Gaiolpog 4
LA]OMA VAXKJ]Q@BD@ GAHQ]QKD@

OHD]

Mjsusu` Oiak >

Md`jd Drhatd (865=6631)

Xjzd Gur`jd (865=662:)
D``jsd (865=66;4)
D`dstdsjd Avaij` (865=66;1)
 Ud`mj cjtrj`j`bsjk (865=6466)
 Gaids H
 

Gahutukd` ohdt mdpdt mjugur ma`bd`

la`bbu`dgd` sdtu dtdu alpdt golhj`dsj
latoma std`mdr.

Latoma La`bbu`dgd` edtdtd` go`sulsj ohdt-ohdtd` mj

Go`sulsj ldsd idiu

Latoma La`bbu`dgd` pargjrdd` nulidk gdsus, gandmjd`

Latoma Lorhjmjtds  pa`ydgjt

u`tugulul, md`
pa`ydgjt poidmjpartjlhd`bgd`
yd`b pa`bohdtd` std`mdr

Latoma La`bbu`dgd` mdtd gandmjd` pa`ydgjt, go`sulsj

Go`sulsj ohdt, parlj`tdd`/pa`bbu`dd` md`/pa`baiudrd`
Golhj`dsj ohdt

Vroyagsj La`bbu`dgd` hjdyd ohdt rdtd-rdtd par gakdmjrd`

gahutukd` mj harhdbdj na`js cdsjijtds gasakdtd` mdidl
d`bbdrd` sjstal std`mdr
 

]DHAI VAXHD@MJ@BD@
LA]OMA VAXKJ]Q@BD@
VAXKJ ]Q@BD@ OHD]
OHD]

LA]OMA VA@BBQ@DD@ MD]D VA@]J@B GA]AXHD]DUD@

Vjijkd` partdld u`tug prdgjrdd` • Edtdtd` j`va`tdrjs yd`b d`mdi • Kdrus lalpu`ydj mdtd
 pa`bdmdd`,, ma`bd` mdtd yd`b mdpdt
 pa`bdmdd` • Mdtd wdgtu tu`bbu paldsog  go`sulsj yd`b dgurdt
GO@UQLUJ
mjd`mdigd` u`tug go`sulsj ldsd mapd` • Hjdyd ohdt yd`b mjpargjrdgd` • Mdpdt la`bdhdmjgd`
 pa`bbu`dd` yd`b tjmdg rd
rdsjo`di
sjo`di

• Lalpargjrdgd`
Lalpargjrdgd ` gahutukd` dgd`
 probrdl hdru dtdu hd`tud` ha`ed`d.
• Lalhd`mj`bgd` pa`bbu`dd`
LOXHJMJ]DU
ma`bd` gahutukd` taorjtjs
• La`balhd`bgd` md` lalha`drgd`
d`bbdrd`
• Mdtd popuidsj md` gakdmjrd` pdsja`
• Ldsdidk gasakdtd` yd`b
saha`dr`yd dtdu yd`b mjpramjgsjgd`
• Vardwdtd` std`mdr (yd`b jmadi,
targj`j)
• Hjdyd ohdt yd`b mjpargjrdgd`
• Mdtd lorhjmjtds tjmdg tarsamjd
u`tug salud pa`ydgjt
• Vardwdtd` std`mdr lu`bgj`
tjmdg ha`dr-ha`dr mjbu`dgd`

• Varhd`mj`bd`
Varhd`mj`bd` wjidydk dtdu sjstal

ma`bd` mdtd
go`sulsj, par gdpjtd
gakdmjrd` hdjg ta`td`b
pdsja`, tj`bgdt Varhd`mj`bd` popuidsj pdsja`,
GO@UQLUJ Mjbu`dgd` gatjgd latoma idj` tjmdg mdpdt  paidyd`d`,
 paidyd`d`, md` lorhjmjtd
lorhjmjtdss lorhjmjtds, md` prdgtag
GOLHJ@DUJ mjd`mdigd` • Nulidk cdsjijtds gasakdtd` satalpdt  pa`bohdtd` yd`b
yd`b pdtut
la`urut gdtaborj mjpartd`ydgd`
• Astjldsj popuidsj pa`bbu`d iogdi
mjgaiolpoggd`
mjgaiolpoggd ` harmdsdrgd` usjd

•
VXOZAGUJ
GAHQ]QKD@ Q`tug Lalpargjrdgd` gahutukd` Vald`cddtd` la`urut
idyd`d` md` na`js tj`bgdt
cdsjijtds Va`bbu`dd` cdsjijtdssjstal
gakdmjrd`, acjsja`sj vdrjdhai, poid
D`bbdrd`
D@BBDXD@ • Hjdyd ohdt rdtd-rdtd par gakdmjrd`  pdsogd`
 

Latoma Go`sulsj

Vdmd latoma go`sulsj, sahudk mdctdr mjsjdpgd` u`tug salud ohdt

yd`b lala`ukj sydrdt u`tug pa`bdmdd`, md` edtdtd` j`va`torj
mdrj go`sulsj idlpdu yd`b pdij`b dgurdt mjbu`dgd` u`tug
la`bkjtu`b nulidk yd`b mjpariugd` u`tug satjdp ohdt

Xulus >

TO < ED x (I] + VV) + UU ― (U4 + U6)

 

Id`bgdk Varkjtu`bd`
Ujdpgd` mdctdr ohdt yd`b dgd` mjkjtu`b

]a`tugd` parjoma wdgtu yd`b dgd` mjtj`ndu u`tug go`sulsj

Ldsuggd` mdtd go`sulsj u`tug satjdp ohdt

Kjtu`b rdtd-rdtd go`sulsj huid`d`

ED < E] + WX L - (MOU > 56,1)\

La`bkjtu`b go`sulsj par huid` rdtd-rdtd u`tug paruhdkd` poid go`sulsj yd`b mjkdrdpgd`

Kjtu`b sdcaty stoeg yd`b mjpariugd` u`tug satjdp ohdt (UU < E px I])

Kjtu`b nulidk satjdp ohdt yd`b mjhutukgd` mdidl parjoma pa`bdmdd` harjgut`yd
TO < ED x (I] + VV) + UU ―(U4 + U6)

Uasudjgd` garubjd`

Uusu` gud`tjcjgdsj tarmasa`trdijsdsj (njgd dmd)

Vargjrdgd` hjdyd u`tug satjdp ohdt md` totdi hjdyd

 Hd`mj`bgd` totdi hjdyd ma`bd` d`bbdrd`, md` idgugd` pa`yasudjd`
 

]dhai Xulus
]dhai 86-=
@o ]unud` Mdrj Corluid Gdiguidsj
4 Go`sulsj rdtd-rdtd parhuid` mjsasudjgd` (mjsugdj) ED < E] + WX L - (MOU > 56,1)\
8 Go`sulsj rdtd-rdtd parhuid` mjsasudjgd` (ditar`dtjc
(ditar`dtjc)) ED < E] > (X L - LOU )
5 Xdtd-rdtd go`sulsj huid`d` E p < ED + (ED x DQ)
= Varsydrdtd`
Varsydrdtd` stog pa`bdld`
E p x I]
I]
1 Nulidk yd`b mjpasd`
TO < ED x (I] + VV) + UU ― (U4 + U6)
3 Nulidk pasd`d` mjsasudjgd` ma`bd` garubjd`
Gatard`bd` > TD < To + (To + DI)
ED > Go`sulsj huid`d` rdtd-rdtd, mjsasudjgd` ma`bd` gakdhjsd` stog 
E] > ]otdi
]otdi go`sulsj saidld parjoma tj`ndud`, mdidl u` u`jt
jt mdsdr 
X L > Varjoma tj`ndud` go`sulsj totdi, mdidl huid`
MOU > Nulidk kdrj parsamjdd` hdrd`b saidld parjoma tj`ndud`
LOU > Vargjrdd` nulidk parhuid` sudtu jtal gakdhjsd` stoeg saidld parjoma tj`ndud`
E p > Vroyagsj go`sulsj huid`d` rdtd-rdtd
DQ > Bu`dgd` pa`yasudjd`
UU > Nul
Nulidk
idk yd`
yd`bb mjh
mjhutuk
utukgd`
gd` u`tu
u`tug
g st
stog
og pa
pa`bd
`bdld`
ld`
I] > RRdgtu
dgtu tu`bbu rdtd
rdtd-rdtd
-rdtd (u`tug pal
paldsog
dsog yd`b mjproy
mjproyagsjgd
agsjgd`` dtdu gdsus tarhur
tarhurug)
ug) mdidl haha
hahardpd
rdpd huid
huid`
`
TO > Nulidk yd`b mjpasd` mdidl u`jtu` jt mdsdr, sahaiul pa`yasudjd` u`tug garubjd` dtdu paruhdkd` probprobrdl
rdl
VV > Varjo
Varjoma
ma pa
pa`bdmd
`bdmdd`
d` (n
(nulidk
ulidk huid` yd`b ddgd`
gd` mj
mjedgup
edgup oiak p pasd`d
asd`d`)
`)
U4  > Utog sagdrd`b mdidl parsamjdd`, mdidl u`jt mdsdr 
 U6 > Utog sagdrd`b mdidl pasd`d`,
p asd`d`, mdidl u`jt mdsdr 
TD  > Nulidk pasd`d` mjsasudjgd` ma`bd` garubjd` dtdu pa
paruhdkd`
ruhdkd` probrdl
 
D > Va` asudjd` garu jd`
MD]
MD]D VAXGJXDD@ @ABDXD GDXJHJD ]JLQX HAXMDUDX
Eo`tok
LA]OMA GO@UQLUJ
 

Eo`tok Varkjtu`bd`
D. Kjtu`b Go`suslsj Xdtd-rdtd Var Huid`
Eo`tok >
Dlpjsjij` 816 lb gdpsui
]otdi parjoma u`tug totdi pa`j`ndud` 3 huid` dmdidk ;:.666 gdpsui
Ohdt gaiudr mdrj parsamjdd` saidl
saidldd 5= kdrj mdidl parjoma 3 huid`
Ndmj go`sulsj rdtd-rdtd par huid` dmdidk > ED < E] + WX L - (MOU > 56,1)\
ED < ;:.666+W3 - (5=->56.1)\
ED < ;:.666>=,;;18
< 4;.84;
 

Id`nutd`....

H. Varkjtu`bd` rdtd-rdtd go`sulsj huid`d`

La`bkjtu`b rdtd-rdtd go`sulsj huid`d` u`tug dlpjsjij` 816 lb
gdpsui mdidl eo`tok dmdidk

E p < ED + (ED x DQ)

E p < 4;.84; + (4;.84; x 1%)
  < 4:.48:
 

Id`nutd`....
E. Kjtu`b Utog Va`bdld`

Q`tug satjdp ohdt la`bbu`dgd`

l a`bbu`dgd` rulus>
La`bkjtu`b parsamjdd` gasaidldtd` u`tug dlpjsjij` 816 lb
gdpsui mdidl eo`tok dmdidk
Ep (Xdtd-rdtd go`sulsj parhuid`) x I] ( rdtd-rdtd iadm tjla)
4:.48: x 5 huid` < 12.5;2

 
 

Id`nutd`....
M. Varkjtu`bd` yd`b mjpasd`
Vargjrdd` hd`ydg`yd ohdt yd`b mjhutukgd` mdidl parjoma
 pa`bdmdd` said`nut`yd gdpsui
gdpsui dlpjsjij` 816 lb dmdidk
dmdidk
TO < EV x (I] + VV) + UU ― (U4 + U6)
To < 4:.48: x (5+3) + 12.5;2 ― (;4.666+1;.666)

< :6.1=;
 
 

Id`nutd`....

A. ma`bd`
Varkjtu`bd` nulidk pasd`d` yd`b mjsasudjgd`
garubjd`
TD < To + (To + DI)
< :6.1=; + (:6.1=; [ 46%)

< ::.365
 

Latoma Lorhjmjtds

Latoma lorhjmjtds la`bbu`dgd` mdtd

 pa`bbu`dd` pdsja` (gakdmjrd` mj cdsgas)
cdsgas)
md` lorhjmjtds (cragua`sj bd`bbud`
gasakdtd` ulul) u`tug
lalproyagsjgd` gahutukd` ohdt
 harmdsdrgd` dsulsj hdbdjld`d
hdbdjld`d ldsdidk
tarsahut dgd` mjtd`bd`j
 

Id`bgdk Varkjtu`bd`
]a`tugd` mdctdr ldsdidk

]atdpgd` mdctdr ohdt yd`b dgd` mjkjtu`b

]atdpgd` pardwdtd` std`mdr dtdu rdtd-rdtd

Gulpuigd` mdtd lorhjmjtds u`tug satjdp ldsdidk gasakdtd` yd`b mjtd`bd`j

Kjtu`b nulidk apjsoma pa`bohdtd` u`tug satjdp ldsdidk gasakdtd`

Kjtu`b nulidk ohdt yd`b mjhutukgd` u`tug satjdp ldsdidk gasakdtd`

Bdhu`bgd` pargjrdd` u`tug satjdp ohdt mdrj harhdbdj ldsdidk gasakdtd` ga
mdidl mdctdr j`mug pa`bdmdd`
Uasudjgd` nulidk u`tug la`utupj ldsdidk gasakdtd` idj``yd

Uasudjgd` u`tug la`bjsj pjpd md` posjsj stog sddt j`j

Uasudjgd` nulidk garubjd` yd`b mjkdrdpgd`

Vargjrdgd` hjdyd u`tug satjdp ohdt md` hjdyd totdi

t otdi
 Hd`mj`bgd` totdi hjdyd md` d`bbdrd`, idgugd` pa`yasudjd`
 

]dhai Xulus
]dhai 86-1
@o ]unud` Mdrj Corluid Gdiguidsj
4 pjsoma pa`bohdtd` TA < MEQ x @M x IM
Nulidk ohdt yd`b mjhutukgd` par aapjsoma
8 Nulidk totdi go`tdg yd`b mjkdr
mjkdrdpgd`
dpgd` (mdidl rjhud`) EA < E + (E x DQ )
5 Apjsoma pa`bohdtd` yd`b mjkdrdpgd` A] < EA x C
= Nulidk totdi ohdt yd`b mjhutukgd`
T] < A] x TA x V]

Gatard`bd` >
TA > Gud`tjtds satjdp ohdt yd`b mjhutukgd` u`tug satjdp apjsoma pa`bohdtd`
MEQ  > Q`jt mdsdr par mosjs
 @M > Nulidk mosjs parkdrj
IM  > Idld pa`bohdtd` mdidl hahardpd kdrj
EA > Nulidk totdi go`tdg yd`b mjkdrdpgd`
E > Nulidk go`tdg tardgkjr 
DQ > Va`yasudjd` pald`cddtd` 
A]  > Apjsoma pa`bohdtd` yd`b mjkdrdpgd` 

C > Cragua`sj ldsdidk gasakdtd` (par sarjhu)

 T]  > Nulidk totdi yd`b mjhutukgd`
V]  > Varsa`tdsa gdsus yd`b mjpargjrdgd` dgd` mjohdtj
 

MD]
MD]D GAHQ]QKD@ OHD
OHD]
] HAXMDUDXGD@
HAXMD UDXGD@ LA]OMA
LOXHJMJ]DU
 

Eo`tok Varkjtu`bd`
Vdmd tdhai 86-= pdsja` mjhdwdk ulur 1 tk` u`tug la`bohdtj ldidrjd
ma`bd` 5 ohdt ydjtu >
• J`nagsj quj`j`a 566lb/li
• Tuj`j`a tdhiat 566 lb
• Vdrdeatdloi 486 lb/1 li
Ma`bd` mdtd par 4666 go`tdg pdsja` < 31
Astjldsj apjsoma tdku` idiu < 5.82:.12;
 

Id`nutd`....

 La`atdpgd` std`mdrt pardwdtd`

 
J`nagsj quj`j`a 566 lb/li < u`jt mdsdr par mosjs < 6,16 li
Mosjs parkdrj @o 5 x 4
Uakj`bbd > TA < MEQ x @M x IM
 TA < 6,1li x 5mosjs/kdrj x 4mdys <4,1 li

 
Tuj`j`a tdh 566 lb < u`jt mdsdr parmosjs < 6,16 tdh
Mosjs parkdrj @o 5 x 3

Uakj`bbd > TA < MEQ x @M x IM

TA < 6,1 tdh [ 5mosjs/kdrj [ 3mdys < : tdh

 
Vdrdeatdloi 486 lb/ 1 li< u`jt mdsdr par mosjs < 4,16
Mosjs parkdrj @o = x 46
 Uakj`bbd > TA  MEQ x @M x IM
TA < 4,16 li [ = mosjs/kdrj [ 46mdys < 36 li
 

Id`nutd`....

EA < E + (E x DQ )
< 5.485.=6; x 4,61
< 5.82:.12;

Edtdtd` >
Harmdsdrgd` go`tdg pdmd tdku` yd`b idiu > 5.485.=6;

]j`bgdt ga`djgd` yd`b mjkdrdpgd` > 1%

 

Id`nutd`....

Xulus>
E] < EA x C 

< 5.82:.12; x 31 / 4666

< 845,425
 

Id`nutd`....

T] < A] x TA x V]

 Q`tug pdsja` mjhdwdk usjd 1 tk` ma`bd` pa`ydgjt ldidrjd. Varkjtu`bd``yd >

 
J`nagsj quj`j`a 566 lb/li
Uakj`bbd Tt < 845.425 [ 4,1 lb / li x 4 < 54:.21:,1 li

 
Tuj`j`a tdh 566 lb
Uakj`bbd Tt < 845.425 [ : tdh x 4 < 4
4.:4;.112
.:4;.112 tdh

 
Vdrdeatdloi 486 lb/ 1 li
 
Uakj`bbd Tt < 845.425 [ 36 li x 4 < 48
48.2:6.5;6
.2:6.5;6 li
 

 Vargjrdd` hjdyd u`tug ldsj`b-ldsj`b ohdt md` hjdyd totdi

Ma`bd` totdi pargjrdd` gud`tjtds mdpdt mjhdbj ma`bd` ugurd` palhaijd` pdgat u`tug la`a`tugd` nulidk
mdrj pdgat yd`b dgd` mjpasd` >
 
J`nagsj quj`j`a 566 lb / li

Astjldsj gahutukd` < 54:.21: li

Njgd ohdt j`j mjpromugsj mj 4,1 li vjdi
Ldgd (54:.21:) / 4,1 < 845.425 vjdi kdrus mjpasd`
 
Tuj`j`a tdh 566 lb
Astjldsj gahutukd` < 4.:4;.115 tdh
Njgd ohdt mjpromugsj mj nulidk hotoi :tdh/hotoi

Ldgd (4.:4;.115) / : tdh < 845.425 hotoi kdrus mjpasd`

 
Vdrdeatdloi 486 lb/ 1 li
Astjldsj gahutukd` < 48.2:6.513 li
Njgd ohdt mjpromugsj mj nulidk hotoi 36li/hti
Ldgd (48.2:6.513) / 36 li < 845.425 hotoi kdrus mjpasd`
 

Latoma Go`sulsj
Golhj`dsj

Latoma go`sulsj golhj`dsj la`bbu`dgd` mdtd

go`sulsj yd`b mjgatdkuj mdrj sdtu sjstal, yd`b
mjsahut std`mdr, u`tug lalpargjrdgd`
gahutukd` ohdt mdidl sjstal sarupd dtdu yd`b
mjpariuds, yd`b mjga`di sahdbdj tdrbat
 

Vjijk sjstal std`mdr u`tug parhd`mj`bd` md` agstrdpoidsj

Galhd`bgd` mdctdr ohdt

]atdpgd` parjoma yd`b dgd` mjhdkds mdidl tj`ndud`

   k   `
  d   d ]j`ndu edtdtd` mdrj sjstal std`mdr u`tug la`bulpuigd` mdtd
   g   b
  b   `
go`tdg dtdu popuidsj
  u
  `   t
  -    k
   i
  d    j ]a`tugd` pa`yahut u`tug agstrdpoidsj
   k   r
  a
  d   p
   g  
  b   l ]a`tugd` tj`bgdt go`sulsj mdidl sjstal std`mdr 
  `   d
  d   i
  d
   I   m

Agstrdpoidsj tj`bgdt go`sulsj sjstal std`mdr ga sjstal tdrbat

Uasudjgd` garubjd` yd`b mjkdrdpgd`

 Vargjrdgd` hjdyd u`tug satjdp ohdt md` totdi hjdyd md` hudt
 pa`yasudjd`
 

MD]
MD]D LA]OMA GO@UQLUJ
GO@UQ LUJ GOLHJ@DU
G OLHJ@DUJJ
 

Eo`tok Varkjtu`bd`
La`bbu`dgd` mdtd gandmjd` pa`ydgjt, go`sulsj ohdt, pald`cddtd`, dtdu ohdt

 pa`baiudrd`
 pdsogd` mdrj sjstal
tdrbat, yd`bpdsogd`. Udt`mdr
mjmdsdrgd`
mjmdsdrgd` pdmd md` axtrdpoidsj
edgupd` tj`bgdtdtdu tj`bgdt
popuidsj pald`cddtd`
dtdu sjstal
idyd`d` yd`b
mjharjgd` (]dhai 86-1)

Mdpdt mjijkdt pdmd tdhai 86-1

Dlpjejij` 816 lb , parsamjdd` yd`b kdhjs parkdrj < 5=

Xdtd-rdtd paldgdjd`
paldgdjd` yd`b mjsasudjgd` yd`b mjsasudjgd` parhuid` < 4;
4;.84;
.84;
Uakj`bbd u`tug la`mdpdtgd` pa`bbu`dd` tdku`d` yd`b mj saldtgd` partdku` dmdidk rdtd-
rdtd paldgdjd`
paldgdjd` mjgdijgd` ma`bd` 48 huid` < 4;.84; x 48 < 84;.342
 

Vroyagsj gahutukd` d`bbdrd`

tj`bgdt idyd`d`

Latoma j`j mjbu`dgd` u`tug lalpargjrdgd`

gahutukd` cj`d`sjdi, hugd` nulidk ohdt tarta`tu,
u`tug pa`bdmdd` cdrldsj harmdsdrgd` hjdyd par
 pdsja` yd`b mjrdwdt pdmd harhdbdj tj`bgdt sjstal
gasakdtd` yd`b sdld dtdu, ma`bd` sd`bdt kdtj-
kdtj, mdtd mdrj sjstal gasakdtd` idj`
 

]a`tugd` gdtaborj cdsjijtds md` ta`tugd` nulidk`yd mj satjdp

gdtaborj

  `
   k   d ]a`tugd` pa`yahut go`tdg pdsja` u`tug satjdp na`js cdsjijtds, md`
  d   b
   g   ` gulpuigd` dtdu pargjrdgd` nulidk rdtd-rdtd go`tdg pdsja` mdrj
  u
  b   t
  `   j satjdp na`js mj satjdp gdtaborj cdsjijtds
   i
  d
  -    k
  b
   k   `
  d   a
   g   p
  b  
  `   l
  d
  d   i
   I  d Kjtu`b hjdyd rdtd-rdtd par go`tdg 
   m

Kjtu`b totdi hjdyd cdrldsj yd`b mjproyagsjgd`

 

Mdtd Latoma Vroyagsj Gahutukd` D`

D`bbdrd`
bbdrd` ]j`bgdt Idyd`d`
 

EO@]OK
VAXKJ]Q@BD@

Mdpdt mjijkdt pdmd bdlhdr 86-3

Xuldk sdgjt ulul provj`sj
 @olor cdsjijtds < 45
Xdtd-rdtd cdsjijtds yd`b
mjsamjdgd` partdku` ydjtu >
• Vdsja` rdwdt j`dp < 423.666
• Vdsja` rdwdt ndid` < 4:1.666
• Vdsja` jhu kdlji < 4:.166
Ohdt mjhutukgd` partdku` >
• Vdsja` rdwdt j`dp < 4.81;.=66
• Vdsja` rdwdt ndid` < edrd la`nulidkgd` ohdt yd`b mjhutukgd` partdku` tjdp
4.5:=.816
• Vdsja` jhu kdlji < 5;.681
Uakj`bbd u`tug la`mdpdtgd` rdtd-rdtd hjdyd
 pargakdmjrd`/talpdt tjmur parkdrj >
Xdtd-rdtd cdsjijtds yd`b mjsamjdgd` partdku`/rdtd-rdtd
cdsjijtds yd`b mjsamjdgd` partdku`/`olar cdsjijts
• Vdsja` rdwdt j`dp < 4.81;.=66/423.666/45 < 6,11
• Vdsja` rdwdt ndid` < 4.5:=.816/4:1.666/45
4.5:=.816/4:1.666/45 < 6,11
• Vdsja` jhu kdlji < 5;.681/4:.166/45 < 6,41
Q`tug la`batdkuj suh totdi mj XU ulul Vrovj`sj ma`bd`
tjpa-tjpa cdsjijtds md` pdsja`.
Vdsja` rdwdt j`dp + pdsja` rdwdt ndid` + pdsja` jhu kdlji
 4.81;.=66 + 4.5:=.816 + 5;.681 8.3:6.3:1

Gasjlpuid`
Gud`tjcjgdsj dmdidk id`bgdk partdld mdidl prosas pa`bdmdd` (ijkdt Hdh 4;). Uaedrd ulul,
gud`tjcjgdsj dmdidk prosas yd`b mjbu`dgd` u`tug la`a`tugd` hardpd hd`ydg promug yd`b mjhutukgd`
u`tug tunud` pa`bdmdd`. ]atdpj
]atdpj iahjk gkusus idbj, gud`tjcjgdsj laijhdtgd` astjldsj tjmdg kd`yd nulidk
n ulidk
yd`b mjhutukgd` mdrj jtal tarta`tu, tatdpj nubd sdrd`d gaud`bd` yd`b mjpariugd` u`tug lalhaij jtal
tarsahut. Gahutukd` mjpargjrdgd` u`tug go`tags tarta`tu, md` d`dijsjs kdrus la`edgup cdgtor
go`tagstudi, sapartj md`d yd`b tarsamjd, gdpdsjtds sulhar mdyd ld`usjd, gdpdsjtds rud`b
 pa`yjlpd`d`, md` gdpdsjtds
gdpdsjtds u`tug lalharjgd` idyd`d`.
Latoma md` strdtabj yd`b mjnaidsgd` mdidl hdh j`j mdpdt mjbu`dgd` sahdbdj didt u`tug>
Lalparsjdpgd` md` lalha`drgd` d`bbdrd` cdrldsj
 

 
Lara`ed`dgd` probrdl hdru md` hargalhd`b
 
La`boptjldigd` d`bbdrd` cdrldsj harmdsdrgd` ldsdidk gasakdtd` prjorjtds yd`b dgd` mjohdtj md`
 pa`magdtd` pa`bohdtd`
pa`bohdtd` yd`b pdij`b kaldt hjdyd
 

Kjtu`b gahutukd` mdrurdt u`tug hd`tud` ha`ed`d md` apjmalj

 
La`yupidj galhdij ndrj`bd` pdsogd` yd`b dmd yd`b taidk gakdhjsd` promug
 
Hd`mj`bgd` go`sulsj / parlj`tdd` ohdt sddt j`j ma`bd` prjorjtds gasakdtd` ldsydrdgdt md`
 pa`bbu`dd` mj sjstal gasakdtd`
gasakdtd` idj``yd.
Latoma pa`bkjtu`bd` kdrus mjpjijk ma`bd` lalpartjlhd`bgd` sulhar mdyd md` j`corldsj yd`b
tarsamjd.
 

 
Latoma go`sulsj, yd`b la`bbu`dgd` mdtd ta`td`b go`sulsj ohdt, lalharjgd`
mdidl hd`ydg eo`tok pramjgsj yd`b pdij`b dgurdt u`tug gahutukd` ldsd mapd`.
Ujstal pdsogd` ohdt-ohdtd` yd`b hasdr md` ldpd` tarutdld la`bd`mdigd` latoma
go`sulsj. Dbdr mdpdt mjd`mdigd`, mdtd go`sulsj kdrus hardsdi mdrj sjstal pdsogd`

yd`b stdhji ma`bd` pdsogd` yd`b raidtjc tjmdg tarputus md` ndiur pjpd pdsogd`
 pa`uk. Mdtd go`sulsj lu`bgj` dtdu lu`bgj` tjmdg la`earl
la`earlj`gd`
j`gd` parasapd` md`
 pa`bbu`dd` ohdt saedrd rdsjo`di dtdu par
parlj`tdd`
lj`tdd` ohdt yd`b saha`dr`yd.
saha`dr`yd.

 
Latoma lorhjmjtds la`bugur gud`tjtds taorjtjs yd`b mjpariugd` u`tug pa`bohdtd`
 pa`ydgjt tarta`tu. Latoma j`j lalhutukgd` mdtd lorhjmjtds md` gakdmjrd` pdsja`
yd`b mdpdt mjparedyd (gu`nu`bd` ga cdsjijtds gasakdtd`) md` la`bbu`dgd` std`mdr
 pamold` pa`bohdtd` u`tug lalproyagsjgd
lalproyagsjgd` ` gahutukd` ohdt. Latoma j`j dmdidk
yd`b pdij`b golpiags md` laldgd` wdgtu, sartd mdpdt la`bkdsjigd` parhamdd`
 hasdr d`tdrd proyagsj md` pa`bbu`dd` said`nut`yd. @dlu` maljgjd`, latoma j`j
sarj`b gdij harbu`d u`tug probrdl hdru md` yd`b samd`b hargalhd`b md` lu`bgj`
larupdgd` pa`magdtd` yd`b pdij`b laydgj`gd` u`tug lalha`drgd` parlj`tdd`
d`bbdrd`.

 
Njgd tjmdg dmd j`corldsj yd`b mdpdt mjparedyd tarsamjd mj cdsjijtds, wjidydk, dtdu
`abdrd go`sula` sahaiul`yd. Go`sjtudsj proxy md` mdpdt harhdsjs popuidsj dtdu
idyd`d`. mjtardpgd` gatjgd kd`yd parsydrdtd` d`bbdrd`, pa`bbu`dd` mdpdt
mjagstrdpoidsj mdrj mdtd u`tug latoma go`sulsj eugup ciagsjhai u`tug mjtardpgd`

 pdmd harhdbdj Gud`tjcjgdsj tj`bgdt idyd`d` mdrj parsydrdtd` d`bbdrd` mdpdt

 la`a`tugd` nulidk ohdt yd`b mjpariugd`. J`j lalharjgd` pa`naidsd` yd`b naids,
iobjs.

Hahardpd ldsdidk grjtjs ulul tarndmj pdmd salud latoma. Mdctdr ohdt larupdgd`
golpo`a` utdld md` kdrus mjpromugsj mdidl corldt yd`b sasudj ma`bd` na`js
 pa`bkjtu`bd`. Mdidl sjstal pdsogd` hdru, dtdu sjstal mj ld`d gagurd`bd` taidk
laiuds, pargjrdd` pa`bkjtu`bd` kdrus mjsasudjgd` gdra`d pjpd pdsogd` kdrus mjjsj.
Rdgtu tu`bbu harpa`bdruk hasdr pdmd gud`tjtds yd`b mjhutukgd` u`tug stog pa`bdld`.
Mj kdlpjr salud sjstal pdsogd`, pa`yasudjd` mjpariugd` u`tug garubjd` yd`b
mjsahdhgd` oiak palhorosd` md` pa`eurjd`.
Vargjrdd` gud`tjtds mdpdt mjparjgsd sjid`b ma`bd` la`bbdhu`bgd` latoma yd`b
 harhamd. ]ariapds mdrj latoma yd`b mjbu`dgd`, lu`bgj` dmd gasa`nd`bd` d`tdrd
 pargjrdd` dwdi gahutukd` ohdt md` d`bbdrd` yd`b mjdiogdsjgd`. Vrosas pa`bkjtu`bd` jtu
sa`mjrj mdpdt lalhd`tu lalha`drgd` pa`j`bgdtd` d`bbdrd`, tatdpj sarj`bgdij pargjrdd`
 pa`bkjtu`bd` kdrus mjsasudjgd` md` mjrago`sjijdsj u`tug la`eoeoggd` md`d yd`b
tarsamjd. Vjijkd` d`tdrd gud`tjcjgdsj ld`udi md` targolputarjsdsj lu`bgj` mjta`tugd`
oiak gadmdd`, tatdpj prosas`yd nduk iahjk lumdk ma`bd` hd`tud` golputar. Gud`tjcjgdsj
mdpdt mjpusdtgd`, dtdu mdpdt mjmasa`trdijsdsjgd` ga stdc bumd`b parjcardi md` cdsjijtds
gasakdtd`. Gahutukd` parso`ai md` wdgtu harbd`tu`b pdmd gudijtds md` dgsasjhjijtds
mdtd sulhar md` pdmd na`js md` rud`b ij`bgup pa`bkjtu`bd`.
 

]AXJLD GDUJK