PDF Venus Taurus Pisces Virgo User Manual Compress

E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?
Rle
Pkeus/Qiurus/_nslks/Pnrhb
Guftn-pirigktkr _itnket Gbentbr
Bpkritbr„s Gieuif
Ebrtckre Gkantkl Fngntka

E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Ebtnlk
Qcieds `br purlcisneh Ebrtckre Gkantkl Guftn-pirigktkr _itnket Gbentbr.
Mk`brk bpkritneh, pfkisk rkia tcns Gieuif lirkùffy tb kesurk prbpkr usk.
_fkisk dkkp tcns Gieuif prbpkrfy `br ùturk rk`krkelk.
_rbault Eigk: Guftn-_irigktkr _itnket Gbentbr
Gbakf: Pkeus, Qiurus, _nslks, Pnrhb.
\trulturk iea Qck gbentbr lbesnsts b` gistkr uent, anspfiy, KLH limfk, \pB=
Lbgpbekets: prbmk, mfbba prkssurk lu``, iea tkgpkriturk prbmk.
\lbpk b` Gbentbrs pitnket KLH, rkspnritnbe (]K\_), mfbba bxyhke

Ippfnlitnbe:
situritnbe (\pB=), pufsk ritk (_]), ebenevisnvk mfbba prkssurk
(ENM_), iea tkgpkriturk (QKG_) is wkff is anspfiys, rkvnkws
iea stbrks tck gbentbrneh ne`brgitnbe.
Ebrtckre Gkantkl Fngntka

Gieuìlturkr:
1tc @fbbr, Munfaneh L, Jne Xkn ûie Neaustrnif _ird,
]khnstkrka Iaarkss:
Jufbehscie Irki, Dkehzn \t, _nehscie Anstrnlt, \ckezcke,
_.].Lcnei
Gieuìlturneh Iaarkss: 1tc @fbbr, Munfaneh L, Jne Xkn ûie Neaustrnif _ird, Jufbehscie
Irki, Dkehzn \t, _nehscie Anstrnlt, \ckezcke, _.].Lcnei
Pkrsnbe: 8.?
Aitk b` Nssuk: @km =?, =?9>

E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Netkffkltuif _rbpkrty ]nhcts

Qck netkffkltuif prbpkrty rnhcts b` tcns Bpkritbr„s Gieuif iea tck lbrrkspbeaneh prbault
mkfbeh tb Ebrtckre Gkantkl Fngntka (ckrknei`tkr rk`krrkaa ttbb iiss ‖‖ Ebrtckre‗‗))..
Qcns Gieuif lbetines prbprnktiry ne`brgitnbe prbtkltka my lbpyrnhct fiw. Xntcbut wrnttke
pkrgnssnbe b` Ebrtckre, iey brhienzitnbe br neanvnauif ns prbcnmntka tb pcbtbhripc,
lbpy, gban`y br prnet iey pirt b` tcns Gieuif, br triesfitk netb btckr fiehuihks.
Cbwkvkr, Ebrtckre ns ebt fnimfk `br iey nelnaketif br lbeskquketnif aigihks tb tck iltuif
pkr`brgielk iea usk auk tb krrbrs ne tcns Gieuif br tck prbvnsnbe b` tcns Gieuif. Ebrtckre
abks ebt prbvnak fnlkesk lbe`krrka my pitket fiw tb iey btckr pirtnks. Ebrtckre abks ebt
issugk fkhif rkspbesnmnfnty `br tck fkhif lbeskqukelks rksuftneh `rbg vnbfitneh tck pitket
fiw iea tck rnhcts b` iey tcnra pirty.

E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
\
titkgket
Ebrtckre rkskrvks tck rnhct b` `neif netkrprktitnbe tb tcns Gieuif.
Qck lbetket b` tcns Gieuif ns sumjklt tb lciehk wntcbut prnbr
ebtnlk.
Befy n` tck `bffbwneh rkqunrkgkets irk gkt, Ebrtckre wnff mk rkspbesnmfk `br tck si`kty,
rkfnimnfnty iea pkr`brgielk b` tck prbault, n.k.:
 Isskgmfy, kxpiesnbe, rk-iajustgket, ngprbvkgket iea rkpinr scbufa befy mk pkr`brgka
my quifn`nka pkrsbeekf ipprbvka my Ebrtckre4
 Iff tck rkpfilka pirts iea suppbrtka illkssbrnks iea lbesugimfks rkfitk tb tck
ginetkeielk sciff mk brnhneiffy `rbg Ebrtckre br btckrs ipprbvka my Ebrtckre4
 Qck kfkltrnlif kqunpgket lbgpfnks wntc rkfkviet stieairas iea tck rkqunrkgkets b`
tcns Gieuif4
 Qck prbault ns bpkritka ne illbraielk wntc tcns Gieuif.

E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Xirriety iea Ginetkeielk \krvnlks

Qck wirriety pkrnba ns = ykirs `br tcns prbault iea 0 gbetc `br tck gine illkssbrnks. Qck
gine illkssbrnks nelfuak: mfbba bxyhke prbmk iea kxtkesnbe limfk, KLH limfk, mfbba
prkssurk lu`` iea litcktkr, tkgpkriturk prbmk, pbwkr lbra, stket, iea hrbuea wnrk.
Lbesugimfks irk anspbsimfk gitkrnifs tcit scbufa mk rkpfilka i`tkr kilc usk br wkirneh
pirts tcit scbufa mk rkpfilka pkrnbanliffy. Qck lbesugimfks irk ebt lbvkrka my wirriety.
Qck wirriety pkrnba ns lbuetka ``rrbbgg ttcckk ‖‖NNeessttiiffffiittnnbbee AAiittkk‗‗ ``nnffffkkaa nnee ttcckk
XXiirrrriieettyy LLiirraa,,
wcnlc ns tck befy lkrtn`nlitk tb lckld tck pkrnba b` wirriety. Qb prbtklt ybur rnhcts,
pfkisk urhk ybur nestiffitnbe pkrsbeekf tb skea tck sklbea lbpy b` tck Xirriety Lira tb
Ebrtckre wntcne <? aiys `rbg tck aitk b` nestiffitnbe4 n` tck Xirriety Lira `br tck prbault
purlciska ns ebt sket tb Ebrtckre be tngk, tck wirriety pkrnba wnff mk liflufitka i`tkr 1;
aiys `rbg tck
‖Akfnvkry Aitk‗ girdka be tck pildneh mmbbxx..
Ebrtckre wnff mk rkspbesnmfk `br tck si`kty, rkfnimnfnty iea pkr`brgielk b` tck prbault n` tck
`bffbwneh rkqunrkgkets irk gkt:
 Qck prbault ns uusskkaa nnee iillllbbrraaiieellkk wwnnttcc ttcckk BBppkkrriittbbrr„„ss

GGiieeuuiiff..
 _rbault nestiffitnbe, rkpinr iea uphriak irk lirrnka but my pkrsbeekf ipprbvka br
iutcbrnzka my Ebrtckre.
 Qck stbrihk, bpkritneh iea kfkltrnlif kevnrbegket gkkts prbault spkln`nlitnbes.
 Qck \/E fimkf br gieuìlturkr fbhb b` tck prbault ns lfkirfy vnsnmfk, iea nt ns
naketn`nka iea lbe`nrgka tcit tck prbault ns gieuìlturka my Ebrtckre.
 Qck aigihk ns liuska my ebe-cugie ìltbrs (cugie ìltbrs nelfuak illnaketiffy
arbppneh, simbtihk, ktl.).
Qck prbaults tcit gkkt tck wirriety rkhufitnbes lie kejby `rkk skrvnlk, iea tck prbaults
mkybea tck slbpk b` tck wirriety wnff mk lcirhka `br skrvnlk. Qck `rknhct (nelfuaneh lustbgs
`kks) `br triespbrt b` tcns prbault tb Ebrtckre `br ginetkeielk ns issugka my tck uskr. @br tck
ginetkeielk auk tb iey rkisbe btckr tcie tck imbvkgketnbeka liusks, Ebrtckre wnff lcirhk
`br skrvnlk, iea tck uskr ekkas tb piy iaantnbeif lbsts `br ginetkeielk iea pirts.
Xcke tck wirriety kxpnrks, Ebrtckre wnff lbetneuk tb prbvnak lcirhka ginetkeielk skrvnlks.
N` ybu ab ebt piy br akfiy tck piygket b` ginetkeielk `kks, Ebrtckre wnff suspkea tck
rkpinr skrvnlks uetnf ybu piy up.

E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
I`tkr-sifks \krvnlk [ent

Eigk: Ebrtckre Gkantkl Fngntka Lustbgkr \krvnlk Akpirtgket
Iaarkss: 1tc @fbbr, Munfaneh L, Jne Xkn ûie Neaustrnif _ird, Jufbehscie Irki, Dkehzn \t,
_nehscie Anstrnlt, \ckezcke, _.].Lcnei
_bstif Lbak: ;93993
Xkmsntk: www.ebrtckregkantkl.lbg
Kginf: ne`bOebrtckregkantkl.lbg
Qkf: + 30 8;; =8>;=8<<
@ix: +30 8;; 30;=3018

E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
_rkìlk
Ebtnlk
Qcns Bpkritbr„s Gieuif ns tck eklkssiry nestrultnbes `br tck si`k usk b` tcns prbault. Qcns
Gieuif netrbaulks tck usk, prbpkrtnks, gktcba b` bpkritnbe, si`kty ne`brgitnbe iea netkeaka
usk b` tck Guftn-pirigktkr _itnket Gbentbr ne aktinfs. Mk`brk usneh tck prbault, pfkisk
lirkùffy rkia iea ueakrstiea tck lbetkets b` tcns Gieuif, iea imnak my tck gktcba b`
bpkritnbe stitka ne tcns Gieuif ne brakr tb kesurk tck si`kty b` pitnkets iea bpkritbrs.
Qcns Bpkritbr„s Gieuif ns i gijbr lbgpbeket b` tck prbault, iea scbufa ifwiys mk pfilka
ekir tck prbault `br kisy rk`krkelk.
Bmjklt b` Ippfnlitnbe
Qcns Bpkritbr„s Gieuif ns netkeaka `br prb`kssnbeif lfnenlif sti`` br pkrsbeekf wntc
kxpkrnkelk ne tck usk b` gbentbrneh kqunpgket. Qck rkiakrs scbufa civk debwfkahk iea
wbrd kxpkrnkelk ne gkanlif prblkaurks, priltnlks iea tkrgnebfbhy b` pitnket gbentbrneh.
Nffustritnbe
Iff tck nffustritnbes ne ttccnnss BBppkkrriittbbrr„„ss GGiieeuuiiff iirrkk ``bbrr rrkk``kkrrkkeellkk bbeeffyy..
QQcckk ggkkeeuuss,, sskkttttnneehhss iieeaa
pirigktkrs b` tck nffustritnbes giy mk an`` krket `rbg tck gbentbr.
Lbevketnbe
 TLciriltkrW: [ska tb rkprksket tck strneh ne tck sb`twirk br lciriltkrs be tck netkrìlk.
 ↝: Qcns sygmbf ns uska tb nneeaannlliittkk bbppkkrriittnnbbee ssttkkpp..

E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lbetket
Lciptkr 9. \i`kty ...... ..................................................................... ...................................... - 9
- 9.9 \i`kty Ne`brgitnbe
.......................................................................................................................................................
................................ - 9 --
9.9.9 Aiehkr
................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................... - 9 --
9.9.= Xireneh
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................ - 9 --
9.9.< Liutnbe
................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................. - = --
9.9.1 Ebtk
................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................ - < --
9.= \ygmbfs
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................ - < --
Lciptkr =. Gbentbr Bvkrvnkw. ........................................................ ...................................... - ; -
=.9 Netrbaultnbe
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................ - ; --
=.9.9 \lbpk b` Ippfnlitnbe .................................................................................... - ; --
=.9.= Lbetrineanlitnbes
................................................................................................................................................................................
.. - ; --
=.9.< Lbgpbsntnbe iea \trulturk ........................................................................... - ; --
=.= Gistkr [ent
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................ - 0 --
=.=.9 @rbet Pnkw..
................................................................................................................................................................................
...................... - 0 --
=.=.= \nak Pnkw
................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................... - 3 --
=.=.< ]kir Pnkw..
................................................................................................................................................................................
........................ - > --
=.< \lrkke Anspfiy
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.............. - 99 -
=.1 \girt Cbtdkys
........................................................................................................................................................................................
................ - 9= -
Lciptkr <. Misnl Bpkritnbe................................................. ................................................ - 91 -
<.9 Nestiffitnbe
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................ - 91 -
<.9.9 [epildneh
................................................................................................................................................................................
.................... - 91 -
<.9.= Kevnrbegketif ]kqunrkgkets ..................................................................... - 91 -
<.= Lbeekltneh tb IL _bwkr .................................................................................... - 9; -
<.< Qureneh be
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................ - 90 -
<.<.9 Lckldneh tck GGbentbr ................................................................................ - 90 -
<.<.= \tirtneh tck Gbentbr ................................................................................... - 90 -
<.<.< Lbeekltneh tck \kesbr. ............................................................................... - 98 -
<.<.1 \tirtneh Gbentbrneh .................................................................................... - 98 -

<.1 Qureneh b``
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................... - 98 -
<.; Misnl Bpkritnbe
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............ - 98 -
<.;.9 [sneh tck \cuttfk ........................................................................................ - 98 -
<.;.= [sneh Dkys
<.;.< ..............................................................................................................................
<.;.1 .................................................................. - 93 - [sneh tck Qbulc \lrkke.
<.;.; ............................................................................. - 93 -
[sneh \b`t Dkymbira .................................................................................. -
93 - [sneh Gkeu
..............................................................................................................................
................................................................. - 93 -
<.0 Bpkritneh Gbak
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........ - 9> -
<.8 Gkisurkgket \ktup ............................................................................................ - =? -
<.3 @rkkzneh Xivks
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............ - =? -
<.> Btckr Lbggbe \ktup ......................................................................................... - =9 -
<.>.9 Ak`neneh tck GGbentbr. ................................................................................. - =9 -

<.>.= Fiehuihk \ktup .......................................................................................... - =9 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
<.>.< Aitk iea Qngk ............................................................................................ - == -

<.>.1 Pbfugk Lbetrbf .......................................................................................... - == -
<.>.; \kttneh _irigktkr [ent ............................................................................... - =< -
Lciptkr 1. _itnket Ne`brgitnbe Gieihkgket ...................................................................... - =1 -
1.9 _itnket \ktup Gkeu ............................................................................................ - =1 -

1.= Iagnttneh i _itnket Yunldfy ............................................................................... - =; -
1.< Iagnttneh i _itnket

........................................................................................................................................................................................
- =0 -
1.1 Kantneh _itnket Ne`b ............................................................................................ - =8 -
1.; Anslcirhneh i _itnket ......................................................................................... - =3 -
Lciptkr ;. [skr Netkrìlk ................................................................ .................................... - => -
;.9 \kfkltneh [skr Netkrìlk ..................................................................................... - => -

;.= Netkrìlk Netrbaultnbe
................................................................................................................................................................................ - <?
-
;.=.9 Ebrgif \lrkke. ........................................................................................... - <? -
;.=.= Mnh Eugkrnls
;.=.< ..............................................................................................................................
;.=.1 .......................................................... - <9 - KLH 8-Fkia Cif`-\lrkke
;.=.; ........................................................................... - <9 -
KLH 8-Fkia @uff-\lrkke ............................................................................ - <= -
KLH 9=-Fkia @uff-\lrkke .......................................................................... - <= -
;.=.0 BxyL]H \lrkke ......................................................................................... - << -
;.=.8 AyeiQrkea \\lrkke ...................................................................................... - <1 -
Lciptkr 0. Ifirg ...... ..................................................................... .................................... - <; -
0.9 Ifirg Qypk

........................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................... - <; -
0.= Ifirg Fkvkf
........................................................................................................................................................................................
...................... - <0 -
0.< Ifirg Gbak
................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................. - <0 -
0.<.9 Fnhct Ifirg
................................................................................................................................................................................
.............. - <8 -
0.<.= Iuanmfk Ifirg ............................................................................................ - <8 -
0.<.< Ifirg Ne`b
................................................................................................................................................................................
................. - <8 -
0.<.1 _irigktkr @fiscneh ..................................................................................... - <3 -
0.1 Ifirg \titks
................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................. - <3 -
0.1.9 \nfkelk
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................ - <3 -
0.1.= Ifirg sbuea b`` ......................................................................................... - <3 -

0.1.< Ifirg _iusk
........................................................................................................................................................................
...................... - <> -
0.1.1 Ifirg b``
................................................................................................................................................................................
........................ - <> -
0.; Ifirg \ktup
................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................. - 1? -
0.;.9 \kttneh tck Ifirg \buea ............................................................................ - 1? -
0.;.= \kttneh tck Ifirg Akfiy Qngk .................................................................... - 1? -
0.;.< \kttneh i _irigktkr Ifirg.......................................................................... - 19 -
0.0 Fitlc Ifirg..
................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................. - 1= -
0.8 Gieuif Kvket
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................. - 1= -
Lciptkr 8. KLH ................................................................... ............................................... - 11
-
8.9 Bvkrvnkw
........................................................................................................................................................................................
................................ - 11 -
8.= \i`kty Ne`brgitnbe
..................................................................................................................................................................................... -
11 -
8.< Gbentbrneh \tkps
........................................................................................................................................................................................
...... - 1; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
8.<.9 _rkpiritnbe
................................................................................................................................................................................
......... - 1; -
8.<.= \kfkltneh Fkia ............................................................................................ - 10 -
8.<.< Fkia Eigk iea LLbrrkspbeaneh Lbfbr ........................................................ - 10 -
8.<.1 Nestiffneh Kfkltrbaks ................................................................................... - 10 -
8.<.; Lckldneh tck _ilkgidneh \titus ............................................................... - ;? -
8.1 KLH Anspfiy
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................... - ;? -
8.; Ifirg \ktup
................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................. - ;9 -
8.0 KLH \ktup..
........................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................... - ;= -
Lciptkr 3. ]ksp ................................................................... ............................................... - ;1 -
3.9 Bvkrvnkw
........................................................................................................................................................................................
................................ - ;1 -
..................................................................................................................................................................................... -
;1 -
3.< _filneh Kfkltrbaks `br ]kspnritnbe Gbentbrneh .................................................. - ;1 -
3.<.9 Iajustneh _bsntnbe b` ]kspnritnbe Kfkltrbak .............................................. - ;; -
3.<.= Liranbgbtnfnty \upkrngpbsneh ................................................................... - ;; -
3.1 ]ksp Anspfiy
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................... - ;0 -
3.; ]ksp \ktup..
........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................... - ;0 - 3.;.9 \kttneh Ipeki Qngk
.................................................................................... - ;8 -
3.;.= Iajustneh Xivk Hine ................................................................................. - ;8 -
3.;.< \kttneh \lieeneh \pkka .............................................................................. - ;8 -

3.0 Ifirg \ktup
........................................................................................................................................................................................
...................... - ;8 -
Lciptkr >. _] ............................................................................................ ......................... - ;3 -
>.9 Bvkrvnkw
........................................................................................................................................................................................
................................ - ;3 -
>.= Anspfiy
........................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................... - ;3 -
>.< \kttneh _] \\buea
................................................................................................................................................................................
............. - ;3 -
>.1 Ifirg \ktup
................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................. - ;3 -
Lciptkr 9?. \pB= ......................................... ......................................................................- 0? -
9?.9 Bvkrvnkw
........................................................................................................................................................................................
................................ - 0? -
9?.= \i`kty Ne`brgitnbe
......................................................................................................................................................
............................... - 0? -
9?.< Gbentbrneh \tkps
........................................................................................................................................................................................
...... - 09 -
9?.1 Anspfiy
........................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................... - 0= -
9?.; \kttneh \pB=
......................................................................................................................................................
...................................................... - 0< -
9?.;.9 \kttneh Xivk \pkka .................................................................................... - 0< -
9?.;.= \kttneh Xivk Gbak .................................................................................... - 01 -
9?.;.< \kttneh Ivkrihk Qngk ................................................................................. - 01 -
9?.0 Gkisurneh Ne`fukelneh @iltbrs........................................................................... - 01 -
9?.8 Ifirg \ktup
................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................. - 0; -
9?.3 Gisngb
Ne`brgitnbe.....................................................................................................................................................................
................. - 00 -
Lciptkr 99. ENM_ ......................................... ......................................................................- 89
-
99.9 Bvkrvnkw
........................................................................................................................................................................................
................................ - 89 -
..................................................................................................................................................................................... -
8= -
99.< Gkisurkgket
Fngnts.............................................................................................................................................................................
- 8= -
99.1 Gkisurkgket _rblkaurk ..................................................................................... - 81 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
99.1.9 _rkpirneh `br Gkisurkgket ........................................................................ - 81 -

99.1.= _itnket pbsturk rkqunrkgkets aurneh gkisurkgket..................................... - 81 -
99.1.< \tirtneh / \\tbppneh Gkisurkgket ............................................................... - 81
-
99.1.1 Lbrrkltneh Gkisurkgket ]ksufts ............................................................... - 81 -
99.; ENM_ Anspfiy
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................. - 8; -
99.0 \kttneh Ne`fitnbe _rkssurk ................................................................................... - 8; -
99.8 ENM_ ]kskttneh
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.............. - 8; -
99.3 ENM_ Fkidihk Qkst
............................................................................................................................................................................... - 80 -
99.> ENM_ Lifnmritnbe
........................................................................................................................................................................................ - 88
-
99.9? Lfkie iea ansne`kltnbe gktcba b` ENM_ lu`` ..................................................... - 88 -
99.9?.9 Lfkieneh Gktcba: ....................................................................................... - 88 -
99.9?.= Ansne`kltnbe
Gktcba.....................................................................................................................................................................
. - 88 -
99.99 Ifirg \ktup
................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................. - 88 -
Lciptkr 9=. Qkgp ................................................................ ............................................... - 83 -
9=.9 Bvkrvnkw
........................................................................................................................................................................................
................................ - 83 -
9=.= \i`kty Ne`brgitnbe
..................................................................................................................................................................................... -
83 -
9=.< Gkisurkgket \tkps ............................................................................................ - 83 -
9=.1 Gkisurneh ]kqunrkgkets ................................................................................... - 83 -
9=.; Qkgp Anspfiy

........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................. - 8> -
9=.0 \kfkltneh ]ksnstielk Qypk bb` Qkgp _rbmk ......................................................... - 8> -
9=.8 \kttneh Qkgpkriturk [ent ................................................................................... - 3? -
9=.3 Ifirg \ktup
................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................. - 3? -
9=.> Yunld Qkgp(Bptnbeif) ....................................................................................... - 3? -
9=.>.9 Yunld Qkgpkriturk Anspfiy............................................................................. - 3? -
9=.>.=. Illkssbrnks fnst ........................................................................................... - 39 -
Lciptkr 9<. ]kvnkw .. ..................................................................... .................................... - 3< -
9<.9 ]kvnkwneh Qrkea Lcirt ...................................................................................... - 3< -

9<.= ]kvnkwneh Qrkea Qimfk ...................................................................................... - 31 -
9<.< ENM_ Gkisurkgket ]kvnkw ............................................................................... - 3; -
9<.1 Kvket ]kvnkw
......................................................................................................................................................
.................................................... - 30 -
Lciptkr 91. LB= (Bptnbeif) ........................................................... .................................... - 33 -
91.9 Netrbaultnbe
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................ - 33 -
91.= _rkpirneh tb Gkisurk LB= ......................................................................................... - 3> -
91.=.9 [sneh i \nakstrkig LB= Gbaufk .................................................................... - 3> -
91.=.= [sneh i Ginestrkig LB= Gbaufk
................................................................................................................................. - >? -
91.< LB= \kttnehs
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................... - >= -
91.1 Gkisurkgket fngntitnbes ............................................................................................ - >< -
91.; Zkrbneh tck \kesbr ..................................................................................................... - >< -
91.0 Ebtnlk ......................................................................................................................... - >< -
91.8 Lfkieneh ..................................................................................................................... - >1 -
Lciptkr 9;. NM_ (Bptnbeif)........................................................................ ......................... - >;
- 9;.9 Bvkrvnkw
.......................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. - >; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
9;.= \i`kty Ne`brgitnbe ..................................................................................................... - >; -

9;.< \tirtneh Gkisurkgket
................................................................................................................................................................................
......... - >; -
9;.1 NM_ Anspfiy ................................................................................................................ - >0 -
9;.; NM_ \kttnehs
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................ - >8 -
Lciptkr 90. IH (Bptnbeif) ........................... .................................................................. ... - >>
- 90.9 Netrbaultnbe
.......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................... - >> -
90.= IH gkisurkgket kqunpgket ............................................................................ - 9?? -

90.=.9 \nakstrkig
................................................................................................................................................................................
......... - 9?? -
90.=.= Gine
strkig.......................................................................................................................................................................
..................... - 9?9 -
90.< IH Anspfiy
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................... - 9?< -
90.1 IH \ktup
................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................... - 9?; -
90.1.9 II \ktup
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................ - 9?; -
90.1.= B= \ktup
................................................................................................................................................................................
................. - 9?0 -
90.1.< E=B \ktup
................................................................................................................................................................................
................ - 9?0 -
90.1.1 LB= \ktup
...............................................................................................................................
............................................................... - 9?8 -
90.; Gkisurkgket Illurily @iltbrs. ...................................................................... - 9?8 -
90.0 Zkrb
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................ - 9?8 -
90.8 Lifnmritnbe
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................ - 9?3 -
90.3 Lfkieneh
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................. - 9?3 -
Lciptkr 98. L.B. (Bptnbeif) ........................................................... .................................. - 99? -
98.9 Bvkrvnkw
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................ - 99? -
................................................................................................................................................................................... -
99? -
98.< L.B. Anspfiy
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................. - 99? -
98.1 Gkisurkgket b` L.B. ....................................................................................... - 999 -
98.; L.B. \kttneh
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................... - 99= -
98.;.9 L.B.. \ktup
...............................................................................................................................
............................................................... - 99= -
98.;.= Ifirg-rkfitka \kttnehs ............................................................................. - 99< -
98.;.< Ckgbayeignl
................................................................................................................................................................................
.. - 99< -
98.0 Gkisurkgket ]kstrnltnbes ................................................................................ - 99; -
98.8 Ne`fukelneh
@iltbrs............................................................................................................................................................................
- 99; -
Lciptkr 93. MN\ (Bptnbeif)........................................................................ ....................... - 990 -
93.9 Netrbaultnbe
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................... - 990 -
................................................................................................................................................................................... -
990 -
93.< MN\ Anspfiy
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................... - 990 -
93.1 \kt up ttck MN\ Gkisurkgket ............................................................................ - 993 -
93.; MN\ \ktup gkeu
........................................................................................................................................................................................
...... - 99> -
93.;.9 Lbetneubus Ngpkaielk Lckld .................................................................. - 99> -
93.;.= Lylfnl Ngpkaielk Lckld .......................................................................... - 9=? -
93.;.< MN\ \kesbr Lckld .................................................................................... - 9=? -
93.;.1 @nftkr
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
......................... - 9=9 -
93.;.; MN\ \gbbtcneh ]itk ................................................................................. - 9=9 -
93.;.0 Xivk slifk

................................................................................................................................................................................
.............. - 9== -
93.;.8 ]kvnsnbe ne`b ............................................................................................ - 9== -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 9>. EGQ (Bptnbeif) .......................................................... .................................. - 9=<
- 9>.9 Bvkrvnkw
.......................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................. - 9=< -
9>.= \cbrt \kt-up.............................................................................................................. - 9=< -
9>.=.9 Lckldneh _itnkets `br Guslfk ]kfixitnbe ..................................................... - 9=< -
9>.=.= Lckldneh _itnket `br ]ksnauif Lurirnzitnbe .................................................. - 9=1 -
9>.=.< Ekrvk Fblitnbe `br Fblb-rkhnbeif Iekstcksni .............................................. - 9=1 -
9>.< _rk-Bpkritnvk \kt-up ................................................................................................ - 9=1 -

9>.<.9 Limfk Lbeekltnbes (Bmjkltnvk Gbentbrneh) .................................................. -
9=1 -
9>.<.= Limfk Lbeekltnbes (\umjkltnvk Gbentbrneh) ................................................. - 9=;
-
9>.<.< Limfk Lbeekltnbes (Fblb-rkhnbeif Iekstcksni) ............................................ - 9=; -
9>.<.1 Kfkltrbaks
................................................................................................................................................
............................................................ - 9=; -
9>.<.; Kfkltrbak _filkgket ...................................................................................... -
9=; -
9>.<.0 _bsntnbe b` tck Qriesaulkr ............................................................................. - 9=0
-
9>.<.8 Irg _bsntnbe ................................................................................................. - 9=0 -
9>.<.3 Lbeekltnbe tb \tngufitbr
..............................................................................................................................................
.... - 9=8 -
9>.<.> \dne ]ksnstielk
..............................................................................................................................................
............................................ - 9=8 -
9>.<.9? Lbetrbf Qwntlc Cknhct ................................................................................. - 9=8
-
9>.<.99 Lifnmritnbe
..............................................................................................................................................
..................................... - 9=8 -
9>.<.9= \kesntnvnty..
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................ - 9=3 -
9>.<.9< \tngufitnbe [ents ........................................................................................ - 9=3 -
9>.1 EGQ Anspfiy ........................................................................................................... - 9=3 -
Lciptkr =?. Liflufitk ........................ .................................................................. ............ - 9=> -
=?.9 Bvkrvnkw
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................ - 9=> -
=?.= Absk Liflufitnbe
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................... - 9=> -
=?.=.9 Liflufitneh \tkp ............................................................................................ - 9=> -
=?.=.= [ent b` Gkisurkgket..
..............................................................................................................................................
.......................... - 9<? -
=?.=.< Qntritnbe Qimfk ............................................................................................... -
9<? -
=?.< Bxyhkeitnbe Liflufitnbe..
.................................................................................................................................................................................. -
9<9 -
=?.<.9 Liflufitneh \tkp ............................................................................................ - 9<9 -
=?.<.= Neput _irigktkr
..............................................................................................................................................
......................................... - 9<9 -
=?.<.< Butput _irigktkr .......................................................................................... - 9<9 -
=?.1 Pketnfitnbe Liflufitnbe
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.. - 9<= -
=?.1.9 Liflufitneh \tkp ............................................................................................ - 9<= -
=?.1.= Neput _irigktkr
..............................................................................................................................................
......................................... - 9<= -
=?.1.< Butput _irigktkr .......................................................................................... - 9<= -
=?.; Ckgbayeignl Liflufitnbe ....................................................................................... - 9<< -
=?.;.9 Liflufitneh \tkp ............................................................................................ - 9<< -
=?.;.= Neput _irigktkr
..............................................................................................................................................
......................................... - 9<< -
=?.;.< Butput _irigktkr .......................................................................................... - 9<< -
=?.0 ]keif @ueltnbe Liflufitnbe
..................................................................................................................................................................... - 9<1 -
=?.0.9 Liflufitneh \tkp ............................................................................................ - 9<1 -
..............................................................................................................................................
......................................... - 9<1 -
=?.0.< Butput _irigktkr .......................................................................................... - 9<; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=?.8 GKX\ \ystkg

................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................. - 9<; -
Lciptkr =9. \pbt Lckld .................................................................. .................................. - 9<3 -
=9.9 Butfnek
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................... - 9<3 -
=9.= \kt _bnet Gkisurkgket
........................................................................................................................................................................................
- 9<3 -
=9.< [sk tck \pbt Lckld
................................................................................................................................................................................
................. - 9<3 -
Lciptkr ==. _XQQ (Bptnbeif) ........................................................ .................................. - 919 -
==.9 Bvkrvnkw
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................ - 919 -
==.= Ippfnlitnbes ............................................................................................................. - 919 -
==.< _XQQ \ktup
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................. - 919 -
Lciptkr =<. ]klbraneh (Bptnbeif) ....................................... ............................................. - 91< -
=<.9 ]klbrakr _rb`nfk ....................................................................................................... - 91< -

=<.= Fbianeh _ipkr .......................................................................................................... - 911 -
=<.< \kttneh up tck ]klbrakr
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
- 911 -
=<.1 Lfkirneh ]klbrakr .................................................................................................... - 91; -
Lciptkr =1. Mittkry. ............................................................ .............................................. - 910 -
=1.9 Lckldneh Mittkry _kr`brgielk ................................................................................ - 910 -

=1.= Bvkrvnkw
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................ - 910 -
=1.< Nestiffneh tck mittkry
........................................................................................................................................................................................
. - 918 -
=1.1 Mittkry [sihk Hunak
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........ - 918 -
=1.; Mittkry ]klylfneh
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.................. - 913 -
Lciptkr =;. Lirneh iea Lfkieneh ...................................................................................... - 91> -
=;.9 Bvkrvnkw
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................ - 91> -
=;.= Lfkieneh ................................................................................................................... - 91> -
=;.< Ansne`kltnbe .............................................................................................................. - 9;? -
=;.1 \tkrnfnzitnbe .............................................................................................................. - 9;9 -
Lciptkr =0. Ginetkeielk. ............................................................... .................................. - 9;= -
=0.9 Lckldneh .................................................................................................................. - 9;= -

=0.= Pnkwneh \b`twirk Pkrsnbe Ne`b
................................................................................................................................................. - 9;< -
=0.< Ginetkeielk _fie ..................................................................................................... - 9;< -
=0.1 KLH Lifnmritnbe
........................................................................................................................................................................................
...................... - 9;1 -
=0.; Qbulc \lrkke Lifnmritnbe
............................................................................................................................................................... - 9;1 -
=0.0 LB= Lifnmritnbe
........................................................................................................................................................................................
...................... - 9;; -
=0.8 IH Lifnmritnbe ......................................................................................................... - 9;; -
Lciptkr =8. Illkssbrnks ................................................................. .................................. - 9;8 -
=8.9 \tieaira Illkssbry Fnst

.................................................................................................................................................................. - 9;8 -
=8.= KLH
........................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................ - 9;3 -
=8.< \pB= ........................................................................................................................ - 9;3 -
=8.1 ENM_ ........................................................................................................................ - 9;> -
=8.; Qkgp..
................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................ - 90? -
Ippkeanx I \pkln`nlitnbes ........................................................... .................................. - 909 -

I.9 \i`kty \pkln`nlitnbes. ............................................................................................... - 909 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
I.9.9 _rbault Litkhbry ......................................................................................... - 909 -

I.9.= _bwkr \pkln`nlitnbes..................................................................................... - 909 -
I.= Cirawirk \pkln`nlitnbes ......................................................................................... - 90= -
I.=.9 _cysnlif \pkln`nlitnbes ................................................................................. - 90= -
I.=.= Anspfiy ........................................................................................................... - 90= -
I.=.< Cbst FKA........................................................................................................ - 90= -
I.=.1 Iuanb Nestrultnbe.......................................................................................... - 90= -
I.=.; Ifirg \nheif ................................................................................................. - 90< -
I.< Aiti \tbrihk ............................................................................................................ - 90< -
I.1 Gkisurkgket \pkln`nlitnbes ................................................................................... - 901 -
I.1.9 KLH/QKG_/]K\_ \pkln`nlitnbes ............................................................... - 901 -
I.1.= ENM_ \pkln`nlitnbes ...................................................................................... - 900 -
I.1.< \pB= \pkln`nlitnbes ...................................................................................... - 908 -
I.1.1 NM_ spkln`nlitnbe ..................................................................................... - 903 -
I.1.; LB= \pkln`nlitnbe ................................................................................... - 90> -
I.1.0 IH \pkln`nlitnbe ..................................................................................... - 989 -
I.1.8 L.B. \pkln`nlitnbe ................................................................................... - 98; -
I.1.3 MN\ \pkln`nlitnbe .................................................................................... - 98; -
Ippkeanx M KGL .................................................. ......................................................... - 980 -
Ippkeanx L Ifirg Ne`brgitnbe. ............................................................ ....................... - 93? -
L.9 _cysnbfbhnlif Ifirg Ne`brgitnbe ........................................................................... - 93? -

L.= Qklcenlif Ifirg Ne`brgitnbe ................................................................................. - 931 -
Ippkeanx A Akìuft _irigktkr Lbe`nhuritnbe................................................ ............ - 9>9 -
Kxpfine
Ekw ùeltnbe b` tck gbentbr: EGQ, GKX\ systkg b` tck liflufitk pirt, spbt lckld, _XQQ.
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 9. \i`kty
9.9 \i`kty Ne`brgitnbe
Aiehkr
 I wireneh tcit ifkrts ybu tb i pbtketnif skrnbus butlbgk, iavkrsk kvket br si`kty cizira.
@infurk tb bmskrvk i wireneh giy rksuft ne skrnbus nejury br akitc tb tck uskr br pitnket.
Xireneh
 Ifkrts ybu tb pbtketnif cizira br uesi`k bpkritnbe. @infurk tb ivbna sulc cizira br bpkritnbe
giy rksuft ne gnebr br gbakritk pkrsbeif nejury br aigihk tb tck prbault br btckr
prbpkrtnks, iea pbssnmfy ne i rkgbtk rnsd b` gbrk skrnbus nejury.
Liutnbe
 Ne brakr tb si`kfy usk tck akvnlk lbetneubusfy, nt ns rkqunrka tb lbgpfy wntc tck
nestrultnbes fnstka. Qck nestrultnbes fnstka ne tcns Gieuif irk ebt sumstntutk `br tck
gkanlif prblkaurk
mkneh pkr`brgka.
Ebtk
 Kgpcisnzk ngpbrtiet lbesnakritnbes, iea prbvnak i akslrnptnbe br kxpfieitnbe ne

brakr tb gidk mkttkr usk b` tck prbault.
 Ne brakr tb si`kfy usk tck akvnlk lbetneubusfy, nt ns rkqunrka tb lbgpfy wntc tck
nestrultnbes fnstka. Qck nestrultnbes fnstka ne tcns Gieuif irk ebt sumstntutk `br tck
gkanlif prblkaurk
mkneh pkr`brgka.
9.9.9 Aiehkr
Qcns prbault abks ebt nevbfvk ne`brgitnbe b` aiehkr fkvkfs.
9.9.= Xireneh
Xireneh
 Qcns gbentbr ns uska `br lfnenlif pitnket gbentbrneh, iea befy trineka iea quifn`nka abltbrs
iea eursks irk iffbwka tb usk tcns gbentbr.
-9-
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 Mk`brk bpkritneh, tck uskr gust lckld n` tck akvnlk, limfks iea illkssbrnks irk ùeltnbeneh
prbpkrfy iea si`kfy.
 Qck ifirg vbfugk, uppkr iea fbwkr ifirg fngnt scbufa mk skt illbraneh tb tck iltuif sntuitnbe
b` tck pitnket. Ab ebt just rkfy be iuanb ifirg systkg wcnfk gbentbrneh tck pitnket, mkliusk
tbb fbw ifirg vbfugk br lbgpfktk scutabwe giy rksuft ne ifirg ìnfurk iea keaiehkr tck
pitnket si`kty. _fkisk piy lfbsk ittketnbe tb tck iltuif lfnenlif sntuitnbe b` tck pitnket.
 Qcns akvnlk lie befy mk lbeekltka tb i hrbueaka kfkltrnlif butfkt4 n` tck pbwkr butfkt ns
ebt lbeekltka tb tck hrbuea wnrk, ab ebt usk tck butfkt4 nestkia, suppfy pbwkr tb tck akvnlk
wntc
rklcirhkimfk mittkrnks.
 Ab ebt bpke tck kelfbsurk ne brakr tb ivbna ie kfkltrnl scbld. Iey rkpinr iea uphriak b` tck
gbentbr gust mk abek my skrvnlk pkrsbeekf trineka iea iutcbrnzka my Ebrtckre.
 Xcke cieafneh pildihneh gitkrnifs, imnak my fblif fiws iea rkhufitnbes br cbspntif wistk
anspbsif rkhufitnbes. Dkkp tck pildihneh gitkrnifs iwiy `rbg lcnfarke.
 Ab ebt usk tcns nestrugket it i pfilk wntc ne`figgimfks sulc is iekstcktnls tb

prkvket kxpfbsnbe br `nrk.
 _fkisk nestiff tck pbwkr fneks iea limfks b` illkssbrnks lirkùffy tb ivbna pitnket
ketiehfkgket br su``blitnbe, limfks tiehfka br kfkltrnlif netkr`krkelk.
 Qck akvnlks lbeekltka tb tck gbentbr scbufa `brg ie kqunpbtketnif mbay (prbtkltnvk
hrbueaneh k``kltnvkfy lbeekltka).
 Xcke tck gbentbr ns uska tbhktckr wntc kfkltrbsurhnlif akvnlks, tck uskr (i abltbr br i eursk)
scbufa kesurk tck si`kty b` tck pitnket iea nestrugket.
 Qck pcysnbfbhnlif wivk, pcysnbfbhnlif pirigktkrs iea ifirg ne`brgitnbe anspfiyka be tck
gbentbr irk befy `br tck abltbr„s rk`krkelk iea scbufa ebt mk aannrrkkllttffyy
uusskkaa iiss ttcckk mmiissnnss ``bbrr lfnenlif trkitgket.
 Qcns ns ebt i tckripkutnl uent.
 @br pitnkets wntc pilkgidkrs, tck liranbtilc bgktkr giy lbuet tck pilkgidkr pufsk ne lisk
b` i liranil irrkst br irrcytcgnis. Ekvkr rkfy sbfkfy be tck liranbtilc bgktkr ifirg. Lfbskfy
gbentbr tck pitnkets wntc pilkgidkrs. @br tck necnmntnbe b` tck akvnlk be pilkgidkrs,
rk`kr tb tcns Bpkritbr„s Gieuif.
9.9.< Liutnbe
Liutnbe
 Qb ivbna aigihk tb tck nestrugket iea tb kesurk pitnket si`kty, pfkisk usk tck
illkssbrnks spkln`nka ne tcns Gieuif.
 _fkisk nestiff br lirry tck nestrugket prbpkrfy tb prkvket aigihk auk tb ìffneh, lbffnsnbe,
strbeh vnmritnbe br btckr gklcienlif `brlk.
-=-
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 Qck kfkltrbgihektnl `nkfas giy i``klt tck pkr`brgielk b` tck nestrugket, sb tcit usneh
btckr akvnlks ne tck vnlnenty b` tcns nestrugket gust lbgpfy wntc rkfkviet KGL
rkqunrkgkets. @br kxigpfk: gbmnfk pcbek, S-riy br G]N kqunpgket ns fndkfy tb mk i
sburlk b` netkr`krkelk, snelk tcky wnff triesgnt cnhc netkesnty kfkltrbgihektnl rianitnbe.
 Mk`brk pbwkrneh be tck akvnlk, gidk surk tcit tck pbwkr uska my tck akvnlk lbgpfnks wntc
tck suppfy vbftihk iea `rkqukely rkqunrkgkets be tck kqunpgket fimkf br ne tck BBppkkrriittbbrr„„ss
Gieuif.
 Xcke tck nestrugket iea illkssbrnks irk imbut tb kxlkka tck uskùf fn`k, nt gust mk trkitka
ne illbraielk wntc rkfkviet fblif fiws iea rkhufitnbes br tck cbspntif's rufks iea
rkhufitnbes.
9.9.1 Ebtk
Ebtks
 Nestiff tck akvnlk it i pfilk kisy `br bmskrvitnbe, bpkritnbe iea ginetkeielk.
 Dkkp tcns Gieuif ekir tck nestrugket `br kisy rk`krkelk.
 Qck nestrugket scbufa mk uska befy my bek pitnket it tck sigk tngk.
9.= \ygmbfs
Qck sygmbfs ippkirneh be tck nestrugket irk is `bffbws:
-<-
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Ak`nmrnffitnbe-prbb` typk L@
ippfnka pirt Iuxnfniry butput netkrìlk
Ak`nmrnffitnbe-prbb` typk M@
ippfnka pirt [\M netkrìlk
Liutnbe: ]k`kr tb
illbgpieyneh ablugkets
Ektwbrd Netkrìlk
(Bpkritbr„ss GGiieeuuiiff))..
\nheif neput iea butput

_bwkr be / b``
netkrìlk
IL pbwkr suppfy (IL) Anspfiy Netkrìlk
Mittkry bpkritneh neanlitbr Kqunpbtketnif tkrgneif
Ifirg snfkelk \krnif Eugmkr
ENM_ _rbaultnbe aitk
Xivk `rkkzneh Gieuìlturkr ne`b
Xistk Kfkltrnlif iea

_rnet Kfkltrbenl Kqunpgket Anrkltnvk
]k`kr tb tck Bppkkrriittbbrr„„ss

Gieuif K[ rkprksketitnvk
Gieuìlturkr„ss aakkllffiirriittnnbbee
b` prbault lbgpfnielk wntc ippfnlimfk KKL anrkltnvks iea tck Ebtn`nka Mbay
rk`krkelk eugmkr
-1-
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr =. Gbentbr Bvkrvnkw
=.9 Netrbaultnbe
=.9.9 \lbpk b` Ippfnlitnbe
Qcns gbentbr ns suntimfk `br mkasnak gbentbrneh b` iaufts iea pkanitrnl. Qcns gbentbr
keimfks KLH, rkspnritnbe (]K\_), pufsk ritk (_]), mfbba bxyhke situritnbe (\_B=),
ebenevisnvk
mfbba prkssurk (ENM_), iea tkgpkriturk (QKG_) gbentbrneh. Nt ns kqunppka wntc i
rkpfilkimfk munft-ne mittkry tb prbvnak lbevkenkelk `br tck pitnket gbvkgket ne cbspntif.
=.9.= Lbetrineanlitnbes
Ebek.
=.9.< Lbgpbsntnbe iea \trulturk
Qck gbentbr lbesnsts b` gistkr uent, anspfiy, KLH limfk, \pB= prbmk, mfbba bxyhke lu``,
tkgpkriturk prbmk, iea munft-ne fntcnug mittkry.
-; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=.= Gistkr [ent
=.=.9 @rbet Pnkw
@nh. =-9 @rbet Pnkw (Pkeus)
@nh. =-= @rbet Pnkw (Qiurus/_nslks/Pnrhb)
-0-
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
9. Lbgpiey fbhb
=. Ifirg
neanlitbr
Qck ifirg neanlitbr neanlitks tck fkvkfs b` pcysnbfbhnlif ifirgs iea tklcenlif
ifirgs ne an``krket lbfbrs iea `fiscneh `rkqukelnks:
 Cnhc: rka, ìst `fiscks
 Gkanug: ykffbw, sfbw `fiscks

 Fbw: ykffbw, fnt wntcbut `fiscneh.
<. Anspfiy
1. _bwkr be / b`` muttbe
 _bwkr be: Xcke tck gbentbr cis mkke lbeekltka tb IL pbwkr suppfy, prkss
tcns dky tb ture be tck gbentbr.
 _bwkr b``: Ne pbwkr be stitk, prkss iea cbfa tcns dky `br twb sklbeas tb ture b``
tck gbentbr.
 Qck dky netkhritks neanlitbr, wcnlc ns fnt wcke tck gbentbr ns tureka be iea b``
wcke tck gbentbr ns tureka b``.
;. IL pbwkr neanlitbr
 Be: Qck gbentbr cis mkke lbeekltka tb IL pbwkr.
 B``: Qck gbentbr cis ebt mkke lbeekltka tb IL pbwkr.
0. Mittkry neanlitbr
 Be: Qck mittkry ns mkneh lcirhka br cis mkke ùffy lcirhka.
 B``: Qck mittkry cis ebt mkke nestiffka, br tck mittkry cis mkke nestiffka mut tck
IL
pbwkr ns ebt lbeekltka iea tck gbentbr ns ebt tureka be.
 @fiscneh: Qck gbentbr ns mkneh pbwkrka my tck mittkry.
8. \nfkelk dky: _rkss tcns dky tb ture b``/rksugk tck ifirg sbuea b` tck systkg.

3. ENM_ gkisurkgket stirt / stbp dky: prkss tcns dky tb stirt / stbp tck gkisurkgket b`
ebe-nevisnvk mfbba prkssurk.
>. @rkkzk dky: _rkss tcns dky tb `rkkzk / ue`rkkzk tck wivk.
9?. _rnet dky
99. \cuttfk
\cuttfk lie mk uska tb pkr`brg tck `bffbwneh bpkritnbes:
 ]btitk: ]btitk lfbldwnsk br lbuetkrlfbldwnsk tb gbvk tck `blus.
 _rkss: _rkss tck debm tb pkr`brg ie iltnbe, sulc is illkss tb i gkeu br

kxklutk i lbggiea.
-8-
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=.=.= \nak
Pnkw
@nh. =-< \nak Pnkw (Iff
gbakfs) 9. KLH -- KLH limfk netkrìlk
=. \pB= --\ pB= limfk netkrìlk
<. Q9 -- Qkgpkriturk prbmk
netkrìlk 1. Q= -- Qkgpkriturk prbmk
netkrìlk
;. ENM_ -- ENM_ lu``
netkrìlk 0. Gbvimfk cieafk
8. \A lira sfbt
3. @ie butfkt
>. Mittkry lbvkr
-3-
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=.=.< ]kir
Pnkw
@nh. =-1 ]kir Pnkw (Pkeus)
@nh. =-; ]kir Pnkw (Qiurus/_nslks/Pnrhb)
9. \pkidkr
cbfks
=. Iuxnfniry butput netkrìlk (eursk liff, uerkifnzka)

<. [\M netkrìlks (=): Lbeeklt ie kxtkreif stbrihk akvnlk tb uphriak tck gbentbr sb`twirk.
1. Ektwbrd netkrìlk
->-
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
;. \nheif neput iea butput netkrìlk: stieaira AM> netkrìlk, wcnlc lie mk lbeekltka tb tck
_L tb butput aiti br lbeekltka wntc i lbgpitnmfk akvnlk.
0. Anspfiy netkrìlk: Lbeekltka tb i stieaira lbfbr PHI gbentbr `br iuxnfniry anspfiy
iea gbentbrneh. Kxtkreif gbentbr anspfiys tck sigk lbetket is tck gbentbr anspfiy.
8. Kqunpbtketnif tkrgneif: Xcke btckr akvnlks irk uska ne lbejueltnbe wntc tck gbentbr,
ybu scbufa lbeeklt tck kqunpbtketnif tkrgneifs b` btckr akvnlks iea tck gbentbr
wntc wnrks tb kfngneitk tck hrbuea pbtketnif an``krkelk mktwkke an``krket akvnlks iea
kesurk
si`kty.
3. _bwkr lbra rktineneh cbbd
>. Cbbd
9?. @usk
99. IL pbwkr sbldkt
- 9? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=.< \lrkke Anspfiy
Qck gbentbr usks cnhc-rksbfutnbe lbfbr Q@Q FLA, wcnlc lie lfkirfy scbw tck pcysnbfbhnlif
pirigktkrs iea wivks iea btckr ne`brgitnbe b` pitnkets iea prbvnak pitnket ne`brgitnbe,
ifirg ne`brgitnbe, lfbld, gbentbr stitus iea btckr tnps. Qck `nhurk mkfbw ns tck stieaira
netkrìlk (akgb gbak) b` tck gbentbr ne tck ebrgif gbentbrneh stitk.
Qck slrkke b` tck stieaira netkrìlk ns anvnaka netb `bur irkis: 9.Ne`b irki, =._irigktkr irki,
<.Xivk irki, 1.Ne`b tnp irki, ;.\girt cbtdky irki.
@nh. =-0 \tieaira Netkrìlk (Akgb Gbak)
9. Netrbaultnbe b` ne`b irki (9)

Qck ne`b irki nelfuaks pitnket ne`brgitnbe, ifirg stitus nlbe, pcysnbfbhnlif ifirgs iea
tklcenlif ifirgs `rbg fk`t tb rnhct.
=. Netrbaultnbe b` pirigktkr irki (=)
Nt lbesnsts b` sgiff pirigktkr irkis, wcnlc scbw tck lbrrkspbeaneh pirigktkr
gkisurkgket vifuk iea lurrket uppkr iea fbwkr ifirg fngnts b` kilc pirigktkr gbaufk.
Qck pirigktkrs irk scbwe ne `nxka pbsntnbes, tcit ns, `rbg tbp tb mbttbg iea `rbg fk`t
tb rnhct:
 KLH pirigktkr irki
 ENM_ pirigktkr irki
 \_B= iea _] pirigktkr irki
 QKG_ pirigktkr irki
 ]K\_ pirigktkr irki

<. Netrbaultnbe b` wivk irki (<)
- 99 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Nt ginefy anspfiys tck wivks b` pcysnbfbhnlif pirigktkrs, iea uppkr fk`t lbrekr b` kilc
wivk scbws tck wivk eigk.
1. Netrbaultnbe b` ne`b tnp irki (1)
Anspfiy tck lurrket tngk, `rkkzneh ne`brgitnbe, mittkry stitus, ektwbrd stitus, ktl.4 ne
AKGB gbak, nt anspfiys TAKGBW.
;. Netrbaultnbe b` sgirt cbtdky irki (;)
Qck sgirt cbtdky irki scbws tck cbtdkys, wcnlc irk ginefy uska `br sbgk lbggbe
bpkritnbes4 skk =.1 `br aktinfs.
=.1 \girt Cbtdkys
\girt cbtdkys irk sbgk hripcnls cbtdkys anspfiyka it tck mbttbg b` tck gine slrkke b`
tck gbentbr, iea keimfk ybu tb usk lkrtine `kiturks lbevkenketfy.
Qck sgirt cbtdkys it tck mbttbg b` tck gine slrkke irk anvnaka netb `nxka sgirt cbtdkys
iea rkgbvimfk sgirt cbtdkys.
Qckrk irk `nvk `nxka sgirt cbtdkys, b` wcnlc tck eigks br `kiturks irk:
T_iuskW: Ifirg piusk
TFk`tW: \fnak fk`t tb scbw gbrk sgirt cbtdkys
T]nhctW: \fnak rnhct tb scbw gbrk sgirt
cbtdkys TGineW: ]kture tb tck gine netkrìlk
TGkeuW: Gine gkeu
Qckrk irk tke rkgbvimfk sgirt cbtdkys:
T_it.\ktW: _itnket ne`b skttneh dky
TENM_W: ENM_ gkisurkgket stirt / stbp dky
TKvketW: Gieuif kvket
T_rnetW: _rnet dky
- 9= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
T\wntlcW: Netkrìlk swntlc dky
T@rkkzkW: @rkkzk dky
TIfi.\ktW: Ifirg skttneh dky
T\nfkelkW: \nfkelk dky
T]kvnkwW: ]kvnkw dky
TPbf.\ktW: Pbfugk skttneh dky
- 9< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr <. Misnl Bpkritnbe
<.9 Nestiffitnbe
Ebtk
 Qb kesurk ebrgif wbrdneh b` tck gbentbr, rkia tcns lciptkr mk`brk usk, iea
nestiff is rkqunrka.
Xireneh
 Iff ieifbh iea anhntif akvnlks lbeekltka tb tck gbentbr gust mk lkrtn`nka my NKL
stieairas (k.h., NKL 0?>;? Aiti _rblkssneh Kqunpgket \tieaira iea NKL 0?0?9-9
Gkanlif Kqunpgket
\tieaira). @urtckrgbrk, iff lbe`nhuritnbes sciff lbgpfy wntc vifna vkrsnbe b` NKL 0?0?9-9
stieaira. Qck pkrsbeekf lbeekltneh iaantnbeif akvnlks tb tck neput / butput snheif pbrts irk
rkspbesnmfk `br tck lbgpfnielk wntc NKL 0?0?9-9 stieaira. N` tckrk ns iey qukstnbe, pfkisk
lbetilt Ebrtckre.
 N` tck pitnket limfk netkrìlk iea ektwbrd netkrìlk irk lbeekltka wntc guftnpfk akvnlks, tck
tbtif kfkltrnl fkidihk lieebt kxlkka tck iffbwimfk vifuk.
 Qck lbpyrnhct b` tck gbentbr sb`twirk mkfbehs tb Ebrtckre. Xntcbut pkrgnssnbe, iey
brhienzitnbe br neanvnauif sciff ebt netkrpbfitk, lbpy br kxlciehk my iey gkies br `brg.
 Xcke tck gbentbr ns lbgmneka wntc btckr akvnlks, nt gust lbgpfy wntc NKL0?0?9-9, iea
scbufae„t mk lbeekltka wntc guftn-sbldkt wnrk mbira br kxtkesnbe lbra.
<.9.9 [epildneh
Mk`brk uepildneh, pfkisk lckld tck mbx lirkùffy. N` iey aigihk ns `buea, pfkisk lbetilt
tck lirrnkr nggkanitkfy. [epild prbpkrfy, tidk but tck gbentbr iea illkssbrnks
lirkùffy, iea lckld tck illkssbrnks illbraneh tb tck pildneh fnst. Lckld `br iey gklcienlif
aigihk iea n` tck ntkgs irk lbgpfktk. N` tckrk ns iey qukstnbe, pfkisk lbetilt bur sifks
akpirtgket br akifkr.
Ebtk
 _fkisk dkkp tck pildneh mbx iea gitkrnif `br usk ne ùturk triespbrtneh br stbrihk.
<.9.= Kevnrbegketif ]kqunrkgkets
Qck stbrihk, triespbrt iea usk b` tck gbentbr gust gkkt tck `bffbwneh kevnrbegketif
rkqunrkgkets.
Xbrdneh Igmnket ;ℌ~1?ℌ

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E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
kevnrbegket tkgpkriturk riehk
]kfitnvk cugnanty ≡3;%

riehk
Itgbspckrnl 8?d_i~9?0d_i
prkssurk riehk
\uppfy vbftihk\uppfy vbftihk rkqunrkgket_bwkr `rkqukely
i.l.9??P~=1?P ＆ a.l.99.9P
;?Cz/0?Cz
Neput pbwkr 1?PI-0?PI
@usk @[\K Q 99.0I
Qriespbrtitnbe_rkvket skvkrk scbld, vnmritnbe, rine iea sebw spfiscneh aurneh triespbrt.
\tbrihk Qck pildihka gbentbr scbufa mk stbrka ne wkff-vketnfitka rbbg wntc
igmnket tkgpkriturk -=?ℌ~+;;ℌ, rkfitnvk cugnanty fbwkr tcie 9?%->;%,

itgbspckrnl prkssurk ;?d_i~9?0d_i, iea wntcbut lbrrbsnvk hisks.
Qck bpkritneh kevnrbegket b` tck gbentbr scbufa ivbna ebnsk, vnmritnbe, aust, lbrrbsnvk br
`figgimfk iea kxpfbsnvk gitkrnifs. Ne brakr tb iffbw inr `fbwneh sgbbtcfy iea ilcnkvk
hbba ckit anssnpitnbe, it fkist = nelcks (;lg) lfkirielk scbufa mk dkpt irbuea tck akvnlk.
Xcke tck akvnlk ns gbvka `rbg bek kevnrbegket tb iebtckr, tck akvnlk giy civk
lbeakesitnbe auk tb an``krkelks ne tkgpkriturk br cugnanty. Ne tcns lisk, wint uetnf tck
lbeakesitnbe ansippkirs mk`brk usneh tck akvnlk.
Xireneh
 _fkisk kesurk tcit tck akvnlk bpkritks ueakr stnpufitka kevnrbegket, br kfsk
tklcenlif spkln`nlitnbes aklfirka ne tcns Gieuif giy ebt mk gkt, iea nt giy rksuft ne
aigihk tb kqunpgket iea btckr ue`brkskke lbeskqukelks.
<.= Lbeekltneh tb IL _bwkr
Lbeeklt tb IL pbwkr ne tck `bffbwneh stkps:
 Gidk surk tcit tck IL pbwkr suppfy gkkts tck `bffbwneh spkln`nlitnbes: IL 9??P ~
=1?P, ;?/0?Cz.
 [sk tck pbwkr lbra prbvnaka wntc tck gbentbr. _fuh tck pbwkr lbra netb tck
pbwkr lbeekltbr b` tck gbentbr, iea pfuh tck btckr kea b` tck pbwkr lbra netb tck
gines (fbw
vbftihk pbwkr suppfy ektwbrd ìlnfntnks) pbwkr butfkt wntc prbtkltnvk kirtcneh.
- 9; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Ebtk
 Lbeeklt tck pbwkr lbra tb tck akanlitka butfkt ne tck cbspntif.
<.< Qureneh be
<.<.9 Lckldneh tck Gbentbr
 Mk`brk tureneh be, lckld wcktckr tckrk ns gklcienlif aigihk tb tck gbentbr, iea
wcktckr tck kxtkreif limfks iea illkssbrnks irk lbeekltka lbrrkltfy.
 _fuh tck pbwkr lbra netb tck IL pbwkr butfkt. N` usneh mittkry pbwkr, gidk surk tck
mittkry ns ùffy lcirhka.
 Lckld iff tck ùeltnbes rkqunrka `br pitnket gbentbrneh tb gidk surk tcit tck
gbentbr wbrds prbpkrfy.
Xireneh
 N` tck gbentbr ns aigihka, br ìnfs tb wbrd ebrgiffy, ab ebt usk nt `br pitnket gbentbrneh.
_fkisk lbetilt tck ginetkeielk pkrsbeekf br Ebrtckre nggkanitkfy.
<.<.= \tirtneh tck Gbentbr
I`tkr lckldneh tck gbentbr, ybu'ff mk rkiay tb stirt tck gbentbr.
_rkss tck pbwkr swntlc, tck ykffbw iea rka wireneh fnhcts `fisc belk ne ture, iea tck systkg
ketkrs tck prbhrig rkianeh netkrìlk4 tcke tck lbgpiey's FBHB ns scbwe4 `neiffy, tck systkg
gidks i ‖tnld‗ sbuea, tck mbbt slrkke ansippkirs, iea tck systkg ketkrs tck gine netkrìlk.
N` tck ykffbw iea rka wireneh fnhcts `fisc belk ne ture wcke tck akvnlk ns tureka be iea tck
gbentbr gidks i ‖tnld‗ sbuea, tck wireneh systkg b` tck gbentbr lie wbrd ebr giffy.
Ebtks
 N` iey ìtif krrbr bllurs aurneh skf`-tkst, tck systkg wnff ifirg.
 Lckld iff ivinfimfk gbentbrneh ùeltnbes tb kesurk tcit tck gbentbr ùeltnbes prbpkrfy.
 N` tck gbentbr netkhritks i mittkry, lcirhk tck mittkry i`tkr kilc usk tb sklurk su``nlnket
pbwkr.
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<.<.< Lbeekltneh tck \kesbr
Lbeeklt tck rkqunrka skesbr tb tck gbentbr iea tck gbentbrneh pbsntnbe be tck pitnket.
Ebtk
 @br prbpkr lbeekltnbes iea rkfitka rkqunrkgkets `br i virnkty b` skesbrs, skk
Lciptkrs 8-9=.
<.<.1 \tirtneh Gbentbrneh
\tirt gbentbrneh ne tck `bffbwneh stkps:
 Lckld n` tck pitnket limfk iea tck skesbr irk lbeekltka prbpkrfy.
 Lckld n` tck skttnehs b` tck gbentbr irk lbrrklt, sulc is: pitnket litkhbry T_itnket Lit.W
 @br tck aktinfs b` pirigktkr gkisurkgket br gbentbrneh, skk tck ipprbprnitk skltnbe.
<.1 Qureneh b``
_fkisk ture b`` tck gbentbr ne tck `bffbwneh stkps:
 Anslbeeklt tck limfks iea skesbrs lbeekltka tb tck pitnket.
 _rkss iea cbfa tck pbwkr swntlc `br twb sklbeas tb pbp up tck ;skl lbuetabwe
wneabw, iea tck gbentbr tures b`` ne `nvk sklbeas.
Liutnbe
 N` tck gbentbr lieebt mk tureka b`` prbpkrfy br spklnif lisks bllur, ybu lie sngpfy
anslbeeklt tck pbwkr tb `brlk scutabwe. Cbwkvkr, `brlka scutabwe giy liusk aiti fbss,
iea ns ebt rklbggkeaka.
<.; Misnl Bpkritnbe
<.;.9 [sneh tck \cuttfk
\cuttfk lie mk uska tb pkr`brg tck `bffbwneh bpkritnbes:
 ]btitk: ]btitk lfbldwnsk br lbuetkrlfbldwnsk tb gbvk tck `blus.
 _rkss: _rkss tck scuttfk tb pkr`brg ie iltnbe, sulc is illkss tb i gkeu br kxklutk i
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E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
lbggiea.
\cuttfk ns tck gine lbetrbf dky. Be tck netkrìlk br tck gkeu, tck hrkke cnhcfnhctka mbx tcit
gbvks wntc tck debm tureneh ns liffka tck lursbr. My tureneh tck scuttfk, ybu lie pbsntnbe
tck lursbr ne brakr tb pkr`brg tck aksnrka bpkritnbe.
<.;.= [sneh Dkys
Qck gbentbr cis tcrkk typks b` dkys:
 \b`t dkys: Qck pbsntnbe tcit tck lursbr lie stiy be tck netkrìlk, iffbwneh qunld illkss
tb lkrtine gkeus br pkr`brgneh lkrtine iltnbes, nelfuaneh:
 _irigktkr cbtdky: \kfklt i pirigktkr irki iea ketkr tck ipprbprnitk pirigktkr
sktup gkeu.
 Xivk cbtdky: \kfklt i wivk irki iea ketkr tck ipprbprnitk pirigktkr sktup gkeu.
 \girt cbtdky: Qck scbrtlut dkys tcit tck uskr lie bpkritk qunldfy it mbttbg b` tck
slrkke4 skk ‖\girt \cbrtluts‗ `br aktinfs.
 Cira dkys: Qck pcysnlif dkys be tck gbentbr, sulc is tck ifirg snfkelk dky be tck `rbet
piekf.
 _bpup dkys: Gkeu dkys rkfkviet tb tck tisds tcit iutbgitnliffy ippkir ne tck gbentbr
slrkke wcke ekkaka. @br kxigpfk: tck lbe`nrgitnbe dky pbppka up wcke ybu ekka tb
lbe`nrg tck lciehk.
<.;.< [sneh tck Qbulc \lrkke
^bu lie anrkltfy lfnld be tck tbulc slrkke tb qunldfy iea kisnfy illbgpfnsc sbgk bpkritnbes.
<.;.1 [sneh \b`t Dkymbira
Lfnld be tck kant mbx, iea tck systkg wnff anspfiy tck sb`t dkymbira be tck slrkke4 ybu lie
ture tck scuttfk br usk tck tbulc slrkke tb skfklt lciriltkrs bek my bek, iea neput aiti. [sk
tck Mild dky tb akfktk i snehfk lciriltkr4 usk tck Ketkr dky tb lbe`nrg tcit ybu civk `nenscka
ketkrneh iea lfbsk tck sb`t dkymbira.
<.;.; [sneh Gkeu
\kfklt tck TGkeuW dky be tck gbentbr netkrìlk vni tck scuttfk br anrkltfy tck tbulc
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slrkke tb bpke tck TGine GkeuW is scbwe mkfbw. Qcrbuhc tck gine gkeu, ybu lie
lbgpfktk gbst b` tck bpkritnbes iea skttnehs.
@nh. <-9 TGine GkeuW
Qck styfk b` btckr gkeus ns misnliffy sngnfir tb tck TGine GkeuW, iea hkekriffy lbesnsts b`
tck `bffbwneh lbgpbekets:
 Gkeu tntfk: i suggiry b` tck lurrket gkeu.
 Lfbsk gkeu: Lfbsk tck lurrket gkeu, kxnt tck lurrket gkeu br lfbsk tck lurrket
gkeu iea rkture tb tck prkvnbus gkeu.
 Gine anspfiy irki: anspfiy bptnbes, muttbes br prbgpt gkssihks. Qck sygmbf "55"
neanlitks tcit skfkltneh tcns bptnbe lie ketkr tck lbrrkspbeaneh sumgkeu.

Lbe`nrgitnbe dky irki: \bgk gkeus lbetine i lbe`nrgitnbe dky irki tb lbe`nrg tck
gkeu bpkritnbes, nelfuaneh lbe`nrgitnbe iea lielkf dky.
<.0 Bpkritneh Gbak
Qck gbentbr cis = bpkritneh gbaks, b` wcnlc tck akgb gbak ns prbtkltka my i pisswbra.
9. Gbentbrneh gbak (bpkritneh gbak)
Qcns ns tck ainfy bpkritneh gbak b` pitnket gbentbrneh4 ybu lie lciehk sbgk skttnehs
ne illbraielk wntc tck pitnkets, sulc is ifirg fngnts. Cbwkvkr, wcke tck pitnket
ns anslcirhka, tck gbentbr wnff rkstbrk tcksk skttnehs tb akìuft illbraneh tb prk-
skt
lbe`nhuritnbe.
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=. Akgb gbak
Qcns gbak ns prbtkltka my i pisswbra (akìuft: 3333) `br akgbestritnbe purpbsk befy.
 Ketkr tck akgb gbak:
 \kfklt TGkeuW \girt Cbtdky↝TGine GkeuW4
 \kfklt TAkgb 55W ↝ ketkr tck pisswbra iea lbe`nrg, iea tck gbentbr ketkrs
tck akgb gbak.
 Kxnt akgb gbak:
 \kfklt TGkeuW \girt Cbtdky↝TGine GkeuW4
 \kfklt TKxnt Akgb 55W iea tck gbentbr kxnts tck akgb gbak.
Xireneh
 Qck akgb gbak ns ginefy uska tb scbw tck gilcnek pkr`brgielk iea `br uskr
trineneh. Ne iltuif lfnenlif usk, tck akgb ùeltnbe ns prbcnmntka ne brakr tb ivbna
gnstidneh tck anspfiyka wivks iea pirigktkrs is tcbsk b` tck pitnket, tcus i``kltneh
pitnket gbentbrneh, iea akfiyneh anihebsns iea trkitgket.
<.8 Gkisurkgket \ktup
Qcns skltnbe befy akslrnmks tck hkekrif skttnehs b` gkisurneh wivk ne gbentbr gbak4 `br
btckr spkln`nl skttnehs b` kilc pirigktkr, pfkisk rk`kr tb tck ipprbprnitk skltnbe.
Lfnld tck wivk irki b` i pirigktkr tb ketkr tck ipprbprnitk sktup gkeu. Qck sktup gkeu
ak`neks tck spkln`nl wivk sktup b` tck pirigktkr, sulc is wivk hine iea wivk spkka4
ybu giy
skt tck wivks b` an``krket pirigktkrs is ekkaka.
<.3 @rkkzneh Xivks
Ne tck pitnket gbentbrneh prblkss, ybu lie `rkkzk tck wivk be tck slrkke, rkvnkw iea
lirkùffy bmskrvk tck pitnket's lbeantnbe aurneh tcns tngk. @rkkzk / ue`rkkzk tck wivk is
`bffbws:
\kfklt T@rkkzkW ccbtdky tb `rkkzk tck anspfiyka wivk b` tck gbentbr.
- =? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lfnld T@rkkzkW cbtdky ihine tb rrkfkisk tck `rkkzneh stitk.
<.> Btckr Lbggbe \ktup
Qck lbggbe sktup b` tck gbentbr ns tck hkekrif sktup tcit ak`neks cbw tck gbentbr wbrds,
`br kxigpfk: ifirg vbfugk skttneh. Qcky giy i``klt tck sktup b` guftnpfk gkisurkgkets br
anspfiy netkrìlks.
<.>.9 Ak`neneh tck Gbentbr
Xcke nestiff tck gbentbr br lciehk tck usihk bllisnbe, tck gbentbr scbufa mk ak`neka is
`bffbws:
 \kfklt TGkeuW \girt Cbtdky↝TGine GkeuW4
 \kfklt T[skr Ginetkeielk 55W↝ T[skr GinetkeielkW gkeu4
 \kfklt TAkvnlk EigkW: Ketkr akvnlk eigk tcrbuhc tck sb`t dkymbira be tck slrkke.
 \kfklt TAkpirtgketW: Ketkr tck skltbr iea akpirtgket usneh tck akvnlk tcrbuhc
tck sb`t dkymbira be tck slrkke.
 \kfklt TMka Eb.W: Ketkr tck mka eugmkr tcrbuhc tck sb`t dkymbira be tck slrkke.
<.>.= Fiehuihk \ktup
\kt tck gbentbr fiehuihk ne tck `bffbwneh stkps:
 \kfklt TFiehuihkW, iea skfklt tck bptnbe is ekkaka:
 TKehfnscW: Qck netkrìlk fiehuihk b` tck gbentbr ns Kehfnsc.
 T\pienscW: Qck netkrìlk fiehuihk b` tck gbentbr ns \piensc.
 T_^LLDEEW: Qck netkrìlk fiehuihk b` tck gbentbr ns ]ussnie.
 T@rielinsW: Qck netkrìlk fiehuihk b` tck gbentbr ns @rkelc.
 TQurdlkW: Qck netkrìlk fiehuihk b` tck gbentbr ns Qurdnsc.
 TLcnekskW: Qck netkrìlk fiehuihk b` tck gbentbr ns Lcneksk.
 T_brtuhuksW: Qck netkrìlk fiehuihk b` tck gbentbr ns _brtuhuksk.
- =9 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 TAkutslcW: Qck netkrìlk fiehuihk b` tck gbentbr ns Hkrgie.
 T_bfsdnkW: Qck netkrìlk fiehuihk b` tck gbentbr ns _bfnsc.
 T]bgieniW: Qck netkrìlk fiehuihk b` tck gbentbr ns ]bgienie.
 TNtifniW: Qck netkrìlk fiehuihk b` tck gbentbr ns Ntifnie.

<.>.<
Aitk iea Qngk
\kt tck gbentbr tngk ne tck `bffbwneh stkps:
 \kfklt T[skr Ginetkeielk 55W ↝ ketkr T[skr GinetkeielkW gkeu4
 \kfklt TQngk \ktup 55W ↝ ketkr TQngk \ktupW gkeu4
 \kfklt TAitk @brgitW, iea skt tck aitk `brgit ne illbraielk wntc lustbg
 T^^^^-GG-AAW: ^kir - Gbetc - Aiy.
 TGG-AA-^^^^W: Gbetc - Aiy - ^kir.
 TAA-GG-^^^^W: Aiy - Gbetc - ^kir.
 TAitkW: \kt tck ykir, gbetc, iea aiy.

 TQngkW: \kt tck cbur, gneutk iea sklbea.
<.>.1 Pbfugk Lbetrbf

9. Ifirg vbfugk
 \kfklt Pbf.\kt sgirt cbtdky ↝ TPbfugk \ktupW gkeu4
 \kfklt TIfirg PbfW: \kt T^W. ^ ns S~>, S ns tck gnengug vbfugk, iea ^ vifuk pfus
/ gneus 9 wcke tureneh tck scuttfk belk.
=. Dky-prkssneh vbfugk
 \kfklt Pbf.\kt sgirt cbtdky ↝ TPbfugk \ktupW gkeu4
 \kfklt TDky PbfugkW: TEW. E vifuk riehks `rbg ? tb >, pfus / gneus 9 wcke tureneh
tck scuttfk belk, skfklt ? tb ture b`` tck dky-prkssneh tbek, iea skfklt > tb skt tb tck
gixngug vbfugk.
<. Y]\ vbfugk
\kfklt Pbf.\kt sgirt cbtdky ↝ TPbfugk \ktupW gkeu4
\kfklt TY]\ PbfugkW: TGW. G vifuks riehks `rbg ? tb >, pfus / gneus 9 wcke tureneh
tck scuttfk belk, skfklt ? tb ture b`` tck dky-prkssneh tbek, iea skfklt > tb skt tb tck
gixngug vbfugk.
- == -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
<.>.; \kttneh _irigktkr [ent
^bu lie skfklt i prk`krrka uent tcrbuhc tck `bffbwneh bpkritnbes

 \kfklt T[ent \ktup 55W ↝ T[ent \ktupW gkeu4
 \kfklt TCknhctW, iea skfklt tck uent TlgW / TnelcW is ekkaka.
 \kfklt TXknhct [entW, iea skfklt tck uent TdhW / TfmW is ekkaka.
 \kfklt T_rkss.[entW, iea skfklt tck uent TggChW / Td_iW is ekkaka.
 \kfklt TQkgp [entW, iea skfklt tck uent T¿LW / T¿@W is ekkaka.
- =< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 1. _itnket
Ne`brgitnbe Gieihkgket
Lbeeklt tck pitnket tb tck gbentbr, iea tck gbentbr wnff anspfiy iea stbrk tck pcysnbfbhnlif
aiti b` tck pitnket, sb tck pitnket lie mk gbentbrka wntcbut iagnttneh tck pitnket. Cbwkvkr,
iagnttneh tck pitnket lbrrkltfy ns vkry ngpbrtiet.
N` tck gbentbr cis iagnttka tck pitnket, nt ns rklbggkeaka tb bpkritk tck gbentbr tb
anslcirhk tck lurrket pitnket mk`brk lbeekltneh tb (ebt iagnttka) tck ekxt pitnket.
Btckrwnsk, tck aiti b` tck prkvnbus pitnket wnff mk stbrka ne tck aiti b` tck lurrket pitnket.
Xireneh
 Xcktckr tck pitnket ns iagnttka br ebt, tck systkg wnff hnvk i akìuft vifuk tb T_itnket
Lit.W iea T_ilkaW, iea tck uskr gust lbe`nrg tcit tck akìuft vifuk ns ipprbprnitk `br tck
pitnket
mkneh gbentbrka.
 @br pitnkets wntc pilkgidkrs, T_ilkaW gust mk skt tb T^ksW. Btckrwnsk, tck pilneh pufsk wnff
mk trkitka is ebrgif Y]\ wivk hrbup, iea tck systkg ns ueimfk tb aktklt tck ifirg stitus
b` TKLH \nheif wkidW.
 @br pitnkets wntcbut i pilkgidkr, T_ilkaW gust mk skt tb TEbW. Btckrwnsk, tck
systkg ns ueimfk tb aktklt tck irrcytcgnis (nelfuaneh _PLs lbuet) rkfitka tb
vketrnlufir prkgiturk
mkits, iea ìnfs tb pkr`brg \Q skhgket ieifysns.
1.9 _itnket \ktup Gkeu
^bu lie gieihk tck pitnkets tcrbuhc tck T_itnket \ktupW gkeu4 tb ketkr tck T_itnket \
ktupW gkeu, bpkritk is `bffbws:
\kfklt TGkeuW \girt Cbtdky↝ TGine GkeuW4
\kfklt T_itnket \ktup 55W ↝ T_itnket \ktupW gkeu, is scbwe ne @nh. 1-9.
- =1 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
@nh. 1-9 _itnket Ne`b \kttneh
1.= Iagnttneh i _itnket Yunldfy
Iagnt i pitnket qunldfy is `bffbws:
Ne T_itnket \ktupW gkeu, skfklt TYunld IagntW ↝ TXirenehW gkeu ↝ TBDW ↝ TYunld IagntW
gkeu, wcnlc ns scbwe mkfbw:
@nh. 1-= Yunld Iagnttneh Gkeu
 \kfklt T_itnket Lit.W, iea skt tck pitnket litkhbry is ekkaka:
 TIauW: Iaufts.
 T_kaW: _kanitrnl.
- =; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 \kfklt T_ilkaW, iea skt wcktckr tck pitnket wkirs i pilkgidkr illbraneh tb tck
pitnket lbeantnbe:
 T^ksW: Qck pitnket wkirs i liranil pilkgidkr.
 TEbW: Qck pitnket abks ebt wkir i liranil pilkgidkr.
I`tkr skttneh, skfklt TBDW tb sivk tck lurrket sktup4 skfklt TLielkfW iea ab ebt sivk tck
lurrket sktup.
1.< Iagnttneh i _itnket
Qb iagnt i pitnket, bpkritk is `bffbws:
Ne tck T_itnket \ktupW gkeu, skfklt TIagnt _itnketW ↝ TXirenehW ↝ TBDW ↝ T_itnket Ne`bW
gkeu, wcnlc ns scbwe mkfbw:
@nh. 1-< _itnket Ne`b
9. \kfklt T\urEigkW, iea ketkr pitnket„s sureigk tcrbuhc tck sb`t dkymbira.
=. \kfklt TEigkW, iea ketkr pitnket eigk tcrbuhc tck sb`t dkymbira.
<. \kfklt TLiskW, iea ketkr tck lisk eugmkr tcrbuhc tck sb`t dkymbira.
- =0 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
1. \kfklt THkeakrW, iea skt tck pitnket„s hkeakr illbraneh tb tck pitnket lbeantnbe:
 TGifkW: Gifks.
 T@kgifkW: @kgifks.
 TBtckrsW: Btckrs.
;. \kfklt T_itnket Lit.W, iea skt tck pitnket litkhbry is ekkaka:
 TIauW: Iaufts.
 T_kaW: _kanitrnl.
0. \kfklt T_ilkaW, iea skt wcktckr tck pitnket wkirs i pilkgidkr illbraneh tb tck
pitnket lbeantnbe:
 T^ksW: Qck pitnket wkirs i liranil pilkgidkr.
 TEbW: Qck pitnket abks ebt wkir i liranil pilkgidkr.
8. \kfklt TCnhc (lg)W, iea skt tck pitnket„s cknhct vni tck pbp-up dkymbira be tck
slrkke.
3. \kfklt TXknhct (dh)W, iea skt tck pitnket„s wknhct vni tck pbp-up dkymbira be tck
slrkke.
>. \kfklt TMfbba QypkW, iea skt tck pitnket„s mfbba typk:
 TIW: _itnket mfbba typk ns I.
 TMW: _itnket mfbba typk ns M.
 TIMW: _itnket mfbba typk ns IM.
 TBW: _itnket mfbba typk ns B.
 TBtckrsW: Btckr mfbba typk b` tck pitnket.
9?. \kfklt TIagnt aitk (yyyy-gg-aa)W, iea skt tck aitk b` iagnttneh tck pitnket.
99. \kfklt TMnrtcaiy (yyyy-gg-aa)W, iea skt tck mnrtc aitk b` tck pitnket.
I`tkr skttneh, skfklt TBDW tb sivk tck lurrket sktup4 skfklt TLielkfW iea ab ebt sivk tck
lurrket sktup.
1.1 Kantneh _itnket Ne`b
Xcke tck gbentbr cis iagnttka i pitnket, mut tck pitnket ne`brgitnbe ns nelbgpfktk, br
ekkas tb mk lciehka:
\kfklt tck pitnket ne`b irki be tck anspfiy tb pbp up T_itnket Ne`bW gkeu is scbwe ne @nh. 1-<,
iea lbgpfkgket br lciehk tck pitnket ne`b ne tck T_itnket Ne`bW gkeu4 skk 1.= `br
spkln`nl bpkritnbe.
- =8 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
1.; Anslcirhneh i _itnket
Qb anslcirhk i pitnket, bpkritk is `bffbws:
Ne tck T_itnket \ktupW gkeu, skfklt TAnslcirhk _itnketW ↝ TXirenehW ↝ TBDW tb `nensc tck
bpkritnbe b` anslcirhneh i pitnket.
I`tkr tck pitnket ns anslcirhka, iff tck ne`brgitnbe b` tck pitnket stbrka my tck gbentbr wnff
mk lfkirka. Qckrk`brk, anslcirhk tck pitnket befy wcke ekkaka.
- =3 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr ;. [skr Netkrìlk
Qck gbentbr cis `bur wbrdneh netkrìlks, wcnlc irk ‖Ebrgif \lrkke‗, ‖Mnh Eugkrnls‗,
‖KLH 8-Fkia Cif`-\lrkke‗, ‖KLH 8-Fkia @uff-\lrkke‗ iea ‖KLH 9=-Fkia @uff-\lrkke‗.
Qck uskr lie skfklt tck wbrdneh netkrìlk illbraneh tb ekkas, iea hkt an``krket slrkke
ne`brgitnbe. Mkfbw akslrnmks tck wbrdneh netkrìlks.
;.9 \kfkltneh [skr Netkrìlk
\kfklt tck uskr netkrìlk is `bffbws:
 \kfklt T\wntlcW sgirt cbtdky↝T\lrkke \ktupW4
 \kfklt T\lrkke \kfkltW, iea skfklt tck uskr netkrìlk illbraneh tb ekkas:
 TEbrgif \lrkkeW: \tieaira netkrìlk.

 TMnh EugkrnlsW: Mnh `bet netkrìlk.
 TKLH 8-Fkia Cif`-\lrkkeW: KLH 8-fkia cif`-slrkke.
 TKLH 8-Fkia @uff-\lrkkeW: KLH 8-fkia ùff slrkke
 TKLH 9=-Fkia @uff-\lrkkeW: KLH 9=-fkia ùff slrkke(Bptnbeif)
 TBxyL]H \lrkkeW: BxyL]H netkrìlk
 TAyeiQrkea \lrkkeW: AyeiQrkea netkrìlk
- => -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
;.= Netkrìlk Netrbaultnbe
;.=.9 Ebrgif \lrkke
@nh. ;-9 Ebrgif \lrkke
Qck ebrgif slrkke prbvnaks tck pirigktkr wivk mkneh gbentbrka iea tck pirigktkrs
anspfiyka ne tck pirigktkr irki. Qcns ns tck misnl wbrdneh netkrìlk b` tck gbentbr. Qck
netkrìlk anspfiys iff pirigktkrs, twb KLH wivks, bek mfbba bxyhke mneaneh lipilnty slie
wivk, iea bek rkspnritbry wivk.
- <? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
;.=.= Mnh Eugkrnls
@nh. ;-= Mnh Eugkrnls \lrkke

Mnh Eugkrnls slrkke iffbws bmskrvneh btckr pirigktkrs kxlkpt tck mbay tkgpkriturk, bek
KLH wivk, bek rkspnritbry wivk, iea bek mfbba bxyhke mneaneh lipilnty slie wivk.
;.=.< KLH 8-Fkia Cif`-\lrkke
@nh. ;-< KLH 8-Fkia Cif`-\lrkke
- <9 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
KLH 8-Fkia Cif`-\lrkke iffbws bmskrvneh iff pirigktkrs, skvke KLH wivks (N, NN, NNN,
IP], IPF, IP@, P), bek mfbba bxyhke mneaneh lipilnty slie wivk, iea bek rkspnritbry
wivk.
;.=.1 KLH 8-Fkia @uff-\lrkke
@nh. ;-1 KLH 8-Fkia @uff-\lrkke
Qcns netkrìlk iffbws bmskrvneh iff pirigktkrs, iea skvke KLH wivks (N, NN, NNN, IP],
IPF, IP@, P) snguftiekbusfy.
;.=.; KLH 9=-Fkia @uff-\lrkke
@nh. ;-; KLH 9=-Fkia @uff-\lrkke

- <= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Qcns netkrìlk iffbws bmskrvneh iff pirigktkrs, iea twkfvk KLH wivks (N, NN, NNN, IP],
IPF, IP@, P9, P=, P<, P1, P;, P0) snguftiekbusfy.
;.=.0 BxyL]H \lrkke
Qck ]kspnritbry Bxyhkeitnbe hripc slrkke ns scbwe mkfbw
@nh. ;-0 BxyL]H \lrkke
Qck rkspnritbry bxyhkeitnbe anihrig netkrìlk bllupnks tck fbwkr cif` b` tck wivk`brg irki iea
ns lbgpbska b` C] trkea, \pB= trkea, iea lbgprksska rkspnritbry wivk br ]] trkea. Qckrk
irk = cbt dkys mkfbw: trkea tngk fkehtc iea lbgprksska mrkitc / ]] trkea.
9. Qrkea tngk fkehtc
^bu lie skfklt tck fkehtc b` tngk: 9 gneutk, = gneutks, 1 gneutks
=. ]kspnritbry wivk / ]] trkea
^bu lie tbhhfk tck anspfiy b` T]kspnritbry XivkW br T]] QrkeaW
- << -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
;.=.8 AyeiQrkea \
lrkke
Qck AyeiQrkea slrkke ns scbwe mkfbw:
@nh. ;-8 AyeiQrkea \lrkke
Ayeignl scbrt trkeas irk fblitka be tck rnhct snak b` tck wivk`brg irki, scbwneh trkeas `br i
riehk b` pirigktkrs bvkr tck gbst rklket pkrnba. Qck tbp b` kilc trkea hripc scbws tck trkea b`
tck pirigktkr eigk, tck rnhct scbws tck slifk, mkfbw scbws tck tngk.
Qck trkea tngk, tck rnhct slifk, tck pirigktkr eigk lie mk lciehka gieuiffy: skfklt iey pirigktkr
trkea irki, skfklt , 〟Qrkea Qngk〙, 〟\tieaira 〙 iea 〟]k`krkelk〙 ne tck 〟\cbrt
〟_irigktkr〙
Qrkea \kttneh〙 gkeu. TGixngug vifukW.
Qck rkspnritbry bxyhkeitnbe anihrig netkrìlk bllupnks tck fbwkr cif` b` tck wivk`brg irki iea
ns lbgpbska b` C] trkea, \pB= trkea, iea lbgprksska rkspnritbry wivk br ]] trkea. Qckrk irk =
cbt dkys mkfbw: trkea tngk fkehtc iea lbgprksska mrkitc / ]] trkea.
9. Qrkea tngk fkehtc
^bu lie skfklt tck fkehtc b` tngk: 9 gneutk, = gneutks, iea 1 gneutks
=. ]kspnritbry wivk / ]] trkea
^bu lie tbhhfk tck anspfiy b` T]kspnritbry XivkW br T]] QrkeaW
- <1 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 0. Ifirg
Ifirg gkies tcit tck gbentbr prbgpts tck gkanlif sti`` tcrbuhc sbuea iea fnhct wcke tck
pitnket mkneh gbentbrka cis imebrgif lciehks ne vntif snhes br tck gbentbr cis i ìnfurk
iea ueimfk tb gbentbr tck pitnket sullkssùffy.
Xireneh
 Ne iey snehfk rkhnbe (k.h. NL[), nt cis pbtketnif aiehkrs n` tck sigk br sngnfir akvnlks
usk an``krket ifirg sktups.
Ebtk
 I`tkr skttneh, tck ifirg iea btckr pirigktkrs b` tck gbentbr wbe„t mk fbst wcke tck systkg
pbwkr ns lut b``, uefkss gban`nka gieuiffy4 lbeeklt tck pbwkr ihine (kxtkreif iea
netkreif) iea ture be tck gbentbr, nt wnff rksugk ebrgif wbrdneh, iea tck ifirg iea btckr
pirigktkrs rkgine uelciehka.
0.9 Ifirg Qypk
Illbraneh tb tck eiturk b` tck ifirg, tck ifirgs b` tck gbentbr lie mk anvnaka netb
pcysnbfbhnlif ifirgs, tklcenlif ifirgs iea prbgpt gkssihks.
 _cysnbfbhnlif ifirgs
I pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg ns usuiffy trnhhkrka wcke i pcysnbfbhnlif pirigktkr b` tck
pitnket kxlkkas tck ifirg fngnt br tck pitnket cis pcysnbfbhnlif imebrgifntnks. Qck
ne`brgitnbe b`
pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg ns anspfiyka ne tck pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg irki be tbp b` tck slrkke.
 Qklcenlif ifirgs
Qklcenlif ifirg ns ifsb debwe is i systkg krrbr gkssihk, wcnlc ns liuska my ngprbpkr
bpkritnbe br systkg ìnfurk rksuftneh ne systkg gifùeltnbe br gbentbrneh rksuft anstbrtka.
Qck ne`brgitnbe b` tklcenlif ifirg ns anspfiyka ne tck tklcenlif ifirg irki be tbp b` tck
slrkke.
 _rbgpt gkssihks
\trnltfy spkidneh, tck prbgpt gkssihks irk ebt ifirgs. Qck gbentbr ifsb wnff anspfiy
sbgk ne`brgitnbe issblnitka wntc systkg stitus ne iaantnbe tb tck pcysnbfbhnlif
ifirgs iea
- <; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
tklcenlif ifirgs, iea hkekriffy sulc ne`brgitnbe ab ebt nevbfvk tck pitnket's vntif snhes. Qck
prbgpt gkssihks hkekriffy ippkir ne tck tklcenlif ifirg irki iea pirigktkrs irki.
0.= Ifirg Fkvkf
Illbraneh tb tck skvkrnty b` tck ifirg, tck pcysnbfbhnlif ifirgs b` tck gbentbr lie mk
anvnaka netb cnhc fkvkf, gkanug fkvkf iea fbw fkvkf.
 Cnhc fkvkf ifirgs
Qck pitnket ns ne lrntnlif lbeantnbe tcit ns fn`k-tcrkitkeneh, iea scbufa mk nggkanitkfy
rksluka4 Br tck gbentbr cis i skrnbus gklcienlif ìnfurk br gifùeltnbe, liusneh nt ueimfk
tb aktklt tck
pitnket's lrntnlif stitk iea keaiehkrneh tck pitnket„s fn`k.
 Gkanug fkvkf ifirgs
Qck pitnket's pcysnbfbhnlif snhes irk imebrgif, iea ipprbprnitk gkisurks br trkitgket scbufa
mk tidke nggkanitkfy4
Br iftcbuhc nt wbe„t keaiehkr tck pitnket„s fn`k, tck gklcienlif ìnfurk br gnsbpkritnbe b` tck
gbentbr wnff i``klt tck ebrgif gbentbrneh b` dky pcysnbfbhnlif pirigktkrs.
 Fbw fkvkf ifirgs
Qck pitnket's pcysnbfbhnlif snhes irk imebrgif, iea ipprbprnitk gkisurks br trkitgket giy
ekka tb mk tidke4
Br lkrtine gbentbrneh ùeltnbe ns nevifna auk tb gklcienlif ìnfurk br gnsbpkritnbe, mut nt
wbe„t keaiehkr tck pitnket„s fn`k.
Qck fkvkfs b` iff tklcenlif ifirgs iea sbgk pcysnbfbhnlif ifirgs civk mkke skt ne tck
gbentbr it tck ìltbry iea lieebt mk gban`nka my tck uskr. Qck fkvkfs b` sbgk
pcysnbfbhnlif ifirgs lie mk gban`nka.
0.< Ifirg Gbak
Xcke ie ifirg bllurs, tck gbentbr usks tck `bffbwneh iuanmfk br vnsuif ifirg tb prbgpt tck
uskr:
 Fnhct ifirg
- <0 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 Iuanmfk ifirg
 Ifirg ne`b
 _irigktkr `fiscneh
B` wcnlc, tck fnhct ifirg, iuanmfk ifirg, iea ifirg ne`b anstnehunsc tck ifirg fkvkfs ne i
an``krket gieekr rkspkltnvkfy.
0.<.9 Fnhct Ifirg
Xcke ie ifirg bllurs, tck ifirg neanlitbr wnff `fisc ne an``krket lbfbrs iea `rkqukelnks tb
prbgpt tck ifirg fkvkf.
 Cnhc fkvkf ifirg: ]ka, ìst `fiscks
 Gkanug fkvkf ifirg: ^kffbw, sfbw `fiscks
 Fbw fkvkf ifirg: ^kffbw, fnt wntcbut `fiscneh
0.<.= Iuanmfk Ifirg
Ie iuanmfk ifirg ns tcit tck gbentbr prbgpts tck ifirg fkvkfs wntc an``krket sbuea
lciriltkrnstnls wcke ie ifirg bllurs.
 Cnhc fkvkf ifirg: Mkkp - mkkp - mkkp -- mkkp - mkkp ---- mkkp - mkkp - mkkp -- mkkp - mkkp
 Gkanug fkvkf ifirg: Mkkp - mkkp - mkkp
 Fbw fkvkf ifirg: Mkkp
0.<.< Ifirg Ne`b
Ifirg ne`b rk`krs tb tcit tck pcysnbfbhnlif br tklcenlif ifirg irki b` tck gbentbr wnff
anspfiy tck lbrrkspbeaneh ifirg ne`brgitnbe wcke ie ifirg bllurs. Qck systkg wnff
anstnehunsc tck ifirg fkvkfs wntc an``krket mildhrbuea lbfbrs:
 Cnhc fkvkf ifirg: ]ka
 Gkanug fkvkf ifirg: ^kffbw
 Fbw fkvkf ifirg: ^kffbw
Qck `bffbwneh `fihs ne `rbet b` pcysnbfbhnlif ifirgs irk uska tb anstnehunsc tck ifirg fkvkfs:
 Cnhc fkvkf ifirg: ***
 Gkanug fkvkf ifirg: **
 Fbw fkvkf ifirg: *
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0.<.1 _irigktkr @fiscneh
Xcke i pcysnbfbhnlif pirigktkr b` tck pitnket ifirgs, tck pirigktkr vifuks ne tck pirigktkr
irki wnff `fisc belk pkr sklbea, iea tck uppkr fngnt iea fbwkr fngnt b` tck pirigktkr wnff
ifsb
`fisc it tck sigk `rkqukely, neanlitneh tcit tck pirigktkr kxlkkas tck uppkr fngnt br
fbwkr fngnt.
0.1 Ifirg \titks
Ne iaantnbe tb tck imbvk ifirg gbaks, ybu lie ifsb skt tck gbentbr tb tck `bffbwneh `bur
ifirg stitks is ekkaka, iea anspfiy an``krket ifirg nlbes be tck slrkke:
 Ifirg snfkelk
 Ifirg sbuea b``
 Ifirg piusk
 Ifirg b``
0.1.9 \nfkelk
\kfklt T\nfkelkW sgirt cbtdky, iea ybu lie tkgpbrirnfy ture b`` tck ifirg sbuea b`
lurrketfy bllurrneh pcysnbfbhnlif ifirgs b` tck gbentbr, mut tck ifirg ne`brgitnbe ns stnff
rktineka. @br tklcenlif ifirgs, lfkir tck ifirg stitk, anspfiy ifirg prbgpt ne`brgitnbe befy
iea tck gbentbr ketkrs ifirg snfkelk stitk, iea tck ifirg stitk nlbe irki anspfiys tck nlbe.
Xcke i ekw pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg br tklcenlif ifirg bllurs, tck ifirg snfkelk ns
iutbgitnliffy
lielkfka.
0.1.= Ifirg sbuea b``
Qck ifirg sbuea lie mk tureka b`` tcrbuhc tck `bffbwneh bpkritnbes:
 \kfklt T[skr Ginetkeielk 55W ↝ T[skr GinetkeielkW gkeu4


\kfklt TIfirg _irig 55W ↝ TIfi._iri \ktupW gkeu4
 \kt TGne Ifirg PbfW tb T?W4
- <3 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 \kfklt TPbf.\ktW sgirt cbtdky ↝ TPbfugk \ktupW gkeu4

 \kt TIfirg PbfugkW tb T?W.
Xcke tck ifirg sbuea ns ttureka b``, tck ifirg stitk irki be tck slrkke scbws tck
nlbe. N` TGne Ifirg PbfW ns firhkr tcie ?, tck systkg wnff lielkf ifirg sbuea b`` stitk.
0.1.< Ifirg _iusk
_rkss tck T_iuskW sgirt cbtdky tb tkgpbrirnfy stbp tck ifirg b` tck gbentbr ne tck
`bffbwneh stkps:
 Ifirg stitk nlbe irki wnff anspfiy tck nlbe.
 Qck fnhct ifirg iea iuanmfk ifirg b` tck pcysnbfbhnlif ifirgs irk suspkeaka, iea tck
ifirg ne`brgitnbe ns ebt anspfiyka.
 Qck rkgineneh tngk b` ifirg piusk ns anspfiyka ne tck pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg irki.
 Ifirg pirigktkrs iea uppkr / fbwkr fngnt stbp `fiscneh.

 Qck iuanmfk ifirg iea fnhct ifirg b` tklcenlif ifirgs irk suspkeaka, mut tck
ifirg gkssihk ns stnff anspfiyka.
I`tkr tck ifirg piusk ns `nenscka, tck gbentbr wnff iutbgitnliffy lielkf tck ifirg piusk
stitk. Aurneh tck ifirg piusk, ybu lie ifsb prkss T_iuskW sgirt cbtdky tb gieuiffy
lielkf tck ifirg piusk.
^bu lie skt tck ifirg piusk tngk is `bffbws:
 \kfklt TIfirg _irig 55W ↝ TIfi._iri \ktupW gkeu4
 \kfklt TIfirg _iusk QngkW, iea skt tck ifirg piusk tngk is ekkaka:
 T9gneW / T=gneW / T<gneW / T1gneW / T;gneW / T9?gneW / T9;gneW: \kt tck ifirg
piusk tngk tb 9 gne, = gne, < gne, 1 gne, ; gne, 9? gne br 9; gne. My akìuft,
tck ifirg
piusk tngk ns = gneutks.
 T_krgieketW: \kt tck ifirg piusk tngk tb pkrgieket.
0.1.1 Ifirg b``
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E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Is scbwe ne 0.1.<, n` tck TIfirg _iusk QngkW ns skt tb T_krgieketW, prkss tck T_iuskW
sgirt cbtdky, iea tck gbentbr wnff ture b`` tck ifirg. Ne tcns lisk, kxlkpt tck ifirg
prbgpt lciriltkrnstnls ginetineka ne ifirg piusk stitk:
 Ifirg stitk nlbe irki wnff anspfiy tck nlbe.
 Qck pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg irki anspfiys TIfirg _iuskW.
^bu lie prkss tck T_iuskW sgirt cbtdky ihine tb gieuiffy lielkf tck ifirg b``.
N` tck gbentbr ns ne tck ifirg stitk b` suspkesnbe br lfbsurk b` skenbr tklcenlif ifirg ns
trnhhkrka, tck ifirg iea tck ifirg b`` piusk irk iutbgitnliffy lielkfka.
Xireneh
 Xcke tck ifirg vbfugk ns skt tb ? br tck ifirg piusk tngk ns skt tb pkrgieket, tck gbentbr abks ebt sbuea
ie ifirg wcke ie ifirg bllurs. Qckrk`brk, tck bpkritbr scbufa usk tcns `kiturk lirkùffy.
0.; Ifirg \ktup
0.;.9 \kttneh tck Ifirg \buea
\kk <.>.1 Pbfugk Lbetrbf `br tck gktcba tb skt tck ifirg vbfugk.
0.;.= \kttneh tck Ifirg Akfiy Qngk
@br bvkr-fngnt ifirg b` lbetneubus gkisurkgket pirigktkr, ybu lie skt tck ifirg akfiy
tngk. N` tck ifirg lbeantnbe ansippkirs aurneh tck akfiy pkrnba, tck gbentbr wbe„t
ifirg. Ne TIfi._irig \ktupW gkeu, skfklt TIfirg AkfiyW tngk iea T\Q Ifirg AkfiyW tngk.
Qck spkln`nl bpkritnbe ns is `bffbws:
 \kfklt TIfirg _irig 55W ↝ TIfi._irig \ktupW gkeu4
 \kfklt TIfirg AkfiyW, iea skt tck ifirg akfiy tngk is ekkaka:
 TB``W: Qure b`` tck ifirg akfiy.
 T9sW / T=sW / T<sW / T1sW / T;sW / T0sW / T8sW / T3sW: Ifirg akfiy tngk ns 9 skl,
= skl, < skl, 1 skl, ; skl, 0 skl, 8 skl br 3 skl. My akìuft, tck ifirg akfiy tngk ns 1
sklbeas.
 \kfklt T\Q Ifirg AkfiyW, iea skt tck \Q ifirg akfiy tngk is ekkaka
- 1? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 TB``W: \Q ifirg akfiy ns b``
 T9?sW / T=?sW / T<?sW / T1;sW / T9gneW / T=gneW / T<gneW: \Q ifirg akfiy tngk ns
9? skl, =? skl, <? skl, 1; skl, 9 gne, = gne br < gne. My akìuft, tck \Q ifirg
akfiy tngk ns =? sklbeas.
Qck systkg skts pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg akfiy tngk iea ifsb skts 9~=s akfiy tngk i`tkr tklcenlif
ifirg mkke trnhhkrka. Ebrgiffy tck akfiy tngk ns fngntka tb ;s.
0.;.< \kttneh i _irigktkr Ifirg
Xntc \pB= `br kxigpfk, skfklt tck \pB= pirigktkr irki, skfklt TIfirg \ktup 55W ne tck
pbpup T\pB= \ktupW gkeu tb ketkr tck \pB= ifirg sktup netkrìlk.
9. Qure be / b`` ifirg
 \kfklt TIfirg \wntlcW iea skt tck ifirg swntlc is `bffbws:
 TBeW: Qure be \pB= ifirg4 wcke tck pirigktkr ifirg bllurs, tck gbentbr wnff
prbgpt illbraneh tb tck skt ifirg fkvkf.
 TB@@W: Qure b`` \pB= ifirg4 nlbe ns aanspfiyka ne tck pirigktkr irki, iea tck
gbentbr wbe„t prbgpt tck pirigktkr ifirg.
=. \kt tck ifirg fkvkf
 \kfklt TIfirg FkvkfW, iea skt tck ifirg fkvkf is `bffbws:
 TFbwW: \kt tck ifirg fkvkf tb fbw.
 TGnaW: \kt tck ifirg fkvkf tb gkanug.
 TCnhcW: \kt tck ifirg fkvkf tb cnhc.

<. \kt tck ifirg fngnt
Ne iey lisks, tck ifirg systkg befy iffbws skttneh tck vifuks wntcne tck k``kltnvk riehk b`
tck systkg, iea tck uppkr ifirg fngnt gust mk cnhckr tcie tck fbwkr ifirg fngnt.
 \kfklt T\pb= Fbw FngntW iea skt tck fbwkr fngnt b` \pB= ifirg.
 \kfklt T\pb= Cnhc FngntW iea skt tck uppkr fngnt b` \pB=
ifirg. 1. ]kstbrk akìuft ifirg sktup
 \kfklt TAkìuftW, iea rkstbrk tck ifirg sktup tb tck ìltbry akìuft.
Ebtk
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E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 Xcke skttneh tck uppkr iea fbwkr ifirg fngnt, lbe`nrg tck pitnket litkhbry tb mk iaufts br
pkanitrnl, iea skt nts slbpk illbraneh tb tck lfnenlif ekka. N` tck skttneh kxlkkas tck ifirg
fngnt, tck ifirg systkg wnff ìnf kisnfy.
 Xcke tck ifirg fngnt ns tureka be, iea tck uppkr iea fbwkr ifirg fngnts irk gieuiffy skt, tck
nestrugket wnff anspfiy tck uppkr iea fbwkr ifirg fngnts lbetneubusfy, iea tck nentnif ifirg
prkskt vifuk wbe„t mk prbvnaka iaantnbeiffy.
0.0 Fitlc Ifirg
_cysnbfbhnlif ifirgs lie mk skt tb TFitlcnehW br TEb fitlcnehW.
 TFitlcnehW: Kvke n` tck liusk b` pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg ns lfkirka, tck systkg wnff stnff mk
‖fitlcka‗, tcit ns, lbetneuk tb anspfiy tck ifirg ne`brgitnbe lbrrkspbeaneh tb
pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg, tck ifirg sbuea ifsb lbetneuks, mut tck ifirg gbak cis tck
`bffbwneh lciehks:
 _irigktkrs iea uppkr br fbwkr ifirg fngnt irk eb fbehkr `fiscneh.
 Anspfiy tck tngk tcit tck fitkst ifirg wis trnhhkrka i`tkr tck ifirg gkssihk ne tck
pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg irki.
 TEb fitlcnehW: I`tkr tck liusks b` pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg irk lfkirka, tck systkg wnff
eb fbehkr prbgpt tck pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg.
Qck akìuft ifirg b` tck systkg ns ebe-fitlcneh ifirg4 ybu lie skt tck ifirg is fitlcneh br
ebe-fitlcneh ne tck `bffbwneh stkps:

 \kfklt TIfirg _irig 55W ↝ TIfi._irig \ktupW gkeu4
 \kfklt TFitlcneh IfirgsW, iea skt tck ifirg is ekkaka:
 TFitlcnehW: Fitlcneh ifirg.
 TEb fitlcnehW: Ebe-fitlcneh ifirg.
0.8 Gieuif Kvket
Ne tck pitnket gbentbrneh prblkss, sbgk kvkets giy civk ie ngpilt be tck pitnket,
rksuftneh ne lciehks b` sbgk gbentbrneh wivks br pirigktkrs. Ne brakr tb issnst ne tck
ieifysns b` tcksk
- 1= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
k``klts, ybu lie gieuiffy rklbra tcksk kvkets tcrbuhc tck TKvketW sgirt cbtdky,, iiea
tcke vnkw nt ne tck kvket rkvnkw4 rk`kr tb9<.1 Kvket ]kvnkw `br aktinfka bpkritnbe.
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E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 8. KLH
8.9 Bvkrvnkw
Kfkltrbliranbhrig (KLH) ns prbaulka my tck lbetneubus kfkltrnlif iltnvnty b` tck pitnket's

ckirt, iea anspfiyka wntc wivks iea eugkrnls be tck gbentbr ne brakr tb illuritkfy isskss tck
pcysnbfbhnlif stitk b` tck pitnket it tck tngk. Qck KLH limfk scbufa mk lbeekltka
prbpkrfy, sb is tb bmtine i lbrrklt gkisurkgket vifuk iea ebrgif anspfiy. Qcns gbentbr lie
snguftiekbusfy anspfiy up tb 9=-Fkia KLH wivk`brgs.
_itnket limfk lbesnsts b` twb pirts:
 Xnrks lbeekltka tb tck gbentbr
 KLH akvnlk lbeekltka tb tck pitnket
Lbeeklt tb tck gbentbr wntc `nvk fkia KLH limfk, iea KLH lie anspfiy twb an``krket wivks
my iajustneh tck twb fkias. ^bu lie usk tck scuttfk tb lciehk tck fkia eigk be tck fk`t b`
tck KLH wivk be tck slrkke iea skfklt tck fkia tb mk gbentbrka.
Qck pirigktkrs anspfiyka ne tck pirigktkr irki b` tck gbentbr nelfuak ckirt ritk (C]), \
Q skhgket gkisurkgkets iea irrcytcgni lbuets pkr gneutk.
Iff tcksk pirigktkrs lie mk uska is ifirg pirigktkrs.
Ebtk
 Ne tck ìltbry sktup b` tcns nestrugket, KLH wivks anspfiy ne tck `nrst twb wivks
`rbg tck tbp ne tck wivk irki ne tck ebrgif slrkke.
Xireneh
 Qb gbentbr KLH snheif wntc tcns gbentbr, KLH limfk iea KLH kfkltrbaks spkln`nka ne tck
Bpkritbr„s Gieuif gust mk uska.
 Xcke ybu lbeeklt kfkltrbaks br pitnket limfk, gidk surk tcit tck pitnket ns imsbfutkfy ebt
lbeekltka wntc iey btckr lbeaultnvk pirts br ne lbetilt wntc tck hrbuea. Ne pirtnlufir, gidk
surk tcit iff tck KLH kfkltrbaks, nelfuaneh tck ekutrif kfkltrbaks, irk ittilcka tb tck
pitnket iea prkvket tckg `rbg lbetilt wntc tck lbeaultnvk pirts br hrbuea.
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E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 _krnbanliffy lckld tck sdne tcit tck kfkltrbak ns pfilka it4 n` tckrk ns iey snhe b`
iffkrhy, rkpfilk tck kfkltrbak br lciehk tck pfilkgket pbsntnbe.
 Kfkltrbsurhkry (K\[) akvnlk netkr`krkelk, ak`nmrnffitbr anslcirhk:
 Xcke tck pitnket ekkas ak`nmrnffitnbe, ab ebt usk ebe-ak`nmrnffitbr typk

KLH limfks.
 Aurneh ak`nmrnffitnbe, tck bpkritneh pkrsbeekf sciff ebt tbulc tck pitnket, timfks
iea nestrugket.
 Aurneh ak`nmrnffitnbe, tck KLH limfk lbeekltka wntc tck pitnket„s mbay giy mk
aigihka. Lckld n` tck ùeltnbe ns ebrgif ihine mk`brk usneh tcksk limfks.
 ]klbvkr wntcne 9? sklbeas i`tkr ak`nmrnffitnbe iea wnff ebt fbsk iey stbrka aiti.
Aurneh kfkltrbsurhkry (K\[) br ak`nmrnffitnbe, tck gkisurkgket illurily giy mk

tkgpbrirnfy rkaulka. Qcns abks ebt i``klt tck si`kty b` tck pitnket br tck
nestrugket.
 Ab ebt kxpbsk tcns kqunpgket tb S-riy br strbeh gihektnl `nkfas (G]N).
8.< Gbentbrneh \tkps
8.<.9 _rkpiritnbe
Mk`brk pfilneh tck kfkltrbak, prkpirk tck pitnket's sdne ne tck `bffbwneh stkps:
 \dne prkpiritnbe: \nelk tck sdne ns i pbbr lbeaultbr, nt ns vkry ngpbrtiet tb trkit tck
pitnket's sdne `br kfkltrbak pfilkgket ipprbprnitkfy tb gidk hbba lbetilt mktwkke
tck kfkltrbak iea tck sdne. \kfklt tck `fit pbsntnbe wntc fkss guslfks `br tck
kfkltrbak
pfilkgket, iea rk`kr tb tck gktcba mkfbw `br trkitgket b` tck sdne:
 ]kgbvk tck mbay cinr it tck pbsntnbe `br kfkltrbak pfilkgket.
 Hketfy rum tck sdne it tck pbsntnbe `br kfkltrbak pfilkgket tb rkgbvk akia sdne
lkffs.
 Xisc tck sdne tcbrbuhcfy wntc sbip iea witkr (ab ebt usk ktckr iea purk iflbcbf,
is tcns wnff nelrkisk tck sdne's ngpkaielk).
 Ary tck sdne lbgpfktkfy mk`brk pfilneh tck kfkltrbak.
 Nestiff tck sprneh lfnp br stua prnbr tb tck pfilkgket b` tck kfkltrbaks.
 _filk tck kfkltrbak be tck pitnket.
 Lbeeklt tck KLH limfk iea KLH netkrìlk.
Xireneh
- 1; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 Lckld n` tck fkia ns ebrgif mk`brk gbentbrneh. Xcke tck KLH limfk ns uepfuhhka, tck
slrkke wnff anspfiy TKLH Fkia B``W prbgpt, iea trnhhkr ie iuanmfk iea vnsuif ifirg.
8.<.= \kfkltneh Fkia
 \kfklt tck KLH pirigktkr irki br wivk irki ↝ TKLH \ktupW gkeu4
 \kfklt TBtckr \ktup 55W ↝ TKLH Btckr \ktupW gkeu4

 \kfklt TFkia QypkW, iea skfklt tck KLH fkia is ekkaka:
 T<-FkiaW: <-fkia4 KLH wivk bptnbes: N, NN, NNN.
 T;-FkiaW: ;-fkia4 KLH wivk bptnbes: N, NN, NNN, IP], IPF, IP@, P.
 T9=-FkiaW(Bptnbeif): 9=-fkia4 KLH wivk bptnbes: N, NN, NNN, IP], IPF,

IP@, P9, P=, P<, P1, P;, P0.
8.<.< Fkia Eigk iea Lbrrkspbeaneh Lbfbr

Qck fkia eigks ne Kurbpkie stieaira iea [.\. stieaira irk scbwe ne Qimfk
8 -9. Qimfk 8-9: Fkia Eigk ne Kurbpkie \tieaira iea Igkrnlie \tieaira
Kurbpkie \tieaira (NKL) Igkrnlie \tieaira (ICI)
Fkia Eigk Lbfbr Fkia Eigk Lbfbr
] ]ka ]I Xcntk
F ^kffbw FI Mfild
@ Hrkke FF ]ka
E Mfild ]F Hrkke
L/L9 Xcntk/]ka P/P9 Mrbwe/]ka
L= Xcntk/^kffbw P= Mrbwe/^kffbw
L< Xcntk/Hrkke P< Mrbwe/Hrkke
L1 Xcntk/Mrbwe P1 Mrbwe/Mfuk
L; Xcntk/Mfild P; Mrbwe/Briehk
L0 Xcntk/_urpfk P0 Mrbwe/_urpfk
8.<.1 Nestiffneh Kfkltrbaks

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 <-fkia
Qck kfkltrbak pfilkgket pbsntnbe b` <-fkia ns scbwe ne @nh. 8-9:
 ] kfkltrbak: pfilka mkfbw tck lfivnlfk, ekir tck rnhct scbufakr.
 F kfkltrbak: pfilka mkfbw tck lfivnlfk, ekir tck fk`t scbufakr.
 @ kfkltrbak: pfilka be tck fk`t imabgke.
@nh. 8-9 <-fkia Lbeekltnbe Gktcba
 ;-fkia
Qck kfkltrbak pfilkgket pbsntnbe b` ;-fkia ns scbwe ne @nh. 8-=:
 ] kfkltrbak: pfilka mkfbw tck lfivnlfk, ekir tck rnhct scbufakr.
 F kfkltrbak: pfilka mkfbw tck lfivnlfk, ekir tck fk`t scbufakr.
 E kfkltrbak: pfilka be tck rnhct imabgke.
 @ kfkltrbak: pfilka be tck fk`t imabgke.
 L kfkltrbak: pfilka be tck lckst wiff.
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@nh. 8-= Kurbpkie ;-fkia Lbeekltnbe Gktcba
 @br ;-fkia lbe`nhuritnbe, pfilk tck lckst (P) fkia kfkltrbak ne bek b` tcksk fblitnbes (skk
@nh. 8-<):
 P9 ns ne tck `burtc netkrlbstif be tck rnhct kahk b` tck stkreug.
 P= ns ne tck `burtc netkrlbstif be tck fk`t kahk b` tck stkreug.

 P< ns ne tck gnaafk pbsntnbe b` P= iea P1.
 P1 ns ne tck `n`tc netkrlbstif b` tck fk`t gna-lfivnlufir fnek.
 P; ns ne tck fk`t ietkrnbr ixnffiry fnek, it tck sigk fkvkf b` P1.
 P0 ns ne tck fk`t ixnffiry gnafnek, it tck sigk fkvkf b` P1.
 P<]-P8] ns ne tck rnhct lckst wiff, lbrrkspbeaneh tb tck pbsntnbe b` tck fk`t snak.
 PK ns fblitka be tck xnpcbna prblkss. @br tck ‖P‗ fkia pfilkgket be tck mild,
pfilk tck ‖P‗ kfkltrbak ne bek b` tck `bffbwneh fblitnbes.
 P8 ns ne tck `n`tc netkrlbstif b` tck fk`t pbstkrnbr ixnffiry fnek be tck mild.
 P8] ns ne tck `n`tc netkrlbstif b` tck rnhct pbstkrnbr ixnffiry fnek be tck mild.
@nh. 8-< Lckst Fkia Kfkltrbak _filkgket _bsntnbe `br ;-fkia

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 9=-Fkia
9=-fkia KLH irk usneh 9? kfkltrbaks, wcnlc irk pfilka be tck pitnket„s `bur fngms iea
lckst. Qck fngm kfkltrbaks scbufa mk pfilka be tck sb`t sdne iea tck lckst kfkltrbaks pfilka
illbraneh tb tck pcysnlnie„s prk`krkelk. Qck kfkltrbak pfilkgket pbsntnbe b` 9=-fkia ns
scbwe ne @nh. 8-1:
@nh. 8-1 Lckst Fkia Kfkltrbak _filkgket _bsntnbe `br 9=-fkia
Fkia _filkgket `br \urhnlif _itnkets

Qck surhnlif sntk scbufa mk tidke netb lbesnakritnbe wcke pfilneh kfkltrbaks be i surhnlif
pitnket. k.h. `br bpke-lckst surhkry, tck lckst kfkltrbaks lie mk pfilka be tck fitkrif lckst br
mild. Qb rkaulk irtnìlts iea netkr`krkelk `rbg kfkltrbsurhnlif uents, tck fngm kfkltrbaks lie
mk pfilka lfbsk tb tck scbufakrs iea fbwkr imabgke iea tck lckst kfkltrbaks be tck fk`t
snak b` tck gna-lckst. Ab ebt pfilk tck kfkltrbaks be tck uppkr irg. Btckrwnsk, tck KLH
wivk`brg wnff mk vkry sgiff.
Ebtks
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 Qb kesurk pitnket si`kty, iff fkias gust mk lbeekltka tb tck pitnket.
 N` tck kfkltrbaks irk ittilcka lbrrkltfy, mut tck KLH wivk ns ebt illuritk, tcke rkpfilk
tck fkia.
 Netkr`krkelk `rbg uehrbueaka nestrugket ekir tck pitnket iea K\[ netkr`krkelk giy
liusk wivk prbmfkgs.
8.<.; Lckldneh tck _ilkgidneh \titus
Mk`brk KLH gbentbrneh, nt ns vkry ngpbrtiet tb skt tck pilkgidneh stitk b` tck pitnket
prbpkrfy. N` tck pitnket cis i pilkgidkr, skt T_ilkaW tb T^ksW, iea tck nlbe anspfiys ne
tck pitnket ne`brgitnbe irki. Xcke tck systkg aktklts i pilneh snheif, tck ‖┌‗sygmbf wnff mk
girdka ne tck tbp b` tck KLH wivk.
^bu lie lciehk tck pilneh stitk ne tck `bffbwneh gktcba:

\kfklt tck pitnket ne`brgitnbe irki tb pbp up tck T_itnket Ne`bW gkeu4
 \kfklt T^ksW / TEbW `br T_ilkaW is ekkaka, neanlitneh tcit tck pitnket wntc br wntcbut
pilkgidkr
8.1 KLH Anspfiy

 KLH wivk anspfiy
Qck gbentbr anspfiys twb KLH wivks be tck ebrgif slrkke. @nh. 8-; mkfbw ns tck gbentbrneh
netkrìlk b` ;-fkia, iea ns `br rk`krkelk purpbsks befy. Qck hripcnls anspfiyka be ybur
gbentbr giy mk sfnhctfy an``krket.
@nh. 8-; KLH Xivk be Ebrgif \lrkke
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Ne iaantnbe, wcke T_ilkaW ns skt tb T^ksW, iea tck pitnket wkirs i pilkgidkr, tck ‖
┌‗sygmbf wnff mk girdka ne tck tbp b` tck KLH wivk.
 KLH pirigktkr anspfiy
Qck KLH pirigktkr irki b` tck gbentbr ne tck ebrgif slrkke ns scbwe ne @nh. 8-0:
@nh. 8-0 KLH _irigktkr ne Ebrgif \lrkke
8.; Ifirg \ktup
\kfklt TIfirg \ktup 55W ↝ TIfirg \ktupW netkrìlk tb skt KLH rkfitka ifirgs4 skk 0.; Ifirg
\ktup `br tck skttneh gktcba.
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8.0 KLH \ktup
Lfnld tck KLH pirigktkr irki br wivk KLH irki tb pbp up tck TKLH \ktupW gkeu, wcnlc
ns is scbwe mkfbw. ^bu lie skt tck KLH tcrbuhc tck TKLH \ktupW gkeu.
@nh. 8-8 TKLH \ktupW Gkeu
 \kfklt TC] \burlkW, iea skt tck ckirt ritk sburlk:
 TIutbW: Iutbgitnliffy skfklt C] sburlk.
 TKLHW: \kfklt KLH gbentbrneh is tck C] sburlk.
 T\_B=W: \kfklt \pB= gbentbrneh is tck C] sburlk.
 \kfklt TLif.LcieekfW iea skfklt ckirt ritk liflufitnbe lcieekf.
\kfklt TKLH9W / TKLH=W tb skt tck anspfiy wivk lcieekf. \kfklt KLH9/KLH=, iea skt
tck eigks b` uppkr KLH wivk iea fbwkr KLH wivk be tck slrkke.
 KLH9/KLH= scbufa ebt mk tck sburlk b` tck sigk wivk.
 \kfklt TKLH9 HineW / TKLH= HineW iea skt tck KLH wivk hine. Xcke tck wivk
ns scbrtkr, nelrkisk tck wivk hine ìltbr ipprbprnitkfy4 wcke tck wivk ns cnhc br
tck pkid lieebt mk anspfiyka, rkaulk tck wivk hine ipprbprnitkfy.
 \kfklt TXivk \pkkaW, iea skt tck wivk spkka.
 \kfklt T@nftkrW, iea skt tck `nftkr gbak:
 TGbentbrW: Gbentbr gbak
 TAnihebstnlW: Anihebstnl gbak
 T\urhkryW: \urhkry gbak

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 T\trbehW: \trbeh `nftkr gbak
 \kfklt TAriw XivkW, iea skt tck wivk ariwneh gktcba is mkfbw:
 T\gbbtcW: \gbbtc
 TFiaakrW: Fiaakr4 akìuft.
 \kfklt T]kfkireW tb fkire irrcytcgni. Ne tck `bffbwneh lisks, ybu ekka tb stirt irrcytcgni
skf`-fkireneh:
 Ne KLH gbentbrneh prblkss, wcke tck pitnket's KLH gbaufk cis firhkr lciehks,
irrcytcgni skf`-fkireneh scbufa mk stirtka belk.
 KLH gbaufk lciehks lbufa liusk wrbeh irrcytcgni ifirg, \Q gkisurkgket
fbst, iea neilluritk ckirt ritk.
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Lciptkr 3. ]ksp
3.9 Bvkrvnkw
Qcbrilnl kfkltrnlif mnbngpkaielk ns i gktcba uska `br gkisurneh tck rkspnritnbe. Xcke tck
pitnket ns mrkitcneh, tck tcbrilnl ngpkaielk mktwkke twb KLH kfkltrbaks lciehks auk tb
tcbrilnl iltnvnty. Qck gbentbr hkekritks i rkspnritbry wivk be tck slrkke my gkisurneh tck
lciehneh ngpkaielk vifuk. Qck gbentbr liflufitks tck rkspnritnbe ritk (]]) illbraneh tb tck
wivk lylfk.
Ebtk
 ]kspnritnbe gbentbrneh abks ebt ippfy tb pitnkets wntc firhk riehk b` iltnvntnks, is tcns
giy fkia tb ìfsk ifirgs.
Xireneh
 Ab ebt usk ietn-kfkltrnl den`k KLH limfk `br rkspnritnbe gbentbrneh.
 ]kspnritnbe gkisurkgket lieebt naketn`y tck ipeki mkliusk nt wnff ifirg n` tck ekxt
rkspnritnbe ns ebt aktkltka ne tck prkaktkrgneka pkrnba i`tkr fist rkspnritnbe, iea
tckrk`brk nt lieebt mk uska `br anihebstnl purpbsk.
3.< _filneh Kfkltrbaks `br ]kspnritnbe Gbentbrneh
\nelk tck sdne ns i pbbr lbeaultbr, nt ns vkry ngpbrtiet tb trkit tck pitnket's sdne `br kfkltrbak
pfilkgket ipprbprnitkfy tb hkt mkttkr rkspnritnbe snheifs. ]k`kr tb 8.<.9.
]kspnritnbe gkisurkgket usks stieaira KLH limfk iea kfkltrbak pfilkgket gktcba. ^bu lie
usk an``krket KLH limfks (<-fkia, ;-fkia). ]kspnritbry snheif ns gkisurka mktwkke twb KLH
kfkltrbaks. N` stieaira KLH kfkltrbak pbsntnbe ns uska, tck twb kfkltrbaks irk ] (rnhct irg)
iea F (fk`t irg) kfkltrbaks b` N fkia br ] (rnhct irg) iea @ (fk`t fkh) kfkltrbak b` NN fkia.
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Ebtk
 @br bptngif rkspnritnbe wivk, ] iea F kfkltrbaks scbufa mk pfilka cbrnzbetiffy n` N fkia ns
skfkltka `br rkspnritnbe gkisurkgket4 ] iea @ kfkltrbaks scbufa mk pfilka anihbeiffy n`
NN fkia ns skfkltka `br rkspnritnbe gkisurkgket.
@nh. 3-9 mkfbw scbws tck pfilkgket b` ;-fkia kfkltrbaks
@nh. 3-9 ;-fkia ]kspnritnbe Kfkltrbak _filkgket
3.<.9 Iajustneh _bsntnbe b` ]kspnritnbe Kfkltrbak
N` ybu wiet tb gkisurk KLH iea rkspnritnbe snguftiekbusfy, ybu giy ekka tb iajust tck
pbsntnbe b` tck twb kfkltrbaks `br rkspnritnbe gkisurkgket. Iajustneh tck stieaira pbsntnbe
b` KLH kfkltrbaks wnff fkia tb lciehks ne tck KLH wivk, iea giy i``klt tck \Q iea
irrcytcgni ieifysns.
3.<.= Liranbgbtnfnty \upkrngpbsneh
Qck k``klt b` liranbgbtnfnty be tck rkspnritbry wivk ns liffka liranbgbtnfnty
supkrngpbsneh. Xcke tck rkspnritnbe kfkltrbaks lbffklt ngpkaielk lciehks liuska my
rcytcgnl mfbba `fbw, tcns wnff cippke. _filneh tck rkspnritnbe kfkltrbaks lbrrkltfy wnff
rkaulk tcns k``klt. Qck fnvkr iea vketrnlfk scbufa ivbna tck lbeekltnbe b` rkspnritnbe
kfkltrbak, sb tcit tck ckirt br
pufsitneh `fbw wbe„t hkekritk irtnìlt.

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3.1 ]ksp Anspfiy
]ksp wivk ns is scbwe ne @nh. 3-=:
@nh. 3-= ]ksp Xivk
]ksp pirigktkrs irk anspfiyka is scbwe ne @nh. 3-<:
@nh. 3-< ]ksp _irigktkr Irki
3.; ]ksp \ktup
Lfnld tck KLH pirigktkr zbek br KLH wivk irki ↝ T]K\_ \ktupW gkeu, wcnlc ns scbwe
mkfbw. ^bu lie skt ]ksp tcrbuhc T]K\_ \ktupW gkeu.
@nh. 3-1 T]K\_ \ktupW Gkeu
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3.;.9 \kttneh Ipeki Qngk
Ipeki ifirg ns i cnhc fkvkf ifirg `br gbentbrneh tck ipeki. Ne T]K\_ \ktupW gkeu, skt
TIpeki AkfiyW tb ie ipprbprnitk vifuk iea skt tck ipeki ifirg tngk. Xcke tck ipeki tngk b`
tck pitnket ns fbehkr tcie tck skt tngk, tck gbentbr wnff trnhhkr ie ifirg. Akìuft ipeki
ifirg tngk ns =?s.
3.;.= Iajustneh Xivk Hine
Ne T]K\_ \ktupW gkeu, skfklt THineW, iea skt tck wivk hine: tck hrkitkr hine, tck cnhckr
wivk igpfntuak.
3.;.< \kttneh \lieeneh \pkka
Ne T]K\_ \ktupW gkeu, skfklt TXivk spkkaW, iea skt tck slieeneh spkka: tck ìstkr
slieeneh spkka, tck sgbbtckr wivk.
3.0 Ifirg \ktup
\kfklt TIfirg \ktup 55W tb ketkr tck TIfirg \ktupW netkrìlk, iea skt tck ]K\_ ifirg4
skk 0.; Ifirg \ktup `br tck skttneh gktcba.
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Lciptkr >. _]
>.9 Bvkrvnkw
Qck gklcienlif iltnvnty b` tck ckirt liusks irtkrnif pufsitnbe, iea _] (pufsk ritk) vifuk lie
mk bmtineka my gkisurneh tcns pufsitnbe. _] vifuk lie mk bmtineka tcrbuhc \
pB= gkisurkgket.
>.= Anspfiy
Qck lbfbr b` _] pirigktkr irki ns sigk is \pB= pirigktkr lbfbr b` _] sburlk, is scbwe ne
@nh. >-9:
@nh. >-9 _] _irigktkr Irki
>.< \kttneh _] \buea
\kfklt \pB= pirigktkr irki br _fktc wivk irki ↝ T\pB= \ktupW gkeu4
\kfklt T_ufsk Pbf.W tb skt T_ufsk Pbf.W tb ?~>, iea pfus / gneus 9 kilc tngk tck scuttfk ns
tureka. \kfklt ? tb ture b`` tck dky-prkssneh tbek, iea skfklt > tb skt tck gixngug vbfugk.
Ebtk
 C] sbuea cis cnhckr prnbrnty tcie _] sbuea4 wcke C] gidks i sbuea, _] wbe„t4 wcke C] sbuea ns ?, _]
lie gidk i sbuea.
>.1 Ifirg \ktup
\kfklt _] pirigktkr irki ↝ T\pB= \ktupW gkeu ↝ TIfirg \ktup 55W tb ketkr tck TIfirg
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\ktupW netkrìlk, iea skt _] ifirg swntlc, ifirg fkvkf iea uppkr/fbwkr ifirg fngnt. \kk
0.; Ifirg \ktup `br aktinfka skttneh gktcba.

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Lciptkr 9?. \pB=
9?.9 Bvkrvnkw
Mfbba bxyhke situritnbe (\pB=) ns tck pkrlketihk b` bxyckgbhfbmne (CmB=) lipilnty mbuea
my bxyhke ne tck mfbba ne tck tbtif ckgbhfbmne (Cm) lipilnty tcit lie mk lbgmneka, tcit ns,
tck lbelketritnbe b` bxyhke ne tck mfbba.
Qck pufsk bxngktkr ns tb mk bpkritka my, br ueakr tck supkrvnsnbe b`, quifn`nka pkrsbeekf
befy. Qck gieuif, illkssbrnks, anrkltnbes `br usk, iff prkliutnbeiry ne`brgitnbe, iea
spkln`nlitnbes scbufa mk rkia mk`brk usk.
Qck prnelnpfk `br gbentbrneh tck pufsk \pB= ns tb `nx tck prbmk `nehkrstiff be tck pitnket„s
`nehkr, usk tck `nehkr is i triespirket lbetinekr `br ckgbhfbmne, usk 00?eg wivkfkehtc rka
fnhct iea 33?eg ekir-ne`rirka fnhct is tck nelnaket fnhct, gixngug butput pbwkr ns <?? gw,
gkisurk tck fnhct triesgnssnbe netkesnty tcrbuhc tck tnssuk mka, iea liflufitk
tck
lbelketritnbe b` ckgbhfbmne iea \pB=.
Qck pissneh fnhcts akpkea be i virnkty b` ìltbrs, gbst b` wcnlc irk lbestiet. Cbwkvkr, bek
b` tcksk ìltbrs, tck irtkrnif mfbba `fbw, lciehks wntc tngk, is nt ns pufsitneh. My
gkisurneh tck fnhct imsbrmka aurneh pufsitneh, nt ns pbssnmfk tb bmtine tck irtkrnif mfbba
\pB=. Aktkltnbe
pufsitnbe lie hnvk i ‖pfktcysgbhripcy‗ wivk iea pufsk ritk
snheif. Qck gine slrkke anspfiys ‖\_B=‗ vifuk iea
‖pfktcysgbhripcy‗ wivk.
Qcns gbentbr ippfnks tb gkisurk \_B= b` iaufts (593 ykirs), pkanitrnl (<? Aiys tb93 ykirs).
Lbetilt \_B= prbmk tb _itnket„s `nehkr tb hkt ‖\_B=‗ vifuk iea ‖pfktcysgbhripcy‗ wivk
\_B= ùeltnbe b` tcns gbentbr cis mkke lifnmritka ne ìltbry.
9?.= \i`kty Ne`brgitnbe
Xireneh
 _fkisk usk \pB= skesbr spkln`nka ne tcns Gieuif, bpkritk ne illbraielk wntc tck Gieuif,
iea bmskrvk iff wirenehs iea prkliutnbes.
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 Mk`brk gbentbrneh, lckld wcktckr tck skesbr limfk ns ebrgif. Xcke \_B= skesbr limfk
ns uepfuhhka `rbg tck sbldkt, tck slrkke wnff anspfiy T\_B=\kesbr B@@W krrbr
gkssihk, iea trnhhkr ie iuanmfk iea vnsuif ifirg snguftiekbusfy.
 N` tck skesbr br skesbr pildihneh cis snhes b` aigihk, ab ebt usk tcns \_B= skesbr4 rkture
nt tb tck gieuìlturkr.
 N` tckrk ns lirmbxyckgbhfbmne, gktckgbhfbmne br ayk anfutka lckgnlif, tck \_B= vifuk
wnff civk akvnitnbe.
 Xcke tck pitnket cis i tkeakely tb cypbxni, usk tck bxngktkr tb ieifyzk mfbba sigpfks
ne brakr tb ùffy hrisp tck pitnket's lbeantnbe.
 Ab ebt put tck skesbr be fngms wntc irtkrnif ault br netrivkebus tumk.
 Ab ebt netkrtwnek kfkltrbsurhnlif kqunpgket limfk wntc tck skesbr limfk.
 Ivbna usneh tck gbentbr iea skesbrs wcnfk usneh tck EG] kqunpgket, ne brakr tb
ivbna skvkrk mures tb tck pitnket is i rksuft b` neaulka lurrkets.
 Aurneh fbeh tngk lbetneubus gbentbrneh b` i pitnket, lckld tck pbsntnbe b` \pB= skesbr
belk kvkry = cburs, iea gbvk prbpkrfy wcke tck sdne lciehks br kvkry `bur cburs. \bgk
pitnkets giy rkqunrk gbrk `rkquket nespkltnbe, sulc is pitnkets wntc pkrùsnbe ansbrakrs
br skesntnvk sdne, mkliusk pkrsnstket iea prbfbehka gbentbrneh giy nelrkisk
ueprkanltimfk sdne lciehks, sulc is iffkrhnks, rkaekss, mfnstkrneh br prkssurk eklrbsns.
 Lirkùffy skfklt \pB= ifirg uppkr fngnt. Cnhc bxyhke fkvkf wnff liusk lrystif-fndk
`nmrbus tnssuk anskisk tb prkgiturk lcnfarke.
Ebtk
 Ab ebt put tck bxyhke prbmk iea mfbba prkssurk lu`` be tck sigk fngm, mkliusk mfbba
`fbw bllfusnbe aurneh mfbba prkssurk gkisurkgket wnff i``klt tck \pB= rkianehs.
 Qcns gbentbr lieebt mk uska tb vkrn`y tck illurily b` \_B= _rbmk iea \_B= gilcnek.
9?.< Gbentbrneh \tkps
9. \kfklt tck ipprbprnitk \pB= skesbr illbraneh tb tck pitnket.
=. Qure be tck gbentbr, iea lbeeklt tck \pB= fkia wnrk tb tck gbentbr.
<. Lfkie tck gkisurkgket sntk, sulc is `nehkr wntc einf

pbfnsc. 1. _ut tck \pB= skesbr prbmk be tck pitnket„s
mbay.
;. \kfklt tck ipprbprnitk ifirg
skttnehs. 0. \tirt gbentbrneh.
Ebtk
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 Qure be tck gbentbr, pfuh ne \_B= prbmk iea lbeeklt pitnket„s `nehkr, gbentbr anspfiys
\_B= wivk,〟\_B= _ufsk \kirlc〙 anspfiyka ne tck tklcenlif ifirg irki uetnf tck gbentbr
gkisurka \_B= vifuk iea pufsk ritk. 〟\_B= \kirlc Qngkbut〙anspfiyka ne tck tklcenlif
ifirg irki uetnf tck gbentbr gkisurka pufsk ritk. Lckld tck skesbr gbuetneh pbsntnbe,
wcktckr tck skesbr ns aigihka br skesbr typk. ]klbeeklt tck skesbr br usk ekw skesbr.
9?.1 Anspfiy
\pB= pirigktkr irki ns scbwe ne @nh. 9?-9.
@nh. 9?-9 \pB= _irigktkr Irki
Gisngb \pB= pirigktkr irki ns scbwe ne @nh. 9?-=.
@nh. 9?-= Gisngb \pB= _irigktkr
9. \pB= uent
=. \pb= ifirg riehk
<. \pB= vifuk
1. _] ifirg riehk
;. _]
vifuk 0.
_N vifuk
8. _N neanlitbr

3. \burlk b` _]
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\pB= wivk ns scbwe ne @nh. 9?-<.
@nh. 9?-< \pB= Xivk
_irigktkrs AAkslrnptnbe
_krùsnbe Neakx (_N): _N ns i vifuk tcit neanlitks irtkrnif pufsk snheif strkehtc is tck pkrlketihk b`
pufsitnfk snheif tb ebe-pufsitnfk snheif. Qck pkrùsnbe neakx iffbws lfnenlnies tb pfilk skesbrs
be bptngif sntks.
9?.; \kttneh \pB=
\kfklt \pB= pirigktkr irki br _fktc wivk irki ↝ T\pB= \ktupW gkeu, wcnlc ns scbwe
mkfbw. ^bu lie skt \pB= tcrbuhc T\pB= \ktupW gkeu.
@nh. 9?-< T\pB= \ktupW Gkeu
9?.;.9 \kttneh Xivk \pkka
 \kfklt TXivk \pkkaW iea skt wivk spkka tb T9=.;gg/sW br T=;gg/sW4 tck ìstkr spkka,
tck sgbbtckr wivk.

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9?.;.= \kttneh Xivk Gbak
 \kfklt TXivk GbakW, iea skt tck wivk ariwneh gbak
 T\lieW: \lie gbak.
 T@nffW: @nff gbak.
9?.;.< \kttneh Ivkrihk Qngk
\pB= vifuks anspfiyka be tck gbentbr irk tck rksufts ivkrihka `rbg tck aiti lbffkltka bvkr
tngk. Qck scbrtkr tck ivkrihk tngk, tck ìstkr tck gbentbr rkspbeas wcke tck pitnket's \pB=
vifuk lciehks, mut tck gkisurkgket illurily ns fbwkr. Lbevkrskfy, tck fbehkr tck ivkrihk
tngk, tck sfbwkr tck gbentbr rkspbeas wcke tck pitnket's \pB= vifuk lciehks, mut tck
gkisurkgket illurily ns cnhckr. Ne gbentbrneh lrntnliffy nff pitnkets, i sgiffkr ivkrihk
tngk ns lbeaulnvk tb tngkfy ieifysns b` tck anskisk.
Qck skttneh gktcba `bffbws:
 \kfklt TIvh.QngkW tb skt tck ivkrihk tngk tb T=sW, T<sW, T1sW, T;sW, T0sW, T8sW br T3sW.
 @br Gisngb \pB= gbaufk, skfklt TIvh.QngkW ne tck T\pB= \ktupW gkeu iea tcke tbhhfk
mktwkke T=-1 sW, T1-0 sW, T3 sW, T9? sW, T9= sW, T91 sW iea T90 sW.
9?.;.1 \kttneh \pB= \kesntnvnty

@br Gisngb \pB= gbaufk, ybu lie skt T\kesntnvntyW tb TEbrgifW br TGixW ne tck T\pB=
\ktupW gkeu. Xcke tck T\kesntnvntyW ns skt tb TGixW, tck pitnket gbentbr ns gbrk
skesntnvk tb gnebr snheifs. Xcke gbentbrneh lrntnliffy nff pitnkets wcbsk pufsitnbes irk
vkry wkid, nt ns strbehfy rklbggkeaka tcit tck skesntnvnty ns skt tb TGixW. Xcke tck
pitnket tkeas tb mk ne gbtnbe, ebnsk br nevifna snheifs giy mk liuska. Ne tcns lisk, nt ns
rklbggkeaka tcit tck skesntnvnty ns skt tb TEbrgifW sb tcit tck netkr`krkelk liuska my
gbtnbe lie mk `nftkrka iea tckrk`brk tck gkisurkgket stimnfnty lie mk kesurka.
9?.0 Gkisurneh Ne`fukelneh @iltbrs
Aurneh bpkritnbe, tck `bffbwneh ìltbrs lie i``klt tck illurily b` \pB= gkisurkgket:
 Cnhc-`rkqukely rianb wivk netkr`krkelk, sulc is netkr`krkelk hkekritka my tck cbst
systkg br netkr`krkelk `rbg kfkltrbsurhkry nestrugket lbeekltka tb tck systkg.


Netrivkebus ayk.
 Qbb `rkquket gbvkgket b` tck pitnket.
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 Kxtkreif fnhct rianitnbe.
 \kesbr ns ngprbpkrfy nestiffka br ngprbpkrfy ne lbetilt wntc tck pitnket.
 \kesbr tkgpkriturk (bptngug tkgpkriturk =3¿L~1=¿L).
 Qck skesbr ns pfilka be fngms wntc mfbba prkssurk lu``, irtkrnif ault br fugke tumk.
 Lbelketritnbe b` ebe-ùeltnbeif ckgbhfbmne sulc is lirmbxyckgbhfbmne (LBCm)

iea gktckgbhfbmne (GktCm).
 \pB= tbb fbw.
 _bbr pkrùsnbe b` tkst sntk.
 \cbld, iekgni, cypbtckrgni, iea tck ippfnlitnbe b` visblbestrnltbr aruhs giy

rkaulk tck irtkrnif mfbba `fbw tb i fkvkf tcit lieebt mk gkisurka.
 Qck gkisurkgket ifsb akpkeas be tck imsbrptnbe b` spkln`nl wivkfkehtcs b` fnhct my
bxyckgbhfbmne iea rkaulka ckgbhfbmne. N` tckrk ns iey btckr sumstielk tcit imsbrms
tck sigk wivkfkehtc, tck gkisurkgket giy civk ìfsk br fbw \_B= vifuks, sulc is:
lirmbe ckgbhfbmne, gktckgbhfbmne, gktcyfkek mfuk, iea neanhb lirgnek.
 \_B= prbmk akslrnmka ne Ieekx ns rklbggkeaka.

 Bpkritneh kevnrbegket fngnt: Bpkritneh tkgpkriturk riehk: ;ｕ 1?ℌ, Cugnanty riehk:
?~3?% (ebe-lbeakesneh), Kfkvitnbe riehk: -;??g~;???g.
9?.8 Ifirg \ktup
Ne T\pB= \ktupW gkeu, skfklt TIfirg \ktup 55W tb ketkr TIfirg \ktupW netkrìlk, iea skt
\_B= ifirg swntlc, ifirg fkvkf, uppkr iea fbwkr ifirg fngnt. \kk 0.; Ifirg \ktup `br
aktinfka skttneh gktcba.
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9?.3 Gisngb Ne`brgitnbe
Gisngb _itkets
 Gisngb _itket ：
 Eb Ngpfnka Fnlkesk

_bsskssnbe br purlcisk b` tcns akvnlk abks ebt lbevky iey kxprkss br ngpfnka fnlkesk tb
usk tck akvnlk wntc ueiutcbrnzka skesbrs br limfks wcnlc wbufa, ifbek, br ne lbgmneitnbe
wntc tcns akvnlk, ìff wntcne tck slbpk b` bek br gbrk b` tck pitkets rkfitneh tb tcns
akvnlk.
 Gisngb \pb= prbault akslrnptnbe
Qck Gisngb gbaufk ns netkeaka tb gbentbr tck _], \pB=, _N b` pitnkets.
_ufsk bxngktry ns i lbetneubus iea ebe-nevisnvk gktcba b` gkisurneh tck fkvkf b` irtkrnif
bxyhke situritnbe ne mfbba. Qck gkisurkgket ns tidke my pfilneh i skesbr be i pitnket,
usuiffy be tck `nehkrtnp `br iaufts, iea tck ciea br `bbt `br ekbeitks. Qck skesbr ns
lbeekltka tb tck pufsk bxngktry nestrugket wntc i pitnket limfk. Qck skesbr lbffklts
snheif aiti `rbg tck
pitnket iea skeas nt tb tck nestrugket. Qck nestrugket anspfiys tck liflufitka aiti ne
tcrkk wiy
9. Is i pkrlket vifuk `br irtkrnif bxyhke situritnbe (\pB=)

=. Is i pufsk ritk (_])
<. Is i pfktcysgbhripcnl wivk`brg
 Gisngb \pb= Bpkritneh prnelnpifs
_ufsk bxngktry ns hbvkreka my tck `bffbwneh prnelnpfks
9. Bxyckgbhfbmne (bxyhkeitka mfbba) iea akbxyckgbhfbmne (ebe-bxyhkeitka mfbba) an``kr
ne tcknr imsbrptnbe b` rka iea ne`rirka fnhct (spkltrbpcbtbgktry).
=. Qck igbuet b` irtkrnif mfbba ne tnssuk lciehks wntc ybur pufsk (pcbtbpfktcysbhripcy).
Qckrk`brk, tck igbuet b` fnhct imsbrmka my tck viryneh quietntnks b` irtkrnif mfbba
lciehks is wkff.
_ufsk Bxngktkr usks i twb-wivkfkehtc pufsitnfk systkg tb anstnehunsc mktwkke
bxyhkeitka iea akbxyhkeitka mfbba. \nheif aiti ns bmtineka my pissneh rka(ra)(00? eg
wivkfkehtc) iea ne`rirka (nr)(>?; eg wivkfkehtc) fnhct tcrbuhc i vislufir mka (`br kxigpfk i
`nehkrtnp, i ciea, i `bbt) iea

gkisurneh lciehks ne fnhct imsbrptnbe aurneh tck pufsitnfk lylfk. Qcns ne`brgitnbe giy mk
uskùf tb lfnenlnies. Qck rianiet pbwkr b` tck fnhct ns ritka it ?.8>gX (gix.). \kk `nhurk
mkfbw. utnfnzks i
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skesbr wntc rka iea ne`rirka fnhct-kgnttneh anbaks (FKAs) tcit piss fnhct tcrbuhc tck sntk tb i
pcbtbanbak (pcbtbaktkltbr).Qck pcbtbaktkltbr rklknvks tck fnhct, lbevkrts nt netb ie
kfkltrbenl snheif iea skeas nt `br liflufitk.
Belk rklknvks tck snheif `rbg tck skesbr, nt utnfnzks Gisngb \KQ snheif kxtriltnbe tklcebfbhy
`br liflufitnbe b` tck pitnket„s ùeltnbeif bxyhke situritnbe iea pufsk ritk.
Xireneh
 Is wntc iff gkanlif kqunpgket, lirkùffy rbutk pitnket limfneh tb rkaulk tck pbssnmnfnty b`
pitnket ketiehfkgket br striehufitnbe.
 Ab ebt pfilk tck pufsk bxngktkr br illkssbrnks ne iey pbsntnbe tcit gnhct liusk nt tb ìff
be tck pitnket.
 Ab ebt stirt br bpkritk tck pufsk bxngktkr uefkss tck sktup wis vkrn`nka tb mk lbrrklt.
 Ab ebt usk tck pufsk bxngktkr aurneh gihektnl rksbeielk ngihneh (G]N) br ne ie
G]N kevnrbegket.
 Ab ebt usk tck pufsk bxngktkr n` nt ippkirs br ns suspkltka tb mk aigihka.
 Kxpfbsnbe cizira: Ab ebt usk tck pufsk bxngktkr ne tck prkskelk b` `figgimfk iekstcktnls br
btckr `figgimfk sumstielk ne lbgmneitnbe wntc inr, bxyhke-kernlcka kevnrbegkets, br
entrbus bxnak.
 Qb kesurk si`kty, ivbna stildneh guftnpfk akvnlks br pfilneh ieytcneh be tck akvnlk aurneh
bpkritnbe.
 Qb prbtklt ihinest nejury, `bffbw tck anrkltnbes mkfbw:
 Ivbna pfilneh tck akvnlk be surìlks wntc vnsnmfk fnquna spnffs.
 Ab ebt sbid br nggkrsk tck akvnlk ne fnqunas.
 Ab ebt ittkgpt tb stkrnfnzk tck akvnlk.
 [sk lfkieneh sbfutnbes befy is nestrultka ne tcns bpkritbr's gieuif.
 Ab ebt ittkgpt tb lfkie tck akvnlk wcnfk gbentbrneh i pitnket.
 Qb prbtklt `rbg kfkltrnl scbld, ifwiys rkgbvk tck skesbr iea lbgpfktkfy anslbeeklt tck
pufsk bxngktkr mk`brk mitcneh tck pitnket.
 N` iey gkisurkgket skkgs qukstnbeimfk, `nrst lckld tck pitnket„s vntif snhes my iftkreitk
gkies iea tcke lckld tck pufsk bxngktkr `br prbpkr ùeltnbeneh.
 Neilluritk \pB= rkianehs giy mk liuska my:
 Ngprbpkr skesbr ippfnlitnbe iea pfilkgket

 Kfkvitka fkvkfs b` LBCm br GktCm: Cnhc fkvkfs b` LBCm br GktCm giy bllur wntc i
skkgnehfy ebrgif \pB=. Xcke kfkvitka fkvkfs b` LBCm br GktCm irk suspkltka, fimbritbry
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ieifysns (LB-Bxngktry) b` i mfbba sigpfk scbufa mk pkr`brgka.

 Kfkvitka fkvkfs b` mnfnrumne
 Kfkvitka fkvkfs b` aysckgbhfbmne
 Pisbspistnl anskisk, sulc is ]iyeiua„s, iea pkrnpckrif vislufir anskisk
 Ckgbhfbmnebpitcnks iea syetcksns ansbrakrs sulc is tcifisskgnis, Cm s, Cm l,
snldfk lkff, ktl.
 Cypblipenl br cypkrlipenl lbeantnbes

 \kvkrk iekgni
 Pkry fbw irtkrnif pkrùsnbe
 Kxtrkgk gbtnbe irtnìlt
 Imebrgif vkebus pufsitnbe br vkebus lbestrnltnbe
 \kvkrk visblbestrnltnbe br cypbtckrgni
 Irtkrnif litcktkrs iea netri-ibrtnl miffbbe
 Netrivislufir ayks, sulc is neablyienek hrkke br gktcyfkek mfuk
 Kxtkreiffy ippfnka lbfbrneh iea tkxturk, sulc is einf pbfnsc, ilryfnl einfs, hfnttkr, ktl.
 Mnrtcgird(s), tittbbs, sdne anslbfbritnbes, gbnsturk be sdne, ak`brgka br imebrgif
`nehkrs. ktl.
 \dne lbfbr ansbrakrs
 Netkr`krneh \umstielks: Ayks br iey sumstielk lbetineneh ayks tcit lciehk usuif mfbba
pnhgketitnbe giy liusk krrbekbus rkianehs.
 Qck pufsk bxngktkr scbufa ebt mk uska is tck sbfk misns `br gkanlif aklnsnbes. Nt gust
mk uska ne lbejueltnbe wntc lfnenlif snhes iea sygptbgs.
 Qck pufsk bxngktkr ns ebt ie ipeki gbentbr.
 Qck pufsk bxngktkr giy mk uska aurneh ak`nmrnffitnbe, mut tcns giy i``klt tck illurily
br ivinfimnfnty b` tck pirigktkrs iea gkisurkgkets.
 Qck pufsk bxngktkr giy mk uska aurneh kfkltrbliutkry, mut tcns giy i``klt tck illurily
br ivinfimnfnty b` tck pirigktkrs iea gkisurkgkets.
 Qck pufsk bxngktkr scbufa ebt mk uska `br irrcytcgni ieifysns.
 \pB= ns kgpnrnliffy lifnmritka ne ckiftcy iauft vbfuetkkrs wntc ebrgif
fkvkfs b` lirmbxyckgbhfbmne (LBCm) iea gktckgbhfbmne (GktCm).
 Ab ebt iajust, rkpinr, bpke, ansisskgmfk, br gban`y tck pufsk bxngktkr br illkssbrnks.
Nejury tb pkrsbeekf br kqunpgket aigihk lbufa bllur. ]kture tck pufsk bxngktkr `br
skrvnlneh n`
eklkssiry.
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LI[QNBE:
 Ab ebt pfilk tck pufsk bxngktkr wckrk tck lbetrbfs lie mk lciehka my tck pitnket.
 Kfkltrnlif scbld iea `figgimnfnty cizira: Mk`brk lfkieneh, ifwiys ture b`` tck
akvnlk iea anslbeeklt `rbg iey pbwkr sburlk.
 Xcke pitnkets irk ueakrhbneh pcbtbayeignl tckripy tcky giy mk skesntnvk tb fnhct sburlks.
_ufsk bxngktry giy mk uska befy ueakr lirkùf lfnenlif supkrvnsnbe `br scbrt tngk pkrnbas
tb gnengnzk netkr`krkelk wntc pcbtbayeignl tckripy.
 Ab ebt pfilk tck pufsk bxngktkr be kfkltrnlif kqunpgket tcit giy i``klt tck akvnlk,
prkvketneh nt `rbg wbrdneh prbpkrfy.
 N` \pB= vifuks neanlitk cypbxkgni, i fimbritbry mfbba sigpfk scbufa mk tidke tb lbe`nrg tck
pitnket„s lbeantnbe.
 N` tck Fbw _krùsnbe gkssihk ns `rkquketfy anspfiyka, `nea i mkttkr pkrùska gbentbrneh sntk.
Ne tck netkrng, isskss tck pitnket iea, n` neanlitka, vkrn`y bxyhkeitnbe stitus tcrbuhc btckr
gkies.
 Lciehk tck ippfnlitnbe sntk br rkpfilk tck skesbr iea/br pitnket limfk wcke i ‖]kpfilk skesbr‗
iea/br ‖]kpfilk pitnket limfk‗, br i pkrsnstket pbbr snheif quifnty gkssihk (sulc is ‖Fbw
\NY‗) ns anspfiyka be tck cbst gbentbr. Qcksk gkssihks giy neanlitk tcit pitnket
gbentbrneh tngk ns kxciustka be tck pitnket limfk br skesbr.
 N` usneh pufsk bxngktry aurneh ùff mbay nrrianitnbe, dkkp tck skesbr but b` tck rianitnbe
`nkfa. N` tck skesbr ns kxpbska tb tck rianitnbe, tck rkianeh gnhct mk neilluritk br tck akvnlk
gnhct rkia zkrb `br tck auritnbe b` tck iltnvk nrrianitnbe pkrnba.
 Qb kesurk tcit ifirg fngnts irk ipprbprnitk `br tck pitnket mkneh gbentbrka, lckld tck fngnts
kilc tngk tck pufsk bxngktkr ns uska.
 Pirnitnbe ne gkisurkgkets giy mk prb`buea iea giy mk i``kltka my sigpfneh tklcenquk is

wkff is tck pitnket's pcysnbfbhnlif lbeantnbes. Iey rksufts kxcnmntneh nelbesnstkely wntc
tck
pitnket„s lfnenlif stitus scbufa mk rkpkitka iea/br suppfkgketka wntc iaantnbeif tkst aiti.
Mfbba sigpfks scbufa mk ieifyzka my fimbritbry nestrugkets prnbr tb lfnenlif aklnsnbe
gidneh tb lbgpfktkfy ueakrstiea tck pitnket„s lbeantnbe.
 Ab ebt sumgkrhk tck pufsk bxngktkr ne iey lfkieneh sbfutnbe br ittkgpt tb stkrnfnzk
my iutblfivk, nrrianitnbe, stkig, his, ktcyfkek bxnak br iey btckr gktcba. Qcns wnff
skrnbusfy aigihk tck pufsk bxngktkr.
 Kfkltrnlif \cbld Cizira: Lirry but pkrnbanl tksts tb vkrn`y tcit fkidihk lurrkets b`
pitnket-ippfnka lnrlunts iea tck systkg irk wntcne illkptimfk fngnts is spkln`nka my tck
ippfnlimfk si`kty stieairas. Qck suggitnbe b` fkidihk lurrkets gust mk lckldka iea ne
lbgpfnielk wntc NKL 0?0?9-9 iea [F0?0?9-9. Qck systkg fkidihk lurrket gust mk lckldka
wcke lbeekltneh kxtkreif kqunpgket tb tck systkg. Xcke ie kvket sulc is i lbgpbeket
arbp
b` ipprbxngitkfy 9 gktkr br hrkitkr br i spnffihk b` mfbba br btckr fnqunas bllurs, rktkst

mk`brk ùrtckr usk. Nejury tb pkrsbeekf lbufa bllur.
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 Anspbsif b` prbault - Lbgpfy wntc fblif fiws ne tck anspbsif b` tck akvnlk iea/br nts
illkssbrnks.
 Qb gnengnzk rianb netkr`krkelk, btckr kfkltrnlif kqunpgket tcit kgnts rianb `rkqukely
triesgnssnbes scbufa ebt mk ne lfbsk prbxngnty tb tck pufsk bxngktkr.
 ]kpfilk tck limfk br skesbr wcke i rkpfilk skesbr br wcke i fbw \NY gkssihk ns lbesnstketfy
anspfiyka wcnfk gbentbrneh lbesklutnvk pitnkets i`tkr lbgpfktneh trbumfkscbbtneh stkps
fnstka ne tcns gieuif.
Ebtks
 I ùeltnbeif tkstkr lieebt mk uska tb isskss tck illurily b` tck pufsk bxngktkr.
 Cnhc-netkesnty kxtrkgk fnhcts (sulc is pufsitneh strbmk fnhcts) anrkltka be tck skesbr, giy
ebt iffbw tck pufsk bxngktkr tb bmtine vntif snhe rkianehs.
 Xcke usneh tck Gixngug \kesntnvnty skttneh, pkr`brgielk b` tck "\kesbr B``" aktkltnbe giy
mk lbgprbgnska. N` tck akvnlk ns ne tcns skttneh iea tck skesbr mklbgks ansfbahka `rbg tck
pitnket, tck pbtketnif `br ìfsk rkianehs giy bllur auk tb kevnrbegketif "ebnsk" sulc is
fnhct, vnmritnbe, iea kxlkssnvk inr gbvkgket.
 Ab ebt fbbp tck pitnket limfneh netb i tnhct lbnf br wrip irbuea tck akvnlk, is tcns lie
aigihk tck pitnket limfneh.
 Iaantnbeif ne`brgitnbe spkln`nl tb tck Gisngb skesbrs lbgpitnmfk wntc tck pufsk
bxngktkr, nelfuaneh ne`brgitnbe imbut pirigktkr/gkisurkgket pkr`brgielk aurneh
gbtnbe iea fbw
pkrùsnbe, giy mk `buea ne tck skesbr's anrkltnbes `br usk (A@[).
 Limfks iea skesbrs irk prbvnaka wntc S-Lifℭ tklcebfbhy tb gnengnzk tck rnsd b` neilluritk
rkianehs iea ueietnlnpitka fbss b` pitnket gbentbrneh. ]k`kr tb tck Limfk br \kesbr A@[ `br
tck spkln`nka auritnbe b` tck pitnket gbentbrneh tngk.
- 8? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle

Lciptkr 99. ENM_
99.9 Bvkrvnkw
Qck gbentbr usks bslnffbgktrnl gktcba tb gkisurk ebenevisnvk mfbba prkssurk (ENM_), iea
ippfnks tb iaufts, pkanitrnl.
Qck bslnffbgktrnl gktcba `br gkisurneh mfbba prkssurk ns tb ne`fitk i lu`` wntc i lkrtine
igbuet b` prkssurk uetnf tck irtkrnif mfbba `fbw cis mkke lbgpfktkfy mfbldka. Is prkssurk
aklrkisks, tck irtkrnif mfbba `fbw wnff mk lbgpfktkfy bllfuaka, hriauiffy bpkeka, iea
lbgpfktkfy bpkeka. Qcke, tck pufsitnbe b` tck irtkrnif vislufir wiff wnff hkekritk i scbld
wivk ne tck lu``. \M_, GM_, iea AM_ irk bmtineka my gkisurneh iea ieifyzneh lu``
prkssurk bslnffitnbes wcke ak`fitneh.
 _rbaulk `nrst gbst lfkir snheif - rk`fklt \M_
 Bslnffitnbe igpfntuak rkilcks tck pkid - rk`fklt GI_
 Xcke tck lu`` prkssurk ns suaakefy fbwkrka - rk`fklt AM_
Gkisurneh gbak: gieuif, lylfk, iea lbetneubus. Kilc gbak scbws systbfnl, gkie iea
anistbfnl mfbba prkssurk.
 Gieuif gbak
[sneh Gieuif gbak stirt tb gkisurks my ciea
 Iutbgitnl gbak gkisurks
[sk gieuif gbak tb bpke iutbgitnl gbak, tcke tck gkisurk wnff iutbgitnliffy ture tb
iutbgitnl gbak i`tkr i lkrtine tngk. Aurneh gkisurkgket. Iey krrbr wnff stbp tck lurrket
iutbgitnl gkisurkgket, mut ebt i``klt ekxt iutbgitnl gkisurkgket uefkss tck tngk netkrvif
fkss tcie <?s. N` tck tngk netkrvif fkss tcie <?s, scbufa akfiy tck ekxt iutbgitnl
gkisurkgket, dkkp tck netkrvif gbrk tcie <?s.
Qck tngk netkrvif lie mk lcbske ne iutbgitnl gbak is `bffbw: 9, =, <, 1, ;, 9?, 9;, <?, 0?, >?,
9=?, 93?, =1?, 13? gneutks
 Lbetneubus gbak
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Lcbbsk lbetneubus gbak, ; sklbeas i`tkr lbgpfktk i gkisurkgket stirt tck ekxt
gkisurkgket, lbetneuk ; gneutks tcke stbp. Aurneh gkisurkgket. Iey krrbr wnff stbp
tck lbetneubus gkisurkgket. N` tck `nrst gkisurkgket tngk ns bvkr 1 gneutks iea 1?
sklbeas mut fkss tcie ; gneutks, tck lbetneubus gbak wnff stbp mk`brk ; gneutks, n` tck
`nrst gkisurkgket tngk ns bvkr ; gneutks, tck lbetneubus gbak wnff stbp i`tkr ; gneutks
Xireneh
 Ab ebt lirry but ebe-nevisnvk mfbba prkssurk gkisurkgket be pitnkets wntc snldfk lkff anskisk iea
sdne aigihk br iey kxpkltka aigihk.
 @br pitnkets wntc skvkrk lbihufitnbe ansbrakr, aktkrgnek n` tck iutbgitnl mfbba prkssurk gkisurkgket
ns lirrnka but illbraneh tb tck lfnenlif kvifuitnbe, snelk tck `rnltnbe b` mbay iea lu`` giy prbaulk
ckgitbgi.
 Xcke gkisurneh i lcnfa pitnket, kesurk tcit tck lbrrklt pitnket litkhbry (skk _itnket Ne`b gkeu
skttneh) ns skfkltka ne brakr tb kesurk tcit gixngug lu`` prkssurk abks ebt kxlkka tck gkisurneh
riehk b` tck pitnket (pkanitrnl gbak: =1?ggCh,Ekbeitif Gbak 9;?ggCh). [sneh tck wrbeh pitnket
：
gbak giy keaiehkr tck si`kty b` pitnkets mkliusk cnhckr iauft mfbba prkssurk fkvkf abks ebt ippfy
tb lcnfarke.
 Ab ebt nestiff i lu`` be tck fngms wntc netrivkebus neùsnbe br ault, mkliusk nt giy fkia tb tnssuk
aigihk irbuea tck ault wcke tck lu`` ns ne`fitka iea gidks tck neùsnbe sfbw abwe br mk mfbldka.
 Qck ne`fitimfk tumk lbeekltneh tck mfbba prkssurk lu`` iea tck gbentbr scbufa mk sgbbtc
wntcbut ketiehfkgket.
 @br pitnkets wntc skvkrk tcrbgmbtnl ansbrakrs, aktkrgnek wcktckr tb lirry but iutbgitnl mfbba
prkssurk gkisurkgket illbraneh tb tck lfnenlif sntuitnbes, snelk tck fngm mueafka wntc i lu`` giy
prbaulk ckgitbgi.
 Gkisurk mfbba prkssurk `rkquketfy wnff i``klt tck anstrnmutnbe b` mfbba `fbw, Giy keaiehkr tck si`kty b`
pitnkets.
 Lckld tck pitnket's pcysnbfbhnlif lbeantnbe mk`brk gkisurk mfbba prkssurk, ne brakr tb kesurk tcit fbeh tngk
gkisurk wnff ebt aigihk tck lnrlufitnbe b` pitnkets

 Gistkltbgy pitnkets, usneh ENM_ lu`` tb gkisurk mfbba prkssurk be tck surhkry snak irg.
99.< Gkisurkgket Fngnts
Illbraneh tb tck pitnket's lbeantnbe, tck bslnffbgktrnl gktcba cis sbgk fngntitnbes. Qcns
gkisurkgket ns tb fbbd `br tck rkhufir pufsk wivks hkekritka my irtkrnif prkssurk. N` tck
pitnket's lbeantnbe gidks tcns aktkltnbe gktcba an``nluft, tck gkisurka vifuk mklbgks
uerkfnimfk, iea prkssurk gkisurkgket tngk nelrkisks. Qck uskr scbufa mk iwirk tcit tck
`bffbwneh lbeantnbes giy netkr`krk wntc gkisurkgket gktcba, gidneh tck prkssurk
gkisurkgket uerkfnimfk br kxtkea tck tngk. Ne tcns lisk, tck pitnket's lbeantnbe abks ebt
iffbw gkisurkgket.
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E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 _itnket gbvkgket
N` tck pitnket ns gbvneh, scidneh br lrigpneh, tck gkisurkgket wnff mk uerkfnimfk br kvke
ngpbssnmfk, is tcksk giy netkr`krk wntc tck aktkltnbe b` irtkrnif prkssurk pufsk, iea kxtkea tck
prkssurk gkisurkgket tngk.
 Irrcytcgni
N` tck pitnket scbws irrcytcgni wcnlc rksufts ne nrrkhufir ckirtmkit, tck gkisurkgket wnff
mk uerkfnimfk iea kvke lieebt mk abek, iea tck prkssurk gkisurkgket tngk wnff mk
kxtkeaka.
 [sk b` ie irtn`nlnif ckirt-fueh gilcnek
N` i pitnket ns lbeekltka tb ie irtn`nlnif ckirt-fueh gilcnek, tck gkisurkgket wnff mk
ngpbssnmfk.
 _rkssurk lciehks
N` tck irtkrnif prkssurk pufsk ns mkneh ieifyzka tb bmtine i gkisurka vifuk it i lkrtine tngk
iea tck mfbba prkssurk b` tck pitnket lciehks ripnafy, tck gkisurkgket wnff mk uerkfnimfk
br ngpbssnmfk.
 \kvkrk scbld
N` tck pitnket ns ne skvkrk scbld br cypbtckrgni, tck prkssurk gkisurkgket wnff ebt mk rkfnimfk,
mkliusk tck aklrkisk b` mfbba `fbw tb tck pkrnpckry wbufa liusk aklrkisk ne irtkrnif
pufsitnbe.
 Fngnt ckirt ritk
N` tck ckirt ritk ns mkfbw 1?mpg (mkits / gne) br imbvk =1?mpg (mkits / gne), tck mfbba
prkssurk gkisurkgket ns ngpbssnmfk.
 Bmksk pitnkets
I tcnld fiykr b` ìt irbuea i fngm mfblds tck irtkrnif bslnffitnbe sb tcit nt lieebt rkilc tck
lu``. Qck illurily ns fbwkr tcie ebrgif.
 Kevnrbegketif ]kqunrkgkets
Gkisurk mfbba prkssurk scbufa gkkt tck kevnrbegket riehk is `bffbw: igmnket
cugnanty 9;%ｕ 3?%, eb lbeakesneh, igmnket tkgpkriturk ?ｕ 1;ℌ, iftntuak -;??
g~;???g. ENM_
pkr`brgielk iea gkisurkgket illurily wnff mk i`` kltka mkybea tck riehk.
- 8< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
99.1 Gkisurkgket _rblkaurk
99.1.9 _rkpirneh `br Gkisurkgket
9. Qure be tck gbentbr, iea lckld n` nt wbrds prbpkrfy4
=. Pkrn`y tck pitnket litkhbry, iea gidk lciehks n` ngprbpkr4
<. Lbeeklt tck mfbba prkssurk lu`` kxtkesnbe tumk tb tck gbentbr4
1. \kfklt tck lu`` ne illbraielk wntc tck `bffbwneh gktcba, gidk surk tcit tck lu`` ns
lbgpfktkfy ak`fitka, iea tcke tnk nt tb tck uppkr irg br tcnhc b` tck pitnket.
 Aktkrgnek tck fngm lnrlug`krkelk b` tck pitnket.
 \kfklt tck ipprbprnitk lu`` (girdka wntc ipprbprnitk fngm lnrlug`krkelk). Lu``
wnatc scbufa mk 1?% b` tck fngm lnrlug`krkelk br =/< b` tck uppkr irg fkehtc. Qck
fkehtc b` tck ne`fitka pirt b` tck lu`` scbufa mk su``nlnket `br ;?%~3?% irbuea tck
fngm.
 _filk tck lu`` be tck uppkr irg br tcnhc b` tck pitnket, iea kesurk tcit tck girdneh
π ns fblitka just imbvk tck ipprbprnitk irtkry. Gidk surk tcit tck lu`` abks ebt
wrip tbb tnhct irbuea tck fngm, br nt giy liusk anstif anslbfbritnbe br kvke
nslckgni.
99.1.= _itnket pbsturk rkqunrkgkets aurneh gkisurkgket
9. \nt lbg`brtimfk br fnk abwe rkfix4
=. Eb lrbssneh fkhs
<. Mild iea kfmbw scbufa mk suppbrtka4
1. Qck lketkr b` ENM_ lu`` iea tck rnhct itrnug irk it ne tck sigk fkvkf.
;. ]kgnea pitnkets, eb tifdneh aurneh gkisurkgket iea try tb rkfix.
Ebtk
 N` tckrk ns iey qukstnbe b` gkisurkgket vifuk, pfkisk rkpkit gkisurkgket tcke hkt ivkrihk vifuk, n`
tck ivkrihk vifuk ns ebt lbrrklt, pfkisk lciehk tb gklcienlif mfbba prkssurk gkisurkgket
kqunpgket.
99.1.< \tirtneh / \tbppneh Gkisurkgket
[sk tck muttbes be tck gbentbr piekf br TENM_W sgirt cbtdky be tck anspfiy
tb stirt / stbp tck mfbba prkssurk gkisurkgket.
99.1.1 Lbrrkltneh Gkisurkgket ]ksufts

Qck pbsntnbe b` fngm mfbba prkssurk gkisurkgket scbufa mk ne tck sigk cbrnzbetif
pbsntnbe b` tck pitnket's ckirt. Btckrwnsk, lbrrklt tck gkisurkgket rksufts wntc tck
`bffbwneh
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E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
lbrrkltnbe gktcba:
 N` tck lu`` ns imbvk tck ckirt fkvkf pbsntnbe, nelrkisk ?.8;ggCh (?.9?d_i)
pkr lketngktkr b` hip tb tck gkisurka rksufts.
 N` tck lu`` ns mkfbw tck ckirt fkvkf pbsntnbe, sumtrilt ?.8;ggCh (?.9?d_i) pkr
lketngktkr b` hip `rbg tck gkisurka rksufts.

 N` tck pitnket ns bmksk br lfbtcks irk tbb tcnld, sumtrilt ;ggCh ~ 9?ggCh (?.0;d_i ~
9.<d_i) `rbg tck gkisurka rksufts.
99.; ENM_ Anspfiy
ENM_ gkisurkgket cis eb wivk`brg anspfiy, iea befy anspfiys ENM_ gkisurkgket rksufts
ne tck pirigktkr irki, is scbwe ne @nh. 99-9. Qck `nhurk mkfbw ns `br rk`krkelk befy.
Qck hripcnls anspfiyka be tck gbentbr giy mk sfnhctfy an``krket.
@nh. 99-9 ENM_ _irigktkr Irki
99.0 \kttneh Ne`fitnbe _rkssurk
N` eklkssiry, ybu lie gieuiffy skt tck nentnif lu`` ne`fitnbe prkssurk is `bffbws:
 \kfklt tck ENM_ pirigktkr irki ↝ TENM_ \ktupW gkeu4
 \kfklt T_rk-Ne`f _rkssW, iea skt tck ipprbprnitk lu`` prkssurk vifuk.
99.8 ENM_ ]kskttneh
\kfklt ENM_ pirigktkr irki ↝ TENM_ \ktupW gkeu ↝ \kfklt T]ksktW, iea rkstbrk tck
ne`fitnbe prkssurk b` tck mfbba prkssurk pugp tb lurrketfy lbe`nhurka nentnif skttnehs. Xcke
- 8; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
tck mfbba prkssurk pugp ns ebt wbrdneh prbpkrfy, mut eb wireneh ns hnvke, ybu lie rkskt tck
mfbba prkssurk pugp, iea iutbgitnliffy rkstbrks tck mfbba prkssurk pugp.
99.3 ENM_ Fkidihk Qkst
Qck purpbsk b` fkidihk tkst ns tb aktklt n` tck skifneh b` tck inr pissihk ns ne hbba
lbeantnbe. N` tck fkidihk tkst pissks, tck ENM_ pirigktkr irki anspfiys TFkidihk tkst \
tbppkaW. N` ebt
pisska, tck ENM_ pirigktkr irki anspfiys TLu`` fkidW gkssihk. ENM_ fkidihk tkst sciff mk
it fkist belk kvkry twb ykirs br wcke ybu tcned tcit tck rkianeh ns ebt illuritk.
_rkpirk tck `bffbwneh gitkrnifs mk`brk tck tkst:
 Iauft lu``: bek
 Ne`fitnbe tumk: bek
 Lyfneakr b` ipprbprnitk snzk:
bek Fkidihk tkst prblkss
9. Lbeeklt tck lu`` tb tck ENM_ pbrk b` tck gbentbr
=. Xrip tck lu`` be tck lyfneakr b` ipprbprnitk snzk.
<. \kt tck pitnket litkhbry tb iaufts.
1. \kfklt TGkeuW \girt Cbtdky ↝ TGine GkeuW4
;. \kfklt T[skr Ginetkeielk 55W↝ T[skr GinetkeielkW gkeu4
0. \kfklt TGbaufk Ginetkeielk 55W ↝ TGbaufk GinetkeielkW gkeu4
8. \kfklt TENM_ 55W ↝ TENM_ GinetkeielkW gkeu, iea skfklt TFkid QkstW `br fkidihk
tkst. 3. I`tkr =?s, tck systkg wnff iutbgitnliffy bpke tck mfkkakr vifvk, iea tck fkid tkst
`nenscks.
>. N` tck ENM_ pirigktkr irki anspfiys TFkidihk tkst \tbppkaW, tck systkg abks ebt fkid.
N` nt anspfiys TLu`` fkidW, nt neanlitks tcit tck inr pissihk fkids. It tcns tngk, tck
bpkritbr scbufa lckld n` tck ketnrk lbeekltnbe ns fbbsk, iea tkst `br fkid belk ihine
wcke tck lbeekltnbe ns lbrrklt. N` tckrk ns krrbr prbgpt stnff, pfkisk lbetilt tck
gieuìlturkr `br rkpinr.

@nh. 99-= ENM_ Fkidihk Qkst Lbeekltnbe Anihrig
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99.> ENM_ Lifnmritnbe
[skrs lie ebt lifnmritk ENM_. N` lifnmritnbe ns rkqunrka, pfkisk lbetilt ybur skrvnlk
rkprksketitnvk. Lu`` prkssurk skesbr scbufa mk lckldka iea lifnmritka it fkist belk kvkry twb
ykirs my quifn`nka prb`kssnbeif skrvnlk pkrsbeekf.
99.9? Lfkie iea ansne`kltnbe gktcba b` ENM_ lu``
N` eklkssiry, ENM_ lu`` iea ENM_ kxtkesnbe tumk lie mk lfkieka iea ansne`kltka tbhktckr
wntcbut skpiritka
99.9?.9 Lfkieneh Gktcba:

9. _rkpirk kezygk lfkieneh ihket, anstnffka witkr iea 9?% sbfvket, rkspkltnvkfy ne
an``krket spriy mbttfk.
=. \prnedfk lfkieneh ihket be ENM_ lu``, lbeekltbr iea kxtkesnbe tumk, dkkp 9 gneutks `br
tck ary stines.
<. [sk i sb`t lfbtc tb wnpk sgbbtc ìlk. [sk sb`t cinr mrusc tb mrusc vnsnmfk stine
iea nrrkhufir surìlk
Ebtk
 _fkisk mk kspklniffy lirkùf tb lfkie tck inr miff iea lbetrbf vifvk b` wcbfk inr systkg. Ab ebt
iffbw iey fnquna ketkrneh netb rkvkrsneh vifvk iea situritka vifvk
 Abe„t usk i sb`t lbttbe miff iea `nmkr tb lfkie tcns illkssbry, mkliusk tcky wnff stnld be tck
lu`` iea kxtkesnbe tumk.
99.9?.= Ansne`kltnbe Gktcba

9. \prnedfk mfkilc sbfutnbe (@brgufi: tck prbpbrtnbe b` witkr iea mfkilcneh pbwakr
tb 9:9?) tcke dkkp ; gneutks
=. Xnpk b`` kxlkss mfkilc sbfutnbe iea kfutk wntc anstnffka witkr ihine
<. Eiturif ary lu``
99.99 Ifirg \ktup
Ne TENM_ \ktupW gkeu, skfklt TIfirg \ktup 55W tb ketkr TIfirg \ktupW netkrìlk, iea skt
ENM_ ifirg swntlc, ifirg fkvkf, uppkr iea fbwkr ifirg fngnt. \kk 0.; Ifirg \ktup `br

- 88 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 9=. Qkgp

9=.9 Bvkrvnkw
Qcns gbentbr cis twb tkgpkriturk gkisurkgket lcieekfs4 tck tkgpkriturk skesbr wnff
gkisurk tck mbay tkgpkriturk, iea liflufitk tck an``krkelk mktwkke tck mbay tkgpkriturk
aiti.
9=.= \i`kty Ne`brgitnbe
Xireneh
 Mk`brk gbentbrneh, lckld n` tck prbmk limfk ns ebrgif. [epfuh tck tkgpkriturk prbmk limfk `rbg tck
jild, tck slrkke wnff anspfiy TQKG_9/QKG_= \kesbr B``W prbgpt iea gidk ie ifirg sbuea.
 Lifnmritk tck tkgpkriturk gkisurneh nestrugket it fkist belk kvkry twb ykirs (br illbraneh tb cbspntif
prblkaurks). Xcke lifnmritnbe ns rkqunrka, pfkisk lbetilt tck gieuìlturkr.
9=.< Gkisurkgket \tkps
_fkisk rk`kr tb tck `bffbwneh stkps:
9. Qure be tck gbentbr iea lckld n` nt wbrds ebrgiffy.
=. \kfklt tck ipprbprnitk tkgpkriturk prbmk illbraneh tb tck pitnket litkhbry iea
gkisurkgket ekkas.
<. Neskrt tck prbmk fkia wnrk netb tck tkgpkriturk prbmk
netkrìlk. 1. Ittilc tck prbmk tb tck pitnket prbpkrfy.
;. Gidk surk tcit tck ifirg skttnehs ippfy tb tck pitnket.
9=.1 Gkisurneh ]kqunrkgkets
Qck ebrgif gkisurneh riehk b` mbay tkgpkriturk ns ;~;?¿L, iea tck illurily ns lbesnstket
ne tcns riehk.
Qck kevnrbegketif tkgpkriturk riehk `br mbay tkgpkriturk gkisurneh ns ?~;;¿L, tck
gnengug gkisurneh tngk ns 9s, iea tck gkisurneh netkrvif ns 9s.
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Xireneh
 _fkisk gkisurk tck mbay tkgpkriturk ne tck spkln`nka kevnrbegketif tkgpkriturk riehk, br kfsk nt giy
mk aiehkrbus.
9=.; Qkgp Anspfiy
Qck gbentbr lie anspfiy tck mbay tkgpkriturk b` twb lcieekfs (Q9 iea Q=) iea tck ifirg
fngnts, an``krkelk mktwkke tck twb tkgpkriturk (QA) iea tkgpkriturk uents. \kfklt Qkgp
pirigktkr irki iea bpke tck TQkgp \ktupW gkeu.
Qkgp anspfiy irki ns scbwe mkfbw:
@nh. 9=-9 QKG_ _irigktkr Irki
9=.0 \kfkltneh ]ksnstielk Qypk b` Qkgp _rbmk
\kfklt tck ipprbprnitk TQkgp \kesbrW vifuk illbraneh tb tck iltuif rksnstielk b` tck
tkgpkriturk prbmk mkneh uska. Qck spkln`nl skttneh gktcba `bffbws:
 \kfklt TGkeuW sgirt cbtdky ↝ TGine GkeuW4
 \kfklt T@iltbry GinetkeielkW ↝ Ketkr iea lbe`nrg tck pisswbra ↝ T@iltbry
GinetkeielkW gkeu4
 Ne T@iltbry GinetkeielkW gkeu, skt TQkgp \kesbrW tb
 T9?DW, prbmk rksnstielk ns 9?dή 4
 T=DW, prbmk rksnstielk ns =.=;dή .
Xireneh
 N` tck tkgpkriturk vifuk anspfiyka my tck gbentbr cis snhen`nliet an``krkelk `rbg tck mbay
tkgpkriturk ueakr ebrgif lbeantnbe, pfkisk lckld n` tck prbmk rksnstielk b` tck gbentbr
gitlcks tck rksnstielk skt ne tck gbentbr systkg4 n` ebt, pfkisk rkpfilk i prbmk wntc
ipprbprnitk rksnstielk br iajust tck gbentbr iea skfklt tck ipprbprnitk rksnstielk.
- 8> -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
9=.8 \kttneh Qkgpkriturk [ent
^bu lie ak`nek ybur ìvbrntk tkgpkriturk uent is `bffbws:
 \kfklt QKG_ pirigktkr irki ↝ TQKG_ \ktupW gkeu4


Ne tck TQKG_ \ktupW gkeu, skt T[entW tb T¿LW br T¿@W.
9=.3 Ifirg \ktup
Ne TQKG_ \ktupW gkeu, skfklt TIfirg \ktup 55W tb ketkr TIfirg \ktupW netkrìlk, iea skt
QKG_ ifirg swntlc, ifirg fkvkf, uppkr iea fbwkr ifirg fngnt. \kk 0.; Ifirg \ktup `br
9=.> Yunld Qkgp(Bptnbeif)
9=.>.9 Yunld Qkgpkriturk Anspfiy
\kfklt 〟\ \lrkke \ktup〙gkeu, hb tb〟Gine〙 pihk iea skfklt〟YQQ〙`rbg

wntlc〙Ketkr〟
gine slrkke, is scbwe mkfbw @nh. 9=-=.

@nh. 9<-= \lrkke \ktup Gkeu
- 3? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
YQQ pirigktkr wnff anspfiy ne tck gine slrkke, wcke tckrk ns eb gkisurkgket, tck eugkrnl irki
wnff scbw 〟 -2- 〙＆ i`tkr gkisurkgket my usneh kir tckrgbgktkr, tcns irki wnff anspfiy
gkisurkgket rksuft sigk is kir tckrgbgktkr scbws. Is scbwe mkfbw @nh. 9=-<.
@nh. 9=-< YQQ _irigktkr Irki
\kfklt YQQ pirigktkr irki tb ketkr 〟YQQ \ktup〙gkeu `br uent sktup iea ifirg sktup, is scbwe
mkfbw @nh.9=-1.
@nh. 9=-1 YQQ \ktup
9=.>.=. Illkssbrnks fnst
Lbvkr lip x 9 pl, prbmk lbvkr x 9 pild, prkssurk ansd x 9 pl, mittkry x 9 pl(nesnak b` kir
tckrgbgktkr). Is scbwe mkfbw @nh. 9=-;
- 39 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
@nh. 9=-; Ne`rirka Kir Qckrgbgktkr fnst
Ebtnlk：Xcke lfkie tck akvnlk wntc iflbcbf, pfkisk wint tnff iflbcbf lbgpfktk ary mk`brk
gkisurkgket.
- 3= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 9<. ]kvnkw
Qck gbentbr prbvnaks up tb 9=? cburs trkea aiti rkvnkw b` iff gbentbrneh pirigktkrs,
9??? hrbups b` ENM_ gkisurkgket aiti iea =?? ifirg kvkets. Qck uskr lie skfklt trkea
lcirt br
trkea timfk tb vnkw trkea lciehk4 br vnkw tck fitkst wivk.
9<.9 ]kvnkwneh Qrkea Lcirt
\kfklt T]kvnkwW sgirt cbtdky tb ketkr T]kvnkwW gkeu, iea skfklt THripcnlW tb ketkr tck
`bffbwneh wneabw.
@nh. 9<-9 Qrkea Lcirt
 Ne tck trkea lcirt, usk tck `bffbwneh gktcba tb skfklt tck pirigktkr tb mk rkvnkwka:
 \kfklt tck pirigktkr mbx, rbtitk tck scuttfk tb skfklt tck pirigktkrs tb mk
rkvnkwka, lfnld be tck scuttfk, iea skt tck pirigktkr mbx is tck pirigktkr tb mk
rkvnkwka.
 \kfklt TNetkrvifW, iea skfklt tck bptnbe is ekkaka:
 T9sW: bmskrvk tck trkea b` tck fist cbur it 9skl netkrvif.

- 3< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 T;sW: bmskrvk tck trkea b` tck fist knhct cburs it ;skl netkrvif.
 T9gneW: bmskrvk tck trkea b` tck fist 9=? cbur it 9gne netkrvif.
 T;gneW: bmskrvk tck trkea b` tck fist 9=? cbur it ;gne netkrvif.
 T9?gneW: bmskrvk tck trkea b` tck fist 9=? cbur it 9?gne netkrvif.
 T<?gneW: bmskrvk tck trkea b` tck fist 9=? cbur it <?gne netkrvif.
 T0?gneW: bmskrvk tck trkea b` tck fist 9=? cbur it 0?gne netkrvif.
 Mrbwsk tck trkea lcirt ne tck `bffbwneh gktcba:
 \kfklt iea tb gbvk tck trkea lursbr.
 \kfklt iea
tb ture pihks tb fk`t br rnhct iea gbvk tck trkea lcirt.
 Qck lursbr tbp anspfiys tck lurrket tngk lbrrkspbeaneh tb tck lurrket lursbr
pbsntnbe, iea tck fk`t b` tck trkea lcirt wneabw anspfiys tck pirigktkr vifuks b`
tck tngk, wcnlc wnff lciehk iutbgitnliffy wntc tck gbvk b` trkea lursbr.
9<.= ]kvnkwneh Qrkea Qimfk
\kfklt T]kvnkwW sgirt cbtdky tb ketkr T]kvnkwW gkeu, skfklt TQimufirW iea ketkr tck
`bffbwneh wneabw.
@nh. 9<-= Qrkea Qimfk

- 31 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 \kfklt TNetkrvifW, iea skfklt tck bptnbe is ekkaka:
 T9sW: bmskrvk tck aiti b` tck fist cbur it 9skl netkrvif.
 T;sW: bmskrvk tck aiti b` tck fist knhct cburs it ;skl netkrvif.
 T9gneW: bmskrvk tck aiti b` tck fist 9=? cbur it 9gne netkrvif.
 T;gneW: bmskrvk tck aiti b` tck fist 9=? cbur it ;gne netkrvif.
 T9?gneW: bmskrvk tck aiti b` tck fist 9=? cbur it 9?gne netkrvif.
 T<?gneW: bmskrvk tck aiti b` tck fist 9=? cbur it <?gne netkrvif.
 T0?gneW: bmskrvk tck aiti b` tck fist 9=? cbur it 0?gne netkrvif.
 Mrbwsk tck trkea timfk ne tck `bffbwneh gktcba:
 \kfklt iea tb ture pihks tb fk`t br rnhct iea gbvk tck trkea timfk
tb bmskrvk tck tirhkt pirigktkrs.
 \kfklt iea tb gbvk tck trkea timfk upwira br abwewira
prbhrkssnvkfy iea bmskrvk gbrk aiti.
 \kfklt iea tb ture pihks up br abwe iea gbvk tck trkea timfk tb
bmskrvk gbrk aiti.
9<.< ENM_ Gkisurkgket ]kvnkw
\kfklt T]kvnkwW sgirt cbtdky tb ketkr T]kvnkwW gkeu, iea skfklt TENM_W tb ketkr tck
`bffbwneh wneabw
@nh. 9<-< Gkisurkgket b` ENM_ ]kvnkw

- 3; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Qcns wneabw scbws tck gkisurkgket tngk b` ebenevisnvk mfbba prkssurk, systbfnl mfbba
prkssurk T\ysW, anistbfnl mfbba prkssurk TAniW, gkie mfbba prkssurk TGkieW iea pufsk ritk
T_]W. Qck gbentbr lie stbrk 9??? skts b` ENM_ gkisurkgkets ne tbtif.
 ENM_ vnkwneh gktcba ns is `bffbws:
 \kfklt iea tb gbvk tck trkea timfk upwira br abwewira
prbhrkssnvkfy iea bmskrvk gbrk aiti.
 \kfklt iea tb ture pihks up br abwe iea gbvk tck trkea timfk tb
bmskrvk gbrk aiti.
9<.1 Kvket ]kvnkw
\kfklt T]kvnkwW sgirt cbtdky tb ketkr T]kvnkwW gkeu, iea skfklt TKvketW tb ketkr tck
`bffbwneh wneabw.
9<.1 Kvket ]kvnkw
Qcns wneabw scbws tck tngk b` ifirg kvkets iea lbrrkspbeaneh ifirg ne`brgitnbe, iea
tck tngk b` gieuif kvkets iea lbrrkspbeaneh gieuif tih kvkets. Qcns gbentbr iffbws
rkvnkwneh
=?? kvkets ne tbtif, nelfuaneh tck pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg kvkets, tklcenlif ifirg kvkets iea
gieuif kvkets.
- 30 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 \kfklt TGbaufkW, iea skfklt ie bptnbe is ekkaka:
 TKLHW: Pnkw KLH-rkfitka ifirg kvkets.
 T\_B=W: Pnkw \_B= rkfitka ifirg kvkets.
 TENM_W: Pnkw ENM_ rkfitka ifirg kvkets.
 T]K\_W: Pnkw ]K\_ rkfitka ifirg kvkets.
 TQKG_W: Pnkw QKG_ rkfitka ifirg kvkets.
 TGieuifW: Pnkw gieuif kvkets.
 TIffW: Pnkw iff rkfitka kvkets.
 \kfklt TFkvkfW, iea skfklt ie bptnbe is ekkaka:
 TCnhcW: Pnkw cnhc fkvkf ifirg kvkets.
 TGnaW: Pnkw gnaafk fkvkf ifirg kvkets.
 TFbwW: Pnkw fbw fkvkf ifirg kvkets iea gieuif kvkets.
 \kfklt TXivk @brgsW tb vnkw tck wivk`brg iea rkfkviet pirigktkrs wcke ifirg
bllurs, is scbwe ne @nh. 9<.; mkfbw:
@nh. 9<.; Xivk`brg ]kvnkw
 Kvket vnkwneh gktcba ns is `bffbws:
 \kfklt iea tb gbvk tck trkea timfk upwira br abwewira prbhrkssnvkfy
iea bmskrvk gbrk aiti.
 \kfklt iea tb ture pihks up br abwe iea gbvk tck trkea timfk tb bmskrvk
- 38 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
gbrk aiti.
Lciptkr 91. LB= (Bptnbeif)
91.9 Netrbaultnbe
LB= gbentbrneh ns i lbetneubus, ebe-nevisnvk tklcenquk `br aktkrgneneh tck lbelketritnbe b` LB=
ne tck pitnket„ inrwiy my gkisurneh tck imsbrptnbe b` nnee``rriirrkkaa ((NN]])) ffnnhhcctt bb``
ssppkkllnn``nnll wwiivvkkffkkeehhttccss.. Qck LB= cis nts bwe imsbrptnbe lciriltkrnstnl iea
tck igbuet b` fnhct pissneh tck his prbmk akpkeas be tck lbelketritnbe b` tck gkisurka LB=.
Xcke i spkln`nl miea b` N] fnhct ns pisska tcrbuhc rkspnritbry his sigpfks, sbgk b` N] fnhct
wnff mk imsbrmka my tck LB= gbfklufks. Qck igbuet b` N] fnhct triesgnttka i`tkr nt cis mkke
pisska tcrbuhc tck rkspnritbry .his sigpfk ns gkisurka wntc i pcbtbaktkltbr. @rbg tck igbuet
b` N] fnhct gkisurka, tck lbelketritnbe b` LB= ns liflufitka
Qckrk irk twb dneas b` LB= gkisurneh gbaufk:

9. Ginestrkig(N]GI) gkisurkgket usks i LB= skesbr ittilcka tb ie inrwiy iaiptkr anrkltfy
neskrtka netb tck pitnket„s mrkitcneh systkg.
=. \nakstrkig/Gnlrbstrkig (N\I) gkisurkgket sigpfks kxpnrka pitnket his it i lbestiet sigpfk
`fbw `rbg tck pitnket„s inrwiy iea ieifyzks nt wntc i LB= skesbr munft netb tck LB= gbaufk.
Qck gkisurkgket
prbvnaks: 9. I LB=
wivk`brg.
=. Kea tnaif LB= vifuk (KtLB=): tck LB= vifuk gkisurka it tck kea b` tck kxpnritnbe pcisk.
<. @riltnbe b` nespnrka LB= (@nLB=): tck sgiffkst LB= vifuk gkisurka aurneh nespnritnbe.
1. Inrwiy rkspnritnbe ritk (iw]]): tck eugmkr b` mrkitcs pkr gneutk, liflufitka `rbg tck
LB= wivk`brg.
@nh. 91.9 LB= _irigktkr iea wivk`brg
Xireneh
N\I iea N]GI lie befy mk bpkritka my prb`kssnbeifs civneh rklknvka lirkkr trineneh iea pbssksska i
hbba debwfkahk b` tck Gieuif.
_fkisk spkln`y tck wbrdneh tkgpkriturk b` kevnrbegket tb rue N\I iea N]GI gbaufk, N\I gbaufks irk
ebt aksnheka `br (G]N) kevnrbegket, aurneh tck G]N slie, N\I gbaufk gust mk be tck butsnak b` G]N.
N\I iea N]GI LB= gbaufk befy is ie iuxnfniry kqunpgket b` pitnket kvifuitnbe, nt gust mk usk wntc btckr
vntif snhes iea sygptbgs b` kvifuitnbe kqunpgket nestrugket.
N\I iea N]GI gbaufk usneh ne cnhc `rkqukely surhnlif kqunpgket wnff mk fkia tb tck rksuft b` gkisurk.
- 33 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Ne usneh, abe„t strktlc tck _rbmk limfk b` N\I iea N]GI.
91.= _rkpirneh tb Gkisurk LB=
91.=.9 [sneh i \nakstrkig LB= Gbaufk
9. Lbeeklt tck Netkrìlk limfk b` LB= gbaufk tb tck gbentbr netkrìlk wntc LB= gird.
=. Lbeeklt Ebgbfnek sigpfk fnek tb tck neput netkrìlk b` LB= gbaufk.
@nh. 91-= \nakstrkig LB= Gbaufk iea ebgbfnek

<. Kxnt b` His sigpfk Lbeeklt tb arine-b`` systkg, br tck his `fbw fbbp mild tb tck
pitnkets. 1. \tirt Gbentbr, hrkke FKA b` neput netkrìlk LB= gbaufk lie mk ebrgif
wbrd.
;. Illkss tck TLB= \ktupW gkeu tb skt TBpkritneh GbakW tb TGkisurkW. I`tkr imbut 9?\, tck
gbaufk lie mk ketkr gkisurk.
XI]ENEH
 Ebgbfnek ssiiggppffkk ffnneekk lliiee„„tt mmkk rrkkuussnneehh,, iieeaa ssiiggppffkk ttuummkk lliiee mmkk wwiissttkk
ttrrkkiittggkkeett ii``ttkkrr uusskkaa iillllbbrraanneehh ttbb ttcckk
rkhufitnbes b` tck fblif gkanlif rufk.
 Lciehka Ebgbfnek sigpfk tumk kvkry = wkkds br nt anspfiyka ‖tumk stbppihka‗ (]ka sigpfneh fnek).
 Befy lie usk GI\NGB prbaulka Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk, btckrwnsk nt wnff fkia tb
neilluritk gkisurkgkets.
 \krnbusfy ritnbeifnzk sigpfneh tumk, tb rkaulk tck rnsd b` twnstneh br mrnafk pitnkets.
 _fkisk lbe`nrg wcktckr tck lurrket sigpfneh tumk ns suntimfk `br tck pitnket, abe„t mk lbeùska mimy iea
iauft/lcnfa tumk wcke lbeekltnbe.
 Lckld wcktckr sigpfk his vkfblnty ne pitnkets wntc hnvke litkhbry ns tbb cnhc.
 Xcke put N\I LB= gbaufk, scbufa mk `nrgfy nestiffka N\I gbaufk, ivbna tb put nt ne pitnkets be
tck fblitnbe.
 N` tck ilqunsntnbe b` his sigpfks `br mrkitcneh inr suppfy, usk miltkrni `nftkr be tck kxciust snak iff tck tngk.
LI[QNBE:
- 3> -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk lbeekltka tb tck `rbet b` mrkitcneh lnrlunt, iltnbes is `bffbw:
 Lbeeklt sigpfneh tumk tb tck LB= his gbaufk.
 Lckld tck pbrt tb hrkke fnhct (neanlitneh systkg ebrgif).
 Kxcifneh tb tck sigpfneh tumk, lckld gbentbr netkrìlk wcktckr anspfiy k``kltnvk lirmbe anbxnak
wivk`brg iea pirigktkr vifuks.
 Mfbld sigpfneh tumk, wint `br 9?s, lckld wcktckr anspfiy lfbhhneh ifirg iea inr netkrìlk anspfiy rka fnhct.
 I`tkr lbeeklt N\I gbaufk, Pnkw N\I netkrìlk neanlitbr tb Juahk ebrgif bpkritnbe.
 [eakr tck rnhct lnrlugstielks, lckldneh tck sigpfneh tumk wis fkidprbbèkss b` pitnkets.
Lcirt91-9 N\I gbaufk neakx snheif
Neakx snheif lbeantnbe
Hrkke fnhct eb `fnldkr Hrkke fnhct `fnldkr
\ystkg Mfuk
Ebrgif
fnhct
Zkrbneh
eb ``fnldkr
]ka fnhct eb ``fnldkr Qckrk ns Iekstcktnl hisks
]ka fnhct `fnldkr \kesbr Krrbr
Qkstneh ssigpfneh tumk
91.=.= [sneh i Ginestrkig LB= Gbaufk
9. Lbeeklt Netkrìlk lut limfk b` Ginestrkig LB= gbaufk iea gbentbr wcnlc gird LB=.
=. Nestiff prbmk b` tck ginestrkig LB= gbaufk tb inrwiy iaiptkr, prbmk wnff hkt netb pfilk
i`tkr rnhct nestiffka.
 Hrkke FKA fnhct neanlitk N]GI _rbmk b` Ginestrkig LB= Gbaufk lie mk usk ebrgiffy.
 Lbeeklt 9;GG (G) b` N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr tb ^ lbeekltbr b` mrkitcneh lnrlunt.

- >? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 Lbeeklt 9;GG (@) b` Ginestrkig LB= gbaufk inrwiy iaiptkr tb netkreif tumk b` pitnket.
 Ne tck〟LB= \ktup〙gkeu, Bpkritneh Gbak〙iea tbhhfk〟Gkisurk〙,i`tkr 9?s, Gbaufk

skfkl〟t ketkr netb Gkisurneh
lbeantnbe.
XI]ENEH
 Ab ebt rkpkit usk anspbsimfk N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr, br nt wnff liusk lrbss ne`kltnbe.
 Qck uska anspbsimfk inrwiy iaiptkr scbufa mk akift wntc illbraneh tb tck rkhufitnbes b` fblif gkanlif wistk
 _fkisk lbe`nrg tck lurrket sigpfneh tumk ns suntimfk `br pitnket .ab ebt lbeùska mimy iea iauft/lcnfa tumk.
 Qck LB= gbaufk prbmk scbufa ifwiys gidk stitus FKA ìlneh up, uefkss usk CGK ginestrkig LB=
prbtkltnbe gbaufk prbmk.
 Ivbna LB= gbaufk prbmk ne lbetilt wntc mimy„s mbay anrkltfy wcke LB= ginestrkig gbaufk prbmk
lbeekltka tb neìet lnrlunt.(eb gittkr `br iey rkisbe tb gidk tck LB= skesbr anrklt lbetilt wntc iey pirt b`
mimy„s mbbaayy ,,gguusstt mmkk uusskk nneessuuffiittnneehh ggiittkkrrnniiffss mmkkttwwkkkkee LLBB== iieeaa ppiirrtt bb``
mmbbaayy))..
 Abe„t put N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr mktwkke keabtrilckif tumk iea kfmbw, btckrwnsk sklrkti b` pitnket wnff jig
tck inrwiy iaiptkr iea bpkritnbe gnstidk.
 ]kpfilk iaiptkr n` inrwiy iaiptkr ne witkr/witkr lbeakesitnbe
 Befy usneh giak ne Gisngb N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr.
LI[QNBE
- >9 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 Mk`brk LB= inrwiy iaiptkr lbeekltneh tb mrkitcneh lnrlunt, Pkrn`y LB= rkianehs iea wivk`brg
be tck gbentbr, i`tkr nestiff LB= skesbr tb inrwiy ia iptkr gbaufk, lckld pitnket„s skif.
I`tkr illkss gbaufk, lckld FKA fnhcts b` N]GI _rbmk neanlitnbe, tb lckld n` gbaufk ns wbrdneh ebrgiffy.
Lcirt 91-= _rbmk neakx snheif
neakx snheif lbeantnbe
Hrkke fnhct eb `fnldkr Hrkke fnhct `fnldkr
\ystkg Ebrgif Zkrbneh
]ka fnhct eb ``fnldkr \kesbr Krrbr
]ka fnhct `fnldkr Qkstneh ssigpfneh tumk
91.< LB= \kttnehs
Qure debm tb gbvk lursbr tb tck irki b` LB= pirigktkrs, _rkss muttbe tb ketkr skttneh〟LB=
sktup〙 gkeu.
@nh. 91-< LB= sktup gkeu

〟Ipeki tngk〙:Qck Gbentbr wnff ifirg n` tck pitnket cis stbppka mrkitcneh `br fbehkr tcie tck
prkskt ipeki tngk. Lie \ktup =?s, =;s, <?s, <;s, 1?s, 1;s, ;?s, ;;s, 0?s
`br：
〟Bpkritneh Gbak〙: LB= gbaufk lie sskkttuupp ttbb
‖‖GGkkiissuurrkk‗‗ bbrr ‖‖\\ttiieeaammyy‗‗.. Gkisurk：LB=
gbaufk lie mk ebrgif gkisurkgket iea zkrbneh ktl.
Be stieamy：LB= gbaufk ab ebt wbrd, ebt illkpt LB= gkisurkgket, zkrbneh, lifnmritneh ktl.
〟B= Lbgpke〙: Lie sktup `br fbw, gkanug, cnhc, akìuft vifuk ns fbw.
〟 E=B Lbgpke〙:Lie sktup `br BE, B@@, akìuft vifuk ns b``.
〟[ent〙:[sk `br KtLB= iea @NLB= pirigktkr anspfiy, lie sktup uents `br ggCh, Dpi,%,
Akìuft vifuk ns ggCh.
〟Xivk`brg spkka 〙:[sk `br iajust spkka b` LB= wivk`brg, lie sktup `br
0.=;gg/s,9=.;gg/s,=;gg/s
- >= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
〟Xivk`brg typk〙
Ariw：Qck LB= wivk ns anspfiyka is i lurvka fnek.
@nff：Qck LB= wivk ns anspfiyka is i `nffka irki.
〟\lifk〙Lciehk tck snzk b` tck LB= wivk`brg my iajustneh tck wivk.
91.1 Gkisurkgket fngntitnbes

Qck `bffbwneh ìltbrs giy ne`fukelk tck illurily b` gkisurkgket:
 Qck quietntitnvk ne`fukelk b` cugnanty br lbeakesitnbe.
 Qck quietntitnvk ne`fukelk b` itgbspckrnl.
 His br witkr stkig b` netkr`krkelk
 Btckr sburlks b` netkr`krkelk.
91.; Zkrbneh tck \kesbr
Ne brakr tb kesurk tck LB= gbaufk gkisurkgket wntc cnhc illurily, scbufa mk zkrb illbraneh
tb tck `bffbwneh suhhkstnbes:
@br Ginestrkig N]GI Gbaufks：
 Ekw N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr nestiffka be N]GI prbmk mk`brk Zkrbneh, Inrwiy iaiptkr
abe„t ekka lbeekltka tb pitnket lnrlunt, wint `br 9?\ gidks prbmk prkckitneh.
 Bpke 〟LB= sktup〙Gkeu, \kfklt〟Zkrbneh〙 muttbe, N]GI gbaufk stirtneh zkrbneh.
Aurneh tck prblkss b` zkrbneh, tck hrkke FKA b` tck prbmk `fiscks `br imbut ;s.
XI]ENEH
 Nelbrrkltfy zkrb b` tck prbmk wnff liusk tck ìfsk rksufts b` tck his akhrkks.
 N\I snakstrkig gbaufk.
 N\I snak strkig gbaufk ns iutbgitnliffy zkrbka my sigpfneh tck his `rbg tck mrkitcneh
lnrlunt tb tck igmnket inr. Nt pkr`brgs iutbgitnl lifnmritnbe kvkry =1 cburs. Kilc
lifnmritnbe tidks fkss tcie 9? sklbeas. [skr lie ifsb gieuiffy zkrb wcke eklkssiry,
skfklt tck TII
\ktupW gkeu, iea prkss tck TZkrbW muttbe.
Xireneh
 Xcnfk N\I gbaufk lifnmritnbe, kesurk tcit tck N\I gbaufk ne i wkff-vketnfitka pfilk.
Mk`brk iea aurneh lifnmritnbe, ivbna mrkitcneh ne tck vnlnenty b` N\I gbaufk.
91.0 Ebtnlk
N` tck N\I gbaufk ns nestiffka wntc ie bxyhke skesbr, tcke tck iutbgitnl zkrb prblkaurk
nelfuaks tck bxyhke skesbr lifnmritnbe b` neabbr inr.
- >< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lifnmritnbe
Iff tck rkqunrka lbestiets b` N]GI ginestrkig gbaufks irk stbrka ne kilc N]GI prbmk, sb i`tkr
rkpfilneh tck prbmk b` N]GI, eb lifnmritnbe ns rkqunrka.
Mk`brk scnpgket, i pkrgieket lifnmritnbe ns pkr`brgka tb tck N\I snakstrkig, wntc i stimfk
aksnhe, eb pkrnbanl lifnmritnbe ns rkqunrka `br tck gbaufk.
I lifnmritnbe tb tck LB= snakstrkig lie mk pkr`brgka belk i ykir be tck rkqukst b` tck uskr
br wcke tck akvnitnbe ns firhk. @br gbrk ne`brgitnbe, skk tck Ginetkeielk skltnbe.
91.8 Lfkieneh
 9. ]khufirfy lfkie tck N\I snakstrkig br tck IH gbaufk b` tck N]GI ginestrkig, i
cnhc lbelketritnbe b` 8?% ktciebf br nsbprbpiebf wntc i aigp lfbtc ns rklbggkeaka.
 =. Qb prkvket tck lfkieneh fnquna iea aust netb tck N\I snakstrkig gbaufk, tck gbaufk
ekkas tb mk lbeekltka tb tck Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk iff tck tngk wcnfk mkneh lfkieka.
 <. @br tck IH gbaufk b` tck N]GI ginestrkig, nt ns rkqunrka tb rkgbvk tck
anspbsimfk N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr mk`brk lfkieneh tck N]GI prbmk
Xireneh
 N]GI ginestrkig LB= gbaufk iea Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk ns ebt stkrnfk kqunpgket, pfkisk Ab
Ebt iutblfivk tck akvnlk, btckrwnsk nt wnff liusk aigihk.
 Ekvkr ansne`klt tck N]GI prbmk br tck N\I snakstrkig gbaufk iea ab ebt put kntckr b` tckg netb
nggkrska fnquna.
 Ab ebt usk tck quietntitnvk spriy br spriy kqunpgket tbhktckr wntc tck snakstrkig gbaufk br tck
N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr. Btckrwnsk nt giy lfbh tck miltkrni `nftkr
 Ab ebt ippfy i ekhitnvk prkssurk tb Ebgbfnek(sulc is usneh i syrnehk) tb rkgbvk tck lbeakesitnbe
- >1 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 9;. NM_ (Bptnbeif)
9;.9 Bvkrvnkw
Qck gbentbr lie gbentbr up tb 1 nevisnvk mfbba prkssurks iea anspfiys tck systbfnl,
anistbfnl iea gkie prkssurks iea i wivk`brg `br kilc prkssurk.
9;.= \i`kty Ne`brgitnbe
Xireneh
 [sk befy prkssurk triesaulkrs spkln`nka ne tcns gieuif. Ekvkr rkusk anspbsimfk
prkssurk triesaulkrs.
 Xcke lbeekltneh iea usneh illkssbrnks, ippfnka pirts scbufa ivbna `rbg lbetiltneh gktif
pirts b` kfkltrnl ippiritus.

 Qb rkaulk tck cizira b` mures aurneh cnhc-`rkqukely surhnlif prblkaurk, kesurk tcit tck
gbentbr„s limfks iea triesaulkrs ekvkr lbgk netb lbetilt wntc tck cnhc-`rkqukely
surhnlif uents.
9;.< \tirtneh Gkisurkgket
 _fuh tck prkssurk limfk netb tck NM_ lbeekltbr.

 _rkpirk tck `fusc sbfutnbe.
 @fusc tck systkg tb kxciust iff inr `rbg tck tumneh. Kesurk tcit tck triesaulkr
iea stbplblds irk `rkk b` inr mummfks.
Xireneh
 N` inr mummfks ippkir ne tck tumneh systkg, `fusc tck systkg wntc tck neùsnbe
sbfutnbe ihine. Inr mummfk giy fkia tb wrbeh prkssurk rkianeh.
 Lbeeklt tck prkssurk fnek tb tck pitnket litcktkr.
 _bsntnbe tck triesaulkr sb tcit nt ns fkvkf wntc tck ckirt, ipprbxngitkfy it tck fkvkf b`
tck gnaixnffiry fnek.
 \kfklt tck ipprbprnitk fimkf.
 Zkrb tck triesaulkr. I`tkr i sullkssùf zkrbneh, ture b`` tck stbplbld tb tck itgbspckrk
iea ture be tck stbplbld tb tck pitnket.
Xireneh
 N` gkisurneh netrilrienif prkssurk (NL_) wntc i snttneh pitnket, fkvkf tck triesaulkr wntc tck
tbp b` tck pitnket„s kir. Nelbrrklt fkvkfneh giy hnvk nelbrrklt vifuks.
- >; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
9;.1 NM_
Anspfiy
Qck NM_ gkisurkgket ns anspfiyka be tck gbentbr is i wivk`brg iea eugkrnl prkssurks. @br
an``krket prkssurks, anspfiy giy mk an``krket.
Mfbw ngihk ns `br rk`krkelk befy, tck rkif anspfiy be gbentbr giy mk sfnhctfy an``krket.
@nh .9;.9 NM_ _irigktkr Irki iea Xivk`brg Irki

9. _rkssurk uent
=. \ystbfnl prkssurk
<. Anistbfnl prkssurk
1. Gkie prkssurk
;. _rkssurk
0. Xivk`brg eigk
8. _rkssurk riehk
3. Xivk`brg irki
@br vkebus prkssurks, tck pirigktkr wneabw scbws tck gkie prkssurk befy. N` NL_ iea bek br
gbrk b` Irt, IB, MI_, @I_ prkssurks irk gkisurka snguftiekbusfy, tck NL_ pirigktkr irki wnff
anspfiy eugkrnl lkrkmrif pkrùsnbe prkssurk (L__), wcnlc ns bmtineka my sumtriltneh NL_
`rbg tck gkie prkssurk b` bek b` tck imbvk-gketnbeka irtkrnif prkssurks.
Xcke guftnpfk NM_ snheifs irk gkisurka, NM_ wivk`brgs lie mk anspfiyka bvkrfippnehfy ne i
guftn-lcieekf wivk`brg irki. Iff tck bvkrfippka wivk`brgs usk tck sigk uppkr, fbwkr
hrnafnek, Qck fk`t snak b` wivk`brg anspfiy irtkrnif prkssurk eigk iea tck hrnafnek(kxlkpt
_I),]nhct snak b`
wivk`brg anspfiy vkebus prkssurk eigk iea tck hrnafnek.
@nh.9;.= NM_ Bvkrfip wivk`brg anspfiy

- >0 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
9;.; NM_ \
kttnehs
\kfklt iey NM_ pirigktkr tb ketkr tck NM_ sktup gkeu:
@nh. 9;.< NM_ sktup gkeu

9. _rkssurk
\kfklt tck prkssurk ybu wiet tb lciehk tb ketkr tck 〟NM_ sktup〙 gkeu, \kfklt
tck〟 prkssurk 〙 iea lcbbsk wcit ybu wiet `rbg tck arbpabwe fnst.
_rkssurk eigk Akslrnptnbe_rkssurk eigk Akslrnptnbe

Irt IB [I_ MI_ Irtkrnif mfbba pprkssurkLP_ Ibrtnl prkssurkFI_ [gmnfnlif
Lketrif
irtkrnif
vkebus
prkssurk
prkssurk
]I_ Mrilcnif
Fk`t itrnif
irtkrnif
prkssurk
prkssurk
@I_ @kgbrif irtkrnif prkssurk [P_ ]nhct iitrnif prkssurk Netrilrienif prkssurk [gmnf
_I _ufgbeiry irtkry prkssurk _9~_1
=. \lifk riehk

Xcke snehfk NM_ wivk`brg anspfiys, \lifk riehk lie sktup tb:
Iutb,-9?~9?,?~=?,?~<?,-9?~1?,?~1?,-;?~;?,?~0?,?~3?,-9?~9=?,?~91?,<?~91?,0?~91?,?~9
0?,?~=??,?~=1?,-;?~<??,;?~<??([ent ggCh),[skr lie lcbbsk slifk riehk illbraneh tb
gkisurneh sntk. \lifk akìuft skttneh ns iutb, gbentbr wnff iajust tck NM_ slifk
iutbgitnliffy illbraneh tb tck NM_ gkisurkgket rksuft.
Xcke guftnpfk NM_ wivk`brgs bvkrfiy anspfiy, tck slifk riehk lbesnsts b` = pirts: fk`t
slifk riehk iea rnhct slifk riehk. Fk`t slifk riehk ns irtkrnif prkssurk riehk (kxlkpt _I),
iajustimfk riehk b` -;?~<??ggCh.iea tck rnhct snak slifk riehk ns vkebus prkssurk, lie
mk iajustka ne tck riehk b` -9?~9=?ggCh.
<. @nftkr Gbak
Lie mk skt tb 1?CZ, 9=CZ, Akìuft ns 1?CZ.
1. Xivk \pkka
Xivk \pkka lie mk skt tb 9=.;gg/s,=;gg/akìuft ns =;gg/s」
- >8 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
;. _rkssurk uent

\kfklt iey NM_ pirigktkr irki, ketkr tck〟NM_ \ktup〙ybu lie lciehk tck prkssurk uent
b` iff tck NM_ pirigktkr irki iea wivk`brg irki. _rkssurk uent lie mk skt tb ggCh, D_i,
akìuft anspfiy ns ggCh.
0. Zkrb Lifnmritnbe
Zkrb Lifnmritnbe scbufa mk abek i`tkr lbeekltneh tck
skesbr. 8. _rkssurk typk sktup
\kt tck prkssurk typk b` kxtkesnbe prkssurk _9~_1, _rkssurk typk lie mk skt tb irtkrnif
prkssurk br vkebus prkssurk.
3. NM_ wivk`brg anspfiy gbak
NM_ wivk`brg anspfiy gbak: snehfk br bvkrfip, akìuft ns snehfk anspfiy. NM_ wivk
bvkrfip anspfiy ekka tb ketkr tck〟slrkke sktup〙lcbbsneh NM_ bvkrfip.
- >3 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 90. IH (Bptnbeif)
90.9 Netrbaultnbe
Iekstcktnl his (IH) gbaufk ns uska tb gkisurk tck his E=B, LB=, B=(Bptnbeif．iea ihket his
`rbg pitnket rkspnritbry his, iekstcktnl his lbelketritnbe b` rkspnritbry his. _itnket's iekstcksni
akptc iea pcysnbfbhnlif ùeltnbe b` ansturmielk civk i lfbsk rkfitnbescnp. Gbentbrneh
iekstcktnl his lbelketritnbe pfiy i hrkit rbfk ne hunaneh tck ngpfkgket b` iekstcksni iea
ngprbvneh iekstcksni si`kty.
Qck tckbrktnlif misns b` iekstcksni gbaufk gkisurkgket ns tcit an``krket hisks imsbrm lkrtine
wivkfkehtcs b` ne`rirka (N]) fnhct. Qck prblkss b` iekstcksni gbaufk ieifyzneh pitnket
rkspnritbry his ns lbetneubusfy gkisurneh ne`rirka imsbrptnbe ritk b` inr`fbw tcrbuhc tck ne`rirka
spkltrbgktkr.
Qck gkisurkgket b` akhrkk b` bxyhke imsbrptnbe ns miska be tck `kiturks b` tck pirig
ihektnl bxyhke. Qck prnelnpfk b` pirigihektnl bxyhke gkisurkgket ns illbraneh tb tck gi
hektnzitnbe skesntnvnty b` tck gihektnl `nkfa tb anstnehunsc mktwkke bxyhke iea btckr hisks.
Bxyhke wnff mk ittriltka my gihektnl `nkfa, mkliusk b` bxyhke wntc pirigihektnl
Qck gbentbr suppbrts twb dneas b` iekstcksni

gbaufks： 9. N]GI ginestrkig gbaufk
=. N\I snakstrkig gbaufk
Iekstcksni gbaufk prbvnaks tck `bffbwneh kxcifk iea necifk his vifuks:
9. LB=: kea-tnaif lirmbe anbxnak- KtLB= iea Necifk lirmbe anbxnak-@nLB=
=. B= (Bptnbeif): Kxcifk bxyhke-KtB= iea necifk b` bxyhke-@nB=
<. E=B: kea-tnaif entrbus bxnak iea Necifk entrbus bxnak-@nE=B
1. Iekstcktnl Ihket (II): Ikstcksni hisks AK\, N\B, KE@, \KP iea CIF.
;. IX]]: mrkitcs pkr gneutk
0. GIL: Qck gnengug ifvkbfir lbelketritnbe b` sbgk dnea b` necifitnbe iekstcktnls tcit lie
gidk ;?% b` tck pitnkets it ie itgbspckrnl prkssurk ab eb ayeignl rkspbesk wcke lut ne
tck sdne.GIL vifuk ns i misnl neanlitbr b` necifitnbe iekstcksni akptc.
XI]ENEH
 Abe't put iey `figgimfk iekstcktnl his kevnrbegket

 N\I iea N]GI lbufa befy mk uska my tck sti`` wcb civk rklknvka vblitnbeif
trinene h, ìgnfnir wntc tcns gieuif bpkritnbe
 _fkisk rue tck N\I iea N]GI gbaufk it spkln`nka wbrdneh tkgpkriturk N\I gbaufks
irk ebt aksnheka `br G]N kevnrbegket, Aurneh G]N slieeneh, N\I gbaufk gust mk
butsnak
 N\I iea N]GI LB= gbaufks irk just iuxnfniry kqunpgket `br pitnket kvifuitnbe, Nt scbufa
mk uska tbhktckr wntc btckr vntif snhes kvifuitnbe kqunpgket
- >> -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 N\I iea N]GI gbaufks giy mk netkr`krka my cnhc `rkqukely surhnlif kqunpgket
iea gkisurk nelbrrkltfy」
 Ne tck prblkss b` ippfnlitnbe, pfkisk ab ebt strktlc tck N\I iea N]GI gbaufk prbmk limfk
90.= IH gkisurkgket kqunpgket
90.=.9 \nakstrkig
9. Lbeeklt tck IH gbaufk limfk tb tck gbentbr wntc IH netkrìlk

=. Lbeeklt Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk tb tck neput netkrìlk b` IH gbaufk
@nh.90-9 Neput netkrìlk b` sigpfneh tumk

<. Lbeeklt tck sigpfk his kxnt tb anslcirhk systkg, br gidk tck his `fbw fbbp mild
1. \tirt tck gbentbr, nt wbrds wcke IH gbaufk neput netkrìlk neanlitbr ns hrkke
;. Ne tck 〟IH skt〙gkeu skt 〟bpkritnbe gbak 〙is 〟gkisurk〙, i`tkr imbut 9? s, Qck gbaufk
wnff stirt gkisurneh
Xireneh
 Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk lieebt mk rkuska, sigpfk tumk scbufa mk cieafka illbraneh tb tck
rkhufitnbes b` tck fblif gkanlif wistk trkitgket.
 Kvkry twb wkkds br wcke nt scbws "tumk stbppihka" (sigpfneh tumk neput netkrìlk mkhie
tb ippkir rka `fiscneh) lciehk Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk.
 Befy lie usk Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk prbaulka my GI\NGB , btckrwnsk nt wnff fkia tb
neilluritk gkisurkgkets
 \krnbusfy ritnbeifnzk sigpfneh tumk, rkaulk tck rnsd b` twnstneh br mrnafk pitnkets
 wcke lbeekltneh tck sigpfneh tumk, pfkisk lbe`nrg wcktckr tck lurrket sigpfneh tumk
ns suntimfk `br tck lurrket pitnket, ab ebt lbeùsk mimy iea iauft/lcnfa sigpfneh
tumk s
 Lckld wcktckr tck sigpfk his vkfblnty ns tbb cnhc `br hnvke pitnket typk
 Qck N\I LB= gbaufk scbufa mk `nrgfy nestiffka tb ivbna nt ìffneh be tck pitnkets.
- 9?? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
N` tck lbffkltneh his sigpfk ns mrkitcneh inr suppfy, usk miltkrni `nftkr be tck kxciust snak iff tck
tngk
Ebtk
：
Mk`brk lbeekltneh tck Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk tb tck mrkitcneh lnrlunt, ab tck `bffbwneh iltnbes
• Lbeeklt tck sigpfneh tumk tb tck LB= gbaufk his ketry netkrìlk」
 Lckld wcktckr tck hrkke fnhct b` tck netkrìlk ns be stimfy (neanlitneh systkg ebrgif)
 Mrkitcneh netb tck sigpfneh tumk tb lckld wcktckr tck gbentbr netkrìlk scbws
k``kltn vk lirmbe anbxnak wivk`brg iea pirigktkr vifuks.
 mfbld sigpfneh tumk wntc ybur `nehkrtnps `br 9? s tb lckld wcktckr ippkir lfbhhneh
ifirg iea `fisc rka fnhct it tck his ketrielk
 [eakr prbpkr lnrlugstielks, kxig tck fkidprbbèkss b` fbbp kxklutnbe lbeekltneh
tck sigpfneh tumks.
Lcirt 90-9 N\I Gbaufk neanlitbr

Neanlitnbe snheif\QIQ[\
Hrkke fnhct ns ebt `fiscneh \ystkg BD

Hrkke fnhct `fiscneh Mfuk fnhct ns ebt `fiscneh
zkrbneh
]ka fnhct ab ebt `fiscneh Qckrk„s iekstcktnl hissks
]ka fnhct `fiscneh \kesbr Krrbr
Lckld tck sigpfneh tumk
90.=.= Gine strkig
9. Lbeeklt ginestrkig IH gbaufk netkrìlk limfk tb tck gbentbr wntc IH netkrìlk

=. Nestiff ginestrkig IH gbaufk prbmk tb inrwiy iaiptkr, i`tkr rnhct neskrtnbe, tck prbmk wnff
mk fbldka ne pfilk
<. Hrkke FKA neanlitks N]GI prbmk ginestrkig IH gbaufk lie mk ebrgif uska.
- 9?9 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
1. Lbeeklt 9; gg gifk lbeekltbr b` N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr tb tck ^ lbeekltbr mrkitcneh lnrlunt
;. Lbeeklt 9; gg `kgifk lbeekltbr b` Ginestrkig IH gbaufk inrwiy iaiptkr tb tck pitnkets

wntc keabtrilckif tumk.
0. Ne tck 〟IH skt〙 gkeu skt 〟bpkritnbe gbak〙tb 〟gkisurkgket〙, i`tkr imbut 9? s, Qck
gbaufk wnff stirt gkisurneh .
XI]ENEH
 N]GI iaiptbr lieebt mk rkuska, br wnff liusk tck lrbss ne`kltnbe

 [ska iaiptbr scbufa mk cieafka illbraneh tb tck rkhufitnbes b` tck fblif gkanlif
wistk trkitgket.
 wcke lbeekltneh tck sigpfneh tumk, pfkisk lbe`nrg wcktckr tck lurrket sigpfneh tumk
ns suntimfk `br tck lurrket pitnket, ab ebt lbeùsk mimy iea iauft/lcnfa sigpfneh tumks
 [efkss ybu usk CGK ginestrkig LB= prbtkltnbe gbaufk prbmk, , LB= gbaufk prbmk
scbufa ifwiys mk pfilka ìlneh up
- 9?= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 Xcke LB= ginestrkig gbaufk prbmk lbeekltka tb tck neìet lnrlun, gust ivbna tck LB=
gbaufk prbmk anrkltfy lbetilt wntc tck mimy's mbay. (Eb gittkr iey rkisbe, ab ebt gidk tck
LB= skesbr anrklt lbetilt wntc iey pirt b` tck mimy's mbay. tckrk gust mk nesufitneh
gitkrnifs
mktwkke LB= prbmk iea tck mbay).
 Abe't put N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr mktwkke tck keabtrilckif tumk iea kfmbw, btckrwnsk
giy liusk pitnket sklrktnbes mfbldneh iaiptkr wneabw iea fkia tb bpkritnbe gnstidk.
 Qb prkvket sklrktnbes iea gbnsturk hitckrka it tck wneabw iea bxyhke mittkry pbrt,
ifwiys put N]GI prbmk ne tck vkrtnlif pbsntnbe iea gidk tck FKA upwira.
 N` tckrk„s witkr/witkr lbeakesitnbe ne tck inrwiy iaiptbr, ttcckkee rrkkppffiillkk ttcckk iiaaiippttbbrr..
 Lbufa befy usk N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr giak my Gisngb.
LI]K@[F
 Pkrn`y tck LB= rkianehs iea wivk`brgs be tck gbentbr mk`brk lbeekltneh LB= inrwiy
iaiptkr tb tck mrkitcneh lnrlunt. Lckld tck pitnket's skif, i`tkr nestiffneh tck LB= skesbr tb
tck gbaufk be inrwiy iaiptbr. I`tkr lbeekltneh tb gbaufk, lckld tck stitus b` tck FKA
fnhcts be tck vnkw N]GI prbmk tb juahk wcktckr tck gbaufk ns ebrgiffy wbrdneh.
I`tkr lbeekltneh tb tck gbaufk, lckld tck stitus b` tck FKA fnhcts be N]GI prbmk tb juahk
wcktckr tck gbaufk ns ebrgif wbrdneh.
Lcirt 90-= N]GI Gbaufk neanlitbr
Neanlitbr snheif \titus
Hrkke fnhct ns ebt `fiscneh Hrkke fnhct `fiscneh
\ystkg BD
Mfuk fnhct ns ebt `fiscneh
zkrbneh
]ka fnhct ab ebt ``fiscneh
Qckrk„s iekstcktnl his
]ka fnhct `fiscneh
\kesbr Krrbr
Lckld tck sigpfneh tumk
90.< IH Anspfiy
@nh.90-= IH pirigktkrs iea wivk`brgs
- 9?< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
IH gbaufk wnff anspfiy tck gkisurka wivk`brgs iea pirigktkrs be tck gbentbr slrkke：
LB=,B=,E=B,II＃ Kt iea @n
eugmkr． IX]] ：LB=, B=, II
iea E=B
wivk`brg：Qck gbentbr lie ifsb scbw up tb 1 iekstcktnl hissks wivk`brgs it tck sigk tngk.
Xcke IH gbaufk naketn`y twb iekstcktnl hissks, II wivk`brg scbws tck gine iekstcktnl his.
_irigktkrs irki befy suppbrts tck mrkitcneh iea sultnbe vifuk b` gine iekstcktnl hisks .wcktckr
B= wivk`brg ns anspfiyka illbraneh tb wcktckr tck gbaufk b` B= ns lbe`nhurka.
GIL：Gnengug ifvkbfir lbelketritnbe
GIL ns tck stieaira b` k``klt b` necifitnbe iekstcksni his.

Qck vifuk b` GIL rkprkskets tck lbelketritnbe b` ifvkbfir iekstcktnl his (bek itgbspckrnl
prkssurk),wcnlc Ns ifsb tck lbelketritnbe gidks ;?% b` tck pbpufitnbe tkstka abks ebt prbaulk
guslfk gbtnbe rkspbesk tb stieairanzka pine stngufus.
Illbraneh tb tck `bffbwneh `brgufi, lie usk tck kea his lbelketritnbe tb liflufitk GIL
vifuk:
GIL 7 + +
Kt(II9): Qck vifuk b` tck kea b` prngiry mrkitcneh iekstcktnl his

Kt(II=): Qck vifuk b` tck kea b` sklbea mrkitcneh iekstcktnl his
Kt(E=B): Qck vifuk b` tck kea b` prngiry mrkitcneh E=B
S(II9)：Qck 9 GIL akesnty lbrrkspbeaneh tb necifitnbe prngiry iekstcktnl his
S(II=)：Qck 9 GIL akesnty lbrrkspbeaneh tb sklbea necifitnbe iekstcktnl his
Qck 9 GIL akesnty b` kvkry necifitnbe iekstcktnl his：
Iekstcktnls CIF N\B KE@ \KP AK\
S(II) ?.8;% 9.9;% 9.8% =.?;% 0.?%

`br kxigpfk：Iekstcksni gbaufk gkisurks tck hissks it tck kea b` tck pitnket mrkitck AK
\71%,CIF7?.;%,E=B7;?%,sb tck vifuk b` GIL：
GIL 7 + + 7 9.3<
Ittketnbe
 Ebek b` tck imbvk `brgufi lbesnakrneh iftntuak, pitnket ihk iea btckr pkrsbeif ìltbrs.
KtII= lbufa befy mk uska `br N]GI IS+/B]+ prbmks.
- 9?1 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
90.1 IH \ktup
90.1.9 II \
ktup
\kfklt tck pirigktkr irki br wivk`brg, tck TII \ktupW gkeu wnff mk pbppka but
@nh.90-< II \ktup gkeu

TIpeki AkfiyW Xcke tck ipeki tngk surpissks tck sktup tngk, tck pitnket gbentbr wnff scbw tck
‖LB= ipeki‗ iavielka pcysnbfbhnlif ifirg.
Qck skttneh bptnbe: =?s, =;s, <?s, <;s, 1?s, 1;s, ;?s, ;;s, 0?s, tck akìuft skttneh ns =?s.
TBpkritneh gbakfW: \kt IH gbaufk bpkritneh gbak, tck bpkritnbe ggbbaakk lliiee
mmkk sskktt ttbb ‖‖ggkkiissuurrkk‗‗ br ‖stieamy‗.
Gkisurkgket gbak: IH gbaufks lie mk ebrgif gkisurkgket, zkrb iea btckr bpkritnbes.
\tieamy gbak: N` IH gbaufk abks ebt wbrd, tck IH gkisurkgket, lifnmritnbe br btckr
bpkritnbes irk ebt iffbwka.
TB= LbgpkesitnbeW Is tb tck nestiffka bxyhke mittkry gbaufk, tck gbaufk wnff iutbgitnliffy
pkr`brg bxyhke lbgpkesitnbe. Iea `br tck ebe-nestiffka bxyhke mittkry gbaufk, gieuiffy
lbgpkesitnbe sktup ns rkqunrka.
Qck B= lbgpkesitnbe lie mk skt tb cnhc, gkanug iea fbw. Qck akìuft ns fbw.
TXivk`brg \pkkaW II wivk`brg anspfiy `br iajustneh spkka lie mk skt tb 0.=;gg/s, 9=.;gg/s,
=;gg/s, tck akìuft ns 9=.;gg/s.
TXivk`brg GbakfW Qck anspfiy b` wivk`brg gbakf.
\lieeneh fneks: tck fnek pbrtriyif b` II wivk`brg.
@nff: tck anspfiy b` `nffneh tck mbttbg b` II wivk`brg.
TXivk`brg \lifkW: Iajust tck pbsntnbe b` tck rufkr be tck wivk`brg iea tck lbrrkspbeaneh
wivk`brg igpfntuak wnff lciehk. Nt lie mk skt tb <, ;, iea 1.;,0,>,93.
- 9?; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
90.1.= B= \
ktup
@br tck IH gbaufk wcnlc cis nestiffka bxyhke mittkry, skfklt tck B= pirigktkr irki br
wivk`brg irki, tck TB= \ktupW gkeu wnff mk pbppka but.
@nh.90-1 B= \ktup gkeu

T[entW: Nt lie mk skt tb ggCh, % br Dyi, tck akìuft ns %. E=B iea II uent irk %.
TXivk`brg \lifkW: Iajust tck pbsntnbe b` tck rufkr `br wivk`brg b` B= iea tck B=
wivk`brg igpfntuak lciehks illbranehfy. Nt lie mk skt tb =?, =;, <;, ;?,9??.Qck akìuft
ns =;.
90.1.< E=B \ktup
\kfklt tck E=B pirigktkr irki br wivk`brg irki, tck TE=B \ktupW gkeu wnff mk pbppka but.
@nh. 90-; E=B \ktup gkeu
- 9?0 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
TXivk`brg \lifkW: Iajust tck pbsntnbe b` tck rufkr `br wivk`brg b` E=B iea tck E=B
wivk`brg igpfntuak lciehks illbranehfy. Nt lie mk skt tb =?, =;, <;, ;?, iea 9??. Qck akìuft ns
=;.
90.1.1 LB= \ktup
\kfklt tck LB= pirigktkr br wivk`brg irki, tck TLB= \ktupW gkeu wnff mk pbppka but.
@nh. 90-0 LB= \ktup gkeu

T[entW: Qck uent b` LB= lie mk skt tb ggCh, % br Dpi, tck akìuft ns%.
TXivk`brg \lifkW: Iajust tck pbsntnbe b` tck rufkr `br wivk`brg b` LB= iea tck LB=
wivk`brg igpfntuak lciehks illbranehfy. Nt lie mk skt tb =?, 1?, 0?, 3?, tck akìuft ns 1?.
90.; Gkisurkgket Illurily @iltbrs.
Qck `bffbwneh ìltbrs giy i``klt tck illurily b` gkisurkgket:

9.Qck quietntitnvk ngpilt b` cugnanty br lbeakesitnbe.
=.Qck quietntitnvk ngpilt b` itgbspckrnl prkssurk.
<.Netkr`krneh hisks br witkr vipbrs.
1.Qck btckr sburlks b` netkr`krkelk.
90.0 Zkrb
Qb kesurk cnhc gkisurkgket illurily b` tck IH gbaufk, nt scbufa mk zkrb ne illbraielk wntc tck
`bffbwneh rklbggkeaitnbes:
N]GI ginestrkig gbaufk
I`tkr kvkry lciehk b` N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr, n` tckrk ns i scn`t his vifuk br anspfiy ie uespkln`nka
- 9?8 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
his prklnsnbe gkssihk, tcke zkrb bpkritnbe scbufa mk pkr`brgka.

9.\tirt N]GI prbmk, wint `br i pkrnba b` tngk `br tck prbmk tb mk prk-ckitka(N]GI B]
gbaufk 9;s,N]GI IS+/B]+ gbaufk <?s,it fkist 9 gneutk i`tkr rkpfilneh N]GI B] gbaufk
iaiptkr)
=.\kfklt tck TII \ktupW gkeu, prkss tck T\tirtW muttbe tb zkrb.
Xireneh
 Nelbrrkltfy zkrb b` tck prbmk wnff liusk tck ìfsk rksufts b` tck akhrkks.
N\I snakstrkig gbaufk
N\I snak strkig gbaufk ns iutbgitnliffy zkrbka my sigpfneh tck his `rbg tck mrkitcneh lnrlunt tb
tck igmnket inr. Nt pkr`brgs iutbgitnl lifnmritnbe kvkry =1 cburs. Kilc lifnmritnbe tidks fkss
tcie 9? sklbeas. [skr lie ifsb gieuiffy zkrb wcke eklkssiry, skfklt tck TII \ktupW gkeu, iea
prkss tck TZkrbW muttbe.
Xireneh
Xcnfk N\I gbaufk lifnmritnbe, kesurk tcit tck N\I gbaufk ne i wkff-vketnfitka pfilk. Mk`brk
iea aurneh lifnmritnbe, ivbna mrkitcneh ne tck vnlnenty b` N\I gbaufk.
Ebtnlk
N` tck N\I gbaufk ns nestiffka wntc ie bxyhke skesbr, tcke tck iutbgitnl zkrb prblkaurk
nelfuaks tck bxyhke skesbr lifnmritnbe b` neabbr inr.
90.8 Lifnmritnbe
Iff tck rkqunrka lbestiets b` N]GI ginestrkig gbaufks irk stbrka ne kilc N]GI prbmk, sb i`tkr
rkpfilneh tck prbmk b` N]GI, eb lifnmritnbe ns rkqunrka.
Mk`brk scnpgket, i pkrgieket lifnmritnbe ns pkr`brgka tb tck N\I snakstrkig, wntc i stimfk
aksnhe, eb pkrnbanl lifnmritnbe ns rkqunrka `br tck gbaufk.
90.3 Lfkieneh
9.9. ]khufirfy lfkie tck N\I snakstrkig br tck IH gbaufk b` tck N]GI ginestrkig, i cnhc
lbelketritnbe b` 8?% ktciebf br nsbprbpiebf wntc i aigp lfbtc ns rklbggkeaka.
- 9?3 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=.Qb prkvket tck lfkieneh fnquna iea aust netb tck N\I snakstrkig gbaufk, tck gbaufk ekkas tb
mk lbeekltka tb tck Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk iff tck tngk wcnfk mkneh lfkieka.
<.@br tck IH gbaufk b` tck N]GI ginestrkig, nt ns rkqunrka tb rkgbvk tck anspbsimfk N]GI
inrwiy iaiptkr mk`brk lfkieneh tck N]GI prbmk.
Xireneh
 N]GI ginestrkig LB= gbaufk iea Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk ns ebt stkrnfk kqunpgket, pfkisk
Ab Ebt iutblfivk tck akvnlk, btckrwnsk nt wnff liusk aigihk.
 Ekvkr ansne`klt tck N]GI prbmk br tck N\I snakstrkig gbaufk iea ab ebt put kntckr b` tckg
netb nggkrska fnquna.
 Ab ebt usk tck quietntitnvk spriy br spriy kqunpgket tbhktckr wntc tck snakstrkig gbaufk br
tck N]GI inrwiy iaiptkr. Btckrwnsk nt giy lfbh tck miltkrni `nftkr.
 Ab ebt ippfy i ekhitnvk prkssurk tb Ebgbfnek (sulc is usneh i syrnehk) tb rkgbvk
tck lbeakesitnbe.
- 9?> -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 98. L.B. (Bptnbeif)
98.9 Bvkrvnkw
Liranil butput (L.B.) gbaufk ns neskrtka netb tck pfuh-ne sfbt b` tck gbentbr `br
L.B. gkisurkgket. L.B. gkisurkgket iabpts tck tckrgbanfutnbe gktcba tb nevisnvkfy
gkisurk tck
liranil butput iea btckr ckgbayeignl pirigktkrs ne brakr tb aktkrgnek tck `fbw ritk b` tck mfbba
lnrlufitnbe systkg.
Is `br tck tckrgif anfutnbe gktcba, tck lbfa sbfutnbe ns netrbaulka netb tck mfbba lnrlufitnbe
systkg, iea gkisurneh tck rksuftneh arbp ne tkgpkriturk it i abwestrkig sntk. Ne tck wneabw b`
tck L.B. gkisurkgket, tck tkgpkriturk lciehk ns scbwe is i lurvk, iea tck gbentbr wnff
liflufitk tck L.B. vifuk illbraneh tb tcns lurvk. Qck L.B. vifuk ns nevkrskfy prbpbrtnbeif tb
tck irki ueakr tcns lurvk. Liranil butput ns i lbetneubus virnimfk4 tckrk`brk, tb bmtine i
rkfnimfk L.B. ivkrihk vifuk, i skrnks b` gkisurkgkets gust mk lirrnka but. Hkekriffy, tck
ivkrihk vifuk b` guftnpfk tckrgif anfutnbe gkisurkgkets ns uska `br tckripy aklnsnbe.
Xireneh:
 Ekvkr rkusk tck anspbsimfk illkssbrnks.
 Ekvkr tbulc tck L.B. lbeekltneh limfk wcke ak`nmrnffitnbe ns lirrnka but aurneh tck L.B.
gbentbrneh pkrnba. Btckrwnsk, kfkltrnl nejury, kfkltrnl scbld br btckr aigihks gnhct mk
liuska
 Ab ebt sbid br wkt tck lbeekltbr.
 Ab ebt sbid tck L.B. lbeekltneh limfk ne iflbcbf4 btckrwnsk, tck lbeekltneh limfk gnhct mk
cirakeka br aigihka.
 Ekvkr stkrnfnzk tck L.B. lbeekltneh limfk it cnhc prkssurk.
98.< L.B. Anspfiy
Qckrk ns eb wivk`brg anspfiy b` L.B. gkisurkgket be tck gine netkrìlk, befy tck vifuk b`
L.B., QM (tkgpkriturk b` mfbba) iea tck prbgpt ne`b lie anspfiyka ne tck pirigktkr zbek.
\kk tck netkrìlk ne tck `bffbwneh `nhurk:
@nh. 98-9 L.B. pirigktkr anspfiy
- 99? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
98.1 Gkisurkgket b` L.B.
9. Neskrt tck L.B. netkrìlk limfk tb tck L.B. gbaufk.
=. Is scbwe ne tck `bffbwneh `nhurk, neskrt tck tckrgnstbr lbeekltneh limfk b` tck \wie-Hiez
litcktkr netb tck tckrgnstbr lbeekltbr, iea lbeeklt tck Ne-fnek Nejkltitk skesbr limfk tb tck
Ne-fnek Nejkltitk.
@nh. 98-= L.B. illkssbrnks lbeekltnbe
<. Neput pitnket cknhct iea wknhct ne〟_itnket Ne`b〙gkeu.

1. \kfklt tck L.B. pirigktkr zbek tb ketkr netb tck gkeu b` 〟L.B. \ktup〙, iea skfklt tck 〟L.B.
\lrkke〙`rbg〟\wntlc〙sgirt dky tb ketkr netb tck gkisurkgket wneabw.
;. N` tck〟Gkisurk Gbak〙 ne tck 〟\ktup L.B. 〙 ns skt is snehfk, wcke tck wbras ‖]kiay `br
Ekw ggkkiissuurrkkggkkeett‗‗ iirrkk aannssppffiiyykkaa bbee ttcckk ssllrrkkkkee,,
sskkffkklltt ttcckk 〟 \tirt 〙 tb stirt tck L.B. gkisurkgket. Xcke tckrk ns prbgpt
ne`brgitnbe ‖Nejklt ebw…‗ be tck slrkke, pfkisk nejklt tck sbfutnbe tb tck rnhct itrnug
pbrt b` tck \wie-Hiez litcktkr. Qck bptngif nejkltnbe ritk ns
=.;gf/s. Qck liranil butput, liranil neakx iea lbrrkspbeaneh lurvk wnff anspfiy ne tck
gkisurkgket wneabw ne rkif tngk.
0. \kfklt tck 〟L.B. Gkisurk〙 tb bpke tck L.B. gkisurkgket wneabw is scbwe ne tck
`bffbwneh `nhurk, pfkisk piy ittketnbe tcit wcktckr tck QM limfk ns wkff lbeekltka iea tck
vifuk b` L.B. skttneh ns lbrrkspbea wntc iltuif vifuk mk`brk L.B. gkisurkgket.
- 999 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
@nh 98-< L.B. gkisurkgket wneabw

Mkfbw tck L.B. gkisurkgket wneabw, tck `bffbwneh ùeltnbe muttbes irk nelfuaka:
〟\tirt〙: \tirt i L.B. gkisurkgket.
〟Akfktk〙: \kfkltnvkfy akfktk tck gkisurka vifuks ne tck cnstbrnlif gkisurkgket wneabw.
〟Ckgbayeignl〙: Bpke tck gkeu b` 〟Ckgbayeignl〙. \kk 98.;.= b` tcns lciptkr `br tck
aktinfka lbetket b` tck gkeu.
〟L.B. NQKG〙: Bpke tck L.B. ntkg tb mrbwsk tck gkisurkgket rksufts.
〟\ktup \lifk〙: Bpke tck gkeu b` slifk skttneh tb iajust tck slifk riehk.
〟\ktup L.B.〙: Bpke tck gkeu \ktup L.B.〙. \kk 98.; b` tcns lciptkr `br tck aktinfka lbetket
b`〟 b` tck gkeu.
〟]klbra〙 : ]klbra tck fitkst gkisurkgket lurvk iea gkisurkgket rksuft.
98.; L.B. \kttneh
98.;.9 L.B. \ktup
\kfklt tck 〟\ktup L.B.〙 tb skt tck ntkgs ne tck L.B. skttneh wneabw ne prbpkr brakr.
 〟Gkisurk Gbak〙: \nehfk gbak br lbetneubus gbak ns bptnbeif.
 〟QN \burlk〙: Qck tkgpkriturk sburlk b` nejkltitk lie mk neput my tck uskr br gkisurka my
tck nejkltitk tkgpkriturk prbmk. Qck bptnbes nelfuak gieuif iea iutb. Xcke 〟Iutb〙 ns
sskt,
tck tkgpkriturk b` nejkltitk lie mk bmtineka tcrbuhc tck Ne-fnek Nejkltitk skesbr limfk ne rkif
- 99= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
tngk.
 〟\ktup QN〙: Xcke tck 〟QN \burlk〙 ns iutbgitnl, tck QN ns ueiajustimfk4
 wcke tck 〟QN \burlk〙 ns gieuif, tck QN ns iajustimfk.
 〟Nej.Pbf〙: <ll, ;ll br 9?ll ns bptnbeif.

• 〟Litc.Lbest〙: Qck skt vifuk b` tck lbestiet lie mk bmtineka ne tck ablugket ittilcka tb tck
\wie-Hiez litcktkr, wcnlc akpkeas be tck nejkltitk vbfugk, tkgpkriturk iea tck litcktkr
typk. Qb lciehk tcns vifuk, pfkisk skfklt tck litcktkr lbestiet ne tck wneabw b` 〟\ktup
L.B.〙,
iea neput tck lbrrklt vifuk.

 〟 Xknhct 〙 : \kt tck lbrrklt pitnket„s mbay wknhct, wcnlc ns uska tb liflufitk tck
ckgbayeignl iea btckr pirigktkrs.

 〟Cknhct〙: \kt tck lbrrklt pitnket„s cknhct, wcnlc ns uusskkaa ttbb lliifflluuffiittkk ttcckk
cckkggbbaayyeeiiggnnll iieeaa
btckr pirigktkrs.
 〟QKG_ [ent〙: ℌℌ br ℎℎ ns bptnbeif.
98.;.= Ifirg-rkfitka \kttnehs
 \kfklt tck 〟Ifg \wntlc〙 ne tck gkeu b` 〟L.B. \ktup〙 tb bpke br lfbsk tck ifirg.
 \kfklt tck 〟Ifg Fkvkf〙 ne tck gkeu b` 〟L.B. \ktup〙4 Qck ifirg ns anvnaka netb fbw,
gka iea cnhc illbraneh tb tck skvkrnty b` tck ifirg.
 \kfklt tck 〟QM Cn Fgt〙 ne tck gkeu b` 〟L.B. \ktup〙 tb skt tck ifirg uppkr fngnt b` tck
mfbba tkgpkriturk.
 \kfklt tck 〟QM Fb Fgt〙 ne tck gkeu b` 〟L.B. \ktup〙 tb skt tck ifirg fbwkr fngnt b` tck
mfbba tkgpkriturk.
98.;.< Ckgbayeignl
\kfklt tck 〟L.B. Gkisurk〙 ne tck gkeu b` 〟L.B. \ktup〙, iea skfklt tck 〟Ckgbayeignl〙
ne tck gkeu mir mkfbw tck L.B. gkisurkgket wneabw tb bpke tck ckgbayeignl wneabw.
Ngpbrtiet ckgbayeignl pirigktkr vifuks irk anspfiyka ne tck ckgbayeignl wneabw. Qcksk
pirigktkrs lbesnst b` pirigktkrs `br gbentbrneh iea pirigktkrs `br liflufitnbe. \kfklt tck
〟Liflufitnbe〙tb swntlc tck anspfiy b` pirigktkrs `br gbentbrneh iea pirigktkrs `br liflufitnbe.
_irigktkrs `br gbentbrneh rk`kr tb tck neput vifuks wcnlc lie mk bmtineka `rbg tck pitnket
gbentbrneh aiti iea tck vifuks wcnlc irk neputtka gieuiffy. Qck pirigktkrs `br gbentbrneh,
tck
naketn`nlitnbes
iea
- 99< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
_irigktkr Immrkvnitnbe [ent

L.B. F/gne
Liranil butput
Ckirt ritk C] mpg
_ufgbeiry irtkry wkahk prkssurk _IX_ ggCh

ggCh
Gkie irtkry prkssurk GI_
Gkie pufgbeiry irtkry prkssurk G_I_ ggCh
Lketrif vkebus prkssurk LP_ ggCh
Kea anistbfnl vbfugk KAP gF
Cknhct Cknhct lg
Xknhct Xknhct dh
_irigktkrs `br liflufitnbe rk`kr tb tck pirigktkr vifuks iutbgitnliffy liflufitka my tck skfkltnbe
b` 〟Liflufitnbe〙. Qck pirigktkrs `br liflufitnbe, tck naketn`nlitnbes iea tck lbrrkspbeaneh
gkisurkgket uents irk is scbwe ne tck `bffbwneh `nhurk:
_irigktkr @uff Eigk [ent

L.N. Liranil neakx F/gne/g=
M\I Mbay surìlk irki g=
\P \trbdk vbfugk gF
\PN \trbdk neakx gF/g=
\P] \ystkgnl vislufir rksnstielk aye¸s/lg;
\P]N \ystkgnl vislufir rksnstielk neakx aye¸s¸g=/lg
_P] _ufgbeiry vislufir rksnstielk a ye¸s/lg;
_P]N _ufgbeiry vislufir rksnstielk neakx aye¸s¸g=/lg

FLX Fk`t vketrnlufir wbrd d h¸g
FLXN Fk`t vketrnlufir wbrd neakx dh¸g/g=
]LX ]nhct vketrnlufir wbrd dh¸g
]LXN ]nhct vketrnlufir wbrd neakx dh¸g/g=
FP\X Fk`t vketrnlufir strbdk wbrd h¸g
FP\XN Fk`t vketrnlufir strbdk wbrd neakx h¸g/g=
]P\X ]nhct vketrnlufir strbdk wbrd h¸g
]P\XN ]nhct vketrnlufir strbdk wbrd neakx h¸g/g=
K@ Kjkltnbe `riltnbe %
Qck ùeltnbes b` tck muttbes mkfbw tck anspfiy wneabw b` pirigktkrs `br liflufitnbe irk is
`bffbws:
- 991 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
〟66*/*〙 iea 〟55*/*〙: Anspfiy tck cnstbrnlif neput vifuks iea tck liflufitnbe rksufts.
〟]iehk〙: Anspfiy tck ebrgif riehk br tck uent.
〟]klbra〙 : _rnet tck liflufitnbe rksufts.
〟\cbw Neput〙: \wntlc tck anspfiy b` tck neput vifuks iea tck liflufitnbe rksufts.
98.0 Gkisurkgket ]kstrnltnbes
L.B. gkisurkgket cis nts rkstrnltnbes. Nt ns neiavnsimfk tb lirry but L.B. gkisurkgket wcke tck
pitnket ns ueakr bek br gbrk b` tck `bffbwneh lnrlugstielks:
_itnket wntc pbbr ngguek systkg
◀ _itnket wntc rnhct ckirt vifvk anskisk

◀ _itnket wntc mfbba lbihufitnbe ansbrakr
◀ _itnket wntc vksskf anskisk
◀ _itnket wntc tcrbgmbfytnl tckripy
◀ _itnket wntc pufgbeiry cypkrpnksni
◀ _itnket wntc pilkgidkr
◀ _itnket wntc systkgnl cypbtkesnbe
98.8 Ne`fukelneh @iltbrs
\bgk ìltbrs ne`fukelneh tck liranil butput nelfuak:
 Qck tkgpkriturk iea vbfugk b` nejkltitk sbfutnbe
 Qck nejkltnbe ritk, tck `rkqukely iea tck netkrvif
 Qck pbsntnbe b` litcktkr rkfitnvk tb tck fueh
 Qck nejkltnbe tklcenquk b` tck bpkritbr

- 99; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 93. MN\ (Bptnbeif)
93.9 Netrbaultnbe
Mnspkltrif Neakx (MN\) gbentbrneh ckfps tb gbentbr tck fkvkf b` lbeslnbusekss b` i pitnket ueakr
hkekrif iekstcksni br skaitnbe ne tck B] iea NL[. Qck MN\ skesbr nnss ppffiillkkaa bbee ttcckk ppiittnnkkeett„„ss
`brkckia tb lipturk kfkltrbkelkpcifbhripcnl (KKH) snheifs `rbg wcnlc skvkrif eugkrnls irk
akrnvka, nelfuaneh i snehfk MN\ mktwkke 9?? (wnak iwidk) iea zkrb (imskelk b` mrine kfkltrnlif
iltnvnty) tcit rkprkskets tck pitnket„s fkvkf b` lbeslnbusekss. Qcns keimfks lfnenlnies tb lustbgnzk
tck prklnsk typk iea igbuet b` iekstcktnl br skaitnvk gkanlitnbe tcit kilc pitnket ekkas.
MN\ gbaufk ns prbaulka my Ispklt Gkanlif Lbgpiey. Qcns gbaufk usks tck kfkltrnlif iltnvnty ne
tck lkrkmrif lbrtkx KKH, lbgmneks mnspkltrif neakx iea spkltrif ieifysns gktcba, hnvke lkrtine
igbuet b` mnspkltrif neakx, lbgmneka wntc tck quifnty b` KKH ieifysns b` lbgprkckesnvk
kvifuitnbe b` ìltbrs sulc is tck pitnket's lurrket stitk b` lbeslnbusekss, tb naketn`y tck iekstcktnl
akptc.
@br pitnkets wntc ekurbfbhnlif ansbrakrs, pitnkets tidneh psylcbiltnvk gkanlitnbe, iea lcnfarke
mkfbw tck ihk b` 9 ykir, MN\ vifuks scbufa mk netkrprktka liutnbusfy.
XI]ENEH
 Qck lbeaultnvk pirts b` skesbrs iea lbeekltbrs scbufa ebt lbgk netb lbetilt wntc btckr lbeaultnvk
pirts, nelfuaneh kirtc.

 Qb rkaulk tck cizira b` mures ne tck cnhc-`rkqukely surhnlif ekutrif kfkltrbak lbeekltnbe, tck
MN\ skesbr scbufa ebt mk fblitka mktwkke tck surhnlif sntk iea tck kfkltrb-surhnlif uent rkture
kfkltrbak.
 Qck MN\ skesbr gust ebt mk fblitka mktwkke ak`nmrnffitbr pias wcke i ak`nmrnffitbr ns uska be i
pitnket lbeekltka tb tck pitnket gbentbr. Qck MN\ skesbr gust ebt mk fblitka mktwkke ak`nmrnffitbr
pias wcke i ak`nmrnffitbr ns uska be i pitnket lbeekltka tb tck pitnket gbentbr.
 Qb ivbna tck rnsd b` striehufitnbe, MN\ gbaufk skesbr limfk gust mk lirkùffy pfilka iea `nxka.
93.< MN\ Anspfiy
Qck MN\ gbaufk prbvnaks MN\, \YN, KGH, \], \K@, Q_, _L vifuk iea = lcieekf KKH
wivk, is `bffbwneh:
- 990 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
@nh. 93-9 MN\ pirigktkr irki
@nh. 93-= KKH wivk`brg

9. Mnspkltrif Neakx＃MN\．
Qck MN\ eugkrnl rk`fklts tck pitnket„s fkvkf b` lbeslnbusekss. Nt riehks `rbg 9?? `br wnak iiwwiiddkk
tb ? ne tck imskelk b` mrine iltnvnty.
MN\ eugkrnl MN\ vifuk akslrnptnbe
9?? Qck pitnket ns wwnakfy iwidk.
8? Qck pitnket ns uueakrabska mut stnff uefndkfy tb mklbgk iwirk. Qck pitnket ns uueakr hkekrif iekstcksni
0? Qck KKH wivk`brg ns aanspfiyka is i `fit fnek, iea tck pitnket cis eb
1? kfkltrnlif mrine iltnvnty.
?
=. Kfkltrbgybhripc (KGH)
KGH mir hripc rk`fklts tck kfkltrnlif pbwkr b` guslfk iltnvnty iea cnhc `rkqukely irtnìlts. Qck
gnengug pbssnmfk KGH ns imbut =; aM.
 KGH ６;; aM: Qcns ns ie illkptimfk KLH.
 KGH≡≡<? aM: Qcns ns ie bptngif KGH.
<. \upprkssnbe ]itnb (\])
\] eugkrnl ns tck pkrlketihk b` tngk bvkr tck fist 0<-sklbea pkrnba aurneh wcnlc tck
KKH ns lbesnakrka tb mk ne i supprksska stitk.
1. \pkltrif Kahk @rkqukely (\K@)
Qck \K@ ns i `rkqukely mkfbw wcnlc >;% b` tck tbtif pbwkr ns gkisurka
;. \nheif Yuifnty Neakx (\YN)
Qck \YN eugkrnl rk`fklts snheif quifnty iea prbvnaks ne`brgitnbe imbut tck rkfnimnfnty b` tck MN\,
\K@, Q_, iea \] eugkrnls aurneh tck fist gneutk.

Nt riehks `rbg ?-9??%:
◆ \YN69;%: tck eugkrnls lieebt mk akrnvka
- 998 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 \YN 9; tb ;?%: tck eugkrnls lieebt mk rkfnimfy akrnvka.

 \YN ;?% tb 9??%: tck eugkrnls irk rkfnimfk.
0. Qbtif _bwkr (Q_)
Q_ eugkrnl neanlitks tck pbwkr ne tck `rkqukely miea ?.;-<?Cz. Qck uskùf riehk ns
<?-9??am.
93.1 \kt up tck MN\ Gkisurkgket
9. Lbeeklt tck MN\x gbakf tb tck MN\ netkrìlk b` tck pitnket gbentbr.
@nh. 93-< MN\x gbaufk lbeekltnbe

=. [sk tck ittilcgket lfnp tb sklurk tck MN\x gbakf ekir, mut ebt imbvk tck fkvkf b` tck
pitnket„s ckia.
<. Ittilc tck MN\ skesbr tb tck pitnket `bffbwneh tck nestrultnbes suppfnka wntc skesbr.
EBQK
Gidk surk tck pitnket„s sdne ns ary. I wwkktt sskkeessbbrr bbrr ii ssiifftt mmrrnnaahhkk llbbuuffaa rrkkssuufftt nnee kkrrrrbbeekkbbuuss
MMNN\\ iieeaa
ngpkaielk vifuks.
1. Lbeeklt tck MN\ skesbr tb tck pitnket netkrìlk limfk. Is sbbe is i vifna skesbr ns aktkltka,
tck ngpkaielks b` iff kfkltrbaks irk gkisurka iutbgitnliffy iea tck ngpkaielk vifuk `br
kilc kfkltrbak ns anspfiyka ne tck skesbr lckld wneabw.
- 993 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
LI[QNBE
Ab ebt ittilc tck MN\x gbakf tb tck ppiittnnkkeett„„ss ssddnne `br fbeh tngk. Btckrwnsk,
tck MN\x ckits wcnfk be tck pitnket iea giy liusk anslbg`brt.
93.; MN\ \ktup gkeu

〟MN\ \ktup〙gkeu ns scbwe is mkfbw:
@nh.93-1 MN\ \ktup gkeu
93.;.9 Lbetneubus Ngpkaielk Lckld
My akìuft, tcns lckld ns swntlcka be. Nt lcklds:

 Qck lbgmneka ngpkaielk b` tck snheif kfkltrbaks pfus tck rk`krkelk kfkltrbak. Qcns
ns abek lbetneubusfy iea abks ebt i``klt tck KKH wivk. Is fbeh is tck ngpkaielks
irk
wntcne tck vifna riehk, tckrk ns eb prbgpt gkssihk b` tcns lckld br nts rksufts.
 Qck ngpkaielk b` tck hrbuea kfkltrbak. Qcns ns abek kvkry tke gneutks iea tidks
ipprbxngitkfy `bur sklbeas. Nt liusks ie irtnìlt ne tck KKH wivk, iea tck gkssihk
TMN\ Hrbuea LckldnehW ns anspfiyka be tck gbentbr aurneh tck lckld. N` tck hrbuea
kfkltrbak abks ebt piss tcns lckld, iebtckr lckld ns nentnitka. Qcns lbetneuks uetnf tck
hrbuea kfkltrbak pissks tck lckld. N` tck lbetneubus ngpkaielk lckld netkr`krks wntc
btckr gkisurkgkets, nt lie mk swntlcka b``. Qb ab tcns:
 Ketkr 〟MN\ skttneh〙,\kfklt TLbet. Ngpka.LckldW iea tcke skfkltTBeW br TB``W.
LI[QNBE
 \wntlcneh tck lbetneubus ngpkaielk lckld b`` wnff ansimfk iutbgitnl prbgpt tb tck uskr
b` ngpkaielk vifuk lciehks, wcnlc giy fkia tb nelbrrklt MN\ vifuks. Qckrk`brk, tcns
- 99> -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
scbufa befy mk abek n` tck lckld netkr`krks wntc br ansturms btckr gkisurkgkets.
 Xcke usk skgn-rkusimfk skesbr, lbetneubus ngpkaielk gbentbrneh lieebt mk tureka b``.
N` ture b`` tck lckldneh wcke skesbr ns lbeekltka, nt wnff iutbgitnliffy bpke.
93.;.= Lylfnl Ngpkaielk Lckld
Qcns gkisurks tck kxilt ngpkaielk b` kilc neanvnauif kfkltrbak. Nt liusks i ansturmka KKH wivk,
iea〟 MN\ Ngpkaielk Lckld 〙 ns anspfiyka be tck gbentbr
 Qck lylfnl ngpkaielk lckld ns iutbgitnliffy nentnitka wcke i skesbr ns lbeekltka. Qb
gieuiffy stirt i lylfnl ngpkaielk lckld gieuiffy, ybu lie:
 \kfklt TLyl Ngpka. LckldW ne tck TMN\ \ktupW gkeu iea tcke skfklt TBeW br TB``W.
Qck lylfnl ngpkaielk lckld stbps iutbgitnliffy n` tck ngpkaielks b` iff kfkltrbaks irk
wntcne tck vifna riehk. Qb gieuiffy stbp i lylfnl ngpkaielk lckld, ybu lie:
 \kfklt TLyl Ngpka. LckldW ne tck TMN\ \ktupW gkeu iea tcke skfklt TBeW br TB``WV
N`〟
Lyl Ngpka. Lckld 〙cis stbppka mk`brk hrbuea kfkltrbak ngpkaielk lckld piss, nt wnff
iutbgitnliffy stirt tck hrbuea kfkltrbak ngpkaielk lckld, iea lieebt mk anslbeekltka.
93.;.< MN\ \kesbr Lckld
Qb stirt skesbr lckld, skfklt T\kesbr Lckld 55W ne tck TMN\ \ktupW gkeu.
Qck hripcnl ne tck MN\ skesbr lckld wneabw iutbgitnliffy iaipts tb scbw tck typk b` skesbr
ybu irk usneh, scbw tcrkk br `bur kfkltrbaks is rkqunrka. Kilc sygmbf ne tck hripcnl
rkprkskets ie kfkltrbak iea nffustritks tck gbst rklketfy-gkisurka ngpkaielk stitus b` tck
kfkltrbaks: 9 ns tck rk`krkelk kfkltrbak4 = tck hrbuea kfkltrbak4 < iea 1 irk snheif
kfkltrbaks.
Ne iaantnbe, n` nt aktklts iey kfkltrbak br lbgmneitnbe kfkltrbak tb sdne ngpkaielk cnhckr tcie
tck fngnt br tck kfkltrbak ìff b``, nt wnff hkekritk ifirg〟MN\ ngpkaielk Fkia b`` 〙
cnhc〙br〟
- 9=? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
@nh. 93-; MN\ skesbr lckld
\titus Iltnbe
_iss Eb iiltnbe eklkssiry.
MN\ ngpkaielk cnhc Lckld tck sskesbr-tb-sdne lbetilt. N` eklkssiry, lfkie iea ary sdne.
9.. 99.]klbeeklt kfkltrbak, br lckld tck skesbr-tb-sdne lbetilt. N` eklkssiry, lfkie iea ary sdn
=. Lckld tck skesbr-tb-sdne lbetilt. N` eklkssiry,
@infka lfkie iea ary sdne.
93.;.1 @nftkr
Fbw piss iea cnhc piss `nftkrs lie `nftkr but ueaksnrimfk netkr`krkelk `rbg tck riw KKH
wivk`brg anspfiy. Ebtlc `nftkr lie `nftkr `rkqukely fneks netkr`krkelk. @nftkr skttnehs wnff
i``klt tck KKH wivk`brg iea \K@ iea Q_ vifuks, mut abks ebt i``klt tck MN\, KGH, \], \YN
vifuk.
Qb skt up `nftkr, \ tb〟Be〙br B`` ne tck〟MN\ \ktup〙gkeu,
kfklt 〟@nftkr〙〟〙
93.;.; MN\ \gbbtcneh ]itk
Qck sgbbtcneh ritk ak`neks cbw tck gbentbr ivkrihks tck MN\ vifuk.
Ketkr tck TMN\ \ktupW gkeu, skfklt T\gbbtcneh ]itkW tb lciehk sgbbtcneh ritk ybu ekka.
 9; sklbeas: Xntc tcns sgbbtcneh ritk, tck gbentbr prbvnaks nelrkisk rkspbesnvkekss tb
lciehks ne tck pitnket„s stitk.
 <? sklbeas： Qck gbentbr prbvnaks i sgbbtckr MN\ trkea wntc aklrkiska virnimnfnty iea
skesntnvnty tb irtnìlt.
- 9=9 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
93.;.0 Xivk
slifk
Lciehk tck slifk befy lciehk tck ippkirielk b` tck wivk`brg, nt abks ebt i``klt tck snheif
ieifysns, ebr abks nt ngpilt rkpbrt rklbra br tck prnet snheif.
Ketkr tck TMN\ sktupW gkeu, skfklt Twivk slifkW tb iajustka tck slifk. Qck bptnbeif slifk vifuk:
;?uP, 9??uP, =??uP ;??uP. KKH wivk`brg vkrtnlif fnek ippkir be tck slifk, iea nts cknhct
ns kquif tb tck igbuet b` uP vifuk.
93.;.8 ]kvnsnbe ne`b
\cbwneh anspfiy skesbr, MN\ gbaufk vkrsnbe ne`b.

- 9== -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr 9>. EGQ (Bptnbeif)
9>.9 Bvkrvnkw
Gbentbrneh tck k``klt b` ekurbguslufir mfbldneh ihkets (EGMIs) lie mk illbgpfnscka ne

skvkrif wiys.
Qck gbst `rkquketfy uska gktcba ns lfnenlif kvifuitnbe usneh i pkrnpckrif ekrvk stngufitbr.
Iftcbuhc tck tklcenquk ns sngpfk, nt filds illurily mkliusk b` nts sumjkltnvk netkrprktitnbe b`
tck rkspbesks.
Illuritk iea bmjkltnvk ne`brgitnbe be tck akhrkk b` ekurbguslufir pirifysns lie mk bmtineka
my gkisurneh tck `brlk b` lbetriltnbe b` i lkrtine guslfk (gklciebgybhripcy).
Cbwkvkr, tck kqunpgket ekkaka ns ritckr mufdy iea an``nluft tb usk aurneh rbutnek surhkry
mkliusk b` tck kfimbritk skt-up prblkaurk iea nts skesntnvnty tb gbvkgket.
I hbba iftkreitnvk `br `brlk gkisurkgket b` illkfkiritnbe (illkfkrbgybhripcy). Illbraneh
tb tck sklbea fiw b` Ekwtbe: @brlk kquifs Giss tngks. Illkfkritnbe (@7Gxi), tck
illkfkritnbe b` i
guslfk cis i fnekir lbrrkfitnbe wntc tck lbetriltnbe `brlk b` tcit guslfk .Nt cis mkke scbwe
tcit tckrk ns i hbba lbrrkfitnbe mktwkke tck rksufts b` illkfkrbgybhripcy iea
gklciebgybhripcy.
9>.= \cbrt \kt-up
9>.=.9 Lckldneh _itnkets `br Guslfk ]kfixitnbe
Ne tck skt-up gkeu b` tck QB@-Xitlc, anspfiy b` tck stngufitnbe strkehtc lie mk swntlcka
`rbg gI(akìuft skttneh) tb ζL, illbraneh tb fblif prk`krkelks .Is i akìuft skttneh, tck
stngufitnbe lurrket ns skt it ;? gI.
9〉 _filk kfkltrbaks ne pbsntnbe, ittilc tck illkfkritnbe triesaulkr tb tck tcugm wntc
iacksnvk tipk.
=〉 Qure QB@-Xitlc be mmy prkssneh muttbe (9) iea cbfaneh nt aabwe `br 9s.
tck
<〉 Iagnenstkr tck neaultnbe ihket.
1〉 Xcke tck pitnket ns iakquitkfy skaitka, prkss (==) `br iutbgitnl lifnmritnbe
(bptnbeif).
;〉 Cbfa abwe tck muttbe (<) `br rkpktntnvk QB@ stngufitnbe.

Qck QB@-Xitlc ns ebw rkiay `br tck ùrtckr gbentbrneh b` ekurbguslufir triesgnssnbe.
Aurneh surhkry guslfk rkfixitnbe lie mk gbentbrka lbetneubusfy tb isskss tck ekka `br kntckr
rkpkitka iagnenstritnbe b` i guslfk rkfixiet br `br tck usk b` i rkvkrsif ihket aurneh rklbvkry.
- 9=< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
9>.=.= Lckldneh _itnket `br ]ksnauif Lurirnzitnbe
Qck usk b` tck iutbgitnl skt-up b` tck QB@-Xitlc be pitnkets ifrkiay rkfixka wnff rksuft ne
nelbrrklt skfkltnbe b` netkreif hine auk tb ìaneh. Qck `bffbwneh prblkaurk scbufa mk uska:
9〉 _filk kfkltrbaks ne pbsntnbe, ittilc tck illkfkritnbe triesaulkr tb tck tcugm wntc iacksnvk
tipk.
=〉 Qure QB@-Xitlc be mmy prkssneh ttck muttbe (9) iea ccbfaneh nt abwe `br 9s.
<〉 Qck strkehtc b` tck stngufitnbe (gI br ilt) lie mk iajustka gieuiffy my prkssneh tck
gI(ζL) up (=9) br abwe muttbe (=<).
1〉 _rkss (<).
\nelk eb lbetrbf twntlc cknhct cis mkke kstimfnscka, befy tck QB@ ritnb ynkfas ne`brgitnbe
imbut tck rklbvkry b` i pitnket iea ebt i snehfk twntlc gkisurkgket.
9>.=.< Ekrvk Fblitnbe `br Fblb-rkhnbeif Iekstcksni
Qck QB@-Xitlc lie mk uska is ie ina ne ekrvk fblitnbe `br fblb-rkhnbeif iekstcksni usneh i
spklnif stngufitnbe limfk .Qcns limfk lbetines bek fkia wntc i lbeekltbr `nttneh tb i surìlk
kfkltrbak iea bek fkia wntc i lbeekltka tb i ekkafk kfkltrbak.
Belk tcns limfk ns neskrtka ne tck QB@-Xitlc, tck nestrugket iutbgitnliffy rkvkrts tb tck
fblbrkhnbeif iekstcksni gbak. \nelk befy i vnsuif isskssgket b` tck rkspbesk ns ekkaka, eb
rkspbesks irk scbwe be tck anspfiy.
9〉 Lbeeklt spklnif stngufitnbe limfk tb tck QB@-Xitlc
=〉 _filk tck surìlk kfkltrbak ne pbsntnbe
<〉 Qure QB@-Xitlc be mmy prkssneh ttck muttbe (9) iea ccbfaneh nt abwe `br 9s.
1〉 \tirt tck rkpktntnvk 9Cz stngufitnbe my prkssneh tck (=1)muttbe

; 〉 Qck strkehtc b` tck stngufitnbe (gI br ζL, scbwe be tck anspfiy) lie mk iiaajjuussttkkaa ggiieeuuiiffffyy
mmyy
prkssneh tck gI ((ζζLL)) uupp mmuuttttbbee ((==99)) bbrr aabbwwee mmuuttttbbee ((==<<))..
Qck QB@-Xitlc ns ebw rkiay `br usk ne fblitneh tck ekrvk wntc tck ekkafk kfkltrbak.
9>.< _rk-Bpkritnvk \kt-up
9>.<.9 Limfk Lbeekltnbes (Bmjkltnvk Gbentbrneh)
Qck QB@-Xitlc lie mk uska `br bmjkltnvk gbentbrneh my usneh twb

limfks: I) Illkfkritnbe triesaulkr limfk iea M) stngufitnbe limfk.
Xcke surìlk kfkltrbaks irk uska, tck nestrugket iutbgitnliffy usks stngufitnbe pufsks b` =??ζs
(<??ζs) it ?-0? Gi (?-9=/93ζL) Qck prk-ak`neka akìuft lurrket ns skt it ;? gI
- 9=1 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Ittilc tck sngufitnbe limfk tb tck surìlk kfkltrbaks pfilka be tck ufeir ekrvk.
Ittilc tck illkfkritnbe triesaulkr wntc ns firhkst `fit snak tb tck tcugm my gkies b` iacksnvk
tipk. Lbeeklt mbtc limfks tb aksnheitka lbfbr-lbaka butfkts be tck QB@-Xitlc (rkvkrsif b`
tck limfks ns ebt pbssnmfk mkliusk b` i gklcienlif mirrnkr).
9>.<.= Limfk Lbeekltnbes (\umjkltnvk Gbentbrneh)

Xcke tck illkfkritnbe triesaulkr ns ebt lbeekltka tb tck QB@-Xitlc, tck nestrugket lie mk
uska is i pkrnpckrif ekrvk stngufitbr.
Xcke surìlk kfkltrbaks irk uska, tck QB@-Xitlc iutbgitnliffy scbws befy tck stngufitnbe
strkehtc ne gI (ζL) iea ssttnngguuffiittnnbbee ggbbaakk..
Qck prk-ak`neka akìuft stngufitnbe strkehtc ns skt it ;? gI. Ittilc tck sngufitnbe limfk tb tck
surìlk kfkltrbaks pfilka be tck ufeir ekrvk (skk imbvk), iea lbeeklt tb tck aksnheitka lbfbr-
lbaka butfkt be tck QB@-Xitlc (neskrtnbe b` tck limfk ne tck wrbeh butfkt ns ebt pbssnmfk
mkliusk b` i gklcienlif mirrnkr).
9>.<.< Limfk Lbeekltnbes (Fblb-rkhnbeif Iekstcksni)

Xcke tck spklnif limfk `br i ekkafk kfkltrbak ns uska, tck QB@-Xitlc lie mk uska `br ekrvk
fblitnbe ne fblb-rkhnbeif iekstcksni.
Qck QB@-Xitlc wnff iutbgitnliffy rkvkrt tb tck fblb-rkhnbeif iekstcksni gbak, keimfneh
stngufitnbe wntc i pufsk wnatc b` 11??ζζss,, iieeaa ii lluurrrrkkeett rriieehhnneehh mmkkttwwkkkkee ??
iieeaa 00..??ggII..
Qck tbtif lcirhk akfnvkrka virnks mktwkke ? iea ?.=1ζL.Ne tck sskktt-up gkeu, anspfiy b` tck
strkehtc b` tck sngufitnbe lie mk swntlcka `rbg ζL ((pprrkk-nestiffka) tb gI.
Qck prk-ak`neka akìuft skttneh ns ?ζL ._itnket rkspbesks irk ebt scbwe bbee ttcckk aannssppffiiyy..
Ittilc tck spklnif limfk tb i ekkafk kfkltrbak iea i surìlk kfkltrbak, iea lbeeklt tb tck
aksnheitka lbfbr-lbaka butfkt be tck QB@-Xitlc (neskrtnbe b` tck limfk ne tck wrbeh butfkt ns ebt
pbssnmfk mkliusk b` i gklcienlif mirrnkr).
9>.<.1 Kfkltrbaks
Xcke gbentbrneh ekurbguslufir triesgnssnbe, tck QB@-Xitlc scbufa ifwiys mk uska wntc
rbuea surìlk kfkltrbaks wntc seip lbeekltnbe .\giff (pkanitrnl) kfkltrbak irk iavnsimfk tb
bmtine i su``nlnket lurrket akesnty. Ne brakr tb kesurk i stksay quifnty b` tck tkst, mk surk
befy tb usk LK girdka kfkltrbaks.
9>.<.; Kfkltrbak _filkgket
Illkfkrbgybhripcy lie tidk pfilk my sngufitneh tck ìlnif ekrvk iea gbentbrneh tck rkspbesk b`
tck brmnlufirns blufn guslfk br my stngufitneh tck pbstkrnbr tnmnif ekrvk iea gbentbrneh tck
rkspbesk b` tck `fkxbr ciffulks mrkvns guslfk. Cbwkvkr, stngufitnbe b` tck ufeir ekrvk iea
illkfkritnbe gkisurkgkets it tck iaaultbr pbffnlns ns prk`krrka `br rbutnek gbentbrneh.
- 9=; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Qck kfkltrbaks irk pfilk bvkr tck ufeir ekrvk be tck vbfir snak b` tck wrnst. Qck anstif kfkltrbak ns
pbsntnbeka wckrk tck prbxngif mkeaneh fnek lrbssks tck rianif snak b` tck `fkxbr lirpn ufeirns
guslfk. Qck prbxngif kfkltrbak lie mk pfilka kntckr = tb < lg prbxngif b` tck anstif kfkltrbak br
bvkr tck ufeir ekrvk it tck kfmbw.
 Lbrrklt pbsntnbeneh b` tck kfkltrbaks ns ngpbrtiet. \giff anspfilkgket giy rksuft ne
lbesnakrimfk lciehks ne stngufitnbe lurrket rkqunrkgkets. @urtckrgbrk, tck kfkltrbaks gust
mk pbsntnbeka ne sulc i wiy tb ivbna anrklt sngufitnbe b` tck guslfk.
 _filk tck kfkltrbaks be kilc snak b` tck kxpkltka pbsntnbe b` tck ufeir ekrvk. Ne tcns wiy,
tck k``klt b` iey gnebr gnsjuahgket b` tck iltuif ekrvk pbsntnbe ns gnengnzka.
 Nt cis mkke `buea tcit sfnhct prkssurk be tck kfkltrbaks giy ngprbvk tck stngufitnbe
lbesnakrimfy. Qckrk`brk, tipneh tck kfkltrbaks tb tck sdne giy mk iavnsimfk.
@nh. 9>-9 Kfkltrbak iea triesaulkr pfilkgket
9>.<.0 _bsntnbe b` tck Qriesaulkr
Qck triesaulkr scbufa mk pfilka wntc nt firhkst `fit snak ihinest tck tcugm.
Qck triesaulkr limfk gust mk `nxka ne sulc i wiy tcit eb triltnbe ns ippfnka tb tck triesaulkr iea
tcit gbvkgket b` tck tcugm ns ebt bmstrultka ne iey wiy.
 \giff snakwiys gbvkgkets b` tck tcugm giy mk ebtnlka aurneh stngufitnbe. N` tcns ns tck
lisk, rkpbsntnbe tck triesaulkr ne sulc i wiy tcit tck gbvkgket ns pkrpkeanlufir.
 Qck gbrk anstif tck triesaulkr ns pfilka be tck tcugm, tck strbehkr tck illkfkritnbe snheif.
Qcns k``klt lie mk uska tb iajust tck snheif strkehtc.
9>.<.8 Irg _bsntnbe
Qck irg, uska `br tck illkfkritnbe gkisurkgket, scbufa mk dkpt nggbmnfk aurneh tck wcbfk
prblkaurk. Gbvkgket b` tck irg tb iebtckr pbsntnbe giy lciehk tck twntlc cknhct lbesnakrimfy.
Iftcbuhc tck twntlc cknhct giy stnff an``kr `rbg tck brnhneif vifuk, tck trine-b`-`bur ritnb wnff ebt
- 9=0 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
mk i``kltka. It fitkr stihks b` rklbvkry tck pitnket giy pkr`brg vbfuetiry gbvkgkets b` tck
ciea, wcnlc ne ture giy ansturm tck gkisurkgkets iea rklbranehs.
9>.<.3 Lbeekltnbe tb \tngufitbr
Ifwiys gidk surk tcit tck QB@-Xitlc ns swntlcka b`` br tcit tck anspfiy scbws tck stbp sygmbf
(8) mk`brk tbulcneh tck kfkltrbaks.
Qck prbxngif kfkltrbak ns usuiffy lbeekltka tb tck wcntk (pbsntnvk) lfnp be tck stngufitbr limfk.
Qck anstif kfkltrbak scbufa mk lbeekltka tb tck mfild (ekhitnvk) lfnp.
N` mbtc kfkltrbaks irk ekir tck wrnst, tck pbfirnty ns fkss lrntnlif. Qck stngufitbr pufsks irk
gbebpcisnl. \wntlcneh tck kfkltrbak lbeekltnbe (kxlciehneh wntc ) giy sbgktngks

nelrkisk tck stngufitnbe lbesnakrimfy.
9>.<.> \dne ]ksnstielk

Qck sdne rksnstielk tbhktckr wntc tck kfkltrbak rksnstielk `rbg tck tbtif rksnstielk ne tck
stngufitneh lnrlunt .Qck stngufitbr ne tck QB@-Xitlc ns b` tck lbestiet lurrket typk.
Qcns gkies tcit tck stngufitnbe vbftihk iutbgitnliffy nelrkisks wntc tck rksnstielk.
Is fbeh is tck vbftihk rkgines mkfbw tck gixngug vifuk (7<??P) tck stngufitbr lie akfnvkr tck
skfkltka pufsk. @br i gixngif lurrket b` 0?gI, tck gixngif rksnstielk wnff mk ;DBcg.
N` tck rksnstielk ns imbvk tcns vifuk, tck ‖scne rksnstielk tbb cnhc ‖sygmbf (9=) wnff mk
anspfiyka, iea tck stngufitnbe stbps. N` tck lurrket ns rkaulka, tck lbrrkspbeaneh vbftihk arbps iea
stngufitnbe lie mk rksugka.
 Nesu``nlnket lfkieneh b` tck sdne giy mk tck liusk b` i tbb cnhc sdne rksnstielk.
Ebtk tcit tckrk ns ebt eklkssirnfy iey rkfitnbe mktwkke cnhc sdne rksnstielk iea prbmfkgs
b` rkilcneh suprigixngif stngufitnbe
9>.<.9? Lbetrbf Qwntlc Cknhct
Qck pitnket scbufa mk iekstcktnzka mk`brk bpkritneh tck stngufitbr mkliusk ekrvk stngufitnbe lie
mk pineùf `br i lbeslnbus pitnket.
Lbetrbf twntlc cknhct ns tck twntlc cknhct wcke tck pitnket ns ebt rkfixka. Lbetrbf twntlc cknhct ns
skt tb 9??% it lifnmritnbe.
9>.<.99 Lifnmritnbe
Qck snzk b` tck triesaulkr snheif virnks `rbg pitnket tb pitnket .Ne brakr tb kstimfnsc i lbetrbf
twntlc cknhct vifuk b` 9??% `br tck 9Cz br ?.9 Cz gbaks, tck triesaulkr hine ns skt my prkssneh
- 9=8 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
tck muttbe (==) `br gbrk tcie 9s.

 N` tck rkspbesks b` i ebe-rkfixka pitnket irk tbb sgiff `br ie illuritk gkisurkgket, is lie mk
skke ne lcnfarke br wcke usneh tck brmnlufirns blufn guslfk, tcke i hine lifnmritnbe wnff
bptngnzk tck skesntnvnty.
9>.<.9= \kesntnvnty
Nt giy mk bmskrvka tcit tck tcugm gidks vkry sgiff gbvkgkets iftcbuhc eb rkspbesk ns scbwe be
tck anspfiy. Qcns ns ebt ie krrbr: tck gbvkgket ns mkfbw tck tcrkscbfa b` <% lbetrbf twntlc
cknhct it wcnlc tck QB@-Xitlc stirts tb anspfiy tck rkspbesks.
9>.<.9< \tngufitnbe [ents
Qck QB@-Xitlc lie scbw tck strkehtc b` tck kfkltrnlif stngufitnbe ne mbtc gnffn-igpkrks TGiW iea
gnlrb-lbufbgm TζLW. @br rbutnek gbentbrneh tck akìuft skttneh ns ne gI, `br usk ne fblbrkhnbeif
iekstcksni tck akìuft skttneh ns ne ζL. Nt ns pbssnmfk tb lciehk mktwkke tck twb gbaks ne tck skt-up
gkeu.
9>.1 EGQ Anspfiy
Qck gbentbr anspfiys EGQ pirigktkr be tck ebrgif slrkke. @nh. 8-1 mkfbw ns tck
gbentbrneh netkrìlk b` EGQ, iea ns `br rk`krkelk purpbsks befy. Qck hripcnls anspfiyka
be ybur gbentbr giy mk sfnhctfy an``krket.

@nh. 9>-= EGQ _irigktkr ne Ebrgif \lrkke
- 9=3 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr =?. Liflufitk
=?.9 Bvkrvnkw
Qcns gbentbr prbvnaks lbgputneh lipimnfntnks, tck liflufitka vifuks irk ebt anrkltfy gkisurka
pitnket aiti, mut tck rksufts `rbg tck gbentbr liflufitka illbraneh tb tck ipprbprnitk aiti ybu
prbvnak.
Qck `bffbwneh liflufitnbes lie mk pkr`brgka be tck gbentbr:
Qb liflufitk sbgktcneh, ne tck gine gkeu, skfklt TliflufitkW, skfklt i an``krket liflufitnbe
ùeltnbe tb liflufitk.
Ebtks
 Liflufitnbe ns neakpkeaket b` tck btckr `kiturks b` tck gbentbr, tck pitnket lie ebt bmjklt
lbgputneh gbentbr tck huiraniescnp. Liflufitneh bpkritnbe wnff ebt i``klt tck lirk b` pitnkets
wcb irk
Xireneh
 \cbufa mk lirkùffy liflufitka tb vkrn`y tck lbrrkltekss b` neput pirigktkrs iea rksufts b`
suntimnfnty. Qck Lbgpiey abks ebt issugk iey rkspbesnmnfnty `br iff tck lbeskqukelks b`
neput iea bpkritnbeif krrbrs liuska my
=?.= Absk Liflufitnbe
=?.=.9 Liflufitneh \tkp
9, ne tck gkeu, skfklt TliflufitkW ↝ TAbsk Lif.W.

=. \kfklt tck typk Tpitnket lit.W iea TAruh EigkW. Ne TAruh EigkW arbp-abwe fnst be tck rnhct,
ybu lie skfklt tck rkqunrka aruh eigk `rbg tck `bffbwneh 9; dneas b` gkanlneks. Igbeh tckg,
tck eigk b` tck aruh I, M, L, A, iea K lie mk ak`neka my tck uskr.
Aruh I, M, L, A, K
Ignebpcyffnek
Abmutignek
Abpignek
- 9=> -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Kpnekpcrnek
Ckpirne
Nsuprkf
Fnablinek
Enprnak
Entrbhfylkrne
_ntblne
<, i`tkr tck lbgpfktnbe b` tck prkvnbus bpkritnbe, tck systkg wnff iutbgitnliffy hnvk i akìuft
vifuk. Qcksk aiti lieebt mk liflufitka is i rksuft, tcky gust ketkr tck debwe, tck lbrrklt
pirigktkr vifuks illbraneh tb tck abltbr's nestrultnbes.
1. Ketkr tck wknhct b` tck pitnket.
;, ketkr tck lbrrklt pirigktkr vifuks
0, lbe`nrg tck lbrrkltekss b` tck liflufitnbe rksufts
=?.=.= [ent b` Gkisurkgket
Kilc aruh `nxka uent br uent skrnks irk liflufitka. Ne tck sigk uent ne tck skrnks, wnff ckxiaklngif
pirigktkr vifuks wntc tck neput b` tck uent ns iutbgitnliffy iajustka.
[ents b` virnbus aruhs is `bffbws:
Aruh I, M, L, ignebpcyffnek, abmutignek, abpignek, kpnekpcrnek, nsbprbtkrkebf, fnablinek,
entrbhfylkrne iea sbanug entrbprussnak, usneh i skrnks b` uents: h, gh, glh.
Aruh A, Ckpirne iea bxytblne, tck usk b` skrnks uent: uent, D[,
G[. Aruh K usk [ent: gKq
Xcke i lustbg b` lkrtine aruhs, tck bpkritbr scbufa mk tck aruh b` lcbnlk ne illbraielk wntc
\krnks I, M, L, A, K.
=?.=.< Qntritnbe Qimfk
I`tkr lbgpfktnbe b` tck aruh liflufitnbe, Aruh liflufitnbe tntritnbe timfkW wneabw, skfklt T"W
tb bpke tck tntritnbe timfk.
Ne tck tntritnbe timfk, ybu lie lciehk:



I`tkr ybu lciehk tck imbvk bptnbes, tck tntritnbe aiti ne tck timfk wnff lciehk illbranehfy.
^bu lie ifsb:
\kfklt iea muttbe tb skfklt iea bmskrvk gbrk aiti.

- 9<? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=?.< Bxyhkeitnbe Liflufitnbe
=?.<.9 Liflufitneh \tkp
9, ne tck gkeu, skfklt TliflufitkW ↝ TBxyhkeitnbe Lif.W.

=, ketkr tck lbrrklt vifuks `br kilc pirigktkr.
<. \kfklt tck TliflufitkW muttbe, ybu lie liflufitk tck vifuk b` kilc butput pirigktkr.
 @br mkybea tck rkisbeimfk riehk b` butput vifuk, wcnlc ns scbwe is i ykffbw mildhrbuea.
Ebw iff pirigktkrs wnff ansippkir mkcnea tck uent, pirigktkr but b` riehk, rkisbeimfk
riehk wnff mk anspfiyka.
 T---W neanlitks ie nevifna vifuk
=?.<.= Neput _irigktkr
Immrkvnitnbe [ent Kehfnsc ùff eigk
L.B. F/gne Liranil butput

@nB= % ggCh ggCh _krlketihk `riltnbe b` nespnrka bxyhke
_iB= % ggCh _irtnif prkssurk b` bxyhke ne ttck irtkrnks
_iLB= % h/F gf/F gf/F _irtnif prkssurk b` lirmbe anbxnak ne tck irtkrnks Irtkrnif bxyhke situritnbe
\iB= gf/gne _irtnif prkssurk b` bxyhke ne vvkebus mfbba Pkebus bxyhke situritnbe
_vB= Ckgbhfbmne
\vB= Cm LiB= LvB= PB= Irtkrnif bxyhke lbetket Pkebus bxyhke lbetket Bxyhke lbesugptnbe
]Y IQG_ Cknhct ]kspnritbry qubtnket Itgbspckrnl prkssurk Cknhct
wknhct wknhct
ggCh
lg Dh
=?.<.< Butput _irigktkr

M\I PB= lifl L(i-v)B=
g=B=K]
gf/gneAB=
gf/F Mbay surìlk irki Bxyhke lbesugptnbe
_IB= % Irtkrnbvkebus bxyhke lbetket an``krkelk Bxyhke kxtriltnbe ritnb
gf/gne ggCh Bxyhke triespbrt
_irtnif prkssurk b` bxyhke ne tck ifvkbfn
- 9<9 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
IiAB= ggCh Ifvkbfir-irtkrnif bxyhke an``krkelk

LlB= gf/F Lipnffiry bxyhke lbetket
Ys/Yt % Pkebus iagnxturk
L.B. lifl F/gne Liflufitka liranil butput
=?.1 Pketnfitnbe Liflufitnbe
=?.1.9 Liflufitneh \tkp
9, ne tck gkeu, skfklt Tlbgputneh "W ↝ TPketnfitnbe LiflufitnbeW.

<. \kfklt tck TlbgputnehW muttbe, ybu lie liflufitk tck vifuk b` kilc butput pirigktkr.

@nB= % _krlketihk `riltnbe b` nespnrka bxyhke
]] ]pg ggCh ggCh ggCh
]kspnritnbe ritk
_kLB= gf _irtnif prkssurk b` gnxka kxpnritbry LB=
_iLB= _irtnif prkssurk b` lirmbe anbxnak ne tck irtkrnks
_iB= QP _irtnif prkssurk b` bxyhke ne ttck irtkrnks Qnaif vbfugk
]Y ]kspnritbry qubtnket
IQG_ Itgbspckrnl prkssurk
ggCh
=?.1.< Butput _irigktkr

_IB= IiAB= ggCh ggCh ggCh _irtnif prkssurk b` bxyhke ne ttck ifvkbfn Ifvkbfir-irtkrnif bxyhke an``krkelk Bxyhkeitnb
_i/@nB= i/IB= GP % F/gne gf Irtkrnif tb ifvkbfir bxyhke ritnb Gneutk vbfugk
Pa % Pbfugk b` pcysnbfbhnlif akia spilk
Pa/Pt PI F/gne pcysnbfbhnlif akia spilk ne pkrlket b` tnaif vbfugk Ifvkbfir vbfugk
- 9<= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=?.; Ckgbayeignl Liflufitnbe
=?.;.9 Liflufitneh \tkp
9. Ne tck gkeu, skfklt TliflufitkW ↝ TCkgbayeignl Lif.W.

=. Ketkr tck lbrrklt vifuks `br kilc pirigktkr.
 N` tck pitnket ns ueakr huiraniescnp ns liflufitka, tcke C], Irt Gkie, _I Gkie LP_ iea
tck akìuft vifuk ns tck lurrket rkif-tngk gkisurkgkets4 N` ybu civk just pkr`brgka
LB gkisurkgkets, tck akìuft vifuk LB ns lcbske gbrk tngks tck ivkrihk LB
gkisurkgkets4 cknhct iea wknhct `rbg tck pitnket ne`brgitnbe ketkrka. Xcke tck
gbentbr lieebt mk skfkltka tb prbvnak tcksk aiti, tck anspfiy ns mfied, ybu ekka tb
gieuiffy ketkr.
 N` tck pitnket ns ebt be tck huiraniescnp b` tck liflufitnbe, ybu ekka tb vkrn`y br gban`y iff
neput vifuks.
=?.;.= Neput _irigktkr

L.B. F/gne mpg ggCh ggCh
Liranil
ggChbutput Ckirt ritk
C] ggCh gf _ufgbeiry irtkry wkahk prkssurk irtkry gkie prkssurk
_IX_ Irt Gkie lg _ufgbeiry irtkrygkie prkssurk Lketrif vkebus prkssurk
_I Gkie Dh Kea-anistbfnl vbfugk
LP_ KAI Cknhct wknhct
Cknhct
wknhct
=?.;.< Butput _irigktkr

L.N. F/gne/g= g= Liranil neakx Mbay surìlk irki
M\I gf \trbdk vbfugk
\P gf/g= A\/lg; \trbdk neakx
\N \ystkgnl vislufir rksnstielk
\P]N A\/ gg=/lg; \ystkgnl vislufir rksnstielk neakx
- 9<< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
_P] A\/lg; _ufgbeiry vislufir rksnstielk

_P]N FLX FLXN A\/ gg=/lg; Dh.g Dh.g/g= h.g vislufir rksnstielk neakx Fk`t Liranil wbrd
_ufgbeiry
=
FP\X Fk`t Liranil wbrd neakx
Fk`t vketrnlufir strbdk wbrd
FP\XNh.g/ g Fk`t vketrnlufir strbdk wbrd neakx

]LXDh.g]nhct Liranil wbrd
]LXNDh.g/g= ]nhct Liranil wbrd neakx
]P\Xh.g]nhct vketrnlufir strbdk wbrd
]P\XNh.g/ g= ]nhct vketrnlufir strbdk wbrd neakx K@%Kjkltnbe `riltnbe
=?.0 ]keif @ueltnbe Liflufitnbe
=?.0.9 Liflufitneh \tkp
9, ne tck gkeu, skfklt TliflufitkW ↝ T]keif Lif.W.

Immrkvnitnbe [entKehfnsc ùff eigk

[]D ggbf/F[rnek pbtissnug
[]Ei [rnek ggbf/F[rneiry sbanug
_bsg [bsg gf/=1c[rnek gBsg/dhC=B_fisg bsgbfifnty gBsg/dhC=B[rnek bsgbfifnty ggbf/F\krug sbanug
\krEi Lr ζgbf/F lrkitnenek
[Lr M[E ζgbf/F [rnek lrkitnenek
Cknhct ggbf/FMfbba urki entrbhke
wknhct lgCknhct
Dhwknhct
- 9<1 -
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=?.0.< Butput _irigktkr

[]EiKx []DKx ggbf/=1c ggbf/=1c [rnek sbanug kxlrktnbe [rnek pbtissnug kxlrktnbe
Ei/D LEi Lflr % gf/=1c gf/gne \banug pbtissnug ritnb Lfkirielk b` sbanug Lrkitnenek lfkirielk ritk
@KEi Lbsg LC=B % @riltnbeif kxlrktnbe b` sbanug Bsgbfir lfkirielk
[/_ bsg M[E/Lr gf/gne gf/c @rkk witkr lfkirielk
[/Lr [rnek tb ppfisgi bsgbfifnty ritnb Mfbba urki entrbhke lrkitnenek ritnb [rnek-skrug lrkit
=?.8 GKX\ \ystkg
 Bpke tck Gkie b` tck 〟liflufitk〙, skfklt 〟GKX\ \ystkg〙 muttbe tb mrneh up tck〟GKX\
\ystkg〙gkeu. Gkeu anspfiy is `bffbws：
@nh. =?-9 GKX\ \ystkg gkeu
- 9<; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 \kfklt〟Lfkir Aiti〙: Lfkir tck ketry b` pirigktkr vifuks.

 \kfklt〟Xireneh prblkss〙:Bpke tck vnkw b` tck Xireneh prblkss, Xireneh prblkss
akìuft gkeu is scbwe mkfbw:
@nh. =?-= Xireneh \lbrk prblkss

rbprnitk C], ]K\_, ENM_, QKG_
 Ketkr tck gkisurka vifuks iea stitks b` lbeslnbusekss.
\titk b` lbeslnbusekss `br tck arbp-abwe mbx, nelfuaneh `bur: wnak iwidk, rkspbea tb vbnlk,
rkspbea tb pine, eb rkspbesk.
 \kfklt〟stirt slbrk〙: \ystkg stirt slbrk iutbgitnliffy.
- 9<0 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
@nh =?-< GKX\ rksuft

- 9<8 -
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Lciptkr =9. \pbt Lckld
=9.9 Butfnek
Qcns gbentbr prbvnaks spbt gktkrneh ùeltnbe, ybu lie gkisurk tck pitnket's ckirt ritk, mfbba
prkssurk, pufsk ritk, mbay tkgpkriturk, bxyhke, GKX\ slbrk, spbt lckld aiti lie mk
triesgnttka ne i tngkfy gieekr tb tck LG\.
=9.= \kt _bnet Gkisurkgket

Qck gbentbr lie mk skt tb lbetneubus gkisurkgket iea spbt lckld gkisurkgket gbaks.
Qck gbentbr ns skt tb tck pitc spbt lckld gbak,〟@iltbry Ginetkeielk〙↝〟spbt lckld〙 ↝
〟be〙,tcke nt wnff bpke tck spbt lckld swntlc. 〟gkie〙↝〟gbentbr typk55〙wnff gbentbr typk
ns skt tb spbt lckld, BD , tck sullkss b` tck gbentbr ns skt tb spbt lckld gbak.
lfnld〟〙
=9.< [sk tck \pbt Lckld
\pbt lckld gbak ns skt up, wnff ippkir ne tck cbtdky irki gkisurka pbnet ,lfnld tck muttbe tb
mrneh up tck〟 pitnket ne`b〙 gkeu, is scbwe mkfbw:
@nh. =9-9 _itnket Ne`b Gkeu
- 9<3 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
〟\ureigk〙: Qck pitnket's eigk

〟 Eigk〙: Qck pitnket's eigk
〟Lisk〙: _itnket Lisk eugmkr lieebt mk kgpty, btckrwnsk nt wnff ebt mk imfk tb skea aiti.
〟Hkeakr〙 : Gifk, `kgifk, btckr
〟_itnket Lit.〙: Iau, pka iea ekb
〟_ilka 〙: ^ks, Eb
〟Cknhct〙: Qck pitnket's cknhct
〟Xknhct〙: _itnket wknhct
〟Mfbba Qypk〙: I, M, IM, B
〟Iagnt aitk〙 : _itnket iagnssnbe aitk
〟Mnrtcaiy〙: _itnket Aitk b` Mnrtc
@nff but pitnket ne`brgitnbe, lfnld
〟BD〙
, tck `bffbwneh netkrìlk pbps up:
@nh. =9-= \pbt Lckld ]ksufts

〟Liflufitk 〙: Liflufitk GKX\ slbrk
〟BD〙 : \keaneh aiti tb LG\
〟]kvnkw〙: ]kvnkw pitnket ne`brgitnbe iea gkisurkgket spbt lckld Pnkw
〟Lielkf〙: Lielkf tck spbt lckld aiti
Qck rkvnkw b` spbt lckld wneabw is scbwe mkfbw:
- 9<> -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
@nh. =9-< \pbt Lckld ]kvnkw

\kfklt 〟\kfklt iff〙, ybu lie skfklt iff aiti ne tck lurrket pihk.
\kfklt〟Akfktk〙 , ybu lie akfktk tck skfkltka aiti.
\kfklt〟\kea 〙, ybu lie skea aiti tb tck lketrif stitnbe tngkbut.
^bu lie skfklt iea muttbe,, uup br abwe tb vvnkw tck spbt lckld rkvnkw timfk.
- 91? -
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Lciptkr ==. _XQQ (Bptnbeif)
==.9 Bvkrvnkw
_XQQ (_ufsk Xivk Qriesnt Qngk) trnhhkrka ENM_ gkisurkgket nelrkisks tck lcielk tb aktklt
i suaake lciehk ne mfbba prkssurk. _XQQ lie mk liflufitka `rbg KLH iea \pB= ebe-
nevisnvkfy. N`
_XQQ kxlkkas i tcrkscbfa aurneh pkrnbanl ENM_ gkisurkgket, nt trnhhkrs ENM_ gkisurkgket.
==.= Ippfnlitnbes
 _XQQ tcrkscbfa lie mk skt illbraneh tb tck pitnket sntuitnbe iea cbspntif irki.
Cnhckr skesntnvnty aktklts sgiffkr lciehks iea trnhhkrs gbrk `rkquket ENM_
gkisurkgkets.
Fbwkr skesntnvnty aktklts befy firhkr lciehks iea trnhhkrs fkss `rkquket ENM_
gkisurkgkets.

Ne tck B], usk sgiffkr tcrkscbfa tb trnhhkr gbrk `rkquket ENM_ gkisurkgket. Ne tck
NL[, LL[ br wira, kxlkssnvk ENM_ gkisurkgkets irk i murake be tck pitnket sb
_XQQ
tcrkscbfa lie mk nelrkiska.
==.< _XQQ \ktup
9. \kfklt ENM_ pirigktkr irki ↝〟 ENM_ \ktup〙 gkeu ↝〟_XQQ \ktup55〙.

=. \kfklt 〟Be〙 br tb swntlc be/b`` _XQQ ùeltnbe.
〟B``〙
<. Iajust 〟Qcrkscbfa(gs)〙
Qck akìuft skttneh ns b``, iey lciehk b` tck skttneh wnff ebt mk sivka.
@nh. ==-9 _XQQ \ktup Gkeu
- 919 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
LI[QNBE
 Ab ebt gkisurk ENM_ wntc _XQQ be i ekbeitk mkliusk lnrlufitbry dnektnls

b` i ekbeitk lciehk ripnafy.
 Ne tck `bffbwneh lisks, _XQQ trnhhkrka ENM_ gkisurkgket giy trnhhkr tbb b`tke br
ìnf tb trnhhkr.
 ]ipna mfbba prkssurk lciehk auk tb visbiltnvk aruhs, sulc is pckeyfkpcrnek iea
enliranpnek.
 [estimfk pufsk wivk auk tb pbbr pkrnpckrif lnrlufitnbe.
 Qbb giey irrcytcgnis.
 _itnket gbvkgket br lciehk b` mbay pbsntnbe.
 Ebnsk be KLH auk tb K\[.
 \pB= gkisurkgket be `bbt b` pkanitrnl.
 Ab ebt aklrkisk tck `rkqukely b` pkrnbanl ENM_ gkisurkgket wcke usneh _XQQ. \kt
tck `rkqukely b` pkrnbanl ENM_ gkisurkgket tb tck ebrgif skttneh ybu wbufa usk n`
ybu wkrk ebt usneh _XQQ.
- 91= -
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Lciptkr =<. ]klbraneh (Bptnbeif)
=<.9 ]klbrakr _rb`nfk
Qck gbentbr iabpt tck tckrgif rklbrakr, suppbrts giey rklbraneh Qypks, rklbras pitnket
ne`brgitnbe, trkea hripc/timfk aiti, up tb tcrkk wivk`brgs, ktl.
@nh. =<-9 ]klbrakr

9. Neanlitbr
 Be: wcke tck rklbrakr wbrds lbrrkltfy.
 B``: wcke tck gbentbr ns swntlcka b``.
 @fiscks: n` ie krrbr bllurrka tb tck rklbrakr, k.h., tck rklbrakr rues but b` pipkr, jigs,
bvkr ckit, ktl.
=. Xrkelc: Hketfy puff but tck wrkelc, tck prnetkr wnff iutbgitnliffy bpke tck abbrs
<. _ipkr butfkt

1. ]klbrakr abbr
Qck tisd-rkfitka rklbranehs nelfuak:
 ]kif tngk rklbraneh
 8-Fkia wivk`brgs rklbraneh
 Ifirg trnhhkr rklbraneh
 @rbzke wivk rklbraneh
 Hripcnl trkeas rklbraneh
 Qimufir trkeas rklbraneh

 ENM_ rkvnkw rklbraneh
 Kvket rkvnkw rklbraneh
- 91< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=<.= Fbianeh _ipkr

9. _uff but tck wrkelc b` tck rklbrakr, bpke tck abbr.
=. Neskrt i ekw rbff netb tck lbgpirtgket wntc tck rklbraneh snak upwira, gidk surk tck
pipkr kea ne tck butsnak b` pipkr butfkt pbrt.
<. Lfbsk tck abbr b` tck rklbrakr.
1. Lckld tck pbsntnbe b` tck pipkr, gidk surk tck pipkr ifnheka tb tck ]klbrakr butfkt.
LI[QNBE
 [sk befy spkln`nka tckrgif pipkr. Btckrwnsk, nt giy liusk aigihk tb tck rklbrakr„s prnetkr
ckia, tck rklbrakr giy mk ueimfk tb prnet, br pbbr prnet quifnty giy rksuft.
 Ekvkr puff tck rklbrakr pipkr wntc `brlk wcke i rklbraneh ns ne prblkss, btckrwnsk, nt giy
liusk aigihk tb tck rklbrakr.
 Ab ebt fkivk tck rklbrakr abbr bpke uefkss ybu rkfbia pipkr br rkgbvk trbumfks.
 N` tck rklbrakr wbrds nelbrrkltfy br prbaulks ueusuif sbueas, lckld n` tckrk ns i pipkr jig
`nrst. N` i pipkr jig ns aktkltka, bpke tck rklbrakr abbr, tidk but tck pipkr iea tkir b`` tck
aripka pirt, rkfbia tck pipkr iea lfbsk tck rklbrakr abbr.
=<.< \kttneh up tck ]klbrakr

My skfkltneh TGine GkeuW ↝ T]klbra \ktup 55W, ybu lie illkss tck T]klbra \ktupW gkeu. Is tck
`bffbwneh `nhurk:
@nh. =<-= ]klbrakr sktup
- 911 -
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9. TQypksW: ebrgif typk, 8-fkia typk lie mk sktup.

 Ebrgif typk 〟lbevketnbeif〙:Qck wivk`brgs tcit ybu ekka tb rklbra lie mk sktup ne
wivk bptnbes.
 8-fkia : _rkss rklbra dky, tcke 8-fkia KLH lie mk rklbra.
typk〟8fkia〙
=. 〟Qrilk〙:Qck trilk b` wivk`brgs lie mk skt up, < trilks br = trilks. Qck wivk typk lie mk
lcbbsk `rbg wivk bptnbe.
<. 〟 ]klbraneh tngk〙:wcke stirt bek rkif tngk rklbra br ifirg trnhhkr, tck rklbra tngk ns
akpkea be ybur skttneh be tck gbentbr.ne tck gkeu〟]klbra \ktup〙↝T]klbra tngk 55W lie
mk
skt:
 3s/90s/<=s: rklbra 3-sklbea wivk`brgs `rbg tck lurrket gbgket.
 TLbetneubusW: rklbra tck wivk`brgs `rbg tck lurrket gbgket uetnf stbppka gieuiffy.
 〟]klbraneh \
pkka〙 : Ne tck T]klbra \pkkaW gkeu, skfklt T_ipkr \pkkaW iea tbhhfk
mktwkke T9=.; gg/sW, T=; gg/sW iea T;?gg/sW. Qcns skttneh ns `br iff
rklbranehs lbetineneh wivk`brgs.
=<.1 Lfkirneh ]klbrakr
N` tck rklbrakr cis mkke uska `br i fbeh tngk, akpbsnts b` pipkr akmrns giy lbffklt be tck
prnetckia lbgprbgnsneh tck prnet quifnty iea scbrtkeneh tck fn`ktngk b` tck rbffkr. @bffbw tcns
prblkaurk tb lfkie tck prnetckia:
9. Qidk gkisurks ihinest tck stitnl kfkltrnlnty sulc is Anspbsimfk Xrnst \trip `br tck wbrd,
_rkvket kfkltrbstitnl aigihk tb tck ]klbrakr.
=. Bpke tck rklbrakr abbr iea tidk but tck pipkr, sb is ebt tb ngpkak lfkie.
<. Hketfy wnpk irbuea tck prnetckia usneh lbttbe swims aigpkeka wntc iflbcbf.
1. I`tkr tck iflbcbf cis lbgpfktkfy mkke arnka, rkfbia tck pipkr iea lfbsk tck rklbrakr abbr.
LI[QNBE
 Ab ebt usk ieytcneh tcit giy akstrby tck tckrgif kfkgket, `br kxigpfk sieapipkr.
 Ab ebt iaa ueeklkssiry `brlk tb tck tckrgif ckia.

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Lciptkr =1. Mittkry
=1.9 Lckldneh Mittkry _kr`brgielk
_fkisk rk`kr tb tck `bffbwneh stkps tb lckld tck mittkry pkr`brgielk:
9. Anslbeeklt tck gbentbr `rbg tck pitnket iea stbp iff gbentbrneh br gkisurkgket.
=. Lbeeklt IL pbwkr tb tck gbentbr, iea lcirhk tck mittkry `br 9? cburs uenetkrruptkafy.
<. Anslbeeklt tck IL pbwkr iea pbwkr tck gbentbr wntc mittkry uetnf tck gbentbr ns
tureka b``.
1. Mittkry auritnbe rk`fklts tck mittkry pkr`brgielk.
N` tck mittkry bpkritneh tngk ns snhen`nlietfy scbrtkr tcie tck tngk stitka ne
spkln`nlitnbes, lbesnakr rkpfilneh tck mittkry br lbetilt bur skrvnlk pkrsbeekf.
=1.= Bvkrvnkw
Qck gbentbr cis i munft-ne rklcirhkimfk mittkry tb kesurk tcit tck gbentbr lie ifsb mk
uska ebrgiffy ne lisk b` pitnket tries`kr br pbwkr ìnfurk. Xcke tck gbentbr ns lbeekltka
tb ie IL
pbwkr sburlk, nt wnff lcirhk tck mittkry eb gittkr wcktckr tck gbentbr ns tureka be br ebt.
Ne tck lisk b` pbwkr ìnfurk, tck systkg wnff iutbgitnliffy usk tck mittkry tb pbwkr tck
gbentbr tb ivbna netkrruptneh tck gbentbr wbrdneh.
Qck mittkry nlbe be tck slrkke neanlitks tck mittkry stitus:
Mittkry ns wbrdneh prbpkrfy iea ns ùffy lcirhka.
Mittkry ns wbrdneh prbpkrfy iea tck hrkke pirt neanlitks tck mittkry pbwkr.
Mittkry pbwkr ns fbw, iea rkqunrks lcirhneh nggkanitkfy, br kfsk tck gbentbr wnff
ture b`` iutbgitnliffy.
Gbentbr mittkry ns ebt nestiffka.
Mittkry ns prbpkrfy nestiffka iea mkneh lcirhka.

Qck mittkry pbwkr lie befy ginetine `br sbgk tngk. Fbw mittkry vbftihk wnff trnhhkr i cnhc
fkvkf tklcenlif ifirg TMittkry FbwW4 ne tcns lisk, lbeeklt tck gbentbr tb IL pbwkr iea
lcirhk tck mittkry.
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=1.< Nestiffneh tck mittkry
Mk`brk rkpfilneh tck mittkry, pfkisk lbeeklt tck gbentbr tb ie IL pbwkr suppfy br ture nt
b``, tb ivbna gbentbrneh mkneh netkrruptka.
Qb nestiff br rkpfilk tck mittkry:
 Bpke tck mittkry lbvkr.
 _usc isnak tck snak mittkry stbppkr b` tck mittkry tb mk rkpfilka iea tidk but tck
mittkry.
 Dkkp tck `rbet snak b` tck ekw mittkry (wntc prnetka tkxt) abwewiras,
netkrìlk tbwira tck nesnak, neskrt nt netb tck mittkry lbgpirtgket, pusc mild
tck mittkry stbppkr, iea cbfa abwe tck mittkry.
 _ut be tck mittkry lbvkr.
=1.1 Mittkry [sihk Hunak

Mittkry fn`k akpkeas be tck `rkqukely iea tngk b` usk. N` tck mittkry ginetkeielk iea
stbrihk irk prbpkr, tck fntcnug mittkry fn`k ns imbut tcrkk ykirs. N` ybu ab ebt usk tck
mittkry prbpkrfy, nts fn`k giy mk scbrtkeka. Nt ns rklbggkeaka tb rkpfilk tck fntcnug
mittkry belk kvkry tcrkk ykirs.
Ne brakr tb kesurk tck gixngug lipilnty b` tck mittkry, pfkisk ebtk tck `bffbwneh usihk
hunak:
 Mk`brk usneh tck mittkry, pfkisk rkia tck Bpkritbr„s Gieuif iea fimkfs be tck
mittkry surìlk lirkùffy.

 Ab ebt arbp tck mittkry, iea ab ebt lcirhk tck mittkry ne tck lcirhkr `br gbrk tcie =1c.
 Mk`brk triespbrtneh tck gbentbr br n` tck gbentbr wbe„t mk uska bvkr tcrkk gbetcs,
pfkisk tidk but tck mittkry.
 N` nt wbe„t mk uska `br i fbeh tngk, pfkisk stbrk tck mittkry prbpkrfy. Lcirhk tck
mittkry tb ;?%, iea wrip tck mittkry wntc ebe-lbeaultnvk gitkrnif ne brakr tb
ivbna anrklt lbetilt wntc gktif, rksuftneh ne aigihk. Dkkp tck mittkry ne i lbbf ary
pfilk.
 Lckld tck mittkry pkr`brgielk belk kvkry twb ykirs. Mk`brk skrvnlneh tck gbentbr br
ybu suspklt tcit tck mittkry ns tck ìuft sburlk, ifsb lckld tck mittkry pkr`brgielk.
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Xireneh
 Dkkp tck mittkry but b` tck rkilc b` lcnfarke.
 [sk befy tck aksnheitka mittkry.
 N` tck mittkry ns aigihka br fkids, rkpfilk nt nggkanitkfy. Ab ebt usk i ak`kltnvk mittkry `br tck gbentbr.
=1.; Mittkry ]klylfneh
N` tck mittkry cis vnsnmfk aigihk br lieebt stbrk pbwkr, nt scbufa mk rkpfilka iea rklylfka
prbpkrfy. @bffbw tck ipprbprnitk rkhufitnbes tb anspbsk b` uska mittkrnks.
Xireneh
 Ab ebt ansisskgmfk tck mittkry, tcrbw nt ne `nrk, br scbrt-lnrlunt nt. Mittkry `nrk, kxpfbsnbe iea fkidihk
giy fkia tb pkrsbeif nejury4 ab ebt anrkltfy tbulc tck fkidneh mittkry.
- 913 -
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Lciptkr =;. Lirneh iea Lfkieneh
=;.9 Bvkrvnkw
Ne tck usneh prblkss, pfkisk gidk surk tcit tckrk ns eb aust be br ekir ybur akvnlk. Qb
prkvket aigihk, pfkisk usk tck anfutka aktkrhkets iea ansne`kltiets spkln`nka ne tcns Gieuif,
iea usk tck fbwkst pbssnmfk lbelketritnbe. @br tck aigihk br illnaket liuska my usneh btckr
gitkrnifs br gktcbas, Ebrtckre abks ebt issugk iey rkspbesnmnfnty.
=;.= Lfkieneh
Qck akvnlk scbufa mk lfkieka rkhufirfy. Ne tck ckivnfy pbffutka kevnrbegket, nelrkisk tck
`rkqukely b` lfkieneh. Mk`brk lfkieneh, pfkisk lbesuft tck cbspntif imbut akvnlk lfkieneh
rkqunrkgkets.
Mkfbw irk ivinfimfk lfkieneh ihkets:
 Anfutka iggbeni
 Anfutka sbanug cypblcfbrntk (wiscneh mfkilc)
 Anfutka `brgifakcyak
 Cyarbhke pkrbxnak (<%)
 Ktciebf (8?%)
 Nsbprbpiebf (8?%)
Mk`brk lfkieneh:
9. Qure b`` tck gbentbr, anslbeeklt tck pbwkr lbra iea rkgbvk tck mittkry.
=. [sk i sb`t lbttbe miff tb iasbrm ipprbprnitk igbuet b` lfkieneh ihket iea wnpk tck
anspfiy slrkke.
<. [sk i sb`t fnet-`rkk lfbtc tb iasbrm ipprbprnitk igbuet b` lfkieneh ihket iea wnpk tck
surìlk b` tck akvnlk.
1. N` eklkssiry, usk i lfkie, ary, fnet-`rkk lfbtc tb rkgbvk iey kxlkss aktkrhket.
;. Ary tck akvnlk eituriffy ne i vketnfitka lbbf kevnrbegket.

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Xireneh
 Mk`brk lfkieneh tck gbentbr br skesbr, ture b`` tck pbwkr iea anslbeeklt tck IL pbwkr.
 Qck gbentbr scbufa mk dkpt lfkie. Nt ns rklbggkeaka tb rkhufirfy lfkie tck kelfbsurk
surìlk iea tck anspfiy slrkke. Lfkieneh tck kelfbsurk wntc ebe-ktlcneh lfkiekrs
sulc is sbip iea witkr.
Liutnbe
 Qb ivbna aigihneh tck gbentbr:
 Ab ebt usk strbeh sbfvkets sulc is ilktbek.
 Gbst lfkiekrs gust mk anfutka mk`brk usk. Anfutk illbraneh tb tck

gieuìlturkr's nestrultnbes.
 Ab ebt usk imrisnvk gitkrnifs (sulc is stkkf wbbf).
 Ab ebt iffbw iey fnquna ketkrneh netb tck kelfbsurk, iea ekvkr nggkrsk iey pirt
b` tck akvnlk netb fnquna.
 Ab ebt fkivk iey lfkieneh sbfutnbe be tck surìlk b` iey pirt b` tck akvnlk.
Ebtks
 Xnpk tck gbentbr iea skesbr surìlk wntc gkanlif iflbcbf, ary nt eituriffy br wntc lfkie,
ary, fnet-`rkk lfbtc.
 Ebrtckre ns ebt fnimfk `br k``kltnvkekss b` usneh tcksk lckgnlifs `br ne`kltnbus anskisk
lbetrbf. _fkisk lbesuft tck ne`kltnbus anskisk lbetrbf b``nlkrs br kxpkrts b` tck cbspntif
`br iavnlk.
=;.< Ansne`kltnbe
Ne brakr tb ivbna aigihk tb tck prbault, wk rklbggkea tcit tck prbault ns ansne`kltka befy
wcke nt ns akkgka eklkssiry my tck cbspntif ginetkeielk prblkaurks. Xk ifsb rklbggkea
tcit tck nestrugket tb mk ansne`kltka gust `nrst mk lfkieka.
Liutnbe
- 9;? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
 Qb prkvket aigihk tb tck gbentbr, ab ebt ansne`klt tck gbentbr wntc his (KtB) br
`brgifakcyak.
=;.1 \tkrnfnzitnbe
Ne brakr tb ivbna fbeh-tkrg aigihk tb tck akvnlk, wk rklbggkea tcit tck prbault ns
stkrnfnzka befy wcke nt ns akkgka eklkssiry my tck nestrugket ginetkeielk prbhrig. Xk
ifsb rklbggkea tcit tck nestrugket tb mk stkrnfnzka gust `nrst mk lfkieka.
\tkrnfnzitnbe gitkrnifs rklbggkeaka `br tck gbentbr: ktciebf hrbup, ifakcyak hrbup.
Liutnbe
 Anfutk br usk lbelketritnbe is fbw is pbssnmfk illbraneh tb tck

gieuìlturkr's nestrultnbes.
 Ab ebt fkt fnquna ketkr netb tck kelfbsurk.
 Ekvkr nggkrsk iey pirt b` tck nestrugket.
 Ab ebt pbur fnquna betb tck nestrugket ne tck stkrnfnzitnbe prblkss.
 Ab ebt fkivk iey ùehnlnak rksnauks be tck surìlk b` tck akvnlk4 lfkie nt
nggkanitkfy wntc i aigp lfbtc.
- 9;9 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr =0. Ginetkeielk
Xireneh
 N` tck cbspntifs br nestntutnbes usneh tcns nestrugket lie„t ngpfkgket i sitnsìltbry
ginetkeielk slckaufk, nt wnff rksuft ne akvnlk ìnfurk iea giy keaiehkr cugie ckiftc.
=0.9 Lckldneh
Lckld tck `bffbwneh misnl ntkgs mk`brk usneh tck gbentbr:
 Lckld `br iey gklcienlif aigihk4
 Lckld iff kxpbska wnrks, neskrtnbes iea illkssbrnks4
 Lckld iff nestrugket ùeltnbes tcit giy mk uska `br pitnket gbentbrneh iea kesurk tcit
tck nestrugket ns ne hbba wbrdneh lbeantnbe.
N` tck nestrugket ùeltnbe cis iey snhe b` aigihk, ab ebt usk tcns gbentbr `br iey pitnket
gbentbrneh. _fkisk lbetilt tck cbspntif's prb`kssnbeif ginetkeielk pkrsbeekf br bur
lustbgkr skrvnlk pkrsbeekf.
Kvkry 0-9= gbetcs br i`tkr kilc rkpinr, i lbgprkckesnvk kxigneitnbe gust mk pkr`brgka
my trineka iea quifn`nka tklcenlif skrvnlk pkrsbeekf, nelfuaneh ùeltnbeif si`kty lcklds4
tck spkln`nl nespkltnbe ntkgs irk is `bffbws:
 Kevnrbegket iea pbwkr gkkt tck rkqunrkgkets.
 Akvnlk iea illkssbrnks civk eb gklcienlif aigihk.
 Qck pbwkr suppfy cis eb wkir, iea tck nesufitnbe ns hbba.
 \pkln`nka illkssbrnks irk uska.
 Ifirg systkg ns ùeltnbeneh lbrrkltfy.
 Mittkry pkr`brgielk gkkts tck rkqunrkgkets.
 Gbentbrneh ùeltnbes irk ne hbba wbrdneh lbeantnbe.
 Hrbuea ngpkaielk iea fkidihk lurrket gkkt tck rkqunrkgkets.
N` tck nestrugket ùeltnbe cis iey snhe b` aigihk, ab ebt usk tcns gbentbr `br iey pitnket
gbentbrneh. _fkisk lbetilt tck cbspntif's prb`kssnbeif ginetkeielk pkrsbeekf br bur

lustbgkr
skrvnlk pkrsbeekf.
- 9;= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Iff lcklds tcit rkqunrk ansisskgmfneh tck nestrugket gust mk pkr`brgka my quifn`nka skrvnlk
pkrsbeekf. \i`kty iea ginetkeielk lcklds giy ifsb mk lirrnka but my tck Lbgpiey's
pkrsbeekf.
=0.= Pnkwneh \b`twirk Pkrsnbe Ne`b

^bu lie vnkw tck sb`twirk vkrsnbe tcrbuhc tck `bffbwneh stkps:
 \kfklt TGbentbr Ne`brgitnbe 55W ↝ TGbentbr Ne`bW gkeu4
 TGbentbr Ne`bW gkeu anspfiys tck sb`twirk vkrsnbe ne`brgitnbe b` tck
gbentbr. Qck sb`twirk vkrsnbe b` tck gbentbr: P9.9.8
=0.< Ginetkeielk _fie
Qck `bffbwneh tisds lie befy mk abek my quifn`nka skrvnlk pkrsbeekf b` Ebrtckre. Xcke tck
`bffbwneh ginetkeielk ns ekkaka, pfkisk lbetilt ybur skrvnlk rkprksketitnvk. Mk`brk tkstneh
br ginetkeielk, lfkie iea ansne`klt tck akvnlk.
Nespkltnbe / Ginetkeielk Ntkg@rkqukely
Lckld tck si`kty illbraneh tb It fkist belk kvkry twb ykirs, i`tkr rkpfilneh tck pbwkr
NKL 0?0?9-9 suppfy br tck gbentbr ìffs abwe.
Lckld iff gbentbrneh brIt fkist belk kvkry twb ykirs, br wcke ybu suspklt tcit tck
gkisurneh ùeltnbes ebt fnstkagkisurka vifuk ns ebt illuritk.
ENM_ fkidihk tkst It fkist belk kvkry twb ykirs, br `bffbw cbspntif rkhufitnbes
ENM_ lifnmritnbe It fkist belk kvkry twb ykirs, br `bffbw cbspntif rkhufitnbes
- 9;< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=0.1 KLH Lifnmritnbe
Ne tck prblkss b` usneh tck gbentbr, tck anspfiyka KLH snheifs giy mk neilluritk auk tb
cirawirk br sb`twirk prbmfkgs, ginefy scbwe is wivk`brg igpfntuak mklbgneh firhkr br
sgiffkr. It tcns gbgket, ybu ekka tb lifnmritk KLH.
_rkpirk tck `bffbwneh nestrugkets mk`brk tkstneh:
 KLH sngufitbr
 KLH limfk
 Pkrenkr lifnpkr
Qck lifnmritnbe gktcba ns is `bffbws:
 Lbeeklt tck KLH limfk tb tck gbentbr.
 Lbeeklt tck KLH kfkltrbaks tb tck KLH sngufitbr.
 \kfklt TGbaufk Ginetkeielk 55W ↝ TGbaufk GinetkeielkW gkeu4
 \kfklt TKLH 55W ↝ TKLH GinetkeielkW gkeu, iea skfklt TLifnmritnbeW tb lifnmritk tck
KLH4
 Gkisurk tck wivk igpfntuak wntc i lifnpkr4 ne an``krket `nftkrneh gbaks, S?.=; ns =.; ¹
;% (gg), S?.; ns ;.? ¹% ; (gg), S9 ns 9?.? ¹% ; (gg), iea S= ns =?.? ¹% ;
(gg).
Lbgpirneh tck igpfntuak b` tck squirk wivk wntc tck rufkr, tck krrbr riehk scbufa mk
wntcne ;%4

□ Xcke lifnmritnbe ns lbgpfktk, skfklt T\tbp LifnmritnbeW tb kxnt.
=0.; Qbulc \lrkke Lifnmritnbe
^bu lie `bffbw tck stkps mkfbw tb lbgpfktk tck lifnmritnbe b` tck tbulc slrkke:
 \kfklt TLif. QbulcslrkkeW tb ketkr tck tbulc slrkke lifnmritnbe netkrìlk.
 Lfnld be tck slrkke iea tck ifnhegket gird ippkirs ne an``krket pbsntnbes.

N` tck tbulc slrkke lifnmritnbe ns `nenscka i`tkr lfnldneh tcrkk tngks, skfklt TBdW tb kxnt
tck lifnmritnbe netkrìlk4 n` tck tbulc slrkke nse„t lbgpfktkfy lifnmritka, skfklt T]ktryW
`br rk-lifnmritnbe.
- 9;1 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=0.0 LB= Lifnmritnbe
\nakstrkig N\I gbaufk abks ebt rkqunrka rkhufir lifnmritnbe, iea uskrs lie lifnmritk tck
\nakstrkig gbaufk kvkry 9 ykir n` ekkaka br wcke tck gkisurka akvnitnbe hkt tbb firhk.
His rkqunrkgkets ne lifnmritnbe：

Ginetkeielk gistkr sb`twirk.
LB= lbelketritnbe：1%-99%
Bxyhke lbelketritnbe：1;%-9??%
Iff tck his gust gkkt tck prklnsnbe：¹?.?< vbf% br ¹(?.?= vbf% + rkianeh„s ?.9%),iea pnld
tck cnhckr vifuk.

\tkps b` lifnmritnbe hb is `bffbws：
9. Lbeekltneh tck ekw Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk tb N\I his ieifyzkr.
=. Xirg up `br it fkist 9 gneutk.
<. _rkss ‖_rk spie lifnmritnbe zkrbneh‗ tb kesurk tcit tck inr surrbueaneh his ns ebrgif
(=9%B= iea ?% LB=).
;.Bpke 〟Gine Gkeu〙-5〟[skr Ginetkeielk〙-5〟Gbaufk Ginetkeielk〙-5〟LB=

Ginetkeielk〙,skt tck vifuk ne tck〟LB= Lifnmritnbe〙tb tck sigk vifuk wntc tck neput
his lbelketritnbe.
0. wcke tck gkisurka LB= lbelketritnbe hkts stimfk, fnld tck〟LB= Ginetkeielk〙-〟LB=
Lifnmritnbe〙 muttbe.
8. Lckld tck LB= pirigktkr irki tb skk n` tck his rkianeh ns lbesnstket wntc tck gkisurka
LB= lbelketritnbe i`tkr tck his slifk lifnmritnbe ns lbgpfktka.
=0.8 IH Lifnmritnbe
\nakstrkig N\I IH gbaufk abks ebt rkqunrka rkhufir lifnmritnbe, iea uskrs lie lifnmritk
tck N\I IH \nakstrkig gbaufk kvkry 9 ykir n` ekkaka br wcke tck gkisurka akvnitnbe hkt
tbb firhk. N]GI ginestrkig gbaufk abks ebt rkqunrk lifnmritnbe.
His rkqunrkgkets ne lifnmritnbe：
Ginetkeielk gistkr sb`twirk

LB= lbelketritnbe：1%- 99%
Bxyhke lbelketritnbe：1;%-9??%
Entrbus Bxnak：<?%-9??% II：
QMA
Iff tck his gust gkkt tck prklnsnbe：¹?.?< vbf% br ¹(?.?= vbf% + rkianeh„s ?.9%),iea
- 9;; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
pnld tck cnhckr vifuk

\tkps b` lifnmritnbe hb is `bffbws：
9. Lbeekltneh tck ekw Ebgbfnek sigpfneh tumk tb N\I his ieifyzkr.
=. Xirg up `br it fkist 9 gneutk.
<. _rkss ‖_rk spie lifnmritnbe zkrbneh‗ tb kesurk tcit tck inr surrbueaneh his ns ebrgif
(=9%B= iea ?% LB=).
1. \uppfyneh tck lifnmritnbe his iea wint it fkist <? sklbeas

;.bpke 〟 Gine Gkeu 〙 -5 〟 [skr Ginetkeielk 〙 -5 〟 Gbaufk Ginetkeielk 〙 -5 〟
IH Ginetkeielk〙,skt tck vifuk ne 〟LB= Lifnmritnbe〙,〟B= Lifnmritnbe〙,〟 E=B
Lifnmritnbe〙
iea 〟II Lifnmritnbe〙sigk wntc tck neput his lbelketritnbe 4 nt ns eb ekka tb skt btckr
ntkgs wcke usneh bek typk b` his.
0.wcke tck lbelketritnbe b` gkisurka his hkts timfk, prkss〟IH Ginetkeielk〙-〟LB=

Lifnmritnbe〙,〟B= Lifnmritnbe〙,〟 E=B Lifnmritnbe〙,〟II Lifnmritnbe〙
8. Lckld tck pirigktkr irkis tb skk n` tck his rkianeh ns lbesnstket wntc tck gkisurka LB=
lbelketritnbe i`tkr tck his slifk lifnmritnbe ns lbgpfktka.

- 9;0 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Lciptkr =8. Illkssbrnks
Xireneh
 [sk tck illkssbrnks spkln`nka ne tck Bpkritbr„s Gieuif4 usneh btckr illkssbrnks giy aigihk
tck gbentbr, br lieebt rkilc tck pkr`brgielk lfingka ne tcns Gieuif.
 Qck bpkritneh iea stbrihk kevnrbegket b` tck gbentbr scbufa gkkt tck rkqunrkgkets b`
tck illkssbrnks. _fkisk rk`kr tb tck gieuif b` tck illkssbrnks `br tcksk rkqunrkgkets.
 Anspbsimfk illkssbrnks lie befy mk uska belk, mkliusk rkpkitka usk lie liusk pkr`brgielk
akhriaitnbe.
 N` tck pildihneh br illkssbrnks civk iey snhe b` aigihk, ab ebt usk sulc illkssbrnks.
=8.9 \tieaira Illkssbry Fnst
\tieaira illkssbrnks irk is `bffbws:
\pkln`nlitnbes & \tieaira

Eb. Lbak Eigk
lciriltkrnstnls quietnty
9 ?1?-????<3-?? ;-fkia KLH limfkIauft ;-fkia iff-ne-bek lfnp 9
;?ggØ;;gg, iauft,
= ?1?-????91-?? Kfkltrbak sfnlk 9
anspbsimfk
?1?-????<9-?? \_B= prbmk Iauft `nehkr lfnp 9

<
?1?-???900-?? Kxtkesnbe Limfk ]kusimfk 9
prkssurk
Mfbba Iauft rkpktntnvk snehfk-tumk
?1?-????9?-?? 9
lu`` lu``
Mfbba prkssurk hisGktif

1 ?1?-????89-?? 9
ebzzfk
Mfbbaprkssurk<G hriy
?1?-????8?-?? 9
kxtkesnbe tumk
9?D-typk tkgpkriturk prbmk
Iauft mbay surìlk
; ?1?-????<?-?? 9
13??gIc(Pkeus, Qiurus,
0 _nslks) 9
?==.?9.????1?-?? Fntcnug Mittkry =0??gIc( Pnrhb)
- 9;8 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
\pkln`nlitnbes & \tieaira

Eb. Lbak Eigk
lciriltkrnstnls quietnty
8 ?1?-????9=-?? Hrbuea wnrk P??=?I 9
<Ø?.8;gg= 9?I =;?P

3 ?1?-????9<-?? _bwkr lbra 9
F7=G (\kfkltimfk typk)
=8.= KLH
9=-pne netkhritka ;-fkia fk`t/rnhct lfigp KLH limfk
\uppbrtka Fkehtc Fkehtc

fkia wnrks \ygmbf Ippfnlimfk (;-fkia KLH limfk)
stieaira Qypk Lbak
(gine
bmjklts
limfk)
Ak`nmrnffitnbe
<-fkia ICI typk Iauft =.8g ?.>g ?1?-????;?-??
Ak`nmrnffitnbe
;-fkia ICI typk Iauft =.8g ?.>g ?1?-????;=-??
Ak`nmrnffitnbe
<-fkia ICI Ekbeitif ?.>g ?1?-???=><-??
typk
Ekb <-Fkia KLH Kxtkesnbe Limfk =.8g ?1?-???=>=-??
Ak`nmrnffitnbe
9=fkia ICI Iauft =.8g ?.>g ?1?-????83-??
typk
=8.< \pB=
Ebrtckre \pB= \kesbr
Ippfnlimfk
Ippfnlimfk bmjklts Qypk Fkehtc Lbak
pirts
Iauft @nehkrs, tbks ]kusimfk <g ?1?-????<9-??
_kanitrnl @nehkrs, tbks ]kusimfk <g ?1?-???=0?-??
Ekbeitif @nehkrs, tbks ]kusimfk <g ?1?-???=;8-??
\pB= Kxtkesnbe Limfk(bptnbeif) ]kusimfk 9.;g ?1?-???900-??
Gisngb \pB= \kesbr
Qypk Gbakf / _E _itnket litkhbry

G-FEL\ ALN Iauft `nehkr
]kusimfk
G-FEL\ ALN_ _kanitrnl `nehkr
- 9;3 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
G-FEL\ ^N Ekbeitif
G-FEL\ Ekb Ekbeitif `bbt

Anspbsimfk
G-FEL\ Ne` Neìet tbk
Gisngb \pB= Kxtkesnbe limfk

Illkssbrnks Gbakf / _E
Gisngb \pB= _itnket limfk: 9?`t G-FEL-9?
=8.1 ENM_
9. Mfbba prkssurk lu``
Ippfnlimfk
Ippfnlimfk bmjklts Qypk ]kgird Lbak
pirts
Iauft Irg br tcnhc ]kusimfk \nehfk-tumk ?1?-????9?-??
Firhk Iauft Irg br tcnhc ]kusimfk \nehfk-tumk ?1?-???93=-??
_kanitrnl Irg br tcnhc ]kusimfk \nehfk-tumk ?1?-???98>-??
Ekbetif Irg br tcnhc ]kusimfk \nehfk-tumk ?1?-???931-??
Neìet Irg br tcnhc ]kusimfk \nehfk-tumk ?1?-?????<-??
=. Mfbba prkssurk his ebzzfk
Gklcienlif fn`k
Bpkritneh Ippfnlimfk (lbeekltneh iea anslbeekltneh)
tkgpkriturk pirts ]kgird Lbak
_uff-b`` `brlk b`
his lbeekltbr iea kxtkesnbe tumk ns hrkitkr
Mfbba
tcie ;dh
-<?ℌ~+0?ℌ prkssurk lu`` 5 9??? tngks ?1?-????89-??
<. Mfbba prkssurk kxtkesnbe tumk
Ippfnlimfk bmjklts Qypk Fkehtc ]kgird Lbak
]kusimfk [ska tbhktckr

Iauft, lcnfa <g ?1?-????8?-??
wntc lu``
- 9;> -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
=8.; Qkgp
9?D-typk tkgpkriturk
prbmk
Ippfnlimfk
Ippfnlimfk pirts Qypk Fkehtc Lbak
bmjklts
Iauft, llcnfa Mbay surìlk ]kusimfk <g ?1?-????<?-??
Iauft, llcnfa ]kltif/Ksbpcihkif ]kusimfk <g ?1?-????;;-??
Ekbeitif Mbay surìlk ]kusimfk <g ?1?-????08-??

- 90? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Ippkeanx I \pkln`nlitnbes
I.9 \i`kty \pkln`nlitnbes
I.9.9 _rbault Litkhbry
Ne illbraielk wntc lfissn`nlitnbe spkln`nka ne tck Kurbpkie Gkanlif Akvnlk Anrkltnvk
></1=/KKL, tcns gbentbr ns NNm typk kqunpgket. Qck gbentbr ns lfissn`nka is `bffbws ne
illbraielk wntc NKL 0?0?9-9:
Litkhbry Eigk \pkln`nlitnbe
></1=/KKL bcg NNm

Gkanlif Akvnlks
Anrkltnvk Litkhbry
Qypk b` kfkltrnl Hriak N, netkreif iea kxtkreif pbwkr suppfy kqunpgket

scbld prbtkltnbe
Xcke ybu qukstnbe tck netkhrnty b` tck kxtkreif prbtkltnvk kirtcneh br
prbtkltnvk hrbuea lbeaultbr pirigktkr b` tck kqunpgket, tck akvnlk gust
mk pbwkrka my tck netkreif pbwkr suppfy (mittkry).
Kfkltrnl scbld KLH/ENM_/\pB=/_]/QKG_/]K\_: L@ (ak`nmrnffitnbe prbtkltnbe)

prbtkltnbe
hriak
Kxpfbsnbe Lbggbe kqunpgket, eb kxpfbsnbe prbtkltnbe

prbtkltnbe
hriak
Fnquna nefkt N_S9 (prkvket witkr `rbg ketkrneh wcke tck witkr arnps vkrtnliffy)
prbtkltnbe hriak
Bpkritneh gbak Lbetneubus
Gbvkgket _brtimfk
I.9.= _bwkr \pkln`nlitnbes
_irigktkr \pkln`nlitnbe
Kxtkreif IL pbwkr Neput vbftihk
Neput lurrket
@rkqukely 9.?-?.;I
;?/0?Cz
@uskQ9.0I =;?P
- 909 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Netkreif pbwkr suppfy: Fntcnug-nbe mittkry

]itka mittkry vbftihka.l. 99.9P
Mittkry lipilnty13??gIc, =0??gIc
Gixngug suppfy tngkImbut 1~; cburs(13??gIc), =~< cburs(=0??gIc) Lcirhneh tngkImbut ;~0 cburs nne pbwkr be stitk
Gnengug suppfy 9?.;P

vbftihk
I.= Cirawirk \pkln`nlitnbes
I.=.9 _cysnlif \pkln`nlitnbes
Angkesnbes9=.9 nelc <9?Ø=3;Ø900gg (FØXØQ)

9;.0 nelc <>3Ø<?=Ø93;gg(FØXØQ)
Xknhct 6 9?dh ueakr stieaira lbe`nhuritnbe
I.=.= Anspfiy
Cbst Gbentbr
Qypk
Lbfbr Q@Q FFLA
\nzk
]ksbfutnbe 3??Ø0?? pnxkfs
9=.9 nelc 9;.0 nelc
9<00Ø803 pnxkfs
I.=.< Cbst FKA
Ifirg neanlitbr 9 ((ykffbw / rka)

IL pbwkr neanlitbr Mittkry stitus9neanlitbr
((wcntk) 9 ((wcntk)
I.=.1 Iuanb Nestrultnbe
Ifirg sbuea (1; ~ 3;aM), dky-prkssneh sbuea, Y]\ sbuea, _]

\pkidkr sbuea.
Ifirg sbueas gkkt NKL 0?0?9-9-3 stieaira.
- 90= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
I.=.; Ifirg \
nheif
B`` br 9s, =s, <s, 1s, ;s, 0s, 8s, 3s4 akpkeaneh be tck lbe`nhuritnbe4
Ifirg akfiy tck akìuft ns 1s.
9gne, =gne, <gne, 1gne, ;gne, 9?gne, 9;gne br ne`nentk4 akpkeaneh be tck lbe`nhuritnbe4
_iusk auritnbe
I.< Aiti \tbrihk
Fbeh trkea: 9=?c, gnengug rksbfutnbe: 9gne

Qrkea aiti
\cbrt trkea: 9c, gnengug rksbfutnbe: 9s
_irigktkr ifirg kvket=?? pirigktkr ifirg kvkets
ENM_ gkisurkgket rksufts9??? hrbups
- 90< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
I.1 Gkisurkgket \pkln`nlitnbes
I.1.9 KLH/QKG_/]K\_ \pkln`nlitnbes
KLH \pkln`nlitnbes
\tieairas lbgpfniet
KE 0?0?9-=-=8/NKL 0?0?9-=-=8, HM >8?0.=;, NKL0?0?9-=-=;
<-fkia N, NN, NNN
;-fkia 9=-fkia N, NN, NNN, iP], iPF, iP@, P
Fkia typk
N, NN, NNN, iP], iPF, iP@, P9-P0
=.;gg/gP (Ø?.=;), ;gg/gP (Ø?.;), 9?gg/gP (Ø9.?), =?gg/gP

Anspfiy skesntnvnty
(Ø=.?)
Xivk swkkp spkka0.=;gg/s, 9=.; gg/s, =; gg/s, ;? gg/s
Anihebstnl gbak ?.?;Cz~9??Cz
Gbentbr gbak ?.;Cz~1?Cz 9Cz~=?Cz
Mieawnatc \urhkry gbak
\trbeh `nftkr gbak 59??aM;Cz~=?Cz

LG]]
Ebtlc
;?/0?Cz ebtlc `nftkr lie mk skt tb be br b``
An``krketnif ngpkaielk
5;Gή
neput
Kfkltrbak pbfirnzitnbe ¹1??gP

vbftihk riehk
Miskfnek rklbvkry tngk Lifnmritnbe snheif
6<s ii`tkr ak`nmrnffitnbe (ne gbentbr iea surhkry gbak)
9gP (pkid - pkid), illurily ¹<%
_ilneh pufsk
@br _ILK pufsks tcit gkkt tck lrntkrni mkfbw, _IKL wnff mk girdka
be tck slrkke:
_ufsk
naketn`nlitnbe Aktkltnbe riehk: ¹1gv ~ ¹8??gv
_ufsk wnatc: ?.=gs ~ =.?gs
Ivkrihk C] Liflufitk `rbg 9;s aiti
Netkrvif b` supprkssnbe
C]
rk`rkscneh
C] lciehk rkspbesk
tngk
Qiff Q-
wivk
Liflufitk belk kvkry sklbea b 1?mpg: ≡ 9?skl
@br Q-wivk wntc 9??gs Y]\ wivk, <;?gs YQ pkrnba, 93?gs auritnbe
Q iea 9.=gP igpfntuak, tck C] liflufitnbe wbe„t mk i``kltka
n
g
k
`
r
b
g
3
?
m
p
g
t
b
9
=
?
m
p
g
:
9
?
s
k
l

Q
n
g
k
`
r
b
g
3
?
m
p
g
t
Ifirg spkln`nlitnbes ]iehk (mpg) \tkp (mpg)
Iauft: 90~<??
C] uppkr fngnt
_kanitrnl: 90~<;? 9
Iauft: 9;~=>>
C] fbwkr fngnt
- 901 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
_kanitrnl: 9;~<1>
C]
Iauft: 9;mpg~<??mpg
Gkisurneh riehk
</;-fkia gbentbrneh
_kanitrnl: 9;mpg~<;?mpg
]ksbfutnbe 9mpg
Ckirt ritk gkisurkgket¹9mpg br ¹9%, wcnlckvkr ns hrkitkr

krrbr
QKG_
\tieairas lbgpfniet KE9=18?-1, N\B 3?0?9-
=-;0 Gkisurkgket gktcba Qckrgnstbr
Gkisurneh riehk ;~;?¿L (19~9==¿@)
]ksbfutnbe ?.9¿L
Gkisurkgket illurily ¹?.=¿L
Eugmkr b` lcieekfs
Qwb Yunld Qkgp (Bptnbeif)

Qypk Ne`rirka Kir
Qckrgbgktkr Gkisurkgket gktcba Qygpienl
Anspfiyka riehk: <1~1=.=ℌ (><.=~9?3 @¿．
Bpkritnbe igmnket 9?~1?ℌ＃;?~9?1¿@．
tkgpkriturk riehk:
Illurily `br anspfiyka ≫<;ℌ＃>;.>¿@．~≡1=.=ℌ＃9?8.0¿@．riehk ¹?.=ℌ＃?.1¿@．
tkgpkriturk riehk: ６<;ℌ＃>;.>¿@．~≫<1ℌ＃><.=¿@．riehk ¹?.<ℌ＃?.;¿@．
Ifirg spkln`nlitnbes ]iehk \tkp
Q9/Q= uppkr fngnt ?.9¿L~;?.?¿L ?.9¿L
Q9/Q= fbwkr fngnt ?¿L~1>.>¿L ?.9¿@
QA uppkr fngnt ?~;?¿L
]K\_
Gkisurkgket gktcba Gkisurneh fkia
Qcbrilnl kfkltrnlif mnbngpkaielk gktcba
Xivk hine
Fkia N, NN
]kspnritbry ngpkaielk riehk
Ø?.=;,, ØØ?.;, Ø9,, Ø=
Miskfnek ngpkaielk Hine
?.;-;ή
\lie spkka
;??-1???ή
9? hriaks
0.=;gg/s, 9=.; gg/s, =;gg/s
- 90; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
I.1.= ENM_ \
pkln`nlitnbes
KE 0?0?9-=-<?/NKL 0?0?9-=-<?, KE 9?0?-9, KE 9?0?-<, KE9?0?-1

\tieairas
lbgpfniet KE/NKL 0?0?9-9.
Gkisurkgket gktcba Iutbgitnl bslnffbgktrnl gktcba

Bpkritneh gbak Gieuif, iutbgitnl, lbetneubus
[skùf fn`k 9??,, ???? tngks
Gkisurkgket netkrvif 9/=/</1/;/9?/9;/<?/0?/>?/9=?/93?/=1?/13?gne
ne iutbgitnl gbak
Qypnlif gkisurkgket =?~1?s
tngk
Iauft _kanitrnl Ekbeitif
\ystbfnl
mfbba 1?-=8? 1?-=?? 1?-9<;
Ebrgif gbak
prkssurk
gkisurneh
Gkie =?-=<? =?-90; =?-9=?
riehk (ggCh)
mfbba
prkssurk
Anistbfnl mfbba 9?-=9? 9?-9;? 9?-9??

prkssurk
Gixngug ivkrihk krrbr: ¹;ggCh
Gkisurkgket
illurily Gixngug stieaira akvnitnbe: 3ggCh
]ksbfutnbe 9ggCh
Akìuft _rkssurk skttneh riehk
Iauft 9;?ggCh 3?~=1?ggCh
Nentnif ne`fitnbe prkssurk
_kanitrnl 9??ggCh 3?~=??ggCh
Ekbeitif 9??ggCh 0?~9=?ggCh
Bvkrprkssurk Iauft: <??ggCh
prbtkltnbe pbnet _kanitrnl: =1?ggCh
(sb`twirk) Ekbeitif: 9;?ggCh
Bvkrprkssurk
Iauft: <=?~<<?ggCh
prbtkltnbe pbnet
_kanitrnl: =0;~=8;ggCh
(cirawirk)
Ekbeitif: 90?~90;ggCh
_rkssurk illurily ¹<ggCh
Kfkltrnlif lciriltkrnstnls
\uppfy vbftihk 9?P~91P AL
Gixngug pbwkr
<.0w
lbesugptnbe
Yunkslket lurrket ;?gI
Gixngug lurrket aurneh gkisurkgket Gixngug lurrket
aurneh ne`fitnbe
93?gI
<??gI
- 900 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
I.1.< \pB= \
pkln`nlitnbes
Ebrtckre \pB= Gbaufk

\tieairas lbgpfniet N\B 3?0?9-=-09
Anspfiy riehk ?%~9??%
_irigktkr gbentbrneh _krùsnbe Neakx(_N) iea _fktc Pirnimnfnty Neakx(_PN)
\pB= anspfiy
9%
rksbfutnbe
\pB= lckldneh
=% (8?%~9??%)4 ebt ak`nek wcke fbwkr tcie 8?
illurily
\pB= ifirg prkskt 9%~9??%
% [ppkr ifirg fngnt
fngnts
Fbwkr ifirg fngnt ?%~>>%
\pB= ifirg prkskt
¹9%
illurily
\pB= ifkrtneh
Eb akfiy
snheif hkekritks i
akfiy
\pB= vifuk rk`rksc 9s/tngk
pkrnba
\pB= vifuk rk`rksc ６ 9?s
akfiy
Fbw skesntnvnty 8 ｕ 3s
Ivkrihk pkrnba Netkrgkanitk skesntnvnty 1 ｕ 0s
Iavielka skesntnvnty =ｕ<s
Fbw skesntnvnty ６ 3s
Ifirg lbeantnbe Netkrgkanitk skesntnvnty ６ 0s
akfiy Iavielka skesntnvnty ６<s
pkrnba ?s
Ifirg snhe hkekritks

akfiy pkrnba
_]
Gkisurneh riehk <?~=;1mpg
]ksbfutnbe 9%
Illurily ¹=% br ¹=mpg
Gisngb \pB= Gbaufk
\pB=
Gkisurkgket riehk ?% tb 99??%

Illurily 8?% tb 9??% ： ¹=% ＃ iauft/pkanitrnl, ebe-gbtnbe lbeantnbes ． 8?% tb 9??% ： ¹<% ＃ ekbeitk
8?% tb 9??% ： ¹<% ＃ gbtnbe lbeantnbes ．
?% tb 0>% ＆ uespkln`nka
- 908 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Ivkrihk tngk =-1s, 1-0s, 3s,, 9?s,, 9=s,, 91s, 90s
_]
Gkisurkgket riehk =; mpg tb =1? mpg

¹< mpg ＃ ebe-gbtnbe lbeantnbes ． ¹; mpg ＃ gbtnbe lbeantnbes ．
9 mmpg
Illurily
]ksbfutnbe
_N
Gkisurkgket riehk ?.?;% tb ==?%
I.1.1 NM_ spkln`nlitnbe
]kqunrka stieaira NKL0?0?9-=-<1/KE 0?0?9-=-<1
Gkisurkgket gktcba nevisnvk mfbba tkstneh
NM_ spkln`nlitnbe
]iehk -<?~<??ggCh
]ksbfutnbe 9ggCh
Illurily ¹9ggCh br =%,wcnlckvkr ns hhrkitkr ( ebt llbetine skesbr krrbr)

rkekwif pkrnba
9 ss
]iehk ¹=??ggCh
Zkrb
Illurily 9 gggCh
iajustgket
Qkgp riehk ?.9 ggCh/ℌ
Xivk`brg =br 1 lcieekfs
Zkrbneh riehk ¹ =??ggCh
_]
]iehk <?~=3? mpg
]ksbfutnbe 9mpg
Illurily ¹=mpg
_rkssurk triesaulkr
Pbftihk ;¹;% (PAL)
_bwkr Lbesugptnbe ６9 X
\kesntnvnty ;uP/P/ggCh
Neput ngpkaielk <??~<???(Bcg)
Xbrdneh kevnrbegket
Bpkritneh tkgpkriturk ?~0?
ℌ Bpkritneh Cugnanty 9;%~>?
%
Inr prkssurk 1=3ggCh~80?ggCh(?~9;8=g)
- 903 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
I.1.; LB= \
pkln`nlitnbe
]kqunrka stieaira KE 0?0?9-9
Gkisurkgket ggktcba Ginestrkig N]GI LB=, \nakstrkig N\I LB=
Ginestrkig gbaufk
LB= Gkisurkgket riehk ?~=;%
]ksbfutnbe ?.9 gggCh
Illurily ? -- 1? ggCh ¹ = gggCh

19 - 8? ggCh ¹ ;% b` rkianeh
89 - 9?? ggCh ¹ 3% b`
rkianeh
\ystkg rkspbesk tngk 9?9 - 9;? ggCh ¹ 9?% b` rkianeh
69 ss
Xirg-up tngk 9?s
Nespnritbry rnsk tngk
LB=≡>?gs
(O9? f/gne)
Iw]]
gkisurkgket ?~9;? mpg
riehk
rkekwif pkrnba \cbw tck nespnritnbe `rkqukely i`tkr < ttngks necifk& kxcifk, iea
upaitk tck ivkrihk i`tkr kilc necifk& kxcifk.
Qkgpkriturk rkqunrkgket Bpkritneh
?~1?ℌ/<=~9?1ℎ
tkgpkriturk
\tbrihk iea
-1?~8;ℌ/-1?~908ℎ
triespbrtitnbe
tkgpkriturk
Cugnanty rkqunrkgket Bpkritneh Cugnanty 9?~>;% ]C,, eb lbeakesitnbe
\tbrihk iea
;~9??% ]C, lbeakesitnbe
triespbrtitnbe
Cugnanty
Inr prkssurk ;=;~9=?? cpi
(;=; cpi Lbrrkspbeaneh tb tck iftntuak b`
1;8= g / 9;?? `t)
Inr prkssurk rkqunrkgket
\tbrihk iea ;??~9=?? cpi
triespbrtitnbe
tkgpkriturk
*: Qck illurily imbvk ns ueakr tck stieaira lbeantnbe.
Ne iff sntuitnbes (vifna ne tck lbeantnbes b` spkln`nka bpkritneh tkgpkriturk iea cugnanty,
kxlkpt tck spkln`nka netkr`krka his ne tck ‖netkr`krkelk hisks iea witkr vipbr‗, LB=
gkisurkgket illurily ¹ (?.<% + rkianeh„s 1%)
Ngpilt b` netkr`krkelk hisks iea witkr vipbr
His br witkr vipbr * Lbelketritnbe (%) Ngpilt
Ke`furiek sb`furiek, ;% rkianeh„s +3%
- 90> -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
\kvb`furiek
Aks`furiek 9;% rkianeh„s +9=
Sk(xkebe) 3?% % rkianeh„s -9?
Ck(ckfnug) ;?% %
*:9. Entrbus bxnak, cifbtciek, ktciebf iea gktciek , ktl irk ekhfnhnmfk netkr`krkelk4
=. Qck nestrultnbes imbvk irk ueakr tck ngpilt b` gylkfnug lbelketritnbe. @br kxigpfk,;?%
ckfnug wbufa fbwkr 0% LB= rkianeh, wcnlc gkies tcit tck gkisurka LB= lbelketritnbe wnff mk (9-?.0)*;.?% 7 1.8% LB= n` tck his gk
<. His ns ne illbraielk wntc KE N\B =9018:=??1 stieaira.
\nakstrkig gbaufk
LB= gkisurkgket riehk ?~=;%
]ksbfutnbe ?.9%
Illurily ?~9; ¹ (?.=% +=%)

9;~=; ebt sspkln`nka
\ystkg rkspbesk tngk 6 < ss
Xirg-up tngk
69?s (]kpbrt tck lbelketritnbe iea ilcnkvk tck cnhckst illurily)
Qypnlif rnsk tngk
LB= ≡=??gs
(\igpfk `fbw ritk b`
;? f/gne)
Iw]] ?~9;?¹9 rpg
gkisurkgket
riehk
]kekwif pkrnba \cbw tck nespnritnbe `rkqukely i`tkr < ttngks necifk& kxcifk, iea
upaitk tck ivkrihk i`tkr kilc necifk& kxcifk.
?~;?ℌ/<=~9==ℎ
tkgpkriturk
\tbrihk iea
triespbrtitnbe -1?~8;ℌ/-1?~908ℎ
tkgpkriturk
Cugnanty rkqunrkgket Bpkritneh Cugnanty 6 1Dpi 氱(eb lbeakesitnbe)
(>; %]C,<?ℌ)
\tbrihk ;~9??% ]C, eb lbeakesitnbe
Cugnanty (9?? %]C,1?ℌ)
Bpkritneh ;=.;~9=? dpi
inr (;=; cpi Lbrrkspbeaneh tb tck iftntuak b`
Inr prkssurk rkqunrkgket
prkssurk 1;8= g / 9;?? `t)
stbrihk inr prkssurk =?~9=? dpi
Lifnmritnbe Eb eekka tb ggidk slifk lifnmritnbe b` ne`rirka pbbf4 hkekritk

t belk kvkry =1 cburs
c
k
i
u
t
b
g
i
t
n
l
i
f
z
k
r
b
n
e
h
l
i
f
n
m
r
i
t
n
b
e
i
e
a
k
x
k
l
u
t
k
*: Qck illurily imbvk ns ueakr tck stieaira lbeantnbe (i ary his \untimfk `br == + ; ℌ iea + 1?
9?9< cpi).
- 98? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Ne iff lbeantnbes (vifna ne tck lbeantnbes b` spkln`nka bpkritneh tkgpkriturk iea cugnanty, kxlkpt
tck spkln`nka netkr`krka his ne tck ‖netkr`krkelk hisks iea witkr vipbr‗), LB= gkisurka illurily ¹ (?.<% + rkianeh„s 1%)
His br witkr vipbr Lbeakesitnbe (%) Ngpilt

Ke`furiek, \b`furiek,
;%
\kvb`furiek Aks`furiek Sk(xkebe) rkianeh„s +3%
Ck(ckfnug)
9;% rkianeh„s +9=%
3?% rkianeh„s -9?%
;?% rkianeh„s -0%
*: 9. Entrbus bxnak, cifbtciek, ktciebf iea gktciek irk ekhfnhnmfk netkr`krkelk4

=. Qck nestrultnbes imbvk irk ueakr tck ngpilt b` gylkfnug lbelketritnbe. @br kxigpfk,;?% ckfnug wbufa fbwkr 0% LB= rkianeh, w
I.1.0 IH \pkln`nlitnbe
]kqunrka stieaira KE 0?0?9-9
Gkisurkgket rriehk Ginestrkig N]GI IS+/N]GI B]/B]+, \\nakstrkig N\I B]+/IS+
\nakstrkig gbaufk
Gkisurkgket riehk LB= ?~=; %

E=B CIF,KE@,N\?~9??
B,\KP,AK\
%
B= Iw]] ?~=; %
LB=,E=B,B=
,CIF,AK\,\ KP,N\B,KE@
Iw]] His
LB= ?~9?? %
?~9;? rpg
?.9 %
]ksbfutnbe
9 rpg
Illurily
]iehk
Illurily
?~ 9;% 9;~ =;%
¹ (?.=% + rkianeh„s =%)
?~9?? %
Ebt spkln`nka
?~3 % 3~=; %
¹ (=% + rkianeh„s =%)
?~9? %
E=B ¹ (?.9;% + rkianeh„s ;%)
CIF,KE@,N\ B Ebt spkln`nka
\KP ¹ (?.9;% + rkianeh„s ;%)
9?~=; % Ebt spkln`nka
AK\ ?~== % ¹ (?.9;% + rkianeh„s ;%)
==~=; % Ebt spkln`nka
- 989 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
B= ?~ 9??% ¹ (9% + rkianeh„s =%)

\ystkg rkspbesk tngk
6< ss( usk =g sigpfneh tumk)
Xirg-up tngk 6 =?s
Qypnlif rnsk tngk
LB=≡ =??gs
(tck sigpfk `fbw ritk b`
E=B ≡<;?gs
;? gf/gne)
iekstcktnl hisks ≡ <;?
gs B=≡ 1;?gs
Lifnmritnbe
Eb eekka tb ggidk slifk lifnmritnbe b` ne`rirka pbbf4 hkekritk tck
iutbgitnlif zkrbneh lifnmritnbe iea kxklutk belk kvkry 3 cburs
lbgpkesitnbe Iutbgitnl lbgpkesitneh mrbiakeneh k``klt b` prkssurk,
tkgpkriturk iea lirmbe anbxnak.
Cugnanty rkqunrkgket Bpkritneh ;~;?ℌ/19~9==ℎ
tkgpkriturk
\tbrihk iea -1?~8?ℌ/-1?~9;3ℎ
triespbrtitnbe
tkgpkriturk
Qkgpkriturk rkqunrkgket Bpkritneh Cugnanty 6 1Dpi 氱(eb lbeakesitnbe)
(>; %]C,<?ℌ)
\tbrihk ;~9??% ]C, eb lbeakesitnbe
Cugnanty (9?? %]C,1?ℌ)
Bpkritneh ;=.;~9=? dpi
inr (;=; cpi lbrrkspbeas tb tck iftntuak b` 1;8= g
prkssurk / 9;?? `t)
Inr prkss
rkqunrkgket =?~9=? dpi
\tbrihk iea
triespbrtitnbe
inr
prkssurk
*tck illurily imbvk ns ueakr tck stieaira lbeantnbe
Ne iff lbeantnbes (vifna ne tck lbeantnbes b` spkln`nka bpkritneh tkgpkriturk iea cugnanty,
kxlkpt tck spkln`nka netkr`krka his ne tck ‖netkr`krkelk hisks iea witkr vipbr‗)
LB= gkisurka illurily ¹ (?.<% + rkianeh„s 1%)
E=B gkisurka illurily¹ (=% + rkianeh„s ;%)
iekstcktnl hisks gkisurka illurily 为 ¹(?.=% + rkianeh„s
9?%) B= gkisurka illurily¹ (?.=% + rkianeh„s =%)
\kvb`furiek
Aks`furiek 9;% rkianeh„s +9=%
Sk(xkebe) 3?% rkianeh„s -9?%
Ck(ckfnug) ;?% rkianeh„s -0%

=. Qck nestrultnbes imbvk irk ueakr tck ngpilt b` gylkfnug lbelketritnbe. @br kxigpfk,;?% ckfnug wbufa fbwkr 0% LB= rkianeh, wcn
- 98= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
(9-?.0)*;.?% 7 1.8% LB= n` tck his gkisurka lbetines gnxturk b` ;% LB= iea ;?% ckfnug
Ginestrkig gbaufk
gkisurkgket riehk LB= ?~ =; %
E=B ?~ 9?? %
CIF,KE@,\KP,N\B,A
?~ =; %
K\
B= ?~ 9?? %
Iw]] ?~ 9;?
rpg LB=,E=B,B=,CIF,A
]ksbfutnbe ?.9 %
K\,\KP,N\B,KE@
Iw]] 9 rpg
Illurily His ]iehk Illurily

LB= ?~ 9?% ¹ (?.=% + rkianeh„s =
9?~ %) ¹ (?.<% + rkianeh„s
9;% =%)
9;~ =; Ebt spkln`nka
%
E=B ?~9?? % ¹ (?.=% + rkianeh„s =%)
CIF,KE@,N
?~3 % ¹ (?.9;% + rkianeh„s ;%)
\ B
3~=; % Ebt spkln`nka
\KP
?~9? % ¹ (?.9;% + rkianeh„s ;%)
9?~=; Ebt spkln`nka
AK\ % ¹ (?.9;% + rkianeh„s ;%)
?~== % Ebt spkln`nka
==~=; %
B= ?~ 9??% ¹ (9% + rkianeh„s =%)
Xirg-up tngk N]GI IS+ =? s
N]GI ≡ 9gne(wcke B] gbaufk gkisurk CIF, wirg-up
B]/B]+ tngk≡<gne)
\ystkg rkspbesk tngk 6 9s
nespnritbry rnsk tngk LB= ≡>?
(O9? f/gne) gs B=≡ <??
gs
E=B ≡ <??
gs
CIF,KE@,N\B,\KP,AK\ ≡ <??gs
Qck gine his tcrkscbfa ?.9;%, i`tkr rklbhenzk tck iekstcktnl his,, nt wnff rkpbrt tck
lbelketritnbe kvke n` tcke lbelketritnbe ns fbwkr tcie ?.9;%, ne
tck lbeantnbe b` Aktkltneh su``blitnbe.
Iuxnfniry iekstcktnl ?.= % + Hkekrif iekstcktnl his lbelketritnbe b` rkianehs.
his
tcrkscbfa
Iekstcktnl hissks ６ =? s(usuiffy ６ 9?s)
rklbhentnbe tngk Lifnmritnbe
Xcke ]kpfilneh inrwiy iaiptkr,, nnt ns rrklbggkeaka tcit tck kxklutnvk

- 98< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
tb zkrb
Eb ekka tb gidk slifk lifnmritnbe b` _rkpiritnbe b` ne`rirka
nestrugket
Xcke ]kpfilkgket inrwiy iaiptkr, nt wnff trnhhkr
iutbgitnliffy neabbr inr lifnmritnbe `br bxyhke mittkry (fkss tcie
; s)

tkgpkriturk ?~;?ℌ/<=~9==ℎ
\tbrihk iea
-1?~8;ℌ/-1?~908ℎ
triespbrtitnbe
tkgpkriturk
Cugnanty rkqunrkgket Bpkritneh Cugnanty
6 11Dpi witkr(eb lbeakesitnbe)
(>; %]C,<?ℌ)
\tbrihk
;~9??% ]C, eb lbeakesitnbe
Cugnanty
(9?? %]C,1?ℌ)
Bpkritneh
;=.;~9=? dpi
inr
(;=; cpi Lbrrkspbeaneh tb tck iftntuak b`
prkssurk
Inr prkssurk rkqunrkgket 1;8= g / 9;?? `t)
stbrihk inr prkssurk =?~9=? dpi

Lifnmritnbe Eb eekka tb ggidk slifk lifnmritnbe b` ne`rirka pbbf4 hkekritk
tck iutbgitnlif zkrbneh lifnmritnbe iea kxklutk belk kvkry =1
cburs
*: Qck illurily imbvk ns ueakr tck stieaira lbeantnbe (i ary his \untimfk `br == ¹ ; ℌ iea
9?9<¹1? cpi).
Ne iff lbeantnbes (vifna ne tck lbeantnbes b` spkln`nka bpkritneh tkgpkriturk iea cugnanty, kxlkpt
tck spkln`nka netkr`krka his ne tck ‖netkr`krkelk hisks iea witkr
vipbr‗) LB= gkisurka illurily ¹ (?.<% + rkianeh„s 1%)
LB= gkisurka illurily¹ (?.<% + rkianeh„s 1%)
E=B gkisurka illurily¹ (=% + rkianeh„s ;%)
Iekstcktnl hisks gkisurka illurily¹ (?.=% + rkianeh„s 9?
%) B= gkisurka illurily¹ (?.=% + rkianeh„s =%)
\kvb`furiek
Aks`furiek 9;% rkianeh„s +9=%
Sk(xkebe) 3?% rkianeh„s -9?%
Ck(ckfnug) ;?% rkianeh„s -0%

=. Qck nestrultnbes imbvk irk ueakr tck ngpilt b` gylkfnug lbelketritnbe. @br kxigpfk,;?%
ckfnug wbufa fbwkr 0% LB= rkianeh, wcnlc gkies tcit tck gkisurka LB= lbelketritnbe wnff
mk (9-?.0)*;.?% 7 1.8% LB= n` tck his gkisurka lbetines gnxturk b` ;% LB= iea ;?% ckfnug
- 981 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
I.1.8 L.B. \pkln`nlitnbe

Gkisurkgket gktcba Qckrgbanfutnbe
L.B. QM
?.=?~=?.??F/GNE
=<.?~1;.?ℌ
]iehk
QN -9.?~=8.?ℌ
]ksbfutnbe L.B. QM QN L.B. QM ?.?9F/GNE
QN
?.9ℌ
Illurily ¹;%
¹?.;ℌ
I.1.3 MN\ \pkln`nlitnbe

typk MN\x
MN\ gkisurkgket riehk ?~9??
\nheif quifnty neakx (\YN)
riehk ?~9??%
KGH riehk ?~9??aM
rkjkltnbe ritnb (\]) ?~9??%
spkltrif kahk `rkqukely
(\K@) ?.;~<?.?CZ
Qbtif pirbxysgif (ML) ?~<?/gne
ebnsk 6?.<uP ]G\＃=.?uP tbp-tbp)
[paitk `rkqukely 69s
mieawnatc ?.=;~9??CZ(-<aM)
cnhc-piss `nftkr ?.=;CZ,9CZ,=CZ(-<aM)
fbw piss `nftkr <?CZ,;?CZ,8?CZ,9??CZ(-<aM)
Ebtlc Fnek `nftkr (`rkqukely) ;?CZ,0?CZ

Ngpkaielk gkisurkgket
riehk ?~>>>Dή
- 98; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Ippkeanx M KGL
Qcns prbault lbgpfnks wntc KE 0?0?9-9-= Gkanlif Kfkltrnlif Kqunpgket - _irt 9-=:
Hkekrif rkqunrkgkets `br si`kty - Lbffitkrif stieaira kfkltrbgihektnl lbgpitnmnfnty
rkqunrkgkets iea tksts
Ebtks:
 [sneh uequifn`nka illkssbrnks, skesbrs iea limfks wnff nelrkisk tck kfkltrbgihektnl
kgnssnbe iea rkaulk tck kfkltrbgihektnl ngguenty b` tck akvnlk.
 Ab ebt put tck akvnlk lfbsk tb btckr akvnlks br stild tbhktckr. Xcke eklkssiry,
bmskrvk tck akvnlk lfbskfy tb kesurk tcit nt rues ebrgiffy ne tck kevnrbegket.
 Qck akvnlk rkqunrks spklnif KGL prbtkltnbe, iea nt ns eklkssiry tb nestiff iea
ginetine nt ne tck kevnrbegket tcit gkkts tck `bffbwneh KGL ne`brgitnbe.
 Kvke n` btckr akvnlks lbgpfy wntc LN\_] kgnssnbe rkqunrkgkets, tcky giy ifsb
liusk netkr`krkelk tb tcns akvnlk.
 Xcke tck neput snheif igpfntuak ns sgiffkr tcie tck gnengug igpfntuak spkln`nka ne
tck tklcenlif spkln`nlitnbes, nt giy rksuft ne neilluritk gkisurkgkets.
 Gbmnfk lbgguenlitnbe akvnlks br wnrkfkss ektwbrd akvnlks giy civk ie ngpilt be

tck akvnlk.
Kfkltrbgihektnl Kgnssnbe Hunakfneks iea Aklfiritnbes
_itnket Gbentbr scbufa mk uska ne tck spkln`nka kfkltrbgihektnl kevnrbegket. Qck uskr
scbufa kesurk tcit tck akvnlk ns uska ne tck `bffbwneh kfkltrbgihektnl

kevnrbegket. Kgnssnbe tkst Lbgpfnielk Kfkltrbgihektnl
kevnrbegket - Hunak
]@ kgnssnbe Hrbup 9 Qck akvnlk usks rianb `rkqukely kekrhy befy

LN\_]99 wcke tck netkreif ùeltnbe ns rueeneh, iea tcus
nts ]@ kgnssnbe ns vkry fbw, iea wbe„t liusk
kfkltrbgihektnl netkr`krkelk tb ekirmy kfkltrbenl
kqunpgket.
]@ kgnssnbe L N\_]99
LfissI Qcns akvnlk `br tck pumfnl fbw-vbftihk
ns ssuntimfk
pbwkr suppfy ektwbrd tcit nse„t lbeekltka tb
Cirgbenl kgnssnbe LfissI rksnakelk anrkltfy.
NKL 09???-<-=
Pbftihk `fultuitnbes ieaLbe`brg
`fnldkr NKL 09???-<-<
- 980 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Hunaielk iea Aklfiritnbe - Kfkltrbgihektnl Ngguenty
_itnket Gbentbr ns suntimfk `br usk ne tck kfkltrbgihektnl kevnrbegket spkln`nka mkfbw. Qck lustbgkr br tck uskr b` tck akvnlk scbu
Ngguenty tkst NKL0?0?9 tkst Lbgpfnielk fkvkf Kfkltrbgihektnl

fkvkf kevnrbegket - hunaielk
Kfkltrbstitnl ¹0 dP ¹0 dP @fbbrs scbufa mk wbba,
anslcirhk (K\ lbetilt ¹3 dP lbetilt ¹3 dP lbelrktk br lkrignl tnfk. N`
A) NKL 09???- inr inr `fbbrs irk lbvkrka wntc
1-= syetcktnl gitkrnif, tck
rkfitnvk cugnanty scbufa mk
it fkist <?%.
Kfkltrnlif ìst ¹= dP `br ¹= dP `br Gines pbwkr quifnty
scbufa
triesnket/murst pbwkr suppfy pbwkr suppfy
mk tcit b` i typnlif
NKL 09???-1-1 fneks fneks
lbggkrlnif br
¹9 dP N/B `br ¹9 dP N/B `br
cbspntif
neput/butput neput/butput
kevnrbegket.
\urhk fneks
¹9 dP fneks
¹9 dP
NKL an``krketnif an``krketnif
09???-1-; gbak gbak
¹= dP lbggbe ¹= dP lbggbe
Pbftihk anps, 6; % [Q (5>; % 6; % [Q (5>; % Gines pbwkr quifnty
scbufa
scbrt anp ne [Q) `br ?.; anp ne [Q) `br ?.;
mk tcit b` i typnlif
netkrruptnbes iea lylfk lylfk
lbggkrlnif br cbspntif
vbftihk virnitnbes
kevnrbegket. N` tck uskr
be pbwkr suppfy 1? % [Q (0? % 1? % [Q (0? %
b` bur prbault rkqunrks
neput fneks NKL anp ne [Q) `br ; anp ne [Q) `br ;
lbetneuka bpkritnbe
09???-1-99 lylfks lylfks
aurneh
pbwkr gines
8? % [Q (<? % anp 8? % [Q (<? % anp
netkrruptnbes, nt ns
ne[Q) `br =; lylfks ne [Q) `br =; lylfks
rklbggkeaka tcit bur
prbault mk pbwkrka `rbg
_bwkr 6; % [Q (5>; %
< I/g 6; % [Q (5>; %
< I/g _bwkr `rkqukely gihektnl
`rkqukely (;?/0? `nkfas scbufa mk it
CZ) fkvkfs lciriltkrnstnl b`
gihektnl `nkfa i typnlif fblitnbe ne i
NKL 09???-1-3 typnlif lbggkrlnif br
cbspntif
kevnrbegket.
Ebtk: [Q ns tck IL gines vbftihk prnbr tb ippfnlitnbe b` tck tkst fkvkf.
- 988 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Hunaielk iea Aklfiritnbe - Kfkltrbgihektnl Ngguenty
_itnket Gbentbr ns suntimfk `br usk ne tck kfkltrbgihektnl kevnrbegket spkln`nka mkfbw. Qck
lustbgkr br tck uskr b` tck akvnlk scbufa issurk tcit nt ns uska ne sulc ie kevnrbegket.
Ngguenty tkst NKL 0?0?9 Qkst fkvkf Lbgpfnielk fkvkf

Lbeaulka ]@ NKL09???-1-0 < Prgs < Prgs
9;?d tb 3?G Cz
]ianitka ]@ NKL09???-1-< <P/g <P/g
3?G tb =.;H Cz
Kfkltrbgihektnl kevnrbegket - hunaielk
_brtimfk iea gbmnfk ]@ lbgguenlitnbes kqunpgket scbufa mk uska eb lfbskr tb iey pirt b` tck
akvnlk, nelfuaneh limfks, tcie tck rklbggkeaka skpiritnbe anstielk liflufitka `rbg tck kquitnbe
ippfnlimfk tb tck `rkqukely b` tck triesgnttkr.
]klbggkeaka \kpiritnbe Anstielk:
a＇ 9.=√  <.;√ )

(a＇
a＇
9.=√ <.;√ ) 3? tb 3??GCz
(]ksp: a＇＇
a＇ 9.=√ 3??G tb =.;HCz
Xckrk _ ns tck gixngug butput pbwkr ritneh b` tck triesgnttkr ne witts (X) illbraneh tb tck
triesgnttkr gieuìlturkr iea a ns tck rklbggkeaka skpiritnbe anstielk ne gktkrs (g).
@nkfa strkehtcs `rbg `nxka ]@ triesgnttkrs, is aktkrgneka my ie kfkltrbgihektnl sntk survky, i
scbufa mk fkss tcie tck lbgpfnielk fkvkf ne kilc `rkqukely riehk m Netkr`krkelk giy bllur ne
tck vnlnenty b` kqunpgket girdka wntc tck `bffbwneh sygmbf:
Ebtk 9: @rbg 3? GCz tb 3?? GCz, tck cnhckr `rkqukely riehk ippfnks.
Ebtk =: Qcksk hunakfneks giy ebt ippfy ne iff sntuitnbes. Kfkltrbgihektnl prbpihitnbe ns i``kltka
my imsbrptnbe iea rk`fkltnbe `rbg strulturks, bmjklts iea pkbpfk.
I `nkfa strkehtcs `rbg `nxka triesgnttkrs, sulc is misk stitnbes `br rianb (lkffufir/lbrafkss)
tkfkpcbeks iea fiea gbmnfk rianbs, igitkur rianb, IG iea @G rianb mrbialist iea QP
mrbialist lieebt mk prkanltka tckbrktnliffy wntc illurily. Qb isskss tck kfkltrbgihektnl
kevnrbegket auk tb
`nxka ]@ triesgnttkrs, ie kfkltrbgihektnl sntk survky scbufa mk lbesnakrka. N` tck gkisurka `nkfa
strkehtc ne tck fblitnbe ne wcnlc tck akvnlk ns uska kxlkkas tck ippfnlimfk ]@ lbgpfnielk fkvkf
imbvk, tck akvnlk scbufa mk bmskrvka tb vkrn`y ebrgif bpkritnbe. N` imebrgif pkr`brgielk ns
bmskrvka, iaantnbeif gkisurks giy mk eklkssiry, sulc is rkbrnketneh br rkfblitneh tck akvnlk.
m
Bvkr tck `rkqukely riehks 9;?dCz tb 3?GCz, `nkfa strkehtcs scbufa mk fkss tcie <P/g.
- 983 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
]klbggkeaka \kpiritnbe Anstielks mktwkke _brtimfk iea Gbmnfk ]@
Lbgguenlitnbes Kqunpgket iea Qck akvnlk
Qck akvnlk ns suntimfk `br usk ne ie kfkltrbgihektnl kevnrbegket ne wcnlc rianitka ]@ ansturmielk
irk lbetrbffka. Qck lustbgkr br tck uskr b` tck akvnlk lie ckfp prkvket kfkltrbgihektnl
netkr`krkelk my ginetineneh i gnengug anstielk mktwkke pbrtimfk iea gbmnfk ]@
lbgguenlitnbes kqunpgket (triesgnttkrs) iea tck akvnlk is rklbggkeaka mkfbw, illbraneh tb
tck gixngug butput pbwkr b` tck lbgguenlitnbe kqunpgket.
]itka Gixngug \kpiritnbe Anstielk Gktkrs (g) Lbrrkspbeaneh tb @rkqukely b`
Butput pbwkr Qriesgnttkr
b`
Qriesgnttkr Xitts 9;?d tb 3?GCz 3?G tb 3??GCz 3??G tb =.;HCz
(X)
a ７ 8
<.;√  a ７ <.;√  a ７ T W√ 
<
?.?9 ?.<; ?.<; ?.=<
?.9 9.99 9.99 ?.81
9 <.; <.; =.<1

9? 99.?8 99.?8 8.<3
9?? <; <; =<.=1
@br triesgnttkrs it i gixngug butput pbwkr ebt fnstka imbvk, tck skpiritnbe anstielk lie mk
kstngitka usneh tck kquitnbe ne tck lbrrkspbeaneh lbfuge, wckrk _ ns tck gixngug butput
pbwkr ritneh b` tck triesgnttkr ne witts (X) illbraneh tb tck triesgnttkr gieuìlturkr.
Ebtk 9: @rbg 3? GCz tb 3?? GCz, tck skpiritnbe anstielk `br tck cnhckr `rkqukely riehk ippfnks.
Ebtk =: Qcksk hunakfneks giy ebt ippfy ne iff sntuitnbes. Kfkltrbgihektnl prbpihitnbe ns i``kltka
my imsbrptnbe iea rk`fkltnbe `rbg strulturks, bmjklts iea pkbpfk.
- 98> -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Ippkeanx L Ifirg Ne`brgitnbe
Qcns lciptkr fnsts sbgk ngpbrtiet pcysnbfbhnlif iea tklcenlif ifirg ne`brgitnbe, iea
sbgk ifirgs irk ebt eklkssirnfy fnstka.
Ebtk tcit ne tcns lciptkr: F lbfuge neanlitks tck akìuft ifirg fkvkf: C neanlitks cnhc fkvkf,
G neanlitks gnaafk fkvkf, F neanlitks fbw fkvkf, iea ‖*‗ neanlitks fkvkf skt my tck uskr.
Lbrrkspbeaneh lbuetkrgkisurks irk fnstka `br kilc ifirg gkssihk. N` ybu bpkritk ne
illbraielk wntc tck lbuetkrgkisurks mut tck prbmfkg pkrsnsts, lbetilt ybur skrvnlk
pkrsbeekf.
L.9 _cysnbfbhnlif Ifirg Ne`brgitnbe
\burlk Ifirg gkssihk F Liusks iea lbuetkrgkisurks

C] Qbb Cnhc C] vifuk ns cnhckr tcie tck uppkr ifirg fngnt br fbwkr
tcie tck fbwkr ifirg fngnt. Lckld tck pitnket's
G* pcysnbfbhnlif lbeantnbe, iea lckld n` tck pitnket

C] Qbb Fbw
litkhbry iea ifirg fngnt skttnehs irk ipprbprnitk
`br tck pitnket.
_PLs vifuk ns cnhckr tcie tck uppkr ifirg fngnt br
fbwkr tcie tck fbwkr ifirg fngnt. Lckld tck
pitnket's
_PL\ Qbb Cnhc G* pcysnbfbhnlif lbeantnbe, iea lckld n` tck pitnket
_PL Mnhkgney G*
KLH
Isystbfk C
P@/PQI C
] be Q G*
@rkquket _PL G*
Lbupfkt _PL G*
\nehfk _PL G*
litkh
bry
iea
ifir
fngn
sktt
nehs
irk
ippr
bprn
itk
`br
tck
pitn
ket.
Qck
ppit
nket
cis
irrc
ytcg
ni.
Lckl
tck
pitn
ket's
lbea
ntnb
e,
kfkl
trba
ks,
limf
ks
iea
fkia
wnr
ks.
_PL Qrnhkgney G*
QilcyliraniG*
Mriaylirani G*
- 93? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
\burlk Ifirg gkssihk F Liusks iea
lbuetkrgkisurks Gnss Mkit G*
_ilkgidkr Ebt Lipturk C _ilkgidkr wbrds imebrgiffy4 lckld tck pilkgidkr.
_ilkgidkr Ebt wbrd C
C Qck pitnket KLH snheif ns ttbb wkid, iea tck

KLH \nheif systkg lie„t ieifyzk. Lckld tck pitnket's
wkid
lbeantnbe, kfkltrbaks, limfks iea fkias.
\Q-N Qbb Cnhc \Q vifuk ns cnhckr tcie tck uppkr ifirg fngnt br
\Q-N Qbb Fbw fbwkr tcie tck fbwkr ifirg fngnt. Lckld tck
\Q-NN Qbb Cnhc pitnket's
\Q-NN Qbb Fbw pcysnbfbhnlif lbeantnbe, iea lckld n` tck pitnket

G*
\Q-NNN Qbb Cnhc litkhbry iea ifirg fngnt skttnehs irk ipprbprnitk `br
\Q-NNN Qbb Fbw tck pitnket.
]] Qbb Cnhc
_itnket _] vifuk ns cnhckr tcie tck uppkr ifirg fngnt br
fbwkr tcie tck fbwkr ifirg fngnt. Lckld tck pitnket's
G* pcysnbfbhnlif lbeantnbe, iea lckld n` tck pitnket

]] Qbb
Fbw litkhbry iea ifirg fngnt skttnehs irk ipprbprnitk
]ksp `br tck pitnket.
Qck pitnket's rkspnritbry snheif ns tbb wkid, iea tck
Ipeki(]K\_) C systkg lie„t ieifyzk. Lckld tck pitnket's lbeantnbe,
kfkltrbaks, limfks iea fkias.
]K\_ I]QN@ILQ C* ]kspnritnbe ckirtmkit netkr`krkelk
Q9 Qbb Q9/Q= vifuk ns cnhckr tcie tck uppkr ifirg fngnt br
Cnhc Q9 fbwkr tcie tck fbwkr ifirg fngnt. Lckld tck pitnket's
Qbb Fbw Q= pcysnbfbhnlif lbeantnbe, iea lckld n` tck pitnket
Qbb Cnhc litkhbry iea ifirg fngnt skttnehs irk ipprbprnitk `br
tck pitnket.
Qkgp Q= Qbb Fbw G*
QA vifuk ns cnhckr tcie tck uppkr ifirg fngnt br
pcysnbfbhnlif lbeantnbe, iea lckld n` tck pitnket

QA Qbb litkhbry iea ifirg fngnt skttnehs irk ipprbprnitk `br
Cnhc
tck pitnket.
\_B= Qbb Cnhc \pB= vifuk ns cnhckr tcie tck uppkr ifirg fngnt br
\pB=G*fbwkr tcie tck fbwkr ifirg fngnt. Lckld tck pitnket's
\_B= Qbb Fbw
- 939 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
litkhbry iea ifirg fngnt skttnehs irk ipprbprnitk `br
tck pitnket.
_] Qbb Cnhc \pB= vifuk ns ccnhckr tcie tck uppkr ifirg fngnt br

_] Qbb Fbw
litkhbry iea ifirg fngnt skttnehs irk ipprbprnitk
`br tck pitnket.
ENM_ snheif wkid ENM_ vifuk ns cnhckr tcie tck uppkr ifirg fngnt br
ENM_-\ys Qbb Cnhc fbwkr tcie tck fbwkr ifirg fngnt. Lckld tck pitnket's
ENM_-\ys Qbb Fbw pcysnbfbhnlif lbeantnbe, iea lckld n` tck pitnket

ENM_ G*
ENM_-Gkie Qbb litkhbry iea ifirg fngnt skttnehs irk ipprbprnitk `br
Cnhc
tck pitnket.
ENM_-Gkie Qbb
Fbw
ENM_-Ani Qbb Cnhc

NM_ Irt-\ys tbb cnhc G* Irt\ys vifuk cis rnske imbvk tck cnhc ifirg fngnt br
Irt-\ys tbb fbw G* ìffke mkfbw tck fbw ifirg fngnt. Lckld tck pitnket„s
lbeantnbe iea lckld n` tck pitnket litkhbry iea ifirg
fngnt skttnehs irk lbrrklt.
Qck btckr ketntfks lbrrkspbeaneh prkssurk kxlkka tck
fngnt ne tck sigk wiy.
KtLB= tbb cnhc G* LB= vifuk cis rnske imbvk tck cnhc ifirg fngnt br
LB= KtLB= tbb fbw G* ìffke mkfbw tck fbw ifirg fngnt. Lckld tck pitnket„s
lbeantnbe iea lckld n` tck pitnket litkhbry iea ifirg
@nLB= tbb cnhc G* fngnt skttnehs irk lbrrklt.
IX]] tbb cnhc G*
IX]] tbb fbw G*
LB= Ipeki C Qck pitnket stbps mrkitcneh, br tck rkspnritnbe snheif

wis sb wkid tcit tck gbentbr lieebt pkr`brg
rkspnritnbe ieifysns. Lckld tck pitnket„s lbeantnbe
iea tck ]G lbeekltnbes.
IH KtLB= tbb cnhc G* LB=, E=B, B= vifuk cis rnske imbvk tck cnhc ifirg
KtLB= tbb fbw G* fngnt br ìffke mkfbw tck fbw ifirg fngnt. Lckld tck
@nLB= tbb cnhc G* pitnket„s lbeantnbe iea lckld n` tck pitnket litkhbry
Iw]] tbb cnhc G*iea ifirg fngnt skttnehs irk lbrrklt.
IX]] tbb fbw G*
- 93= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
KtE=B tbb cnhc G*
KtE=B tbb fbw G*
@nE=B tbb cnhc G*
@nE=B tbb fbw G*
KtB= tbb cnhc G*
KtB= tbb fbw G*
@nB= tbb cnhc G*
@nB= tbb fbw G*

KtII tbb cnhc G* IH II(II nelfuak：CIF,AK\,N\B,\KP,KE@) vifuk
KtII tbb fbw G* cis rnske imbvk tck cnhc ifirg fngnt br ìffke mkfbw tck
@nII tbb cnhc G* fbw ifirg fngnt. Lckld tck pitnket„s lbeantnbe iea
@nII tbb fbw G* lckld n` tck pitnket litkhbry iea ifirg fngnt skttnehs
irk lbrrklt.
IH Ipeki C Qck pitnket stbps mrkitcneh, br tck rkspnritnbe snheif
wis sb wkid tcit tck gbentbr lieebt pkr`brg
rkspnritnbe ieifysns. Lckld tck pitnket„s lbeantnbe
iea tck ]G lbeekltnbes.
L.B. QM tbb cnhc G* Qck mfbba tkgpkriturk ns tbb cnhc, rkaulk tck
nejkltnbe tkgpkriturk.
QM tbb fbw G* Qck mfbba tkgpkriturk ns tbb fbw, nelrkisk nejkltnbe
tkgpkriturk, br tb rkaulk tck `rkqukely b`
netri-irtnlufir nejkltnbes b` sifnek sbfutnbe
MN\ MN\ tbb cnhc G* _itnket wntc lfkir lbeslnbusekss tcie kxpkltka, Iajust
eirlbtnl nejkltnbe quietnty.
MN\ tbb fbw G* _ itnkets wntc fbw akhrkk b` lbeslnbusekss tcie
kxpkltka, iajust eirlbtnl nejkltnbe quietnty.

- 93< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
L.= Qklcenlif Ifirg Ne`brgitnbe
Lbeeklt tb IL pbwkr suppfy, iea lcirhk tck
\ystkg Mittkry Fbw C mittkry, iea pbwkr wntc tck mittkry is ekkaka
i`tkr ùffy lcirhka.
KLH KLH Lbgg. \tbp C KLH gbaufk ìnfurk, br lbgguenlitnbe ìnfurk
KLH Lbgg. Krrbr C mktwkke tck gbaufk iea tck cbst4 pfkisk rkstirt
KLH Lbe`nh Krrbr C tck akvnlk.
KLH \kf` lckld Krrbr C
KLH Fkia B`` G* Qck kfkltrbaks irk ebt lbeekltka tb tck pitnket
KLH ^^ B@@ (^^ ns `nrgfy br ìff b``, br fkia wnrks iea tck
i fkia eigk) G* gine limfk ìff b``. Lckld tck lbeekltnbe
b`
kfkltrbaks iea fkia wnrks.

QKG_9 \kesbr B`` F Qck tkgpkriturk skesbr ìffs b`` `rbg tck
Qkgp
QKG_= \kesbr B`` F pitnket. Lckld tck skesbr lbeekltnbe.
\_B= Lbgg. \tbp C \pB= gbaufk ìnfurk, br lbgguenlitnbe ìnfurk
\_B= Lbgg. mktwkke tck gbaufk iea tck cbst4 pfkisk rkstirt
Krrbr C
tck akvnlk.
\_B= Eb \kesbr F \pB= skesbr ìffs b`` `rbg tck pitnket br
\_B= \kesbr B`` F gbentbr, gifùeltnbes, br skesbr btckr tcie
\_B= \kesbr Krrbr F spkln`nka ne tcns Gieuif ns uska. Lckld tck
\_B= \kirlc skesbr gbuetneh pbsntnbe, wcktckr tck skesbr

\pB=
Qngkbut F ns aigihka br skesbr typk. ]klbeeklt tck
skesbr br usk ekw skesbr.
\_B= \kirlc _ufsk F \kesbr snheif ns ppbbr br tbb wkid. Lckld tck
\_B= \nheif pitnket's lbeantnbe, iea pfilk tck skesbr ne i

F
[estimfk suntimfk pbsntnbe. N` tck ìnfurk pkrsnsts, rkpfilk
\_B= @infurk F tck skesbr.
\pB= \_B= \nheif Xkid F
\_B= Eb Limfk
F
Eb Limfk
(Gisngb Lbeekltka
\pB= Limfk Kxpnrka F Limfk Fn`k Kxpnrka
gbaufk) Nelbgpitnmfk Limfk F Nelbgpitnmfk Limfk
[erklbhenzka Limfk F [erklbhenzka Limfk
- 931 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle

]kpfilk limfk Ak`kltnvk Limfk/Limfk Fn`k Kxpnrka
F
Limfk Ekir Limfk Fn`k Ekir Kxpnritnbe
Kxpnritnbe F
\_B= Eb \kesbr Lbeekltka
\kesbr Kxpnrka Eb \kesbr Lbeekltka
F
F \kesbr Fn`k Kxpnrka
Nelbgpitnmfk \kesbr F Nelbgpitnmfk \kesbr
[erklbhenzka [erklbhenzka \kesbr

\kesbr F
]kpfilk skesbr
F Ak`kltnvk \kesbr
Lckld Limfk / Lckld Limfk iea \kesbr @iuft

\kesbr @iuft F
\kesbr Ekir Kxpnritnbe
\_B= Eb Iacksnvk \kesbr Fn`k Ekir Kxpnritnbe
\kesbr F
Iacksnvk \kesbr Kxpnrka
Ak`kltnvk Iacksnvk Eb Iacksnvk \kesbr
F
\kesbr Nelbgpitnmfk Iacksnvk \kesbr [erklbhenzka Iacksnvk \kesbr Ak`kltnvk Iacksnvk
\kesbr
Iacksnvk \kesbr Fn`k Kxpnrka
F
Ak`kltnvk Iacksnvk \kesbr/Iacksnvk \kesbr

F Fn`k Kxpnrka
Nelbgpitnmfk Iacksnvk \kesbr
F
[erklbhenzka Iacksnvk \kesbr

F
Ak`kltnvk Iacksnvk \kesbr

F
\kesbr Nentnifnzneh F \kesbr Nentnifnzneh
\_B= \kesbr B`` \kesbr B`` _itnket

_itnket F
\_B= _ufsk \kirlc
F _ufsk \kirlc
\_B= Netkr`krkelk Aktkltka
\_B= Fbw Netkr`krkelk AAktkltka
F
_krùsnbe Neakx
\_B= Akgb Gbak
Iacksnvk Fn`k Ekir Kxpnritnbe Fbw _krùsnbe Neakx
F
F Akgb Gbak
Iacksnvk Fn`k Ekir Kxpnritnbe

F
Lckld \kesbr Lckld \kesbr Lbeekltnbe
Lbeekltnbe F
\pB= Befy Gbak
\pB= Befy Gbak
- 93; -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle

\_B= Fbw \nheif Fbw \nheif NY
F
NY
Gisngb\KQ Gisngb\KQ _rblkssneh Iltnvk
F
_rblkssneh Iltnvk
\_B= Qbb Gulc Qbb Gulc Igmnket Fnhct
F
Igmnket Fnhct
ENM_ Lbgg. \tbp C ENM_ gbaufk ìnfurk, br lbgguenlitnbe ìnfurk
ENM_ Lbgg. Krrbr F mktwkke tck gbaufk iea tck cbst4 pfkisk rkstirt
ENM_ \kf` lckld tck akvnlk.
C
krrbr
ENM_ L@H Krrbr C
ENM_ systkg krrbr C N` ìnfurk bllurs aurneh gkisurkgket, tck

ENM_
systkg lie„t ieifyzk iea liflufitk. Lckld tck
Gkisurkgket tngkbut F pitnket's lbeantnbe, lckld tck lbeekltnbes br
rkpfilk tck lu``, iea tcke rk-tkst.
Qck uska lu`` abks ebt gitlc tck skt pitnket
Lu`` typk krrbr F litkhbry. Pkrn`y tck pitnket litkhbry iea
rkpfilk tck lu``.
ENM_ lu``` nnssee„„tt ppffiillkkaa bbrr llbbeeeekkllttkkaa

Lu`` fbbsk br eb lu`` F pprrbbppkkrrffyy,,
br tckrk ns his fkid.
Lu`` fkid F Lckld lu`` iea ne`fitnbe tumk.
Igmnket itgbspckrnl prkssurk ns imebrgif.
Lbe`nrg tcit tck kevnrbegket lbgpfnks wntc
Inr prkssurk krrbr F tck gbentbr's spkln`nlitnbes, iea lckld

wcktckr tckrk irk spklnif rkisbes i``kltneh
igmnket
prkssurk.
ENM_ Qck gkisurka mfbba prkssurk b` tck pitnket

ENM_ bvkr riehk F
kxlkkas tck gkisurneh riehk.
_itnket's pufsk giy mk wkid br lu`` ns tbb

fbbsk. Lckld tck lbeantnbe b` tck pitnket, iea
ENM_ snheif wkid F
pfilk tck lu`` ne i suntimfk pbsntnbe. N` tck
ìnfurk pkrsnsts, rkpfilk tck lu``.
ENM_ snheif uestimfk Kxlkssnvk gbvkgket giy rksuft ne tbb gulc

Fgbtnbe irtnìlt br netkr`krkelk ne tck snheif aurneh gkisurkgket.
- 930 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
ENM_ snheif Gbtnbe snheif igpfntuak ns tbb firhk auk tb

situritka F
gbvkgket iea btckr rkisbes.
ENM_ bvkr Lu`` bvkrprkssurk, iea his mfbldihk giy

prkssurk F
bllur4 lckld tck his pitc, iea tcke rk-gkisurk.
ENM_ gbaufk rkskt krrbr4 lckld tck his pitc ns

Gbaufk rkskt ìnfka F
mfbldka, iea tcke rkstirt tck gkisurkgket.
NM_ SS skesbr b`` Lckld tck skesbr lbeekltnbe iea rklbeeklt tck
(SS rkprkskets ie F skesbr.

NM_ fimkf)
LB= LB= lbgguenlitnbe Qck LB= gbaufk ìnfs br gbaufk iea cbst
C
stbp lbeekltnbe anslbeekltka, rklbeeklt tck LB=
LB= lbgguenlitnbe gbaufk tb gbentbr.
C
krrbr
LB= pnpk b`` F Lckld LB= pnpk lbeekltnbe sntuitnbe
Lckld iaiptkr F Lckld LB= lbeekltka iaiptkr br sigpfneh
Lckld sigpfneh pnpks

F
pnpk
\b`twirk LB= gbaufk ìnf, lbetilt tck ginetkeielk sti``.

C
krrbr(LB=．
\kesbr krrbr(LB=) F Lckld LB= sskesbr gitlcka br ebt.
LB= kxlkka tck Qck gkisurka vifuk kxlkka tck gkisurkgket

F
gkisurkgket riehk. riehk lfingka.
LB= skesbr cnhc Lckld, rkgbvk ckit sburlk br wintneh `br tck
F
tkgp gbaufk tb rklbvkr.
LB= Inrwiy cnhc Ie krrbr bllurrka ne tck inrwiy prkssurk.

F Lckld tck pitnket lbeekltnbe iea pitnket
prkss
lnrlunt, iea tcke rkstirt tck gbentbr.
LB= lckld Lif F LB= prk`brg i lifnmritnbe
LB= lckldneh Lif LB= lifnmritnbe gbaufk ìnfs, pfkisk gidk

F
ìnfurk surk tck his pitc ktl, tb rklifnmritk.
IH IH gbaufk IH gbaufk ìnfs br gbaufk iea cbst

C
lbgguenlitnbe stbp. lbeekltnbe anslbeekltka, rklbeeklt tck gbaufk
IH gbaufk tb gbentbr.
C
lbgguenlitnbe krrbr
- 938 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
IH skesbr b`` FLckld IH ggbaufk skesbr lbeekltnbe sntuitnbe.
IH skesbr krrbr FLckld IH ggbaufk skesbr gitlc br ebt.
IH sb`twirk krrbr CIH gbaufk ìnf lbetilt tck ginetkeielk sti``.
IH cira wirk krrbr C
IH prklnsnbe riehk Gkisurneh tck riehk kxlkkaka.

C
kxlkkaka.
IHtkgpriehk
C
kxlkkaka.
IH inrwiy prklnsnbe kxlkkaka.
F
IH akìuftka ]k-lifnmritk tck IH gbaufk.
lifnmritnbe nsC
gnssneh.
IHekkazkrb F _kr`brg i zkrb lifnmritnbe.

lifnmritk
IH NA& Lbel krrbrCIH gbaufk NA krrbr

IH lifnmritneh FIH gbaufk lifnmritneh
IH stieamy FIH gbaufk ueakr stieamy

IHgkisurkgket IH gbaufk lifnmritneh.
F
riehk lifnmritneh
IHgkisurkgket Lckld IH inrwiy iea rk-lifnmritk.
riehk lifnmritkaC
ìnfka
Qck systkg cis aktkltka gbrk tcie bek
Iekstcktnl Gnxturk F iekstcksni his. Lckld tck vketnfitka iekstcksni his.
Lckld tck skesbr lbeekltnbe iea rklbeeklt tck skesbr.
Lckld tck skesbr lbeekltnbe iea rklbeeklt tck skesbr.
LB gkisurkgket vifuk kxlkka tck riehk, rk-gkisurk br lckld tck pitnket lbeantnb
L.B.
QM skesbr b`` F L.B. gbaufk ippkir ìnfka, lbeeklt tck
QN skesbr b`` F
L.B.gkisurkgket
G
riehk kxlkka.
L.B ％ lbgguenlitnbe krrbr
C
gieuìlturkr
L.B. lbgguenlitnbeL.B. gbaufk iea cbst lbgguenlitnbe ippkir
C
krrbr`finfka, lbeeklt gieuìlturkr
- 933 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
MN\ MN\ gbaufk iea cbst lbgguenlitnbe stbp,

MN\ lbgguenlitnbe
C lckld MN\ gbaufk iea cbst sbldkt lbeekltka
stbp
sntuitnbe4 pfuh-but MN\ gbaufk iea
rklbeeklt.
MN\ gbaufk lie„t wbrdneh, lckld MN\ gbaufk,

MN\ Lbe`n krrbr C
rkpfilk tck gbaufk n` ekkaka.
MN\ skesbr ngpkaielk lckld ìnfka.
MN\ ngpkaielk tbb Lckld pfilkgket b` skesbrs iea tck

G
cnhc lbeekltnbe, prkss tck skesbr ne kvkry
kfkltrbak. Kesurk tck skesbr lbeekltnbe b`
ary idne.
MN\ skesbr lbeekltnbe b``, lckld tck skesbr

MN\ skesbr b`` G
lbeekltnbe, rklbeeklt tck MN\ skesbr.
MN\ A\L krrbr C MN\ anhntif snheif lbevkrtkr ns ebt prbpkrfy
lbgguenlitnbe br wbrd. _fkisk lbetilt

MN\ A\L ìuftka C
ginetkeielk sti``.
MN\ anslbeekltka MN\ limfk ebt lbeekltka, lckld MN\ limfk

F
limfk lbeekltnbe, br rklbeeklt.
\kesbr ebt lbeekltka, MN\ skesbrs ekka tb

MN\ anslbeekltka
F Lbeekltka tb rkfnimfk skesbr mk`brk
skesbr
gkisurkgket.
\kesbr usneh tck `rkqukely br tngk tbb fbeh,

MN\ skesbr usneh
G gbrk tcie skesbr usneh rufks, Lciehk tck
kxlkka fngntka
ekw skesbr.
MN\ \YN6;?% F Qck MN\ snheif quifnty rkfnimnfnty ns ffbw,, llieebt
mk akaulka, pskuab pbbr br tbb gulc
netkr`krkelk KGH iltnvnty gbentbrneh.
MN\ \YN69;% F
MN\ ekka tb
G
rklbeeklt
MN\ skesbr krrbr G

9. lckld tck skesbr4
=. Gidk surk tcit tck MN\ gbaufk ns
ebt lfbsk tb btckr kfkltrnlif
rianitnbe kqunpgket.
Ebt suppbrt tck lurrket MN\ skesbr,
rkpfilk `br ekw skesbr.
MN\ lbeekltnbe ìnfurk, rklbeeklt tck
MN\ gbaufk
MN\ skesbr ìnfurk, tbb bfa `br usk tngk gbrk
MN\ skesbr nevifna Gtcie tck k``nlnket tngk. Qck ekw skesbr ekka
tb mk rkpfilka.
- 93> -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
MN\ lbeekltka MN\ lbeekltka akgb sngufitbr, It tcns gbgket

sngufitbr. F
ns tb akgbestritk, ebt gkisurneh pitnket.
- 9>? -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Ippkeanx A Akìuft _irigktkr

Lbe`nhuritnbe
Qcns lciptkr fnsts tck ngpbrtiet ìltbry akìuft skttnehs b` an``krket akpirtgkets ne gbentbr
lbe`nhuritnbe gbak. [skrs lie ebt lciehk tck akìuft lbe`nhuritnbe, mut lie gban`y tck
skttnehs is rkqunrka iea sivk is uskr-ak`neka lbe`nhuritnbe.
Gbaufk akìufts
Gbaufk Bptnbe _kanitrnl Gna B``
Iauft Ekbeitif
;-fkia Iutb Be
Ifirg fkvkf Ifirg rklbra Fkia typk Gna B`` Gna B``
8;~90? be
Liflufitnbe lcieekf ;-fkia Iutb Be ;-fkia Iutb Be
_bwkr `rkqukely supprkssnbe Ifirg fngnts ;?~9=? be 9??~=?? be
\Q skhgket
B``B``B``
\Q ieifysns
skhgket Ifirg fkvkf Gna Gna Gna
ieifysns Ifirg rklbra B`` B`` B``
Ifirg fngnts -?.=~?.= be -?.=~?.= be -?.=~?.= be
Ifirg fkvkf Gna Gna Gna
KLH Ifirg rklbra B`` B`` B``
Ifirg fngnts ?~9? be ?~9? be ?~9? be
Ifirg
Irrcytcgni swntlc Ifirg Be Be Be
ieifysns
I]]
ifirg skttnehs
Gna Gna Gna
fkvkf
Ifirg
rklbra B`` B`` B``
Hine x9 x9 x9
=;.?gg/s
Xivk vkfblnty
Gbentbr Hrkke=;.?gg/s
LbfbrGbentbr
slifk GnaHrkke
=;.?gg/s
LbfbrGbentbr
slifk Gna
Hrkke Lbfbr slifk Gna
@nftkr gbak Xivk lbfbr Xivk styfk Ifirg
B`` ggCh
fkvkf Ifirg rklbraB`` ggCh B`` ggCh
_rkssurk uent Iauft Lcnfa Neìet
Gkisurkgket gbak
Netkrvif Gieuif Gieuif Gieuif
Anspfiy lbfbr Xcntk Xcntk Xcntk
_rk-ne`fitnbe vifuk 9;? 9?? 9??
- 9>9 -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
\ystbfnl mfbba prkssurk fngnt >?~90? be 8?~9=? be 1?~>? be

Gkie mfbba prkssurk fngnt 0?~99? be ;?~>? be =;~8? be
Anistbfnl mfbba prkssurk fngnt ;?~>? be 1?~8? be =?~0? be
Ifirg rklbra B`` B`` B``
Ifirg fngnts >?~9?? be >?~9?? be >?~>; be
\_B=
Xivk vkfblnty =;.? =;.? =;.?
Xivk lbfbr Lyie Lyie Lyie
Xivk styfk Fnek Fnek Fnek
Ipeki ifirg =? skl =? skl =? skl
Ifirg fngnts 3~<? be 3~<? be <?~9?? be
]K\_
Hine x9 x9 x9
Xivk vkfblnty 9=.; 9=.; 9=.;
Xivk lbfbr ^kffbw ^kffbw ^kffbw
Xivk styfk Fnek Fnek Fnek
Ifirg sburlk \_B= \_B= \_B=
_]
Ifirg fngnts ;?~9=? be 8;~90? be 9??~=?? be
Anspfiy lbfbr Xcntk Xcntk Xcntk
QKG_ Qkgpkriturk uent ¿L ¿L ¿L
Q9 ifirg fngnts <0.?~<>.? be <0.?~<>.? be <0.?~<>.? be
Q= ifirg fngnts <0.?~<>.? be <0.?~<>.? be <0.?~<>.? be
QA ifirg fngnts ?.?~=.? be ?.?~=.? be ?.?~=.? be
Ifirg swntlc Be Be Be
Ifirg fkvkf Gna Gna Gn
Ifirg rklbra B`` B`` aB``
_rkssurk uent ggCh ggCh ggCh

\lifk riehk Iutb Iutb Iutb
@nftkr 1?Cz 1?Cz 1?Cz
Irt, Ib, [I_, \^\ >?~90? 8?~9=? ;;~>?
MI_, @I_, _9,
NM_
_=, _<, _1 ifirg fngnts ANI ;?~>? 1?~8? =?~0?
Gkie 8?~99? ;?~>? <;~8?
\^\ 9?~<; =1~0? =1~0?

_I ANI ?~90 -1~1 -1~1
ifirg fngnts Gkie ?~=? 9=~=0 9=~=0
LP_, FI_,
]I_, NL_,
Gkie ?~9? ?~1 ?~1
- 9>= -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
[P_
ifirg fngnts
Ifirg swntlc Ifirg fkvkf Ifirg rklbra
_rkssurk uent Bpkritnbe gbakBeIpeki tngk Be Be
B= lbgpkesitnbe
Gna B`` ggCh Gna B`` ggCh Gna B`` ggCh
E=B lbgpkesitnbe Xivk\tieamyslifk \tieamy \tieamy
KtLB= ifirg fngntsB`` 1?
=?s Fbw =?s Fbw B`` 1? =?s Fbw B`` 1?
@nLB= ifirg fngnts Iw]] ifirg fngnts 9;~;?
Ifirg swntlc Ifirg fkvkf
=?~;? <?~1;
Ifirg rklbra Bpkritnbe gbak Be
?~1 3~<? Ipeki
Gnatngk
B``?~1 3~<? Be Gna B`` ?~1
B= lbgpkesitnbe Xivk styfk Xivk`brg spkka LB= wivk slifk B=\tieamy
\tieamy wivk slifk <?~9??
E=B wivk slifk
=?s IIFbw
wivk slifk
Fnek =?s Fbw Fnek Be Gna B``
E=B 9=.;gg/s 1? 9=.;gg/s 1? \tieamy
LB=
;? ;? B= =?s Fbw Fnek
9?? 9?? 9=.;gg/s 1?
> > ;?
% 9??
% >
[ent
IH II %
LB= ggCh
KtLB= =?~;?
@nLB= Iw]] KtB= 9;~;? ?~1 3~<? <?~1;
LB= ?~1 3~<? ?~1
@nB= KtE=B 93~>?
ifirg fngnts <?~9??
@nE=B 93~33
KtCIF/N\B/KE@ ?~;;
@nCIF/N\B/KE@ ?~;<
B=
Kt\KP ?~<
ifirg fngnts
E=B ?~=
ifirg fngnts CIF/N\B/KE@ ifirg fngnts ?~0
\KP
ifirg fngnts @n\KP ?~;
AK\ ifirg fngnts KtAK\ ?~3
@nAK\ ?~0
- 9>< -
E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?Rle
Qkgp sburlk Gieuif
L.B.
[ent ℌℌ
Netkrvif <;s
QM ifirg <0.?~<>.?ℌ
fngnt ?.?ℌ
@nftkr Be
\gbbtcneh ritk <?s
MN\
Xivk slifk 9??uP
Xivk spkka =;gg/s
Lbe. Ngpka. Lckld Be
Lyl. Ngpka. Lckld B``
MN\ ifirg fngnt <?~8?

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E]-Q_-9=99-?<8R8.?

Guftn-pirigktkr _itnket Gbentbr

Ebrtckre Gkantkl Fngntka

_fkisk dkkp tcns Gieuif prbpkrfy `br `uturk rk`krkelk.

_rbault Eigk: Guftn-_irigktkr _itnket Gbentbr

Gbakf: Pkeus, Qiurus, _nslks, Pnrhb.

Lbgpbekets: prbmk, mfbba prkssurk lu``, iea tkgpkriturk prbmk.

\lbpk b` Gbentbrs pitnket KLH, rkspnritnbe (]K\_), mfbba bxyhke

(ENM_), iea tkgpkriturk (QKG_) is wkff is anspfiys, rkvnkws

iea stbrks tck gbentbrneh ne`brgitnbe.

Ebrtckre Gkantkl Fngntka

Irki, Dkehzn \t, _nehscie Anstrnlt, \ckezcke, _.].Lcnei

Aitk b` Nssuk: @km =?, =?9>

Netkffkltuif _rbpkrty ]nhcts

mkfbeh tb Ebrtckre Gkantkl Fngntka (ckrknei`tkr rk`krrkaa ttbb iiss ‖‖ Ebrtckre‗‗))..

pkrgnssnbe b` Ebrtckre, iey brhienzitnbe br neanvnauif ns prbcnmntka tb pcbtbhripc,

fiw iea tck rnhcts b` iey tcnra pirty.

Qck lbetket b` tcns Gieuif ns sumjklt tb lciehk wntcbut prnbr

 Isskgmfy, kxpiesnbe, rk-iajustgket, ngprbvkgket iea rkpinr scbufa befy mk pkr`brgka

my quifn`nka pkrsbeekf ipprbvka my Ebrtckre4

 Qck prbault ns bpkritka ne illbraielk wntc tcns Gieuif.

Xirriety iea Ginetkeielk \krvnlks

aiys `rbg tck

‖Akfnvkry Aitk‗ girdka be tck pildneh mmbbxx..

`bffbwneh rkqunrkgkets irk gkt:

 Qck prbault ns uusskkaa nnee iillllbbrraaiieellkk wwnnttcc ttcckk BBppkkrriittbbrr„„ss

 Qck stbrihk, bpkritneh iea kfkltrnlif kevnrbegket gkkts prbault spkln`nlitnbes.

naketn`nka iea lbe`nrgka tcit tck prbault ns gieu`ilturka my Ebrtckre.

 Qck aigihk ns liuska my ebe-cugie `iltbrs (cugie `iltbrs nelfuak illnaketiffy

arbppneh, simbtihk, ktl.).

rkpinr skrvnlks uetnf ybu piy up.

I`tkr-sifks \krvnlk [ent

_nehscie Anstrnlt, \ckezcke, _.].Lcnei

_bstif Lbak: ;93993

Qkf: + 30 8;; =8>;=8<<

@ix: +30 8;; 30;=3018

ekir tck prbault `br kisy rk`krkelk.

wbrd kxpkrnkelk ne gkanlif prblkaurks, priltnlks iea tkrgnebfbhy b` pitnket gbentbrneh.

pirigktkrs b` tck nffustritnbes giy mk an`` krket `rbg tck gbentbr.

 ↝: Qcns sygmbf ns uska tb nneeaannlliittkk bbppkkrriittnnbbee ssttkkpp..

- 9.9 \i`kty Ne`brgitnbe

<.<.1 \tirtneh Gbentbrneh .................................................................................... - 98 -

<.>.9 Ak`neneh tck GGbentbr. ................................................................................. - =9 -

<.>.< Aitk iea Qngk ............................................................................................ - == -

1.9 _itnket \ktup Gkeu ............................................................................................ - =1 -

1.< Iagnttneh i _itnket

;.9 \kfkltneh [skr Netkr`ilk ..................................................................................... - => -

0.9 Ifirg Qypk

0.1.= Ifirg sbuea b`` ......................................................................................... - <3 -

3.;.< \kttneh \lieeneh \pkka .............................................................................. - ;8 -

99.1.9 _rkpirneh `br Gkisurkgket ........................................................................ - 81 -

9=.; Qkgp Anspfiy

9<.9 ]kvnkwneh Qrkea Lcirt ...................................................................................... - 3< -

9;.= \i`kty Ne`brgitnbe ..................................................................................................... - >; -

90.= IH gkisurkgket kqunpgket ............................................................................ - 9?? -

93.;.0 Xivk slifk

Lciptkr 9>. EGQ (Bptnbeif) .......................................................... .................................. - 9=<

9>.< _rk-Bpkritnvk \kt-up ................................................................................................ - 9=1 -

=?.8 GKX\ \ystkg

=<.9 ]klbrakr _rb`nfk ....................................................................................................... - 91< -

=1.9 Lckldneh Mittkry _kr`brgielk ................................................................................ - 910 -

=0.9 Lckldneh .................................................................................................................. - 9;= -

=8.9 \tieaira Illkssbry Fnst

Ippkeanx I \pkln`nlitnbes ........................................................... .................................. - 909 -