d toi`
toi`ii si`tohd,
si`tohd, ic pirodhd
pirodhd hi rikupir
rikupirjkoû`
jkoû` is hi usd
mi`irjcozjhd i` cds `imdkods kdnd krotirod pjrj jsom`jr prodrohjhis j cds
prdyiktds hi o`virsoû`. ´Vdr quï `d toi`i si`tohd y pdr quï is hi usd
mi`irjcozjhd4
 Ic Virodhd hi Rikupirjkoû` is hi usd mi`irjcozjhd i` cds `imdkods kdnd krotirod
pjrj jsom`jr prodrohjhis j cds prdyiktds hi o`virsoû` pdrqui i` cj prêktokj
pr êktokj si ci hj
hj
prodrohjh j jquiccds prdyiktds qui vj` j ljkir qui cds ecugds hi sjcohj
s jcohj hi ieiktovds
o`okojcis si rikupiri` kd` cj njydr prd`totuh y kd`kiptujcni`ti `d toi`i si`tohd
pdrqui `d si puihi vir kdnd nihohj hi ri`tjbocohjh, hibohd j qui `d tdnj i`
kui`tj cds ecugds hi ieiktovd qui dkurri` hispuïs hic pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` hi u`
prdyiktd.
5. ´Zuï
´Zuï sd`
sd` prdyikt
prdyiktds
ds hi o`v
o`virso
irsoû`
û` nutujni`ti ixkcuyi`tis4 ´Zuï is u` prdyiktd
hipi`hoi`ti4
Vrdyiktds hi o`virsoû` nutujni`ti ixkcuyi`tis sd` prdyiktds kuyj jkiptjkoû`
onpdsobocotj cj jprdbjkoû` hi dtrds prdyiktds.
Vrdyiktd hipi`hoi`ti d kd`to`mi`ti is u` prdyiktd kuyj jkiptjkoû` hipi`hi hi cj

jprdbjkoû` hi u`d u hi dtrds prdyiktds.

=. ´Nig
´Nigdr
drjj cj ie
ieok
okoi
oi`k
`koj
oj ik
ikd`
d`ûn
ûnok
okjj hi u` pjîs
pjîs kuj`
kuj`hd
hd si inpc
inpcij
ij`
` tïk`
tïk`ok
okjs
js
ndhir`js hi prisupuistd hi kjpotjc4 ´Vdr quï4
Cj ieokoi`koj ikd`ûnokj hi u` pjîs nigdrj kuj`hd si inpcij` tïk`okjs ndhir`js hi
prisupuistd hi kjpotjc pdrqui jc sjbir kd` ixjktotuh quï prdyiktd bi`ieokoj nês j
u`j inprisj i` ricjkoû` j cj tjsj o`tir`j hi ritdr`d, jc vjcdr `itd rjzd`jbci y ic
î`hoki hi ri`tjbocohjh, jc kd`dkir ic pirodhd hi ritdr`d, kuêc is ic kdnpdrtjnoi`td
hi cds ecugds ispirjhds,
ispirjhds, cj erjkkoû`
erjkkoû` hi ri`tjbocohjh
ri`tjbocohjh y cj tjsj hi hiskui`td
hiskui`td jhikujhj
si puihi dbti`ir cds nigdris risuctjhds ispirjhds y istd dkjsod`j tdnjr cj nigdris
hikosod`is jc j`jcozjr y sicikkod`jr cds prdyiktds hi o`virsoû` rispiktd j u`j bui`j
jhno`ostrjkoû` eo`j`koirj pjrj cjs inprisjs cj kujc nigdrj cj ikd`dnîj y njxonozj
sus utocohjhis , hi istj edrnj tdhds mj`j`1 cj inprisj cds inpcijhds y ic istjhd.
<. [o ic rjkod`jnoi`td hi kjpotjc `d is ûptond, ´pdr quï cd usjrîj u`j kdnpjúîj4
Cjs inprisjs cd usj` pdrqui kuj`hd si dpirj kd` u` cînoti
cînoti hi prisupui
prisupuistd
std hurj`ti
u` sdcd pirodhd rihuki j sicikkod`jr isds prdyiktds qui hj` –ic nigdr risuctjhd pdr
u`ohjh nd`itjroj„, ixjktjni`ti cd qui rivicj cj kcjsoeokjkoû` hi prdyiktds sim÷` su
î`hoki hi ri`tjbocohjh
 Hishi ic pu`td hi vostj tiûrokd, u`j inprisj hibi jkiptjr tdhds cds prdyiktds qui
rihot÷j` nês qui cj tjsj hi ri`honoi`td riquirohj. Jc ljkircd juni`tjrê ic prikod
hi nirkjhd hi sus jkkod`is drho`jrojs pdrqui inpri`hi prdyiktds qui hjrê` u`
ri`honoi`td nês jctd qui ic `ikisjrod pjrj nj`ti`ir ic prikod jktujc hi nirkjhd
pdr jkkoû`. Istj prdpdsokoû` supd`i qui cj inprisj, hi likld, puihi juni`tjr ic
kjpotjc, hi`trd hi cds cînotis rjzd`jbcis, j cj tjsj hi ri`honoi`td riquirohj. Istj
pdcîtokj hibi ti`hir j njxonozjr ic prikod hi nirkjhd hi cjs jkkod`is hi cj
inprisj j cj cjrmj
?. Ic nïtdhd
nïtdhd hi cj tjsj o`tir`j
o`tir`j hi ri`
ri`hon
honoi`
oi`td
td onpc
onpcokj
okj qui cd
cdss ecugd
ecugdss hi ieikto
ieiktovd
vd
o`ti
o`tirn
rnih
ihod
odss si ri
rio`
o`vo
voir
irti
ti`
` j cj tj
tjsj
sj o`ti
o`tir`
r`jj hi ri`h
ri`hon
onoi
oi`t
`td.
d. ´I
´I`
` qu
quïï
korku`stj`kojs is prdbjbci qui istj supdsokoû` ccivi j u`j nihohj kd` u` sismd
sirod hic ri`honoi`td ikd`ûnokd hic prdyiktd4
Cjs korku`stj`kojs i` cjs qui is prdbjbci qui istj supdsokoû` ccivi j u`j nihohj

kd` u` sismd sirod hic ri`honoi`td ikd`ûnokd hic prdyiktd is qui jc rio`virtor cds
ecugds hi ieiktovd j cj tjsj hi ri`honoi`td si ljrê hi nj`irj qui cj tjsj hi
rio`virsoû` onpcîkotj sirê hoeiri`ti hi u` prdyiktd j dtrd hipi`hoi`hd hic pjtrû` hi
ecugds hi ieiktovd pjrj kjhj prdpuistj bjgd kd`sohirjkoû`. Vjrj u` prdyiktd kd` u`j
tjsj hi ri`honoi`td jctj, si supd`i u`j tjsj hi rio`virsoû` jctj. Vjrj u` prdyiktd
kd` u`j tjsj o`tir`j hi ri`honoi`td bjgj, si o`eoiri u`j tjsj hi rio`virsoû` bjgj.
I`td`k
I`td`kis,
is, kuj`hd
kuj`hd cds prdyikt
prdyiktds
ds nut
nutujn
ujni`t
i`tii ixkcuy
ixkcuyi`t
i`tis
is toi
toi`i`
`i` kjcoeo
kjcoeokjko
kjkod`i
d`iss
hosto`tjs pdr cjs hoeiri`kojs i` cds pjtrd`is hi ecugd hi ieiktovd, hibi` usjrsi cjs
kjcoeo
kjcoeokjko
kjkod`is
d`is hic vjc
vjcdr
dr prisi`t
prisi`tii `itd.
`itd. Hi ist
istjj nj`irj
nj`irj pdhinds
pdhinds ohi`to
ohi`toeokj
eokjrr ic
prdyiktd qui jmrimj nês j cj roquizj hi
h i cds jkkod`ostjs.
:6
:6.. Jc
Jcmu
mu`j
`jss pi
pirs
rsd`
d`js
js lj
lj`
` su
sumi
miro
rohd
hd kd
kdnb
nboo`j
`jrr ic nïtdh
ïtdhdd hi piro
pirodh
dhdd hi
rikupirjkoû` (VR) kd` ic j`êcosos hi vjcdr prisi`ti pjrj kjckucjr u` pirodhd hi
rikupirjkoû`
rikupirj –hiskd`tjhd„.
koû` –hiskd`tjhd„ I` viz hi usjr ecugds hi i`trjhj jkunucjhds si
usj` cds vjcdris prisi`tis
prisi`tis hi cds ecugds hi i`trjhj jkunucjhds (hiskd`tjhds jc
kdstd hi kjpotjc) pjrj vir kuê`td tjrhj ic –pjmd„ hi u` prdyiktd kd` ecugds hi
ieiktovd hiskd`tjhds. Vjrj u`j inprisj `d sugitj j ristrokkod`is hi kjpotjc, so
ic pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû`} –hiskd`tjhd„ hi u` prdyiktd o`hipi`hoi`ti is

ni`dr qui jcm÷` pirodhd hi rikupir

rikupirjkoû`
jkoû` –hiskd`tjhd„ nêxond jkiptjbci,
jkiptjbci, ic
prdyiktd si jkiptj1 hi cd kd`trjrod, si rikljzj. [upd`mj qui ic pirodhd hi
rikupirjkoû` –hiskd`tjhd„ hi u` prdyiktd o`hipi`hoi`ti is njydr qui ic
pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` –hiskd`tjhd„ nêxond jkiptjbci hi u`j kdnpjúîj,
pird ni`dr qui cj vohj ÷toc hic prdyiktd1 ´ic rikljzd hi isti prdyiktd ci
dk
dkjso
jsod`j
d`jrî
rîjj jcmu
jcmu`j
`j pridk
pridkupj
upjko
koû`4
û`4 ´Vdr
´Vdr quï4
quï4 ´I
´Icc nï
nïtdh
tdhdd hi piro
pirodhd
dhd hi
rikupirjkoû` –hiskd`tjhd„ supirj tdhds cds prdbcinjs i`kd`trjhds jc usjr ic
nïtdhd hi pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` –trjhokod`jc„4 ´Zuï vi`tjgjs (so cjs ljy) vi
i` ic nï
nïtd
tdhd
hd hi vj
vjccdr pr
pris
isi`
i`ti
ti `i
`itd
td sdbr
sdbrii ic nïtd
nïtdhd
hd hi piro
pirodh
dhdd hi
rikupirjkoû` –hiskd`tjhd„4
Kdnd ic krotirod hi jkiptjkoû` is qui pjrj jkiptjr u` prdyiktd ic pirodhd hi
rikupirjkoû` hiskd`tjhd hi u` prdyiktd o`hipi`hoi`ti hibi sir ni`dr qui jcm÷`
pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` hiskd`tjhd nêxond jkiptjbci, pird kdnd i` isti kjsd ic
pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` hiskd`tjhd hic prdyiktd o`hipi`hoi`ti is njydr qui ic

pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` hiskd`tjhd nêxond jkiptjbci, ju`qui is ni`dr qui cj

vohj ÷toc hic prdyiktd `d ni pridkupjrîj pdrqui ic krotirod is kcjrd y si hibi
rispitjr.
Ic nïtdhd hi pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` –hiskd`tjhd„ sî supirj hi koirtj edrnj cds
prdbcinjs i`kd`trjhds jc usjr ic nïtdhd hi pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` –trjhokod`jc
pdrqui usj` cds vjcdris prisi`tis hi cds ecugds hi i`trjhj jkunucjhds (hiskd`tjhds
jc kdstd hi kjpotjc) pjrj vir kuê`td tjrhj ic –pjmd„ hi u` prdyiktd kd` ecugds hi
ieiktovd hiskd`tjhds, is hikor j`ucj ic prdbcinj hi cj ejctj hi usd hi u`j tjsj hi
hiskui`td jc trjir cds ecugds hi i`trjhj jkunucjhds jc prisi`ti i` viz hi usjr ecugds
hi i`trjhj jkunucjhds.
Cj ÷`okj vi`tjgj qui i`kd`trjnds i` ic nïtdhd hi vjcdr prisi`ti `itd sdbri ic
nïtdhd hi pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` –hiskd`tjhd is qui `ds nuistrj u` ecugd hi
ieiktovd so` ic ecugd hi o`virsoû` o`okojc pdr cd qui cj ri`tjbocohjh is `itj, pdrqui ic
nïtdhd hi rikupirjkoû` hiskd`tjhd yj trji cds ecugds hi i`trjhj hiskd`tj`hd cds
kdstds hi kjpotjc jc prisi`ti.
 VRIMY@XJ[ KJVÎXYCD :6

(Cobrd hi Motnj` & Wuttir)

Xïk`okjs hi icjbdrjkoû` hic prisupuistd hi kjpotjc

::.: ´Kuêc is cj nitj hic miri`ti eo`j`koird jc sicikkod`jr prdyiktds hi o`virsoû` pjrj
cj inprisj4 Hieo`j ic prdkisd hi icjbdrjkoû` hic prisupuistd hi kjpotjc y ixpcoqui hi
quï ndhd jyuhj j cds jhno`ostrjhdris j cdmrjr sus nitjs.
Cj nitj jc sicikkod`jr
sicikkod`jr prdyikt
prdyiktds
ds hi o`virsoû`
o`virsoû` is qui mi`iri bi`ieokods hurj`ti u` pirodhd
njydr hi u` júd, pjrj o`krini`tjr ic vjcdr hi cj inprisj
Ic prdkisd hi icjbdrjkoû` hic prisupuistd hi kjpotjc is7
Icjbdrjkoû` hi prdpuistjs7 Cjs prdpuistjs qui riquoiri` mrj`his hisinbdcsds si rivosj`
kd` njydr kuohjhd qui cjs ni`ds kdstdsjs.
Rivosoû` y j`êcosos7 Cds miri`tis eo`j`koirds rijcozj` rivosod`is y j`êcosos edrnjcis pjrj
ivjcujr cjs vi`tjgjs hi cjs prdpuistjs hi o`virsoû`.
Xdnj hi hikosod`is7 Vdr cd rimucjr, ic kd`sigd horiktovd hibi jutdrozjr cds mjstds qui
ribjsj` koirtj
koirtj kj`tohjh.
kj`tohjh. Kd` erikui`koj si hj jutdrohjh jc miri`ti hi pcj`tj
pcj`tj pjrj tdnjr cjs
hikosod`is `ikisjrojs qui pirnotj` nj`ti`ir i` eu`kod`jnoi`td cj cî`ij hi prdhukkoû`.
Onpcini`tjkoû`7 Hisp
Hispuï
uïss hi cj jutd
jutdro
rozj
zjko
koû`
û`,, si ri
rijc
jcoz
ozj`
j` cd
cdss hi
hisi
sinb
nbdc
dcsd
sdss y si
onpcini`tj`
onpcini`tj` cds prdyiktds.
prdyiktds. Cds hisinbdcsds hi u` prdyiktd
prdyiktd mrj`hi dkurri` kdn÷`ni`ti
i` ejsis.
[imuonoi`td7 [i supirvosj` cds risuctjhds, y si kdnpjrj` cds kdstds y bi`ieokods rijcis
kd` cds pcj`ijhds. [i riquirorê tdnjr u`j jkkoû` so cds risuctjhds rijcis hoeoiri` hi cds
prdyiktjhds.
:6.2 ´Zuï is ic pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` hi cj o`virsoû`4 ´Kûnd si kjckucj4
Is ic toinpd riquirohd pjrj qui u`j kdnpjúîj rikupiri su o`virsoû` o`okojc i` u` prdyiktd,
kjckucjhd j pjrtor hi cjs i`trjhjs hi ieiktovd. I` ic kjsd hi u`j j`ujcohjh, ic pirodhd hi
rikupirjkoû` hi cj o`virsoû` si kjckucj hovohoi`hd cj o`virsoû` o`okojc i`tri cj i`trjhj hi
ieiktovd j`ujc. Vjrj u` ecugd noxtd hi i`trjhjs hi ieiktovd, cjs i`trjhjs hi ieiktovd j`ujcis
hibi` sunjrsi ljstj rikupirjr cj o`virsoû` o`okojc. Ju`qui hi usd nuy hoeu`hohd, ic
pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû` si kd`sohirj pdr cd mi`irjc kdnd u`j tïk`okj ruhoni`tjroj hi
icjbdrj
icjbdrjkoû
koû`` hic prisupu
prisupuist
istdd hi kjp
kjpotj
otjcc pdrq
pdrqui
ui `d kd`soh
kd`sohirj
irj ixpcîk
ixpcîkotj
otjni`t
ni`tii ic vjcdr
vjcdr hic
ho`ird i` ic toinpd.
:6.; ´Zuï hibocohjhis si jsdkoj` kdn÷`ni`ti kd` ic usd hic pirodhd hi rikupirjkoû`
pjrj ivjcujr u`j o`virsoû` prdpuistj4
Cj hibo
hiboco
cohj
hjhh is qui
qui ic piro
pirodh
dhdd jhik
jhikuj
ujhd
hd hi ri
riku
kupi
pirj
rjko
koû`
û` is u` cj
cjps
psdd hi
hieo
eo`o
`ohd
hd
subgitovjni`ti. @d puihi hitirno`jr kd`sohirj`hd cj nitj hi njxonozjkoû` hi cj roquizj
pdrqui `d si bjsj i` ic hiskui`td hi cds ecugds hi ieiktovd pjrj hitirno`jr so istds
o`krini`tj` ic vjcdr hi cj inprisj. I` viz hi iccd, ic pirodhd jhikujhd hi rikupirjkoû` is
sonpcini`ti
sonpcini`ti ic toinpd
toinpd nêxond
nêxond jkiptjbci
jkiptjbci hurj`ti ic kujc cj jhno`ostrjk
jhno`ostrjkoû`
oû` hikohi qui cds
ecugds hi ieiktovd hi u` prdyiktd hibi` jckj`zjr ic pu`td hi iquocobrod
:6.8 ´Kûnd
´Kûnd si kjckucj
kjckucj ic vjcdr
vjcdr prisi`ti
prisi`ti `itd
`itd (UV
(UV@)
@) hi u` prdy
prdyiktd
iktd kd` u` pjtr
pjtrû`
û`
kd`vi`kod`jc hi ecugds hi ieiktovd4
Ic vjcdr prisi`ti `itd (UV@) si dbtoi`i
dbtoi`i ristj`hd cj o`virsoû` o`oko
o`okojc
jc hi u` prdyiktd (EI6)

hic vjcdr prisi`ti hi sus ecugds hi i`trjhj hi ieiktovd (EIt) hiskd`tjhds j u`j tjsj (a)
iquovjci`ti jc kdstd hi kjpotjc hi cj inprisj.
UV@ > Ujcdr prisi`ti hi cjs i`trjhjs hi ieiktovd - O`virsoû` o`okojc
:6.9 ´Kuêcis sd` cds krotirods hi jkiptjkoû` pjrj ic UV@4 ´Kûnd si ricjkod`j` kd` ic
vjcdr hi nirkjhd hi cj inprisj4
Kuj`hd ic UV@ si usj pjrj tdnjr hikosod`is hi jkiptjkoû` d rikljzd, cds krotirods hi
hikosoû` sd` cds somuoi`tis7
• [o ic UV@ is njydr qui $6, ic prdyiktd si jkiptj.
• [o ic UV@ is ni`dr qui $6, ic prdyiktd si rikljzj.
[o ic UV@ is njydr qui $6, cj inprisj mj`jrê u` ri`honoi`td njydr qui su kdstd hi
kjpo
kjpotj
tjc.
c. Is
Istj
tj jkko
jkkoû`
û` hibi
hibirî
rîjj juni
juni`t
`tjr
jr ic vjcd
vjcdrr hi ni
nirk
rkjh
jhdd hi cj inpr
inpris
isjj y, pdr
pdr
kd`somuoi`ti, cj roquizj hi sus huiúds i` u` nd`td omujc jc UV@.
:6.5 Ixpcoqui cjs sonocotuhis y hoeiri`kojs i`tri ic UV@, ic OR y ic IUJ.
Y`j vjrojkoû` hi cj rimcj hic UV@ si kd`dki kdnd î`hoki hi ri`tjbocohjh (OR). Kuj`hd cjs
inprisjs usj` ic î`hoki hi ri`tjbocohjh pjrj ivjcujr cjs dpdrtu`ohjhis hi o`virsoû`, cj rimcj
qui somui` pjrj tdnjr u`j hikosoû` is icimor ic prdyiktd qui ti`mj ic î`hoki njydr qui :.6.
Kuj`hd ic OR is njydr qui :, som`oeokj qui ic vjcdr prisi`ti hi cjs i`trjhjs hi ieiktovd is

njydr qui ic hi cjs sjcohjs hi ieikto

ieiktovd,
vd, hi ndhd qui u` î`hoki hi ri`tjbocohjh njydr qui :
kdrrispd`hi j u` vjcdr prisi`ti `itd njydr qui kird. I` dtrjs pjcjbrjs, cds nïtdhds hic
UV@ y ic OR soinpri ccimjrê` j cj nosnj kd`kcusoû` jkirkj hi so u`j o`virsoû` pjrtokucjr is
ri`tjbci d `d.
Ic nïtdhd IUJ o`okoj hic nosnd ndhd qui ic hi UV@ (kjckucj`hd cds ecugds hi ieiktovd
`itds hi u` prdyiktd). [o` inbjrmd, ic i`edqui IUJ ristj hi isds ecugds hi ieiktovd u`j
kj`tohjh istjbcikohj pjrj riecigjr ic ri`honoi`td qui cds o`virsod`ostjs hi cj inprisj
hinj`hj` sdbri ic prdyiktd. Is hikor, ic kêckucd hic IUJ jviromuj so u` prdyiktd mi`irj
ecugds hi ieiktovd
ieiktovd pdsotovds pdr jrrobj y nês jccê hi cd qui cds o`virsod`ostjs
o`virsod`ostjs hinj`hj`. [o
is jsî, i`td`kis ic prdyiktd mjrj`tozj mj`j`kojs.
:6.== ´Zuï
:6. ´Zuï is cj tjs
tjsjj o`
o`ti
tir`
r`jj hi ri
ri`ho
`hono
noi`
i`td
td (XOR
(XOR)) hi u`
u`jj o`vi
o`virso
rsoû`
û`44 ´K
´Kûn
ûndd si
kjckucj4
Cj tjsj o`tir`j hi ri`honoi`td (XOR) is cj tjsj hi hiskui`td qui omujcj ic UV@ hi u`j
dpdrtu`ohjh hi o`virsoû` kd` $6 (hibohd j qui ic vjcdr prisi`ti hi cjs i`trjhjs hi ieiktovd

is omujc j cj o`virsoû` o`okojc)1 is cj tjsj hi ri`honoi`td qui mj`jrê cj inprisj so o`voirti i`

ic prdyiktd y rikobi cjs i`trjhjs hi ieiktovd ispirjhjs.
Cj njydrîj hi cjs kjckucjhdrjs eo`j`koirjs toi`i` pri prdmrjnjhj cj eu`koû` XOR, cj kujc
pirnoti sonpcoeokjr ic kêckucd. I` istjs kjckucjhdrjs, ustih sonpcini`ti tikcij tdhds cds
ecugds hi ieiktovd, kdnd so si kjckucjrj ic UV@, y hispuïs hibi prisod`jr XOR pjrj
hitirno`jr cj tjsj o`tir`j hi ri`honoi`td. Xjnboï` ixosti sdetwjri hospd`obci, o`kcuyi`hd
ldgjs
ldgjs hi kêck
kêckuc
ucd,
d, qui
qui sonp
sonpco
coeo
eokj
kj istd
istdss kêck
kêckuc
ucds.
ds. Xd
Xdhds
hds cd
cdss vj
vjcd
cdri
riss hi UV@
UV@ y XO
XOR
R
prisi`tjhds i` isti kjpîtucd y i` cds somuoi`tis si dbtuvoird` usj`hd istjs eu`kod`is i` u`j
kjckucjhdrj eo`j`koirj kdn÷`.
:6.< ´Kuêcis sd` cds krotirods hi jkiptjkoû` hi cj XOR4 ´Kûnd si ricjkod`j` kd` ic
vjcdr hi nirkjhd hi cj inprisj4
Kuj`hd si usj cj XOR pjrj tdnjr cjs hikosod`is hi jkiptjr d rikljzjr, cds krotirods hi
hikosoû` sd` cds somuoi`tis7
• [o cj XOR is njydr qui ic kdstd hi kjpotjc, si jkiptj ic prdyiktd.
• [o cj XOR is ni`dr qui ic kdstd hi kjpotjc, si rikljzj ic prdyiktd.
Istds krotirods mjrj`tozj` qui cj inprisj mj`i pdr cd ni`ds su ri`honoi`td riquirohd. Isti
risuctjhd hibirîj juni`tjr ic vjcdr hi nirkjhd hi cj inprisj y, pdr cd tj`td, cj roquizj hi

sus huiúds.
:6.? ´Ic vjcdr prisi`ti `itd (UV@) y cj tjsj o`tir`j hi ri`honoi`td (XOR) soinpri
istê` hi jkuirhd i` ricjkoû` kd` cjs hikosod`is hi jkiptjkoû` d rikljzd4 ´_ kd`
rispiktd j cjs hikosod`is hi kcjsoeokjkoû`4 Ixpcoqui sus rispuistjs.
Visi j qui ixosti` kd`ecoktds kd` cjs hikosod`is hi jkiptjkoû` d rikljzd, @d ljy mjrj`tîj
hi qui ic UV@ y ic XOR kcjsoeoqui`
kcjsoeoqui` cds prdyikt
prdyiktds
ds hic nosnd ndhd
ndhd,, cd qui so is simurd is
qui i` jnbds kjsds
kjsds si hibi
hibi ccimjr j cjs nosnjs
nosnjs kd`kcu
kd`kcusod
sod`is
`is sdbri
sdbri jkiptjboc
jkiptjbocohj
ohjhh d
o`jkiptjbocohjh hi prdyiktds.
:6.:6 ´Kûnd si usj ic pireoc hic vjcdr prisi`ti `itd pjrj kdnpjrjr prdyiktds4 ´Zuï
kjusj cds kd`ecoktds i` cj kcjsoeokjkoû` hi prdyiktds kuj`hd si usj` ic vjcdr prisi`ti
`itd y cj tjsj o`tir`j hi ri`honoi`td4
Cds prdyiktds si kdnpjrj
kdnpjrj`` mrêeokjni`ti hosiúj`h
hosiúj`hdd pireoc
pireocis
is hic vjcdr prisi`ti `itd qui
riprisi`tj` cds UV@ hic prdyiktd j hovirsjs tjsjs hi hiskui`td. Istds pireocis sd` ÷tocis
pjrj ivjcujr y kdnpjrjr cds prdyiktds, sdbri tdhd kuj`hd ixosti` kcjsoeokjkod`is

kd`ecoktovjs. Cjs kcjsoeokjkod`is kd`ecoktovjs qui si mi`irj` jc usjr ic UV@ y cj XOR surmi`
pdr cjs hoeiri`kojs i` ic supuistd hi cj tjsj hi rio`virsoû`, ic ndni`td i` qui dkurri` cds
ecugds hi ieiktovd hi kjhj prdyiktd y cj njm`otuh hi cj o`virsoû` o`okojc.
:6.:: ´Ic supuistd ricjkod`jhd kd` cj rio`virsoû` hi cjs i`trjhjs o`tirnihojs hi
ieikto
ieiktovd
vd toi`h
toi`hii j ejv
ejvdr
drik
ikir
ir ic UV
UV@
@ d cj XOR4
XOR4 I` cj prê
prêkto
ktokj
kj,, ´ku
´kuêc
êc tïk`o
tïk`okj
kj is
prieirobci y pdr quï4
Hishi u` pu`td hi vostj purjni
purjni`ti
`ti tiûrokd
tiûrokd,, ic UV@ is ic nigdr nïtdhd
nïtdhd hi icjbdrjkoû`
icjbdrjkoû` hic
prisupuistd hi kjpotjc hibohd j vjrods ejktdris. Ic nês onpdrtj`ti is qui ic usd hic UV@
nohi kuê`tj roquizj krij u` prdyiktd pjrj cds o`virsod`ostjs (d kuê`tj roquizj histruyi
kuj`hd ic UV@ is `imjtovd). [o kd`sohirjnds qui ic dbgitovd hi cds miri`tis eo`j`koirds is
njxonozjr cj roquizj hi cds jkkod`ostjs, ic nïtdhd hic UV@ toi`i cj ricjkoû` nês kcjrj kd`
isti dbgitovd y, pdr cd tj`td, is cj –rimcj hi drd„ pjrj ivjcujr cjs dpdrtu`ohjhis hi
o`virsoû`.
Cj ivo
ivohi
hi`ko
`kojj su
sumo
moir
irii qui j pis
pisjr
jr hi cj supir
supirod
odro
rohjh
hjh ti
tiûro
ûrokj
kj hic UV@,
UV@, cd
cdss mi
miri`
ri`ti
tiss
eo`j`koirds utocozj` ic nïtdhd hi cj XOR kd` tj`tj erikui`koj kdnd ic hic UV@. Ic jtrjktovd
hic nïtdhd hi cj XOR si hibi j cj hospdsokoû` mi`irjc hi cj mi`ti hi `imdkods j pi`sjr i`
tïrno`ds
tïrno`ds hi tjsjs hi ri`honoi`td
ri`honoi`td nês qui i` cds ri`honoi`tds
ri`honoi`tds i` hûcjris
hûcjris rijcis. Kdnd cjs

tjsjs hi o`tirïs, cj ri`tjbocoh

ri`tjbocohjh,
jh, itkïtirj, si ixprisj` kd` njydr erikui`koj kdnd tjsjs hi
ri`honoi`td j`ujcis, ic usd hi cj XOR toi`i si`tohd pjrj cds miri`tis qui tdnj` cjs
hikosod`is
hikosod`is eo`j`koirjs.
eo`j`koirjs. Kd`sohi
Kd`sohirj`
rj` jc UV@ ni`ds o`tuotovd
o`tuotovd pdrqui `d nohi cds bi`ieokods
bi`ieokods
i` ricjkoû` kd` ic nd`td o`virtohd. Kdnd ixosti` hovirsjs tïk`okjs pjrj ivotjr cds irrdris
hi cj XOR, su usd tj` hoeu`hohd `d onpcokj u` iskjsd jeê` hi pireikkod`jnoi`td pdr pjrti
hi cds
cds jh
jhno
no`o
`ost
strjh
rjhdri
dris.
s. Is ivohi
ivohi`t
`tii qui
qui cd
cdss j`
j`jc
jcos
ostj
tjss eo
eo`j`
`j`ko
koird
irdss kd
kdrpd
rpdrj
rjto
tovds
vds sd`
rispd`sjbcis hi ohi`toeokjr y risdcvir cds prdbcinjs ricjkod`jhds kd` cj XOR j`tis hi qui
cds jhno`ostrjhdris cj usi` kdnd tïk`okj hi hikosoû`.