Digital

Task (1) part (1) p1:
The type of energy source being used:

I will choose the battery to power the laptop at a remote area.
How is the battery of laptop work?

Battery have three parts, an anode (-), a cathode (+) with an insulating material
that may be plastic or rubber or fiberglass, and the electrolyte. The cathode and
anode (the positive and negative sides of battery) after that the battery stores
chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy, which used to operate the
laptop for using it.
Energy source system requirement in terms of: Maintenance, Handling and care
(explain test procedures and what will do if the output voltage from energy
source is not correct?): Which environment is suitable for the chosen energy
source? The expected energy levels require by the system to maintain Effective
operation:
1: Maintenance of laptop battery:
In the laptop battery, if it is damaged or does not work well, we replace it
because it has no maintenance.
2: Handling and care of laptop battery:
1: The charger must be disconnected when the battery is full
2: The battery should be placed in places with moderate temperatures
3: The battery should be placed in dry places
3: Explain test procedures of laptop battery:
We set the multimeter to DC voltage mode, then we connect the positive wire
in the multimeter with the cathode in the battery and we connect the negative
wire with the anode in the battery, then we measure the output voltage, then
we take the measurement value and compare it with the value printed on the
battery
4: what will do if the output voltage from laptop battery is not correct?
Case1:
If the value of the output voltage in the battery is greater than the required
value, we install a voltage controller.
Case2:
If the value of the output voltage in the battery is less than the required value,
we replace it.
Which environment is suitable for the laptop battery?
The battery needs to be in places with moderate temperatures and places
where there are no liquid materials.
The expected energy levels require by the system to maintain effective
operation:
Most portable laptops operate on 14 V to 20 V of power, while most batteries
output a voltage of 14 V to 20 V, so the battery is suitable to power the laptop
at a remote area.
The type of energy source being used:
I will choose the solar cell to power the calculator at a remote area.
How is the solar cell work?

When sunlight shines on the cell, photons bombard the upper surface then the
photons carry their energy down through the cell after that the photons give up
their energy to electrons in the lower, p-type layer then the electrons use this
energy to jump across the barrier into the upper, n-type layer and escape out
into the circuit then electric current flowing around the circuit, this electric
current is used to operate the calculator to use it.
Energy source system requirement in terms of: Maintenance, Handling and care
(explain test procedures and what will do if the output voltage from energy
source is not correct?): Which environment is suitable for the chosen energy
source? The expected energy levels require by the system to maintain Effective
operation:
1: Maintenance of solar cell:
It must be kept clean at all times and its connections are ensured . If one of the
cells is damaged, we change it
2: Handling and care of solar cell:

We must do a periodic cleaning of the solar cell by using a soft rag or
biodegradable soap, and it is important not to use harsh materials when
cleaning solar panels as they could cause damage, In addition to make a
regularly checking for the wires of solar cell and its connections.
3: Explain test procedures of solar cell:
You can test the solar panel by the multimeter by setting it on DC voltage mode,
Connect the positive lead of the multimeter to the positive wire (or terminal) of
the solar panel, and the negative lead of the multimeter to the negative wire
(or terminal) of the solar paneal. The multimeter will now show the Open Circuit
Voltage of the solar panel. then we take the measurement value and compare
it with the value printed on the solar cell.
What will you do if the output voltage from solar cell is not correct?
Case1:
If the value of the output voltage in the solar cell is greater than the required
value, we install a voltage controller.
Case2:
If the value of the output voltage in the solar cell is less than the required value,
try to clean the solar cells, and if the output voltage is still low, we change the
solar cells.
Which environment is suitable for the solar cell?
Solar panels in calculators need places with high lighting, try not to expose the
solar panel to liquids.
The expected energy levels require by the system to maintain
The voltage that the calculator needs to operate is from 3 V to 6 V and the solar
cell give from 1 V to 6.5 V so the solar cell is suitable for using the calculator.
Task2: part 1: (P2):
1: Nokia 2110:
It’s the first mobile phone from Nokia Company it’s made in 1995
Life time cost of Nokia 2110:
The price = £700, the price includes the price of the phone only
because it has no spare parts or maintenance.
Efficiency of Nokia 2110:
Dimensions: 148 x 56 x 25 mm (5.83 x 2.20 x 0.98 in)
Weight: 236g
DISPLAY:
Type: Monochrome graphic
Size: 4 x 13 characters
Resolution: Navi Key
MEMORY:
Card slot: No
Phonebook: SIM card + 125 entries
Call records: 10 dialed, 10 received, 10 missed calls
Reliability of Nokia 2110:
BATTERY:
Type: Removable NiMH 550 mAh battery
Stand-by: 30 h
Talk time: 2 h 40 min
Maintenance of Nokia 2110:
The phone has no maintenance because it has no spare parts.
How to conserve your phone battery?

1: Keep your battery from going to 0% or 100%.
2: Avoid charging your battery beyond 100%.
3: Charge slowly if you can, because fast charging reduces battery efficiency.
4: Avoid extremes of heat and cold, if your phone gets very hot or cold it can strain the
battery and shorten its lifespan.
5: Charge your phone to 50% for long-term storage.
2: Nokia 8110:
It’s the first mobile phone with a cover on the key board it’s made
in 1996
Life time cost of Nokia 8110:
The price = £200, the price includes the price of the phone only
because it has no spare parts or maintenance.
Efficiency of Nokia 8110:
Weight: 152 g
DISPLAY:
Type: Monochrome graphic
Size: 4 x 13 characters
Resolution: Dynamic font size, Softkey, Welcome message
MEMORY:
Card slot: No
Phonebook: 125
Call records: 10 dialed, 10 received, 10 missed calls
Reliability of Nokia 8110:
BATTERY
Type: Extended 900 mAh Li-Ion
Stand-by: 80 - 150 h
Talk time: 3 - 5 h
Maintenance of Nokia 8110:
The phone has no maintenance because it has no spare parts.
1: Avoid actions that keep the screen on.
2: Avoid placing the phone in places with liquids.
3: Avoid using the phone during high temperatures.
4: The charger must be disconnected when the battery is full.
5: you should turn On Power Saving Mode.
3: Alcatel OT COM:
Is the first phone made from Alcatel company it’s made in 1998.
Life time cost of Alcatel OT COM:
The price = ₹2,050, the price includes the price of the phone,
maintenance, spare parts, taxes and the contents of the phone
Alcatel OT COM efficiency:
Memory: Card slot: No, Phonebook: A lot
Call records: 20 dialed, 20 received, 20 missed calls, Internal: 512 KB
Weight: 230 g
Display: Type: Monochrome resistive touchscreen
Size: 160 x 239 pixels, 3:2 ratio
Resolution : Used to also draw the digit buttons
Alcatel OT COM reliability:
Battery:
Type Removable NiMH 880 mAh battery
Stand-by: 60 h
Talk time: 2 h
Maintenance of Alcatel OT COM :
It has maintenance that includes the screen only.
1: Reduce the screen timeout (auto-lock).
2: Remove phone cover when you charge the phone.
3: Keep the phone away from heat sources.
4: Set the brightness to change automatically.
5: Turn on battery saver or low power mode.
4: Alcatel OT 511:
It’s the second phone that made from Alcatel company it’s made
in 2001
Alcatel OT 511 life time cost:
The price = $443, the price includes the price of the phone,
Alcatel OT 511 efficiency:
Memory: Card slot: No
Call records: 10 received, dialed and missed calls 5 SMS templates
Dimensions: 97 x 42 x 20 mm, 71 cc (3.82 x 1.65 x 0.79 in)
Weight: 75 g
Display:
Type: Monochrome graphic, Size: 96 x 64 pixels, 6 x 20 chars, 3:2 ratio
Resolution: Downloadable animations and melodies
Alcatel OT 511 reliability:
Battery:
Type: Removable Li-Ion 600 mAh battery
Stand-by: up to 280 h
Talk time: up to 6 h
Maintenance of Alcatel OT 511:
It has maintenance that includes the screen and speaker.
1: You should cleaning Charging Ports.
2: Restrict apps with high battery use.
3: Turn on battery saver mode manually.
4: Use Black and White Wallpapers.
5: Avoid actions that process too much information.
5: Alcatel OT 835 pictures:
It’s the first flip phone that made from Alcatel company it’s made
in 2004.
Alcatel OT 835 life time cost:
maintenance, spare parts, taxes and the contents of the phone.
Alcatel OT 835 efficiency:
Memory: Card slot: No, Phonebook: 300
Call records: 10 dialed, 10 received, 10 missed calls, Internal: 3MB
Dimensions: 87.7 x 45.9 x 20 mm (3.45 x 1.81 x 0.79 in)
Weight: 88 g
Display:
Type: TFT, 256K colors
Size: 128 x 160 pixels, 5 lines Second external display (98 x 64 pixels), 65K color
Resolution: Zoom function, Landscape mode, Joystick
Alcatel OT 835 reliability:
Battery:
Stand-by: Up to 160 h. Talk time: Up to 7 h
Maintenance of Alcatel OT 835:
It has maintenance that includes the screen and speaker and key board.
1: Use the original and the certified chargers and cables, that comes with phone.
2: Don't charge it all the time continuously.
3: Enable Adaptive Battery and Adaptive Brightness.
4: Keep the brightness always down.
5: Keep the battery at room temperature between 0 °C to 40 °C

6: Alcatel OT-E805:
It’s the first phone can use the hand free it’s made in 2007
Alcatel OT-E805 life time cost:
Alcatel OT-E805 efficiency:
Memory: Card slot: micro SD (dedicated slot), Phonebook: 250 entries
Call records: 20 dialed, 20 received, 20 missed calls, 250 SMS messages
Dimensions: 97 x 45 x 17.3 mm (3.82 x 1.77 x 0.68 in)
Weight: 80 g
Display:
Type: CSTN, 65K colors, Size: 128 x 128 pixels, 1:1 ratio
Resolution : Embedded images and animations
Alcatel OT-E805 reliability:
Battery:
Stand-by: Up to 250 h
Talk time: Up to 7 h
Maintenance of Alcatel OT-E805:
1: Turn your phone off completely, if you don't use it
2: Turn off anything broadcasting or streaming rich content
3: Turn off the sound of the notifications.
4: Partial charges beat full ones, 100% isn't ideal. Between 80% and 20% is the best
charge
5: Try to shorten the time until sleep mode
7: Alcatel OT-S320:
It’s the first flip phone with hand free it’s made in 2008
Alcatel OT-S320 life time cost:
The price is $900, the price includes the price of the phone,
Alcatel OT-S320 efficiency:
Memory: Card slot: No, Phonebook: 800 entries
Dimensions: 90.5 x 44.5 x 18 mm (3.56 x 1.75 x 0.71 in)
Weight: 90 g (3.17 oz)
Display: Type: STN, 65K colors
Size: 1.8 inches, 10.2 cm2 (~25.3% screen-to-body ratio)
Resolution: 128 x 160 pixels (~114 ppi density)
Alcatel OT-S320 reliability:
Battery:
Maintenance of Alcatel OT-S320:
1: Change your screen theme and wallpaper to dark.
2: Shorten the time before your screen goes to sleep
3: Adjust the settings on power-draining apps
4: You should turn off location services
5: Make use of intelligent performance management
8: Alcatel ELLE GlamPhone:
It’s the first phone with a camera for pictures it’s made in 2009
Alcatel ELLE GlamPhone life time cost:

The price is $700, the price includes the price of the phone,
Alcatel ELLE GlamPhone efficiency:
Memory: Card slot: microSD (dedicated slot), Phonebook: 800 entries, Photocall
Dimensions: 91.7 x 45 x 20.8 mm (3.61 x 1.77 x 0.82 in)
Weight: 85 g (3.00 oz)
Display: Type: TFT, 65K colors, Size: 1.8 inches, 10.2 cm2 (~24.7% screen-to-body ratio)
Resolution: 128 x 160 pixels (~114 ppi density)
Main Camera:
Single: 1.3 MP, Video: Yes
Alcatel ELLE GlamPhone reliability:

Battery:
Alcatel ELLE GlamPhone maintenance:

It has maintenance that includes the screen and speaker and key board and
the camera.
1: Control battery discharge, don't let the battery arrives to 0%
2: Charge it only fast when you need to use it
3: Don't let it sweat too much
4: Let your phone takes a break from charging
5: Do a battery health checkup from the phone
9: Huawei Y6s (2019):
It’s the last phone with camera and selfie camera from Huawei it’s made in
2019.
Huawei Y6s (2019) life time cost:

The Price: 160 EUR, the price includes the price of the phone,
Huawei Y6s (2019) efficiency:
Memory: Card slot: micro SDXC (dedicated slot)
Internal: 32GB 3GB RAM, 64GB 3GB RAM
Dimensions: 156.3 x 73.5 x 8 mm (6.15 x 2.89 x 0.31 in), Weight: 150 g
Display: Type: IPS LCD, Size: 6.09 inches, 91.0 cm2 (~79.2% screen-to-body ratio)
Resolution: 720 x 1560 pixels, 19.5:9 ratio (~282 ppi density)
Main Camera:
Single: 13 MP, f/1.8, PDAF, Features: LED flash, HDR, panorama, Video: 1080p@30fps
Selfie Camera:
Single: 8 MP, f/2.0, Video: 1080p@30fps
Huawei Y6s (2019) reliability:

Battery:
Type: Li-Po 3020 mAh, non-removable
Maintenance of Huawei Y6s (2019):
It has maintenance that includes the screen and speaker and key board and the camera.
1: Turn off WiFi and Bluetooth if you’re not using them
2: Only use ultra-fast charging when necessary.
3: Don't use your phone while it's charging.
4: Use power-saving modes to increase time between charges.
5: Stick to the power adapter that came with your phone.
10: Honor X6:
It’s the last phone with selfie camera from Honor it’s made in 2022
Honor X6 time life cost:
The price = € 211.60, the price includes the price of the phone,
Honor X6 efficiency:
Memory: Card slot: micro SDXC
Internal: 64GB 4GB RAM, 128GB 4GB RAM
Dimensions: 163.7 x 75.1 x 8.7 mm (6.44 x 2.96 x 0.34 in)
Weight: 194 g
Display: Type: TFT LCD, Size: 6.5 inches, 102.0 cm2 (~83.0% screen-to-body ratio)
Resolution: 720 x 1600 pixels, 20:9 ratio (~270 ppi density)
Main Camera:
Triple: 50 MP, f/1.8, (wide), PDAF, 2 MP, f/2.4, (macro), 2 MP, f/2.4, (depth)
Features: LED flash, HDR, panorama, Video: 1080p@30fps
Selfie Camera:
Single: 5 MP, f/2.2, (wide), Video: 1080p@30fps
Honor X6 reliability:
Battery:
Type: Li-Po 5000 mAh, non-removable
Stand-by: Up to 800 h, Talk time: Up to 20 h
Maintenance of Honor X6:
It has maintenance that includes the screen and speaker and key board and the main
camera and selfie camera.
1: Try to use the smart battery modes
2: Keep track of your phone's battery health.
3: Keep Keep system updates, because it increases battery efficiency
4: Turn on dark mode
5: Avoid constant internet connection
Task:1 Part:2 (M1)
1: In the laptop I used the battery to power it because:

The main benefit of batteries is that they increase convenience for
users since they enable portability of devices, batteries come in
various types including general purpose, alkaline, mercury and
lithium, the newest and most advanced type, most batteries do not
need to be connected to an external electrical system, and this is a
practical advantage in specific cases such as in Laptops and many
other portable devices that require power, batteries can be used in
places with no electrical supply such as remote rural areas. In such
cases, batteries play a critical role in sustaining livelihoods. Another
major advantage is that batteries are easy to replace once they go
beyond their useful lifespan.
2: In the calculator I used the solar panel to power it because:
Because solar power is pollution-free and causes no greenhouse
gases to be emitted after installation and it is a renewable clean
power that is available every day of the year, even cloudy days
produce some power virtually and no maintenance as solar panels
last over 30 years, excess power can be sold back to the power
company if the grid inner tied ability to live grid free if all power
generated provides enough for the calculator, can be installed
virtually anywhere; in a calculators or on a buildings and it's use
batteries to store extra power for use at night and It can also help
improve battery life, solar can be used to heat water, power homes
and buildings, even power cars, Safer than traditional electric current
it's efficiency is always improving so the same size solar that is
available today will become more efficient tomorrow, and it's not
need to continuesly maintenance, and it's maintenance is very easy
by using a soft rag or biodegradable soap, and it is important not to
use harsh materials when cleaning solar panels as they could cause
damage.
{ Task2: Part2: (D1) }
According to your answer in (P2), Evaluate in details how the system works
and how energy reducing components could potentially improve the future
life cycle of the system. Also, suggest improvements that could be obtained to
the life cycle of the system.
I choose Mobile Phone
How does a Mobile phone work?
1: Block diagram of mobile phone with explanation:
Microphone: Captures voice for conversion from analog to digital mode.

Speaker: Allows monitoring of remote phone.
LCD Display: Shows Call, Phone, Signal & Network Information.
Keypad: Allows access to specific remote locations of the phone.
Battery and Meter:
While battery housings on cell phones are standard input designs. Some cell
phones also have some “battery processing” intelligence built in. For example,
they will check the charge level to start or stop the charge when the phone is
connected to a desktop, car or quick charger and even automatically discharge
the battery for you when necessary. This is usually linked to the LCD display
and to an audible beep to warn you of the battery charge status.
LED Lights: Status information, Usually Green, white & Red.
Digital Signal Processor:
The DSP chipset is a critical component which is used to co-ordinates the
voice, SMS and data/fax features of a cell phone. It processes speech, handles
voice activity detection, as well as discontinuous GSM transmission and
reception. One section amplifies the input signal received from the
microphone, while another converts this.
CODEC:
Microphone voice signal from “analogue” to “digital”. The digital conversion is
necessary because the GSM cellular standard is a completely digital system.
This DSP’s voice processing is done with highly sophisticated compression
technique mediated by the “CODEC” portion of the cell phone.
RF Unit:
The CODEC chipset instantly transfers this “compressed” information to the
cell phone’s Radio Frequency (RF) unit. RF Unit is essentially to perform the
transmitter and receiver section of the cell phone. It sends out the voice or
data information via the cell phone antenna, over the air and on to the
nearest cellular base station and ultimately to your call destination. The
incoming voice also travels much the same route, although it is first
uncompressed from incoming digital from into an audible analogue form,
which is then piped out as sound through the cell phone’s speaker. This
analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue voice conversion via the CODEC is
done at very high speeds, so that you never really experience any delay
between talking and the other person hearing you and vice versa.
SIM Card Reader:
When you switch on your phone with a “live” SIM card inside, the subscriber
information on the chip inside the SIM card is read by the SIM card reader and
then transmitted digitally to the network via the RF unit. The same route is
followed when it hit the call button on the cell phone. The number you have
inputted is instantly and digitally transferred to the network for processing.
External Connectors:
At the bottom of most cell phones there is an external connector system. You
can usually plug in a data/fax adapter or a battery charger, or a personal
hands free device, or car-kit with external antenna connections. You will also
find many with separate “speaker” and LED lights that are activated when the
phone rings and/or when the battery is low. Many phones also have tiny LED
lights under the keypad that light up when u presses a key and/or when the
phone rings.
Antenna System:
Cell phone manufactures are implementing many wonderful permutations of
antenna system designs. While some are stubby, fixed types. The most
predominant designs though are those with thin, pullout steel rods all of
whom usually fit snugly into a special antenna shaft. These antenna designs,
be they the stubby or pull-out types, all conform to the same circa 900 MHz
frequency transmit and receive range required by the GSM specification.
Baseband:
A baseband processor is a chip in a smartphone, tablet or other device that
helps convert digital data into radio frequency signals (and vice-versa) which
can then be transmitted over a RAN (Radio Access Network). Why do you
need it? A baseband processor manages all the wireless radio functions of a
cellular device.
The operation of the mobile phone:
In the most basic form, a cell phone is essentially a two-way radio, consisting
of a radio transmitter and a radio receiver. When you chat with your friend on
your cell phone, your phone converts your voice into an electrical signal,
which is then transmitted via radio waves to the nearest cell tower. The
network of cell towers then relays the radio wave to your friend’s cell phone,
which converts it to an electrical signal and then back to sound again. In the
basic form, a cell phone works just like a walkie-talkie. In additional to the
basic function of voice calls, most modern cell phones come with additional
functions such as web surfing, taking pictures, playing games, sending text
messages and playing music. More sophisticated smart phones can perform
similar functions of a portable computer.
2: How energy reducing components could potentially improve the
future life cycle of the system?
1: NIMH (Nickel Metal Hydride):

This is a heavy duty and high capacity rechargeable NIMH (Nickel Metal
Hydride). It is rated at 7.2 V and 3000 mAh capacity. It is a new generation of
NIMH which does not suffer from memory effect. The battery is equipped with
barrel female Tamiya connector for charging and 2 wires (black and red) to be
connected to your device that you want to power. It is suitable for heavy duty
and applications that require strong battery that last long.
2: LI-ION (Lithium- ion):

Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density and are among the most
powerful batteries. Compared to NiMH batteries, they have a low self-
discharge rate and are not subject to memory effect. They do not require
regular discharging so are low-maintenance. When correctly stored, these
rechargeable batteries have a long service life, are durable and have a high
number of possible charging cycles. Li-ion batteries are used in various
portable devices with high energy requirements e.g. smartphones, notebook
computers, cameras and power tools. These batteries can also be used in
radio-controlled models and telecommunication applications.
3: LI-PO (Lithium polymer):
A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly lithium-ion polymer battery
(abbreviated as LiPo, LIP, Li-poly, lithium-poly and others), is a rechargeable
battery of lithium-ion technology using a polymer electrolyte instead of a
liquid electrolyte. High conductivity semisolid (gel) polymers form this
electrolyte. These batteries provide higher specific energy than other lithium
battery types and are used in applications where weight is a critical feature,
such as mobile devices, radio-controlled aircraft and some electric vehicles.
3: Improvements that could be obtained to the life
cycle of the system:
1: A cobalt-free lithium-ion battery:
Researchers at the University of Texas have developed a lithium-ion battery
that doesn't use cobalt for its cathode. Instead it switched to a high
percentage of nickel (89 per cent) using manganese and aluminum for the
other ingredients. "Cobalt is the least abundant and most expensive
component in battery cathodes, and we are completely eliminating it." The
team says they have overcome common problems with this solution, ensuring
good battery life and an even distribution of ions, it will appear in 2028.
2: Multiple batteries:
Instead of using "monovalent" lithium ions, this technology will use materials
with ions that carry a greater charge, such as magnesium, calcium, or perhaps
aluminum, so these so-called multivalent batteries can be much smaller and
more powerful than lithium-ion batteries. It will be available in 2032.
3: Sodium ion batteries:
It is also a candidate alternative to lithium-ion batteries, as sodium can
replace lithium, and a sodium-ion battery will work just like a lithium battery,
except that instead of moving lithium ions, it will move sodium ions, as
sodium is much cheaper than lithium, and the materials that can be used
Sodium storage can also be cheaper than those used to store lithium.
Ultimately, these batteries cost less than half of lithium-ion batteries, can be
used in electric power grids to store surplus energy, mostly solar and wind
power and will be on the market in 2026.

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Task (1) part (1) p1:

The type of energy source being used:

How is the battery of laptop work?

How is the solar cell work?

2: Handling and care of solar cell:

How to conserve your phone battery?

5: Keep the battery at room temperature between 0 °C to 40 °C

Alcatel ELLE GlamPhone life time cost:

Alcatel ELLE GlamPhone reliability:

Alcatel ELLE GlamPhone maintenance:

Huawei Y6s (2019) life time cost:

Huawei Y6s (2019) reliability:

1: In the laptop I used the battery to power it because:

Microphone: Captures voice for conversion from analog to digital mode.

1: NIMH (Nickel Metal Hydride):

2: LI-ION (Lithium- ion):

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