RLPE\]NQG MNH CIE@GHNQG

Mislh Rlhknepu ?

Nrhnf Pitihkn,Q.Qi.,E.Qi.

Cldiepic 0

Afris Oihntfnh Qle`irihk (=0>11>>2=:)

Jitri Dusinhn Qihnkn (=0211>>2;=)

Jrnhs [lhmy Hnihkkidnh (=021>>>>27)

Onhunri Rnrtiki Qitirus (=0>1>>>2;7)

Hnmidn Gcn Nkustih ]uenhkklr (=02>>>>2==)

Qndy Dnemlnrhy Qihn`nri`n (=021>>>2;1)

RPIKPNE Q]\MG RLHMGMGCNH EN]LEN]GCN JNC\

D]NQ EN]LEN]GCN MNH GDE\ RLHKL]NF\NH NDNE

\HGZLPQG]NQ HLKLPG ELMNH

0200

İ
 CN]N RLHKNH]NP

Ruji syucur clpnmn ]ufnh Wnhk Enfn Lsn, `lrcnt rnfent-Hyn, cnei mnpnt
elhyldlsnicnh Encndnf ihi mlhknh jumud Rlreutnsi mnh Cie`ihnsi uhtuc

elelhufi tukns Entlenticn Lcihiei.

Idlf cnrlhn itu, plhudis elhkuanpcnh tlriencnsif clpnmn G`u

Nrhnf Pitihkn,Q.Qi.,E.Qi. sldncu mislh plhknepu entn cudinf
Entlenticn Lcihiei ntns `ie`ihknh mnh slkndn clslepntnh ynhk
tldnf mi`lricnh clpnmn cnei mndne plhudisnh encndnf ihi.

]nc dlpns mnri clcurnhknh, cnei snmnr `nfwn encndnf ihi ensif jnuf mnri
cntn slepurhn. Qnrnh mnh critic ynhk ele`nhkuh mifnrnpcnh uhtuc dl`if

`nic miensn elhmntnhk. Qleikn Encndnf ihi ele`nwn enhjnnt `nki

ple`nan mnh `nki citn sleun.

Elmnh, Jl`urunri 0200

Cldiepic 0

0
 MNJ]NP GQG
CN]N RLHKNH]NP ............................................................................................ 0
MNJ]NP GQG ........................................................................................................... 1
@N@ G..............................................................................................................................................=
RLHMNF\D\NH...............................................................................................=
>.> Dntnr @ldncnhk ............................................................................................. =
>.0 Pueusnh Ensndnf ........................................................................................ =
>.1 ]\O\NH ....................................................................................................... =
@N@ GG....................................................................................................................................................<

RLE@NFNQNH.......................................................................................................<
0.> Cihslp Rlreutnsi ......................................................................................... <
0.0Cnimnf Rlreutnsi ........................................................................................... :
Rlreutnsi .....................................................Lrrir! @iicenrc hit mljihlm.
Rlreutnsi c \hsur mnri h \hsur ..................................................................... :
Rlreutnsi mlhknh @l`lrnpn \hsur Qnen ..................................................... ;
Rlreutnsi Qicdis ................................................................................................ ;
0.1 Cihslp Cie`ihnsi ........................................................................................ 6

0.= Cnimnf Cie`ihnsi ........................................................................................ 7

CNGMNF RLHANANFNH (CIE@GHNQG) ....................................................... 7
0.< Rlr`lmnnh Rlreutnsi mnh Cie`ihnsi ....................................................... >>
Rlhklrtinh Rlreutnsi mnh Cie`ihnsi ............................................................. >>
Rlr`lmnnh Rlreutnsi mnh Cie`ihnsi .............................................................. >>

1
 @N@ G
RLHMNF\D\NH

>.> Dntnr @ldncnhk

Mndne entli ihi citn ncnh ele`nfns tliri plreutnsi mnh cie`ihnsi. Wnhk
euhkcuh sumnf plrhnf nhmn pldnjnri pnmn wnctu QEN. Hneuh mleicinh,
entlri ihi ncnh mi`lricnh mndne cndnf ihi `ucnh fnhyn slclmnr elhkudnhk,
ncnh tltnpi mifnrnpcnh pudn mnpnt ele`lricnh wnwnsnh ynhk duns elhklhni
cihslp plreutnsi mnh cie`ihnsi.

>.0 Pueusnh Ensndnf

>. Oldnscnh cihslp plreutnsi 9

0. Oldnscnh cnimnf plreutnsi9
1. Oldnscnh cihslp cie`ihnsi 9
=. Oldnscnh cnimnf cie`ihnsi 9
<. Oldnscnh Rlr`lmnnh plreutnsi mnh cie`ihnsi 9

>.1 ]\O\NH

>. \htuc elenfnei cihslp plreutnsi

0. \htuc elenfnei cnimnf Rlreutnsi

1. \htuc elenfnei Cihslp
Cie`ihnsi
=. \htuc ele`lmncnh nhtnrn cie`ihnsi mnh plreutnsi
<. \htuc elenfnei cnimnf cie`ihnsi

=
 @N@ GG
RLE@NFNQNH

Jnctirind

Mi mndne entlenticn ynhk miencsum mlhknh jnctirind nmndnf plrcndinh ynhk

`lrurutnh, ynhk mieudni mnri nhkcn > snepni mlhknh nhkcn ynhk miencsum.
Rlhklrtinh dnihhyn jnctirind mnri `idnhknh nsdi h elrupncnh fnsid plrcndinh,
minhtnrn `idnhknh `udnt ynhk pisitij. Wnhk curnhk mnri ntnu snen mlhknh h.

0.> Cihslp

Rlreutnsi

Rlreutnsi
Rlreutnsi nmndnf suntu susuhnh ynhk mi`lhtuc mnri suntu cuepudnh
`lhmn ynhk mine`id sl`nkinh ntnu sldurufhyn mlhknh eleplrfnticnh urutnh.
Fnd ynhk plrdu miplrfnticnh mndne plreutnsi nmndnf `nfwn i`ylc-
i`ylc ynhk nmn fnrus mnpnt —mi`lmncnh― nhtnrn ynhk sntu mlhknh
ynhk dnih.

<
Aihtif ? {>,0,1} timnc snen mlhknh {0,1,>} mnh {1,>,0}.

<
0.0Cnimnf Rlreutnsi

Enane - enane plreutnsi ?

Rlreutnsi c \hsur mnri h \hsur

Qusuhnh c uhsur mnri h uhsur ynhk `lrdnihnh mlhknh eleplrfnticnh
urutnh misl`ut plreutnsi c uhsur mnri h uhsur (c ≭ h).

Eisndcnh, citn mieihtn elhyusuh tikn furuj N, @, mnh A , ncnh misusuh

0 furuj mlhknh urutnh ynhk `lr`lmn, encn susuhnh ynhk miplridlf
nmndnf
N@, NA, @N, @A, AN, A@. Qldurufhyn nmn : susuhnh ynhk `lr`lmn, sltinp
susuhnh ihi misl`ut plreutnsi 0 uhsur mnri 1 uhsur ynhk
tlrslmin. @nhynchyn plreutnsi c uhsur mnri h uhsur midne`nhkcnh
idlf R(h, c).

Pueus ?

!
R(h,c) 5
(∐)!

Cltlrnhknh ?

h 5 `nhynchyn slduruf i`ylc,

c 5 `nhynchyn i`ylc ynhk miplreutnsicnh.

Aihtif ?

]lrslmin < `unf `ucu entn pldnjnrnh ynhk `lr`lmn, mine`id 1 `ucu mnh
ncnh misusuh mi ntns rnc `ucu. Nmn `lrnpn enane susuhnh ynhk mnpnt
midncucnh 9

Onwn` ?

@nhynchyn susuhnh `ucu itu nmndnf plreutnsi 1 `ucu mnri < `ucu ynhk
tlrslmin.
:
 <!
R(<,1) 5 <Û=Û1Û0!
(<∐1)! 5 0! 5 :2

:
Rlreutnsi mlhknh @l`lrnpn \hsur Qnen
Qltinp uhsur pnmn plreutnsi timnc `idlf mikuhncnh dl`if mnri sntu cndi,
claundi jicn mihyntncnh slanrn cfusus.

@nhynchyn plreutnsi mnri h uhsur ynhk eleunt c uhsur ynhk snen, d

uhsur ynhk snen, …, e uhsur ynhk snen (c + d+ … + e ≭h)

mnpnt mitlhtucnh mlhknh rueus ?

!
R5
!!…!

Aihtif ?

]lrmnpnt 0 `idn elrnf, > `idn `iru, mnh 1 `idn putif ynhk snen jlhis mnh
ucurnhhyn. Nmn `lrnpn anrncnf `idn-`idn itu mnpnt misusuh

`lrmnepihknh

Onwn` ?

h 5 :

c 5 0

d 5 >

e51

:! :Û<Û=Û1!
@nhynchyn susuhnh `idn-`idn itu 5 5 :2
nmndnf 0!1! 0Û>Û1!

Rlreutnsi Qicdis
Rlhlhtunh susuhnh eldihkcnr mnpnt miplridlf mlhknh elhltnpcnh
sntu i`jlc pnmn sntu pisisi, cleuminh elhltucnh cleuhkcihnh pisisi
i`jlc dnih ynhk sisn, slfihkkn `idn tllrslmin h uhsur `lr`lmn, encn ?

@nhynchyn plreutnsi sicdis mnri h uhsur 5 (h - >)!

Aihtif ?

;
 @lrnpn anrn < irnhk mndne suntu plstn encnh mnpnt mintur tlepnt
mumuchyn elhkldidihki sl`unf eljn `uhmnr 9

Onwn` ?

@nhynchyn susuhnh mumuc < irnhk ynhk elhkldidihki sl`unf eljn

`uhmnr 5 (< - >)! 5 =! 5 = x 1 x 0 x >! 5 0=.

Ghisinsi mndne clfimupnh slfnri-fnri nmndnf plhyusuhnh pnhitin suntu

clkintnh ynhk tlrmiri mnri cltun, slcrltnris mnh `lhmnfnrn. Mndne
plhyusuhnh pnhitin ihi jldns urutnh ncnh snhknt `lrplhknruf.

0.1 Cihslp Cie`ihnsi

Cie`ihnsi elrupncnh `nhynchyn anrn eleidif nhkkitn mndne juednf

tlrtlhtu mnri nhkkitn-nhkkitn suntu fiepuhnh. Cie`ihnsi jukn `isn
minrticnh sl`nkni `nhynchyn anrn ele`unt fiepuhnh `nkinh mlhknh
juednf nhkkitn tlrtlhtu mnri nhkkitn-nhkkitn suntu fiepuhnh. Mlhknh cntn
dnih cie`ihnsi nmndnf susuhnh mnri slcldiepic i`jlc tnhpn eleplrfnticnh
susuhnhhyn ntnu urutnhhyn. Cie`ihnsi mnpnt misl`ut plhkldiepicnh
sljuednf uhsur. Mi mndne cie`ihnsi N@ 5@N , N@A 5 NA@ 5 A@N.

Eisndcnh suntu fiepuhnh eleidici nhkkitn sljuednf h, encn pleidifnh r

`unf nhkkitn mihnencnh cie`ihnsi r mnri h, mitudis sl`nkni (,) mienhn r
dl`if claid ntnu snen mlhknh h. Pueus cie`ihnsi nmndnf sl`nkni `lricut.

(,) 5 !
! (   )!

Aihtif sind?

>. ]lrmnpnt >2 irnhk ynhk `ldue sndihk elhklhnd, nknr elrlcn elhklhnd
fnrus `lrjn`nt tnhknh, `lrnpn `nhync jn`nt tnhknh ynhk tlrjnmi9

6
Rlhyldlsninh?

h 5 >2 r50

(,) 5 !

! (∐ )!

>2! >2Û7Û6Û;Û:Û<Û=Û1Û0Û>
(>2,0) 5 5 =< jn`nt tnhknh
0!(>2∐0)! 0Û>(6Û;Û:Û<Û=Û1Û0Û>)
5

0. Qlirnhk siswn mifnruscnh elhklrjncn ; mnri >2 sind, tltnpi hi > snepni
< wnji` miclrjncnh. @lrnpncnf `nhynchyn pidifnh ynhk mnpnt mine`id
idlf siswn9

Rlhyldlsninh?

Mnri sind hi > snepni < wnji` miclrjncnh, `lrnri hi : snepni >2 mipidif 0.

Encn micltnfui h 5 < mnh r 5 0

!
(,) 5
! (∐ )!

<! <Û=Û1Û0Û>
(<,0) 5 5 >2 cie`ihnsi
0!(<∐0)! 0Û>(1Û0Û>)
5

0.= Cnimnf Cie`ihnsi

CNGMNF RLHANANFNH (CIE@GHNQG)

Cie`ihnsi nmndnf plhananfnh ynhk timnc eleplrfnticnh urutnh i`jlc-

i`jlchyn. Oicn suntu fiepuhnh mlhknh h `unf nhkkitn (i`jlc) ncnh misusuh
r i`jlc tnepn eleplrfnticnH urutnhhyn, encn `nhynchyn susuhnh tlrsl`ut
mirueuscnh?

7
Ql`nkni aihtif ncnh mifituhk `nhynchyn susuhnh mun furuj mnri furuj-furuj
pnmn fiepuhnh {n, `, a, m} tnhpn eleplrfnticnh urutnhhyn

8
Oicn ensndnf mi ntns misldlsnicnh mlhknh rueus, ncnh miplridlf? h 5 = mnh r
5 0 slfihkkn

\htuc dl`if jldns mnpnt citn difnt mnri aihtif `lricut

>. Mnri ; irnhk andih plslrtn pnmunh sunrn ncnh mipidif < irnhk uhtuc
elhkicuti jlstivnd pnmunh sunrn tihkcnt slcidnf. ]lhtucnhdnf `nhynchyn
anrn pleidifnh tlrsl`ut !
Onwn`
Micltnfui h 5 ; mnh r 5 <

>
0.< Rlr`lmnnh Rlreutnsi mnh Cie`ihnsi

Rlhklrtinh Rlreutnsi mnh Cie`ihnsi

Rlreutnsi
Rlreutnsi nmndnf suntu susuhnh ynhk mi`lhtuc mnri suntu cuepudnh `lhmn ynhk mine`id sl`nk
—mi`lmncnh― nhtnrn ynhk sntu mlhknh ynhk dnih. Aihtif ? {>,0,1} timnc snen
mlhknh {0,1,>} mnh {1,>,0}

Cie`ihnsi
Cie`ihnsi nmndnf elhkkn`uhkcnh `l`lrnpn i`jlc mnri suntu krup tnhpn
eleplrfnticnh urutnh. Mi mndne cie`ihnsi, urutnh timnc miplrfnticnh.
{>,0,1} nmndnf snen mlhknh {0,1,>} mnh {1,>,0}.

Rlr`lmnnh Rlreutnsi mnh Cie`ihnsi

>. Gstidnf plreutnsi elhknau pnmn `l`lrnpn anrn uhtuc elhkntur sntu slt i`jlc
mndne urutnh `lrurutnh. Cie`ihnsi elhyirntcnh `l`lrnpn anrn uhtuc eleidif
itle mnri cuepudnh `lsnr i`jlc, slfihkkn urutnhhyn timnc rldlvnh.

0. ]itic ple`lmn utnen nhtnrn mun cihslp entlenticn ihi nmndnf urutnh,
plhlepntnh, mnh pisisi, ynitu mndne cnrnctlristic plreutnsi ynhk misl`utcnh mi
ntns plhtihk, ynhk timnc elhjnmi ensndnf mndne cnsus cie`ihnsi.

1. Rlreutnsi timnc dnih nmndnf cie`ihnsi tlrurut slelhtnrn Cie`ihnsi

elhyirntcnh slt ntnu pnsnhknh hidni ynhk timnc `lrurutnh mndne
critlrin tlrtlhtu.

>>
 @N@ GGG
RLH\]\
R

1. > CLQGER\DNH

Mnri entlri plreutnsi citn `ins elhlhtucnh `nhync anrn plhkne`idnh mntn.

Mlhknh plreutnsi citn mnpnt elhkfituhk cleuhkcihnh `nhynchyn sl`unf susuhnh

furuj enupuh nhkcn mlhknh anrn ynhk tlpnt ynitu mlhknh elhkkuhncnh plreutnsi.

Rnmn entlri cie`ihnsi ihi plrhklrtinhhyn nmndnf susuhnh uhsur uhsur mlhknh timnc
eleplrfnticnh urutnhhyn, jnmi mndne elhkkuhncnh cie`ihnsi citn mnpnt
elhyiepudcnh `nhync anrn pleidifnh suntu cljnminh mlhknh anrn ynhk mitlhtucnh.

1.0 QNPNH

Mifnrnpcnh sltldnf elepldnjnri entlri ihi citn mnpnt elenfnei tlhtnhk

plreutnsi mnh cie`ihnsi.

>0