S`rd` 0

KJB@MJ]@SAVJ

@H@BA_@] TH Y]JKD[J Y]JCTKSAVJ

Yrdsdht`cj pjr?

B`ur` V`bdhtah` L`atàh Làgdz

Kûcalj? 001=50<3;1

H`t`bby Lûgdz Mjb`ðjs

Kûcalj? 09;965;59<

@rturj Edhraqudz
Edhraqudz Ydrdz

Kûcalj? 00=1406153

Yrdsdht`cj `?

Frdccy @bjhsj Edrrdr`

Kursj? =0=9=0Z03

Thavdrsac`c H`kajh`b @madrt` y ` Cast`hka`

Vakdrrdktjrç` @k`cágak` y cd Ahvdstal`kaûh

Mjljt` g`rzj cd =9=0

 AHS]JCTKAÛH

@ tr`vds cd dst` `vtavac`c

`vtavac`c pjcdgjs
pjcdgjs `prdhcdr
`prdhcdr bjs kjhjkagadhtj
kjhjkagadhtjs s cd bjs pdrjkdsjs
pdrjkdsjs
pdrjcuktav`s cd uh` dgprdsd y kjgj pjcdgjs `pjrt`r gdojs`r gdca`htd db
`h`basas cd tadgpj y gjvagadhtjs `pbak`cj bjs cj`lr`gds cjhcd sd pudcd
jcdhtafak`r b`s `ktavac`ds y hjs pdrgatd db `h`basas cd b` ahtdr`kkajh cdt`bb`sc`s cdb
pjrjkdsj, y b` jrl`haz`kaûh cd b`s `rds cd tr`m`oj kjgj t`gmadh b` jptagaz`kajh
cd kjstjs cd g`hj cd jmr`.
 JMODSAMJ[

Ldhr`b
@h`baz`r bjs dst`hc`rds
dst`hc`rds y casdðj cdb
cdb tr`m`oj,
tr`m`oj, p`r` ahkrdgdht
ahkrdgdht`r
`r b` prjcuktavac`
prjcuktavac`c
c
utabaz`hcj edrr`gadht`s qud gudstr`h db fbaoj cdb prjkdsj dhtrd jrl`haz`kajhds j
`rd`s.
Dspdkafakjs

 @h`baz`r db prjkdsj
@h`baz`r prjkdsj prjcuktavj
prjcuktavj cd
cd uh` dgprds`
dgprds`
 Jmsdrv`r b`s jpjrtuhac`cds cd gdojr` cdb prkdsj prjcuktavj
 CD[@]]JBBJ

0. Cdfahar
Cdfahar kjhkdpt
kjhkdptjs
js sjmrd rdprdsd
rdprdsdht`k
ht`kaûh
aûh cd prjkdsjs?
prjkdsjs?

B`ur` V`bdhtah` L`atàh Làgdz

prjkdsj prjcuktavj cdb b`crabbj?
H`t`bby Lûgdz Mjb`ðjs

prjkdsj cd prjcukkaûh cdb k`fá.

Abustr`kaûh 0 G`p` kjhkdptu`b? rdprdsdht`kaûh cdb prjkdsjs - Fudhtd prjpa`?

eps?//kbjuc.sg`rtcr`w.kjg/se`rd.`spx/:
pumCjk[e`rd7K<<=543KCKFM3KD6CK5C1;=D0KD41<MKCFM

@rturj Edhraqudz Ydrdz

Yrjkdsj prjcuktavj cdb p`pdb?
 =. ]dprdsd
]dprdsdht`r
ht`r prjk
prjkdsjs
dsjs prjcukta
prjcuktavjs?
vjs?

B`ur` V`bdhtah` L`atàh Làgdz

Vacdj prjkdsj prjcuktavj cdb b`crabbj?
ettps?//yjutu.md/c_zKJgMOuGw

=.0 K`r`ktdraz`r db prjkdsj? ` tr`vás cd b` `pbak`kaûh cd b` gdtjcjbjlç` ACDF9?

H`t`bby Lûgdz Mjb`ðjs
prjkdsj cd prjcukkaûh cdb k`fá.

ettps?//yjutu.md/]a4@j_5fze5
Abustr`kaûh = ACDF9 - Fudhtd prjpa`? Yrjkdsj prjcuktavj cdb k`fá

Abustr`kaûh ; ACDF9 - Fudhtd prjpa`? Yrjkdsj prjcuktavj cdb k`fá

@rturj Edhraqudz Ydrdz
Yrjkdsj prjcuktavj cdb p`pdb?

ettps?//yjutu.md/ZA]EGZDYohQ

=.= Ca`lr`
Ca`lr`g`
g`rr db prjkds
prjkdsj?
j? E`kadh
E`kadhcj
cj usj
usj cd
cd b` sagmjb
sagmjbjlç
jlç`
` @[GD
@[GD

B`ur` V`bdhtah` L`atàh Làgdz

Ca`lr`g` cd prjkdsj
prjkdsj cdb b`crabbj
b`crabbj
 H`t`bby Lûgdz Mjb`ðjs
Cdskrapkaûh cd b`s
Sadgpj Jmsdrv`kajhds
jpdr`kajhds
]dkjbdkkaûh kjsdke` cd k`fá [d rdkjbdkt` cd fjrg` g`hu`b
[dbdkkaûh lr`hjs g`curjs Lr`hjs `g`rabbjs y rjojs
[d ahspdkkajh` ]dvasaûh cd bjs lr`hjs
[dbdkkaûh gátjcj eÿgdcj j [d dskjld db gátjcj p`r`

sdkj cdspubp`r
]dr`r kdrdz` cdb lr`hj Gàquah` cdspubp`cjr` cd k`fá
Bbdv`r db k`fá ` b`s pab`s cd Hj cdmd cur`r gàs cd sadtd

sjbt`cj cç`s dxpudstj

B`v`r db lr`hj Dbagah`r db gukab`lj y

`zuk`rds
[dk`r db lr`hj [d cdo`h `b k`bjr cdb sjb
Dgp`k`r dh s`kjs cd qud F`kabat` kjhsdrv`kaûh

[d tr`hspjrt` ` b` pb`ht` [d bbdv` ` b` pb`ht`

]dr`r b` k`sk`r` [d rdr` b` k`sk`r` sjmr`htd

―pdrl`gahj‑
Sjst`r db k`fá Jmtdhkaûh cd s`mjr, jbjr,

tdxtur`, dtk.
Gjbdr db lr`hj [d gudbd db lr`hj
[d ahspdkkajh` db lr`hj [d rdvas` b` k`bac`c cdb lr`hj

p`r` kjhsugar
Dgp`k`r db lr`hj [d dgp`k` db lr`hj cdb k`fá
Castramukaûh dh db gdrk`cj [d castramuyd dh db gdrk`cj
Sjt`b 09 = ; 0 06
Abustr`kaûh 3 S`mb`? Ca`lr`g` cd prjkdsj cd fuoj - Fudhtd prjpa`
Ca`lr`g` cd rdkjrracj?
B`ur` V`bdhtah` L`atàh Làgdz

H`t`bby Lûgdz Mjb`ðjs

Abustr`kaûh 4 Ca`lr`g` cd rdkjrracj. Fudhtd prjpa`?
ettps?//www.k`hv`.kjg/cdsalh/C@D\f-M3OAs/1\zOFEzqPV0<VMZ4pd;=0P/vadw:
utgZkjhtdht7C@D\f-

M3OAs&utgZk`gp`alh7cdsalhse`rd&utgZgdcaug7bahn&utgZsjurkd7se`rdmuttjh

;. Acdhtafak
Acdhtafak`r
`r jpjrtuhac
jpjrtuhac`cds
`cds cd gdojr`
gdojr` cdb prjkd
prjkdsj?
sj?
;.0 Bast` cd vdrafak`kaûh cd b` dkjhjgç` cd gjvagadhtjs

B`ur` V`bdhtah` L`atàh Làgdz

prjkdsj cdb b`crabbj

[um-jpdr`kaûh [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd
dbagah`r sd uh` sum-jpdr`kaûh: U
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`ra`: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` jrcdh cd tr`m`oj: U
k) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` edrr`gadht` j db dquapj: U
c) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` castramukaûh
castramuka ûh cdb bul`r cd tr`m`oj: U
d) ºGdca`htd b` kjgmah`kaûh cd edrr`gadht`s: U
f) ºGdca`htd uh baldrj k`gmaj cd g`tdra`b: U
l) ºGdca`htd uh baldrj k`gmaj dh db prjcuktj: U
e) ºGdca`htd uh suodt`cjr cd `kkaûh ràpac` dh bjs sjpjrtds j U
luç`s:
=. ºYudcd e`kdrsd gàs fàkabgdhtd uh` sum-jpdr`kaûh:
sum-jpdr`ka ûh: U
`) ºGdca`htd db usj cd gdojrds edrr`gadht`s: U
m) ºGdca`htd b` gjcafak`kaûh cd b` castramukaûh cdb tr`m`oj: U
k) ºGdca`htd db k`gmaj
k`gmaj cd b`s pjsakajhds
pjsakajhds cd bjs kjhtrjbds
kjhtrjbds j U
edrr`gadht`s:
c) ºGdca`htd db usj cd gdojrds kjhtdhdcjrds cd g`tdra`b: U
d) ºGdca`htd db usj cd b` ahdrka` ku`hcj sd` pjsambd: U
f) ºE`kadhcj gdhjs dstraktjs bjs rdquasatjs cd vasamabac`c: U
l) ºGdca`htd gdojrds `btur`s cdb bul`r cd tr`m`oj: U
Gjvagadhtjs [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd uh gjvagadhtj: U
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`raj: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` jrcdh cd tr`m`oj: U
k) ºGdca`htd b` kjgmah`kaûh cd edrr`gadht`s:
edrr`gadht`s: U
c) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b`s edrr`gadht`s j dh db dquapj: U
d) ºGdca`htd b` dbagah`kaûh cdb cdpûsatj cd g`tdra`b tdrgah`cj: U
=. ºYudcd e`kdrsd db gjvagadhtj gàs fàkab: U
`) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` castramukaûh, `kjrt`hcj cast`hka`s: U
m) ºGdca`htd db k`gmaj cd b` cardkkaûh cd bjs gjvagadhtjs:
gjvagadhtjs: U
k) ºGdca`htd db usj cd cafdrdhtds gÿskubjs: U
Tsj cdb pragdr lrupj cd gÿskubjs qud sd` bj sufakadhtdgdhtd
fudrtd p`r` b` t`rd`?
0. ºCdcj: U
=. ºGuðdk`: U
;. º@htdmr`zj: U
3. ºMr`zj supdrajr: U
4. ºSrjhkj: U
c) ºGdca`htd gjvagadhtjs kjhtahujs dh bul`r cd gjvagadhtjs U
mruskjs:
Y`rjs [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd db sjstdhdr: ([jstdhdr ds dxtrdg`c`gdhtd U
f`taljsj)
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`raj: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh caspjsatavj sagpbd cd suodkaûh j sjpjrtd: U
=. ºYudcd e`kdrsd gàs fàkab db sjstdhdr: U
`) ºGdca`htd db `kjrt`gadhtj
`kjrt`gadhtj cd su cur`kaûh: U
m) ºTtabaz`hcj
ºTtabaz` hcj lrupjs cd gÿskubjs gàs fudrtds, t`bds kjgj b`s U
padrh`s kjh caspjsatavjs jpdr`cjs kjh bjs pads:
]dtr`sjs [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd j `kjrt`rsd uh rdtr`sj: U
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`raj: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh db tr`m`oj qud k`c` gadgmrj rd`baz`: U
k) ºDquabamr`hcj
ºDquabamr `hcj tr`m`oj dhtrd bjs gadgmrjs cdb kudrpj: U
c) ºSr`m`o`hcj cd g`hdr` sagubtàhd`
sagubtà hd` dh cjs `rtçkubjs: U
d) º@btdrh`hcj db tr`m`oj, kjh k`c` uh` cd b`s g`hjs e`kadhcj db U
gasgj tr`m`oj pdrj fudr` cd f`sd:

Kakbjs
0. ºYudcd kjhfalur`rsd
kjhfalur`rsd db kakbj
kakbj p`r` qud sd rd`bakd
rd`bakd gàs tr`m`oj U[A HJ
g`hu`b cur`htd db tadgpj cd jpdr`kaûh:
`) ºGdca`htd b` `bagdht`kaûh `utjgàtak`: U
m) ºGdca`htd db sugahastrj `utjgàtakj cd g`tdra`b: U
k) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` rdb`kaûh
rdb`kaûh cd f`sd cdb ejg
ejgmrd
mrd y b` U
gàquah`:
c) ºGdca`htd db kjrtd `utjgàtakj
`utjgàtakj cd `bagdht`kaûh
`bagdht`kaûh `b tárgahj
tárgahj cdb U
kjrtd j dh k`sj cd uh` f`bb` cd b` edrr`gadht` j db g`tdra`b:
Sadgpj gàquah` [A HJ
0. ºYudcd rdcukarsd db tadgpj cd gàquah`: U
`) ºGdca`htd db usj cd gdojrds edrr`gadht`s: U
m) ºGdca`htd db usj cd edrr`gadht`s kjgmah`c`s: U
k) ºGdca`htd db usj cd `bagdht`kaûh y vdbjkac`cds gàs ràpac`s: U
H`t`bby Lûgdz Mjb`ðjs
prjkdsj cd prjcukkaûh cdb k`fá
[umjpdr`kajhds [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd uh` sumjpdr`kaûh: U
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`ra`: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` jrcdh cd tr`m`oj: U
k) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` edrr`gadht` j db dquapj: U
c) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` castramukaûh cdb bul`r cd tr`m`oj: U
d) ºGdca`htd b` kjgmah`kaûh cd edrr`gadht`s: U
f) Gdca`htd uh baldrj k`gmaj cd g`tdra`b: U
l) ºGdca`htd uh baldrj k`gmaj dh db prjcuktj: U
e) ºGdca`htd uh suodt`cjr cd `kkaûh ràpac` dh bjs sjpjrtds j luç`s: U
=. ºYudcd e`kdrsd gàs fàkabgdhtd uh` sumjpdr`kaûh: U
`) ºGdca`htd db usj cd gdojrds edrr`gadht`s: U
m) ºGdca`htd b` gjcak`kaûh cd b` castramukaûh cdb tr`m`oj: U
k) ºGdca`htd db k`gmaj cd b`s pjsakajhds cd bjs kjhtrjbds j edrr`gadht`s: U
c) ºGdca`htd db usj cd gdojrds kjhtdhdcjrds cd g`tdra`b: U
d) ºGdca`htd db usj cd b` ahdrka` ku`hcj sd` pjsambd: U
f) ºE`kadhcj gdhjs dstraktjs bjs rdquasatjs cd vasamabac`c: U
l) ºGdca`htd gdojrds `btur`s cdb bul`r cd tr`m`oj: U
Gjvagadhtjs [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd uh gjvagadhtj: U
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`raj: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` jrcdh cd tr`m`oj: U
k) ºGdca`htd b` kjgmah`kaûh cd edrr`gadht`s: U
c) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b`s edrr`gadht`s j dh db dquapj: U
d) ºGdca`htd b` dbagah`kaûh cdb cdpûsatj cd g`tdra`b tdrgah`cj: U
=. ºYudcd e`kdrsd db gjvagadhtj gàs fàkab: U
`) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` castramukaûh, `kjrt`hcj cast`hka`s: U
m) ºGdca`htd db k`gmaj cd b` cardkkaûh cd bjs gjvagadhtjs: U
k) ºGdca`htd db usj cd cafdrdhtds gÿskubjs: U
Tsj cdb pragdr lrupj cd gÿskubjs qud sd` bj sukadhtdgdhtd fudrtd p`r` b` t`rd`?
0. ºCdcj: U
=. ºGuðdk`: U
;. º@htdmr`zj: U
3. ºMr`zj supdrajr: U
4. ºSrjhkj: U
c) ºGdca`htd gjvagadhtjs kjhhujs dh bul`r cd gjvagadhtjs mruskjs: U
Y`rjs [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd db sjstdhdr: ([jstdhdr ds dxtrdg`c`gdhtd f`ljsj) U
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`raj: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh caspjsavj sagpbd cd suodkaûh j sjpjrtd: U
=. ºYudcd e`kdrsd gàs fàkab db sjstdhdr: U

`) ºGdca`htd db `kjrt`gadhtj cd su cur`kaûh: U

m) ºTbaz`hcj lrupjs cd gÿskubjs gàs fudrtds, t`bds kjgj b`s padrh`s kjh U
caspjsavjs jpdr`cjs kjh bjs pads:
]dtr`sjs [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd j `kjrt`rsd uh rdtr`sj: U
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`raj: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh db tr`m`oj qud k`c` gadgmrj rd`baz`: U
k) ºDquabamr`hcj tr`m`oj dhtrd bjs gadgmrjs cdb kudrpj: U
c) ºSr`m`o`hcj cd g`hdr` sagubtàhd` dh cjs `rkubjs: U
d) º@btdrh`hcj db tr`m`oj, kjh k`c` uh` cd b`s g`hjs e`kadhcj db gasgj tr`m`oj,
U
pdrj fudr` cd f`sd:
Kakbjs [A HJ
0. ºYudcd kjhlur`rsd db kakbj p`r` qud sd rd`bakd gàs tr`m`oj g`hu`b cur`htd db
U
dgpj cd jpdr`kaûh:
`) ºGdca`htd b` `bagdht`kaûh `utjgàk`: U
m) ºGdca`htd db sugahastrj `utjgàkj cd g`tdra`b: U
k) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` rdb`kaûh cd f`sd cdb ejgmrd y b` gàquah`: U
c) ºGdca`htd db kjrtd `utjgàkj cd `bagdht`kaûh `b tárgahj cdb kjrtd j dh k`sj
U
cd uh` f`bb` cd b` edrr`gadht` j db g`tdra`b:
Sadgpj gàquah` [A HJ
0. ºYudcd rdcukarsd db dgpj cd gàquah`: U

`) ºGdca`htd
m) ºGdca`htd db
db usj
usj cd
cd gdojrds edrr`gadht`s:
edrr`gadht`s kjgmah`c`s: U
U
k) ºGdca`htd db usj cd `bagdht`kaûh y vdbjkac`cds gàs ràpac`s: U

@rturj Edhraqudz Ydrdz

Yrjkdsj prjcuktavj cdb p`pdb?

[um-jpdr`kaûh [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd
dbagah`r sd uh` [um-jpdr`kaûh: U
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`ra`: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` jrcdh cd tr`m`oj: U
k) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` edrr`gadht` j db dquapj: U
c) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` castramukaûh
castramuka ûh cdb bul`r cd tr`m`oj: U
d) ºGdca`htd b` kjgmah`kaûh cd edrr`gadht`s: U
f) ºGdca`htd uh baldrj k`gmaj cd g`tdra`b: U
l) ºGdca`htd uh baldrj k`gmaj dh db prjcuktj: U
e) ºGdca`htd uh suodt`cjr cd `kkaûh ràpac` dh bjs sjpjrtds j U
luç`s:
=. ºYudcd e`kdrsd gàs fàkabgdhtd uh` [um-jpdr`kaûh:
[um-jpdr`ka ûh: U
`) ºGdca`htd db usj cd gdojrds edrr`gadht`s: U
m) ºGdca`htd b` gjcafak`kaûh cd b` castramukaûh cdb tr`m`oj: U
k) ºGdca`htd db k`gmaj
k`gmaj cd b`s pjsakajhds
pjsakajhds cd bjs kjhtrjbds
kjhtrjbds j U
edrr`gadht`s:
c) ºGdca`htd db usj cd gdojrds kjhtdhdcjrds cd g`tdra`b: U
d) ºGdca`htd db usj cd b` ahdrka` ku`hcj sd` pjsambd: U
f) ºE`kadhcj gdhjs dstraktjs bjs rdquasatjs cd vasamabac`c: U
l) ºGdca`htd gdojrds `btur`s cdb bul`r cd tr`m`oj: U
Gjvagadhtjs [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd uh gjvagadhtj: U
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`raj: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` jrcdh cd tr`m`oj: U
k) ºGdca`htd b` kjgmah`kaûh cd edrr`gadht`s:
edrr`gadht`s: U
c) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b`s edrr`gadht`s j dh db dquapj: U
d) ºGdca`htd b` dbagah`kaûh cdb cdpûsatj cd g`tdra`b tdrgah`cj: U
=. ºYudcd e`kdrsd db gjvagadhtj gàs fàkab: U
`) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` castramukaûh, `kjrt`hcj cast`hka`s: U
m) ºGdca`htd db k`gmaj cd b` cardkkaûh cd bjs gjvagadhtjs:
gjvagadhtjs: U
k) ºGdca`htd db usj cd cafdrdhtds gÿskubjs: U
Tsj cdb pragdr lrupj cd gÿskubjs qud sd` bj sufakadhtdgdhtd U
fudrtd p`r` b` t`rd`?
0. ºCdcj: U
=. ºGuðdk`: U
;. º@htdmr`zj: U
3. ºMr`zj supdrajr: U
4. ºSrjhkj: U
c) ºGdca`htd gjvagadhtjs kjhtahujs dh bul`r cd gjvagadhtjs U
mruskjs:
Y`rjs [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd db sjstdhdr: ([jstdhdr ds dxtrdg`c`gdhtd U
f`taljsj)
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`raj: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh caspjsatavj sagpbd cd suodkaûh j sjpjrtd: U
=. ºYudcd e`kdrsd gàs fàkab db sjstdhdr: U
`) ºGdca`htd db `kjrt`gadhtj
`kjrt`gadhtj cd su cur`kaûh: U
m) ºTtabaz`hcj
ºTtabaz` hcj lrupjs cd gÿskubjs gàs fudrtds, t`bds kjgj b`s U
padrh`s kjh caspjsatavjs jpdr`cjs kjh bjs pads:
]dtr`sjs [A HJ
0. ºYudcd dbagah`rsd j `kjrt`rsd uh rdtr`sj: U
`) ºKûgj ahhdkds`raj: U
m) ºGdca`htd uh tr`m`oj
k) ºDquabamr`hcj
ºDquabamr `hcj k`gmaj dhtrd
dh db tr`m`oj qud k`c`
bjs gadgmrjs cdb gadgmrj
kudrpj: rd`baz`: U
U
c) ºSr`m`o`hcj cd g`hdr` sagubtàhd`
sagubtà hd` dh cjs `rtçkubjs: U
d) º@btdrh`hcj db tr`m`oj, kjh k`c` uh` cd b`s g`hjs e`kadhcj db U
gasgj tr`m`oj pdrj fudr` cd f`sd:
Kakbjs [A HJ
0. ºYudcd kjhfalur`rsd
kjhfalur`rsd db kakbj
kakbj p`r` qud sd rd`bakd
rd`bakd gàs tr`m`oj U
g`hu`b cur`htd db tadgpj cd jpdr`kaûh:
`) ºGdca`htd b` `bagdht`kaûh `utjgàtak`: U
m) ºGdca`htd db sugahastrj `utjgàtakj cd g`tdra`b: U
k) ºGdca`htd uh k`gmaj dh b` rdb`kaûh
rdb`kaûh cd f`sd cdb ejg
ejgmrd
mrd y b` U
gàquah`:
c) ºGdca`htd db kjrtd `utjgàtakj
`utjgàtakj cd `bagdht`kaûh
`bagdht`kaûh `b tárgahj
tárgahj cdb U
kjrtd j dh k`sj cd uh` f`bb` cd b` edrr`gadht` j db g`tdra`b:
Sadgpj gàquah` [A HJ
 0. ºYudcd rdcukarsd db tadgpj cd gàquah`: U
`) ºGdca`htd db usj cd gdojrds edrr`gadht`s: U
m) ºGdca`htd db usj cd edrr`gadht`s kjgmah`c`s: U
k) ºGdca`htd db usj cd `bagdht`kaûh y vdbjkac`cds gàs ràpac`s: U

;.
;.=
= Yr
Yrj
jpuds
pudst`
t` cd gdoj
gdojr`
r` cdb
cdb prj
prjkd
kdsj
sj??

B`ur` V`bdhtah` L`atàh Làgdz

prjkdsj cdb b`crabbj

Dh dstd puhtj cd b` `ktavac`c d dhkudhtr`s bjs edrr`gadht`s ` agpbdgdht`r dh

db prjkdsj cd prjcukkaûh p`r` bjlr`r uh` gdojr` cd sus prjkdsjs, p`r`
gahagaz`r bjs gjvagadhtjs cd bjs kjb`mjr`cjrds y vjbvdr uh prjkdsj dfakadhtd
kuac`hcj db rdkursj eug`hj.
0. Ttabaz`
Ttabaz`kaûh
kaûh cdb kudrpj
kudrpj eug`hj
eug`hj
=. Castram
Castramuka
ukaûh
ûh cdb
cdb bul`r
bul`r cd
cd tr`m`o
tr`m`oj
j
;. Gjcdbj
Gjcdbj cd b` gàqua
gàquah`h` y b`
b` edrr`ga
edrr`gadht`
dht`

0. ]dcastramukaûh
]dcastramukaûh cd
cd b` pb`ht`
pb`ht` dh b` gdojr` cd bjs prjkdsjs
prjkdsjs krçtakjs
krçtakjs d
`ktavac`cds ahsdlur`s qud pudcdh c`r b` s`buc cdb kjb`mjr`cjr, y` qud
cjhcd sd e`kd b` k`rl` cd b` g`tdra` prag` hj kudht` kjh b`s gdojr`s
kjhcakajhds, y b` g`quah`ra` utabaz`c` p`r` db prjkdsj pudcd ldhdr`r
radsljs ` bjs kjb`mjr`cjrds.
=. [astdg`taz`kaûh
[astdg`taz`kaûh cd k`c` uhj cdb prjkdsjs cjhcd sd gahagakd db
prjkdsd g`hu`b, dh db kjrtd sd pudcd `cdku`r db prjkdsj cjhcd gdojrd
b` drljhjgç` cdb kjb`mjr`cjr.

;. Dh db tr`spjrtd
tr`spjrtdp`r`
tr`spjrt`cjr` `b
`b `rds cdb
cdb sdk`cj
gahagakd sd pudcd
pudcd e`kdr pjr
db rdkjrracj. pjr uh` m`hc`
m`hc`

H`t`bby Lûgdz Mjb`ðjs

prjkdsj cd prjcukkaûh cdb k`fá

B` `ktavac`c cdb prjkdsj cd prjcukkaûh cdb k`fá qud cdg`hc` g`yjr tr`m`oj
g`hu`b sd dhkudhtr` dh b` rdkjbdkkaûh cd lr`hjs g`curjs dh b` kjsdke`, cjhcd
sd dodrkd uh` `ktavac`c fçsak` cdscd b` rdkjbdkkaûh cd lr`hjs pjr db pdsj cd b`
k`h`st` dh su kahtur`, e`st` db bbdh`cj cd bjs kjst`bds qud pjstdrajrgdhtd sjh
bbdv`cjs `b àrd` cd cdspubpd. Sdhadhcj dh kudht` bjs kjhkdptjs cd dkjhjgç` cd
gjvagadhtjs, sd rd`baz` b` saluadhtd prjpudst` p`r` gahagaz`r b` f`tal` y jptagaz`r
b` t`rd` cdb jpdr`raj.
0. Ttabaz`kaûh cd
cdb ku
kudrpj eu
eug`hj.

B`s p`us`s `ktav`s sjh f`vjr`mbds p`r` bjs rdkjbdktjrds cdb k`fá, y` qud su
tdhcdhka` ` db`mjr`r b` gasg` t`rd` cur`htd uh b`rlj tadgpj dh db cç` pudcd sdr
f`tal`htd `uh ku`hcj sd `utjg`taz` b` t`rd`. Yjr jtr` p`rtd, dodrkdr uh` mudh`
fudrz` `b bdv`ht`r db kjst`b kjh bjs lr`hjs sdbdkkajh`cjs cdmdh sdr kjhsalh`cjs
cd fjrg` dfakadhtd, cjmb`hcj b`s rjcabb`s dvat`hcj `rqud`r b` kahtur` j b` dsp`b` `sç
gasgj dquabamr`r db pdsj cdb kjst`b dh bjs ejgmrjs p`r` dvat`r pjsambds bdsajhds dh
db tr`m`o`cjr. Fah`bgdhtd, g`htdhdr uh ratgj su`vd dh b` dodkukaûh cd sdbdkkaûh
cd lr`hj prjpaka` b` dfdktavac`c cdb tr`m`o`cjr, cjhcd su k`rl` jpdr`kajh`b hj ds
ahtdhs` y ldhdr` rdsubt`cjs dfak`kds.

=. Cast
strram
amuk
ukaû
aûh
h cdb bul`r cd tr`m
r`m`oj.
oj.

B`s edrr`gadht`s cdb tr`m`oj cdmdh dhkjhtr`rsd dh db bul`r cd b` kjsdke`, dh

bul`rds cjhcd db tr`m`o`cjr pudc` rdkjldrb`s sah cafakubt`c, p`r` gahagaz`r pdrcac`
cd tadgpj dh b` dodkukaûh cd b` `ktavac`c `salh`c`. @sagasgj, k`c` tr`m`o`cjr
cdmd kjht`r kjh dsp`kajs cd cdsk`hsj kûgjcjs y kdrk` `b bul`r cd jpdr`kaûh.

;. Gjcdbj cd b`
b` gà
gàquah
uah` y b` ed
edrr`
rr`gadht
adht`
`.
Bjs utdhsabajs, t`bds kjgj b` k`h`st`, kjgpbdgdhtjs cdb uhafjrgd (mjt`s
k`ukedr`s, lu`htds), bjh`, dtk., cdmdh prjpjrkajh`r kjgjcac`c p`r` db tr`m`o`cjr,
dh b` gdcac` qud dvatd f`tal` j g`bdst`r su usj. [d cdmd `sdlur`r b` k`bac`c cd
madhdst`r dh b`s edrr`gadht`s jtjrl`c`s `b tr`m`o`cjr, rd`bazàhcjbds uh
sdluagadhtj pdrg`hdhtd kjh db fah cd acdhtafak`r pjsambds gdojrds u jpjrtuhac`cds
p`r` db tr`m`o`cjr y b` b`mjr cd su `ktavac`c.

@rturj Edhraqudz Ydrdz

Yrjkdsj prjcuktavj cdb p`pdb?

Dstd prjkdsj utabaz` dh su prjkdsj dh lr`h p`rtd g`quah`ra` cd puht`.

Yjr sdr uh prjkdsj cd lr`hcds prjpjrkajhds rdquadrd uh` lr`h jrl`haz`kaûh y

castramukaûh cdb tr`m`oj.

0. Ttabaz`kaûh cd
cdb ku
kudrpj eu
eug`hj.

Bjs jpdr`rajs g`hdo`h cdscd uh puhtj cd kjhtrjb k`c` prjkdsj dh b` f`mrak` y`

qud dstd prjkdsj ds lr`hcd.

Bjs jpdr`cjrds cdmdh cd dst`r guy `tdhtjs `b prjkdsj.

=. Cast
strram
amuk
ukaû
aûh
h cdb bul`r cd tr`m
r`m`oj.
oj.
B` g`quah`ra` y b`s m`hc`s tr`hspjrt`cjr`s rdquadrdh uh mudh pb`h cd
g`htdhagadhtj p`r` dvat`r kudbbjs cd mjtdbb`s.

;. Gjcdbj cd b`
b` gà
gàquah
uah` y b` ed
edrr`
rr`gadht
adht`
`.

B` g`quah`ra` utabaz`c` dh dstd prjkdsj ds m`st`htd kjgput`raz`c` y kjh lr`h

k`p`kac`c cd prjcukkaûh.

3. Yrjkdsj prjcuktavj
prjcuktavj sdbdkkajh`cj
sdbdkkajh`cj pjr db lrupj? Yrjkdsj cdb k`fá
k`fá

[d sdbdkkajhj db prjkdsj prjcuktavj cdb k`fá pjrqud ds uhj cd bjs qud rdquadrd cd
g`s tr`m`oj g`hu`b.

Kjbk`fd [@[ Yrjk`fV`bcdz

(Ou`h dkjb [.@ Hdsk`fá
K`fá)
ac
acdh
dhta
tafa
fak`
k`ka
kaûh
ûh cd Kudht`
Kudh t`hh kjhkjh uh Agpbdgdht`kaûh Agpbdgdht`kaûh
sus gdojrds kdhtrj cd cdb kjhkkjhkdp
dptj
tj cd cd k`k`t`
t`cj
cjrd
rdss cd
pràktak`s cd Ahvd
hvdstal`
tal`k kaûh
aûh y S`z` Ydrfdkt`? k`fá> p`r`
f`mrak`kaûh Cds`rrjbbj Kjh dst` ahaka`tav` l`r`htaz`r uh` `bt`
y/j dstr`tdla`s
dstr`tdla`s cd rdkj
dkjhjkacjacj pjr sd bd dhsdð` ` bjs k`bac`
k`bac`cc cd fjrg`
fjrg`
gdojr`gadhtj Kjbka
Kj bkadhk
dhka`s
a`s m`oj
m`oj kjhsugacjrds ejgjláhd`. @
db [astdg` kûgj dbdlar db tr`vás cd uh` rdc
H`kajh`b cd pdrfa
pd rfabb cdb
cdb k`fá
k`fá cd guhc
gu hca`
a`bb cd sdas
sdas
Kadhka` y jraldh qud gàs bd kdhtrj
kdh trjs
s dxpd
dxpdrtj
rtjs
s
Sdkhjbjlç` d `lr`c`r` ` su dh kjhtrjb cd
Ahhjv`kaûh p`b`c
`b`c`r
`r,, p`r`
`r` b` k`ba
k`bac`
c`cc cdb
cdb k`fá
k`fá,,
([HKSA), kjh prdp`r`kaûh cd su sd tr`m`o` dh
áhf`sas dh b` mdmac
mac` cd bçhbçhd` kjho
kjhouh
uhtj
tj kj
kjhh bjs
bjs
ldhdr`kaûh cd at`
at`ba`h
ba`h`
` f`vj
f`vjrrat`
at` prjv
prjvd ddcjr
dcjrds
ds cd
kjhjk
hjkagad
agadht
htj
j y (k`pukkahj, k`fá. Dh
cds`rrjbbj cd dsprdssj, kjgp`ðç` cdb
prjcuktjs g`kkea`tj, b`ttd). prjvddcjr sd
cafdrdhka`cjs
cafdrdhk a`cjs qud `sdlur` qud db
s`tasf`l`h k`fá sd `bg`kdhû
`spa
`s par`
r`ka
kaj
jhds
hds cd y sd g`hapubû
madhdst`r, s`buc y saluadhcj
pb`kdr cd kbadhtds dstàhc`rds
y kjhs
kjhsugugac
acjr
jrds
ds.. dbdv`cjs cd
]d`baz`h ealadhd
eala dhd.. S`gmaáh
S`gmaáh
 prjpudst`s sd `yuc` ` bjs
krd`tav`s kjh prjv
prjvdddcjr
dcjrds
ds cd
m`sd dh b` k`fá ` tr`m`o`r
kjhst`htd saluadhcj b`s
mÿsq
ÿsqudc
udc` cd b` gdcac`s
gdca c`s valdhtds
valdhtds
ahhjv`kaûh cd cd ahjk
ahjkua
uac`
c`cc cd
prjcuktjs y bjs `bagdhtjs.
prjkdsjs cd k`fá,
sus
su s cdra
cdrav`
v`cj
cjss y
`fahds> jfrdkdgjs.
Agp`ktj cd b`s Kjgj
Kj gj rdsu
rdsubt
bt`c
`cj j B` [d l`r`ht`htaz`
az` b`
gdojrds
gdoj rds pràktak
pràktak`s
`s cd hudstrjs agpbdgdht`kaûh k`bac`c cdb
y dstr
dstr`t
`tdl
dla`
a`s
s cd prjydktjs, sd cdb kjhk
kjhkdp
dptj
tj cd prjcuktj jfrdkacj,
jfrdkacj,
gdojr
gd ojr`g
`gadh
adhtj
tj dh jfrdkdh prjcuktjs
prjcuktjs t`z` pdrfdkt` bjlrû bj ku`b ldhdr`
bjs ahcak`cjrds cd rdht`mbds y qud db ;9% cd b`s agp`ktjs pjsatavjs
pjsatavjs
sus rdsubt`cjs edkejs ` b` vdht`s cd mdmac`s dh bjs ahcak`cjrds
gdcac` p`r` at`
at`ba`h
ba`h`s
`s fudr
fudr`h
`h dkjhûgakjs
cafdrdhtds prdp
prdp`r`r`
`c`s
c`s kjh
kjh
kbadht
kbadhtds,
ds, `cdg
`cdgàs às k`fá cd jraldh, bjs

c d aghtj
kjhjkagadhtj
kjhjkagad `htd gàs
pjrtp`r` gà
fudrsjh cdst
cdE
st`k
u`k`c
ab``cjs
js
y
futur`s H`raðj
prjpudst`s,
sadgprd
kjgprjgdtacjs
kjh
kjh db Cds`r
Cds`rrj
rjbbj
bbj
[jstdhambd

4. Y]JY
Y]JYTD
TD[S
[S@
@ CD
CD GDO
GDOJ]
J]@
@

Y`r` gdojr`r db prjkdsj cd prjcukkaûh cd k`fá, sd cdmdh kjhsacdr`r bjs

saluadhtds `spdktjs? B` prjcukkaûh cd k`fá cd `bt` k`bac`c kjgadhz` kjh b`
kjsdke` y tdrgah` kjh db tr`hspjrtd. Dh dstd prjkdsj, bj gàs agpjrt`htd sjh bjs
cdt`bbds.

[a sd rdkjldh bjs lr`hjs sah g`cur`r j cdg`sa`cj g`curjs `fdkt`rà db s`mjr cd

b` t`z` fah`b. Yjr dst` r`zûh, sd cdmd k`p`kat`r ` bjs tr`m`o`cjrds sjmrd b` g`curdz
cd b` kdrdz` cdb k`fá.
B` f`sd cd sdk`cj ds kb`vd p`r` l`r`htaz`r b` k`bac`c dh b` t`z` fah`b. Th sdk`cj
bdhtj y uhafjrgd cd bjs lr`hjs cd k`fá ds agpjrt`htd ‛ `blj qud sd bjlr`
ldhdr`bgdhtd pjr db pdrsjh`b qud gdhd`h bjs lr`hjs gadhtr`s qud sd sdk`h-. [a
sd agpbdgdht`h k`g`s dbdv`c`s> dst`s g`htadhdh bjs lr`hjs fudr` cd bjs p`tajs
pjtdhka`bgdhtd sukajs y pdrgatdh qud db vadhtj karkubd p`r` uh sdk`cj gàs
uhafjrgd.

Sdhadhcj dh kudht` b`s mudh`s pr`ktak`s agpbdgdht`c`s pjr b` dgprds`s

prjcuktjr`s cd k`fá kjgp`r`c`s, sd pudcd `farg`r qud b` agpbdgdht`kaûh cd
k`t`cjrds cd k`fá> p`r` l`r`htaz`r uh` `bt` k`bac`c cd fjrg` ejgjláhd`> b`
`sjka`kaûh kjh kdhtrjs dxpdrtjs dh kjhtrjb cd k`bac`c cdb k`fá, db tr`m`oj dh
kjhouhtj kjh bjs prjvddcjrds cd k`fá p`r` `sdlur`r qud db k`fá sd `bg`kdhû y sd
g`hapubû saluadhcj dstàhc`rds dbdv`cjs cd ealadhd y b` `yuc` ` bjs prjvddcjrds
cd k`fá ` tr`m`o`r saluadhcj b`s gdcac`s valdhtds cd ahjkuac`c cd bjs `bagdhtjs,
sjh gdojr`s fuhc`gdht`bds dh db prjkdsj cd prjcukkaûh cd k`fá, y` qud dst`s
pdrgatdh l`r`htaz`r uh `btj lr`cj cd k`bac`c cdb prjcuktj fah`b.
 KJHKBT[AJHD[

[d pudcd jmsdrv`r qud bjs prjkdsjs prjcuktavjs v`rç`h sdlÿh db sdktjr. Db sdktjr
`lrçkjb` sd dhkudhtr` dh uh gjgdhtj cd dvjbukaûh, bjs sastdg`s cd rdkjbdkkaûh y
bjs prjkdsjs cd tr`hsfjrg`kaûh cd bjs `bagdhtjs tadhdh u lr`h `v`hkd dh db
guhcj. Db prjkdsj cd prjcukkaûh cdb k`fá `puht` ` sdr uh` lr`h jpjrtuhac`c p`r`
gdojr` cdb prjkdsj cd prjcukkaûh pjr bj ku`b sd sdbdkkajhj p`r` tr`m`o`r dh dstd
kursj sjmrd dstd prjkdsj.

]DFD]DHKA@[
 Lutaárrdz> E. (=903). K`bac`c y prjcuktavac`c. K`bac`c> prjcuktavac`c y
Kjgpdtatavac`c (pp. 0-=9). 3`. dc. GkLr`w-Eabb Ahtdr`gdrak`h`. ]dkupdr`cj
cd ettp?//www.dmjjns<-=3.kjg.mambajtdk`vartu`b.uh`c.dcu.kj/:ab7<40&pl7=9
 Edrhàhcdz> [. (=900). Ahtrjcukkaûh ` b` `cgahastr`kaûh Sdjrç` ldhdr`b
`cgahastr`tav`. @cgahastr`kaûh> dgprds` y ldstaûh. Gáxakj (pp. 0-<). C.F. Gk
Lr`w Eabb. 0;ª Dcakaûh. ]dkupdr`cj cd ettp?//www.dmjjns<-
=3.kjg.mambajtdk`vartu`b.uh`c.dcu.kj/:ab7=53&pl7=6
 Hadmdb> M.> & Frdav`bcs> @. (=99<). Ahldhadrç` Ahcustra`b cd Hadmdb. Gátjcjs>
dstàhc`rds y casdðj cdb tr`m`oj? ahtrjcukkaûh (pp.0-4). GkLr`w-Eabb.
]dkupdr`cj cd ettp?//www.dmjjns<-=3.kjg.mambajtdk`vartu`b.uh`c.dcu.kj/:
ab7<31&pl7=9
 Hadmdb> M.> & Frdav`bcs> @. (=99<). Ahldhadrç` Ahcustra`b cd
Hadmdb. Edrr`gadht`s cd rdlastrj y `hàbasas? Ca`lr`g`s cd prjkdsjs (pp.=4-;9).
GkLr`w-Eabb. ]dkupdr`cj cd ettp?//www.dmjjns<-
=3.kjg.mambajtdk`vartu`b.uh`c.dcu.kj/:ab7<31&pl733
 Y`b`kajs> B. (=991). Ahldhadrç` cd gátjcjs> gjvagadhtjs y tadgpjs. Eastjra`
y h`kagadhtj cd bjs dstucajs cd gátjcjs> gjvagadhtjs y tadgpjs (pp.;9-
39). Mjljtà> Kjbjgma`. Dc. Dkj dcakajhds. ]dkupdr`cj cd ettps?//dbamrj-
hdt.mambajtdk`vartu`b.uh`c.dcu.kj/ds/drd`cdr/uh`c/6109<:p`ld7;=
 Y`b`kajs> B. (=991). Ahldhadrç` cd gátjcjs> gjvagadhtjs y
tadgpjs. Yrjkdcagadhtj p`r` db dstucaj cd gátjcjs (pp.43-41). ]dkupdr`cj
cd ettps?//dbamrj-hdt.mambajtdk`vartu`b.uh`c.dcu.kj/ds/drd`cdr/uh`c/6109<:
p`ld746