{ Task2: Part2: (D1) }

According to your answer in (P2), Evaluate in details how the system works
and how energy reducing components could potentially improve the future
life cycle of the system. Also, suggest improvements that could be obtained to
the life cycle of the system.
I choose Mobile Phone
How does a Mobile phone work?
1: Block diagram of mobile phone with explanation:

Microphone: Captures voice for conversion from analog to digital mode.

Speaker: Allows monitoring of remote phone.
LCD Display: Shows Call, Phone, Signal & Network Information.
Keypad: Allows access to specific remote locations of the phone.
Battery and Meter:
While battery housings on cell phones are standard input designs. Some cell
phones also have some “battery processing” intelligence built in. For example,
they will check the charge level to start or stop the charge when the phone is
connected to a desktop, car or quick charger and even automatically discharge
the battery for you when necessary. This is usually linked to the LCD display
and to an audible beep to warn you of the battery charge status.
LED Lights: Status information, Usually Green, white & Red.
Digital Signal Processor:
The DSP chipset is a critical component which is used to co-ordinates the
voice, SMS and data/fax features of a cell phone. It processes speech, handles
voice activity detection, as well as discontinuous GSM transmission and
reception. One section amplifies the input signal received from the
microphone, while another converts this.
CODEC:
Microphone voice signal from “analogue” to “digital”. The digital conversion is
necessary because the GSM cellular standard is a completely digital system.
This DSP’s voice processing is done with highly sophisticated compression
technique mediated by the “CODEC” portion of the cell phone.
RF Unit:
The CODEC chipset instantly transfers this “compressed” information to the
cell phone’s Radio Frequency (RF) unit. RF Unit is essentially to perform the
transmitter and receiver section of the cell phone. It sends out the voice or
data information via the cell phone antenna, over the air and on to the
nearest cellular base station and ultimately to your call destination. The
incoming voice also travels much the same route, although it is first
uncompressed from incoming digital from into an audible analogue form,
which is then piped out as sound through the cell phone’s speaker. This
analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue voice conversion via the CODEC is
done at very high speeds, so that you never really experience any delay
between talking and the other person hearing you and vice versa.
SIM Card Reader:
When you switch on your phone with a “live” SIM card inside, the subscriber
information on the chip inside the SIM card is read by the SIM card reader and
then transmitted digitally to the network via the RF unit. The same route is
followed when it hit the call button on the cell phone. The number you have
inputted is instantly and digitally transferred to the network for processing.
External Connectors:
At the bottom of most cell phones there is an external connector system. You
can usually plug in a data/fax adapter or a battery charger, or a personal
hands free device, or car-kit with external antenna connections. You will also
find many with separate “speaker” and LED lights that are activated when the
phone rings and/or when the battery is low. Many phones also have tiny LED
lights under the keypad that light up when u presses a key and/or when the
phone rings.

Antenna System:
Cell phone manufactures are implementing many wonderful permutations of
antenna system designs. While some are stubby, fixed types. The most
predominant designs though are those with thin, pullout steel rods all of
whom usually fit snugly into a special antenna shaft. These antenna designs,
be they the stubby or pull-out types, all conform to the same circa 900 MHz
frequency transmit and receive range required by the GSM specification.
Baseband:
A baseband processor is a chip in a smartphone, tablet or other device that
helps convert digital data into radio frequency signals (and vice-versa) which
can then be transmitted over a RAN (Radio Access Network). Why do you
need it? A baseband processor manages all the wireless radio functions of a
cellular device.
The operation of the mobile phone:
In the most basic form, a cell phone is essentially a two-way radio, consisting
of a radio transmitter and a radio receiver. When you chat with your friend on
your cell phone, your phone converts your voice into an electrical signal,
which is then transmitted via radio waves to the nearest cell tower. The
network of cell towers then relays the radio wave to your friend’s cell phone,
which converts it to an electrical signal and then back to sound again. In the
basic form, a cell phone works just like a walkie-talkie. In additional to the
basic function of voice calls, most modern cell phones come with additional
functions such as web surfing, taking pictures, playing games, sending text
messages and playing music. More sophisticated smart phones can perform
similar functions of a portable computer.
2: How energy reducing components could potentially improve the
future life cycle of the system?

1: NIMH (Nickel Metal Hydride):

This is a heavy duty and high capacity rechargeable NIMH (Nickel Metal
Hydride). It is rated at 7.2 V and 3000 mAh capacity. It is a new generation of
NIMH which does not suffer from memory effect. The battery is equipped with
barrel female Tamiya connector for charging and 2 wires (black and red) to be
connected to your device that you want to power. It is suitable for heavy duty
and applications that require strong battery that last long.

2: LI-ION (Lithium- ion):

Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density and are among the most
powerful batteries. Compared to NiMH batteries, they have a low self-
discharge rate and are not subject to memory effect. They do not require
regular discharging so are low-maintenance. When correctly stored, these
rechargeable batteries have a long service life, are durable and have a high
number of possible charging cycles. Li-ion batteries are used in various
portable devices with high energy requirements e.g. smartphones, notebook
computers, cameras and power tools. These batteries can also be used in
radio-controlled models and telecommunication applications.
3: LI-PO (Lithium polymer):
A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly lithium-ion polymer battery
(abbreviated as LiPo, LIP, Li-poly, lithium-poly and others), is a rechargeable
battery of lithium-ion technology using a polymer electrolyte instead of a
liquid electrolyte. High conductivity semisolid (gel) polymers form this
electrolyte. These batteries provide higher specific energy than other lithium
battery types and are used in applications where weight is a critical feature,
such as mobile devices, radio-controlled aircraft and some electric vehicles.
3: Improvements that could be obtained to the life
cycle of the system:
1: A cobalt-free lithium-ion battery:
Researchers at the University of Texas have developed a lithium-ion battery
that doesn't use cobalt for its cathode. Instead it switched to a high
percentage of nickel (89 per cent) using manganese and aluminum for the
other ingredients. "Cobalt is the least abundant and most expensive
component in battery cathodes, and we are completely eliminating it." The
team says they have overcome common problems with this solution, ensuring
good battery life and an even distribution of ions, it will appear in 2028.
2: Multiple batteries:
Instead of using "monovalent" lithium ions, this technology will use materials
with ions that carry a greater charge, such as magnesium, calcium, or perhaps
aluminum, so these so-called multivalent batteries can be much smaller and
more powerful than lithium-ion batteries. It will be available in 2032.
3: Sodium ion batteries:
It is also a candidate alternative to lithium-ion batteries, as sodium can
replace lithium, and a sodium-ion battery will work just like a lithium battery,
except that instead of moving lithium ions, it will move sodium ions, as
sodium is much cheaper than lithium, and the materials that can be used
Sodium storage can also be cheaper than those used to store lithium.
Ultimately, these batteries cost less than half of lithium-ion batteries, can be
used in electric power grids to store surplus energy, mostly solar and wind
power and will be on the market in 2026.
https://www.pocket-lint.com/gadgets/news/130380-future-batteries-
coming-soon-charge-in-seconds-last-months-and-power-over-the-air

https://track2training.com/2021/06/13/how-cell-phone-works/

https://www.youm7.com/story/2019/12/14/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%
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