OKXJTKL K@MNT

XTK@VN@UC MNFTKUON@K NN

CJFUO ;

WECEWVET IELKX 48;>/4848

@EOJCXJ@ NNN

Lkck Ckmksnswk 2 Invsjl Ikdrneo

LNC 2 ;86;;=84>

@eoks 2 GQ-;

XTJITKC WVUFN VE@LN@ WNXNO

AK@UOVKW XETELGKLKKL NLATKWVTU@VUT

ULNQETWNVKW XETVKCNLK

4848
 XELIKLVKT JX EL G MKLLE O A OJY  

Invsjl Ikdrneo  7*, Kfntyk Gmklfrk Wnreikr7 , Kznk Ljvnk Tnzk7 , Euielnk Irkgnk
 Ckmndjrkli7 , Nrsykf Wnrjbufnl Lurskmokl7 , Xkuo @evnl Arklsns`us7 
7
Xrjirkc Wtufn Ve`ln` Wnpno, Ak`uotks Xerelgklkkl Nlarkstru`tur,

Ulnversntks Xertkcnlk

*Gjresspjlfnli kutmjr2 invsjliHickno.gjc 

Kdstrk`2 Xkfk prk`tn`uc ykli fnok`sklk`kl pkfk tkliiko 4> Bklukrn 4848 `ntk ceok`u`kl sedukm
 prk`tn`uc celielkn Xelikltkr Jpel Gmklleo Aojw. Felikl tubukl celfkpkt`kl deltu`
prjano konrkl pkfk kppkrktus felikl pernok`u du`kkl ykli derkikc fkl celietkmun mudulikl
kltkrk
 du`kkl `ktup pkfk myfrkuong aojw fecjlstrktjr termkfkp prjano konrkl. Oj`ksn peliubnkl ykli `ntk
ok`u`kl fn Okdjrktjrnuc @eknrkl Ulnversntks Xertkcnlk. Okou `kcn celfkpkt`kl mksno dkmwk
 deltu` prjano konrkl .felikl du`kkl 48 cc cerupk`kl  super grntngko aojw fkrn Arjufe Lucder ykli
`ntk fkpkt`kl fkrn lnokn tnliin cu`k knr, fkl buik skck pkfk pernok`u du`kkl ;8 fkl ;5, tetkpn
fnculi`nl`kl bn`k du`kkl `ktup fnper`egno, u`urkl cu`k knr k`kl `egno fkl celimksno`kl  Arjufe
 Lucder ykli `egno buik. Wemnliik, terfkpkt mudulikl ykli derdklfnli terdkon` kltkrk du`kkl `ktup
felikl deltu` prjano konrkl.
@ktk @ulgn2 Jpel Gmklleo, Kppkrktus, Myfrkuong Aojw Fecjlstrktjr, Wuper Grntngko Aojw, Arjufe
 Lucder. 

Kdstrkgt2 Nl tme prkgtnguc tmkt we mkve fjle jl Bklukry 4>tm, 4848 Bklukry 4>,
4848 we gjlfugt k prkgtnguc jl Nltrjfugtnjl tj Jpel Gmklleo Aojw. Yntm tme
knc ja iettnli tme smkpe ja tme aojw prjanoe nl tme kppkrktus wntm fnverse
jpelnli
 demkvnjr klf `ljwnli tme reoktnjlsmnp detweel tme vkove jpelnlis nl tme
myfrkuong aojw fecjlstrktjr jl tme aojw prjanoe. Vme ojgktnjl tmkt we fnf tme
prkgtnguc ns kt Xertkcnlk Ulnversnty Ykter Okdjrktjry. Vmel we iet tme resuot
tmkt tme smkpe ja tme aojw prjanoe. Yntm k 48 cc jpelnli ns k super grntngko aojw
arjc tme Arjufe
 Lucder tmkt we iet arjc tme wkter oeveo vkoue, klf kosj tme skce nl tme jpelnli
 demkvnjr ;8 klf ;5, dut nt ns pjssndoe na tme vkove jpelnli ns refugef, tme wkter
oeveo wnoo de refugef. sckoo klf prjfuges k sckoo Arjufe Lucder tjj. Vmus, tmere
ns kl nlverse reoktnjlsmnp detweel vkove jpelnlis klf aojw prjanoe smkpes.
@eywjrfs2 Jpel Gmklleo, Kppkrktus, Myfrkuong Aojw Fecjlstrktjr,
Wuper Grntngko Aojw, Arjufe Lucder. 
 DKD N
XELFKMUOUKL
;.;  Oktkr Deok`kli

Fkokc erk ykli serdk te`ljojin skkt nln, `eckbukl dnfkli pelfnfn`kl

skliktokm dertkcdkm fkrn wk`tu `e wk`tu. @eckbukl ykli fngkpkn joem uckt
cklusnk sepertn dnfkli pelfnfn`kl fkokc mko te`ljojin. Wkokm sktulyk ykntu
celietkmun celielkn skourkl terdu`k fkokc fulnk te`ln` snpno, mnfrkuon`k.

Wkourkl terdu`k cerupk`kl skourkl mnfrjojin ykli dklyk` fniulk`kl fkokc

`emnfupkl semkrn-mkrn. Lkcul `krelk snaktlyk terdu`k ck`k `krk`ternstn`
mnfrjojinlyk reoktna rucnt. Dederkpk perskckkl prk`tns, cnskolyk perskckkl
 Melfersjl fkl Gmezy, fkpkt fniulk`kl ultu` cecprefn`sn fednt konrkl pkfk
skourkl terdu`k fkl fnklkonsns`kl felikl perskckkl Ckllnli. 

Felikl celietkmun dederkpk `jcpjlel fkrn perskckkl tersedut, `ntk

fkpkt`kl deltu` prjano fkrn konrkl. Ultu` ntuokm fndukt ck`kokm nln fkokc mko
cecufkm`kl peckmkckl celielkn `emnoklikl telkik pkfk snstec
perpnpkkl.

;.4  Tucuskl Ckskokm

k.  Dkikncklk deltu` prjano konrkl pkfk kppkrktus felikl pernok`u du`kkl
`ktup ykli derkikc:
 d.  Kpk mudulikl kltkrk `ederkikckl du`kkl `ktup pkfk myfrkuong
aojw fecjlstrktjr felikl prjano konrkl:

;.7  Vubukl
k.  Celfkpkt`kl deltu` prjano konrkl pkfk kppkrktus felikl pernok`u du`kkl
`ktup ykli derkikc.
 d.  Celietkmun mudulikl kltkrk `ederkikckl du`kkl `ktup pkfk myfrkuong
 aojw fecjlstrktjr felikl prjano konrkl.
;.6  Fkskr Vejrn
Wkourkl terdu`k kfkokm skourkl fn cklk knr celikonr felikl cu`k knr
dedks. Mko nln celykli`ut snakt-snakt aounfk fkl pelikrumlyk termkfkp pjok
konrkl fkl ikyk ykli k`kl tncduo fn kltkrk aounfk fkl pecdktks (fnlfnli).
Veokm fn`etkmun segkrk ucuc dkmwk k`ndkt kfklyk pernok`u termkfkp konrkl
ultu` cecelumn
`edutumkl cklusnk, celyedkd`kl terbkfnlyk perudkmkl kour konrkl fkokc krkm
mjznltko ckupul vertn`ko. Dklyk`lyk aounfk ykli ceokoun skourkl terdu`k
sernli fnu`ur felikl celiiulk`kl sedukm delfk. Felikl delfuli
konrkl k`kl celikonr oewkt suktu geokm. Deltu` geokm dnksklyk
derdeltu` seintnik,
 perseinecpkt, ktku trkpesnuc fkl fkpkt fnpkskli pkfk konrkl ykli
fn`emelfk`n. Ikcdkr dern`ut celulbu``kl `edklyk`kl celiiulk`kl
delfuli (geokm tnfk` teonmkt). Ultu` celiklkonsk suktu delfuli perou
fnok`u`kl ksucsn dern`ut nln2

-  Ve`klkl pkfk konrkl oemer ktks fkl dkwkm skck ykntu ; ktc.

-  Xokt delfuli pkfk pjsnsn teik` ourus felikl konrkl muou ykli rktk fkl
konrkl ykli celubu pokt ljrcko.
-  Xulfk` delfuli (geokm) rulgnli fkl konrkl celubu pulgk` delfuli fkokc
`jlfnsn ljrcko.
-  Ve`klkl ykli mnokli fnkdkn`kl pkfk wk`tu konrkl ceoewktn delfuli.
-  Ve`klkl ykli mnokli fnkdkn`kl pkfk wk`tu konrkl ceoewktn delfuli.
-  Wkourkl serkikc felikl snsn delfuli fkl snsn muou.
-  @egepktkl konrkl celubu delfuli serkikc fkl tk` kfk ieojcdkli
 percu`kkl.

Beoks dkmwk cjfeo cktecktns felikl ksucsn fn ktks tnfk` celimksno`kl

`jlfnsn konrkl ykli lyktk fn fkokc delfuli ces`npul fecn`nkl mko nln
fnperdjoem`kl fkokc permntulikl konrkl ceonltksn delfuli (sedkikn
 pelfe`ktkl). Mksno ykli fnperou`kl ultu` permntulikl fkpkt fnudkm kikr sesukn
felikl mksno pergjdkkl.

Tucus geokm deltu` perseinecpkt 2

fm

 
D
Ikcdkr ;.; Geokm delfuli seinecpkt 

  K  D   M 
 

Q   4   i  m
 
[   D 4   i  m
  
 M kt
ku 7/
4
4
[  4 7    i    M 


Tucus geokm deltu` Q2

m 
fm 

M 

λ  

Ikcdkr ;.4 Geokm delfuli seintnik 

[   K Q  

 K    D  M  

Q  
4 im  
; 4   D
tkl   

  M   m
 D  4   M 
  m  tk  l  

Fncklk 2 [ 3 Okbu konrkl (c7/s)

D 3 Oedkr geokm
   i 3 Irkvntksn ducn
M 3 @efkokckl knr (c)
Felikl celietkmun dkmwk te`klkl pkfk skourkl terdu`k skck felikl
te`klkl ktcjsaer, fkpkt `ntk fkpkt`kl deskrlyk lnokn fednt felikl celietkmun
`krk`ternstn` oknllyk. Ultu` celietkmun `krk`ternstn` oknllyk fnfkpkt`kl fkrn
 perskckkl Gmezy  fkl peliklkonsnskl fniulk`kl perskckkl  Ckllnli. 
Xerskckkl Gmezy 2
 v 3 G−T   W   (pers. ;.;)
Xerskckkl Ckllnli 2

⁆ ⁆
v 3 T W    (pers ;.4)

Fncklk 2 v 3 @egepktkl konrkl (c/s)
G 3 @jeansnel `e`kskrkl Gmezy
l 3 `jeansnel
`e`kskrkl Ckllnli T
3 Bkrn-bkrn mnfrjons (c)
W 3 @ecnrnlikl fkskr skourkl

Ikcdkr ;.7 Nlstkoksn peliu`urkl konrkl fnskourkl terdu`k (Jpel Gmkleo )

 DKD NN
CEVJFE XELEONVNKL
4.;  Kokt fkl
Dkmkl

Kokt ykli `kcn iulk`kl pkfk prk`tn`uc cjfuo Xelikltkr Jpel Gmklleo
 Aojw ykntu myfrkuong delgm, myfrkuong aojw fecjlstrktjr , ; dukm tkduli u`ur
;888 co fkl 6 dukm `ertks cnonceter doj`, ; dukm stjpwktgm.
Dkmkl ykli `kcn iulk`kl pkfk prk`tn`uc cjfuo Xelikltkr

Jpel Gmklleo Aojw ykntu mklyk aounfk derdeltu` knr.

Ikcdkr 4.; Myfrkuong Delgm Ikcdkr 4.4 Myfrkuong aojw

fecjlstrktjr

Ikcdkr 4.7 Wtjpwktgm Ikcdkr 4.6

@ertks cnonceter
doj`
   Ikcdkr 4.5 Vkduli u`ur
;888 co
4.4  Gkrk @erbk
Wedeouc cecuokn prk`tn`uc, kokt fkl dkmkl fnsnkp`kl teroednm
fkmuou. @etnik pntjt fnpkstn`kl derkfk fkokc `jlfnsn ykli fnnlinl`kl. Okou
`etnliinkl ckljceter fnpkstn`kl skck felikl knr ykli cksu` pkfk
kppkrktus. Myfrkuong delgm fnlykok`kl fkl `ktup gjltrjo fndu`k. Okou,
`ktup gjltrjo jutoet fkl
`ktup gjltrjo konrkl cksu` fndu`k pkfk kppkrktus segkrk dertkmkp ultu`
cecpertkmkl`kl tnli`kt `efkokckl knr fn dkinkl `erbk kppkrktus.
Xkfk
 pergjdkkl, `kcn ceckstn`kl tnli`kt `efkokckl knr pkfk ;58 cc. @ktup
`eoukrkl fndu`k segkrk pelum. Xerierk``kl knr pkfk kppkrktus fnkcktn
fkl mksnolyk fngktkt. Xnltu knr fnturul`kl skcpkn ;5 cc fkl percu`kkl knr
fnkcktn fkl tnli`kt knr fndkinkl muou delfulikl lkn` fnpermktn`kl.

Ikcdkr 4.1 Xeckstnkl `efkokckl Ikcdkr 4.9 Xecdu`kkl `ktup

 percu`kkl knr pkfk ;58 cc ultu` cecpertkmkl`kl
`efkokckl knr
 

Ikcdkr 4.= Xelurulkl pnltu knr Ikcdkr 4.>

Xeliikcdkrkl sedeskr ;5 cc percu`kkl konrkl pkfk
cnonceter doj`  
 DKD NNN
MKWNO FKL XECDKMKWKL
7.;  Mksno

Vkdeo 7.; Fktk mksno permntulikl

yikte Ar ; Ar 4 Ar @jea. ckllnli

(cc) 7 (l)

;8 ;.917 ;.514 ;.58> 8.8;9

;5 4.9=> 4.==; 4.79> 8.86=
 48 7.644 7.4;5 4.>16 8.87>

*djof 2 fktk `eojcpj` `kcn 

Ikcdkr 7.; Xecdkgkkl Ikcdkr 7.4 Xecdkgkkl

s`kok mksno `etnliinkl s`kok mksno wk`tu pkfk
 pkfk myrfrkuong aojw stjpwktgm
fecjlstrktjr

7.4  Xecdkmkskl

  Ouks Xelkcpkli y; 3 8.8;5 c 



K 3 d¹y; y4 3 8.8;9 c

3 9.5 x ;8-4 ¹ 8.8;5 y7 3 8.848 c
3 ;.;45 x ;8∔  c4  Ӫ 3 8.8;9 c 
   @eononli
Xelkcpkli X 3 d +
4y; 
3 9.5 x ;8-4 ¹ 4(8.8;5)
3 8.;85 c
   T  
X
3 . x ;87 
 
.
3
3 8.8;89 c

  Fednt 



[ 3  
t
  
3  
1.
3 ;.699 x ;8∔ c7/s
   Qjouce 

Q 3   

;.699 x ;87
3   
;.;45 x ;87
3 ;.7;7 c/s

   A rjufe Lucder 

Ar  3  
;
 i¹y
.
3 − .=¹. 

3 7.644

Ar  3  
4
 i¹y
.
3 − .=¹. 

3 7.4;5

Ar  3  
;
 i¹y
.
3 − .=¹. 

3 4.>16

   @jeansnel Ckllnli 
;  
Q 3 T ¹ W  
[ l;  
  3 T ¹ W 
K l
;.699 x ;8∔ ;  
 3 l (8.8;89) ¹ (;) 
;.;45 x ;8∔
;
;.7;7 3 8.85;5 
l
l 3 8.87> 
Xkfk prk`tn`uc ykli `kcn ok`sklk`kl pkfk tkliiko 4> Bklukrn 4848, `kcn
teokm celikcktn konrkl ykli `kcn ok`u`kl perok`ukl du`kkl 48 cc pkfk y  ikte.
Deltu` konrkl terfkpkt pkfk okcpnrkl.
Derfkskr`kl fktk pelikcktkl ykli `kcn ok`u`kl pkfk prk`tn`uc,
fnfkpkt`kl lnokn y;, y4, fkl y7 sedeskr 8.8;5 c, 8.8;9 c, fkl 8.848 c. Okou
fktk y `kcn iulk`kl ultu` celgkrn lnokn fednt ([) fnfkpkt`kl mksno [ sedeskr

;.699 x ;8∔  c7/s. Fkrn fktk [ ykli `ntk cnon`n, `ntk fkpkt`kl lnokn Q sedeskr
;.7;7 c/s. Okou, fkrn fkrn Q ykli `ntk cnon`n, `ntk fkpkt celgkrn deskr Arjufe
 Lucder felikl cecdklfnli`kl lnokn Q termkfkp k`kr fkrn pergepktkl

irkvntksn fn`kon lnokn y ykli `ntk cnon`n fnkwko. Fnfkpkt`kl deskr  Arjufe
 Lucder fkrn cksnli-cksnli y sedeskr 7.644 c, 7.4;5c, fkl 4.>16 c. Okou
fkrn fktk-fktk sepertn `eononli (X) sedeskr 8.;85 c, sufut `ecnrnlikl
fkskr
 pelkcpkli (W) sedeskr ; (gjs8 3 ;) fkl `egepktkl konrkl (Q) sedeskr ;.7;7 c/s
`ntk fkpkt celgkrn lnokn `jeansnel  Ckllnli.  Felikl permntulikl perskckkl
;.4, `ntk fkpkt`kl lnokn `jeansnel Ckllnli (l) sedeskr 8.87>.
Fkrn deskrlyk  Arjufe Lucder fkrn cksnli-cksnli y sedeskr 7.644
c, 7.4;5c, fkl 4.>16 c, `ntk fkpkt `oksnan`ksn`kl dkmwk konrkl ykli `kcn
ok`u`kl
 du`kkl 48 cc ykntu super grntngko aojw. Fnfkpkt`kl fecn`nkl `krelk secuk

 deskrlyk Arjufe Lucder fkrn cksnli-cksnli y cecnon`n lnokn oednm deskr fkrn

;, semnliik fn`oksnan`ksn`kl dkmwk konrkl ubn `kcn ykntu super grntngko aojw.
 DKD NQ
@EWNCXUOKL
Xkfk prk`tn`uc cjfuo Xelikltkr Jpel Gmklleo Aojw ykli fnok`sklk`kl pkfk
tkliiko 4> Bklukrn 4848, `kcn ceok`u`kl peliubnkl konrkl knr pkfk skourkl
terdu`k felikl pernok`u du`kkl y  ikte ykli derdefk, fkrn ;8 cc, ;5 cc, fkl 48
cc. Wetnkp
 perok`ukl du`kkl `ktup cecnon`n fktk `etnliinkl knr (y) ykli derdefk, teltulyk
 buik felikl Arjufe Lucder ykli derdefk. Vetkpn, pkfk setnkp perok`ukl
felikl rklie ;8 ‗   48 cc, terlyktk cecnon`n `krk`ternstn` konrkl ykli skck,
ykntu  super grntngko aojw `krelk secuk Arjufe Lucder derlnokn oednm fkrn ;.

 Tklie perok`ukl du`kkl `ktup ykli `ntk ok`u`kl derkfk ykntu ;8 ‗   48 cc,
fkl celimksno`kl `krk`ternstn` konrkl derupk super grntngko aojw, ykli
fn`krelk`kl lnokn y ykli fnfkpkt`kl deskr. Vetkpn, bn`k perok`ukl du`kkllyk
oednm `egno fkrn ;8, culi`nl k`kl celimksno`kl `krk`ternstn` konrkl ykli
derdefk, `krelk lnokn y k`kl

seck`nl `egno. Fkpkt fn`ktk`kl, lnokn y derdklfnli ourus termkfkp Arjufe Lucder.

 FKAVKT XUWVK@K

Dk`mtnkr, M. (488>).  @KTK@VETNWVN@ KONTKL KNT FKOKC CJFEO WKOUTKL

VETDU@K CELUBU @KBNKL MNFTJON@K ETJWNFKL VTKLWXJT WEFNCEL. 
Weckrkli2 Ulnversntks Fnpjleijrj. 

Eswkltj, & Fnkl, W. (48;9). KLKONWK FNWVTNDUWN @KXKWNVKW KONTKL AOUNFK

FN FKETKM XETGKDKLIKL XKXK WNWVEC XETXNXKKL. Burlko Ve`ljojin,
Qjo. 7, Lj. ;.

Vmevntk, G., @mkykc, W., & Xrktkck, K. K. (48;6).  MNFTKUON@K FKWKT2 DKLIULKL
VTKLWXJTVKWN. Wurkdkyk2 Nlstntut Ve`ljojin Wepuoum Ljpecder.

Yuoklfkrn, W., & Mern, W. (48;1).  FNWVTNDUWN @EGEXKVWL KONTKC FN WKOUTKL

VETDU@K XKFK DEOJ@KL ;48 FETKBKV CELIIULK@KL KGJUWVNG
 FJXXOET QEOJGJCEVET (KFQ). Ckokli2 Ulnversntks Drkwnbkyk.
 OKCXNTKL

Ikcdkr 1.; Fktk pelikcktkl

 

Ikcdkr 1.4 Fktk pelikcktkl

Ikcdkr 1.7 Fktk pelikcktkl

Ikcdkr 1.6 Fktk pelikcktkl

Ikcdkr 1.5 Fktk pelikcktkl