BKHK@KC

EDLQDLN BKU@EMUMTNC

Aisusul M`dc ?
Uishk Fkcdrk

Hd`ks S IWZ 4

ZDHM@KC BDLDLNKC KQKZ LDNDUI

: HMQK EDLNHT@T

i
 HKQK WDLNKLQKU 

Kssk`kbuk`kihub wr.
we.
Eisbi``kcirrkcbkklirrkcib
Zdnk`k puoi cklyk ekni K``kc Quckl sd`uruc k`kb, sck`kwkt edsdrtk sk`kb
sdbmnk tdrjurkchkl hdpkak Lkei Buckbka ZK^. Hkrdlk ktks hkrulik
akl ciakykc-Lyk pdlu`is akpkt bdlyd`dskihkl bkhk`kc ili. Wdlu`is
bdlnujkphkl tdribkhksic hdpkak nuru pdbeibeilc ykln td`kc bdbeibeiln
akl bdljurkchkl i`bu hdpkak pdlu`is, sdcilnnk pdlu`is akpkt
bdlyd`dskihkl bkhk`kc ili, wk`kupul ak`kb prmsds pdlyusulkllyk pdlu`is
bdlnk`kbi edreknki hdsu`itkl. Bkhk`kc ili khkl bdbekcks tdltkln Edltdln
Bkr`emrmunc.
Qdtkpi sklnkt aibulnhilhkl ak`kb pdlyusulkllyk bksic
eklykh hdhurklnkl, ekih ak`kb pdlykoikl bktdri bkupul ak`kb pdlu`iskl,
ultuh itu hritih akl skrkl ykln bdbeklnul akri edreknki pickh sklnkt
pdlu`is ckrkphkl, adbi `deic ekihlyk hkryk ykln sd`kloutlyk.
Wdlu`is edrckrkp, buakc-buakckl bkhk`kc ili eisk edrbklfkkt ekni hitk
sdbuk. Kbiil.
^kssk`kbuk`kihub, wr. we

Wdlu`is

ii
 AKFQKU IZI

HKQK WDLNKLQKU.  ................................................................................................ii

AKFQKU IZI.............................................................................. iii
EKE I WDLAKCT@TKL
K. @ktkr Ed`khkln Bksk`kc ..................................................................................;
E. Uubuskl Bksk`kc ..............................................................................................;
J. Quoukl Wdlu`iskl ...............................................................................................5

EKE II WDBEKCKZKL
K. @mhksi ................................................................................................. :
.
E. @ktkr Ed`khkln Zdokrkc :
........................................................................
J. Edltuh Krsitdhtur Eklnulkl 1
...............................................................
A. Uiwkykt Wd`dstkrikl 6
.............................................................................

EKE III WDLTQTW

K. Hdsibpu`kl ......................................................................................................... 3
E. Zkrkl ..................................................................................................................... 3

AKFQKU WTZQKHK...................................................................................9

ii
 EKE I
WDLAKCT@TKL

K. @ktkr Ed`khkln
Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc (Ilnnris? Fmrt Bkr`emrmunc) kak`kc edltdln
 pdlilnnk`kl Ilnnris ai hmtk Edlnhu`u. Edltdln ili aiairihkl m`dc Dkst
Ilaik Jmbpkly (DIJ) tkcul ;>;1-;>;9 ai ekwkc pibpilkl nuedrlur
Omsdpc Jk``dt sdeknki edltdln pdrtkcklkl Ilnnris. Edltdln ili aiairihkl ai
ktks euhit
 euktkl, bdlnckakp hd krkc hmtk Edlnhu`u akl bdbulnnulni
skbuadrk Cilaik. Edltdln ili pdrlkc aiekhkr m`dc rkhykt
Edlnhu`u8 sdcilnnk
 pdlnculilyk tdrpkhsk bdlnulnsi hd Bkarks. Bdrdhk hdbuaikl hdbek`i
tkcul ;>51 sdtd`kc aikakhkl pdrokloikl. Qkcul ;>9:, sdrklnkl
hdbek`i ai`kljkrhkl. Wkak ilsiadl ili sdmrkln mpsir Ilnnris, Umedrt
Ckbi`tml, tdwks. Akl hdbuaikl pkak tkcul ;37>, rdsiadl Qcmbks Wkrr ounk
tdwks. Hdauklyk aipdrilnkti adlnkl pdlairikl bmlubdl-bmlubdl ai
hmtk Edlnhu`u m`dc
 pdbdriltkc Ilnnris.
Bkr`emrmunc bksic edrfulnsi sdeknki edltdln pdrtkcklkl
cilnnk bksk Cilaik Ed`klak tkcul ;354-;915, Odpkln tkcul ;915-;914,
akl pkak
 pdrkln hdbdradhkkl Ilamldsik. Zdokh Odpkln hk`kc cilnnk tkcul ;913,
 edltdln itu bklokai bkrhks Wm`ri. Lkbul, pkak tkcul ;919-;947,
edltdln Bkr`emrmunc aiauauhi hdbek`i m`dc Ed`klak. Zdtd`kc
Ed`klak pdrni tkcul ;947, edltdln Bkr`emrmunc bdlokai bkrhks
QLI-KA. Cilnnk tkcul ;9>>, edltdln ili aisdrkchkl hdpkak
Adpaiheua ultuh aipunkr akl aiokaihkl eklnulkl jknkr euakyk.

E. Uubuskl Bksk`kc
;. Aibklk `mhksi Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc =
Eknkibklk `ktkr ed`khkln sdokrkc Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc = Eknibklk edltuh krsitdhtur eklnulkl Ed
5.
:.
1.
;
J. Quoukl Wdlu`iskl
;.Tltuh bdlndtkcui `mhksi Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc
5.Tltuh bldndtkcui `ktkr ed`khkln sdokrkc Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc
:.Tltuh bdlndtkcui riwkykt pd`dstkrikl Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc

5
 EKE II
WDBEKCKZKL

K. @mhksi
Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc edrairi hmhmc ai tdpi `kut ai ktks sdeukc aktkrkl
adlnkl hdtilnnikl `deic hurkln 3,4 bdtdr ai ktks pdrbuhkkl `kut (ap`). Zdjkrk
kabilistrktif edltdln ili tdr`dtkh ai Adsk Hdeml Hd`iln, Hd`urkckl Hkbpuln
Jilk, Hdjkbktkl Qd`uh Zdnkrk, Hmtk Edlnhu`u, Wrmpilsi Edlnhu`u.
Eknikl `ukr edltdln aihd`i`ilni pkrit akl tklnnu`, lkbul pkak eknikl
adpkl akl ed`khkln suakc tiakh tkbpkh `kni cklyk edrupk tklkc ykln
knkh rdlakc akl edhks eklnulkl ykln td`kc aiemlnhkr. Zisi `ukr pkrit hd`i`iln
ykln bdrupkhkl tklnnu` hili aieukthkl ok`kl sdtkpkh sd`dekr hurkln `deic ;
bdtdr. Akri ok`kl sdtkpkh ili bksic tdrakpkt ck`kbkl ykln aiektksi m`dc pknkr
edsi ykln bdlnd`i`ilni edltdln ykln bdlokai pdbektks kltkrk edltdln
adlnkl
`ilnhulnkl `ukr.
@ilnhulnkl ai `ukr pknkr edltdln edrektkskl adlnkl ok`kl rkyk, ykitu
 pkak sded`kc tibur edrektkskl adlnkl ok`kl Edltdln, (akcu`u Ok`kl Eurlikt),
 edr`klout adlnkl pdrtinkkl ykln bdrupkhkl ruks Ok`kl Hcmaiokc akl
Qkbkl Qkpkh Wkadri adlnkl `ktkr pdbuhibkl pdlauauh akl tdpkt
pkak suaut
 pdrtinkkl ok`kl tdrakpkt sdhm`kc. Ai sded`kc ekrkt edrektkskl adlnkl Ok`kl
Odladrk` K. Ykli akl pdrtmhmkl sdrtk pdjilkl, tdrbksuh edhks Ndauln
Wdlnkai`kl, sded`kc utkrk Ok`kl Odladrk` K. Ykli akl Wd`keuckl @kbk
(meydh wisktk Wkltki Eki), akl sded`kc sd`ktkl Ok`kl Edltdln akl
pdrubkckl bksykrkhkt Hd`urkckl Hdeul Hd`iln

E. @ktkr Ed`khkln Zdokrkc

Hdaktklnkl Eklnsk Drmpk hd Edlnhu`u sdpdrti ounk hd akdrkc `kil,
 pkak bu`klyk ultuh edrcueulnkl aknkln. VMJ aktkln pkak tkcul ;671 akl
bdlairihkl hkltmr pd`d`klnkl, hdbuaikl pdrni pkak tkcul ;6>7. Zdaklnhkl
Ilnnris bd`k`ui DIJ (Dkst Ilaik Jmbpkly) aktkln pkak tkcul ;634
akl bdlnkakhkl pdrokloikl adlnkl Hdrkokkl Zd`dekr. Hm`mlik` Ilnnris
edrhuksk ai Edlnhu`u sd`kbk ;17 tkcul tdrcituln bu`ki akri tkcul ;634 akl
:
edrkhcir pkak

:
 tkcul ;354 adlnkl kaklyk pdrokloikl @mlaml (Qrdkty mf @mlaml) ykln edrisi
 pdlydrkckl akdrkc hdhukskkl Ilnnris hdpkak Ed`klak. Ak`kb rdltkln wkhtu
tdrsdeut, Ilnnris bdbeklnul skrklk akl prkskrklk ultuh
bdlulokln ibpdrik`isbdlyk ai Edlnhu`u. Zkrklk akl prkskrklk ykln
aieklnul kltkrk `kil nkrlizul, `moi, nuakln, ok`kl, pd`keuckl, pdrhkltmrkl
akl edltdln-edltdln
 pdrtkcklkl. Zk`kc sktu edltdln ykln aieklnul kak`kc edltdln
Bkr`emrmunc. Wdbedrikl lkbk Bkr`emrmunc kak`kc sdeknki
pdlncmrbktkl hdpkak Omcl Jcurjci` ykln edrnd`kr Auhd mf Bkr`emrmunc I.
Wdbeklnulkl edltdln Bkr`emrmunc aibkhsuahkl sdeknki edltdln
 pdrtkcklkl ultuh bdbpdrtkcklhkl hdhukskkl Ilnnris ai hkwkskl pkltki ekrkt
Zubktdrk akri kljkbkl Ed`klak. Zd`kil itu ounk aibkhsuahkl
ultuh bdbpdrtkcklhkl akdrkc Edlnhu`u sdeknki akdrkc bmlmpm`i `kak akl
puskt
 pdraknklnkl.
Wdbeklnulkl edltdln aiprkhkrski m`dc Nuedrlur Ymsdpc
Jm``dt (;>;5-;>;6). Kwk` pdbeklnulkllyk aibu`ki pkak tkcul ;>;:
akl sd`dski tkcul ;>;9, ak`kb rdltkln wkhtu tdrsdeut tdrjktkt lkbk-
lkbk pdlnuksk Ilnnris ykln bdbpulyki klai` ak`kb pdbeklnulkl edltdln
tdrsdeut, kltkrk
`kil Ymsdpc Jm``dt (;>;5-;>;6), Qcimpci``us Zcy``ilns (;>;6-;>;>), Uijckra
Fmrbdr (;>;>-;>;3) akl Qcmbks Jmmhd (;>;3).
Fulnsi Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc sdeknki edltdln pdrtkcklkl
tdrus
 edr`klout pkak pdrimad edrihutlyk, ykitu m`dc pickh Ed`klak (;354-;915),
Odpkln (;915-;914) akl m`dc tdltkrk Udpue`ih Ilamldsik pkak
bksk
 pdrouklnkl ultuh bdbpdrtkcklhkl hdbdradhkkl Ilamldsik. Edltdln ykln
bksic edrairi hmhmc skbpki sdhkrkln ili bdrupkhkl bmlubdl
pdrouklnkl rkhykt Edlnhu`u ak`kb bdlultut hdkai`kl akl hdedekskl akri
pdlokokc.

J. Krsitdhtur Eklnulkl
Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc edrairi ai ktks `kckl sd`uks 11.;77,4

1
bdtdr5 adlnkl pklokln 517,4 b akl `dekr ;>7,4 b, adlnkl mridltksi 5;4
adrkokt hd krkc ekrkt akyk. Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc edredltuh hurk-hurk
adlnkl krkc ckakp hdpk`k hd ekrkt akyk, sdaklnhkl piltu bksuh edltdln
`deic bdlnkrkc

1
hd ekrkt, ykitu sisi bktk hklkl hurk-hurk adlnkl piltu bksuh akl odbektkl
ykln bdlncueulnhkl ok`kl bksuh adlnkl eknikl `ukr.
Wkak eknikl hdpk`k akl ekakl aicueulnhkl adlnkl odbektkl
ykln bdbedltuh eknikl `dcdr. Wkak eknikl ed`khkln edltdln tdrakpkt piltu
bksuh akri ed`khkln akl sdeukc odbektkl ai ktks pkrit ykln bdbedltuh eknikl
dhmr. Hdtink odbektkl itu pkak bksk kwk`lyk sdwkhtu-sdwkhtu akpkt aiklnhkt
akl aiturulhkl. Aisdhd`i`iln edltdln akri ektks tdr`ukr ailailn bksic
tdrakpkt
 ektks-ektks ks`i edrupk pkrit-pkrit.
Wkak eknikl ak`kb edltdln tdrakpkt ededrkpk eklnulkl bdbklokln
ykln pkak kwk`lyk aifulnsihkl sdeknki nuakln pdrsdloktkkl, tdbpkt tkcklkl
akl pdrhkltmrkl sdrtk rukln tdreuhk ykln bdrupkhkl ck`kbkl eknikl ak`kb.
Zdjkrk hdsd`uruckl edltuh ek-lnulkl ykln edradlkc hurk-hurk bdrupkhkl
jiri hcks edltdln-edltdln ai Drmpk. Eknikl hdpk`k hurk-hurk
edrfulnsi sdeknki piltu bksuh edltdln, sdaklnhkl ekakl hurk-hurk
edrfulnsi sdeknki
 edltdln akl hddbpkt hkhilyk edrfulnsi sdeknki ekstiml.
Edltdln ili aieklnul adlnkl bdlnnulkhkl jkbpurkl hkpur,
pksir, akl sdbdl bdrkc. Qilnni ailailn edltdln eknikl `ukr 3,64 b, tdek` :
b akl tilnni eknikl ak`kb 3,47 b, tdek` ;,34 b. Eklnulkl edltdln
tdrairi ktks ad`kpkl eklnulkl ykitu ?
k. Eklnulkl hdpk`k hurk-hurk (pklokln 67 b akl `dekr 17,17 b)
 e. Eklnulkl hkhi hurk-hurk eknikl sd`ktkl (pklokln 47,97 b akl `dekr 47,67
b)8
j. Eklnulkl hkhi hurk-hurk eknikl tibur (pklokln 47,97 b akl `dekr
47,;7 b)
a. Eklnulkl hkhi hurk-hurk eknikl utkrk (pklokln >7,57 b akl `dekr
17,67 b)8
d. Eklnulkl hkhi hurk-hurk eknikl ekrkt (pklokln 47,17 b akl `dekr
47,;7 b)8
f. Eklnulkl tibur `kut (pklokln 47,57 b akl `dekr 6,37 b)8
n. Eklnulkl tdlnnkrk (pkloklln 67 b akl `dekr 6,37 b)8
c. Eklnulkl ekrkt `kut (pklokln 6; b akl `dekr 6,37 B).

4
 Qikp-tikp eklnulkl bdbpulyki ruklnkl-ruklnkl ykln
edrfulnsi sdeknki tdbpkt tkcklkl, nuakln pdrsdloktkkl, pdr`dlnhkpkl akl
hkltmr. Wkak tikp hkhi hurk-hurk (ekstiml) tdrakpkt ededrkpk pujuh bdrikb
ekih edruhurkl
 edskr bkupul edruhurkl hdji` akl pkak eknikl ekwkc eklnulkl hkhi
hurk- hurk eknikl utkrk tdrakpkt tdrmwmlnkl ykln edruhurkl pklokln 6 b akl
`dekr 5 b. Ak`kb eklnulkl tdrakpkt `uekln pdr`ilaulnkl ykln
aipdrnulkhkl sdeknki ok`kl hd`ukr akri hdpulnkl busuc. Eknikl tdlnkc
edltdln tdreuhk tklpk ktkp, sdakln `kltkilyk tdreukt akri ueil, ektu hk`i
ktku hkrkln sdakln ktkp tdreukt akri ndltdln. Wiltu ndrekln akl piltu-
piltu ruklnkl `killyk tdreukt akri hkyu ykln aiedri pdlnukt edrupk pkskh-
pkskh edsi. Zdakln rukln tkcklkl bdlnnulkhkl tdrk`i edsi.
Wkak eknikl ed`khkln piltu edltdln tdrakpkt tink eukc
eklnulkl bkhkb, ykitu bkhkb Qcmbks Wkrr, Jckr`ds Burky akl sktu
bkhkb tkh aihdlk`. Zd`kil hdtink bkhkb tdsdeut tdrakpkt pu`k dbpkt eukc
prksksti liskl
 edrekcksk Ilnnris ykln aitdbpd`hkl pkak ailailn ndrekln piltu bksuh
akri
 ed`khkln ykln edrtu`ishkl ? Ndmrnd Qcmbks Zckw ykln bdlilnnk` tklnnk` 54
Kpri` ;>71, Uijckra ^ktts ykln bdlilnnk` ;> Adsdbedr ;>74 ak`kb usik 11
tkcul, Cdlry Ztir`iln ykln bdlilnnk` pkak eu`kl Kpri` ;>11 ak`kb usik 54
tkcul akl Jkpt. Okbds Jmldy ykln bdlilnnk` Fderukri ;>:> ak`kb usik :6
tkcul.

A. Uiwkykt Wd`dstkrikl
Ak`kb upkyk bd`dstkrihkl akl bd`ilaulni eklnulkl edltdln
akri hdbulnhilkl tdrokailyk hdruskhkl, pkak tkcul klnnkrkl
;9>>/;9>3 sa.
;93:/;931 ai`khuhkl pdbunkrkl m`dc Wrmydh Wdbeilkkl akl Wdbd`ickrkkl
Wdlilnnk`kl Zdokrkc akl Wurekhk`k Edlnhu`u. Wdbunkrkl bd`iputi
eknikl hdpk`k hurk-hurk, hkhi hurk-hurk ekrkt akl utkrk, odbektkl
(tikln ailailn
 pdlnkbkl), pdbeuktkl piltu akl odlad`k sdrtk pdrtkbklkl. Wkak tkcul
;931 ai`khuhkl pdrdsbikl purlkpunkr Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc m`dc Airdhtur

6
Odladrk` Hdeuakykkl Wrmf. Ar. Ckrykti Zmdekaim.
Tpkyk pdbd`ickrkkl sd`kloutlyk ai`khuhkl m`dc Ek`ki
Wd`dstkrikl Wdlilnnk`kl Wurekhk`k Okbei ^i`kykc Hdrok Wrmpilsi
Okbei, Zubktdrk

6
Zd`ktkl, Edlnhu`u, akl Eklnhk Ed`ituln edhdrok skbk adlnkl
Wrmydh Wdbeilkkl akl Wdbd`ickrkkl Wdlilnnk`kl Zdokrkc akl Wurekhk`k
Edlnhu`u. Bd`iputi pdlulouhkl ouru pd`ickrk pkak tkcul ;991,
pdlktkkl hdbek`i
 pdrtkbklkl edltdln pkak tkcul ;995, hmlsdrvksi bdrikb edltdln pkak tkcul
;99> akl pdlnklnhktkl Zktukl Wdlnkbklkl (ZKQWKB) tkcul ;993.
Zd`kil itu ultuh bdlulokln tdr`khsklklyk pd`dstkrikl eklnulkl akl
`ilnhulnkllyk adlnkl `deic bkhsibk` ounk ai`khuhkl pdbiltkhktkl situs akl
dvk`uksi hmlaisi hdtdrkwktkl pksjk pdbunkrkl m`dc Eknikl Wrmydh Wdbeilkkl
Wdlilnnk`kl Zdokrkc akl Hdpurekhk`kkl Edlnhu`u pkak tkcul
;99>/;993. Wdbunkrkl sd`kloutlyk ai`khuhkl m`dc Wrmydh Wdbklfkktkl
Wdlilnnk`kl Zdokrkc akl Wurekhk`k Okbei akri tkcul klnnkrkl
5775 sa. 5771.

>
 EKE III
WDLTQTW

K. Hdsibpu`kl
Akri pdbekckskl bkhk`kc aiktks bkhk akpkt pdlu`is sibpu`hkl ekcwk
Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc kak`kc edltdln pdlilnnk`kl Ilnnris ai hmtk
Edlnhu`u. Edltdln ili aiairihkl m`dc Dkst Ilaik Jmbpkly (DIJ) tkcul
;>;1-;>;9 ai
 ekwkc pibpilkl nuedrlur Omsdpc Jk``dt sdeknki edltdln pdrtkcklkl Ilnnris.
Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc edrairi hmhmc ai tdpi `kut ai ktks sdeukc aktkrkl
adlnkl hdtilnnikl `deic hurkln 3,4 bdtdr ai ktks pdrbuhkkl `kut (ap`). Zdjkrk
kabilistrktif edltdln ili tdr`dtkh ai Adsk Hdeml Hd`iln, Hd`urkckl Hkbpuln
Jilk, Hdjkbktkl Qd`uh Zdnkrk, Hmtk Edlnhu`u, Wrmpilsi Edlnhu`u
Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc edrairi ai ktks `kckl sd`uks 11.;77,4 bdtdr5
adlnkl pklokln 517,4 b akl `dekr ;>7,4 b, adlnkl mridltksi 5;4 adrkokt hd
krkc ekrkt akyk.
Ak`kb upkyk bd`dstkrihkl akl bd`ilaulni eklnulkl edltdln
akri hdbulnhilkl tdrokailyk hdruskhkl, pkak tkcul klnnkrkl
;9>>/;9>3 sa.
;93:/;931 ai`khuhkl pdbunkrkl m`dc Wrmydh Wdbeilkkl akl Wdbd`ickrkkl
Wdlilnnk`kl Zdokrkc akl Wurekhk`k Edlnhu`u.

E. Zkrkl
Hdedrkakkl Edltdln Bkr`emrmunc sdeknki edlak jknkr euakk ckrus
tdtkp aipdrtkcklhkl hkrdlk bdlnilnkt pdrklkllyk ai bksk `k`u. Wkak bksk
`k`u edltdln ili bdrupkhkl sk`kc sktu euhti sdokrkc pdrouklnkl
eklnsk Ilamldsik ak`kb bd`kwkl akl bdbpdrtkcklhkl hdbdradhkkl
Ilamldsik. Zd`kil itu edltdln akl hkwkskl `ilnhulnkl pdbuhibkl ykln
bd`ilnhupilyk bdlulouhhkl kaklyk jiri krsitdhtur ykln hcks. Hdhckskl ili
tkbpkh akri nkyk krsitdhtur eklnulkl ykln bdbpdr`ickthkl suktu jiri
hkwkskl hmtk ykln
 pdrlkc bdlakpkthkl pdlnkruc edrknkb, ykitu bu`ki akri pdlnkruc
Ilnnris, Ed`klak, akl Odpkln sdrtk bksk pdrouklnkl hdbdradhkkl. Adlnkl
kaklyk jiri hcks ili, bkhk edltdln Bkr`emrmunc bdlokai sk`kc sktu ksdt
3
wisktk euakyk klak`kl ekni Wrmpilsi Edlnhu`u

3
 AKFQKU WTZQKHK

cttp?//od`kokcsitus.e`mnspmt.jmb/5779/74/`mhksi-edltdln-bkr`emrmunc-edrairi.ctb`
cttps?//ia.wihipdaik.mrn/wihi/Edltdln]Bkr`emrmunc