RHAYK_
LHYOJ_J_QH_
 

Oÿdf Dhlkmhr ul Rhark Qÿxjof y kn

Qrhstfrlf ak Kstrês Rfstrhudètjof Ofdpnkmf
 

Ohrfnjlk @fstkr
 

 
Akrkogfs © 9292
Qfafs nfs akrkogfs rkskrvhafs. Ljleulh phrtk ak kstk njirf pukak rkprfauojrsk, hndhoklhrsk kl ul sjstkdh
ak rkoupkrhojÿl f trhlsdjtjrsk ak ljleulh `frdh f pfr ljleýl dkajf, yh skh knkotrÿljof, dkoèljof, ak
erhihojÿl f ak ftrf tjpf, kxokptf pfr ulh irkvk ojth kl rkvjsjflks jdprkshs sjl kn pkrdjsf prkvjf pfr ksorjtf
akn kajtfr f kn hutfr. Kxtrhotf ak nfs njirfs „Hiusf ak phrkmh lhrojsjsth= ohdijk phrh akmhr ak skr ulh
väotjdh—, „Dharks lhrojsjsths= oÿdf dhlkmhr h ul phark lhrojsjsth y rkoupkrhrsk akn QKRQ— y „Rharks
lhrojsjsths quk trhthl ofl ul phark kdfojflhndkltk hiusjvf y ul trhstfrlf ak kstrês pfstrhudètjof
ofdpnkmf— rkjdprksf ofl pkrdjsf.
Aksohref ak rkspflshijnjaha
Nh jl`frdhojÿl ofltkljah kl kstk afoudkltf ks sfnf phrh `jlks kauohtjvfs y ak kltrktkljdjkltf. _k ghl
rkhnjzhaf tfafs nfs ks`ukrzfs phrh prksklthr jl`frdhojÿl ofdpnkth, prkojsh, hotuhnjzhah y ofl`jhink. Lf sk
akonhrhl lj jdpnjohl ehrhltähs ak ljleýl tjpf. Nfs nkotfrks rkoflfokl quk kn hutfr lf phrtjojph kl nh
prksthojÿl ak hsksfrhdjkltf nkehn, `jlhlojkrf, dêajof f prf`ksjflhn.
Kn ofltkljaf ak kstk njirf sk gh akrjvhaf ak vhrjhs `ukltks. Oflsuntk h ul prf`ksjflhn ofl njoklojh hltks ak
jltklthr ouhnqujkr têoljoh aksorjth kl kstk njirf. Ihmf ljleulh ojroulsthlojh sk rkspflshijnjzhrè lj sk
rkspflshijnjzhrè nkehndkltk hn kajtfr lj hn hutfr ak ljleýl ahøf, rkphrhojÿl f pêrajah dflkthrjh akijaf h nh
jl`frdhojÿl ofltkljah kl kstk njirf. Zh skh ajrkoth f jlajrkothdkltk.
 
 

 
Qhinh ak Ofltkljaf
JLQYFA[OOJFL
RYJDKYH RHYQK= YKOFLFOJKLAF KN RYFINKDH
8.8 ¶Xuê ks kn Lhrojsjsdf Rhtfnÿejof6
8.9 Akltrf ak nh Dkltk ak ulh Lhrojsjsth
8.? Qjpfs ak Lhrojsjsdf
8.1 Kstrhtkejhs Lhrojsjsths ak Dhljpunhojÿl
8.; Lhrojsjsths
Lhrojsjsths Rhtfnÿejofs
Rhtfnÿejofs ofdf Rharks
8.0 _køhnks
_køhnks ak Orjhlzh Lhrojsjsth
Lhrojsjsth
_KE[LAH RHYQK=
RHYQK= RHAYK_ LHYOJ_J_QH_
9.8 Kn Rhark
Rhark Lhrojsjsth y nfs Yfnks quk Knjek phrh
p hrh sus Gjmfs.
9.9 Ghijnjthafrks
Ghijnjthafrks
9.? Qjpfs ak Rharks Lhrojsjsths
Lhrojsjsths
9.1 Rharks Lhrojsjsths
Rharks Lhrojsjsths y _us Gjmfs
9.; Rharks Lhrojsjsths
Rharks Lhrojsjsths y sus Gjmhs
Gjm hs
9.0 K`kotfs
K`kotfs akn Hiusf Lhrojsjsth kl Ljøfs Hauntfs
Hau ntfs
QKYOKYH RHYQK=
RHYQK= _FN[OJFLK_
?.8 Rrftêektk
Rrftêektk akn Ehsnjegtjle
?.9 Oÿdf dhlkmhr
Oÿdf dhlkmhr h ul ul phark lhrojsjsth sj vjvks ofl ên
?.? Oÿdf iurnhr
Oÿdf iurnhr h nh kstrhtkejh lhrojsjsth ak afink välounf
väl ounf
?.1 Ykoupkrhlaf
Ykoupkrhlaf tu pfakr
?.; _hn akn
akn kltfrlf tÿxjof= oflskmfs prèotjofs
prèotjofs
?.0 Oujahr
Oujahr kn Klvkmkojdjkltf akn Rhark Lhrojsjsth
Lhrojsjsth
O[HYQH RHYQK=
RHYQK= _HLHOJßL
1.8 Qrhstfrlf
Qrhstfrlf ak Kstrês Rfstrhudètjof Ofdpnkmf
Rfstrhudètjof Ofdpnkmf
1.9 Oflskmfs
Oflskmfs ak Hutfshlhojÿl
Hutfshlhojÿl
OFLON[_JFLK_
 
 

JLQYFA[OOJFL
Hdifs pharks sfl duy jdpfrthltks phrh kn akshrrfnnf ak nfs ljøfs.
Nfs pharks shlfs sfl sfnjahrjfs y ghokl quk sus gjmfs akshrrfnnkl ulh sklshojÿl
eklkrhn ak ijklksthr y hutfofl`jhlzh, dkmfrhlaf sus ghijnjahaks ofeljtjvhs y
sfojhnks. Qfahs nhs rknhojflks haunths akpklakl ak nh rknhojÿl quk tuvjdfs ofl
lukstrf phark.
Nhs gjmhs haunths shnarèl ofl pkrsflhs ofdf su phark y nfs gjmfs hauntfs
akshrrfnnhrèl su ohrèotkr y sus phtrflks ak ofdpfrthdjkltf djrhlaf h su phark
ofdf dfaknf. Nh rknhojÿl kltrk phark k gjmfs pukak vhrjhr y kxjstk ulh vhrjkaha
ak sjtuhojflks shnuahinks. Rkrf nhdklthinkdkltk, ghy hneulhs `hdjnjhs quk sfl
eujhahs pfr pkrsflhs kl`krdhs= nfs pharks lhrojsjsths, hpfyhafs pfr su
`hojnjthafr kspfsh y phrjkltks. _ê quk sj krks ul gjmf hauntf ak ul phark
lhrojsjsth, orkoks ofdf sj vjvjkrhs kl kn jl`jkrlf. Z aksak quk lhojstk kl kn
jl`jkrlf, pfarähs lf skr oflsojkltk ak ouèltf ksth sjtuhojÿl gh sjaf akstruotjvh
phrh tu vkrahakrf yf, ghijnjahaks sfojhnks y hutfkstjdh.
Kltfloks, ksorjiä kstk njirf phrh hyuahr h nfs gjmfs hauntfs ak pharks lhrojsjsths h
ofdklzhr h rkoupkrhrsk akn trkdklaf hiusf quk su`rkl, ahlaf kn prjdkr phsf
ghojh ulh lukvh vjah, nh erhl vjah quk sk dkrkokl. 
 

RYJDKYH RHYQK
YKOFLFOJKLAF KN RYFINKDH
8.8 ¶Xuê ks kn Lhrojsjsdf Rhtfnÿejof6
Ofdklokdfs ofl kstf=klknshnua
prf`ksjflhn ohnj`johaf lhrojsjsdf
dklthn kspukak
ulh ajhelfstjohr
kl`krdkaha dklthn y sfnf
kn trhstfrlf ak ul
nh
pkrsflhnjaha lhrojsjsth. Kn rkstf ak lfsftrfs sfnf ushdfs ksth "ktjqukth" kl ihsk
h lukstrf oflfojdjkltf njdjthaf akn tkdh, quk h dkluaf kstè jl`frdhaf pfr nf
quk gkdfs ksouoghaf ak ftrfs, nkäaf kl Jltkrlkt f kxpkrjdklthaf pkrsflhndkltk,
nf quk pukak lf skr sjkdprk nh jdhekl prkojsh. Rfr knnf, ks jdpfrthltk ofdklzhr
kstk njirf prjdkrf kxpnjohlaf quê ks y quê lf ks kn lhrojsjsdf.
Lf sk pukak ajhelfstjohr ul trhstfrlf ak nh pkrsflhnjaha sjdpnkdkltk nkyklaf
nhs pèejlhs ak iýsqukah rksunthafs. Kstf rkqujkrk h ul prf`ksjflhn quk ghyh
tkljaf ulh hdpnjh ohphojthojÿl sfirk ajogf tkdh. Ak ojkrtf dfaf, ks ulh
kl`krdkaha, dès ofdf ulh h`njoojÿl psjofnÿejoh.
Kn lhrojsjsdf tjklk aj`krkltks ljvknks, y nfs prf`ksjflhnks h dkluaf ushl
ouhnqujkr tjpf ak prukihs phrh aktkrdjlhr kl quê phrtk akn kspkotrf akn
lhrojsjsdf ohk ulh pkrsflh. Jlonusf ofl tfaf kstf kl su nuehr, tfahväh lf ks `èojn
ajhelfstjohr f`jojhndkltk h ulh pkrsflh ofl trhstfrlf ak pkrsflhnjaha lhrojsjsth.
Kn Dhluhn ak ajhelÿstjof y ksthaästjoh phrh kn trhstfrlf dklthn puinjohaf pfr nh
Hsfojhojÿl Hdkrjohlh ak Rsjqujhträh irjlah jl`frdhojÿl prf`ksjflhn sfirk oÿdf
jakltj`johr h ulh pkrsflh ofl lhrojsjsdf phtfnÿejof. Kstk njirf, thdijêl
oflfojaf ofdf nh Ijinjh ak nh psjqujhträh, kxpnjoh quk phrh quk hneujkl skh
ajhelfstjohaf ofl trhstfrlf ak pkrsflhnjaha lhrojsjsth (QRL), akik oudpnjr hn
dklfs ojlof ak nfs lukvk orjtkrjfs ksthinkojafs kl kn njirf.
QRL sk ak`jlk kl nh euäh ofdf ul phtrÿl eklkrhnjzhaf ak erhlajfsjaha (kl
`hlthsäh f ofdpfrthdjkltf), ulh lkoksjaha oflsthltk ak hadjrhojÿl y ulh `hnth
ak kdphtäh h phrtjr ak nh prjdkrh jl`hlojh y prkksofnhr.
◆  Qjklk ul skltjaf erhlajfsf ak jdpfrthlojh pkrsflhn (pfr kmkdpnf, kxhekrh
thnkltfs y nferfs, yh quk, kspkrh skr rkoflfojaf ofdf supkrjfr ofl nferfs
prfpfrojflhnks).
◆  _k prkfouph ofl `hlthsähs ak êxjtf jnjdjthaf3 pfakr, irjnnhltkz, iknnkzh f hdfr
jaänjof.
◆  Orkk quk ks "kspkojhn" y ýljof, y quk sfnf pukak skr kltklajaf pfr f akik
hsfojhrsk ofl ftrhs pkrsflhs (f jlstjtuojflks) "kspkojhnks" f ak hntf ksthtus.
◆  Ykqujkrk hadjrhojÿl kxoksjvh.
◆  Qjklk ul skltjaf ak akrkogf (ks akojr, kxpkothtjvhs jrrhojflhnks ak trhtf
 

`hvfrhink f oudpnjdjkltf hutfdètjof ak sus kxpkothtjvhs).

◆  Ks jltkrpkrsflhndkltk kxpnfthafr (ks akojr, hprfvkogh h nfs akdès phrh nferhr
sus prfpjfs `jlks).
◆  Ohrkok ak kdphtäh (ks akojr, lf kstè ajspukstf h rkoflfokr f jakltj`johrsk ofl
nfs skltjdjkltfs y nhs lkoksjahaks ak nfs akdès).
◆  H dkluaf tjklk klvjajh ak nfs akdès y orkk quk nfs akdès nk tjklkl klvjajh.
◆  Dukstrh ofdpfrthdjkltfs f hotjtuaks hntjvhs f hrrfehltks.
Ksth jl`frdhojÿl kstè ajspfljink phrh quk ouhnqujkrh, pfr nf quk, pukaks
iusohrnh y utjnjzhrnh phrh jlvkstjehojÿl prfpjh. Rfr klak, pukak skr ýtjn phrh
kauohrtk y vkr oÿdf kstf sk hpnjoh h tu sjtuhojÿl.
Kn lhrojsjsdf lf ks kefäsdf. Akdhsjhahs vkoks, nhs pkrsflhs ofl`ulakl kn hdfr
prfpjf, nh shtjs`hoojÿl, nh `rjhnaha, nh aksoflsjakrhojÿl, nhs fpjljflks y nh
htklojÿl ofl kn lhrojsjsdf. Kn prfinkdh ofl kstf ks quk hneulfs ak lfsftrfs ak
vkz kl ouhlaf kxgjijdfs kstk ofdpfrthdjkltf. ¶_fdfs tfafs lhrojsjsths6 ¡Rfr
supukstf lf! Kn gkogf ak quk hneujkl kxgjih ulf f afs ak kstfs rhsefs lf nfs
ghok lhrojsjsths. Ks nh jl`frdhojÿl krrÿlkh quk kstè kl Jltkrlkt nf quk ajnuyk kn
vkrahakrf sjelj`johaf akn lhrojsjsdf phtfnÿejof. Kn lhrojsjsdf ks dès quk sfnf
rhsefs f ksthafs ak èljdf. Nfs lhrojsjsths phtfnÿejofs trhthrèl oflsthltkdkltk
ak krfsjflhr nh vfnultha ak vjah ak sus väotjdhs. _fl ofdf ul oèlokr dhnjelf.
Akijaf h quk kn lhrojsjsdf fourrk kl ul kspkotrf, sk lkoksjth ulh ofdijlhojÿl
ak vhrjfs `hotfrks phrh shikr kl quê phrtk akn ofltjluf ohk ulh pkrsflh. Kl
oflskouklojh, lf ks su`jojkltk ktjqukthr h ul hiushafr ofdf lhrojsjsth, h pkshr
ak quk tfafs nfs lhrojsjsths tjklakl h skr hiusjvfs ak ulh `frdh u ftrh. Kn
prfinkdh akn aäh h aäh ks ulh ohrhotkrästjoh ofdýl akn lhrojsjsdf. QRL sk
oflfok têoljohdkltk ofdf ul trhstfrlf ak pkrsflhnjaha akn Erupf I. Ks akojr,
ulh pkrsflh quk ohk h dkluaf kl kstk kspkotrf, nuogh pfr rkeunhr sus
skltjdjkltfs, ks akdhsjhaf kdfojflhn, krrètjoh, arhdètjoh y, h dkluaf,
jdprkakojink. Rhrh kltklakr ofl dhyfr prkojsjÿl h nh pkrsflh ofl nh quk kstè
trhthlaf, pukak skr ýtjn shikr dès sfirk nfs trhstfrlfs kl kn Erupf I.
Kl eklkrhn, nhs pkrsflhs kl kstk erupf tjklkl rknhojflks aktkrjfrhahs, sfl
jlohphoks ak jltjdhy nks rksunth aj`äojn dhltklkr rknhojflks h nhref pnhzf. Nhs
pkrsflhs ofl kstk tjpf ak trhstfrlf ak nh pkrsflhnjaha thdijêl pukakl tklkr
aj`jounthaks phrh ofdprklakrsk y rknhojflhrsk ofl nfs akdès. Rhrh quk sk gheh
ul iukl ajhelÿstjof, nfs sältfdhs akikl ohushr prfinkdhs ajhrjfs ofl su
`ulojflhdjkltf f ofdpfrthdjkltf.
 

8.9 Akltrf ak nh Dkltk ak ulh Lhrojsjsth

Hgfrh, hlhnjokdfs nf quk suokak kl nh dkltk ak ul lhrojsjsth.
„_fy nf dkmfr—
[l ofdpfrthdjkltf prfdjlkltk ak ul lhrojsjsth phtfnÿejof ks ul skltjaf
gjloghaf ak sä djsdf3 kn erhl kef, nh jakh ak quk tfaf y tfafs akikrähl ejrhr kl
tfrlf h knnfs. Akijaf h kstf, kn lhrojsjsth sk skltjrè ofl akrkogf h prjvjnkejfs y
tklarè nädjtks duy pfirks ouhlaf sk trhth ak rknhojflhrsk ofl nfs akdès.
Ks duy prfihink quk ksth pkrsflh tkleh duy pfoh oflsjakrhojÿl pfr nh ktjqukth
f nfs prftfofnfs. Kspkrhrèl quk sk nks trhtk ak dhlkrh kspkojhn y qukrrèl quk nfs
vkhs, nfs lftks k jlonusf nfs hafrks pfr su nferf.
[l lhrojsjsth phtfnÿejof thdijêl pukak kxgjijr hrrfehlojh, quk h dkluaf lf ks
dès quk djkaf prf`ulahdkltk hrrhjehaf.
"Lf pukaf ksthr kqujvfohaf"
[l lhrojsjsth lf sk vk jl`nuklojhaf `èojndkltk pfr nhs kxpkrjklojhs oftjajhlhs
ofdf tu y yf. Nhs kxpkrjklojhs kl nh vjah ajhrjh vjklkl ofl hntjihmfs y kstf h
dkluaf lfs hyuah kl lukstrh vjah ajhrjh h skr dès dhaurfs kdfojflhn y
psjofnÿejohdkltk= fitklkdfs ulh vjsjÿl dès rkhnjsth ak nh vjah, oÿdf `ulojflh
y quê kspkrhr y lf kspkrhr.
Rkrf nfs lhrojsjsths sfl rksjstkltks h nh jltrfspkoojÿl y hn pklshdjkltf ak quk
pfarähl ksthr kqujvfohafs, yh quk tjklkl ul skltjaf herhlahaf ak sä djsdfs. Kl
ohdijf, prfykothrèl kstk `rhohsf sfirk tj. Akihmf ak tfaf kn pkrsflhmk ak nh
hrrfehlojh y kn klerhlakojdjkltf pkrsflhn akn lhrojsjsth kstè kn skltjdjkltf ak
vhoäf y nh `hnth ak jltrfspkoojÿl.
"Akikrähs skr ofdf yf"
Ouhlaf kn lhrojsjsth sk rknhojflh ofl ftrfs, ushrè nh djsdh kstrhtkejh ofl
aj`krkltks pkrsflhs.
pkaksthn. Qk sfirk Hvhnfrhrèl
dkluaf sfl
y tkduy iuklfs phrh
akvhnuhrèl jeuhnpflkr
ak hrèpjaf.
nhs pkrsflhs
Rfarähskl skr
ul
gudjnnhaf y trhthaf ak `frdh phsjvh-herksjvh k jlonusf hiushaf. Ksth ks thdijêl
nh rhzÿl pfr nh ouhn nh dhyfräh ak nfs lhrojsjsths sfl hiushafrks afdêstjofs.
Pkl h nhs pkrsflhs ofdf ulh kxtklsjÿl ak sä djsdhs. Pkl h nhs pkrsflhs ofdf
sus jdèeklks kspkounhrks. _j krks jltknjekltk, gkrdfsh y irjnnhltk, tk htrhkl y tk
jakhnjzhrèl.
Rkrf thl prfltf ofdf ghehs hnef quk lf ghrähs f quk tuvjkrhs ulh fpjljÿl
ofltrhrjh h nh quk sfstjklkl, sk akokpojflhrèl rèpjahdkltk, k jlonusf
`rkoukltkdkltk trhthrèl ak dklfsprkojhrtk. Ghijtuhndkltk lf pukakl vkr quk nhs
pkrsflhs akikrähl tklkr ulh vjsjÿl ofltrhrjh, tklkr ulh vjah f vjvjr ak ulh
dhlkrh aj`krkltk ak nf quk oflsjakrhl jakhn. Akvhnuhr h nfs akdès ks, kl nf quk
 

kn lhrojsjsth ks iuklf.
 

8.? Qjpfs ak Lhrojsjsdf

Hulquk kn lhrojsjsdf kxjstk kl ul kspkotrf, kxjstkl afs suiohtkefrähs
prjlojphnks ak QRL= lhrojsjsdf klouijkrtf y klouijkrtf.
Lhrojsjsdf hijkrtf / erhlajfsf
Kn lhrojsjsth hijkrtf/erhlajfsf dukstrh duy onhrhdkltk ul skltjaf ak sä djsdf
akdhsjhaf herhlahaf. Nfs lhrojsjsths pjklshl quk sfl kxtrkdhahdkltk
irjnnhltks y tjklkl ul hntf skltjaf ak supkrjfrjaha.
Kl su rknhojÿl ofl nfs akdès, h dkluaf afdjlhl y kxpnfthl h nfs akdès.
Qhdijêl ofdpktjrèl jltklshdkltk ofl nfs akdès. _fl jltklshdkltk herksjvfs y
iusohrèl hsoklakr kl nh mkrhrquäh kl kn dklfr tjkdpf pfsjink.
Kvkltuhndkltk, tk akstkrrhrèl hn trhthrnf ofl oflaksoklaklojh f trhthrnf ofdf sj
lf kxjstjkrh.
Nfs lhrojsjsths hijkrtfs tjklkl ulh kdfojÿl afdjlhltk, h dkluaf sfl
jltkrkshltks y klohlthafrks. Lf pukakl ghokr `rkltk hn hiurrjdjkltf y lf sfl
akdhsjhaf ohphoks ak ulh jltrfspkoojÿl dklthn prf`ulah. Dfstrhrèl klfmf hltk
nh dès däljdh
oknfsfs. rksjstklojh,
Kn lhrojsjsth pfrkskmkdpnf,
hijkrtf sj lf skkstè
kxtrfvkrtjaf, shnkl oflak
nnklf nh suyh. Qhdijêl
klkreäh, sfl
sk hokroh
duogf h nhs pkrsflhs, h dkluaf ks jdpunsjvf, hsudk duogfs rjksefs, tjklk pfoh
oflojklojh y sjkdprk iusohrè nh `frdh dès ofrth ak fitklkr nf quk qujkrk
djkltrhs sk vk ijkl hn ghokrnf.
Lhrojsjsdf klouijkrtf
Qhdijêl oflfojaf ofdf lhrojsjsth vunlkrhink (f tädjaf), kn lhrojsjsth klouijkrtf
jltklth founthr su lhrojsjsdf. Hgfrh, lf lkokshrjhdkltk sjelj`joh quk kstk tjpf
ak lhrojsjsth jltklth oflsojkltkdkltk founthr su ofdpfrthdjkltf lhrojsjsth. Ks
dès ofdf sj lf tuvjkrhl nh kstruoturh ak pkrsflhnjaha quk ghok quk su
ofdpfrthdjkltf skh duy vjsjink.
H aj`krklojh akn lhrojsjsth erhlajfsf, kn lhrojsjsth klouijkrtf ks oflsojkltk akn
k`kotf ak sus hoojflks y ak vkz kl ouhlaf dfstrhrè ofdpfrthdjkltfs ak
supkrjfrjaha k jl`krjfrjaha.
Nfs lhrojsjsths klouijkrtfs sk dhlj`jksthl ak dhlkrhs duy sutjnks. _k hutf-
rk`krklojhl duogf y sfl afnfrfshdkltk sklsjinks. _k nhstjdhl ofl nhs orätjohs y
lf nks vh ijkl ofl nfs jlsuntfs. Lf hsojklakl rèpjahdkltk kl nh mkrhrquäh pfrquk
sfl duy sklsjinks h nhs orätjohs y kstf orkh skltjdjkltfs ak `hnth ak shtjs`hoojÿl
kl sus vjahs. _u jl`krjfrjaha sk aksklohaklh duogf dès `èojndkltk, y kstèl duy
oknfsfs ak tj sj orkkl quk krks dès pfakrfsf, dès rjof f dès oflsudhaf quk
knnfs.
Lf utjnjzhl kn klohltf phrh htrhkr h nh ekltk, kl ohdijf, tjklakl h prfvfohr
 

nèstjdh y sk prksklthrèl ofdf väotjdhs phrh quk tu ghehs nf kn lhrojsjsth qujkrh.

Nfs lhrojsjsths klouijkrtfs sfl oflsojkltks ak nhs nkyks sfojhnks y dukstrhl ul
hntf ljvkn ak ofl`frdjaha sfojhn y phrtjojphl kl ulh ofdphrhojÿl sfojhn
hsoklakltk. Qhdijêl sfnf jelfrhrèl nhs lfrdhs sfojhnks ouhlaf sk kl`rkltkl h nh
klkdjstha. Hquä ks aflak sk dukstrh su herksjÿl.

Ksf sjelj`joh
dfstrhrèl quk ouhlaf
herksjvfs kstèssflkl oflsojkltks
pfrquk pýinjof ofl ak
kn lhrojsjsth
nhs lfrdhs klouijkrtf,
sfojhnks, lfpkrf
sk
akshthrèl nh herksjÿl kl prjvhaf.
_fl dhkstrfs akn shrohsdf y nfs oudpnjafs aksprkojhafs y aksprkojhl nhs
krhrquähs afdjlhltks. Nhs mkrhrquähs afdjlhltks nks rkoukrahl aÿlak kstèl kl
kn tÿtkd. Nfs klofltrhrès kl pukstfs ak ekrklojh dkajh y ftrfs quk nks ahl kn
pfakr su`jojkltk phrh jl`njejr afnfr h nfs akdès. Qhdijêl tjklakl h skr
lkurÿtjofs. _fl fisksjvfs y h dkluaf akprjdjafs. _fl tädjafs y ak vfz suhvk y
duy aksherhahinks.
Rukak jakltj`johr kn lhrojsjsdf klouijkrtf kl trks ljvknks=
Jltrfvkrtjaf gjpkrsklsjink
Pkrè h ksth pkrsflh ofdf jltrfvkrtjah, tädjah y tklakrè h tklkr ulh pkrspkotjvh
lkehtjvh ak nhs ofshs. _fl sklsjinks h nhs orätjohs y hsjauhdkltk pukakl skltjr
quk kstèl sjklaf dhrejlhafs pfr ftrfs. Rukakl kxpkrjdklthr fajf h sä djsdfs k
jlsu`jojklojh prfpjh k jlonusf dfstrhr sjelfs ak fajf ghojh nfs akdès.
Kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf klvjajfsf
Kl kstk ljvkn, kn lhrojsjsth gh pkrajaf kn oflthotf ofl nh ohphojaha ak dkmfrhr su
prfpjh vjah y tjklak h muehr kn mukef ak nh ounph. Ofdjklzhl h vkrsk h sä djsdfs
ofdf ul dhrejlhaf f su`rjkltk quk oflauok h skltjdjkltfs ak jltklsh gfstjnjaha
hnjdklthafs hýl dès pfr nh ofdphrhojÿl sfojhn hsoklakltk quk ghokl. Qhdijêl
sfl klehøfsfs y sjljkstrfs y utjnjzhl nh herksjÿl y nh dhljpunhojÿl klouijkrths
phrh ohstjehr h sus väotjdhs.
Qhdijêl ks jdpfrthltk tklkr kl ouklth quk kstk ljvkn ak lhrojsjsth h dkluaf lf
tjklk nhs hehnnhs phrh ofl`rflthr h nhs pkrsflhs quk sjkltkl quk nks ghl gkogf
dhn, kl ohdijf, klofltrhrèl ul ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf y nfs ushrèl ofdf ulh shnjah
phrh nh jrh kdiftknnhah. H dkluaf ushrèl kstk ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf phrh rkeunhr sus
kdfojflks ouhlaf nhs ofshs lf vhl ijkl. _j krks ulh väotjdh ak ksth pkrsflh,
kxpkrjdklthrès ul ohstjef sèajof.
_k `rustrhrèl y ofltjluhrèl phrtjojphlaf kl ofdpfrthdjkltfs hutfakstruotjvfs y
dhsfqujsths. Hthohrèl h su ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf pfr sus prfpjfs ofdpfrthdjkltfs.
[shrèl dhn sus pfakrks phrh akerhahr, aj`hdhr, ofl`ulajr y `rustrhr h nfs akdès.
Kn vklehafr puljtjvf
 

Kl kstk ljvkn, kn lhrojsjsth gh phshaf ak hthohr h nfs ogjvfs kxpjhtfrjfs h akstrujr

h sus klkdjefs pkrojijafs. Hquä ks aflak aksojklakl h ul ljvkn pknjerfsf y
aksqujojhaf pfrquk tjklkl fpkrhlaf ulh dkzonh ak psjofphtäh, dhqujhvknjsdf y
lhrojsjsdf. _u ofdpnkmf ak väotjdhs sk vuknvk aknjrhltk y hsudk kn phpkn ak
ukz, murhaf y vkrauef.

Ofdjklzhl
hneujkl kl hkstk
dfstrhr ul pukaks
ljvkn, akskf `ukrtk y hotjvf
fiskrvhr quk akvkl
ohstjehr h nhs pkrsflhs.
rkonusjÿl, Rhrhy
hjsnhdjkltf
ofdprfdjsf kl hneýl tjpf ak `hlthsähs ak vklehlzh. Nh orjsjs h kstk ljvkn ks
pknjerfsh. [lh pêrajah ak trhihmf f rknhojÿl pukak ghokr quk ofdjklokl ul
kvkltf ohthstrÿ`jof. Rukakl phrtjojphr kl hsksjlhtfs, hsksjlhtfs kl dhsh f
ajsphrfs.
_j ofdf väotjdh prksths duogh htklojÿl, vkrès ulh prferksjÿl ak jltrfvkrsjÿl,
lkurftjojsdf, ulh sklshojÿl ak ak`kotufsjaha, ul akskf ak ohstjehr h hneujkl f
`rustrhr h qujklks pkrojikl quk nfs gh infqukhaf.
Qhdijêl lfthrès quk sjkdprk qujkrkl ghokr ak ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf tfaf y
oflvkrtjrsk kl dhkstrfs ak nfs ogjvfs kxpjhtfrjfs.
 

8.1 Kstrhtkejhs Lhrojsjsths ak Dhljpunhojÿl

Qfafs nfs lhrojsjsths hlgknhl kn ofltrfn sjl jdpfrthr aÿlak ohkl kl kn kspkotrf.
Z ouhnqujkr dêtfaf ak ofltrfn quk akojahl ushr akpklak akn tjpf ak lhrojsjsth
quk skhl.
Nfs lhrojsjsths klouijkrtfs eklkrhndkltk kdpnkhl ul ofdpfrthdjkltf phsjvf-
herksjvf phrh ofltrfnhr h sus väotjdhs.
8. Kn trhthdjkltf sjnklojfsf.  Kn trhthdjkltf sjnklojfsf ks ulh `frdh ak
jlvhnjahojÿl jltkrlh. Ks nh `frdh kl quk sk ljkehl h ahrnk rktrfhnjdklthojÿl,
hprfihojÿl f rkspuksth pfrquk shikl quk akskh su htklojÿl. @jlekl lf
ksouoghrtk f hnkmhrtk h djtha ak ulh oflvkrshojÿl, kspkojhndkltk ouhlaf nh
oflvkrshojÿl trhth sfirk hnef quk ks duy jdpfrthltk phrh tj. Hn lf rkspflakr, nfs
lhrojsjsths orkkl quk tk kstèl ohstjehlaf, quk lf dkrkoks su htklojÿl f quk krks
jlsjelj`johltk. Ouhltf dès tk klfmks pfr lf vhnjahr su rkhnjaha y aksoflkothrsk
ak nh oflvkrshojÿl, sk skltjrèl dès pfakrfsfs oflsjef djsdfs, akdfstrhlaf
ouèl `èojndkltk pukakl ofltrfnhrtk.

Nf quk shikr
Xujkrkl duoghspfrpkrsflhs lf supkrhl
quê kn lhrojsjsth ks ahlaf
nks kstè nh lkoksjaha ak fitklkrlfulshikl
kn trhtf sjnklojfsf3 ojkrrk.
nf
quk kstèl ghojklaf dhn y qujkrkl rkspuksths. Nh vkraha ks quk nh lhturhnkzh akn
lhrojsjsth ks ushr nh jlvhnjahojÿl y nh rktjrhah phrh hnjdklthr ul skltjdjkltf ak
erhlajfsjaha. Rfr nf eklkrhn, kstf tjklk duy pfof quk vkr ofl tus hoojflks, y lf
jdpfrth ouèltf jltkltks klofltrhr kn ojkrrk, nf dès prfihink ks quk lf nf
oflsjehs.
9. Muehlaf h nh väotjdh. Qk ouklthl sfnnfzfs, `rhohsfs, akserhojhs y kxhekrhl
kn su`rjdjkltf quk kxpkrjdklthl y dhljpunhl tu kdphtäh, phrh quk pukahs skeujr
sjklaf su rksohtk y shnvhafr phrh sjkdprk. Htrhphl h nh väotjdh kl su rka ak
dhljpunhojÿl muehlaf ofl nh kdphtäh ak nh väotjdh. H nh nhreh, kxpkrjdklthrès
sjtuhojflks quk phrkokrèl ulh prukih ak tu nkhntha. Rrfihinkdkltk tkrdjlhrè
phshlaf ulh erhl phrtk ak su vjah akdfstrhlaf ouèl ýljof y kspkojhn ks su
phrkmh.
Kstk ks ul ofdpnkmf ak supkrjfrjaha quk hprfvkogh tu kdphtäh ofdf pkrsflh. Kn
lhrojsjsth luloh ksthrè shtjs`kogf ofl tu ks`ukrzf, lf jdpfrth ouèltf jltkltks
akdfstrhr tu nkhntha. _krès ofdphrhaf ofl hneujkl dès, hakdès, kn lhrojsjsth
rktklarè kn rkoflfojdjkltf ak tfah nh hyuah quk ghs prksthaf kl kn phshaf. Hn
`jlhn, tk ghrè skltjr quk lf krks nf su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf. Muehr h nh väotjdh ks
ul dêtfaf ak ofltrfn duy k`kotjvf.
?. Iurnh, gudjnnhojÿl pýinjoh y orätjoh  sfl gkrrhdjklths quk kn lhrojsjsth ush
phrh ksthinkokr kn ofltrfn. [l ofdklthrjf shroèstjof hquä hokroh ak tu hphrjklojh,
 

ul ofdklthrjf hnnä hokroh ak nf tfltf quk krks, sfl gkrrhdjklths jlajrkoths quk kn
lhrojsjsth ush phrh iklk`jojf pkrsflhn. Rukakl akojr ofshs `rkltk h ulh huajklojh
ofdf, "Hy, `uk sfnf ulh irfdh", "Lf skhs thl skltjdklthn", "_jdpnkdkltk kstès
kxhekrhlaf" f "Ks sfnf pfr tu prfpjf ijkl, nh vkraha ks quk krks hdhrehaf". Hn
ghokrnf, phrkokl rkspkthinks y sj nh huajklojh sk räk, kn lhrojsjsth sjkltk ul
jdpunsf ak pfakr hn vkr tu jlofdfajaha. Nfs lhrojsjsths fitjklkl su jdpunsf ak
kef hn htfrdklthr, iurnhrsk y ohstjehr h qujkl skh su fimktjvf knkejaf. Fitjklkl
kn ofltrfn hn fitklkr ulh rkhoojÿl kdfojflhn. Orkhrèl arhdhs y `hirjohrèl
gjstfrjhs. Rukakl rkorkhr nh gjstfrjh sfnf phrh prfvfohr ulh rkhoojÿl kdfojflhn.
Iusohl tus iftflks kdfojflhnks kxpukstfs phrh quk pukahl prksjflhrnfs pfr
ajvkrsjÿl y kltrktkljdjkltf. _k hskeurhl ak ouèl `èojndkltk pukakl ofltrfnhrtk.
Quss rkhoojflks vhnjahl kn pfakr y kn afdjljf akn lhrojsjsth, nf quk akdukstrh
ulh vkz dès nf jdpfrthltk quk ks. _j ghinhs pfr tä djsdf kl sjtuhojflks ofdf
ksth, prfykothrèl su herksjÿl ajojklaf quk krks herksjvf, ouhlaf sÿnf kstès
trhthlaf ak skr hskrtjvf y trhlsdjtjr tu dklshmk. Kltfloks, kn lhrojsjsth
ksthinkokrè kn ofltrfn utjnjzhlaf nuoghs ak pfakr, mukefs y ftrfs dêtfafs sutjnks.
1. [shlaf kn djkaf ofdf jlstrudkltf ak tfrturh.  [shrèl havkrtklojhs y
prflÿstjofs, prkajojklaf ouèl dhnhs sfl nhs ofshs y ouèl tkrrjinks `ukrfl y oÿdf
tus hoojflks h nhref pnhzf sfnf tk ohushrèl afnfr. Kn dftjvf ks sjdpnk. _j tjklks
djkaf, krks dès `èojn ak dhljpunhr y ks dès prfihink quk orkh tus prkajoojflks
gfrrjinks. Rfr nf thltf, sj nfs vks ofdf tu ýljoh `ukltk ak shijauräh, kspkrhlzh y
skeurjaha, knnfs tjklkl kn ofltrfn ak tj. _k pnhlthrèl skdjnnhs ak auah, y nfs
lhrojsjsths nf vkrèl oukstjflhr tu prfpjh ofraurh pfrquk sj tus auahs pukakl
jl`nujr kl tu akojsjÿl, kstf akdukstrh ouèl pfakrfsfs sfl kl tu vjah.
Qk jltjdjahrèl phrh quk ghehs ulh knkoojÿl quk nks oflvkleh h knnfs. Ghrèl nf
quk skh lkokshrjf phrh shiftkhr tu êxjtf, pfrquk kstf ks kvjaklojh ak su pfakr
sfirk
kl tu tj. Xujkrkl
vjah. quk dès
Ouhltf rkourrhs sfnf h knnfsskhl
akpklajkltks y nfsakvkhs ofdf
knnfs, dèsulh hutfrjaha
pfarèl kl tfaf
ofltrfnhrtk.
Dfstrhr ulh rkhoojÿl kdfojflhn h nh rhijh hprklsjvh akn lhrojsjsth tk hirk h su
ofltrfn yh quk tus kdfojflks sfl ulh ofsh onhvk ak nh quk sk hprfvkoghl. Qus
rkhoojflks akdukstrhl su supkrjfrjaha y h`jrdhl tu jl`krjfrjaha. Rfr klak, tkl
kl ouklth tus rkhoojflks kdfojflhnks. Hprklak kn ajsokrljdjkltf y oÿdf
dhlkmhr tu ksthaf kdfojflhn. Kstf pukak rkqukrjr hnef ak prèotjoh, pkrf sk pukak
ghokr y ks ulh ghijnjaha quk vhnk nh pklh afdjlhr y quk iklk`jojhrè h tfahs nhs
èrkhs ak tu vjah.
;. Knnfs prfspkrhl kl kn skorktf.  Qk ofl`ulajrèl jltklojflhndkltk hn jdpnjohr
quk nh prjvhojaha y kn skorktf sfl nf djsdf. Rkrf lf nf sfl. Kn skorktf sk ush
phrh founthr hnef, djkltrhs quk nh prjvhojaha sk ush phrh prftkekr hnef. Nfs
 

lhrojsjsths pukakl jdpnjohr quk tk kstèl prftkejklaf ak hnef pfr tu prfpjf ijkl,
ouhlaf ak gkogf kstèl founthlaf hnef quk akvhsthräh nh jnusjÿl ak pfakr quk ghl
orkhaf. Rfarähl skr hajoojflks, hltkokakltks ak hiusf y vjfnklojh, ksthaf
`jlhlojkrf, prfinkdhs ofl nh nky, ksthaf ojvjn, ièsjohdkltk ouhnqujkr ofsh.
Qhdijêl ushrèl kn skorktf phrh pkrdhlkokr djstkrjfsfs k jlvhsjvfs, nf quk pukak
skr htrhotjvf phrh nh pkrsflh aksprkvkljah. Nfs lhrojsjsths ushl kn skorktf phrh
prkskrvhr kn ofltrfn. Kn skorktf jdpnjoh ghokr nh vjsth efrah hltk nhs dhnhs
hoojflks. Lf ks jlusuhn quk ul lhrojsjsth nk ajeh h sus väotjdhs quk akdukstrkl
su nkhntha ghojklaf nh vjsth efrah hltk kn hiusf f hneýl tjpf ak jlmustjojh quk sk
kstè ofdktjklaf. Ahaf quk nfs lhrojsjsths ohrkokl ak kdphtäh, sk tk ohrehrè ofl
nh ohreh ak phrtjojphr kl hneýl tjpf ak jrrkeunhrjaha ohah vkz quk nks akdukstrks
tu nkhntha hn euhrahr sus skorktfs. Ks jdpfrthltk tklkr kl ouklth quk kn skorktf lf
ks ul ofdpflkltk ak ljleulh rknhojÿl vkrahakrhdkltk shnuahink. Nfs lhrojsjsths
thdijêl kspkrhrèl quk dhltklehs kl skorktf sus kpjsfajfs ak jrh, pfr nf quk tk
htkrrfrjzhrèl kl skorktf, jlonusf sj prflulojhs ulh phnhirh h ftrh phrtk. Rfr
oflsjeujkltk, sj nfs lhrojsjsths kspkrhl quk euhraks ul skorktf, kspkrhl quk
phrtjojpks kl ulh dkltjrh y kl su mukef ak dhljpunhojÿl.
0. Ehsnjegtjle.  Ks ulh `frdh ak dhljpunhojÿl psjofnÿejoh kl nh quk nfs
pkrpktrhafrks iusohl skdirhr skdjnnhs ak auah kl ul jlajvjauf hn quk ghl
hthohaf. Kn fimktjvf ks ghokr quk su fimktjvf oukstjflk su dkdfrjh, pkrokpojÿl y
ofraurh. Nfs lhrojsjsths jltklthl aksksthijnjzhr psjofnÿejohdkltk h nh väotjdh y
iusohl jlvhnjahr nh nkejtjdjaha ak nh kxpkrjklojh ak nh väotjdh ak su prfpjh
rkhnjaha. Ks ulh `frdh ak hofsf psjofnÿejof. Ftrhs phnhirhs quk kstèl hsfojhahs
ofl ehsnjegt  sfl
  sfl nhvhaf ak okrkirf y ghokr nfourhs. Rukaks jakltj`johr lhrojsjsths
ofl ehsnjegt   ouhlaf tk houshl ak prfinkdhs quk knnfs djsdfs tjklkl. Rukakl
aj`ulajr jl`frdhojÿl krrÿlkh sfirk tj y ofdklzhr ulh ohdphøh ak aksprkstjejf
phrh hrrujlhr tu rkputhojÿl. _j lf tjklks ul ofltrfn `jrdk sfirk nfs gkogfs y ulh
hutfkstjdh sÿnjah ofdf ulh rfoh, ksth tèotjoh pukak aksksthijnjzhr tu ofraurh.
Nfs lhrojsjsths Ehsnjegtjle thdijêl pukakl prfphehr kn djkaf3 pukakl nnklhr tu
dkltk ofl tfaf tjpf ak gjstfrjhs quk djlhrèl tu ofl`jhlzh kl tj djsdf y, kl
ohdijf, skdirhrèl skdjnnhs ak auah quk aktkrjfrhrèl tu hutfkstjdh. [lh vkz quk
sk prfpheh kn djkaf, tk vuknvks dès `èojn ak dhljpunhr. Nh prfphehlah thdijêl
ks ulh gkrrhdjklth k`kotjvh phrh kn Ehsnjegtjle. Qk ghokl orkkr quk su
pkrspkotjvh ks nh ýljoh `frdh ak vkr ulh sjtuhojÿl. Ksth pkrspkotjvh ofltklarè
gkogfs h dkajhs, jakhs kxhekrhahs, rudfrks y houshojflks lf vkrj`johahs ofl kn
fimktjvf ak hafotrjlhrtk y finjehrtk h aksofl`jhr ak tu prfpjh hutfrjaha jltkrlh
djkltrhs kltrkeh tu njirk hnikaräf. Kstk ks ul dêtfaf ak ofltrfn dklthn quk orkh
ulh akpklaklojh ak hneujkl f hnef ofdf hutfrjaha. Ièsjohdkltk ks ul ks`ukrzf
 

kstrhtêejof phrh dhljpunhr nhs orkklojhs, hotjtuaks f hoojflks ak ftrh pkrsflh.

Ehsnjegtjle pukak jlonujr lf akojr tfah nh vkraha, ghokr eklkrhnjzhojflks, jlsjstjr
sfnf kl ulh vkrsjÿl ak nfs kvkltfs, shohr nhs ofshs ak ofltkxtf oflvkljkltkdkltk
f ohdijhr nfs gkogfs sfirk nhs oflvkrshojflks quk ghs tkljaf u fdjtjr ojkrths
ofshs jdpfrthltks phrh akshorkajthrtk y hskeurhrsk ak quk tk sjklths nfof y

phrkzohs
tu ofraurh.nfof
Kn hltk nfs akdès.
ehsnjegtjle Nh rknhojÿl
, ks duy k`kotjvfofl ksths
kl kn usfpkrsflhs tk ghrè oukstjflhr
akn hjsnhdjkltf. _j jltklth
jlvfnuorhr hyuah kxtkrlh kl nh rknhojÿl phrh ahr skltjaf h nhs sjtuhojflks
aj`äojnks, tk rkoghzhrèl y akshorkajthrèl ksths jl`nuklojhs kxtkrlhs. Rfr kmkdpnf,
sj ajoks quk qujkrk vkr h ul tkrhpkuth phrh tus prfinkdhs, nf dès prfihink ks quk
nk ajehl quk kn tkrhpkuth lf kstè ohnj`johaf f nf ushrèl ofdf ulh fpfrtuljaha
phrh vhnjahr tu nfourh. Nfs lhrojsjsths ofl Ehsnjegtjle pukakl akojr hnef ofdf=
"Djrh, pfr ksf kstès vjklaf ul psjqujhtrh, lf pukaks pklshr pfr tj djsdf". Kstk
ks ftrf dêtfaf ak Ehsnjegt   oflfojaf ofdf kn afink klnhok aflak fitjklks nh
djsdh rkhoojÿl jlakpklajkltkdkltk ak nh hoojÿl quk akojahs tfdhr. Hn
lhrojsjsth nk eusth vkrtk kl kstk tjpf ak hleustjh.
5. @hnnhs prfykothahs.  Nfs lhrojsjsths sfl kxpkrtfs kl prfykothr tfafs sus
ak`kotfs kl nh väotjdh. Rfr kmkdpnf, sj ghokl trhdph, houshrèl h su ofdphøkrf
ak gusdkhr kl sus lkefojfs y lf ofl`jhr kl knnfs. Kstf sk nnhdh prfykoojÿl
lhrojsjsth, aflak kn lhrojsjsth ush nh ounph y nh vkreþklzh phrh klouirjr sus
prfpjhs ak`jojklojhs. Kstf hskeurh quk dhltklehl kn ofltrfn ak nh ajlèdjoh ak nh
rknhojÿl y hskeurkl su afdjljf. Nh prfykoojÿl ks ul dkohljsdf ak ak`klsh.
Ghijtuhndkltk, nfs lhrojsjsths prfykothrèl kl sus gjmfs nfs rkoghzfs kdfojflhnks
quk su`rjkrfl kl su prfpjh jl`hlojh. Rukakl akojr hnef ofdf= "Krks ofdf dj
phark". Ks jdpfrthltk akojr hquä quk tklkr ulh jl`hlojh aj`äojn lf ks rhzÿl
su`jojkltk phrh mustj`johr f kxoushr h hneujkl ouhlaf hiush ak ftrfs. Ghy duoghs
pkrsflhs ofl jl`hlojhs gfrrjinks, pkrf quk knjekl luloh ofdpfrthrsk ofdf nf
gjojkrfl sus hiushafrks. Ahaf quk nfs lhrojsjsths lf rkoflfokrèl sus `hnnhs, ks
ihsthltk `èojn vkr nhs `hnnhs kl ftrhs pkrsflhs y ushrnhs phrh ounphr h ftrfs f
ofltrfnhr h ftrfs phrh quk ghehl su vfnultha. H trhvês ak nh jakltj`johojÿl ak
prfykoojÿl, nfs lhrojsjsths pukakl ofltrfnhr k`kotjvhdkltk h sus väotjdhs. Rfr
kmkdpnf, sj tk ajokl oflsthltkdkltk quk kstès oknfsf, hlsjfsf y tjklks prfinkdhs
ak jrh prf`ulahdkltk hrrhjehafs, akspuês ak ul tjkdpf, pukaks ofdklzhr h
kxgjijr kstfs ofdpfrthdjkltfs. Nfs lhrojsjsths pukakl tklkr aj`jounthaks phrh
ofdprklakr nh prfykoojÿl, akpklajklaf ak kl quê phrtk akn kspkotrf ohjehl.
Kstf sk akik h quk sus kstrhtkejhs sk ihshl kl oflvklokr hn dulaf ak quk sfl
väotjdhs. Lf sk pukak rhzflhr ofl knnfs ouhlaf kstèl kl dkajf ak ulh
prfykoojÿl herksjvh. Nhs pkrsflhs quk jlvfnuorhl hn lhrojsjsth kl sjtuhojflks
 

ofdf ksth h dkluaf sk kloukltrhl hleustjhahs.

7. Oflvkrshojflks ofl`ushs. Ofdf nfs lhrojsjsths sjkdprk sjkltkl nh lkoksjaha
ak afdjlhr, yh skh hijkrth f klouijkrthdkltk, sjkdprk kdpnkhrèl kstrhtkejhs
phrh ehrhltjzhr kstf. Kl nhs oflvkrshojflks, nfs lhrojsjsths ohushrèl thlth
ofl`usjÿl kl nh ajsousjÿl quk hn `jlhn akn aäh kn ýljof pultf ak vjsth quk qukahrè
skrè kn suyf.
:. Jlvhnjahojÿl.   [lh ak nhs kstrhtkejhs okltrhnks quk utjnjzh kn lhrojsjsth ks nh
jlvhnjahojÿl. Ouhlaf rkoflfoks kn pultf ak vjsth ak hneujkl, nf vhnjahs. Lf
lkokshrjhdkltk tjklks quk ksthr ak houkraf ofl knnfs, pkrf sjelj`joh quk hokpths
pultfs ak vjsth ajvkrsfs. Nfs lhrojsjsths luloh vhnjahl, sjl kdihref, ohdijhl ak
ounph. Nfs lhrojsjsths thdijêl sfl duy iuklfs phrh trhkr hnef lf rknhojflhaf h
nhs oflvkrshojflks quk ghrè quk nh dkltk ak ftrhs pkrsflhs sk infqukk,
knjdjlhlaf kn prfinkdh ak sus gfdirfs.
82. _jtuhojflks ak ahøf y rksohtk.  Nfs lhrojsjsths thdijêl sfl kxpkrtfs kl nf
quk sk aklfdjlhl sjtuhojflks ak afnfr y rksohtk. Hquä ks aflak nfs lhrojsjsths
nhstjdhl h su väotjdh pkrf hýl nfs rksohthl hn klofltrhr sfnuojflks quk skrèl
sfnf kl sus prfpjfs têrdjlfs, nf quk h dkluaf tkrdjlh ofl nh väotjdh sjltjêlafsk
akrrfthah. Rukakl f`rkokrtk nnkvhrtk h tkrhpjh pfr nh hlsjkaha quk tk ghl
ajhelfstjohaf.
Kn fimktjvf ks ghokrtk pklshr quk ghy hnef dhn ofltjef. Ak gkogf, ohndhrèl
aknjikrhahdkltk su jrh kl oflvkrshojflks hohnfrhahs phrh quk nh väotjdh phrkzoh
herksjvh, ak dfaf quk hn `jlhn ak nh oflvkrshojÿl nh väotjdh sk sjklth hirudhah
kdfojflhndkltk djkltrhs kstè thl trhlqujnh. Nfs lhrojsjsths ushl kn ksthaf
kdfojflhn ak nh väotjdh ofdf ulh gkrrhdjklth ak fprksjÿl. Hn utjnjzhr nh
jlvhnjahojÿl, kn ohdijf ak ounph, nh prfykoojÿl y kn Ehsnjegtjle  ak dhlkrh
oflsjstkltk, sk ehrhltjzh quk nh väotjdh sk klofltrhrè kl ul ksthaf ak ohfs
kdfojflhn.
hirudhah y Hn `jlhn ak yulh
kxhspkrhah, oflvkrshojÿl,
ks kltfloks ouhlafnh nfs
väotjdh kstè sk
lhrojsjsths ofdpnkthdkltk
duahl phrh
dhthr. Jltklthrèl skøhnhr quk nhs rkhoojflks y kn ksthaf kdfojflhn ak nh väotjdh
sfl nh rhzÿl ak nfs prfinkdhs. Ks ul onèsjof efnpk dhkstrf ak dhljpunhojÿl.
Kl kstk pultf, nhs väotjdhs ofdjklzhl h skltjr quk thn vkz sfl nh `ukltk akn
prfinkdh.
 

8.; Lhrojsjsths Rhtfnÿejofs ofdf Rharks

Ouhlaf nfs lhrojsjsths phtfnÿejofs sk oflvjkrtkl kl pharks, hpnjohrèl tfafs sus
phtrflks ak ofdpfrthdjkltf kl nh rknhojÿl ofl sus gjmfs. Rfakdfs rkoflfokr afs
tjpfs prjlojphnks ak pharks lhrojsjsths.
Kn prjdkrf ks kn lhrojsjsth klvfnvkltk. Kstk tjpf ak phark kstè fisksjflhaf ofl
kn ljøf, nf vkl ofdf ulh kxtklsjÿl ak sä djsdfs. Lf pflkl nädjtks, kl su nuehr,
sk ulkl kl nh ohikzh. Ks pfsjink quk ghyhs ksouoghaf nh `rhsk "Lf gh ofrthaf nhs
oukrahs akn aknhlthn ofl lfsftrfs". Kstk ajogf sk hpnjoh h kstk tjpf ak phark
lhrojsjsth. Rukakl hphrkokr okroh akn ljøf. Rkrf lf kdfojflhndkltk.
@äsjohdkltk lf pukakl dhltklkrsk hn dhrekl ak nh vjah ak sus gjmfs. Kl nh
supkr`jojk, tfaf pukak phrkokr erhlajfsf y ghy tfah ksth htklojÿl, pkrf kn ljøf
lf sk sjkltk ofdf ul jlajvjauf, sjlf quk sk sjkltk ofdf phrtk ak kstk phark. Lf
pukakl kxprkshr sus prfpjfs akskfs f skltjdjkltfs3 Qfahs nhs akojsjflks sfl
tfdhahs pfr sus pharks. Z h dkajah quk orkokl, iusohl ulh erhl jlakpklaklojh
y kstèl oflsthltkdkltk ohlshafs ak nnkvhr h sus pharks phrh tfaf. Kn ljøf nuogh

pfr fitklkr
jl`hltjn. nh jlakpklaklojh,
Kn phark quk akikräh
klvfnvkltk lkoksjth ksh skr ulh phrtk
okrohläh, lhturhnquk
lkoksjthl aknsuakshrrfnnf
gjmf nks
irjlak hpfyf kdfojflhn. Kstf pukak orkhr ulh ofakpklaklojh quk pukak skr
jlorkäinkdkltk pkrmuajojhn phrh kn akshrrfnnf jl`hltjn. Nfs pharks lhrojsjsths
klvfnvkltks qujkrkl phrtjojphr kl tfafs nfs hspkotfs ak nh vjah ak sus gjmfs.
Rrfihinkdkltk sk jlvfnuorhrèl akdhsjhaf kl nhs hotjvjahaks ksofnhrks ak sus
gjmfs. Ak vkz kl ouhlaf pukakl akijnjthr h sus gjmfs phrh dhltklkr kn ofltrfn
sfirk knnfs. _j kn ljøf qujkrk kxtklakr sus hnhs, skh jlakpklajkltk f lfrdhn, kn
phark lhrojsjsth akmhrè h nfs kxoursjfljsths ounphinks ofdf "¡Akspuês ak tfaf nf
quk gk gkogf pfr tj!" phrh ofltrfnhrnfs.
Kn skeulaf tjpf ak phark lhrojsjsth ks kn lhrojsjsth jelfrhltk. Lf nks jdpfrth kn
ljøf. _fl lkenjekltks y sfnf kstèl jltkrkshafs kl nf quk kn ljøf pukak
prfpfrojflhrnks. Kn ljøf kl kstk ohsf sk sjkltk rkoghzhaf, hihlaflhaf y dukstrh
sjelfs ak ulh hutfkstjdh jlorkäinkdkltk ihmh. Kstfs ljøfs h dkluaf kstèl
hlsjfsfs pfrquk lf shikl ak aÿlak vjklk hneýl oflsuknf, f sj vh h nnkehr kl
hisfnutf.
@rkoukltkdkltk kxpkrjdklthl duogf trhudh pfrquk duoghs vkoks nhs pkrsflhs
quk nks qukahl phrh supkrvjshrnfs pukakl ghokr nf quk qujkrhl ofl knnfs, yh quk
sus prfpjfs pharks phrkokl lf prkfouphrsk akdhsjhaf pfr knnfs.
Rfr klak, kn ýljof dfdkltf kl quk kn ljøf rkojik htklojÿl ks ouhlaf kn
lhrojsjsth kstè klfmhaf y, kl oflskouklojh, hprklak quk kn klfmf ks nh ýljoh
kdfojÿl
pharks y rkhn.
kstf Kn ljøfoflauojr
pukak lf ofdprklak duogf dès
h prfinkdhs ak nfs ftrfs skltjdjkltfs
haknhltk ak nfs
kl nh vjah ouhlaf
 

jltklthl jltkrhotuhr ofl ftrhs pkrsflhs pkrf lf pukakl ghokrnf ak dhlkrh

k`jojkltk yh quk lf sk nks klskøh nh `frdh ofrrkoth ak ghokrnf.
 

8.0 _køhnks ak Orjhlzh Lhrojsjsth

Nfs lhrojsjsths pukakl jl`njejr afnfr h nhs pkrsflhs y tklkr ulh iuklh lfogk ak
aksohlsf pfrquk lf pukakl kdphtjzhr ofl kn afnfr ak ftrhs pkrsflhs.
Nh rhzÿl pfr nh quk rkhndkltk jl`njejrèl afnfr h nhs pkrsflhs ks hnef nnhdhaf
sudjljstrf lhrojsjsth= nfs lhrojsjsths sjkdprk tjklkl quk hnjdklthr su kef. Kn
trhstfrlf lhrojsjsth ak nh pkrsflhnjaha pfaräh ksthr hrrhjehaf hn hiusf jl`hltjn. Kn
lhrojsjsth gh orkojaf sjl akshrrfnnhr ulh pkrsflhnjaha. Kl nuehr ak ulh
pkrsflhnjaha, tjklk dýntjpnks `ulojflks psäqujohs quk sÿnf `ulojflhl sj rkojikl
klkreäh kdfojflhn akn kxtkrjfr. Rfr ksth rhzÿl, nfs lhrojsjsths oflsjakrhl h nfs
akdès ofdf ulh kxtklsjÿl ak sä djsdfs. _jl nh rknhojÿl ofl nh väotjdh, su
psjquk sk aksjltkerh. Orkhl ulh rka ak rknhojflks htfrdklthahs k jltrjehs phrh
sfirkvjvjr ohushlaf rkhoojflks kdfojflhnks kl sus väotjdhs.
Nh f`krth lhrojsjsth pukak skr pfsjtjvh f lkehtjvh. Nh f`krth lhrojsjsth pfsjtjvh
skräh ofdf ul akskf f ulh lkoksjaha ak hadjrhojÿl. Ouhlaf ul lhrojsjsth hiush
ak hneujkl, y ksh pkrsflh tjklk ulh `ukrtk rkhoojÿl kdfojflhn hltk thn hiusf,

pukak ghokr qukohrkokl

Nfs lhrojsjsths kn lhrojsjsth sk sjklth
ak kdphtäh pfakrfsf.
y, pfr Kstk
nf thltf, ks ks ul sudjljstrf
pfsjink lkehtjvf.nh
quk lf dukstrkl
vhnjahojÿl akn hdfr h sus gjmfs, pfr nf quk sä `uk orjhaf pfr ul phark lhrojsjsth,
kltfloks `uk prjvhaf y prjvhaf ak hdfr y nf dès prfihink ks quk ghyh sjaf
hiushaf kdfojflhndkltk. Nfs pharks lhrojsjsths rktuvjkrfl su hdfr, nukef
uehrfl ofltjef y tk htfrdklthrfl, phrh quk puajkrhl fitklkr ksk sudjljstrf
lkehtjvf ak tus rkhoojflks kdfojflhnks. Eklkrhndkltk, nfs ljøfs lf sfl
oflsojkltks akn hiusf psjofnÿejof y kdfojflhn quk su`rkl, y sk ahl ouklth ak
knnf sfnf kl nh kaha haunth. Duogfs gjmfs hauntfs ak pharks tÿxjofs hýl lf sk ghl
ahaf ouklth ak quk sus pharks sfl lhrojsjsths phtfnÿejofs.
Rukaks rkoflfokr nh orjhlzh lhrojsjsth h phrtjr ak kstfs sjelfs=
8. Nh dèsohrh. Qfafs sfl ohutknfsfs y sk prkfouphl kl ojkrtf erhaf pfr nf quk
ftrhs pkrsflhs pjklshl hokroh ak knnfs, ksh ks nh lhturhnkzh gudhlh. Rkrf kn
phark lhrojsjsth hotýh ak dhlkrh aj`krkltk kl ohsh y kl pýinjof. Kn phark
lhrojsjsth sk klfreunnkok ak ghokr hnhrak ak su ksthaf sfojhn, hphrjklojh `äsjoh,
pfsksjflks dhtkrjhnks y nferfs. Rkrf ouhlaf yh lf tjklkl huajklojh, sk aktjklkl
ofl kn iukl hotf. Orjtjohl f ghinhl ak ftrfs h sus ksphnahs.
9. Pjhmk ak ounph lhrojsjsth. Nfs pharks lhrojsjsths hotýhl ofdf sj tk kstuvjkrhl
ghojklaf ul `hvfr, hnjdkltèlaftk, vjstjêlaftk, aèlaftk ul nuehr phrh qukahrtk.
Ks ofdf ouhlaf qujkrkl hnef ak tj y qujkrks akojr lf, tjklks akrkogf h akojr quk
lf, tk rkofrahrèl ouèltf rklulojhrfl kl su vjah phrh orjhrtk f ouèltf shorj`johrfl
pfr tj, ajojklaf pfr kmkdpnf "_j lf tk tuvjkrh dj vjah skräh dkmfr".
 

Ks ulh `frdh ak hiusf kdfojflhn, hsä quk sj tus pharks nf ghokl, ksf ks ulh
skøhn ak hnkrth akn trhstfrlf lhrojsjsth ak nh pkrsflhnjaha.
?. Hdfr oflajojflhn.  Nfs pharks lfrdhnks, quk sfl kdfojflhndkltk
shnuahinks, hdhl h sus gjmfs sjl jdpfrthr quê. Ouhlaf su gjmf ghok hnef dhn, nf
ohstjehrèl, pkrf hýl ks fivjf phrh kn ljøf quk sfl hdhafs.
Nfs lhrojsjsths
pfr nf quk sfnflfahrèl
hdhlhdfr
h susoflajojflhn,
gjmfs, lf tjklkl
ofdfnh ouhlaf
ohphojaha ak hdhr
tjklks êxjtfh kl
sushnef
gjmfs,
f
ouhlaf pukakl prksudjr ak tj h sus hdjefs. Hgä ks ouhlaf tk dfstrhrèl kn hdfr
y kn h`kotf, pkrf kl kn dfdkltf kl quk ghehs hnef quk nfs hvkreþklok f kl kn
dfdkltf kl quk tk rkiknks ofltrh knnfs, ofrthrèl tu sudjljstrf ak hdfr pfr
ofdpnktf.
Qk ahrèl kn trhtf sjnklojfsf, pfarähl ghokr ofshs pfof onhrhs phrh rkoupkrhrtk y
ouhlaf krks orjhaf pfr thn phark, ks `èojn vkr pfr quê ouhlaf tk oflvjkrtks kl
hauntf tk oflvjkrtks kl ul onèsjof ofdpnhojkltk ak nhs pkrsflhs. Rfrquk orkoks
pklshlaf quk tfaf hdfr ks oflajojflhn, pfrquk ksf ks nf quk tk klskøhrfl tus
pharks y pfr ksf oflsthltkdkltk sjkltks quk akiks akdfstrhr tu vhnäh phrh skr
hdhaf. Oflsthltkdkltk sjkltks quk tjklks quk ghokr `knjoks h tfafs phrh ehlhr
hdfr y sjkdprk ks nh sklshojÿl ak vkreþklzh akltrf ak tj nf quk sjkdprk tk ghok
skltjr quk lf krks nf su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf.
1. _jl nädjtks. Nfs lhrojsjsths vkl h sus gjmfs lf ofdf jlajvjaufs sjlf ofdf
kxtklsjflks ak sä djsdfs, pfr nf quk vkl quk sus gjmfs sfl ofdf su prfpjkaha.
Lf vkl h su gjmf ofdf ul skr gudhlf quk pjklsh y rkspjrh, quk dkrkok
prjvhojaha, quk dkrkok rkspktf. Rfr nf thltf, nfs lhrojsjsths sjkdprk oruzhrèl tus
nädjtks y ksf jlonuyk vjhmhr kl hutfiýs h tu ghijthojÿl sjl tfohr, sjdpnkdkltk lf
rkspkthlaf ofdf ouhlaf kstès kl kn ihøf auogèlaftk, thn vkz lf tklehl
prfinkdhs phrh vkljr hquä. Lf nks jdpfrthl nfs nädjtks y sfnf vkl h nfs ljøfs
ofdf
Knnfs ulh kxtklsjÿl
akojakl ak knnfs, su prfpjkaha
quê hotjvjahaks phrh qukf pukahl
kxtrhourrjounhrks onhsks ghokr
pukaksnf quk qujkrhl.
tfdhr, y tk
ksthinkokl kxpkothtjvhs pfof rkhnjsths sjl tklkr kl ouklth nf quk tjklks quk akojr
prjdkrf. Rkrf ouhlaf tk ak`jklaks, sk nhstjdhl `èojndkltk f sfl f`klsjvfs y ushl
kxoushs ofdf "Kstfy ghojklaf nf dkmfr phrh tj".
;. Oknfs y ofdpktklojh.  Kn phark lhrojsjsth pukak pflkrsk kxtrkdhahdkltk
oknfsf ouhlaf nfs ljøfs orkokl y ofdjklzhl h iusohr nh jlakpklaklojh. Ouhlaf
su gjmf f gjmh ofdjklzhl rknhojflks rfdèltjohs, nh phrkmh luloh ks nf
su`jojkltkdkltk iuklh phrh su phark lhrojsjsth. Kn phark lhrojsjsth ofdjklzh h
ofdpktjr ofl su gjmf ouhlaf ofdjklzh h oflvkrtjrsk kl gfdirk. Kn phark
lhrojsjsth qujkrk skr kn gfdirk hn`h.
0. Ofltrfn. Nfs pharks lhrojsjsths prftkekl su kef, y sj sjkltkl quk kstèl
 

pkrajklaf kn ofltrfn f su kef kstè gkrjaf, sk vuknvkl oruknks, ounphinks y

f`klsjvfs. [l phark shlf ofltrfnh h sus gjmfs phrh ijkl, pkrf ul phark lhrojsjsth
qukrrè akojajr tfaf= su ohrrkrh, ofl qujêl pukak shnjr y ouèlaf pukak duahrsk.
Ouhlaf ofdjklzhs h pklshr pfr tj djsdf y akmhs ak pkajr su vhnjahojÿl,
ofdjklzhl h jltjdjahrtk.
5.
kl Qfdhl
prjvhaf.orêajtf pfr tus nferfs y eklkrhndkltk ghokl kstf kl pýinjof pkrf lf
7. @hnth ak kdphtäh. Lf tjklkl nh ohphojaha ak skltjr kn afnfr ak ftrhs pkrsflhs
y, nf quk ks pkfr, sk sjkltkl htrhäafs pfr kn afnfr ak ftrhs pkrsflhs, pfr nf quk sj
hneulh vkz ghs ksthaf kl ulh sjtuhojÿl kl nh quk sfnf lkoksjthihs quk tus pharks
kdphtjzhrhl ofltjef y sk sjltjkrhl ofdf tu y ajehl "Qfaf vh h ksthr ijkl", y
rkhndkltk lf puajkrfl, ks ulh skøhn ak quk tjklkl ul trhstfrlf lhrojsjsth ak nh
pkrsflhnjaha. Rkfr hýl, ks quk sj houaks h knnfs ofl tu afnfr, ks ohsj ofdf sj
ajs`ruthrhl akn afnfr. Ks kxtrhøf quk ul phark gheh ksf, pfr ksf sk nnhdh
trhstfrlf ak nh pkrsflhnjaha.
:. Knnfs tk jl`hltjnjzhrfl.  Nfs pharks lhrojsjsths ghrèl tfaf nf pfsjink phrh
dhltklkr h sus gjmfs kl ul ksthaf akpklajkltk jl`hltjn kl tfaf dfdkltf. Lf
qujkrkl quk sus gjmfs orkzohl y ehlkl su jlakpklaklojh pfrquk ksf sjelj`joh quk
sus gjmfs sk jrähl sfnfs y lf pukakl akmhr quk ksf suokah pfrquk kltfloks ¶oÿdf
pfarähl hiushr ak sus gjmfs6 Rfr oflsjeujkltk, qujkrkl dhltklkr h sus gjmfs tfaf
kn tjkdpf pfsjink y nh dkmfr dhlkrh ak ghokrnf ks ièsjohdkltk ohphojthr h sus
gjmfs phrh quk kstêl jlak`klsfs. Kl oflskouklojh, lf nks klskøhrèl h sus gjmfs h
ofojlhr, lf nks klskøhrèl h sus gjmfs oÿdf oujahrsk, nhs ofshs ièsjohs quk sk
supflk quk akikl klskøhr h sus gjmfs, phrh quk kn ljøf sjkdprk pukah skltjr
ofdf "_fy akpklajkltk ak dj pharks", "Lf pukaf ghokrnf sjl knnfs", y ks ofdf
kn hiusf dklthn aktrès ak kstf thdijêl pfrquk oflsthltkdkltk aksprkojhrèl h sus
gjmfs
pkajr fhyuah,
nks rkofrahrèl oflsthltkdkltk
skltjrès quk sjkdprk tjklksquk
qukkstèl
vfnvkrjlak`klsfs. Luloh
h knnfs pfrquk trhthrès ak
tu hutfkstjdh
ks duy ihmh y ak dhnh ohnjaha y ks ofdf sj sjltjkrhs quk tfaf kn dulaf kstè kl
tu ofltrh. Nh vkraha akn hsultf ks quk ghy pkrsflhs kl kn dulaf quk ksthrähl
`knjoks ak hyuahrtk y quk tk hdhrähl dès ak nf quk tus pharks pukakl, pkrf lf
qujkrkl quk nf skphs pfrquk kltfloks tk skphrhrès ak knnfs y knnfs pkrakrèl su
`ukltk ak sudjljstrf lhrojsjsth.
82. Knnfs luloh hadjtkl ouhlaf kstèl kqujvfohafs. _jdpnkdkltk luloh
kspkrks quk ul lhrojsjsth sk ajsounpk. Lf nf ghrèl pfrquk lf sk sjkltkl dhn pfr
ksf, nf dès prfihink ks quk nf ghyhl gkogf h prfpÿsjtf. H vkoks nf rkoflfokrèl
pkrf nk ajrèl quk lf suokajÿ. Zh shiks nf quk phsÿ, pkrf tk ajrèl quk lf suokajÿ.
_j lf kstèl ghojklaf ehsnjegt , prfihinkdkltk nf kstêl ohdijhlaf phrh
 

oflvkrtjrsk kl nh väotjdh. Luloh nf hadjtjrèl, luloh sk kxtrhøhrèl pfr sus

krrfrks.
88. Rrfykothrèl tfafs sus dhnfs rhsefs sfirk tj.
Qu phark pfaräh skr vjsjinkdkltk kefästh, aksoflsjakrhaf, dhnvhaf, lkehtjvf.
Qfahs kshs ofshs, pkrf pfr hneulh kxtrhøh rhzÿl tk hrrfmhrèl kshs ofshs ofdf sj
tuvjkrhs tfahs kshs
kefästh pfrquk ofshs, y sus
tk prfykothl ks ulh nfourh
dhnfs pfrquk tk ktjqukthl ofdf ul dflstruf
rhsefs.
89. Knnfs ihmhl tu hutfkstjdh. Ghy hneulfs pharks lhrojsjsths quk hijkrthdkltk
tk nnhdhrèl ofdf ul vhef efraf y nukef ghy hneulfs quk nf ghrèl sutjndkltk,
ofdf "Hg, ¶vhs h ushr ksh ohdjsh h`ukrh6 Ks ul pfof pkqukøf h tu hnrkakafr...",
duy ajsorktf y duy phsjvf-herksjvf, pkrf oÿdf pnhlthr pkqukøhs skdjnnhs ak
jlskeurjaha kl tu ohikzh ghsth kn pultf ak orkokr. Qu hutfkstjdh kstè kl kn suknf,
lf tjklks hdfr prfpjf, lf tjklks hutfkstjdh y tk prkeulths pkrf prksths htklojÿl
h ksh vfz kl tu ohikzh quk tk ajok quk lf krks ajelf f quk lf krks nf
su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf. Ftrh `frdh kl quk ajsdjlujrèl tu hutfkstjdh ks
ofdphrèlaftk ofl ftrhs pkrsflhs. Ofdphrèlaftk ofl ftrhs pkrsflhs,
ièsjohdkltk ghojklaf quk phrkzoh quk fituvjkrfl kn kxtrkdf ofrtf hn tklkrtk.
Ajokl "¶Rfr quê lf pfaräh tklkr ul gjmf quk hotýk ak ksh dhlkrh f hotýk hsä6" k
jlonusf sj gjojstk nf dkmfr quk puajstk, luloh skrès nf su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf
phrh knnfs pfrquk sjkdprk klofltrhrèl h ulh pkrsflh ofl qujkl ofdphrhrtk,
ihmhlaf tu rhlef. _fnf tjklkl quk ghokrtk skltjr dhn ofltjef djsdf pfrquk, lf
nf fnvjaks, tjklkl ulh gkrjah akltrf ak sä djsdfs, tjklkl vkreþklzh kl sä
djsdfs, hsä quk phrh ohndhr ksh vkreþklzh, jltklthl hrrfmhrtk ksh vkreþklzh.
8?. Knnfs sfl nh väotjdh y luloh sk ghokl rkspflshinks.   Jlonusf sj tu
hreudkltf ks rhzflhink f nÿejof, kn phark lhrojsjsth nf dhljpunhrè y skøhnhrè ofl
kn akaf. Nfs lhrojsjsths luloh sk ghokl rkspflshinks ak sus hoojflks y dhrejlhl
sus
pkrflkoksjahaks y skltjdjkltfs.
sk shnkl `èojndkltk Hsä ks ijkl
pfrquk mukehl ofdfsumukehl mukefs
ohrth ak dklthnks
väotjdh. ofltjef,
_jl kdihref,
hgfrh lf, yh quk oflfoks kstfs sjelfs, y yh lf tjklks quk phrtjojphr kl nh
oruknaha.
81. Ajs`ruthl kn arhdh pfrquk sk hnjdklthl ak rkspuksths kdfojflhnks.   Rfr
kmkdpnf, sj tjklks gkrdhlfs, lukvk ak ohah ajkz vkoks, tu phark lhrojsjsth
jltklthrè ghokr quk lf sk eustkl, kspkojhndkltk pfrquk nfs pharks lhrojsjsths
tjklakl h tklkr ul `hvfrjtf nnhdhaf "kn ljøf afrhaf" y nukef tjklkl "nh fvkmh
lkerh" . Hn lhrojsjsth nk eusth duogf ghokr quk nh fvkmh lkerh sk sjklth ofdf
ihsurh, hsä lf nk jdpfrth y quk sfl jlhakouhafs y pflarèl hn ljøf afrhaf kl ul
pkaksthn. Rkrf rkoukrah quk rkhndkltk lf hdhl hn ljøf afrhaf, sjdpnkdkltk
hdhl nh jdhekl quk prksklth kn ljøf afrhaf. Kn ljøf afrhaf ks kn ljøf akn quk
 

nfs pharks lhrojsjsths pukakl prksudjr y quk rkhndkltk lf sk rkiknh ofltrh knnfs.
Kltfloks, ks ofdf sj kstuvjkrhl prkphrhlaf hn ljøf afrhaf phrh skr lhrojsjsth.
Nfs lhrojsjsths vjvkl phrh kn arhdh, vjvkl phrh rkhoojflks kdfojflhnks
hnthdkltk kxpnfsjvhs. Qk sklthrèl y tk prkeulthrèl hokroh ak tus prfinkdhs,
ghojklaf quk phrkzoh quk kstèl trhthlaf ak dktkrtk kl tu ohikzh phrh hyuahrtk,
pkrf kl rkhnjaha kstèl trhthlaf ak fitklkr ulh rkspuksth kdfojflhn ak tj, kstèl
trhthlaf ak htrhphrtk. trhstfrlhaf. Rrfihinkdkltk tk vhyhs nnfrhlaf y ofdklzÿ
prfihinkdkltk ofdf ulh oflvkrshojÿl jlfokltk ak knnfs, sfnf ghojklaf ulh
prkeulth. Duoghs vkoks ouhlaf jltklthl oflvfohr rkuljflks `hdjnjhrks f tklkr
ulh rkuljÿl ks pfrquk sk kstèl qukahlaf sjl arhdh y ofl pfoh f`krth, pfr nf quk
iusohl ouhnqujkr rkspuksth kdfojflhn.
 

_KE[LAH RHYQK
RHAYK_ LHYOJ_J_QH_
Hltks ak ghinhr sfirk kn phark lhrojsjsth, akikdfs oflsjakrhr nh kstruoturh ak
ulh
gjmfs`hdjnjh tÿxjohakafdjlhah
y kn phpkn nh dhark pfr
ofdful `hojnjthafr.
phark lhrojsjsth=
Kstfs nfs rfnks hsjelhafs
prfinkdhs h nfsh
tk hyuahrèl
ofdprklakr ofdpnkthdkltk nh sjtuhojÿl lhrojsjsth ak hiusf ak nfs pharks.
 

9.8 Kn Rhark Lhrojsjsth y nfs Yfnks quk Knjek phrh sus Gjmfs.
Qfafs nfs pharks lhrojsjsths hsjelhl ul phpkn h sus gjmfs y kstf gh tkljaf ul
k`kotf trkdklaf kl knnfs. Rfr nf eklkrhn, tjklkl trks rfnks prjlojphnks kl nfs quk
pflarèl h sus gjmfs= kn gjmf afrhaf, kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf y kn gjmf
jlvjsjink/pkrajaf.
Kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf ks kn gjmf quk "luloh ks nf su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf". Lf
jdpfrth nf quk kstfs ghehl, luloh shtjs`hokl hn phark lhrojsjsth quk sjkdprk
klofltrhrè `frdhs ak ghokrnks skltjr quk luloh ghl nferhaf lhah.
_j kn gjmf hneulh vkz kxprksh klfmf f rkskltjdjkltf ghojh kn phark, kltfloks skräh
ohstjehaf pfr ên.
Kn gjmf afrhaf ks ulh rkprksklthojÿl akn dkmfr yf akn phark. Kn phark lhrojsjsth
pukak pflkr tfah su htklojÿl kl kstk ljøf y, h vkoks, nh rknhojÿl ofl nh gjmh
pukak skr jlonusf dès ajs`ulojflhn y dès prf`ulah quk nh rknhojÿl quk tjklk ofl
su kspfsh f su phrkmh.
Kn ljøf afrhaf ks nf fpukstf hn ljøf ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf.
Kn ljøf afrhaf luloh pukak ghokr lhah dhnf, kn phark lhrojsjsth nfs jafnhtrh y
sjkdprk prksthrè duogh htklojÿl h ouhnqujkr pkqukøf nferf quk kstk ljøf nferk.
Kn gjmf jlvjsjink/pkrajaf ks kn gjmf quk kstè duy aksoujahaf. Kn phark lhrojsjsth
lf kstè duy jltkrkshaf kl kstk gjmf. Kn phark lhrojsjsth fnvjah (f sjdpnkdkltk lf
pjklsh) kl nhs ofshs quk kstk gjmf pukak lkoksjthr.
Hlhnjokdfs ksths sjtuhojflks ulh pfr ulh. Ktjqukthr kstfs rfnks `hdjnjhrks pukak
hyuahrtk h skphrhrtk y fitklkr ulh pkrspkotjvh dès hdpnjh.
Kn gjmf ak frf
Kn gjmf ak frf ks hafrhaf pfr kn phark lhrojsjsth. Kstk rk`nkmh tfaf nf quk qujkrk
phrh sä djsdf.
Rfr thltf, kn phark lhrojsjsth ofdjklzh h djrhr h su gjmf afrhaf ofdf ul trf`kf.
Lf pukakl ghokr lhah dhnf.
Hgfrh, h dkajah quk kn ljøf orkok jltknkotuhndkltk y `äsjohdkltk, sus kdfojflks
sfl ièsjohdkltk aktkljahs, y sjkdprk sjkltkl quk lkoksjthl shtjs`hokr nfs akskfs
y akdhlahs ak su phark. Kstk gjmf afrhaf luloh pukak orkokr `ukrh akn ofltrfn
ak su phark. _u ofl`jhlzh, hutfkstjdh y onhrhdkltk su jakltjaha kstèl njehahs h
nh hprfihojÿl ak su phark, pfr nf quk tfaf nf quk ghok kn gjmf afrhaf sk ihsh kl
nhs akojsjflks ak su phark.
_j kn ljøf afrhaf phrkok skr jlakpklajkltk, ksh akojsjÿl skrè rkojijah ofl
vklehlzh pfr phrtk akn phark lhrojsjsth. Rukak kdpnkhr duoghs tèotjohs
aj`krkltks=
Ouhlaf kn arhdh, dhljpunhojÿl,
gjmf afrhaf ofltrfn y dkltjrhs.
iusoh kdhlojphrsk, kn phark lhrojsjsth tklarè ul skrjf
 

prfinkdh ofl ksf, jlonusf ghsth kn pultf ak shiftkhr nh jlakpklaklojh, nfs

sukøfs y nhs vjsjflks ak su gjmf.
Kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf
Kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf tjklk nh ounph ak nfs prfinkdhs ak nh `hdjnjh. Nhs ohrehs y
rkspflshijnjahaks ak nh `hdjnjh eklkrhndkltk sk nk jdpflkl h kstk gjmf. _j `ujstk
tý, prfihinkdkltk
y afdjlhaf tuvjstk knphrh
lukvhdkltk ofrhmk ak ghinhrGhy
sfdktkrtk. pkrfduoghs
`ujstk jltjdjahaf, hdklhzhaf
rkenhs tèojths kl nhs
`hdjnjhs lhrojsjsths y kn afnfr kdfojflhn kstè fountf. Ghy ulh ofrrjkltk
suitkrrèlkh ak ofdpktklojh y rjvhnjaha kltrk gkrdhlfs y phrkok quk
oflsthltkdkltk lkoksjths nuoghr pfr kn hdfr y nh htklojÿl ak tus pharks.
Nfs pharks lhrojsjsths sk sjkltkl duy hdklhzhafs pfr nh fvkmh lkerh pfrquk sfl
nfs ýljofs ofl su`jojkltk `ukrzh y ofrhmk phrh kxpflkrnfs pfr nf quk sfl. Kn ogjvf
kxpjhtfrjf ks duy sklsjink y oflsojkltk ak nh vkraha sfirk nf quk kstè
suokajklaf dès hnnè ak nh jdprksjÿl ak nh `hdjnjh quk kn phark lhrojsjsth kstè
trhthlaf ak ghokr. _j `ukrhs kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf f nh fvkmh lkerh, pfarähs ghikr
skltjaf quk lhah krh nf su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf. _j ghinhstk sfirk oÿdf tk sjkltks,
quk thn vkz ghs sjaf hiushaf, kltfloks tu phark lhrojsjsth lf thraÿ kl
aksprkojhrtk.
Kn phark lhrojsjsth kvjth hsudjr nh rkspflshijnjaha y sk ljkeh h rklajr ouklths pfr
su trhtf hiusjvf ak sus gjmfs, ofl`äh kl nfs ohdijfs ak gudfr y nhs tèotjohs ak
jltjdjahojÿl ouhlaf trhth ofl kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf. Ks pfsjink quk sjkdprk ghyhs
sjaf kn ounphink ak tfaf nf quk shnk dhn, f pukaks ghikr sjaf dfnksthaf y
dklfsprkojhaf rkpktjahdkltk. Kn phark lhrojsjsth htrjiujrè h sä djsdf tfaf nf
quk shnk ijkl, pkrf ks ounph akn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf pfr ouhnqujkr ofsh quk pukah
ohushr ulh dhnh jdprksjÿl kl nh `hdjnjh. Kstk kstjnf ak orjhlzh ajs`ulojflhn orkh
ulh skphrhojÿl kltrk nfs gjmfs ouhlaf kn phark knjek ulf ofdf kn kmkdpnf
lkehtjvf kl nh hn`hdjnjh.
kspkoä`johdkltk gjmf qukKn ksogjvf
dès kxpjhtfrjf ks ul phpkn jltujtjvf
hijkrtf, kxtrkdhahdkltk quk hsjelhl
y kn
prjdkrf kl lfthr ul prfinkdh. Akijaf h quk kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf ks kn
aklulojhltk, h dkluaf sfl houshafs ak skr dkltjrfsfs, kl`krdfs dklthnks f
sjdpnkdkltk kxhekrhr akdhsjhaf. Z nfs kxtrhøfs quk lf sfl oflsojkltks ak nhs
tèotjohs lhrojsjsths ak nfs pharks phrh ofltrfnhr h nh `hdjnjh nf orkkrèl. Kl
oflskouklojh, kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf h dkluaf sk sjkltk rkoghzhaf, hjsnhaf, sfnf y
ofdf sj lf pkrtklkojkrh h ljleýl nhaf. _j tu krks kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf, lf jdpfrth
ouèlths "H" fitklehs kl tu jl`frdk ksofnhr, f sj ehlhs ul trf`kf, f sj krks
rkoflfojaf pfr tu kxoknkltk nferf, kn phark lhrojsjsth nf djljdjzhrè, lf nf
rkoflfokrè f nf jelfrhrè pfr ofdpnktf y thn vkz tfah nh `hdjnjh.
Luloh oudpnjrès ofl nhs kxpkothtjvhs ak tu phark. Ks jdpfsjink oudpnjr ofl su
 

kstèlahr y, pfr supukstf, luloh skrès thl iuklf ofdf su gjmf afrhaf `hvfrjtf, h
qujkl thdijêl sk nk hsjelÿ kn phpkn y ks fimktjvhaf. Nfs ogjvfs kxpjhtfrjfs h
dkluaf oflnnkvhl `ukrtks skltjdjkltfs ak ounph, vkreþklzh y lf skr nf
su`jojkltkdkltk iuklfs aksak su jl`hlojh ghsth nh kaha haunth. _j tfahväh kstè kl
oflthotf ofl su phark lhrojsjsth, tk skeujrè ahlaf h kltklakr quk tjklk nh ounph

ak
Ks tfaf nf quk kstè
jltkrkshltk dhnklklnhnhdhljpunhojÿl
pklshr `hdjnjh y ak tfaf nf quk kstèkstè
quk rkhndkltk dhn suokajklaf.
kl su vjah. _j ghs
sjaf ktjqukthaf ofdf ulh fvkmh lkerh, kl rkhnjaha pkrdjtk quk tfafs nfs akdès
djkdirfs ak nh `hdjnjh ofdjklokl h skltjrsk dkmfr oflsjef djsdfs. Ak gkogf,
ofdjklzhl h orkkr quk sfl dès shnuahinks y dès fikajkltks hn phark lhrojsjsth
quk kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf, y lukvhdkltk kstf orkh ulh ajvjsjÿl akltrf ak nh
`hdjnjh.
Ftrf pultf rkhndkltk jdpfrthltk ks quk sj ul gjmf ks väotjdh ak ul ogjvf
kxpjhtfrjf aksak ulh kaha duy tkdprhlh, pukakl jltkrlhnjzhr tfahs nhs orätjohs y
vkreþklzhs ak su lhrojsjsth phark. Kstf sjelj`joh quk akshrrfnnhl ksth orätjoh
jltkrlh aurh quk ofltjluhrè ksk ajènfef jltkrlf quk nks rkoukrah oflsthltkdkltk
ouèl dhnfs y ak`kotufsfs sfl. _upflef quk sk pfaräh nnhdhr h ksf "ogjvf
kxpjhtfrjf jltkrlf", y ks kxtrkdhahdkltk tÿxjof phrh ul ljøf pkqukøf k
jdprksjflhink ouyh jakltjaha hýl sk kstè `frdhlaf. Rfr nf thltf, kn ogjvf
kxpjhtfrjf pukak nuoghr ofl ulh hutfkstjdh rkhndkltk ihmh y, `rkoukltkdkltk,
sjeuk sjltjêlafsk prf`ulahdkltk jlhakouhaf y aksherhahink. Nfs ljøfs hauntfs
ak ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf thdijêl tjklakl h suprjdjr nh hlsjkaha ak hihlaflf pfrquk
`ukrfl hihlaflhafs kdfojflhndkltk f jlonusf `äsjohdkltk pfr kn phark
lhrojsjsth ulh y ftrh vkz. Nfs ljøfs hauntfs ak ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf pfr nf thltf sk
vuknvkl sýpkr sklsjinks h fiskrvhr ouhnqujkr sjelf pftklojhn ak hprfihojÿl f
akshprfihojÿl. Qfafs kstfs sfl hspkotfs rkhndkltk jltkrkshltks akn prf`ulaf

jdphotf
rknhojflksquk ulh Xujzès
haunths. ajlèdjoh `hdjnjhr
tfahväh tÿxjoh
tklehs pukak ofl
prfinkdhs skeujr tkljklaf Xujzès
nh hutfrjaha. kl nhs
tfahväh kstès hofstudirhaf h mustj`johrtk f akdfstrhr tu vhnäh ak hneulh dhlkrh.
Kstk ks ul phtrÿl jloflsojkltk quk qujzès hýl lf skph quk kstè pkrpktuhlaf
pfrquk lf tk ahs ouklth ak nf pfakrfshs quk hýl sfl ksths ajlèdjohs `hdjnjhrks
ajs`ulojflhnks. Z ulh vkz quk sk akspjkrths y ofdprklaks quk pukaks sfnthr ksh
ktjqukth, pukaks rfdpkr ksk phtrÿl knjejklaf pklshr y ofdpfrthrtk ak dhlkrh
ofdpnkthdkltk aj`krkltk. Rukaks hprklakr h knkejr tus ihthnnhs y lf sjkdprk
tjklks quk ksthr h nh ak`klsjvh. Lf sjkdprk akiks skltjrtk väotjdh. Akiks skr dès
oflsojkltk ak tj djsdf y ahrtk ouklth sj tfahväh kstès trhthlaf ak fitklkr nh
hprfihojÿl f vhnjahojÿl ak tus pharks.
Nh dhaurkz kl nh kaha haunth sjelj`joh quk ks pfsjink quk akihs hokpthr quk
 

luloh tklarès ulh rknhojÿl shnuahink ofl ul phark lhrojsjsth. Lkoksjths prfokshr
tus skltjdjkltfs ak `rustrhojÿl, sfnkaha, rhijh y afnfr.
Kl ulh lfth pfsjtjvh, kn ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf ks kn quk ajok nh vkraha. Knnfs sfl nfs
quk lf pukakl tfnkrhr dkltjrhs k jlmustjojhs. Nfs ogjvfs kxpjhtfrjfs ehlhl ulh
`ukrzh trkdklah pfrquk ghl sfirkvjvjaf h duoghs orätjohs, vkreþklzhs y kstèl
hofstudirhafs
rkoghzhafs pfr hkn skr hdklhzhafs
rkstf pfrKnknogjvf
ak nh `hdjnjh. lhrojsjsth. Kstèlskhofstudirhafs
kxpjhtfrjf h skr
ljkeh h pkrdhlkokr
kl sjnklojf y, h dkluaf, jljojh kn ohdijf. Knnfs sfl nfs dès prfpklsfs h ksohphr,
shlhr y pflkr `jl h ksth ajs`ulojÿl trhlseklkrhojflhn, pfr nf quk ghy duoghs
`frthnkzhs quk pukakl kxtrhkrsk sj kstk `uk su phpkn hsjelhaf.
_jklaf hsä, supflef quk shiks pfr quê ksorjiä kstk njirf, pfrquk dk sjkltf
prf`ulahdkltk jlspjrhaf h ofltrjiujr ofl hnef phrh hyuahr h ftrfs h rfdpkr
kstfs phtrflks ak ofdpfrthdjkltf lhrojsjsths.
Kn gjmf pkrajaf
Kn ljøf pkrajaf ghijtuhndkltk kstè ohnnhaf. Ks ksk gjmf quk tjklk nh ksphnah
ofltrh nh phrka, lf ohush duoghs fnhs, nk vh ihsthltk ijkl kl nh ksouknh k jlonusf
pukak skr ul pfof hrtästjof. H dkluaf, kn ljøf pkrajaf kstè thl ohnnhaf quk nfs
pharks h dkluaf ajokl "Ksk ljøf ks ulh iklajojÿl, lf ohushl ljleýl prfinkdh".
Lf ghy erhl prfinkdh, pkrf ouhlaf sk kloukltrhl kl prfinkdhs, ks ul prfinkdh
erhvk.
Kn gjmf pkrajaf ks kn gjmf ouyhs lkoksjahaks lf sk htjklakl kl ljleýl ljvkn. Ks
ofdf sj `ukrhl jlvjsjinks y lf rkojihl nh ounph lj nfs knfejfs akn phark lhrojsjsth.
Kstk ks kn gjmf quk hphrkltkdkltk lf kxjstk kl nh `hdjnjh. Nhs lkoksjahaks
ièsjohs ak kstk gjmf sk jelfrhl kl tfafs nfs èdijtfs, ksklojhndkltk, kstè sfnf y
nk rksunth duy aj`äojn akmhr quk hneujkl kltrk kl su tjpf ak dulaf prjvhaf. Lf
ghy oflkxjflks lhturhnks f `èojnks kltrk kstfs ljøfs y ftrhs pkrsflhs pfrquk sk
sjkltkl duy sfnfs y hjsnhafs. _k akprjdkl, pkrf thdijêl sfl duy
jlakpklajkltks.
Ofdf luloh sk sjltjkrfl vhnjfsfs ouhlaf krhl ljøfs, lf sk sjkltkl vhnjfsfs
ofdf hauntfs. H dkajah quk orkokl phrh skr hafnksokltks, sk sjkltkl
aksherhahinks k jlajelfs ak ofl`jhlzh. Lj sjqujkrh pjklshl quk vhneh nh pklh
ksouoghr sus pklshdjkltfs. Aksh`frtulhahdkltk, kstfs gjmfs ohkl kl kn hiusf ak
susthlojhs, arfehs, hnofgfn, hajoojÿl hn skxf, trhstfrlfs hnjdkltjojfs, mukefs ak
hzhr y ftrfs tjpfs ak oflauoths hajotjvhs.
Ofdf kn gjmf pkrajaf lf kstè hofstudirhaf h rkojijr ljleýl tjpf ak htklojÿl, lf
nf kspkrhl lj nf iusohl kl sus vjahs. Kstfs lf sfl nfs gjmfs quk sk oflvjkrtkl kl
lhrojsjsths dès hthrak
hutfsu`jojkltks, vkoksnh tjklkl
dhyfrjakhs
phrtkrktfrojahs
akn tjkdpf,
ak nfpkrf
qukofdf sk nh
sk trhth vuknvkl
vjah,
 

kspkojhndkltk pfrquk shnjkrfl ak ul gfehr tÿxjof. Ouhlaf sk duahl duoghs

vkoks, nh ekltk fnvjah quk jlonusf kstèl hnnä. _j kstèl kl nh ksouknh, pfarähl skr kn
ljøf kl kn `flaf ak nh shnh ofl kn quk lhajk ghinh f pjklsh.
Lf sk ulkl h nfs onuiks. Kstfs sfl nfs gjmfs quk kstèl ak vuknth `udhlaf. _j
kstèl jlvfnuorhafs ofl ul erupf, kstèl jlvfnuorhafs ofl ul erupf ak jlajvjaufs
jeuhnks, kn tjpf
h vkoks sk ak akn
pflkl dhrejlhafs. Kstf ks pknjerfsf
nhaf kqujvfohaf ak nh nky hy dkajah
ks phrtk quk
ak nhklvkmkokl.
rhzÿl pfr Nukef
nh quk
kstèl hquknnfs quk fpthl pfr nhlzhrsk h nh ksouknh, shohr iuklhs ohnj`johojflks, jr
h nhs dkmfrks uljvkrsjahaks, ghokr tfahs nhs ofshs ofrrkoths, pkrf luloh skr
lfthafs. Kstfs sfl nfs quk kstèl dftjvhafs pfr nh lkoksjaha ak nh hprfihojÿl
quk luloh rkojijrèl ak sus pharks.
_j oflfoks h ul ljøf pkrajaf kl kn dulaf, prfihinkdkltk phrkokrè rkhndkltk
tädjaf k jltrfvkrtjaf, pkrf lf sfnf sfl ohnnhafs, sjlf quk kstèl aksoflkothafs ak
sä djsdfs y ak ftrhs pkrsflhs. Dfstrhrèl kstk hjsnhdjkltf h nf nhref ak sus vjahs
jlonusf ouhlaf sk oflvjkrthl kl hauntfs y klthinkl rknhojflks, nf ouhn ks duy
aksh`frtulhaf phrh knnfs. Hakdès ak kstf, sfl ak vfz suhvk y tjklkl dès
prfihijnjahaks ak nkkr ul njirf f djrhr tknkvjsjÿl f muehr vjakfmukefs f nf quk
skh pfrquk kvjthl ofl`njotfs. Ghijtuhndkltk lf qujkrkl trhthr ofl pkrsflhs, yh
quk lf nks eusth kn ofl`njotf. Qhdijêl pukakl skr hrtästjofs y dusjohnks, y duy
`rkoukltkdkltk sfl pkrsflhs ofl ul thnkltf eklujlf, pkrf ofdf lf qujkrkl skr
nhstjdhafs, sjkdprk iusohl kvjthr hokrohrsk akdhsjhaf h lhajk.
Z sj ofl`ähl kl hneujkl nf su`jojkltk ofdf phrh klthinhr ulh rknhojÿl ofl knnfs,
phrkokl rkhndkltk akpklajkltks y lkoksjthafs.
_j rkhndkltk lf kltjklakl h quê sk kl`rklthl hgfrh, sj luloh phshl pfr kn
prfoksf ak ourhojÿl quk lkoksjthl, pukakl oflvkrtjrsk kl hajotfs, hnofgÿnjofs,
kto.
Rkrf nh phrtk dès trjstk ak tfaf kstk trhtf ks quk su ojonf ofltjlýh, pfr nf quk h
dkluaf sk oflvjkrtkl kl kn phark huskltk f kn phark quk lf pukak ksthr
oflkothaf kdfojflhndkltk ofl sus gjmfs. Rfr supukstf, ks rkhndkltk tkrrjink. Nh
fiksjaha ks ul prfinkdh phrh kn gjmf pkrajaf, hsä ofdf nh hlfrkxjh, nh hajoojÿl h
Jltkrlkt f nfs vjakfmukefs. Rukakl oflvkrtjrsk kl hajotfs hn trhihmf, skh nf quk
skh, sk vhl h hrrfmhr h hnef y sfnf tklkdfs quk kspkrhr quk skh hnef shnuahink,
quk eklkrhndkltk lf nf ks. Nf iuklf ks quk `ulojflhl ijkl sfnfs, sfl
hutfsu`jojkltks, duy h dkluaf ihsthltk jltknjekltks, nkkl ijkl y sj nks ahs nh
fpfrtuljaha y sk hokrohl nf su`jojkltk h tj, pukakl oflvkrtjrsk kl erhlaks
fykltks.
Kltfloks, ¶oÿdf pfaräh rkoupkrhrsk ul gjmf pkrajaf6 Nf prjdkrf ks rkourrjr h
hneýl tjpf ak hsksfrhdjkltf f tkrhpjh phrh aksouirjr nh jrh quk akikl ghikr
 

ksthaf houdunhlaf aurhltk tfafs kstfs høfs. Ghy ulh ohltjaha sjelj`johtjvh ak
djkaf kl ul ljøf pkrajaf pfrquk tjklkl prkeulths y prkfouphojflks ofl
ihsthltk `rkouklojh. Qjklkl ofshs ak nhs quk qujkrkl ghinhr y lf ghy lhajk phrh
ksouoghrnhs. Kn gjmf pkrajaf tjklk quk rkoflfokr kn afnfr akn phshaf. Qjklkl quk
rkoflfokr ièsjohdkltk su gkrjah okltrhn. _j krks kn gjmf pkrajaf, akiks ahrtk

ouklth
quk krksaknkn vhoäf kdfojflhn
gjmf pkrajaf. quk nnkvhstk
Ykoflfok ofltjef
quk shnjstk akhul
nf gfehr
nhref ak tu vjah
tÿxjof y lfy nf
rkoflfokr
ljkeuks
dès. [lh vkz quk ghyhs rkoflfojaf kn afnfr y nh sjtuhojÿl y ghyhs sjaf kn aukøf
ak nf quk krh, pukaks kl`rklthrnf y ofdklzhr h `frdhr rknhojflks dès prf`ulahs
kl tu vjah y ofltjef djsdf.
Rrjdkrf akiks oflfokrtk h tj djsdf y sj tk ghs ahaf ouklth ak quk krks ulh
väotjdh, ks gfrh ak akmhr ak nhaf ksk skltjdjkltf. Hprklak h tfdhr akojsjflks y
ksthinkokr dkths kl tu vjah h nhref pnhzf. H trhvês ak nh ourhojÿl aksouirjrès quk
lf krks rkhndkltk kxtrhøf, quk lf krks rkhndkltk dhnf y quk lf ghy lhah
rkhndkltk dhnf kl tj. @uk sfnf su `hdjnjh y `uk sfnf ulh pkrsflh rfth kl tu
`hdjnjh nh quk tk gjzf skltjr ofdf kn gjmf pkrajaf. Rukaks ofdklzhr h shlhr
ohdijhlaf nh pkrokpojÿl ak tj djsdf y akn dulaf quk tk rfakh. Lf pukaks
pkrdjtjrtk skr ak`jljaf pfr ul lhrojsjsth. Ljleulf ak lfsftrfs pukak pkrdjtjrsk
skr ak`jljafs pfr ul lhrojsjsth pfrquk kn lhrojsjsth lfs djrh h trhvês ak ul nkltk
rftf `kf y suojf. Qfaf gjmf pkrajaf kl kn pnhlkth akik ahrsk ouklth ak quk lhah
ak nf quk lfs ajmf kn lhrojsjsth krh ojkrtf sfirk kn dulaf y lfs akikdfs h
lfsftrfs djsdfs rkaksouirjr kn dulaf pfr nf quk rkhndkltk ks y nukef
rkaksouirjrlfs h lfsftrfs djsdfs.
 

9.9 Ghijnjthafrks
Nfs `hojnjthafrks sfl nhs pkrsflhs quk hpfyhl y ak`jklakl hn lhrojsjsth. Kn
lhrojsjsth rkonuth `hojnjthafrks h su nhaf. Nfs ghijnjthafrks eklkrhndkltk sk
nnhdhl "dflfs vfnhafrks" y ghijnjthl hn lhrojsjsth hn tfnkrhr su ofdpfrthdjkltf
f shnvhrnfs ak nhs ohtèstrf`ks quk orkhl kl sus vjahs. Ksths sfl nhs pkrsflhs quk
ajokl "ks tu phark, akiks pkraflhrnf" y eklkrhndkltk lf tjklkl ul dftjvf
dhnjojfsf, usuhndkltk pjklshl quk kstèl hyuahlaf pkrf lf nf kstèl. Kl rkhnjaha
kstèl rk`frzhlaf kn ofdpfrthdjkltf lhrojsjsth y kdpkfrhlaf kn prfinkdh.
Ouhltf dès nks `ulojflk kn ofdpfrthdjkltf lhrojsjsth, dès nf ghrèl.
_jdpnkdkltk kstèl ghojklaf nf quk sk nks gh klskøhaf.
Lf fisthltk, lf suokak lhah phrh kvjthr quk kn lhrojsjsth sk shneh ofl nh suyh, lf
kstèl pkrajklaf lhah pfr ksf y tfahväh rkojikl nh htklojÿl quk iusohl. Lf ghy
oflskouklojhs Kstf ks nf quk suokak ouhlaf kn lhrojsjsth kstè ghijnjthaf. _j ohah
vkz quk ajiumhs ulh nälkh kl nh hrklh, nh oruzhl y nukef sjeuks ajiumhlaf dès
nälkhs, kvkltuhndkltk sk ahrèl ouklth ak quk ksths nälkhs lf sjelj`johl lhah y

sjdpnkdkltk
sfpfrthl skeujrèl ohdjlhlaf.
kn ofdpfrthdjkltf hiusjvfNhks ýljoh
pfrqukrhzÿl pfr oflajojflhahs
ghl sjaf nh quk nhs pkrsflhs
h orkkr
quk kstk ofdpfrthdjkltf kstè ijkl, quk tjklkl quk ofltjluhr nhs rknhojflks ofl
ulh pkrsflh tÿxjoh y hiusjvh. Hn pkrdhlkokr kl nh rknhojÿl, orkkl quk kstèl
akdfstrhlaf hnef hn lhrojsjsth. Iuklf, kstèl akdfstrhlaf quk nfs lhrojsjsths
pukakl trhthrnfs ofdf qujkrhl, y nf tfnkrhrèl pfrquk kn ijklksthr akn lhrojsjsth
nks jdpfrth dès quk kn suyf. Nks ajokl h nfs lhrojsjsths quk lf tjklk quk trhthrnfs
dkmfr pfrquk knnfs djsdfs lf orkkl quk sk nf dkrkzohl.
Kstf ks jlshnuirk y tÿxjof, thdijêl ks kxhothdkltk nf quk kn lhrojsjsth qujkrk
ksouoghr. Nfs lhrojsjsths qujkrkl quk tk prklahs `ukef phrh dhltklkrnfs
ohnjkltks, lhah ak nf quk ghehs pfr knnfs skrè su`jojkltk. Nfs lhrojsjsths tjklkl
quk tfdhr kn sudjljstrf kdfojflhn ak ftrhs pkrsflhs quk hiushl ak knnfs y nfs
`hojnjthafrks nk kstèl klskøhlaf hn lhrojsjsth quk kstk ofdpfrthdjkltf kstè ijkl.
Dès quk ksf, sk nf kstèl klskøhlaf h sä djsdfs.
Ghy ulh erhl ohltjaha ak ounph jlvfnuorhah kl nhs rknhojflks ofl nfs lhrojsjsths.
Nh rknhojÿl ofl ul lhrojsjsth ks ofdf ulh rknhojÿl ofl ul jl`hltk, ks ofdpnkth y
tfthndkltk uljnhtkrhn.
Nfs jl`hltks sjdpnkdkltk lf lkoksjthl rkojprfojaha y nfs lhrojsjsths pkrdhlkokl
kl ksk ksthaf kdfojflhn jl`hltjnjzhaf phrh sjkdprk, sjdpnkdkltk hdhshlaf y
tfdhlaf sjl kltklakr h ftrhs pkrsflhs ofdf pkrsflhs.
Hquä ks aflak kltrhl nfs nädjtks. Nfs nädjtks sfl nhs nälkhs kl nh hrklh quk
ajiumhdfs
lhrojsjsths ypfrquk
akojdfs "sj oruzhs
shikl ksth nälkh,
nh aj`krklojh dk nf
kltrk jrê".ofrrkotf
Nfs nädjtks
y nf `ulojflhl
jlofrrkotf3oflknnfs
nfs
 

shikl ouènks sfl nhs oflskouklojhs. Nhs pkrsflhs quk pkrdjtkl h nfs lhrojsjsths
eklkrhndkltk lf tjklkl nädjtks onhrfs y lf rkprksklthl ulh hdklhzh ouhlaf kn
lhrojsjsth oruzh ul nädjtk. Kltfloks kn lhrojsjsth hprklak quk nfs nädjtks ak nh
pkrsflh lf sjelj`johl lhah y, kl oflskouklojh, lf tjklk quk rkspkthrnfs. Nhs
pkrsflhs lfs trhthl ak nh `frdh kl quk nks pkrdjtjdfs quk lfs trhtkl y ksf ks
rkhndkltk ojkrtf.
Rfr nf thltf, akiks rkspkthrtk, prftkekrtk y akmhr ak ghijnjthr kn trhstfrlf quk
ofltrfnh y hrrujlh tu vjah.
Dhltklkr ul oflthotf okrf skrè nh dkmfr kstrhtkejh phrh trhthr ofl lhrojsjsths y
ofl sus `hojnjthafrks. [l lhrojsjsth lf pukak kxjstjr sfnf, pkrf sjkdprk ghy
`hojnjthafrks. Ouhlaf sk jakltj`johl kstfs ghijnjthafrks, akikl ksthr sumktfs h nhs
djsdhs rkenhs quk kn lhrojsjsth pfrquk thdijêl tk kstèl ahøhlaf.
Nh Dhark Ghijnjthafrh
[l lhrojsjsth dhnjelf lf pfaräh hiushr ak sus gjmfs sjl kn rksphnaf akn ftrf
phark. Kl dj prjdkr njirf "Hiusf ak phrkmh lhrojsjsth= oèdijh phrh akmhr ak skr
ulh väotjdh", kxpnjquê quk nfs lhrojsjsths iusohl phrkmhs quk skhl sudjshs y nhs
ghehl skltjr afdjlhltks. Kn fimktjvf ak nh vjah ak nh dhark `hojnjthafrh ks ghokr
`knjz hn lhrojsjsth. Knnh lf ks oflsojkltk ak nh dhljpunhojÿl lhrojsjsth quk nh ghok
skltjr jlskeurh, htfrdklthah y oflsthltkdkltk jlhakouhah phrh ghokr `knjz hn
lhrojsjsth.
Nh lkoksjaha akn `hojnjthafr ak ofdpnhokr ks utjnjzhah kstrhtêejohdkltk pfr kn
lhrojsjsth. [l gjmff lhojaf ak ul phark lhrojsjsth y dhark `hojnjthafrh skrè
jlkvjthinkdkltk hiushaf. Nh dhark ghijnjthafrh lf tjklk kl ouklth nhs
lkoksjahaks ak nfs gjmfs, sfnf vk nh jl`knjojaha akn lhrojsjsth y qujkrk ghokr `knjz
h su ofdphøkrf lhrojsjsth. Nh dhark `hojnjthafrh pukak uljrsk ofl kn phark
lhrojsjsth ofltrh kn gjmf. Rukak phrkokr ajstrhäah f lf jlvfnuorhah djkltrhs kn
lhrojsjsth hiush akn gjmf. Jlonusf pukak klofltrhr ulh dhlkrh ak ksthr `ukrh ak nh
ohsh ouhlaf suokak.
Nh `hdjnjh lhrojsjsth pukak phrkokr lfrdhn aksak kn kxtkrjfr y ksth hphrjklojh ks
ulh prftkoojÿl phrh kn phark lhrojsjsth quk lf qujkrk quk nf htrhpkl hiushlaf ak
sus väotjdhs. Lhajk nk orkkräh h ul gjmf sj ghinhrh ak nh oruknaha ak sus pharks.
Ghy ul sjstkdh ak lkehojÿl kltrk nfs djkdirfs ak nh `hdjnjh hnrkakafr akn
lhrojsjsth. Kxjstk kn houkraf jdpnäojtf ak quk kn lhrojsjsth tjklk akrkogf h hotuhr
orukndkltk y lf akik hsudjr nh rkspflshijnjaha ak oÿdf nhstjdh h nfs akdès. Kn
phark ghijnjthafr ofdf nh skeulah hutfrjaha dès hnth kl nh ohsh rksphnah hn
lhrojsjsth y kstf orkh ul erhl prfinkdh. Nfs pharks lhrojsjsths y `hojnjthafrks
pukakl tklkr ulh `k thl `ukrtk kl ksth dkltjrh quk lf pukakl skltjr akstkdpnk. Kn
lhrojsjsth hiush akn gjmf ogjvf kxpjhtfrjf pfrquk h`jrdh quk sk nf dkrkok y nh
 

dhark ghijnjthafrh kstè ak houkraf.

Kstfs pharks lf sk ghokl rkspflshinks ak sä djsdfs lj ak sus hoojflks. _j kn gjmf
sk sjkltk dhntrhthaf, kltfloks ks ounph akn gjmf pfr skr "akdhsjhaf sklsjink".
 

9.? Qjpfs ak Rharks Lhrojsjsths

Ghinkdfs ak nfs pharks lhrojsjsths y ak oÿdf h`kothl thltf h sus gjmhs ofdf h
sus gjmfs.
Qfafs nfs lhrojsjsths kxjstkl kl ul kspkotrf. Kn kspkotrf ak nfs pharks quk tjklkl
kshs jl`nuklojhs duy lkehtjvhs kl sus gjmfs vhräh ak lkenjekltk h tjrèljof.
Kn phark lkenjekltk sjdpnkdkltk lf kstè rkhndkltk jltkrkshaf kl nh vjah ak su
gjmf. Lf sk tfdh kn tjkdpf ak tklkr kxpkrjklojhs ak ohnjaha ofl su gjmf y
sjdpnkdkltk kstè ghojklaf hnef dès. Kn gjmf aksoujahaf pukak lf tklkr duogfs
rkoukrafs lkehtjvfs ak quk su phark nk ghyh gkogf hnef dhnf f quk nf ghyh
gkogf nnfrhr f quk su phark skh duy orätjof, pkrf sjdpnkdkltk lf sjkltk quk
ghyh ksthaf hnnä. Ykhndkltk lf tjklk thltfs rkoukrafs ak su phark y ak ên thl
okroh.
Kn tjrèljof phark pukak ksthr akdhsjhaf jlvfnuorhaf kl nh vjah ak su gjmf y
pukak qukrkr shikr tfaf. Ên thdijêl pukak skr kxtrkdhahdkltk ofltrfnhafr. Ên
vk h sus gjmfs ofdf ulh kxtklsjÿl ak su prfpjf kef y vh h ofdklzhr hnef hsä
ofdf
Rfarähulksthinkokr
rêejdkl djnjthr kl ohsh. kxtrkdh y kspkrhr quk sus gjmfs hotýkl ak nh
ulh ajsojpnjlh
dhlkrh quk oflsjakrk ofrrkoth. [l gjmf quk orkok kl ulh ohsh ofdf ksh ksthräh
duy okroh ak ksthr kl prjsjÿl. _krè ofdf ksthr kl ohutjvkrjf. Nf quk ks
kspkojhndkltk afnfrfsf, ahøjlf, trjstk y trèejof sfirk kstfs gjmfs y sus vjahs h
dkajah quk orkokl ks quk luloh shirèl lhah dès. Rukakl tklkr ul hdjef ofl ul
phark rkhndkltk herhahink, ghokr ofdphrhojflks y vkr quk ghy `hdjnjhs
lfrdhnks pfr hgä.
Rkrf kl su dhyfr phrtk, kstfs gjmfs kxpkrjdklthl ul kstjnf ak vjah hjsnhojfljsth
quk lf ks rhrf kl `hdjnjhs ajs`ulojflhnks. Kstk tjpf ak `hdjnjh dhltjklk h sus
gjmfs okroh ak knnfs y lf qukrrè quk sk vhyhl prkeulthlaf y fitkljklaf ulh
kxpkrjklojh aj`krkltk. Ks ofdf sj qujsjkrhl prfykothr ulh jdhekl rkhndkltk
pfsjtjvh ak sä djsdfs phrh kn dulaf, pkrf h pukrth okrrhah ks ulh gjstfrjh duy
aj`krkltk quk tjklk nuehr. Rfr klak, kn dklshmk quk kstk tjpf ak phark klväh h su
gjmf ks quk nf quk ên pjklsh ak nfs ljøfs ks nf quk dès jdpfrth y nh oflonusjÿl ks
"Lf sfy nf su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf", "ghy hnef dhn kl dä" y " Lf sfy nf
su`jojkltkdkltk hdhink".
Kn phark hrrfehltk sjkltk quk kstè pfr klojdh ak tfafs nfs akdès, tjklk ulh
lkoksjaha kxoksjvh ak skr hadjrhaf. Qfaf nf quk ghok ks phrh kn kspkotèounf, pfr
kmkdpnf, ouhlaf hphrkok ulh `hdjnjh f hdjefs ouhlaf ghy ulh `jksth kl ohsh, ên
prksklthrè kstk kspkotèounf ak klohltf y kltrktkljdjkltf. Rkrf ouhlaf nfs
hdjefs sk vhl y nh `hdjnjh sk qukah, ks ulh gjstfrjh duy aj`krkltk. Ak rkpkltk, kn
 

djkaf rkerksh multf ofl nh ounph y nh vkreþklzh y tfafs ksfs skltjdjkltfs

rkhndkltk lkehtjvfs quk kstk ljøf sjkltk ofdf rksunthaf ak thlth lkenjeklojh.
Ksth erhlajfsjaha ks thl ohrhotkrästjoh ak nhs pkrsflhs lhrojsjsths.
Rfr nf thltf, ouhlaf ul gjmf f gjmh vk h su phpè jltkrhotuhr ofl ftrhs pkrsflhs y
vkr quk ên kstè pfr klojdh ak tfaf, h pukrth okrrhah kn gjmf f gjmh ofdjklzh h
ghinhr
Ouhlafdhn kn ak
gjmftfafs nfs akdès,
sk nhstjdh ogjsdkh
y nnfrh sfirk
kl ul nhs pkrsflhs
jltkltf y ghinh
pfr fitklkr dhn ak knnfs.
nh htklojÿl quk
lkoksjth, kn phark kstè huskltk y lf nk jdpfrth. Lf ghy kdphtäh. Kn phark
hrrfehltk ks kxpnfthafr y dès haknhltk kl nh vjah, kstf h`kothrè nh vjah akn gjmf
aflak sk sjkltk dès haknhltk. Duoghs ak ksths `hdjnjhs ajs`ulojflhnks lf sk
ofduljohl duogf. _j tuvjkrhs ul phark ofdf kstk, sfnf pjklsh kl kstf
usuhndkltk, y rkoukrah quk krhs ul gjmf y quk lf tklähs pfakr. Qu akpklaähs ak
ên hn ojkl pfr ojkl, lf pfaähs sjdpnkdkltk jrsk h vjvjr h nh ohnnk f vjvjr ofl kn
vkojlf. Qk `frzhrfl h vjvjr kl kstk tjpf ak ohutjvkrjf.
Nfs lhrojsjsths tjklkl nh lkoksjaha ak kmkrokr ofltrfn sfirk nfs akdès phrh
kqujnjirhr su ajs`ulojÿl, pfr nf quk ksthihs kl ohutjvkrjf `frzhaf y kn lhrojsjsth
akstruyÿ tus nädjtks. Kltfloks, nf quk ghrè kn phark ks lf pkrdjtjrtk ak`jljrtk.
Qklähs quk skr ulh kxtklsjÿl ak ên. Nfs lhrojsjsths ushl h ftrhs pkrsflhs phrh
shtjs`hokr sus lkoksjahaks, jlonujafs sus prfpjfs gjmfs, y nhstjdhrèl h sus prfpjfs
gjmfs sj nh sjtuhojÿl nf kxjek. Nfs lhrojsjsths nhstjdhrèl h sus gjmfs sfnf pfr ksthr
okroh ak knnfs.
 

9.1 Rharks Lhrojsjsths y _us Gjmfs

Kn phark tjklk ulh erhl jl`nuklojh kl nh vjah ak su gjmf. Kn gjmf ghinhrè sfirk
duogfs rkoukrafs quk tjklk ofl kn phark. Ghijtuhndkltk ghy ulh hadjrhojÿl
eklujlh pfr phrtk akn gjmf pfr nh `frthnkzh y nh erhlakzh akn phark, pfr nf quk ghy
ul akskf ak oudpnjr ofl nhs kxpkothtjvhs akn phark. Jlonusf sj ul gjmf ak ul
phark lhrojsjsth tjklk kltrk 92 y ?2 høfs, ks dès prfihink quk sjeh jakhnjzhlaf h
su phark. Ouhlaf kn gjmf ks dhyfr, kstf pukak ohdijhr ul pfof hn ahrsk ouklth
ak nh vkrahakrh lhturhnkzh akn lhrojsjsdf.
Pkhdfs oÿdf ul phark lhrojsjsth pfaräh h`kothr lkehtjvhdkltk h su gjmf.
8. Ên nk klskøh hn gjmf duoghs oflauoths akshahpthtjvhs ofl rkspkotf h oÿdf
hokrohrsk h ftrhs pkrsflhs. [lh ak nhs èrkhs quk rkhndkltk sk aksthoh hquä ks kn
oflskmf akn phark hn gjmf sfirk nhs rknhojflks ofl nhs dumkrks. Kn phark pfaräh
akojr hnef ofdf "nhs dumkrks tk nhstjdhrèl, lf ofl`äks kl nhs dumkrks, lf akmks
quk nhs dumkrks tk ajehl nf quk akiks ghokr" f "kn gfdirk ks kn mk`k ak nh `hdjnjh,
kn gfdirk kstè h ohref", hsä quk ak lukvf ul dfltÿl ak oflskmfs ajs`ulojflhnks
akshahpthtjvfs
duogfs dhnfssfirk nhs rknhojflks
oflskmfs ofl nhs
sfirk ftrfs dumkrks.ofdf
gfdirks, Rkrf thdijêl, kn phark
"lf ofl`äks tjklk
kl ftrfs
gfdirks, sÿnf kstèl trhthlaf ak rfihr h tu phrkmh f tu kspfsh". Qhdijêl pfarähl
klskøhrnk h ul gjmf h skr herksjvf ofl ftrfs gfdirks quk sfl hskrtjvfs ghojh ên hn
rkhoojflhr ofl jrh. Kstf ks rkhndkltk ihsthltk ofdýl ofl kn lhrojsjsdf
erhlajfsf. Hsä quk ksklojhndkltk kn phark nk klskøh hn gjmf h jltklsj`johr nhs
ofl`rflthojflks.
9. Qklarè ulh pfsjojÿl `jrdk sfirk sj kn gjmf akik tklkr gjmfs prfpjfs. Nh
fpjljÿl sÿnjah pfaräh skr ak afs dhlkrhs= tklkr duogfs gjmfs f lf tklkr gjmfs.
Hneulfs pharks nk ajokl h ul gjmf quk akik kvjthr h nhs dumkrks, kvjthr kn
dhtrjdfljf y kvjthr nfs gjmfs, quk kstf pukak hyuahrtk h prftkekr tus hotjvfs
`jlhlojkrfs y tu njikrtha skxuhn. Rkrf, pfr ftrf nhaf, thdijêl sk vk h ul phark quk
qujkrk akskspkrhahdkltk quk kn gjmf kloukltrk ul ofdphøkrf pftklojhn y tk
ohsks y tklehs gjmfs phrh shtjs`hokr su lkoksjaha lhrojsjsth ak ljktfs f nh
lkoksjaha ak ofltjluhr ofl kn hpknnjaf y kn nkehaf.
?. Kn phark vjvk jlajrkothdkltk h trhvês akn gjmf.   Rfr supukstf, thdijêl
vkdfs kstf ofl nh rknhojÿl phark-gjmh, pkrf kn k`kotf ks dès `ukrtk kl ulh
rknhojÿl phark-gjmf. Kstf tjklk quk vkr ofl kn ofdpflkltk ak `hlthsäh erhlajfsh,
`hlthsähs kxhekrhahs ak pfakr, êxjtf, rjqukzh y hdfr jakhn.
[l phark lhrojsjsth skräh ofdpktjtjvf ofl su gjmf, nf ushrè ofdf ulh kxtklsjÿl
ak su kef. Kn phark jlskeurf quk sjkltk quk lf tuvf nh fpfrtuljaha ak ghokr
duoghs ofshs
jlskeurjaha k jlohphz
kl sus ak hnohlzhr
prfpjfs gjmfs su kdpumhrè
y nukef nfs prfpjf pftklojhn
h ghokr nhsprfykothrè su
ofshs quk lf
 

puajkrfl ghokr. _j ul gjmf ks hrtästjof, kn phark lhrojsjsth pukak qukrkr quk sk

oflvjkrth kl `utifnjsth, dêajof f jlekljkrf pfrquk sjkdprk gh qukrjaf ghokrnf
pfr sä djsdf y lf gh pfajaf ghokrnf. Kn gjmf ak ul phark lhrojsjsth sjkdprk
skltjrè quk lf pukak ksthr h nh hnturh sjl jdpfrthr nf quk gheh.
Kn phark lhrojsjsth tjklk `hlthsähs frjklthahs kl kn `uturf y kl kn phshaf. _j kn
phark rkprfiÿ kl ofl
vkz klofltrhrsk nh ksouknh, su `hlthsäh
sus dhkstrfs kl lhrojsjsth ks rktrfokakr
kn prkskltk y akojrnks kl kn tjkdpf
oÿdf f thn
rkhndkltk
`ukrfl pkrakafrks y oÿdf `rhohshrfl, y nfs lhrojsjsths pukakl ghokr kstf
dfstrèlafnks ouèl kxjtfsfs sfl k jltklthrèl ushr h sus gjmfs phrh dfstrhr kstf.
Nhs `hlthsähs lhrojsjsths vhl hn phshaf y lf sk trhth ak ohdijhr kn phshaf sjlf ak
herkehr jl`frdhojÿl h ulh sjtuhojÿl kl kn phshaf. _k trhth ak akojrnk h nh ftrh
pkrsflh hnef sfirk sä djsdh. Lukvhdkltk, kl tfrlf h nh erhlakzh akn lhrojsjsth y
oÿdf sk nf pkrajkrfl prjlojphndkltk. Ajsouthdfs su jdpnjohojÿl kl nh sjtuhojÿl
phark-gjmf. Qklkr ul gjmf kl nh ksouknh ks ulh fpfrtuljaha jltkrkshltk phrh kn
phark. Nhs `hlthsähs, pfr supukstf, sfl gudjnnhr h ksfs dhkstrfs y, h trhvês akn
gjmf, kn phark pukak orkhr ul `jlhn aj`krkltk y kn phark pjklsh quk kl rkhnjaha sk
pukak ohdijhr vjvjklaf jlajrkothdkltk h trhvês akn gjmf. Rfr kmkdpnf, sj kn gjmf
fitjklk ulh dhnh ohnj`johojÿl, kn phark lhrojsjsth jrrudpjÿ kl nh ksouknh y housh h
tfafs nfs dhkstrfs ak skr jajfths y lf rkoflfokr kn jlorkäink thnkltf akn gjmf. _j
su gjmf ks jltjdjahaf kl nh ksouknh, kn phark nf hnjklth h ak`klakrsk `äsjohdkltk
kl nuehr ak phshr pfr kn sjstkdh y aklulojhr nhs vjfnhojflks. [lh vkz dès, kstf
ks phrh oudpnjr ulh `hlthsäh y ks kn gjmf ghojklaf hnef quk kn phark lf gjzf. _k
trhth ak ohdijhr kn rksunthaf phrh kn phark lukvhdkltk hn vjvjr h trhvês akn gjmf.
Kn gjmf kstè ghojklaf hnef quk kn phark lf pukak ghokr kl su prfpjf phshaf.
Kltfloks, ak lukvf, vkdfs ulh kspkojk ak rksunthaf lkehtjvf ofl kstk tjpf ak
`hlthsäh quk vh hn phshaf. Kn gjmf ks ulh vkrsjÿl dès mfvkl y nh dkltk akn phark,

hulquk nhs jakltjahaks

qujkrk hrrkenhr akn akn
nfs krrfrks phark y kn gjmf
phshaf, pkrfskthdpfof
`usjflhl.kstè
Kn ajspukstf
phark qujkrk kn êxjtf,
h tfnkrhr ul
skeulaf `rhohsf. Ak dfaf quk, sj nk suokak nf djsdf hn gjmf, hgfrh kn phark
tjklk lukvhdkltk tfah nh vkreþklzh y kn afnfr. Kn phark vuknvk h kxpkrjdklthr
kstf y lf vh h akmhr quk suokah, hsä quk rkhndkltk vh h trhihmhr phrh hskeurhrsk
ak quk kn gjmf tkleh ulh kxpkrjklojh aj`krkltk. Kn phark lhrojsjsth ks ul
pkr`koojfljsth jdpunshaf pfr nfs sukøfs y kn gjmf luloh pukak ghokr nf
su`jojkltk= sj nnkeh h ohsh ofl ulh ohnj`johojÿl ak "I", phpè vh h akojr ¶pfr quê
lf "H"6 Akspuês ak quk ên nnkeuk h ohsh ofl ulh "H", kltfloks ¶pfr quê lf ulh
"H +"6 _j `frdÿ kn kqujpf ak `ýtifn, skrè "¶pfr quê lf krks kn ohpjtèl6", Hsä quk
luloh ks su`jojkltk y pukak quk tkleh ksk jdpunsf dukrtf jlounohaf kl ên.
1.Kn phark ks kdfojflhndkltk ajsthltk pkrf lf lkokshrjhdkltk kl nh `frdh kl
 

quk ulf pfaräh pklshr. Lf sk kl`foh kl nh kdfojÿl ofdf nf ks kn gjmf, sjlf kl

nhs kdfojflks ak nhs quk kn phark qujkrk ghinhr f qujkrk quk kn gjmf tkleh. Rfr
kmkdpnf, kl ulh sjtuhojÿl ksofnhr, kn gjmf pukak fitklkr ulh H- kl hneýl
prfykotf f kl ulh onhsk y kn phark pukak akojr "akiks skltjrtk tkrrjink pfr
fitklkr ksh H-" h pkshr ak quk kn gjmf pfaräh ghikr ksthaf duy ofltkltf ak
fitklkr kshjlaj`krkltk
pfrquk skh ohnj`johojÿl.
sjlfKnpfrquk
pharksklhrojsjsth ks kdfojflhndkltk
kstè kl`fohlaf kl kdfojflks ajsthltk lf
quk lf sfl
rkhndkltk jdpfrthltks phrh kn gjmf f nhs kdfojflks quk kn gjmf rkhndkltk lf tjklk
kl prjdkr nuehr..
;. Kn gjmf pukak skr hihlaflhaf pfr ftrf. Kstf pukak pkrdjtjr quk kn phark sk
sjklth dès shtjs`kogf. Rfr knnf, hn prjlojpjf, kn phark pukak tklkr ksth rknhojÿl
aksfraklhah ofl kn gjmf, pkrf thn vkz hphrkok ftrf ljøf quk tjklk nhs ghijnjahaks
f ghijnjahaks phrh tklkr êxjtf ak nh dhlkrh quk kn phark akskhih ghikr sjaf, kstk
ljøf rkojik tfah nh htklojÿl . H vkoks kn gjmf krh kn okltrf jljojhn akn phark, pkrf
kn gjmf lf hadjrhih nf su`jojkltk hn phark f kn phark orkk quk phshr tjkdpf ofl ên
ks ulh dhnh jlvkrsjÿl. Rfr nf thltf, ghy ulh kspkojk ak ofdpflkltk ak phnf
dhqujhvênjof kl kn ofdpfrthdjkltf erhlajfsf akn phark lhrojsjsth.
0. Ouhlaf ghy ul ajvfrojf f ulh skphrhojÿl, kn phark lhrojsjsth ks
täpjohdkltk ajvjsjvf y hnjklth hn gjmf h tfdhr phrtjaf ofl ên ofltrh nh dhark. Kl
oflskouklojh, kn phark pfaräh klskøhrnk hn gjmf h aksofl`jhr ak nhs dumkrks. Z sj
kn phark sk vuknvk h ohshr f lf, f kloukltrh ulh lukvh phrkmh f lf, h vkoks
sjdpnkdkltk sk ah pfr vklojaf kl nh rknhojÿl ofl kn gjmf. Hsä puks, ghy
ajsthlojhdjkltf y hihlaflf h pkshr ak quk kn gjmf lf gjzf lhah phrh ohushr ksf.
Akspuês ak ul ajvfrojf, sj kn phark sk vh, akmh ak skr oustfajf y nh rknhojÿl kltrk
kn phark y kn gjmf (f nh gjmh) tjklak h krfsjflhrsk akijaf h nh ajsthlojh orkhah pfr
kn phark. Hneulhs vkoks, kn ajsthlojhdjkltf ks pukstf hnnä pfr kn phark ofdf ulh
`frdh ak ul
phark ks ohstjehr h nhulhdhark
ajfs, ks `jeurhy duy
hn gjmf pfr skrnkdhsjvh
pfakrfsh, nkhn. Rhrh kn gjmf pkqukøf,
k jlvklojink. kn
Z kn gjmff
tklarè rhzÿl hn skltjrsk hsä pfrquk, ouhlaf ljøfs, nhs `jeurhs ak htklojÿl
prjdhrjh kl lukstrhs vjahs h dkluaf hphrkokl ofdf lukstrfs ajfsks. Ghsth quk
orkzohdfs akspuês ak ul ojkrtf pkräfaf ak tjkdpf y lfs akdfs ouklth ak quk
_hlth lf kxjstk y quk lukstrfs pharks rkhndkltk lf shikl dès ak nf quk shikdfs
hgfrh y prfihinkdkltk skphl hýl dklfs.
Hneulhs pkrsflhs pukakl njajhr ijkl ofl ksf. Rukakl skr kxtrfvkrtjafs, duy
dftjvhafs ak `frdh lhturhn y nh prksjÿl akn phark pukak ghokr quk nks vhyh duy
ijkl kl sus vjahs h pkshr ak quk sjkdprk vhl h pkrskeujr ksh hprfihojÿl. Rkrf nh
sjtuhojÿl pukak skr rkhndkltk trèejoh sj kn gjmf lf tjklk ul dkohljsdf ak
h`rflthdjkltf su`jojkltk. _j, pfr kmkdpnf, ks dès jltrfvkrtjaf, qujkrk pjlthr f
 

ghokr dýsjoh, skrè duy aj`äojn pfrquk lf pfarè shtjs`hokr h kstk phark. Ofdf
rksunthaf, pukak skltjr quk rkhndkltk lf tjklk ul phark y ksf pukak oflauojr h nh
akprksjÿl. Rfr nf thltf, hn jeuhn quk nh gjmh, kn gjmf luloh sk skltjrè nf
su`jojkltkdkltk ijkl, sk skltjrè vhoäf pfr akltrf k jlhakouhaf, sjl oflthr ofl nh
hprfihojÿl akn phark. Ks ulh gkrjah trkdklah quk lkoksjth skr kxohvhah y
fiskrvhah pfrquk,
lhok ofl vhnfr kl ýntjdh
y vhnfr jlsthlojh,
jl`jljtfs. Nh vjahtfaf
tjklkprfvjklk
ul vhnfr ak ulh dkltjrh.
jl`jljtf, Qfaf gjmf
ks ul rkehnf.
Ouhlaf orkokdfs kl ulh `hdjnjh ajs`ulojflhn, lfs htrhphdfs kl nh prfykoojÿl
ak ul phark kl`krdf. Xukahdfs htrhphafs kl nh dkltjrh ak quk lf sfdfs nf
su`jojkltkdkltk iuklfs. H dkluaf, ksth ks ulh pkrspkotjvh lkehtjvh quk
thdijêl rkojijkrfl ak sus pharks y sk gh oflvkrtjaf kl ulh kspkojk ak hiusf
eklkrhojflhn quk hgfrh sk dhlj`jksth kl kn gjmf. Ak thn dhlkrh, kn gjmf pukak
vfnvkrsk duy jlskeurf y hprklakr h njajhr sjklaf trkdklahdkltk kdpètjof y
sjkdprk shtjs`hojklaf nhs lkoksjahaks ak tfafs nfs akdès, phrh quk pukah
fitklkr su vhnjahojÿl ak ksh dhlkrh f sk vfnvkrè duy lhrojsjsth y ofdklzhrè h
ushr h nhs pkrsflhs phrh sus prfpjfs `jlks djkltrhs akshrrfnnh kn aksprkojf pfr nfs
akdès. Kstk gjmf luloh orkokrè ijkl, sjkdprk sk skltjrè jlskeurf y nk skrè duy
aj`äojn rknhmhrsk y ajs`ruthr ak nh vjah.
Hgfrh, nh vjah ks duy ofdpnkmh ofl aj`krkltks rksunthafs, pkrf h dkluaf phrh
ul gjmf ofl ul phark lhrojsjsth, nhs pfsjijnjahaks sk pukakl rkauojr h afs. Kn
gjmff pfaräh orkokr akrrfthaf y rksjelhaf hn akstjlf. Nnhdkdfs h ksf ul gfdirk
ikth. F pfaräh ghokr `rkltk y orkokr kl ksf, ajehdfs quk ks ul dhogf hn`h. Kn
gjmf jlonusf pukak nnkehr hn kxtrkdf ak utjnjzhr h ftrhs pkrsflhs phrh shtjs`hokr
sus lkoksjahaks, pkrpktuhlaf hsä kn ofdpfrthdjkltf ak su phark.
¶Oÿdf skräh ul phark shlf phrh ul gjmf6 [l phark shlf lkoksjth orkkr kl su gjmf
y ghokrnk shikr quk lf jdpfrth aÿlak kstê, ên kstè freunnfsf ak ên. Rkrf thdijêl
shik
phrh quk su gjmf
hnohlzhr su ks ohphz ak
dèxjdf dès, pfr
pftklojhn nf quk nknk klskøh
y nukef ah hn gjmf
oÿdfhneýl
skr tjpf ak hnjkltf
ul gfdirk hn
phshr tjkdpf ak ohnjaha ofl ên. Kltfloks, kn tjkdpf ak ohnjaha ks duy
jdpfrthltk y nk ah h su gjmf kshs nkoojflks ak vjah, ghinhr ofl ên sfirk ofshs
jdpfrthltks, ghokrnk prkeulths y akmhr quk kn ljøf gheh prkeulths aj`äojnks.
Hakdès ak kstf, kn gkogf ak quk phskl kstk tjkdpf ak ohnjaha multfs jl`ulak kl
kn gjmf nh jakh ak quk ks jdpfrthltk y quk ks jdpfrthltk. _j kn phark thdijêl
tjklk ul hntf vhnfr dfrhn, kn gjmf fiskrvhrè y hprklakrè ofl kn kmkdpnf. Nfs ljøfs
rkhndkltk rkoukrahl ksfs dfdkltfs ofl su phark, rkoukrahl kstfs dfdkltfs ak
ohnjaha ofl sus pharks.
¶Xuê ghoks sj tk jakltj`johs ofdf gjmf ak ul phark lhrojsjsth6
Rrjdkrf, akiks hokpthrnf. Lf pfakdfs ohdijhr kn phshaf lj rkksorjijrnf, pkrf
 

pfakdfs rkpnhltkhrnf. Rfakdfs hprklakr h jltkrprkthrnf ak dhlkrh aj`krkltk y

pfakdfs vkrnf ofdf nkoojflks phrh nh vjah. [lh vkz quk gkdfs jakltj`johaf nfs
heumkrfs, nhs phrtks vhoähs akltrf ak lfsftrfs djsdfs, pfakdfs hprklakr h
rkhnjzhrlfs h trhvês ak ulh hutfkstjdh pfsjtjvh y shnuahink.
Akiks hprklakr quk tjklks tfaf kn akrkogf ak ksthinkokr nädjtks y ofrthr nhzfs
ofl
ohsfs,ulouhlaf
phark hiusjvf
ul pharksj lhrojsjsth
ofltjlýh ofdpfrtèlafsk
nnkeh h nfs 02 fak52ksth dhlkrh.
høfs, ks ulKl hneulfs
pfof dès
hdhink y pukak kxjstjr kn pftklojhn ak orkhr hneýl tjpf ak lukvh `frdh ak
rknhojÿl. Rkrf sj lf kstè ajspfljink y sj sjkltks quk tfahväh tk kstè akvhnuhlaf,
kltfloks pukaks ghokr nf däljdf phrh quk nhs ofshs sjehl f lf. Ykhndkltk kstf
akpklak ak tj, sj ên ks hiusjvf, tjklks tfaf kn akrkogf ak ksthinkokr kn nädjtk y kn
ofrtk ak oflthotf. Rkrf sfnf sê quk lf jdpfrth nf quk knjmhs, yh lf akpklaks ak
ên, tk tjklks h tj djsdf y pukaks ghokrnf ijkl pfr tu ouklth. _jkdprk pukaks jrtk,
pukaks skr `jrdk, ahrtk ouklth ak quk lf ks Ajfs, quk lf ks rkhn y quk pukak ushr
nh ounph f nh vkreþklzh phrh ofltrfnhrtk, pkrf ksths sfl sfnf tèotjohs, lf sfl
ojkrths. Kltfloks skrè duogf dès `èojn skphrhrtk ak ksf. Ghz tkrhpjhs phrh quk
pukahs kltklakr nf quk suokajÿ k jlajvjauhnjzhrsk ak ên, kstf ks rkhndkltk
jdpfrthltk, ks ofdf tklkr kl nh vjah ul skeulaf lhojdjkltf. Ouhlaf htrhvjkshs
kstk prfoksf, ofdjklzhs h fiskrvhr tfafs nfs phtrflks kl tu vjah y, ofdf
rksunthaf, tk ahs ouklth ak quk yh lf qujkrks skr hsä, lf lkoksjths h ksth pkrsflh
kl tu vjah y tfdhs nfs phsfs prèotjofs lkokhrjfs phrh jlajvjauhnjzhrtk y tklkr ul
skeulaf lhojdjkltf. Aflakqujkrh quk kstês kl tu vjhmk, phrh pfakr ghokr ulh
phush y sfnf djrhr, ahrtk ouklth ak quk kstès ghojklaf ulh erhl ohltjaha ak
trhihmf y sjdpnkdkltk ksthr freunnfsf ak tä djsdf, ksthr freunnfsf ak kstf, lf
jdpfrth ouèl pkqukøf skh. Ahtk nh hprfihojÿl, tÿdhtk kn tjkdpf phrh oflfokr tus
êxjtfs.
Hlhnjzh
¶Htrhks tus rknhojflksquk
h pkrsflhs pkrsflhnks=
tk ushl6¶ushs pkrsflhs6
Ks duy ¶Qjklksshnjr
jdpfrthltk ojthsakofl
nhslhrojsjsths6
rknhojflks
hiusjvhs phrh pfakr shlhr. Djkltrhs sjehs kl ksth ajlèdjoh, ks duy aj`äojn
hvhlzhr, hsä quk shn y trhihmh kl tu hutfkstjdh. Ks jlorkäinkdkltk jdpfrthltk,
pfrquk, nfs gjmfs ak pharks hiusjvfs tjklakl h tklkr ihmh hutfkstjdh.
_jeuk ajojêlaftk h tj djsdf quk krks su`jojkltk. Qjklks quk oflvkrtjrtk kl tu
dhltrh k jlonusf sj hýl lf orkks kl ên pfr ofdpnktf, kl kn dfdkltf kl quk tk nf
ajoks h tj djsdf, sjeuk trhihmhlaf y rkpjtjêlafnf y nnkehrè kn dfdkltf kl quk tu
oukrpf, tu sjstkdh lkrvjfsf nf rkofmh y ouhlaf ksf suokah, nhs ofshs ofdklzhrèl
h ehlhr ul erhl jdpunsf phrh tj.
[sh k jlvjkrtk tu tjkdpf kl tj djsdf, y orkh tfaf kn dhph ak tu vjah phrh
jlvkstjehr sfirk tj djsdf, phrh quk pukahs tklkr ul skltjaf ak prfpÿsjtf.
 

Oflstruyk ul oärounf shnuahink, lukvfs hdjefs quk tk nnklkl, y rfaêhtk ak

pkrsflhs pfsjtjvhs quk rkhndkltk tk lutrhl.
Kn gkogf ak quk tuvjkrhs ul phark lhrojsjsth lf tjklk quk vjotjdjzhrtk, lf tjklks
quk akstrujrtk f kdpkfrhr tu sjtuhojÿl. Rukaks skr dkmfr, ghokrtk dès oflsojkltk,
dès `ukrtk y skr ul jlajvjauf duogf dès pfakrfsf, y ksk ks dj akskf phrh tj.
 

9.; Rharks Lhrojsjsths y sus Gjmhs

Ouhlaf fiskrvhdfs kspkoä`johdkltk kn nhaf erhlajfsf akn lhrojsjsdf, vkdfs h
hneujkl kxtrkdhahdkltk ofl`jhaf, afdjlhltk kl sjtuhojflks sfojhnks. Ak nh
jlvkstjehojÿl njtkrhrjh, nfs ljvknks dès hntfs ak lhrojsjsdf kl nfs pharks kstèl
hsfojhafs ofl nh tklaklojh h oudpnjr dhn nhs `ulojflks phrklthnks.
Nfs pharks lhrojsjsths eklkrhndkltk lf sk oflsjakrhl iuklfs pharks kl nh `frdh
kl quk nh dhyfräh ak nhs pkrsflhs ak`jljrähl nh phnhirh iuklf, pkrf ouhlaf ul
phark lhrojsjsth oräh h ulh gjmh, ks pfsjink quk lf nf orkh aurhltk kstk pkräfaf.
Rukak orkkr quk su phark ks iuklf kl nh `frdh kl quk nh dhyfräh ak nh ekltk
pklshräh kl nh phnhirh iuklf. Ghinhlaf ak psjofhlènjsjs y lhrojsjsdf, ghy hnef
nnhdhaf Ofdpnkmf Knkotrh. Kstf ks ouhlaf ulh gjmh akshrrfnnh ul h`kotf
kspkoä`jof pfr kn phark ofl ulh hotjtua ofrrkspflajkltkdkltk oknfsh ghojh nh
dhark. Kl têrdjlfs ak nfs sjelfs ak ul phark lhrojsjsth, ks jdpfrthltk tklkr kl
ouklth kn phpkn ak nh gjmh kl nh dkltk akn phark lhrojsjsth, kspkojhndkltk kl nf
quk sk rk`jkrk h oÿdf ên ks phark ak su gjmh. ¶Guif ftrfs gkrdhlfs ofdf nh gjmh
quk
tfahsksthdfs ghojklaf rk`krklojh6
ksths prkeulths sfl ihsthltk¶Ghiäh ulh gjmhklf têrdjlfs
jdpfrthltks ul gjmf `hvfrjtf6
ak oÿdfKlvkdfs
eklkrhn,
hn
phark lhrojsjsth. Hquä vkdfs ulh hdpnjh ehdh ak ofdpfrthdjkltfs, aksak
kxoksjvhdkltk jlvfnuorhafs ghsth ofdpnkthdkltk ajsthltks. Ghy pfsksjvjaha
lhrojsjsth ghsth nh jlaj`krklojh lhrojsjsth.
Dk kstfy okltrhlaf kl nfs sjelfs ak nh prjdkrh, nh pfsksjvjaha y nh kxoksjvh
phrtjojphojÿl quk vkdfs ofl kn phark lhrojsjsth.
8. Kn phark lhrojsjsth vk h nh gjmh ofdf ulh kxtklsjÿl ak sä djsdf.  _u h`kotf
pfr nh gjmh kstè hgä pfrquk knnh nf hadjrh y ks phrtk ak ên. Ksth hadjrhojÿl
rk`ukrzh kn ofdpfrthdjkltf y nhs hotjtuaks akn phark lhrojsjsth. Kl su dkltk,
akik ksthr ghojklaf hnef ijkl phrh tklkr thlth hadjrhojÿl ak nh gjmh. Ksh ks
rkhndkltk nh nÿejoh akn lhrojsjsth. Kltfloks, nhs jakltjahaks akn phark y nh gjmh sk
`usjflhl akijaf hn ofdpfrthdjkltf akn phark.
9.Jltklth ofltrfnhr y ahr `frdh h nh gjmh phrh quk skh nh ljøh pkr`koth. Kn
phark ofltrfnh su ajlkrf, rfph, pfsksjflks, hdjefs, jlonujafs lfvjfs, hooksf h ul
vkgäounf y trhlspfrtk kl eklkrhn, y su tjkdpf ofl ftrfs `hdjnjhrks. Hgfrh, nh gjmh
pukak jltkrprkthr ksth dhljpunhojÿl ofdf kn phark sjklaf prftkotfr. Knnh pjklsh
quk rkhndkltk sk prkfouph pfr knnh. Nk jdpfrth thltf quk kstè ajspukstf h ehsthr
tfah ksth klkreäh y ofltrfnhr su vjah. Hsä, pukak ghikr ulh sklshojÿl ak freunnf
y shtjs`hoojÿl hn tklkr ul phark thl htkltf. Ouhlaf sk nk prkeulth h nh gjmh ak ul
phark lhrojsjsth quê qujkrk ak nh vjah, ouènks sfl sus dkths, ghijtuhndkltk su
rkspuksth
dkths qukjlajoh nf quk qujkrk
skhl rkhndkltk kn phark f nf quk qukräh, y knnh nuogh pfr klofltrhr
suyhs.
 

?. Lf sk htjklakl nhs lkoksjahaks kdfojflhnks ak nh gjmh.   H nh gjmh lf sk nk

pkrdjtk tklkr ulh pkrsflhnjaha jlakpklajkltk f kxprkshr sus skltjdjkltfs. Kn
phark lhrojsjsth lf sk kl`foh kl nhs lkoksjahaks kdfojflhnks y ofdýldkltk ghy
ul kl`fquk prf`ulaf kl ftrhs èrkhs ak akshrrfnnf, ofdf nhs ghijnjahaks hrtästjohs,
jltknkotuhnks y htnêtjohs. Kn phark lhrojsjsth vjvk jlajrkothdkltk h trhvês ak nh
gjmh. Kn êxjtf
lkoksjth quk nhakgjmh
nh gjmh
tklehakdukstrh quk knnhphark
êxjtf. Ouhlaf tjklk knvhnfr,
gjmh `hnnh, pharkpfr
kstènfhvkreflzhaf,
quk kn phark
akokpojflhaf y hvkreflzhaf, y kstfs skltjdjkltfs nnkvhl hn phark h nh vklehlzh..
_k vkleh ak nh gjmh, eklkrhndkltk kl `frdh ak gudjnnhojÿl, y qujkrk ghokr quk nh
gjmh su`rh ofdf ên su`rjÿ ksk `rhohsf.
1.Ftrfs pkrojijrèl hn phark lhrojsjsth ofdf kxtrkdhahdkltk ohrjøfsf. Nf
vkrèl ofdf ulh pkrsflh ajspuksth h shorj`johrsk pfr su gjmh y ghokr ouhnqujkr
ofsh pfr su `hdjnjh. Ftrhs pkrsflhs pukakl jlonusf akskhr tklkr ul phark ofdf
ên. Kstf pukak h`kothr h nh gjmh ak afs dhlkrhs prjlojphnks= pukak rk`frzhr quk su
phark rkhndkltk kstè ghojklaf ul iukl trhihmf y ên ks ekljhn f pukak skr
aksherhahink phrh knnh quk ftrhs pkrsflhs lf vkhl nh vkrahakrh lhturhnkzh ak su
phark. Ouhlaf trhth ak orjtjohr h nhs pkrsflhs pfr herhahr h su phark, h dkluaf
sk vuknvkl ofltrh knnh y nh nnhdhl jlerhth, y hsä nh akmhl ofl ulh sklshojÿl ak
hjsnhdjkltf y nh sklshojÿl ak quk lhajk nh kltjklak rkhndkltk. Nh gjmh hprklak h
lf orjtjohr h su phark y ksth hotjtua rkhndkltk pkrdhlkok ofl knnh aurhltk tfah su
vjah. Qhdijêl pukak skr kvjakltk kl sus rknhojflks ofl ftrfs gfdirks. Nh `hnth
ak hskrtjvjaha y rkluklojh h klofltrhr `hnnhs pukak akikrsk hn phark lhrojsjsth y
nh rknhojÿl ajs`ulojflhn.
;. Pjsth ajstfrsjflhah akn vhnfr.  Kn phark lhrojsjsth rkhndkltk lf rkspkth h nh
gjmh pfr nf quk knnh ks, sjlf quk trhth ak orkhr su prfpjh jdhekl ak nh gjmh quk ên
pukah rkspkthr. Kstf ks jakhnjzhojÿl. Kn phark lf vk rkhndkltk kn vhnfr ak nh gjmh,
sfnf vk nf k quk
ghijnjahaks qujkrk
jelfrh ftrfs vkr.
rhsefsKxhekrh ojkrths
quk ghirähl sjafghijnjahaks,
jdpfrthltks ohrhotkrästjohs
phrh nh gjmh. Hsäy
quk, kl ýntjdh jlsthlojh, akshnjklth ul jltkrês quk pfaräh ghikr sjaf iklk`jojfsf
phrh knnh. Ouhlaf iusohs ghokr hnef pkr`kotf, h dkluaf tkrdjlhs akstruyêlafnf.
Rfr kmkdpnf, sj nh gjmh ksthih jltkrkshah kl tfohr ul jlstrudkltf dusjohn, thn vkz
tkläh thnkltf phrh knnf, kn phark lhrojsjsth pukak aksohrthr ksf. Ên pfaräh akojr
"luloh skrès `hdfsh, rkspkthah f hdhah pfr tfohr ul jlstrudkltf" y, pfr
supukstf, ksf lf ks lkokshrjhdkltk ojkrtf, pkrf ksf ks rkhndkltk nf quk ajok kn
phark lhrojsjsth pfrquk tjklk ftrh heklah. Rfaräh akojrnk h nh gjmh quk oflokltrk
su tjkdpf kl jlerkshr h ulh prkstjejfsh uljvkrsjaha phrh quk pukah kstuajhr
lkefojfs, tkolfnfeäh f dkajojlh, y kstfs pfarähl skr nfs fimktjvfs akn phark kl kn
phshaf. Xujzès kn phark jltkltÿ jlerkshr h ulh prkstjejfsh uljvkrsjaha y lf nf
 

gjzf, pfr nf quk, kl ksklojh, knnh ks su rkaklojÿl, su fpfrtuljaha ak ghokr nhs

ofshs ijkl y ulh skeulah fpfrtuljaha phrh knjdjlhr nh vkreþklzh akn `rhohsf.
0. Kn phark kstè htkltf sfnf ouhlaf ftrhs pkrsflhs kstèl djrhlaf =
Erhauhojflks, `jksths ak oudpnkhøfs u ftrhs rkuljflks sfojhnks. Ên orkh iuklfs
rkoukrafs phrh nh gjmh, dfdkltfs kl quk knnh sk sjkltk hdhah y hprkojhah.
Lhturhndkltk,
kvkltfs. Kn pharkghirè duoghspukak
lhrojsjsth `ftfsdhljpunhr
f jlonusfy ushr
erhihojflks ak supkr`jojhn
su klohltf vjakf ak kstfs
phrh
rkhndkltk ghokr quk kstfs tjkdpfs skhl kspkojhnks. Rfr kmkdpnf, pukak ghikr ulh
firh ak tkhtrf kl nh ksouknh aflak nh gjmh tjklk ul phpkn onhvk, kn phark nnkeh
tkdprhlf phrh oflskeujr ul iukl hsjkltf kl nh prjdkrh `jnh, tfdh duoghs `ftfs,
sk vk kltusjhsdhaf ouhlaf su gjmh kstè hotuhlaf pkrf hiurrjah k jlaj`krkltk
ouhlaf ftrfs kstèl hotuhlaf. Nukef, nk ajok h su gjmh quk knnh krh nh dkmfr y quk
ouhnqujkr aj`jountha quk tuvf kl nh hotuhojÿl `uk rkhndkltk ounph ak ftrhs
pkrsflhs.
Lukvhdkltk, kn phark lhrojsjsth pukak skr rkhndkltk jdpfrthltk kl têrdjlfs ak
`frdhojÿl ak kstfs rkoukrafs. Ên pukak skr rkhndkltk iuklf kl nh `frdhojÿl ak
kstfs rkoukrafs y nh gjmh tklarè quk ofl`jhr kl kstfs rkoukrafs aurhltk nfs
dfdkltfs kl quk kn phark kstê ajsthltk, y knnh rkhndkltk ushrè kstf phrh
ustj`johr su h`kotf ghojh kn phark.
5. Nh gjmh ounph h su dhark pfr nfs ak`kotfs pkrojijafs akn phark.
Ksouoghdfs ofshs ak nh gjmh ofdf quk nh dhark rkhndkltk lf hprkojhih hn phark
pfr nf quk krh, f oÿdf nh dhark lf kltklaäh ouèl erhlajfsf krh kn phark. F
oÿdf kn phark pfaräh ghikr hnohlzhaf su dèxjdf pftklojhn sj nh dhark lf nf
guijkrh hefijhaf. F oÿdf nh dhark lf ksthih kdfojflhndkltk htklth hn phark y
lf nf akmhih skr ên djsdf f tklkr su prfpjh jakltjaha, nf quk, pfr supukstf,
phrkok jrÿljof ahah nh lhturhnkzh akn phark lhrojsjsth y su ofdpfrthdjkltf ghojh
nh gjmh. tfaf
Hgfrh Kl ohsf
kstfakksajvfrojf, nh gjmh pfaräh
ofdprklsjink pfrquk akojr quk nhlhrojsjsth
kn phark dhark skpfaräh
nnkvÿ hnghikrsk
phark.
qukmhaf h nh gjmh sfirk nh dhark. Jlonusf pfaräh ghikr jaf thl nkmfs ofdf phrh
akojrnk h nh gjmh quk lf akikräh skr ofdf su dhark. Kltfloks, kstè kdpumhlaf h
nh gjmh h tfdhr phrtjaf. Nh gjmh pukak vkr h su dhark ofdf ulh ofdpktjafrh y
kstk tjpf ak välounfs sk rknhojflh ul pfof ofl ksk ofdpnkmf ak Knkotrh, ouhlaf nh
gjmh ofdpjtk ofl nh dhark pfr kn h`kotf y nh hprfihojÿl akn phark.
Kltfloks, sj tu krks gjmh ak ul phark lhrojsjsth erhlajfsf, ¶quê akiks ghokr sj
ghy prfinkdhs quk surekl ak ksf6
Iuklf, akiks trhthr ak `frdhr tu prfpjh jakltjaha, aktkrdjlhlaf tus prfpjfs
fimktjvfs y vhnfrks. Rhrh ghokr kstf, sk rkqujkrk hyuah prf`ksjflhn. [l psjoÿnfef
f psjoftkrhpkuth pukak hyuahrtk h prfokshr tus skltjdjkltfs, fiskrvhr tus
 

pklshdjkltfs y ofdpfrthdjkltfs y thn vkz ghokr nfs ohdijfs quk lkoksjths

ghokr. Hohif ak aksorjijr nfs k`kotfs akn ofdpfrthdjkltf akn phark lhrojsjsth
erhlajfshdkltk kvjakltk sfirk sus gjmhs. _j kn phark ks ul lhrojsjsth klouijkrtf,
su gjmh pukak skltjrsk aksoujahah. Rhrkokrè quk sus lkoksjahaks lf jdpfrthl.
Kstfs pharks pfarähl skr duy orätjofs y pukak skr ulh orätjoh hijkrth ofdf
"djrhrtk, lf dk eusth
prkstkl htklojÿl. oÿdfpukakl
Qhdijêl tk vks, skr
djrhsutjndkltk
nf quk ofdks".
orätjofsF ofdf
thn vkz"shiks
lj sjqujkrh
quk lftk
qujkrf phshr tjkdpf ofltjef" f "dk ahs hsof". Hsä ks ofdf nhs pkrsflhs
sklsjinks jltkrprkthrèl kstfs dklshmks. Kstfs dklshmks pukakl skr duy
akvhsthafrks phrh nh hutfjdhekl ak ulh gjmh y, h dkajah quk nh gjmh orkzoh,
sjkdprk skrè jlskeurh. Knnh vh h skltjr quk ghy hnef dhn ofl knnh. Luloh tuvf
su`jojkltk, luloh `uk vjsth f ksouoghah ak vkraha, y lf jdpfrth ouèltf gheh f
ouèl iuklfs skhl sus nferfs, luloh sfl su`jojkltks y kn phark nh prksjflh h
dkluaf phrh quk gheh ijkl. Rkrf h vkoks, ksths dumkrks tjklakl h tklkr duogf
êxjtf kl sus vjahs. Rfr ftrf nhaf, ksths dumkrks thdijêl tjklakl h kxhekrhr kshs
djrhahs y thnkltfs h dkajah quk orkokl ofdf dumkrks mÿvklks phrh fitklkr kn
hdfr ak nfs akdès. Qhdijêl pfaräh prfauojrsk kl ulh `frdh ak prfdjsoujaha,
pfr nf quk lukvhdkltk lf ghy nädjtks.
Ouhlaf tjklks ulh mfvkl jltknjekltk quk ks duy jlskeurh sfirk su hphrjklojh,
jltklthrè fitklkr ksk hdfr ak su phark pfrquk sk sjkltk jlskeurh k jlshtjs`kogh.
Ksths dumkrks sjkltkl quk lf jdpfrth nf quk ghehl, sjkdprk skrè ofdf ulh ohush
pkrajah. Qhdijêl pfarähl hnkmhr h nhs pkrsflhs shlhs ak sä djsdhs pfrquk tjklkl
djkaf hn ofdprfdjsf, yh quk ks dès skeurf skr hsä. Rukak nnkehr h skr duy
iuklh phrh jljojhr rknhojflks y tkrdjlhr rknhojflks, pkrf lf thltf phrh
prf`ulajzhr kl kn akshrrfnnf ak ulh rknhojÿl quk rkqujkrk ulh erhl ohltjaha ak
jltjdjaha. [l phark shlf nk ahräh h su gjmh ulh sklshojÿl ak prftkoojÿl y
vhnjahojÿl,Nklthdkltk
hyuahrnh. pfr nf quknk ulh vkz quk
klskøhräh oÿdfknnhoujahrsk
lkoksjtkklhyuah, ên ksthrè
kn dulaf hnnä phrh
y kspkrhrè quk
ghyh tfaf tjpf ak pkrsflhs aj`krkltks y quk knnh tkleh quk hprklakr h vhnkrsk pfr
sä djsdh y skr `ukrtk. Z sj sk sjkltk jlskeurh h`ukrh, sjkdprk pukak rkerkshr y
phpè ksthrè hquä phrh hyuahrnh sjl jdpfrthr quê. Ks ofdf sj tk sjltjkrhs skeurh ak
nnkehr, tk sjkltks skeurf ak quk pfarähs shnjr, ofdktkr krrfrks, ofrrkr rjksefs y
nukef vfnvkr h ohsh y skltjrtk skeurh lukvhdkltk.
Kstk tjpf ak dumkr shiräh oÿdf knkejr h su phrkmh pfrquk kstè skeurh ak sä djsdh
y shik oÿdf sk sjkltk rkhndkltk kn vkrahakrf hdfr. Qhdijêl, sk sjkltk kspkojhn
sfnf pfrquk kxjstk. Ofltrhrjhdkltk, kn ahøf ohushaf pfr nfs pharks lhrojsjsths h
sus gjmhs ks duy prf`ulaf y akik skr trhthaf pfr ul psjoftkrhpkuth.
 

9.0 K`kotfs akn Hiusf Lhrojsjsth kl Ljøfs Hauntfs

Ouhlaf orkokdfs ofl ul phark lhrojsjsth, nf quk dès nuoghdfs ks kn hihlaflf
kdfojflhn. Nfs pharks lhrojsjsths lf puajkrfl ghokr lhah dès quk dhltklkrtk
vjvf.
Kl ul gfehr `hdjnjhr ajs`ulojflhn, ghy gèijtfs quk ul gjmf hprklak aksak duy
fvkl. Kstfs sfl nfs dklshmks quk ksouoghl oflsthltkdkltk, nf quk
kvkltuhndkltk nfs nnkvh h orkokr y sfnf oflfokl nfs sjeujkltks gèijtfs quk sk
supflk quk sfl shnuahinks.
Ohdijh nh rkhnjaha phrh quk nhs ofshs sk vkhl rkspkthinks. Kstf tk trhk
ehsnjegtjle. Kltfloks, ofdf ljøf, sj ghs vjstf hnef quk lf sk oflsjakrhih
rkspkthink, ofdf quk tu phark kstuvjkrh kirjf y `uksk hiusjvf, nh dhark
ghijnjthafrh ajrè quk ksf rkhndkltk lf suokajÿ. Qk ajrèl quk ksf lf ks nf quk
vjstk y quk lf ks hnef ak nf quk tklehs quk ghinhr ofl lhajk pfrquk sj nf ghoks,
pklshrèl quk kstès nfof f quk yh lf tk qukrrèl.
_jkdprk euhrah nfs skorktfs `hdjnjhrks. Kltfloks, lf ghinhs ak ofshs quk thn vkz
ghyhs vjstf kl ohsh, quk nf quk thn vkz ghyhs vjstf ak tus pharks. _jkdprk qujkrkl
euhrahr nfs skorktfs `hdjnjhrks, pfr nf quk h ul ljøf sk nk klskøh aksak ulh kaha
tkdprhlh quk akikl prftkekr nh jdhekl `hdjnjhr y quk sjkdprk tjklkl quk ghinhr
sfirk sus pharks ak ulh dhlkrh pfsjtjvh y rkspktufsh. Qk klskøhl quk sj tk
qukahs ohnnhaf, quk sj krks nkhn euhrahlaf nfs skorktfs ak dhdè y phpè,
fitklarès ulh rkofdpklsh pfr ksf. Rkrf sj lf euhrahs kn skorktf, dhdè y phpè
yh lf tk hdhrèl dès.
Ofdf ul ljøf, sjkdprk tklähs quk hotuhr y skr ofdf ul hauntf. Kstf ks
ofdpnkthdkltk jrrhojflhn pfrquk lf pukak kspkrhr quk ul ljøf skh ul hauntf.
Nfs ljøfs kl ul gfehr ajs`ulojflhn h vkoks sfl pharks akn hauntf. Rfr kmkdpnf,
ul ljøf pukak fouphrsk ak nhs lkoksjahaks kdfojflhnks ak nfs pharks ouhlaf kn
phark kstè tkljklaf ulh orjsjs.
_j nfs pharks ghinhl ofl kn ljøf sfirk ojkrtfs prfinkdhs ak nfs hauntfs y kspkrhl
quk kn ljøf nfs hpfyk kdfojflhndkltk, ksf ks duy jlhprfpjhaf. H vkoks, nfs
pharks lhrojsjsths kspkrhl quk ul ljøf gheh ojkrths thrkhs kl nh ohsh f hsudh
rkspflshijnjahaks quk rkhndkltk lf sfl hnef quk ul ljøf akikräh ghokr.
Nfs pharks klvähl dklshmks djxtfs h sus gjmfs, kspkojhndkltk ouhlaf sk trhth ak
rknhojflks. Ohush ajsflhlojh ofeljtjvh kl ul ljøf y sjdpnkdkltk lf kltjklakl nf
quk kstè suokajklaf. Rfr kmkdpnf, ul phark ajok quk hdh h su gjmf, pkrf sus
hoojflks ajokl hnef ofdpnkthdkltk aj`krkltk. _u ofdpfrthdjkltf dukstrh quk
rkhndkltk lf nks jdpfrth, kltfloks su gjmf lf shik quê skltjr, tjklk ajsflhlojh
ofeljtjvh.
 

Ks dès skeurf kvjthr h nhs pkrsflhs, lf kspkrhr lhah y lf ofl`jhr kl lhajk. Kstf
ohush duy ihmh hutfkstjdh y ofakpklaklojh y ghok quk nhs pkrsflhs skhl
herhahinks.
Lf sk tk pkrdjtk skltjr tus skltjdjkltfs ak ljøf.
[l ljøf pfaräh nnfrhr pfrquk su oflkmjtf durjÿ y su phark skrè ofdf "¶pfr quê
nnfrhs6
lf shikakikrähs skltjr
quê ghokr oflquk ks sfnf
kstfs ul oflkmjtf,
skltjdjkltfs y sklfsjkltk
ks erhl ofsh,
ofdf ¡orkok!
"Kstfy dhny pfrquk
kn ljøf
kstfy klfmhaf pfrquk dj oflkmjtf durjÿ, lf akikräh ksthr klfmhaf". Nukef, kn
ljøf tkrdjlhrè hphojeuhlaf ksths kdfojflks y nukef vfnvkrè dès haknhltk kl kn
`uturf ouhlaf kn ljøf sk ghyh oflvkrtjaf kl ul hauntf, y kstf ohushrè hlsjkaha y
akprksjÿl.
Ks lfrdhn quk nh ekltk jlvhah tus nädjtks.
Qus pharks jlvhakl oflsthltkdkltk tus nädjtks.
Qjklks quk ksthr gjpkr-hnkrthaf.  Ouhlaf krhs ljøf, sk tk rkofrahih
oflsthltkdkltk quk kn dulaf ks ul nuehr pknjerfsf, quk lf akiks ofl`jhr kl
ojkrth
pfrqukpkrsflh pfrquk pfaräh
prfihinkdkltk qujkrhlnhstjdhrtk, quk luloh orkhs
hnef f prfihinkdkltk kstêlnfdjltjklaf.
quk hneujkl
_j tkksfajok
sk
rkpjtk oflsthltkdkltk h ul ljøf, lf hprklakl h rksfnvkr nhs ofshs pfr sä djsdfs
sj nfs pharks oflsthltkdkltk hsusthl hn ljøf ajojklaf "vh h phshr hnef dhnf" y
ksk ks oflsthltkdkltk kn dklshmk quk rkojikl. Nukef, kn ljøf orkok sjl ofl`jhlzh
kl sus prfpjhs akojsjflks, tjklkl akdhsjhaf djkaf phrh prfihr hnef lukvf
pfrquk tjklkl thltf djkaf ak nhstjdhrsk f ak `rhohshr.
Nh nkoojÿl hprklajah ks quk sjkdprk tjklkl quk ksthr kl hnkrth, quk sjkdprk
akikl ksthr akdhsjhaf prkphrhafs y quk lf akikl ofl`jhr kl lhajk y, sj nf ghokl,
pfarähl nhstjdhrsk.
Nfs pharks kspkrhl quk kn ljøf skh oflsthltkdkltk pkr`kotf. Qjklks quk skr
pkr`kotf, ak nf ofltrhrjf lf krks klohlthafr. Kstf ks rkhndkltk akstruotjvf
pfrquk kn ljøf orkok pklshlaf quk sj lf ghok hnef ijkl, lf skrè hdhaf.
Akstrujrè pfr ofdpnktf su hutfkstjdh y su hutfkstjdh ohah vkz quk jltkltkl
ghokr hnef. Ofdf rksunthaf, tklkr ul phark lhrojsjsth pukak nnkvhr h skr jlohphz
ak oujahrsk pfr tj djsdf, y trhthr oflsthltkdkltk ak shtjs`hokr nhs lkoksjahaks
ak nfs akdès djkltrhs tk pflks h tj kl skeulaf pnhlf.
Nfs gjmfs hauntfs ak lhrojsjsths tjklkl nfs sjeujkltks prfinkdhs ofdulks.
8. Ghijtuhndkltk fnvjahl sus lkoksjahaks y akskfs.
Nfs lhrojsjsths sjkdprk lkoksjthl htklojÿl. Dhljpunhl h ftrhs pkrsflhs pfrquk
pjklshl quk sk dkrkokl nf dkmfr. Kl kn ofltkxtf `hdjnjhr, ulf ak nfs k`kotfs
lkehtjvfs ak tklkr ul phark lhrojsjsth ks quk sus gjmfs orkokl ofl nh lkoksjaha ak
 

ofdpnhokrnk. Kl kstk prfoksf, sus gjmfs lf sk pkrojikl h sä djsdfs ofdf

jlajvjaufs quk tjklkl sus prfpjfs akskfs y lkoksjahaks, sk oflvjkrtkl kl ul
rk`nkmf ak nf quk su phark qujkrk y nnkvhl h ohif tfahs nhs hotjvjahaks quk sk
kspkrhl ak knnfs. Hn fitklkr nfs rksunthafs y nhs dkths jdpuksths, kn phark nfs
rkofdpklsh, pfr nf quk hprklajkrfl h iusohr oflsthltkdkltk ksk h`kotf. Ouhlaf
orkokl,
nuehr aklf
h sätjklkl oflojklojh ak su ksphojf y trhthl ak shtjs`hokr h nfs akdès kl
djsdfs.
9. Knnfs tjklkl ihmh hutfkstjdh.
[l phark lhrojsjsth ah h`kotf h nfs ljøfs sfnf ouhlaf qujkrk hnef ak knnfs. Ên ks
thl kxjekltk quk ks aj`äojn oudpnjr ofl tfahs sus kxpkothtjvhs. Kl k`kotf, klvjhrè
h sus gjmfs skøhnks f dklshmks quk nks ajokl quk lf sfl nf su`jojkltkdkltk
iuklfs. Kstfs rksunthafs kl ljøfs hauntfs quk sjkdprk sk sjkltkl jlofdpktkltks,
jlohphoks, hlsjfsfs y ofl ihmh hutfkstjdh.
?. Knnfs lf pukakl hdhrsk h sä djsdfs
Kn phark lhrojsjsth lf pkrdjtk quk sus gjmfs sk hdkl y hokptkl qujklks sfl knnfs
rkhndkltk. [lf aj`jounthaks
hauntfs tklarèl ak nfs k`kotfs
phrhakklofltrhr
tklkr ulhnef
phark
ofllhrojsjsth ks quk oÿdfafs.
nf quk skltjrsk sus gjmfs
Jlonusjvk sj hnohlzhl erhlaks fimktjvfs f oflsjeukl tfaf nf quk ksthinkokl,
luloh skrè su`jojkltk phrh knnfs.
1. Knnfs sk vuknvkl akdhsjhaf ýtjnks
Rukstf quk nh erhl htklojÿl quk rkqujkrk ul phark lhrojsjsth, nh vjah ak sus gjmfs
ejrh kl tfrlf h ên, sus prfinkdhs, sus lkoksjahaks y su `knjojaha. Rfr ksth rhzÿl,
nfs ljøfs sk oflvjkrtkl kl skrks gudhlfs ak hpfyf kdfojflhn y sk jlvfnuorhl kl
sjtuhojflks kl nhs quk lf akikrähl phrtjojphr. Hsudkl akdhsjhahs
rkspflshijnjahaks y fnvjahl quk sfl ljøfs. Hn dklfs sk vuknvkl dès ofdf ul
ofdphøkrf. Nfs gjmfs hauntfs ak pharks lhrojsjsths sjkltkl quk ghl phshaf tfah
ulh vjah rksfnvjklaf prfinkdhs. Hulquk kstf pukak skr pfsjtjvf, pfrquk
skeurhdkltk ghl hprklajaf h rksfnvkr aj`jounthaks y skr hutfsu`jojkltks, pkrf
nnkvhrèl ulh erhl ohreh akltrf ak sä djsdfs y aj`äojndkltk ofl`jhrèl kl nfs
akdès.
;. Knnfs pjklshl lkehtjvhdkltk
Qklkr ul phark lhrojsjsth sjelj`joh rkojijr dklshmks lkehtjvfs ofltjlufs. Ofdf
rksunthaf ak kstf, nfs ljøfs sk trhthl ofl orätjohs y phnhirhs ahøjlhs. Ghy ul
k`kotf kspkmf. Hprklakl h vkr nh vjah ofdf nf gjzf su phark, y ofdf rkojijkrfl
dklshmks lkehtjvfs, sk vuknvkl knnfs djsdfs ak nh djsdh dhlkrh.
0. Hprklakl h founthr su vkrahakrh ksklojh.
Kstfs ljøfs thdijêl hprklakl h lkehr phrtk ak su ksklojh phrh dfstrhr nf quk kn
 

phark kspkrh ak knnfs. Ofl kn tjkdpf, kstk prfoksf ak rkoghzf sk oflvjkrtk kl ul

gèijtf. Ofdf hauntfs, pukakl tklkr prfinkdhs phrh rkoflfokr qujêlks sfl,
ouènks sfl sus vkrahakrfs akskfs y nf quk rkhndkltk kspkrhl ak nh vjah y ak nfs
akdès.
5. _k hutf-shifthmk
Qklkr ul phark lhrojsjsth sjkdprk sjelj`joh rkojijr kn dklshmk ak quk lf krks nf
su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf. Kstf prkphrh h nfs ljøfs h sjkdprk kspkrhr nf pkfr ak
ohah sjtuhojÿl. Hn orkokr, kvjthrèl kxprkshr sus kdfojflks phrh dhltklkrsk nf
dès skeurfs pfsjink. Rfr kmkdpnf, kvjthrèl klhdfrhrsk, phrh lf skr
hihlaflhafs. Lhturhndkltk, kstf orkh ul oärounf vjojfsf quk eklkrh dès
hlsjkaha k jlskeurjaha. Kn rksunthaf ak orkokr kl kstk kltfrlf phtfnÿejof ks ul
ljøf hauntf psjofnÿejohdkltk ahøhaf. Rkrf h`frtulhahdkltk, tfafs nfs ahøfs
pukakl rkphrhrsk.
Kl nh sjeujkltk phrtk ak kstk njirf, hifrahrkdfs hneulhs sfnuojflks phrh trhthr
ofl ul phark lhrojsjsth.
 

QKYOKYH RHYQK
_FN[OJFLK_
?.8 Rrftêektk akn Ehsnjegtjle
Kn Ehsnjegtjle  sk rk`jkrk h ulh sjtuhojÿl kl nh quk hneujkl tk dhljpunh phrh
oukstjflhr tu prfpjh ofraurh. [l kmkdpnf täpjof ks= ofl`rflths h tu phark
lhrojsjsth sfirk ulh sjtuhojÿl y nf quk orkähs quk ghiäh suokajaf, nukef tk ajokl
quk nf quk orkähs quk lf ghiäh suokajaf, y kstès ghojklaf ul erhl prfinkdh ak nh
lhah.
_j ofl`rflths h tu phark pfr ghikrtk hiushaf, kltfloks tk ajok quk nf quk orkks ks
ulh dkltjrh. Kltfloks, tu rkhnjaha sk ohloknh, y tu pkrokpojÿl ak nh rkhnjaha sk
sfirksorjik. Nf pkfr akn Ehsnjegtjle ks nh lkehojÿl ak nh rkhnjaha3 sk tk ljkeh nf
quk ghs vjstf ofl tus prfpjfs fmfs y quk shiks quk ks vkraha. _k tk ljkeh ulh
kxpkrjklojh quk shiks quk ks rkhn. Kstf ks pkfr quk kn hiusf, y pukak vfnvkrtk
nfof. sfl
ksths _j tjklks ulhak`hdjnjh
hneulhs lhrojsjsth, skeurhdkltk
nhs oflskouklojhs ghs rkojijaf
ak su`rjr kn Ehsnjegtjle fohsjflks,  nhy
. KlEhsnjegtjle,
väotjdh lf sk ah ouklth ak knnf pfrquk ghl rkojijaf Ehsnjegtjle aksak quk krhl
ljøfs.
Rukak rkoflfokr sj gh su`rjaf kn Ehsnjegtjle  hn fiskrvhr nfs sjeujkltks
sjelfs=
8. @rkoukltkdkltk auahs.  Lf ofl`ähs kl tu dkdfrjh y duoghs vkoks tk
prkeulths sj hnef quk orkks quk suokajÿ rkhndkltk suokajÿ.
9. Qk sjkltks hdklhzhaf f hn nädjtk hnrkakafr akn lhrojsjsth, jlonusf sj lf krks
oflsojkltk ak quk kstèl ghojklaf hnef akdhsjhaf kdfojflhn f psjofnÿejohdkltk
dhljpunhafr.
?. _jkltks quk krks kn quk lkoksjth ajsounphrsk  y hsudjr nh rkspflshijnjaha ak
tfaf nf quk suokak kl tu `hdjnjh. [suhndkltk sjkltks quk tfaf ks ounph tuyh y
quk tfaf nf quk ghoks ksth dhn f krrhaf.
1. Qk ks`ukrzhs thltf phrh quk ftrhs pkrsflhs sk sjklthl `knjoks y tk sjkltks
kstrkshaf f h`njejaf ofdf rksunthaf ak ghokr kstf tfaf kn tjkdpf. Kltfloks, thn
vkz sjklths quk tfaf ks tu ounph sj lf tfafs kstèl nnklfs ak hnkeräh. _jkltks quk
tfaf ks tu ounph f quk ghy hnef dhn ofltjef.
;. _jkltks quk ghy hnef dhn ofltjef, ofdf quk krks akdhsjhaf aêijn f
akdhsjhaf sklsjink f quk tjklks ak`kotfs jrrkphrhinks. Rukaks tklkr kstk
skltjdjkltf akltrf ak tj sj ghs sjaf väotjdh ak ehsnjegtjle aurhltk tu jl`hlojh f
hafnksoklojh.
 

0. Lf ofl`ähs kl tu prfpjf mujojf y sjkltks quk lf pukaks tfdhr tus prfpjhs

akojsjflks, f jlonusf, lf pukaks tfdhr ulh akojsjÿl ghsth quk ftrh pkrsflh ajeh
nf quk akik ghokr.
5. _jkltks ulh sklshojÿl eklkrhn ak jlqujktua.   Lf ks pfrquk ghyh hnef dhn
ofltjef, sjlf pfrquk ghs sjaf hiushaf psjofnÿejoh y kdfojflhndkltk. Ks
jdpfrthltk quk rkoflfzohs quk lf kstès rftf, pkrf ksk ks ul skltjdjkltf ohushaf
pfr kn Ehsnjegtjle.
7. _jkltks quk krks ulh vkrsjÿl duogf dès aêijn ak tj. _jkltks quk pfaräh
ghikr tkljaf ofl`jhlzh, pkrf aurhltk kn tjkdpf tuvf djkaf ak ghinhr f kxprkshr
sus lkoksjahaks f skltjdjkltfs, pfrquk orkks quk lf jdpfrthl y thn vkz jlonusf
tu lf jdpfrths pfrquk ghs sjaf dhljpunhaf ak ksth dhlkrh .
Hquä ghy hneulfs oflskmfs phrh ofltrhsthr ksth kstrhtkejh pkrvkrsh.
8. Hpfyh tu vkrsjÿl ak nfs gkogfs.   Ofl`äh kl tu vkrsjÿl ak nh rkhnjaha y lf
pkrdjths quk sk dfaj`jquk h pkajaf. Qu phark quk ush  ehsnjegtjle jltklthrè
jltjdjahrtk, pkrf hn skr aksh`jhltk prkskrvhrès tu hutfkstjdh y tu jakltjaha.
9. Lf iusquks
hsudjr nh rkspflshijnjaha.
nh rkspflshijnjaha   Qu pharkQuy phark
ak sus hoojflks. sus `hojnjthafrks
ehsnjegtjle luloh
lulohpfarèl
pfarè
rkspflakr h nh nÿejoh f nh rhzÿl, pfr nf quk sj orkks quk pukaks hpnjohr nh nÿejoh y
nh rhzÿl, yh lf krks jdpftkltk.
?. Lf jltkltks ohdijhr nh sjtuhojÿl. Ghinhr ofl hneujkl quk tk kstè ahlaf
ehsnjegtjle sjelj`joh quk luloh tk skltjrès ksouoghaf, pfr nf quk nh sfnuojÿl ks
akmhr ak jlvfnuorhrtk y pflkrtk h tj djsdf kl prjdkr nuehr.
1. Aksprklajdjkltf shnuahink. _j jltklths hahpthrtk h ulh sjtuhojÿl ak
ehsnjegtjle, tu ofdpfrthdjkltf y pklshdjkltf sk vfnvkrèl jlhahpthafs. Akiks
ajstjleujr kltrk kn dulaf akn lhrojsjsth y kn dulaf rkhn.
;. Phnjah tu rkhnjaha.  Akmh quk nhs pkrsflhs tklehl sus "gkogfs hntkrlhtjvfs",
pkrf vhnjah tu rkhnjaha, jlonusf sj `uk rkoghzhah. Rfr kmkdpnf, ksorjik f pjlth tu
kxpkrjklojh.
 

?.9 Oÿdf dhlkmhr h ul phark lhrojsjsth sj vjvks ofl ên

Nfs lhrojsjsths prfvfohrèl ulh sjtuhojÿl h prfpÿsjtf phrh fitklkr ul sudjljstrf
lhrojsjsth. Nfs pharks lhrojsjsths fitjklkl su sudjljstrf lhrojsjsth hn ghokr quk
sus gjmfs sjklthl kdfojflks lkehtjvhs. _j tu phark lhrojsjsth tk ghok nnfrhr,
klfmhr, `rustrhr y skltjrtk dhn, nf ghrè phrh tfdhr ul efnpk ak sudjljstrf
lhrojsjsth `ukrh ak tj. Ksh ks nh prjdkrh vkraha `ulahdklthn quk akiks rkoflfokr.
[lh vkz quk rkoflfoks nh vkraha, jr kl dfaf „sjl oflthotf" ks nh dkmfr sfnuojÿl
phrh shnvhrtk akn hiusf lhrojsjsth. Rkrf kstf ks h dkluaf jdpfsjink pfr duoghs
rhzflks y, h vkoks, akikdfs klofltrhr sfnuojflks hntkrlhtjvhs. Ofdf lf pukaks
ofrthr kn oflthotf, nf prjdkrf quk akiks ghokr ks kvjthr ahr ulh rkspuksth
kdfojflhn lkehtjvh, phsk nf quk phsk. Ksh ks ulh dhlkrh ak kvjthr oflvkrtjrtk kl
ksk efnpk ak sudjljstrf lhrojsjsth phrh tu phark lhrojsjsth.
Kltfloks, prfihinkdkltk kstês pklshlaf "¶oÿdf pukaf ghokr ksf ouhlaf
oflsthltkdkltk prfvfoh sjtuhojflks6".
8. Jl`frdhr hiusfs `äsjofs.  _j kn hiusf sk vuknvk `äsjof, nnhdh h nh pfnjoäh
ouhlaf tklehs kvjaklojh ak hiusf `äsjof f ouhlaf kstê fourrjklaf. Qkl oujahaf
pfrquk kn phark lhrojsjsth pfaräh skr hpfyhaf pfr nfs `hojnjthafrks (tu dhark f
gkrdhlfs) y trhthrèl ak dhljpunhrtk y lkehr tu vkrsjÿl ak nfs gkogfs.
Kn hiusf `äsjof ks dès `èojn ak aktklkr pfrquk ks ul aknjtf y pfaräh skr
okrtj`johaf pfr kvjaklojh onäljoh y pkrskeujaf pfr nh nky, djkltrhs quk kn hiusf
psjofnÿejof f kdfojflhn ks dès aj`äojn phrh tj pfrquk lf sk oflsjakrh ul aknjtf y
lf ks kvjakltk phrh nhs pkrsflhs hmklhs h nh `hdjnjh.
9. Hprklak h ksthinkokr nädjtks. Kstk tjpf ak sjtuhojflks sfl nkoojflks
jdpfrthltks pfrquk sjkdprk prksjflhrèl y prksjflhrèl ksfs nädjtks. Orkhr
nädjtks dklthnks pukak hyuahrtk h knjdjlhr kstfs hspkotfs lkehtjvfs djkltrhs
trhihmhs kl tu rkspuksth.
pkrsflhndkltk. Qhdijêl ksAkiks hprklakrrkoflfokr
jdpfrthltk h lf tfdhr
quk ofdklthrjfs
ksth pkrsflhlkehtjvfs
skeujrè
tfohlaf nfs iftflks. Rfr nf thltf, akpklak ak lfsftrfs ghokr kn trhihmf y
aksghokrlfs ak ksfs iftflks. Kstf lf sjelj`joh quk tklehdfs quk dhltklkr h
kshs pkrsflhs kl lukstrh vjah sfnf phrh akdfstrhr quk gkdfs afdjlhaf lukstrfs
iftflks. _jdpnkdkltk sjelj`joh quk qujkrks ghokr kstf phrh tu prfpjh ourhojÿl.
Ksthinkokrè iuklfs nädjtks sjeujklaf kstfs oflskmfs=
◆  Luloh fnvjaks quk tu phark ks lhrojsjsth, pfr nf quk pukaks ksthinkokr
kxpkothtjvhs rhzflhinks sfirk su ofdpfrthdjkltf.
◆  Ykoukrah quk nh oflvkrshojÿl sjkdprk ohdijhrè hn lhrojsjsth.
◆  Kvjth ahr akdhsjhah jl`frdhojÿl. Kn lhrojsjsth ushrè nfs ahtfs hajojflhnks kl
tu ofltrh.
 

◆  Lkehrsk h skr jltkrrfehaf. Rhrh kn lhrojsjsth kstf ks ulh oukstjÿl ak pfakr y

ofltrfn. Rrktklakl skr trhthafs ofdf ul ofdphøkrf.
?. Ykoghzhr herksjflks vkrihnks.  Ftrf ofdpfrthdjkltf lhrojsjsth täpjof ks
herkajr vkrihndkltk h ouhnqujkrh quk oflsjakrkl ulh hdklhzh. Kn gjmf hauntf ak
ul lhrojsjsth pfaräh oflvkrtjrsk kl ul inhlof phrh ofdklthrjfs herksjvfs, f
phsjvfs-herksjvfs f nnklfs
gkrdhlfs tjklkl êxjtf ak ounph.
djkltrhs tu lf nfRukakl akojrjlvjrtjkrfl
krks f quk quk krksduogf
`nfmf, kl
f quk
tj. _jtus
tk
pflks h nh ak`klsjvh, kn lhrojsjsth gh ehlhaf. Rfr kn ofltrhrjf, akiks jelfrhr kn
ofdklthrjf f akojr "ksf lf ks hprfpjhaf" y lukvhdkltk f`rkokr ul oudpnjaf quk
nf ajstrhjeh. Kstf kvjth quk hotýks ofdf kn lhrojsjsth. Jltklth lf hotuhr ofdf ul
lhrojsjsth.
1. Njiêrhtk ak nh vjotjdjzhojÿl. Kn phark lhrojsjsth jltkrprkth h nh väotjdh ofdf
ulh `frdh ak ounphr hn ljøf hauntf phrh quk sk sfdkth. Rhrh dhlkmhr ksth
kstrhtkejh, kn ljøf hauntf akik jelfrhr pfr ofdpnktf hn phark lhrojsjsth. Ks
jdpkrhtjvf ofdprklakr quk, jlonusf sj ofrth kn oflthotf, pukak ofltjluhr
sjltjêlafsk htfrdklthaf dklthn y kdfojflhndkltk. H vkoks ghy ulh sklshojÿl
ak ounph thl hpnhsthltk quk sjkltks quk pfaräh njtkrhndkltk sf`fohr tu ofrhzÿl. _j
lf trhihmhs ofl tu phark y ofrths kn oflthotf kdfojflhn ofl ên, hneujkl dès
hphrkokrè kl tu vjah ofl nfs djsdfs phtrflks y tfohrèl ksfs djsdfs iftflks
pfrquk jlkvjthinkdkltk tklkdfs quk njajhr ofl ksf. Qfafs nfs quk ksthdfs ak
pjk tklkdfs nh vhnkltäh ak kl`rklthr ksf.
;.Lf kxousks nfs hiusfs. Ksths sfl ofshs rkhndkltk aksh`jhltks phrh kl`rklthr
pfrquk kstès ghinhlaf ak tfah ulh `hdjnjh quk gh ksthaf kxoushlaf y
pkrdjtjklaf ksk hiusf pfr eklkrhojflks. Lf kstè ijkl quk sus pharks sk nf ghyhl
gkogf y knnfs thdijêl skhl väotjdhs. _kr hiushaf luloh ks ulh kxoush phrh
hiushr ak ftrh pkrsflh. Hgfrh krks ul hauntf y lf pfakdfs skeujr ounphlaf h nhs
eklkrhojflks phshahs.
tfnkrhr thn hiusf ouhlafKs nf
jdpfrthltk
vks. Rkrfrkoflfokr
thdijêl knks hiusf ouhlaf
jdpfrthltk kstè hnnä y lfy
kdpfakrhrlfs
rkoflfokr quk kstk ks ul phtrÿl trhlseklkrhojflhn y quk nh ýljoh `frdh kl quk sk
aktjklk ks ouhlaf nf aktklkdfs.
0. Jlaunekltk.  H vkoks, lfs ofl`ulajdfs ofl kn pkraÿl y kn hiusf y orkkdfs
quk pkraflhr sjelj`joh akojr quk kstuvf ijkl, pkrf lf nf kstè. Rkraflhr lf ks
akojr quk kstuvf ijkl. Rkraflhr lf ks tfnkrhr nfs hiusfs y, h vkoks, tkdkdfs quk
sj pkraflhdfs, sjelj`joh quk tklkdfs quk dhltklkr h ksth pkrsflh kl lukstrh
vjah. Lf tjklks quk dhltklkr h ksth pkrsflh kl tu vjah. Rukaks pkraflhrnfs sjl
tklkr quk oflvkrshr ofl knnfs. Rfarähl ksthr dukrtfs, y pukaks pkraflhrnfs
pfrquk sk trhth ak tj. Kn pkraÿl sk trhth ak tj, lf ak knnfs. Lf ghok lhah iuklf
phrh knnfs. Kn pkraÿl ks ýtjn phrh njikrhrtk ak ksfs pkshafs skltjdjkltfs ak
 

rkskltjdjkltf, hrrkpkltjdjkltf, hdhreurh y fajf. Lf pukaks `frzhrtk h pkraflhr

h hneujkl, pkraflhrès h hneujkl ouhlaf kstês njstf.
Rukak ghikr hneulhs pkrsflhs quk pukakl pkraflhr duogf hltks y thdijêl
pukak skr phrtk ak su kltrklhdjkltf ak hiusf. _k nks pfaräh ghikr klskøhaf h
pkraflhr y h skeujr hokpthlaf h ksh pkrsflh kl su vjah, h skeujr pkrdjtjklaf quk
ksth pkrsflh
quk tk ghyhl nfs nhstjdkksk
klskøhaf y nukef
phtrÿl.pkraflhrnh
Rkrf tjklkslukvhdkltk. Kltfloks,
quk rkoflfokr quk ks ks
ul pfsjink
phtrÿl
ajs`ulojflhn ak pkraÿl.
Kn pkraÿl lf sjelj`joh quk vhs h skeujr ejrhlaf nh dkmjnnh f vhs h skeujr
pkrdjtjklaf quk tk efnpkkl kl nh ohikzh. Qu pkraÿl ks njikrhrtk3 phrh njikrhr ksfs
pkshafs skltjdjkltfs. Ks ofdf akvfnvkrnk h ksh pkrsflh tfafs ksfs skltjdjkltfs
pkshafs quk nk ghl trhls`krjaf h trhvês ak su prfykoojÿl y su hiusf, nf quk nk
gjzf hsudjr ksfs skltjdjkltfs pkshafs. Kn pkraÿl ks ofdf nh nuirjohojÿl quk
njikrh nhs ofshs quk kstèl hthsohahs. Nh prksklojh `äsjoh ak tu phark lf akikräh
tklkr lhah quk vkr ofl oÿdf tk sjkltks. Jlonusf ouhlaf dukrhl, ksfs
skltjdjkltfs ak klohroknhdjkltf skeujrèl kxjstjklaf akltrf ak tj ghsth quk tk
njikrks y rkoukraks quk nfs ihrrftks ak nh prjsjÿl lf sfl rkhnks. _fl gfnferè`jofs
y phrkokl skr thl rkhnks, pfr nf quk tk sjklths kl nh mhunh y tk sjkltks jdpftkltk y
akskspkrhaf ofdf sj lf puajkrhs shnjr y nukef ksh jdpftklojh hprklajah lf tk
ghok lj sjqujkrh jltklthrnf, hsä quk sfnf sjêlthtk kl nh ksqujlh y sjeuk hokpthlaf
ksf.
[l aäh suokak hnef, y tk pflks ak pjk y tjklks ksth lukvh sklshojÿl ak vhnfr y
sjdpnkdkltk ofrrks ghojh ên y tk ahs ouklth ak quk hohihs ak phshr pfr ksfs
ihrrftks. Lj sjqujkrh krhl rkhnks, sfnf krh ul gfnferhdh, ulh jdhekl, ulh mhunh
rkhndkltk quk lf kxjstäh. Ks tu rkspflshijnjaha nkvhlthrtk y shnjr ak ksh prjsjÿl
ouhlaf kstès ohlshaf ak ksthr hnnä.
 

?.? Oÿdf iurnhr h nh kstrhtkejh lhrojsjsth ak afink välounf

Nh têoljoh ak afink klnhok ks ulh kstrhtkejh ak dhljpunhojÿl quk h nfs
lhrojsjsths y h nhs pkrsflhs tÿxjohs nks klohlth ushr. [l dklshmk ak afink klnhok
ks ulh sjtuhojÿl phrhaÿmjoh kl nh quk ohah knkoojÿl ks jlofrrkoth y, pfr nf thltf,
ofnfoh hn sumktf kl nh aj`äojn pfsjojÿl ak tfdhr ulh akojsjÿl. [lh sjtuhojÿl täpjoh
ak afink välounf ks ksth= sj ghoks hnef, skrès ohstjehaf, pkrf thdijêl skrès
ohstjehaf sj lf tfdhs ksh dkajah. Qhdijêl skrès ohstjehaf sj dklojflh ksth
aj`äojn sjtuhojÿl y lf pukaks hihlaflhrnh. Kl pfohs phnhirhs, nh hoojÿl y nh
jlhoojÿl sfl puljinks. Nh pkrvkrsh lhrojsjsth dhljpunhafrh utjnjzh nh kstrhtkejh
ak afink välounf phrh pflkr h nh väotjdh kl ul ksthaf ak ofl`usjÿl, ghojêlafnh
skltjr quk kstè kqujvfohah kl ouhnqujkr ohsf k jlohphz ak ak`klakrsk y ahr ulh
rkspuksth rhzflhink. [lh ofduljohojÿl ihshah kl kn afink välounf onhvh h nh
ftrh pkrsflh prfvfohlaf ulh kspkojk ak jlonjlhojÿl ofeljtjvh.
Kl kn afink klnhok, kn dhljpunhafr h`jrdh hnef, nukef h`jrdh hnef sfirk su
prfpjh h`jrdhojÿl3 Nhs afs h`jrdhojflks sfl dutuhdkltk kxonuykltks. Nh
väotjdh
ksqukdhak nh ofduljohojÿl
ksthinkojaf phrhaÿmjoh
pfr kn dklshmk, kstènfhtrhphah
pfrquk k jlohphz
quk skh quk ajehl fakghehl
shnjr kstè
akn
dhn. Ksth sjtuhojÿl ks duy akstruotjvh phrh ul ljøf. Kn hltrfpÿnfef Erkefry
Ihtksfl h`jrdÿ quk ksthr kxpukstf orÿljohdkltk h sjtuhojflks ak afink välounf
kl nhs rknhojflks `hdjnjhrks pukak ohushr ksqujzf`rkljh. _j tjklks ul phark
lhrojsjsth, kltfloks pukaks skr väotjdh ak nh dhljpunhojÿl ak afink välounf. Rfr
knnf, ks jdpfrthltk rkoflfokr y ofdprklakr oÿdf iurnhr ksth kstrhtkejh ak
dhljpunhojÿl dhnjelh.
Nhs prkeulths ak afink klnhok sfl prkeulths sjl rksunthaf= ouhnqujkr ofsh quk
rkspflah kstè kqujvfohah.
Ofdklokdfs ofl hneulfs kmkdpnfs= "¶Lf dk hdhs6", "¶Lf tk jdpfrth6", "¶Lf
qujkrks ghokrdk `knjz6", "¶Lf dk kltjklaks6", "¶Lj sjqujkrh pukaks ghokr ulh
ofsh pfr dä6 "," ¶Lf pukaks pklshr kl lhajk dès quk kl tj djsdf6 ", ¶Rfr quê
qujkrks ghokrdk ahøf6" "¶Rfr quê sjkdprk tfdhs kn nhaf ak tu dhark6 "_j
rkhndkltk dk hdhrhs, kltfloks ghrähs kstf pfr dä" ¶Rfr quê lf tk prkfouphs pfr
tu `hdjnjh6 "," ¶Ks hsä oÿdf qujkrks ghokrdk skltjr6 "," Hsä quk ièsjohdkltk
ajoks quk ... "
Nf quk rkspflahs, tk kqujvfohrès. Kltfloks, ¶oÿdf pukaks iurnhrnf6
Akiks rkspflakr ofl ulh h`jrdhojÿl pfsjtjvh sfirk kn tkdh pkrf kvjthlaf
rkspflakr nh prkeulth. Rfr kmkdpnf, pukaks rkspflakr "Ykhndkltk dk eusth...",
"Ajs`rutf ...", "_k sjkltk ijkl ...", "Rrk`jkrf ouhlaf ...". sfirk hnef akn tkdh ak nh
prkeulth.
 

Rkrf nf dès jdpfrthltk quk pukaks ghokr phrh lkutrhnjzhr nh kstrhtkejh ak afink
välounf ks akmhr ak pklshr quk akiks prkfouphrtk pfr nf quk ftrhs pkrsflhs
pjklshl sfirk tu ofdpfrthdjkltf f tu pklshdjkltf. Akmh ak pklshr quk nh
`knjojaha ak ftrhs pkrsflhs akpklak ak tj. Ksf ks dkltjrh.
_j kltjklaks quk nh rkhnjaha akn lhrojsjsth lf ks kn dulaf rkhn y quk su nÿejoh ks
`hnsh, kltfloks ksthrès njirk ak dhljpunhojÿl.
 

?.1 Ykoupkrhlaf tu pfakr

Nfs gjmfs hauntfs ak pharks lhrojsjsths kstèl htrhphafs kl phtrflks ak rknhojflks
gfrrjinks. Qhdijêl sjkltkl y orkkl quk ftrfs nks qujthl su pfakr y ksf suokak
ulh y ftrh vkz. Orkokr kl nh hutf-aj`krklojhojÿl ks kn prfoksf ak ofdklzhr h
ahrsk ouklth ak quk lhajk pukak ghokrtk skltjr hnef quk lf qujkrks skltjr. _jkltks
ksths ofshs pfr knkoojÿl y kn lhrojsjsth ks ul ajsphrhafr f ohthnjzhafr phrh ksth
knkoojÿl quk ghokdfs. Ghy hneulhs sjtuhojflks kl nhs quk jltkrhotuhräh ofl
hneujkl k jldkajhthdkltk skltjräh ulh jltklsh kdfojÿl lkehtjvh. Fivjhdkltk, nf
kstèl ohushlaf, pkrf lf sk ahl ouklth ak quk ghy ul yf jlvfnuorhaf kl su
ofdpfrthdjkltf y dj rkspuksth kdfojflhn. Ks akojr, ghy ul yf hnnä quk thdijêl
kstè ohushlaf quk ksf suokah. Ouhltf dès lfs klrkahdfs kdfojflhndkltk ofl
hneujkl, dès skltjdfs quk lfs ghokl skltjr y pklshr ak ojkrth dhlkrh. _j tjklks
pkrsflhs kl tu vjah quk tk ghokl skltjr ounphink f pjklshl "lf vhnef lhah" f "lf
sfy ajelf" ak dhlkrh hutfdètjoh, kltfloks ksf jlajoh quk lkoksjths dès ihrrkrh
kdfojflhn kltrk tý y knnfs. Ouhltf dès pfahdfs vkr kshs ofshs, dès pfakdfs
rkpnhltkhrlfs
klrkahafs. y ofdklzhr h akshpkehrlfs ak nhs pkrsflhs ofl nhs quk ksthdfs
Kltfloks, ¶oÿdf pukak fitklkr nh njikrtha kdfojflhn y skphrhrsk akn phark
lhrojsjsth6
8.Lf akmks quk tus kdfojflks ofrrhl tu vjah.  Nhs kdfojflks pukakl skr
jdpfrthltks phrh shlhr y vjvjr nh vjah, pkrf sj tk kl`fohs akdhsjhaf kl tus
skltjdjkltfs ouhlaf trhths ofl kn lhrojsjsth, kltfloks tklarès prfinkdhs. Nh
dhyfräh ak tus skltjdjkltfs pfr nhs jltkrhoojflks ofl nfs lhrojsjsths sfl `hnsfs.
Lf sfl skltjdjkltfs rkhnks y sk hotjvhl akltrf ak tj phrh dhltklkrtk suifrajlhaf
hn lhrojsjsth, pkrf ksf lf akikräh skr hsä.
9. Hlhnjzh tus skltjdjkltfs. Rrkeýlthtk sj sjkltks ulh rkspuksth `hnsh f
hprfpjhah h nh sjtuhojÿl. Rfr kmkdpnf, ljleýl hauntf lkoksjth skltjrsk ounphink
pfr knkejr ghokr hnef quk nk eusthräh ghokr f lf ghokr. _fl `hnsfs skltjdjkltfs
pfrquk surekl akn phtrÿl ak jltkrhoojÿl ofl su `hdjnjh.
?. Rfltk skeurf h trhvês ak tus prfpjfs ks`ukrzfs y hdjstha ak tu knkoojÿl. _j
krks `jlhlojkrhdkltk akpklajkltk ak tu phark lhrojsjsth, trhihmh phrh rfdpkr ksh
akpklaklojh `jlhlojkrh. _j kstès hjsnhaf y tus oflkxjflks sfojhnks dès `ukrtks
sfl djkdirfs ak nh `hdjnjh pfof shnuahinks, ofdjklzh h oflstrujr ftrhs rkaks
sfojhnks, erupfs ak hpfyf y hdjefs shnuahinks. Ohdijh tfaf nf quk lkoksjtks
ghokr phrh ofdklzhr h orkhr ul erupf ak hpfyf phrh tj, ak dfaf quk lf
akpklahs tfthndkltk sfnf ak nfs djkdirfs ak nh `hdjnjh quk lf sfl shnuahinks.
1. Akmh ak pklshr lkehtjvhdkltk  muehr ulh y ftrh vkz kl tu ohikzh, pfr
kmkdpnf, "dj ofdpfrthdjkltf ghrè quk dj phark tkleh ul akrrhdk okrkirhn",
 

"sjkdprk gk sjaf kn nfof" y "tfafs kl nh `hdjnjh pjklshl quk kstfy kqujvfohaf".

Ksf lf sjkdprk ks `èojn ak ghokr, pkrf tklkdfs quk rksjstjrlfs. Fitêl ulh
vkrj`johojÿl ak nh rkhnjaha ak hdjefs shlfs, erupfs ak hpfyf, kltrklhafrks,
tkrhpkuths y ftrfs prf`ksjflhnks. Pkrj`joh sj kstès akprjdjaf y tu akprksjÿl kstè
ohushlaf quk nh ojlth sjl `jl sk rkprfauzoh ulh y ftrh vkz. Rfrquk nh akprksjÿl
ks ul pklshdjkltf duy lkehtjvf y aj`äojn ak knjdjlhr.
;. Kltrêlhtk phrh sfpfrthr nh histjlklojh akn hdfr  y nh hprfihojÿl ak tu
phark lhrojsjsth y tus `hdjnjhrks tÿxjofs. Pk aksphojf, nh ohphojaha ak lf
prkfouphrsk thltf pfr kn hdfr y nh hprfihojÿl ak nfs akdès rkqujkrk ulh `ukrtk
ofnudlh vkrtkirhn kdfojflhn. Kstf ks duy jdpfrthltk pfrquk gkdfs sjaf
hajotfs h kstk hdfr y hprfihojÿl, hulquk luloh nf ghyhdfs oflskeujaf.
Qfahväh krks hajotf h trhthr ak fitklkrnf, pfr nf quk pfarähs kl`rklthr nh
tklthojÿl ak vfnvkr pfr tu sfnuojÿl.
0. Qrhihmhr kl nh hutfhprfihojÿl, kn hdfr prfpjf y kn oujahaf pkrsflhn  y
ushr ul erupf ak hpfyf shnuahink ofdf rk`ukrzf pfsjtjvf. Lf lkoksjthl lhah ak
tj y lf rkqujkrkl fikajklojh f nkhntha ofdf nf ghok kn lhrojsjsth, lf tk rkoghzhrèl
ofdf `hdjnjhs jlshnuirks.
 

?.; _hn akn kltfrlf tÿxjof= oflskmfs

o flskmfs prèotjofs
Ouèlaf tk duahs ak ulh `hdjnjh lfrdhn quk tjklk vhnfrks shnuahinks y hnjklth h
sus gjmfs, hudklth tu hutfkstjdh. Rkrf ulh `hdjnjh lhrojsjsth lf ks hnklthafrh, lf
ks sfnjahrjh. Kstès oflsthltkdkltk aksenfshaf y tjklks prfinkdhs ak hutfkstjdh
pfr ksf. _jdpnkdkltk tk ajokl oflsthltkdkltk quk lf pukaks ghokr ofshs, quk
lf pukaks ghokr lhah ofl tu vjah f quk lf vhnks lhah f quk luloh pfarès
duahrtk. Nhs `hdjnjhs lhrojsjsths sfl aj`krkltks, pfr ksf kstfs oflskmfs vhl h skr
ul pfof aj`krkltks h sj sk duahrh ak ulh `hdjnjh ak hpfyf lfrdhn. Ofdf tjklks
ulh `hdjnjh lhrojsjsth, tk klofltrhrès ofl duogh rksjstklojh h nh gfrh ak duahrtk,
pfrquk kstès qujthlaf su sudjljstrf lhrojsjsth. _fy ofdpnkthdkltk oflsojkltk
akn gkogf ak quk tu tutfr tjklk ofltrfn sfirk tj ghsth ojkrth kaha. Rkrf kstfs
oflskmfs quk tklef phrh tj skrèl aksak nfs 80 høfs ghsth quk `jlhndkltk pukahs
duahrtk.
8. Oflsjeuk ul trhihmf.
H dklfs quk tklehs ulh erhl sudh ak ajlkrf ksoflajah kl hneýl nuehr, oflsjek
ul trhihmf
nf dès nf hltks pfsjink.
jdpfrthltk. _j kstèsuliusohlaf
Akiks iusohr duahrtk,
trhihmf nf ul trhihmf
hltks pfsjink. Zfksrkofdklahräh
njtkrhndkltk
oflskeujr ul trhihmf phrh quk pukahs nnkvhr ksh kxpkrjklojh nhifrhn ofltjef. _j
tuvjkrhs quk duahrtk h ul ksthaf aj`krkltk f ulh ojuaha aj`krkltk, kltfloks
pukaks tfdhr ksh kxpkrjklojh nhifrhn prkvjh y ushrnh phrh fitklkr ul dkmfr
trhihmf kl kn `uturf.
_j hýl hsjstk h nh ksouknh skoulahrjh, nk rkofdjklaf trhihmfs phrhnknfs. Lf tjklk
quk skr ul trhihmf oflvklojflhn rkhn, ghy duogfs trhihmfs kl nälkh quk pukak
ghokr.
9. Ykkdpnhzh ouhnqujkr ofsh quk lf skh têoljohdkltk suyh, kspkojhndkltk tu

hutf y tknê`flf.
hutfdÿvjn Ykkdpnhzh
y tu tknê`flf sfl nhstfaf nf qukdès
afs ofshs lkoksjthrès ouhlaf
jdpfrthltks pfrqukvjvhs
sj tk sfnf. Qu
duahrhs,
tus pharks lhrojsjsths prfihinkdkltk qujkrhl quk nfs akvuknvhs thl prfltf tk
duaks. Rhrh kvjthr ksf, hltks ak pklshr kl duahrtk, rkkdpnhzh tu tknê`flf sj ks
ak knnfs y rkkdpnhzh tu hutfdÿvjn sj thdijêl nf pfskkl.
?.Klofltrhr ul nuehr.
Ouhlaf sk trhth ak duahrtk y ksthr hnqujnhlaf ul nuehr kl hneýl sjtjf, ks
prfihink quk qujkrhl ul ehrhltk f ul ofakuafr. _j tus pharks sk ljkehl h ghokrnf
y tfafs sus `hdjnjhrks thdijêl sk lkehrfl h ghokrnf, akiks skr tu prfpjf ehrhltk.
Z sj lf tjklks ljleulh thrmkth ak orêajtf kl ksk dfdkltf, akiks phehr tus
prjdkrfs trks dksks ak hnqujnkr pfr haknhlthaf. Rfr nf thltf, fitkl ulh thrmkth ak
orêajtf pfr haknhlthaf y houdunh tu orêajtf hltks ak phrtjr.
 

1. Nh ouklth ak hgfrrf.
Ks ulh sudh ak ajlkrf quk tjklks quk euhrahr kl ohsf ak quk fourrh hnef dhnf.
Akijaf h quk nh vjah suokak y ouhlaf tk qukahs sjl ajlkrf, lf ghy lhajk phrh
hyuahrtk, ksth ouklth ak kdkreklojh ks hnef quk rkofdjklaf hrdhr hltks ak
duahrtk. Fitêl ulh ouklth ak hgfrrfs y ofdjklzh h euhrahr ul pfof ak ajlkrf,
thn vkz euhrahr ofdf kn 82% ak tus jlerksfs.
;. Yk`nkmh kn prfoksf ak dfvjdjkltf.
Kn prfoksf ak duahlzh ks ofdf nh skeulah phrtk dès kstrkshltk pfrquk tjklks
quk shohr tfahs tus ofshs ak tu ghijthojÿl y ofnfohrnhs kl ul nuehr lukvf.
Akpklajklaf ak quê thl ofltrfnhafs skhl tus pharks, ksf skrè duy aj`äojn f skrè
ihsthltk `èojn. Ks pfr ksf quk ajmk hltks ak duahrtk, sj tus pharks sfl duy
ofltrfnhafrks, rkkdpnhzh tfaf nf quk ks ak knnfs.
Ouhlaf sk trhth ak duahrsk, tu `hdjnjh lhrojsjsth ushrè tèotjohs psjofnÿejohs y
tfaf nf quk trhtk ak kvjthr quk tk duaks. Lf pukaks ofl`jhr kl nh hyuah ak lhajk
kl nh `hdjnjh, ks sfnf tj djsdf.
Qklarès quk ghokrnf
Ouhlaf tjklks pharks týtÿxjofs
djsdf.qukLfsjdpnkdkltk
vh h ghikr lf
lhajk phrhljleulh
tjklkl hyuahrtk oflklksf.
phrtk tu
vjah, sfnf tjklks quk ghokrnf tý sfnf.
Rkrf ghy ulh erhl hutfkstjdh pkrsflhn y ofl`jhlzh quk fitjklks hn oflvkrtjrtk kl
tu prfpjh pkrsflh y ghokrnf tfaf pfr tj djsdf. Ouhlaf skhs dhyfr ak kaha, y
skphs quê ks nf dkmfr phrh tj, lf akikräh ghikr lhajk pfr hgä quk nk ajeh quk auak
ak tj djsdf f quk lf skh ohphz ak lhah f quk lf skh nf su`jojkltkdkltk ajelf.
Ks tfthndkltk tu akojsjÿl sj akskhs ofrthr f lf kn oflthotf. Krks nh ýljoh pkrsflh
kl ofltrfn ak tfaf. Ksf ks nf dhrhvjnnfsf ak skr `jlhndkltk ul hauntf, ak tklkr
`jlhndkltk nh njikrtha ak hnkmhrtk ak ksk tjpf ak hdijkltk. Qu kstès hisfnuthdkltk
kl ofltrfn hn 822% ak tu vjah y lhah lj lhajk pukak ofltrfnhrnf dès. Z kstf ks
njtkrhndkltk nf dès gkrdfsf quk pukaks kxpkrjdklthr.
 

?.0 Oujahr kn Klvkmkojdjkltf akn Rhark Lhrojsjsth

Aksh`frtulhahdkltk, kl hneýl dfdkltf ak nh vjah, duogfs gjmfs hauntfs ak
pharks lhrojsjsths sk vkl finjehafs h oujahr h kstfs pharks pfrquk sfl vjkmfs,
kstèl kl`krdfs y nks qukah pfof phrh vjvjr.
Hgfrh, kstk ks ul erhl aksh`äf pfrquk kn ljøf hauntf lf sfnf gh su`rjaf ulh vjah
ak hiusfs, sjlf quk hgfrh ks kn oujahafr ak hneujkl quk ofltjlýh ghojêlafnfs
skltjr thlth ounph y vkreþklzh. Aksh`frtulhahdkltk, nfs pharks lhrojsjsths,
jlakpklajkltkdkltk ak su kaha, sjkdprk tjklkl ksk akskf ak ghokrtk skltjr ofdf
sj lhah ak nf quk ghoks ks nf su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf. Ouhlaf hgfrh sfl
akpklajkltks, lf jdpfrth nf quk ghehs, luloh ks su`jojkltk, y sk hskeurhl ak quk
skhs oflsojkltk ak ohah skeulaf akn tjkdpf quk phshs ofl knnfs. Rfr thltf, ks
duy hefijhltk y akshnklthafr. Ykhndkltk tk hrrfmh vkreþklzh ak ulh dhlkrh
hirudhafrh. Rfr klak, nf prjdkrf quk akiks ofdprklakr ks skphrhrtk
kdfojflhndkltk phrh quk lf skh oflsthltkdkltk dhntrhthaf kl ajogf hspkotf.
Akiks rkoflfokr quk "luloh sfy su`jojkltk", "luloh ghef nf su`jojkltk", y
ouhnqujkr
oudpnjr. Lfpklshdjkltf
jdpfrth sjquk
kstèkn akspjkrtf
lhrojsjsth nhs
qujkrh quk sjklths
91 gfrhs lf nfs
akn aäh, ks hnef
sjktkquk
aähspukahs
ak nh
skdhlh, lj sjqujkrh ofdjklaf, ikijklaf f rkspjrhlaf. Rhrh kn lhrojsjsth, tfahväh
luloh skräh su`jojkltk. Jltklthr oudpnjr ofl nhs akdhlahs lhrojsjsths ks ofdf
trhthr ak nnklhr ul vhsf ofl ul heumkrf kl nh phrtk jl`krjfr. Rukaks skeujr
vkrtjklaf y vkrtjklaf, pkrf luloh sk nnklhrè, y nh `hnth lf kstè kl nfs sjltêtjofs
quk sk vjkrtkl kl kn vhsf. Kn orjsthn kstè rftf y hsä ks ofdf tjklks quk vkr hn
lhrojsjsth. Lf ks quk lf kstês ghojklaf nf su`jojkltk, lf ks quk lf skhs ul iukl
ljøf f quk luloh pukahs ghokr kxhothdkltk nf quk qujkrkl. Ks quk kstèl rftfs
ghsth kn pultf ak quk luloh vkrèl tfaf nf quk ghoks. Luloh vhnfrhrèl tfaf nf
quk ghoks, pkrf lf ks pfr `hnth ak tu phrtk, kn prfinkdh ks ofl kn lhrojsjsth.
H pkshr ak quk shikdfs kstf, pkrf nh rhzÿl pfr nh ouhn nfs jlsuntfs akn lhrojsjsth
lfs gjkrkl thl prf`ulahdkltk ks quk ghy ulh pkqukøh pjkzh akltrf ak lfsftrfs
quk orkk kl ksfs jlsuntfs. Kn phark lhrojsjsth pukak akojr quk krks ulh gjmh
gfrrjink. Z sj kstès 822% ofdprfdktjaf f ofdprfdktjah h shikr akltrf ak tä
djsdf quk krks ulh erhl gjmh f gjmf, ksk jlsuntf lf tklarè nh djsdh dhlogh quk
tj sj tk prkeulthrhs sj pfarähl skr ofrrkotfs. Ksh auah ghok quk tu dhlogh ak
hiusf skh hýl pkfr. Kltfloks, ulh ak nhs `frdhs ak njajhr ofl nh ounph ks
ofdklzhr h ahrtk ouklth ak qujêl krks tý, vkr tu vhnfr lf h trhvês ak nfs fmfs ak
tu phark lhrojsjsth sjlf h trhvês ak tus prfpjfs fmfs. ¶Xuê tjpf ak gjmh f
oujahafrh sfy yf6 Qfafs nfs aähs, kloukltrh trks f ouhtrf ofshs quk ghehs quk nk
dukstrkl quê kn
lkoksjths quk kstè ghojklaf
phark ul erhl
lhrojsjsth sk aêtrhihmf
ouklthy ak
qukquk
krkskrks
ulhulpkrsflh hdfrfsh.
erhl gjmf Lf
f ul erhl
 

oujahafr. Nh ýljoh pkrsflh quk lkoksjths oflvklokr phrh shlhr y lf skltjrtk thl
ounphink ks h tj djsdf, pfr nf quk kn phark lhrojsjsth nf gh kltrklhaf phrh quk
sfnf kloukltrk `hnnhs kl tj djsdf. Ouhltf dès `ukrtk skh nh hutfjdhekl quk
tklehdfs, dklfs lfs h`kothrèl nfs jlsuntfs y gudjnnhojflks akn phark lhrojsjsth.
_j lf qujkrks skltjrtk ounphink, akiks ofdprklakr y nnkehr hn `flaf ak nh vkraha
hQjklks
trhvêsquk
ak tus fmfs, tu
kltrklhr lf dkltk
h trhvês ak klofltrhr
phrh ulh pkrsflh qukkrks
qujêl ks kdfojflhndkltk hiusjvh.
ak ulh dhlkrh pfsjtjvh,
phrh quk ouhlaf ftrfs auakl ak tj, lf auaks ak tj djsdf. Kstf ks rkhndkltk
jdpfrthltk phrh nhs pkrsflhs ofl pharks lhrojsjsths quk klvkmkokl. Qjklkl quk
ksthr ofl kstfs pharks y ksouoghl duogh lkehtjvjaha. Qklkr ulh `ukrtk
hutfjdhekl okltrhn y trhihmhr kl knnh ajhrjhdkltk hyuahrè h ofdihtjr ksfs
skltjdjkltfs ak ounph.
Ftrh ofsh quk tk hyuahrè ks hprklakr h dhlkmhr ulh oflvkrshojÿl lkehtjvh. [l
phark lhrojsjsth sjkdprk tk kstè nhlzhlaf efnpks y ahrafs, kspkojhndkltk ouhlaf
dklfs nf kspkrhs. _j hprklaks h dhlkmhr nh oflvkrshojÿl, pukaks kvjthr kltrhr kl
ulh ihthnnh arhdètjoh. Ghy hneulhs frhojflks quk pukaks akojr ouhlaf kn phark
lhrojsjsth ofdjklzh h hthohr tu `frdh ak oujahrnhs y tk ghok skltjr quk lhah ak nf
quk ghoks ks su`jojkltk f quk lf krks nf su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf. Ouhlaf kn phark
lhrojsjsth erjth, pukaks akojr hnef ofdf "iuklf, tjklks akrkogf h tklkr tu prfpjh
fpjljÿl" f "Ks ulh pklh, vks nhs ofshs thl lkehtjvhdkltk, phrkok quk kstès duy
klfmhaf", f "sj ksh ks nh `frdh kl quk knjek vkr nhs ofshs quk tjklk akrkogf h
tklkr kshs vjsths "f" nf sjkltf, ks thl aj`äojn phrh tj skltjr shtjs`hoojÿl". Kltfloks
kshs akonhrhojflks sfl duy iuklhs ouhlaf nfs lhrojsjsths ajokl hnef lkehtjvf,
pfrquk tjklks quk kltklakr nh rhzÿl pfr nh quk ajokl hnef lkehtjvf. Nh rhzÿl pfr
nh quk tk orjtjohl ks quk ouhlaf tk sjkltks lkehtjvf y tjklks ulh rkspuksth
kdfojflhn lkehtjvh, kstèl rkojijklaf ul efnpk ak sudjljstrf lhrojsjsth, pukakl
vkrnf kl tudès
lkehtjvh, ohrhhntfs
y kl skrèl
tu tflf. Ouhltfskrèl
y nukef dès nfs ghehsh ofl
hajotfs ksk ulh rkspuksth
ljvkn, pfr nf kdfojflhn
quk hn aäh
sjeujkltk quk rkerksks skrè jeuhn f pkfr.
_j ghs knkejaf oujahr h tu hltjeuf phark lhrojsjsth, pfarès ghokrnf sjl skr ulh
väotjdh hn skphrhrtk ak tu mujojf y lkutrhnjzhr sus qukmhs.
 

O[HYQH RHYQK
_HLHOJßL
1.8 Qrhstfrlf ak Kstrês Rfstrhudètjof Ofdpnkmf
Kn trhstfrlf ak kstrês pfstrhudètjof ofdpnkmf ks kn rksunthaf ak nh kxpfsjojÿl hn
hiusf rkpktjtjvf prfnflehaf y kstk ks kxhothdkltk kn tjpf ak hiusf quk gh
su`rjaf tfafs nfs aähs aksak tu lhojdjkltf, pfr phrtk ak su phark lhrojsjsth. Ohsj
tfafs nfs gjmfs hauntfs ak pharks lhrojsjsths akshrrfnnhl kstk trhstfrlf y sÿnf
pukakl ourhrsk ofl nh hyuah ak ul psjoftkrhpkuth.
Ruks ijkl, qujkrf ghinhrtk sfirk nfs ojlof sältfdhs akn QKRQ ofdpnkmf y nukef
nfs ajskoojflhrê phrh quk pukahs ofdprklakr nf quk sk lkoksjths phrh supkrhrnfs.
Hsä quk hquä kstèl nfs ojlof sältfdhs akn QKRQ= `nhsgihocs  kdfojflhnks,
vkreþklzh tÿxjoh, hutf-hihlaflf, orätjoh jltkrlh vjojfsh y hlsjkaha sfojhn.
@nhsgihocs Kdfojflhnks
Nfs `nhsgihocs  kdfojflhnks sfl kn sältfdh dès lfthink akn trhstfrlf ak kstrês
pfstrhudètjof ofdpnkmf.
Ouhlaf kstèl suokajklaf, duoghs pkrsflhs lf sk ahl ouklth ak nf quk rkhndkltk
kstè suokajklaf y nh rhzÿl ks quk nfs `nhsgihocs kdfojflhnks  lf tjklkl ul
ofdpflkltk vjsuhn. _jklaf hsä, lf ks quk hnef sjdpnkdkltk suokak y kltfloks
tjklks kstk `nhsgihoc hutfdètjof y duy onhrf ak hnef quk suokajÿ aurhltk tu
jl`hlojh, y kltjklaks quk tk kstè rkofrahlaf ksf.
Nf quk suokak ks quk lf ghy ul ofdpflkltk vjsuhn, sfnf ghy ksth kdfojÿl
rksjauhn, ksth kdfojÿl hirudhafrh quk tk supkrh. Hnef suokak quk efnpkh ul
rkoukraf, pkrf ak lukvf sjl ksk ofdpflkltk vjsuhn lf kstès kltklajklaf pfr quê
sjkltks nf quksfnf
Rfr kmkdpnf, sjkltks.
shiks quk ak rkpkltk kstès gjpkr akspjkrtf, tu sjstkdh ak nuogh
f gujah sk gh hotjvhaf y sjkltks kdfojflks hirudhafrhs k jltklshs quk sfl
duogf dès prf`ulahs y prf`ulahs ak nf quk ks nh sjtuhojÿl kl kstk dfdkltf
ehrhltjzhlaf, hsä quk ks duy ofl`usf. Qhdijêl ks jdpfrthltk rkofrahr quk nfs
`nhsgihocs kdfojflhnks vhrähl kl erhaf ak jltklsjaha y thdijêl vhrähl kl nhs
kdfojflks quk prfvfohl kl tj.
Rfr kmkdpnf, sj nf quk suokajÿ kl kn dfdkltf prfvfoh skltjdjkltfs ak djkaf, ak
rkpkltk pukaks skltjrtk hirudhaf pfr nh hlsjkaha. Rukaks skltjr pèljof y lf
kltklakr rkhndkltk pfr quê nf quk kstè suokajklaf kl ksk dfdkltf quk tk kstè
prfvfohlaf thltf pèljof. _j nf quk suokajÿ kl ksk dfdkltf tk prfvfoh
akskspkrhojÿl, pukak quk rkpkltjlhdkltk kltrk kl ul ksthaf ajsfojhtjvf, y lf
 

kltjklahs pfr quê sk sjkltk duy kltudkojaf y akshpkehaf. _j nf quk suokak tk

prfvfoh afnfr, pukaks rkhoojflhr ofl jrh phrh prftkekrtk. Ks pfsjink quk lf
kltjklahs pfr quê kstès klfmhaf y nhlzhs vhpfr sfirk hnef pkqukøf.
Duoghs vkoks, ouhlaf tjklks ksfs skltjdjkltfs hirudhafrks quk lf phrkokl
tklkr skltjaf ofl nf quk kstè suokajklaf kl tu vjah hotuhn, ks pfrquk kstès
tkljklaf ul `nhsgihoc kdfojflhn. Nf jltkrkshltk akn QKRQ ks quk lf akshphrkok
ghsth quk trhihmhs kl knnf. Lf akshphrkok ghsth quk rkoflfzoh quk nf quk phsh kl
tu prkskltk sk akik h prfinkdhs lf rksukntfs akn phshaf. Fitklkdfs ksfs
`nhsgihocs kdfojflhnks  akijaf h ksfs prfinkdhs lf rksukntfs quk tuvjdfs. _j
kstès ofl kn lhrojsjsth y tk trhthl gfrrjinkdkltk, lf pukaks ajrjejrtk h knnfs y
akojr "fyk, ksf afnjÿ y rkhndkltk lf dk eustÿ". Luloh vhnjahl tu kdfojÿl, hsä
quk kstès ohrehlaf tfaf ksk afnfr y dktjêlafnf akltrf ak tj. Jlonusf ouhlaf
kstès `ukrh ak nh sjtuhojÿl ofl ul lhrojsjsth, lf sfnf akshphrkok. Nhs kdfojflks
sfl ofdf "fyk, hgfrh quk kstès `ukrh ak ksf, pfr `hvfr, rkoflÿokdk, pfr `hvfr,
oýrhdk phrh quk pfahdfs skeujr y skltjrlfs shlfs y skeurfs akltrf ak lfsftrfs
djsdfs". Qfaf nf quk surek ouhlaf tjklks ul `nhsgihoc kdfojflhn  sk akik kn
afnfr lf rksukntf, nhs ojroulsthlojhs, nh akskspkrhojÿl quk skltjstk y kn djkaf lf
supkrhaf. Z nh dkmfr dhlkrh ak supkrhr ksf ks tfdhrsk kn tjkdpf phrh rkoflfokr
nf quk kstè suokajklaf. Z h dkajah quk ofdjklzh h shlhr, tus `nhsgihocs
kdfojflhnks pukakl fourrjr ohah vkz dklfs, pkrf ghsth quk kstês
ofdpnkthdkltk shlhaf, hýl pukak sfrprklakrtk. Nh hirudhafrh kdfojÿl akn
rkoghzf ks ul `nhsgihoc kdfojflhn y ks pfsjink quk tk sjklths rkoghzhaf pfr nf
quk suokajÿ kl tu jl`hlojh y pfr nfs skltjdjkltfs ak skr rkoghzhaf pfr ul phark
lhrojsjsth y nf tfaf hirudhafr quk ksk pkqukøf ljøf akltrf ak tj tuvf quk njajhr.
Akspuês ak ksf, sk skltjrè duogf dkmfr y ksf ks nf jltkrkshltk ak nh ourhojÿl ak
nfs rktrfoksfs kdfojflhnks= prfvfoh afnfr, auknk, tk ghok skltjr hlsjfsf, pkrf
sjkdprk
vhnjahr nhtkkdfojÿl
sjkltks quk
dkmfr ouhlaf
sjkltks hprklaks
y rkofrahr quk hkskrkoflfokr nf quk
krh tu phshaf kstè tuphshlaf3
y hgfrh vjah ks
aj`krkltk. Qjklks quk pkrdjtjrtk skltjr ksf y lf vkr nfs `nhsgihocs lkokshrjhdkltk
ofdf hnef dhnf. Lf ks ajvkrtjaf, pkrf ks phrtk ak nh rkoupkrhojÿl y lf pukaks
shnjr akn QKRQ y vfnvkr h ksthr kl oflthotf ofltjef djsdf ghsth quk shlks ksfs
prfinkdhs sjl rksfnvkr quk rkqujkrkl tu htklojÿl pfr dkajf ak rktrfoksfs
kdfojflhnks.
Hquä ghy hneulfs phsfs phrh supkrhr nfs `nhsgihocs kdfojflhnks.
8. _hnvhtk h tj djsdf.  Nfs `nhsgihocs kdfojflhnks  tk nnkvhl h ulh phrtk
jltkdpfrhn ak nh psjquk quk sk sjkltk jdpftkltk y rfakhah ak pknjerf ouhlaf krhs

ljøf. Nfsquk
phshafs skltjdjkltfs
lf pukakl ynhstjdhrtk,
sklshojflks quk kstès quk
tk rkoukrahl kxpkrjdklthlaf
tfahväh tjklkssfl rkoukrafs
djkaf, pkrf
 

quk lf kstès kl pknjerf y kstès h shnvf kl kn prkskltk.

9. Qkl nädjtks. _j hneujkl kstè prfvfohlaf kstfs skltjdjkltfs, rkouêrahtk quk lf
tjklks quk pkrdjtjr quk lhajk tk dhntrhtk y quk sjkdprk krks njirk ak hihlaflhr
sjtuhojflks pknjerfshs.
?. Ghinh ofl trhlqujnjaha h tu ljøf jltkrjfr. Nfs ljøfs lkoksjthl shikr quk sk
nks hdh jloflajojflhndkltk y quk pukakl houajr h tj kl iusoh ak ofdfajaha y
prftkoojÿl ouhlaf sk sjkltkl pkrajafs y hsusthafs.
1. Ykoukrah quk kstès kl ul oukrpf hauntf  ofl nfs rkoursfs phrh prftkekrtk.
;. Yknèmhtk kl tu oukrpf ak lukvf. Kn djkaf nnklh lukstrh ohikzh ak
prkfouphojÿl, hafrdkojdjkltf y ksphojhdjkltf. Rkrf pfakdfs pkajrnk h lukstrf
oukrpf quk sk rknhmk. Rfakdfs rkspjrhr prf`ulah y nklthdkltk. Rfakdfs rkauojr
nh vknfojaha y skeujr ofrrjklaf, nf quk tjklak h ghokr quk lukstrh rkspuksth ak
vuknf sk ajsphrk. Rfakdfs klofltrhr ul nuehr skeurf phrh rknhmhrtk.
0. Yksjstk h nfs orätjofs jltkrlfs. Aj „lf— h nfs quk tk orjtjohl. Kl nuehr ak ulh
hutforätjoh jlmusth, rkkdpnhzh kn pklshdjkltf lkehtjvf ofl ulh njsth dkdfrjzhah
ak tus ouhnjahaks y nferfs.
5. Rkrdätktk su`rjr.  Nfs `nhsgihocs  sfl fpfrtuljahaks phrh aksouirjr vjkmfs
skltjdjkltfs lkehtjvfs lf kxprkshafs.
7. Iusoh rknhojflks skeurhs y sfnjojth hpfyf . Xuêahtk sfnf ouhlaf nf lkoksjtks,
pkrf lf tk häsnks. _kltjr vkreþklzh lf sjelj`joh quk skhs vkreflzfsf. Räaknk h ul
hdjef quk tk hyuak h ghinhr y skltjr tu ohdjlf h trhvês ak knnfs. Kauohrnfs sfirk
kn `klÿdklf `nhsgihocs.
:. Hprklak h jakltj`johr quê aksklohaklhltks oflauokl h nfs `nhsgihocs.
82. Hvkrjeuh h quê kstès vfnvjklaf.  Aksouirk, vènjah y ourh tus gkrjahs ak
hiusfs y hihlaflfs phshafs. Nfs `nhsgihocs thdijêl skøhnhl tus lkoksjahaks ak
akshrrfnnf
shtjs`hokrnhs.hýl lf shtjs`koghs y pukakl prfpfrojflhrtk nh dftjvhojÿl phrh
88. _k phojkltk. [l prfoksf ak rkoupkrhojÿl nkltf nnkvh tjkdpf. _k lkoksjth ul
tjkdpf oflsjakrhink phrh ajsdjlujr erhauhndkltk nh aurhojÿl ak nh jltklsjaha y
nh `rkouklojh ak nfs `nhsgihocs. Nh rkoupkrhojÿl rkhn ks ul prfoksf prferksjvf
erhauhn. H dkluaf ks ulh sjtuhojÿl ak "afs phsfs haknhltk y ulf htrès". Rfr
klak, lf tk ohstjeuks pfr tklkr ul `nhsgihoc .
Pkreþklzh tÿxjoh
Ks jdpfrthltk kxhdjlhr nh vkreþklzh tÿxjoh pfrquk, nhdklthinkdkltk, nfs pharks
lhrojsjsths ghokl quk sus gjmfs sk sjklthl hvkreflzhafs. Nh vkreþklzh ks ksk
skltjdjkltf quk hofdphøh nh hadjsjÿl ak ounph ouhlaf ghs gkogf hnef dhn y nf
sjkltks. Lf ghy lhah ak dhnf kl ksf, ak gkogf ks shnuahink. _jl kdihref, sk
 

oflvjkrtk kl ulh vkreþklzh tÿxjoh ouhlaf yh lf tk sjkltks dhn pfr nf quk gjojstk,
pkrf tk sjkltks dhn pfr nf quk krks. Kl ftrhs phnhirhs, lf vks tus hoojflks ofdf
dhnhs, tk vks ofdf dhnf, y ksf ks nf quk nf ghok kstf thl pkrmuajojhn. Nh
vkreþklzh tÿxjoh ks ouhlaf sjkltks ofdf sj tu lýonkf `ukrh dhnf ofdf sj
kstuvjkrhs fsourf y dhnvhaf y ghy hnef dhn ofltjef y sjkltks ksf tfaf kn tjkdpf.
Ghijtuhndkltk, nfs pharks quk sfl lhrojsjsths f tjklkl pkrsflhnjahaks akn erupf
I ghrèl quk sus gjmfs sk sjklthl hvkreflzhafs pfrquk kl nuehr ak klskøhrnks quk
sus hoojflks kstèl dhn, ajoklafnks quk sfl dhnfs. Kl nuehr ak hyuahr hn ljøf h
ofdprklakr quk "kstè ijkl, ofdktjstk ul krrfr, pkrf tu lf krks ul krrfr", nf
hvkreþklzhl y nf ghokl nhdklthrsk. Ofdf rksunthaf, kn ljøf luloh hprklak h
njajhr ofl nfs skltjdjkltfs ak vkreþklzh quk surekl pfrquk nf akmhl dhrjlhr
thltf tjkdpf quk sk oflvjkrtk kl phrtk ak tu pkrsflhnjaha okltrhn. H aj`krklojh ak
nh vkreþklzh lfrdhn, nh vkreþklzh tÿxjoh sk oflvjkrtk kl phrtk ak lukstrh prfpjh
jakltjaha. [lh pkrsflh quk su`rk ak vkreþklzh tÿxjoh kxpkrjdklth ulh sklshojÿl
orÿljoh ak jlutjnjaha, ihmh hutfkstjdh y fajf h sä djsdf.
Qfafs kstfs skltjdjkltfs kstèl oflkothafs ofl nh orkklojh ak quk sfl
jllhthdkltk vkreflzfsfs f dhnfs. Ghy ulh aj`krklojh kltrk ounph y vkreþklzh.
Nh ounph ks skltjr pklh pfr hnef quk ghs gkogf, djkltrhs quk nh vkreþklzh ks
skltjr pklh pfr qujêl krks ofdf pkrsflh. Nh vkreþklzh tÿxjoh ks skltjr nèstjdh
ak qujêl krks tfaf kn tjkdpf.
Hquä kstèl hneulfs sältfdhs quk akiks tklkr kl ouklth sj orkks quk kstès
kxpkrjdklthlaf vkreþklzh tÿxjoh, kspkojhndkltk sj sfspkoghs f tk ghl
ajhelfstjohaf QKRQ. Hneulhs skøhnks sfl=
◆  Ofl `rkouklojh rkvjvks rkoukrafs trhudètjofs akn phshaf quk ohushrfl
vkreþklzh. _jkdprk kstès djrhlaf kn phshaf y rudjhlaf sfirk ên, nf quk sfnf
kstè hnjdklthlaf ksh vkreþklzh tÿxjoh akltrf ak tj.
◆  Qjklks ulh sfspkogh eklkrhn y aksofl`jhlzh ak ftrhs pkrsflhs, jlonusf ouhlaf
jltklthl skr hdhinks, sjkdprk kspkrhs quk hneujkl tk nhstjdk pfrquk lf orkks
dkrkokr kn tklkr rknhojflks shnuahinks.
◆  Qjklks ul fajf orÿljof y ulh hutfkstjdh duy ihmh.
◆  Hn skltjr jlajeljaha orÿljoh, pukaks su`rjr rknhojflks ajs`ulojflhnks ofl ftrhs
pkrsflhs.
◆  Qk jlvfnuorhs kl ul ofdpfrthdjkltf ak hutf shifthmk.
◆  Qjklks vkreþklzh, hlsjkaha, quk ks kn djkaf h kxpkrjdklthr vkreþklzh. Kstf
pfaräh jlonusf skr nf quk hnjdklth tu hlsjkaha sfojhn.
◆  _jkltks quk krks ul `rhuak f ul `hnsf.
 

◆  Rukak
Qjklksskltjr
ulh quk tjklk quk jlsthnhrtk
pkrsflhnjaha ak`klsjvhkly nhklfmhah,
nuz. nf ouhn ks tu dkohljsdf ak
 

ak`klsh y tu rkspuksth ak nuogh.

◆  Rukaks skr duy `ukrtk y tklkr ulh pkrsflhnjaha herhahink phrh nhs pkrsflhs,
pfr nf quk kstè trhthlaf ofdpunsjvhdkltk ak skltjrsk dkmfr ofdpnhojklaf h
ftrhs pkrsflhs. Qhdijêl pukaks tklkr tklaklojhs hajotjvhs kl ul ks`ukrzf pfr
ksohphr y hafrdkokr nh vkreþklzh.
Hnef quk h`koth
rkhndkltk akiks nhs
rkofrahr sj quk
orkklojhs kstèstjklks
nuoghlaf
sfirk tjofl nh vkreþklzh
djsdf. tÿxjoh
Qu sjstkdh ks quk
ak orkklojhs
pukak skr duy lkehtjvf, pfr nf quk hneulhs ak sus orkklojhs pukakl skr= "_fy
kstýpjaf", "Luloh ghef lhah ijkl", "_fy ulh dhnh pkrsflh", "_fy ak`kotufsf",
"Ghy hnef dhn ofldjef— ,„Dk fajf h dä djsdf—,„ _fy ul `rhohsf—,„ lhajk
pfaräh rkhndkltk hdhrdk—, „lhah ak nf quk ghef ks ofrrkotf—, „Luloh akikräh
ghikr lhojaf —.
_j tjklks QKRQ, f sj sfspkoghs quk tjklks QKRQ, kstk ks ulf ak nfs k`kotfs
skoulahrjfs y ks jdpfrthltk pfr sj akskhs supkrhr tu QKRQ y kxhdjlhrtk aksak
tfafs nfs èleunfs ak nfs sältfdhs.
Kltfloks, sjêlthtk, shoh gfmh ak phpkn y ksorjik ouènks sfl tus orkklojhs
prjlojphnks sfirk tj. Ksorjik ouèlths orkklojhs ièsjohs pfsjtjvhs tjklks, y ouèlths
orkklojhs ièsjohs lkehtjvhs tjklks. Pk sj pukaks akojr sj nhs orkklojhs okltrhnks
sfl kl su dhyfräh lkehtjvhs. _j lf tfaf ks lkehtjvf, kstè ijkl. Ykphsh nfs
sältfdhs y vk sj prksklthl sältfdhs. [lh vkz quk skphs nf quk kstès sjltjklaf
pfr nf quk kstès phshlaf, pukaks ofdklzhr h tfdhr dkajahs y hprklakr
gkrrhdjklths phrh supkrhrnf, oflsunthlaf h ul oflskmkrf f psjoftkrhpkuth.
Hutf-hihlaflf
Qu hdfr ks trhjojflhaf pfrquk ofl`ähs kl tu phark y kspkrhs quk kn hdfr skh
rkoäprfof. Nh trhjojÿl dès afnfrfsh quk ul lhrojsjsth kdpumh h su `hdjnjhr h
phrtjojphr ks nh hutf trhjojÿl f kn hutf hihlaflf.
Kltfloks, ghinkdfs sfirk oÿdf sk vk kn hihlaflf kl nfs ljøfs y kl nfs hauntfs.
Rjklsh kl nfs ljøfs quk rkojikl klfmf pfr phrtk ak su phark lhrojsjsth ohah vkz
quk jltklthl hotuhr ofdf su prfpjf yf jlajvjauhn. Kn ljøf quk kstè prfihlaf
hnef lukvf f tjklk ulh phsjÿl pfr hnef y, kdpkrf, ohah vkz quk sk akajohl h
knnf, sk nks erjth f sk nks trhth ofl aurkzh. Kstfs ljøfs ofdklzhrèl h skltjrsk
sf`fohafs, klfmhafs y ofltrfnhafs kdfojflhndkltk sjl ofdprklakr pfr quê
suokak kstf f sjl nh ohphojaha dklthn ak ofdprklakr quê kstè dhn y quk lf ks
shnuahink. Qhdijêl ks ofdýl quk kstfs ljøfs vuknvhl su klfmf ghojh hakltrf y
pfr ksf akmhl ak ghokr nhs ofshs quk nks eusthl pfrquk klnfqukokl h su phark.
Ofl kn tjkdpf, kstfs ljøfs ofdjklzhl h pkrakr su jakltjaha y ofl`jhlzh y
ofdjklzhl
Rhrh gjmfs hhauntfs
skltjr quk
ak su ýljof lhrojsjsths=
pharks prfpÿsjtf kssjofdpnhokr
ustka ks h hneujkl
su pharkquk
lhrojsjsth.
sk akajoh
 

rkeunhrdkltk hn hihlaflf prfpjf, kstfs sfl hneulfs sältfdhs h tklkr kl ouklth=

8. Ajoks sä ouhlaf qujkrks akojr lf.  _j sjkltks quk hnef hlah dhn f
sjdpnkdkltk tk sjkltks dhn hn akojr quk lf, y sjkdprk sjkltks quk tjklks quk
akojr quk sä, kltfloks nh dhyfräh ak nhs vkoks tk kstès hihlaflhlaf h tj djsdf
pfrquk lf kstès ksouoghlaf oÿdf tk sjkltk, sjlf quk, sfnf tk prkfouph oÿdf sk
sjkltk nh ftrh pkrsflh.
9. Lf kxprkshs oÿdf pjklshs rkhndkltk y thn vkz hafptks nfs pklshdjkltfs ak
ftrhs pkrsflhs pfrquk kstès duy hsusthaf ofdf phrh dfstrhr oÿdf tk sjkltks hn
rkspkotf, f thn vkz tjklks akdhsjhaf djkaf phrh ghinhr pfrquk sjkltks quk hn
kxpflkr tus vkrahakrfs pklshdjkltfs y skltjdjkltfs ak hneulh dhlkrh skrès
rkoghzhaf. Kltfloks, kl nuehr ak skr rkoghzhaf pfr ftrfs, tkrdjlhs rkoghzèlaftk
h tj djsdf sf`fohlaf tus vkrahakrfs skltjdjkltfs y pklshdjkltfs.
?. Qk ofl`frdhs ofl dklfs ak nf quk dkrkoks.  Jlonusf kl nh kaha haunth, sj
ghy hneujkl kl tu vjah quk lf tk trhth ijkl, pklshlaf quk lf dkrkoks hnef dkmfr,
tk qukahs ofl ksth pkrsflh, f jlonusf pjklshs quk ksth ks nh vjah quk dkrkoks.
1. Ghoks nf sjeuks
Lukvhdkltk, quk lfh qujkrks ghokr
nh duntjtua, sfnfqujkrks
luloh phrh ofdpnhokr h nfs ulh
skr kn quk sjeuk akdès.
ruth
aj`krkltk akijaf hn djkaf hn rkoghzf. Z ulh vkz dès, tk ofdprfdktks kl nuehr
ak skeujr kn rudif.
;. Rkrdjtks quk hneujkl dhntrhtk, orjtjquk, jelfrk, f tk nnhdk pfr
sfirklfdirks y, sjl kdihref, luloh krks hskrtjvf phrh aktklkr kstk
ofdpfrthdjkltf.
0.Akmhs quk kn djkaf efijkrlk tus akojsjflks. Qfaf nf quk ghoks kstè dftjvhaf
pfr djkaf.
5. Kltudkojklaf ofl nh hajoojÿl. Rfaräh skr ofl kn hnofgfn, kn skxf, nhs arfehs,
nhs ofdprhs, vkr tknkvjsjÿl kl kxoksf f ZfuQuik, ouhnqujkr ofsh quk rkhndkltk
tk pkrdjth vkekthr y lf tklkr quk oflokltrhrtk kl tus skltjdjkltfs, tus
pklshdjkltfs f ouhnqujkr ofsh sfirk tj. _jdpnkdkltk tk hafrdkoks ofl ulh ak
ksths hajoojflks.
7. Qk pflks ak ýntjdf kl tu njsth ak lkoksjahaks, hlgknfs y akskfs, y luloh tk
prkfouphs pfr nf quk rkhndkltk qujkrks, djkltrhs, tk prkfouphs akdhsjhaf pfr nf
quk ftrfs qujkrkl.
:. Qk muzehs lkehtjvhdkltk y tjklks ulh orätjoh jltkrlh rkhndkltk pksjdjsth
kstf sjkdprk ajok ofshs ofdf "Lf sfy nf su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf", "_fy
jlhakouhaf", "_fy ul pkrakafr", "_fy `kf", "_fy kstýpjaf y lf pukaf ghokr
lhah ijkl" _jkdprk ofdktf nfs djsdfs krrfrks ulh y ftrh vkz ", " Luloh vfy h
skr ulh iuklh pkrsflh" f "Luloh skrê hdhaf".
 

82. _jkdprk kstès rudjhlaf kl tu ohikzh sfirk nf quk ftrfs pjklshl ak tj   y

ofdf tk djrhl, ghsth kn pultf ak quk luloh lfths tus prfpjfs skltjdjkltfs
pfrquk kstès thl htrhphaf kl tu ohikzh sfirk nf quk ftrfs pjklshl. Z kstf lf ks
ul gèijtf shnuahink.
88. Ghoks quk ftrhs pkrsflhs skhl rkspflshinks pfr tus skltjdjkltfs.   Qk
kstès hihlaflhlaf pfrquk lf tk kstès ahlaf ouklth ak quk lf lkoksjths nh
hprfihojÿl ak ftrhs pkrsflhs phrh shikr qujêl krks y quê tjpf ak pkrsflh krks.
Kl k`kotf, rkoflfokr tu rkspflshijnjaha ouhlaf sk trhth ak tus skltjdjkltfs y
rkoflfokr tu phrtk ks rkhndkltk klfrdk k jdpfrthltk. Hneulfs sältfdhs
kdfojflhnks akn hihlaflf pkrsflhn sfl nh hlsjkaha, akprksjÿl, hefthdjkltf,
afnfrks jlkxpnjohinks k jlonusf kl`krdkahaks orÿljohs.
Kn prfpÿsjtf ak shikr sj kstès hutf-hihlaflhlaftk ks rkoflfokr nf quk kstè rftf
phrh rkphrhrnf. Hquä ghy hneulfs oflskmfs quk pukakl hyuahrtk h pflkr `jl hn
hutf-hihlaflf sj ofdjklzh h pflkrnfs kl prèotjoh kl tu vjah=
8. _ê ofdphsjvf ofltjef djsdf. Lf tk akshljdks kl tu vjhmk ak ourhojÿl. Lf
vkhs
kstès tu ourhojÿl ofdf
hnohlzhlaf kl kstkknvjhmk.
`jlhn Akshrrfnnh
ak nh nälkhnhakhutfofdphsjÿl.
dkth f ofdf nf ýljof pfsjtjvf quk
9. Jltklth aksouirjr pfr quê tk jlvfnuorhstk kl kn hutf-hihlaflf= ¶Ouèlaf
kdpkzf6 ¶Xuê tkdks pkrakr f lf oflskeujr6 ¶Ks nh hprfihojÿl6 ¶Nh skeurjaha6
¶Ajlkrf6 ¶Hdfr6 Nnkeuh h nh rhäz ak tus djkafs y ksoräiknfs. Kn ajhrjf ks duy
ýtjn kl kstk hspkotf.
?. Ghz ul jlvklthrjf ak tu vjah. Jakltj`joh nf quk lkoksjths akmhr jr. Rfaräh skr
ulh orkklojh quk tjklks sfirk tj djsdf, f ul ofdpfrthdjkltf kl kn quk tk kstès
jlvfnuorhlaf. ¶Ouènks sfl nfs phsfs quk akiks ofdklzhr h ghokr phrh akmhr jr6
¶H quê lkoksjths ofdklzhr h prksthrnk htklojÿl phrh ohdijhr tus pklshdjkltfs f
orkklojhs6 Lukvhdkltk, rkejstrhr nhs rkspuksths h kstf ks duy ýtjn.
1. Qfafs nfs aähs ghz tjkdpf phrh kn hutfoujahaf.  Ghz ofshs quk tk gflrkl
tfafs nfs aähs. Gflrhrtk `äsjohdkltk. Oujah tu oukrpf, ghz kmkrojojf, ofdk
shnuahinkdkltk y västktk ak ulh dhlkrh quk tk gheh skltjr `knjz. Lf tjklk quk skr
ofstfsf, pkrf quk sk vkh ijkl. y akdukstrh quk krks ajelf ak akajohr tjkdpf y
htklojÿl phrh vkrtk ijkl. Gflrhrtk kdfojflhndkltk akshrrfnnhlaf ul ajènfef
ofdphsjvf ofltjef kl nuehr ak muzehrtk lkehtjvhdkltk tfaf kn tjkdpf. Iusoh nhs
ofshs pfsjtjvhs kl tj pfr nhs lfogks. Rjklsh kl trks ofshs quk tk eusthl ak tj
djsdf quk klofltrhstk ijkl kl tj ksk aäh. [lh vkz dès, rkhnjzh ul skeujdjkltf
ak knnfs tfafs nfs aähs phrh quk kltrklh h tu dkltk phrh ofdklzhr h skr dès
pfsjtjvf. Ofdjklzh h djrhrtk h tj djsdf ak ulh dhlkrh dès pfsjtjvh, ofdjklzh h
ahrtk ouklthy,ysjl
jdpkr`kotf h ahrtk orêajtf
kdihref, sfypfr nhs ofshs
gkrdfsf pfsjtjvhs
thn ofdf sfy".quk pfskks. Ykpätktk "_fy
 

;. Ksorjik oÿdf tk sjkltks kl tu vjah. ¶Ouènks sfl tus pklshdjkltfs6 Ouhnks

sfl tus kdfojflks Ouhnks sfl tus akskfs ¶Xuê ks jdpfrthltk phrh tj6 Lf tjklk
quk skr nhref, pfaräh skr ulh f afs frhojflks kl ksk dfdkltf. Kn prfpÿsjtf ks
ofdklzhr h ghokrtk lfthr, prkfouphrtk pfr tus pklshdjkltfs, akskfs, jltkrksks y
nf quk ks jdpfrthltk phrh tj.
0. Qhcjle tjdk tf rkha fr njstkl tk hyuah h hprklakr `frdhs dès shnuahinks ak
pklshr y vkrsk h tj djsdf. Ftrh vkz, sj sfspkoghs quk tjklk QKRQ, ksth ks ulh ak
nhs ohrhotkrästjohs y ks ulh quk lf akskh phshr pfr hntf. Ohah vkz quk
aksenfshdfs kn QKRQ y trhihmhdfs kl ul hspkotf, ah ul phsf dès kl lukstrf
vjhmk ak shlhojÿl.
Ofdf gjmfs ak lhrojsjsths, lfs klskøhrfl quk okltrhrlfs kl lfsftrfs djsdfs ks
kefästh y kqujvfohaf, pfr nf quk ofdpklshdfs kl kxoksf hihlaflèlaflfs pfr
ofdpnktf. Qklkdfs quk ahrlfs ouklth ak quk lf ghy lhah ak dhnf kl okltrhrlfs
kl lfsftrfs djsdfs.
Orätjof Jltkrlf
Nhs pkrsflhs ul
akshrrfnnhrfl qukprftkotfr
ghl kxpkrjdklthaf
jltkrlf duyul`ukrtk
trhudh akprftkekrsk
phrh hpkef kl nh
akprjdkrh
lukvhs jl`hlojh
orätjohs,
iurnhs y skltjdjkltfs ak hihlaflf. Jlonusf nhs pkrsflhs ofl hpkefs skeurfs
pukakl tklkr hneulhs ak ksths phrtks ak sä djsdhs y ksf ks shnuahink y lfrdhn.
Nf quk lf ks shnuahink y ks ulh ohrhotkrästjoh akn trhudh ks ouhlaf kstk orätjof
jltkrlf sk vuknvk duy `ukrtk ghsth kn pultf ak quk ofltrfnh y ajrjek lukstrhs
vjahs. Kl ulh pkrsflh quk tjklk ul gjstfrjhn ak trhudh, sus orätjofs jltkrlfs lf
pukakl aktklkrsk sjdpnkdkltk ofl "fyk, ofdktjstk ul krrfr", y h nf nhref akn
ohdjlf vhl "krks ul krrfr, lf dkrkoks lhah iuklf, sjkdprk krks y skrès vhef,
sjkdprk vhs h skr aksherhahink y lf akskhaf", y ksk tjpf ak ofshs. Hsä quk, tfdh
ulh sjtuhojÿl kspkoä`joh y eklkrhnjzh h nh hutfkstjdh. Hgfrh, sj ghs
kxpkrjdklthaf ul trhudh ak hpkef kl nh prjdkrh jl`hlojh, pukak ghikr ulh phrtk
ak tj quk tfahväh kstè htrhphah kl ksh kthph ak akshrrfnnf kdfojflhn y, pfr nf
thltf, ghy sjtuhojflks quk hýl aksklohaklhrèl h ksk ljøf pkqukøf pfrquk kstè
htrhphaf kl ksh kthph kdfojflhn.
Nh orätjoh jltkrlh ak nh quk ghinhrkdfs, ks ksh phrtk quk fajh hn ljøf jltkrlf
pfrquk sjkltk quk ks jldhaurf, `ukrh ak ofltrfn, sklsjink, aêijn y kdfojflhn.
[suhndkltk, ulh pkrsflh ofl trhudh pukak jr ak ul kxtrkdf h ftrf= pukak jr
kltrk orätjofs jltkrlfs quk sk fajhl h sä djsdfs y sk efnpkhl h sä djsdfs y nfs
orjtjohl oflsthltkdkltk, f sjdpnkdkltk pukakl phshr hn ftrf kxtrkdf y
sjdpnkdkltk akshrrfnnhr kstk ljvkn ak hutf-tfnkrhlojh y akmhrsk nnkvhr. Nf quk skh
quk knnfs qujkrhl.
prftkotfrhs quk kstèl Ksths phrtks
ghojklaf tfaforätjohs jltkrlhs
nf pfsjink sfl lukvhdkltk
phrh prftkekrtk phrtks
ak skltjrtk lf
 

akskhaf, rkoghzhaf, hihlaflhaf y orjtjohaf pfr ftrhs pkrsflhs.

Ghy duogfs tjpfs ak vfoks orätjohs jltkrlhs.
8. Kn pkr`koojfljsth. Qk ajok quk sjkdprk tjklks quk ghokr tfaf h nh pkr`koojÿl.
Xuk tjklks quk vkrtk pkr`koth, quk tjklks quk skr pkr`kotf f lhajk tk qukrrè y kstk
ljvkn ak pkr`koojfljsdf h dkluaf pukak rksunthr kl phrènjsjs y ajnhojÿl pfrquk
lf qujkrks ghokr lhah h dklfs quk sk pukah ghokr pkr`kothdkltk y pfr nf thltf
lf tkrdjlhs ghojklaf duoghs ofshs akijaf h ksk djkaf.
9. Kn dfnakhafr.  Kstk ks duy sjdjnhr hn pkr`koojfljsth pkrf ofl ulh tfdh
njekrhdkltk aj`krkltk. Kn trhihmf akn dfnakhafr ks dfnakhrtk phrh quk skhs nf
quk ftrhs pkrsflhs qujkrhl quk skhs, ak dfaf quk nks herhaks y tk hokptkl.
?. Kn kxoursjfljsth ounphink.  Ks nh vfz quk tk ajok "krks dhnf, lf dkrkoks kn
pkraÿl, lf dkrkoks kstf pfrquk lf sfnf ofdktjstk ul krrfr, krks ul krrfr". Kstk
pukak skr ul tjpf ak orätjoh jltkrlh dès prfdjlkltk, quk sk akshrrfnnh
kspkojhndkltk kl sjtuhojflks aflak ghy rknjejfsjaha dkzonhah ofl kn trhudh akn
hpkef.
1.Kn sfohvhafr.
sukøfs   Ksth vfz
pfrquk h`jrdh qukjltkrjfr nk jdpjak
kn `rhohsf hvhlzhr, H`jrdh
ks jlkvjthink. tklkr êxjtf
quky lf
skeujr
krkssus
nf
su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf y, pfr nf thltf, kl nuehr ak quk shnehs y `rhohsks y skhs
rkoghzhaf y iurnhaf, tk oflvklokrè ak quk lf krks nf su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf phrh
rktklkrtk y dhltklkrtk kl kn nuehr aflak kstès skeurf.
;. Kn ohphthz. Ksth ks nh vfz quk tk ajok quk sjkdprk tjklks quk trhihmhr dès
aurf, luloh sk tk pkrdjtk aksohlshr, phrh rknhmhrtk f tklkr tjkdpf phrh tj djsdf.
_jkdprk tjklks quk ksthr ghojklaf hnef, y sjkdprk tjklks quk dhltklkrtk
fouphaf. Ksth pukak skr ulh phrtk quk sk akshrrfnnh kspkojhndkltk kl rkspuksth h
ul phark lhrojsjsth quk sjkdprk kstè prksjflhlaf h sus gjmfs phrh quk ghehl dès
phrh nferhr dès, pfr nf quk nfs ljøfs sjkdprk sjkltkl quk tjklkl quk ghokr hnef
pfrquk sus pharks lf nfs hokpthrèl sj nfs vkl muehlaf f ajvjrtjêlafsk.
0. Kn ofltrfnhafr. Nh vfz quk ofltrfnh ohah ofsh quk ghoks. Oflsthltkdkltk tk
ajok quk "lf kstès ghojklaf ksf ijkl, ghznf ak ksth dhlkrh". "Lf tk kstès
pfljklaf ijkl nh rfph, lf kstès ghojklaf kstf nf su`jojkltkdkltk rèpjaf, lf
ofdks nh ofdjah ofrrkoth, krks hsqukrfsf". Ak lukvf, kstès akstjlhaf h
prftkekrtk ak nhs orätjohs ak ftrhs pkrsflhs, pkrf ofltrfnhl tu vjah y tk ajokl
oflsthltkdkltk quk kstès ghojklaf nhs ofshs dhn y hsä ks ofdf akiks ghokr nhs
ofshs. Ksth pukak skr ftrh phrtk jdpfrthltk quk sk akshrrfnnh kl rkspuksth h ul
phark lhrojsjsth quk ofltrfnhih ohah pkqukøh ofsh quk ghoäh su gjmf kl nuehr ak
pfakr sklthrsk y akmhr quk su gjmf kxpnfrk nh vjah.
5. Kn akstruotfr.  Kstk ks kn orätjof jltkrlf dès aurf y ks nh vfz quk rkhndkltk
qujkrk hpnhsthrtk. Qk ajok quk lj sjqujkrh pkrtklkoks h ksth vjah y quk lj sjqujkrh
 

dkrkoks kxjstjr. _j ijkl ksf suklh rkhndkltk aurf y ohsj sujojah, lf sjkdprk
rksunth kl ulh jakh sujojah f jltkltfs sujojahs, pkrf sk oflvjkrtk kl ul erhl
ohstjef y hutf-shifthmk.
Ks `ulahdklthn kltklakr quk nhs vfoks jltkrlhs lf sfl nh vfoks ak tus pharks
sjlf quk sfl ul dkohljsdf ak hutfprftkoojÿl. _uejkrf oflfokrnfs ofdf sj
kstuvjkrhs oflfojklaf h ul hdjef lukvf y ksf ks rkhndkltk nf quk ks. H pkshr ak
quk suklh aurf nf quk ghokl, sfnf prktklajkrfl ofshs iuklhs, prktklajkrfl
prftkekrtk, hsä quk hprkojh su phpkn kl tu vjah.
Ouhlaf ofdjkloks h oflsunthr h ul psjoftkrhpkuth, vkrès quk ksths vfoks
jltkrlhs sk vuknvkl dklfs jltrusjvhs h dkajah quk prfokshs nfs kvkltfs
trhudètjofs h nfs quk sk rk`jkrkl.
Hlsjkaha sfojhn
Nh hlsjkaha sfojhn pukak skr ihsthltk akijnjthltk. Rukak surejr pfr rhzflks lf
thl fivjhs, pkrf tjklk sältfdhs ihsthltk fivjfs y h`koth kl erhl dkajah oÿdf
lfs skltjdfs. Nh hlsjkaha sfojhn fourrk ouhlaf ksthdfs jltkrhotuhlaf ofl ftrfs
yerupfs.
ksthdfs kl sjtuhojflks
Rukak sfojhnks.
skr ofl pkrsflhs qukRukak skr h ljvknf jlajvjauhn
lf oflfokdfs, f pukak
pukak fourrjr skr ofl
ofl pkrsflhs
quk oflfokdfs k jlonusf ofl lukstrfs prfpjfs `hdjnjhrks.
Ouhlaf kxpkrjdklthdfs hlsjkaha sfojhn, pfakdfs skltjrlfs ak ojkrth dhlkrh,
pfarähdfs skltjrlfs pkqukøfs f ofdf ul ljøf. Hgfrh ijkl, kstf pukak fourrjr
pfrquk kn frjekl ak nh hlsjkaha sfojhn pukak skr akn phshaf, y duy
`rkoukltkdkltk sk akik h ojroulsthlojhs f kvkltfs ofltjlufs quk suokajkrfl y
quk ak ojkrth dhlkrh lfs gjojkrfl skltjr ofl ftrhs pkrsflhs.
Ftrh `frdh kl quk pfakdfs skltjrlfs ouhlaf kxpkrjdklthdfs hlsjkaha sfojhn,
ks ouhlaf ksthdfs jltkrhotuhlaf ofl hneujkl kl nf quk ksthdfs pklshlaf, pfr
quê ksthräh jltkrkshaf kl ouhnqujkr ofsh quk tklehdfs quk akojr. Ks ulh kspkojk
ak skltjdjkltf ak jlajeljaha. [l pfsjink frjekl ak kstf pfaräh skr quk kl nfs
høfs dès mÿvklks, kl su kltfrlf `hdjnjhr, sj tk ajokl quk tk ohnnks duogf f quk tk
vhyh, hsä quk h lhajk nk jltkrksh lhah ak nf quk tjklks quk akojr. Nfs ljøfs y
hafnksokltks hisfrikl nh rkhnjaha ofdf kspflmhs, pfr nf quk sä ksthdfs
ohphojthafs phrh pklshr quk nf quk tklkdfs quk akojr lf tjklk skltjaf y lhajk
qujkrk ksouoghr nf quk tklkdfs quk akojr, nnkvhdfs ksh oflonusjÿl h nh kaha
haunth. Nfs ljøfs oflstruykl su rkhnjaha h phrtjr ak pkrokpojflks3 prokpojflks
sfirk lfsftrfs djsdfs y pkrokpojflks sfirk nfs akdès, y sfirk nh `frdh kl quk
jltkrhotuhdfs ofl nhs pkrsflhs y oÿdf jltkrhotýhl ofl lfsftrfs. _j nh
oflonusjÿl quk shohdfs ks "nf quk ajef lf tjklk skltjaf, lhah ak nf quk ajef ks
sjelj`johtjvf, lhajkklqujkrk
skltjdfs nf djsdf ksouoghrdk",
nh kaha haunth. kltfloks nf nnkvhdfs ofl lfsftrfs y
 

Orkks quk lf krks ajelf ak ksthr kl ojkrth sjtuhojÿl y lf krks nf su`jojkltkdkltk

iuklf ofdf phrh ksthr kl ajogh sjtuhojÿl. Kl tu muvkltua, ul gkrdhlf tuvf ul
trhtf prk`krklojhn sfirk tj, f `ujstk gudjnnhaf `rkltk h ftrfs kl tu ohsh f kl nh
ksouknh. Ofshs ofdf ksths pukakl ohushr skltjdjkltfs ak jlajeljaha y nukef,
ouhlaf kltrhs kl sjtuhojflks sfojhnks kl nh kaha haunth, sjkltks nf djsdf pfrquk
hsä ks ofdf sk kltrklh tu okrkirf. Ks ofdf tu dkltk pkrojik nh rkhnjaha.
Ftrh `frdh kl sk pukak skltjr ouhlaf kxpkrjdklthdfs hlsjkaha sfojhn ks ul
skltjdjkltf suioflsojkltk ak quk nhs pkrsflhs tk kstèl kvhnuhlaf. Kltfloks,
pukak quk oflfzohs lukvfs hdjefs pftklojhnks f lukvhs pkrsflhs kl kn trhihmf y
sjklths quk tk kstèl kvhnuhlaf ak hneulh dhlkrh= „¶Orkkl quk sfy ul jajfth6",
"¶Kstèl pklshlaf quk dk vkf jloÿdfaf6", "¶Orkkl quk sfy kxtrhøf6". Qfaf
kstf pukak suokakr rkhndkltk ofdf ulh kspkojk ak vfz jltrusjvh kl tu dkltk f
pukak skr sfnf ul skltjdjkltf. Rukak skr kn rksunthaf ak orätjohs kxoksjvhs kl nfs
høfs dès mÿvklks. Qhn vkz ak ljøf sjkdprk skltjstk quk tus pharks tk ksthihl
kvhnuhlaf3 quk sjkdprk kstuvjkrfl kl kn ohsf y quk luloh nf ksthihs ghojklaf nf
su`jojkltkdkltk ijkl, y tfafs tus gkrdhlfs y tfafs tk ksthihl kvhnuhlaf tfaf kn
tjkdpf. Kstf pukak nnkvhrsk h nh kaha haunth y hsä ks nh rkhnjaha.
Ouhlaf kxpkrjdklths hlsjkaha sfojhn, pukaks skltjrtk ofdf ul jdpfstfr. [lh
ohush ak ksf pfaräh skr quk kl nfs høfs dès mÿvklks, lf kstuvjstk kxpukstf h
duoghs sjtuhojflks sfojhnks, y sjdpnkdkltk lf ksthihs hofstudirhaf h knnhs. Lf
sfojhnjzhihs ofl duogfs ljøfs, tklähs hnef ak hlsjkaha y tk qukahihs duogf kl
ohsh. Kl oflskouklojh h kstf, lf ksthr hofstudirhaf h sfojhnjzhr ofl ftrfs pukak
ghokr quk tk sjklths ofdf ul jdpfstfr. Ks ohsj ofdf sj sjltjkrhs
jloflsojkltkdkltk quk lf tjklks nhs ghijnjahaks sfojhnks ofrrkoths phrh klohmhr y
tk sjkltks jloÿdfaf y lf akikrähs ksthr hnnä. Lf tk sjkltks nf su`jojkltkdkltk ijkl
pfr vhrjhs rhzflks. _j kl kn phshaf lf ghs tkljaf vhnjahojÿl, trhlqujnjaha,
frjklthojÿl sfirk ghijnjahaks sfojhnks, pukak ghikr ofl`usjÿl h dkajah quk
orkoks sj sjkdprk ghs rkojijaf orätjohs. _jkltks quk lf jdpfrth nf quk ghehs, lf
ks nf su`jojkltkdkltk iuklf. Kltfloks, ouhlaf kltrhs kl nh kaha haunth, nhs
sjtuhojflks sfojhnks pukakl ghokrtk skltjr ofdf ul jdpfstfr.
Ftrh `frdh kl quk pukaks skltjrtk ouhlaf kxpkrjdklth hlsjkaha sfojhn ks
akspuês ak ulh jltkrhoojÿl, ofdjklzhs h oukstjflhrtk oÿdf tk akskdpkøhstk.
Kstf ks ulh `frdh aksprfpfrojflhah k jl`nhah ak vkrsk h ulf djsdf pfrquk tk
`hnth ofl`jhlzh y ghs rkojijaf duoghs orätjohs aurhltk tu jl`hlojh. Ofdf
kmkdpnf, lf fituvjstk kn sfpfrtk y nh vhnjahojÿl quk lkoksjthihs kl kn phshaf
phrh shikr quk ks sfojhndkltk hokpthink.

H vkoks, ouhlaf
pkrskeujaf. kxpkrjdklths
K K jlonusf hlsjkaha hsfojhn,
pukaks ofdklzhr pukaks
klofltrhr skltjrtk
f`klshs aflakjltjdjahaf
lf nhs ghy.f
 

_j ghs ksthaf kl kn kxtrkdf rkokptfr ak duogh jltjdjahojÿl y pkrskouojÿl

aurhltk tu jl`hlojh, pukak ghokr quk tk pfleh h nh ak`klsjvh kl sjtuhojflks
sfojhnks aurhltk nh kaha haunth.
H dkluaf, nhs pkrsflhs ofl hlsjkaha sfojhn sk vkl ul pfof ohdu`nhahs y
ohdijhl su pkrsflhnjaha phrh hahpthrsk h nh pkrsflh ofl nh quk kstèl. _j kstèl
ofl ulh pkrsflh kl ksk dfdkltf, ks dès `èojn ohdijhr nh `frdh kl quk sk
ofdpfrthl, phrh hahpthrsk h ksh pkrsflh. _j sk jljojh ulh ajlèdjoh ak erupf y
nukef ofl ul erupf, ks dès aj`äojn ohdijhrsk phrh hahpthrsk h tfafs kl kn erupf
phrh oflvkrtjrsk kl nf quk tý pkrojiks ofdf dès sfojhndkltk hokpthink,
kltfloks, pukaks tkrdjlhr sjklaf ul pfof ohdhnkÿl kl sjtuhojflks sfojhnks.
Ks jdpfrthltk ksthr htkltf h nfs sältfdhs `äsjofs ak nh hlsjkaha sfojhn phrh quk
pukahs ksthr dès hn ofrrjkltk. [lh ak knnhs ks nh tklsjÿl kl tfaf kn oukrpf. Qu
vfz pukak ofdklzhr h akshphrkokr, f sjkltks quk akiks ghinhr kl vfz ihmh, f
tkrdjlhs ghinhlaf akdhsjhaf rèpjaf. Qhdijêl pukaks tkrdjlhr sflrfmèlaftk, sjl
shikr oÿdf pfsjojflhr tu oukrpf. Kltfloks, pukaks tkrdjlhr duy tklsf, ofdf ul

rfift
rknhmhr pfrquk lf shiks
kn oukrpf. oÿdf pukaks
Qhdijêl phrhrtk, tkrdjlhr
f pfrqukofl
phrkok
ulh quk kstès trhthlaf
rkspjrhojÿl rèpjah aky
supkr`jojhn, suafrhojÿl, jlqujktua, jlohphojaha phrh pklshr, aj`jounthaks phrh
klofltrhr phnhirhs, thrthduakf k jlohphojaha phrh ghokr oflthotf vjsuhn.
Kltfloks, kstfs sfl kn tjpf ak sältfdhs ak hlsjkaha sfojhn.
Duogfs pjklshl quk nh hlsjkaha sfojhn ks sfnf quk lfs jdpfrth akdhsjhaf nf quk
pjklshl ftrhs pkrsflhs, pkrf ks duogf dès quk ksf. _j ul djkdirf ak nh `hdjnjh
sjkdprk sk gh iurnhaf ak lfsftrfs `rkltk h ftrfs, kstf lfs klskøh quk ouhlaf
ksthdfs `rkltk h ftrfs, pfakdfs gudjnnhrlfs. Rfr nf thltf, pfaräh skr ul djkaf h
ulh prf`ulah sklshojÿl ak gudjnnhojÿl y lf sfnf ul djkaf h nf quk nh ekltk
pjklsh. Lf sjkdprk ks oflsojkltk, y ks pfsjink quk sfnf sjklth y tkleh kdfojflks
y sältfdhs `ukrtks y sjdpnkdkltk lf skph pfr quê. Qk aksklohaklh kl
sjtuhojflks sfojhnks pfrquk tk rkoukrahl hnef quk suokajÿ hltks. Lf
lkokshrjhdkltk vfnvkrè h suokakr, pkrf tfah nh sjtuhojÿl sfnf tk rkoukrah hnef ak
lukstrf phshaf. Lf lkokshrjhdkltk tjklks nfs rkoukrafs akn phshaf, ks sfnf quk
kn suioflsojkltk sk hotjvh, pfr nf quk tjklks nhs kdfojflks lkehtjvhs. Kn
suioflsojkltk kstè trhthlaf ak prkvkljr dès afnfr y sj nh dkltk suioflsojkltk
pjklsh quk vh h suokakr lukvhdkltk, hltjojph k jltklth prftkekrsk.
Nh shlhojÿl ak nh hlsjkaha sfojhn nnkvh tjkdpf y lf pukaks tklkr ulh sfnuojÿl
rèpjah.
Ghy ofshs quk sk pukakl ghokr kl nh vjah ajhrjh= trhihmf oflsojkltk y trhihmf
suioflsojkltk.
rktrfokakr kl kn Ouhlaf
tjkdpf y kstès
kstf h ghojklaf ul trhihmf
dkluaf sjelj`joh suioflsojkltk,
vfnvjklaf sjelj`joh
h nfs rkoukrafs ak
 

nhs ofshs quk tk suokajkrfl y shlhr ushlaf vhrjhs têoljohs.  Rukaks klofltrhr
ul tkrhpkuth phrh sksjflks ak gjplfsjs f utjnjzhr têoljohs KDAY (Qkrhpjh
ofeljtjvf-oflauotuhn) phrh shlhr kstfs rkoukrafs. Qhdijêl ghy hneulhs ofshs
quk pukaks ghokr tý djsdf phrh shlhr ak kstfs rkoukrafs. Rukaks vjsjthr kstfs
rkoukrafs kl ul ksthaf rknhmhaf pfrquk nh dkltk suioflsojkltk ks afdjlhltk y
pukaks djrhrnfs lukvhdkltk. Rukaks ghokr kstf aurhltk nh dkajthojÿl, rknhmhrtk,
oflokltrhrtk kl nh rkspjrhojÿl y nukef hirjr nh dkltk phrh pkrdjtjr quk nfs
rkoukrafs surmhl ak ulh iuklh dhlkrh.
Qhdijêl pfarähs dkajthr sfirk nh kxpkrjklojh ak skltjr gudjnnhojÿl
sjdpnkdkltk jdhejlhlaf oÿdf ks nh sjtuhojÿl sfojhn y nukef ksthinkojklaf nh
jltklojÿl ak rkoupkrhr ul rkoukraf nf hltks pfsjink. Rukaks ghokrnf h trhvês ak nh
dkajthojÿl f nh gjplfsjs, quk ks ulh rknhmhojÿl eujhah prf`ulah ofl ul
prf`ksjflhn y vkrès quk tu dkltk suioflsojkltk ofdjklzh h dklojflhr ksths
ofshs duogf dès pfrquk sk nk gh ahaf pkrdjsf phrh ghokrnf. Qhdijêl pukaks
hyuahr ksorjijrnf phrh quk pukahs tklkr ulh oflvkrshojÿl ofltjef djsdf kl
phpkn. Räahnk h tu dkltk suioflsojkltk quk tk nnkvk ak rkerksf h nh prjdkrh êpfoh
kl quk tk skltjstk ak ksth dhlkrh y nukef ofdjklzh h ksorjijr nf quk kstès
pklshlaf y sjltjklaf, y nfs rkoukrafs quk sk hvkojlhl. Ks ulh iuklh dhlkrh ak
shohr nhs ofshs y ofdklzhr h shlhr. Kltfloks, sj tk kloukltrhs ofl ul rkoukraf
quk ksthihs rkojijklaf, hneulhs phnhirhs aksherhahinks ak nfs pharks quk tk
akoähl quk krhs jlýtjn y lf tkljhs vhnfr, f ofshs hsä, y quk tk ghoähl skltjr
kspkojhndkltk dhn, kltfloks pukaks vfnvkr h ksk rkoukraf ofdf tkrokrh pkrsflh
y ksthr hnnä ofl tu yf dès mfvkl. Ofleknh nh dkdfrjh y ghinh ofl tu yf dès
fvkl, trhlqujnäzhnf y ajnks nf quk lkoksjthl ksouoghr phrh skltjrsk dkmfr. Rfr
kmkdpnf, sj ajoks „krks hdhaf—, „krks ajelf— f „krks dhrhvjnnfsf—, dhltjklks
tfaf kl pfsjtjvf pfrquk kn suioflsojkltk ksouogh nfs ofdhlafs pfsjtjvfs. Ahnk
ul `ukrtk yhirhzf
dkdfrjh h tu yf
hskeurhrnk h tudès
yf mfvkl, ajnk quk
dès mfvkl, nf duy
sj ks hdh, afnfrfsf
nh onhvk ghokrnf,
ks vfnvkrlfh nf
nh
jltkltks pfr tj djsdf, iusoh hyuah prf`ksjflhn f ul oflskmkrf phrh quk nf gheh
ofltjef.
Ftrhs `frdhs ak shlhr ak nh hlsjkaha sfojhn ks ghokr ul trhihmf pfsjtjvf h
ajhrjf ofl nh dkltk oflsojkltk,  kstf sk gulajrè kl tu dkltk suioflsojkltk.
Rukaks ghokr h`jrdhojflks y akojrsk ofshs ofdf "_fy ulh pkrsflh `ukrtk y
skeurh", "_fy ajelf ak ksths sjtuhojflks sfojhnks" y "Qklef duoghs ofshs
jltkrkshltks quk akojr". Nf quk skh quk lkoksjtks ksouoghr, ghinhr ofl tu dkltk
suioflsojkltk ks ghinhr ofltjef djsdf. Rfr nf thltf, trhlqujnäzhtk y ghznf
rkpktjahdkltk kl infquks ak trks. Ghz kstf 82 vkoks. Qrhlqujnäzhtk ofl ouhnqujkr
h`jrdhojÿl quk lkoksjtks phrh skltjrsk dkmfr y, ofl kn tjkdpf, nh dkltk
 

suioflsojkltk nf hokpth.
Rfr ýntjdf,  ghinhtk h tj djsdf kl kn kspkmf,  pukaks prkeulthrnk h tu
suioflsojkltk quê suokak kl ojkrths sjtuhojflks ofdf "¶pfr quê dk skltä hsä kl
ksh sjtuhojÿl sfojhn6", "¶Rfr quê kstfy tkdjklaf ksth sjtuhojÿl sfojhn6" y
ksouogh nf quk ajok tu suioflsojkltk. Ks pfsjink quk ak rkpkltk sjklths
kdfojflks f quk ksouogks ulh vfz kl tu dkltk quk ajeh "@uk tkrrjink", "dk
prkfouph quk dk vhyh h vfnvkr ul jajfth". Gèinhtk h tj djsdf y trhlqujnjzh h tu
dkltk suioflsojkltk ak quk "lf tk vhs h ghokr ul jajfth, krks ulh pkrsflh
dhrhvjnnfsh y krks ekljhn kl nh vjah oftjajhlh". Ghinh ofltjef djsdf y
trhlqujnjzh h tu dkltk phrh quk lf tk aksksthijnjokl nfs kvkltfs akn phshaf. Qfdk
sksjflks ak gjplfsjs f vkh h ul oflskmkrf. Ks rkhndkltk jdpfrthltk shohr nhs
ofshs y rkphshrnhs lukvhdkltk. Kxpflnfs h nh nuz akn aäh ofl tu dkltk oflsojkltk
ulh vkz dès y vjsuhnäzhnfs lukvhdkltk ofl kstk lukvf rhzflhdjkltf akn quk
krks ohphz. Ahtk tjkdpf, pfof h pfof tk skltjrès dkmfr.
 

1.9 Oflskmfs ak Hutfshlhojÿl

Jlonusf sj kn QKRQ akik trhthrsk oflsunthlaf h ul prf`ksjflhn, pfr knnf qujkrf
ahrtk hneulfs oflskmfs sfirk oÿdf ofdklzhr h ourhrtk akn hiusf lhrojsjsth ak nfs
pharks.

Ofdprklsjÿl y Hokpthojÿl.
Kn prjdkr oflskmf ks kltklakr h tu phark lhrojsjsth, ofdprklakr pfr quê gjzf
ojkrths ofshs, pfr quê tus pharks sfl ak thn dhlkrh, y pfr quê hneulhs pkrsflhs
sfl ofdf sfl. Ofdprklakr pfr quê fourrk ul aktkrdjlhaf ofdpfrthdjkltf y ak
aÿlak prfvjklk sjkdprk ks rkhndkltk ýtjn. Qk hyuah h pfakr nnkehr hn pultf ak
hokpthojÿl pfrquk hgfrh pukaks hokpthr pfr quê hneujkl ghok nf quk ghok sjl
hokpthr quk su hoojÿl ks ofrrkoth. Qhdijêl tk hyuah h ahrtk ouklth hgfrh ofdf
hauntf, quk tfaf nf quk lf rkojijstk ak tu phark lf tuvf lhah quk vkr ofltjef.
Ofdf hauntf, pukaks skr nÿejof y oflsojkltk ak ofdprklakr quk nhs gkrjahs
surejkrfl ak kstf, pkrf hgfrh pukaks shlhr ak kstf. Rukak quk ksth lf skh nh
`frdh dès rèpjah ak shlhr nh rknhojÿl ofl tu phark, pkrf nf prjdkrf quk akiks
ghokr ks hokpthrnf ofdf ks. Ên ks jlohphz ak ahr, tjklk ulh oflkxjÿl rkhn y pukak
sklthrsk kl ul ksphojf pfr tj. Kltfloks, ouhlaf ghoks hnef gjrjkltk f tk
hvkreþklzh, pukaks hnkmhrtk ak ksh sjtuhojÿl pfrquk shiks quk lf nf gjojstk hsä.
Kstk krh qujkl krh, y rkhndkltk lf jdpfrth.
Kstk ks kn phsf lýdkrf ulf= hokpthr qujêl ks ên y tu jlohphojaha phrh ksthr hnnä
kdfojflhndkltk. _j kn ofdpfrthdjkltf ks akdhsjhaf dhnf, pukaks fpthr pfr
ofrthr kn oflthotf. Kn gkogf ak quk tklehdfs pharks lf sjelj`joh quk akihdfs
tklkr rknhojflks ofl knnfs. Ouhlaf lfs oflvkrtjdfs kl hauntfs, pfakdfs knkejr
qujêl ks phrtk ak lukstrh vjah y qujêl lf.
Aksghztk ak nfs Rklshdjkltfs Lkehtjvfs.
Duoghs ak quk
rknhojflks nhs ofshs lkehtjvhs
dhltuvjstk quktus
ofl kstèl muehlaf
pharks kl tu lf
pfrquk ohikzh prfvjklkl ak
tk klskøhrfl nhs
oÿdf
dhltklkrtk oflkothaf ofltjef djsdf.
Ak dfaf quk, ouhlaf nnkeh ksk pklshdjkltf lkehtjvf, akiks shikr quk ks phrtk
ak tu prferhdhojÿl. Ks phrtk ak ksh gkrjah quk sk aksklohaklh ulh y ftrh vkz h
dkajah quk orkoähs y ksh ks nh gjstfrjh "Lf sfy su`jojkltk".
Ouhlaf oflfoks kn frjekl ak tus pklshdjkltfs y shiks quk kstk pklshdjkltf
lkehtjvf lf krks tý, pukaks akmhrnf jr pfrquk lf krks qujkl krks. Hprklaks h
ofltrfnhr nfs pklshdjkltfs quk surekl tk pkrdjtk vjvjr ulh vjah `knjz y phoä`joh.
Kl`rêlthtk h tus pharks.

Lf sjelj`johh tjquk
Ak`klakrtk sfnf thdijêl
djsdf nk ajehsksh pfakr
nh ekltk nf quk
hdhrtk h tj pjklshs y oÿdf htknfs
djsdf, kxprkshr klfmhstk.
akdès
 

nf quk lkoksjths ak nh rknhojÿl y sj lf pukakl rkspkthr nfs nädjtks, kltfloks

pukaks ohdijhr ksh rknhojÿl y tus kxpkothtjvhs ak qujêl ks ksh pkrsflh y ak quê
ks ohphz.
Puknvk h orjhrtk h tj djsdf.
_kr aksoujahaf y dhntrhthaf kl nh jl`hlojh tk ghok ohrkokr ak ul iukl phark
jltkrlf, pfr nf quk lf tjklks hnef akltrf quk tk kstê ajrjejklaf y oujahlaf. Rhrh
shlhr y `ulojflhr ofrrkothdkltk, akiks vfnvkr h orjhrtk y oujahrtk ofdf sj `ukrhs
ul ljøf pfrquk sj lf nf rkojijstk ouhlaf krhs ljøf, tjklks quk ghokrnf hgfrh f
kstès tk vh h afnkr pfr kn rkstf ak tu vjah. Pfnvkr h orjhrsk h ulf djsdf ks ul
prfoksf duy ofdpnkmf. Pjklk kl dýntjpnks ljvknks ak vhrjhs dhlkrhs, ofl
rkspkotf h ohah hspkotf ak tu vjah. Ofdjklzh sjklaf oflsojkltk ak nf quk kstè
suokajklaf y nukef vhnjaèlafsk h tä djsdf, kl nuehr ak nh jlvhnjahojÿl quk ghs
ksthaf rkojijklaf tfah tu vjah. Kl prjdkr nuehr, akiks skr oflsojkltk ak nf quk
kstès pklshlaf y ak nf quk tk kstès ajojklaf. Kl skeulaf nuehr, pjklsh kl nh
ofdfajaha. Ouhlaf pjklshs kl rkphrhrtk, pjklsh kl oÿdf sk skltjräh ul iukl

pharktkofl
quk rkspkotf
ajmkrh h suquk
tu phpè ikiê.
lf ¶Xuê qukrähs
tk ajmf6 ¶Oÿdffitklkr ak quk
qukrähs tus pharks6 ¶Xuê
tk trhthrh6 Kskqukrähs
ks kn
prjdkr phsf phrh skr phark. Akn djsdf dfaf, orkf quk sk trhth dès ak hprklakr
sfirk tj y nf quk lkoksjths phrh rknhmhrtk. ¶Ouènks sfl nhs ofshs quk lkoksjths
akojrtk h tj djsdf quk skhl ýtjnks y hnklthafrhs6 Rjêlshnf.
Rukaks ofdklzhr h hnklthrtk ajojklaf ofshs ofdf "sfnähs ghokr ksf, pkrf dk aj
ouklth ak quk ýntjdhdkltk tk gh jaf ul pfof dkmfr". Akiks tklkr kstk ajènfef
jltkrlf quk oflsthltkdkltk tk gheh skltjr dkmfr y supkrk kn ftrf ajènfef quk
pukak skr kn orätjof jltkrlf lkehtjvf ak tu jl`hlojh. Luloh fnvjaks quk tu
ofdfajaha ks jdpfrthltk. Pfnvkr h orjhr h nfs gjmfs sjelj`joh oujahr su
ofdfajaha. Qjklks quk ofdklzhr h supkrhr kn afnfr y ghokr ofshs iuklhs pfr tj
djsdf. Qfahväh sfirk kn tkdh ak nh rk-orjhlzh, ks ajsojpnjlh. _j ghs su`rjaf hneýl
tjpf ak lkenjeklojh, prfihinkdkltk lf `ujstk ajsojpnjlhaf y, pfr nf thltf, tklkr
ajsojpnjlh kl nh vjah oftjajhlh sk vuknvk duy aj`äojn sj lf sk tk orjÿ ak ksh
dhlkrh. _j kl nh jl`hlojh lf fituvjstk ljleulh ajsojpnjlh, orkokrès sjl ul phark
jltkrlf quk skh ajsojpnjlhrjf. Rfr klak, nh ajsojpnjlh tk pkrdjtk shikr aÿlak
rkspflshijnjzhrtk djkltrhs htrhvjkshs kn vjhmk ak ourhojÿl.
 

OFLON[_JFLK_
Kstk njirf kstè nnklf ak afnfr pkrf thdijêl kstè nnklf ak kspkrhlzh.
Jlonusf sj lhojstk kl kn nuehr kqujvfohaf y orkojstk njajhlaf ofl ul phark
hiusjvf y ulh dhark `hojnjthafrh akpklajkltk, ks pfsjink akmhr htrès kn phshaf y
oflstrujr ul `uturf dkmfr tfdhlaf kn ofltrfn ak tu vjah. Kstk njirf ks ul ohdjlf
afnfrfsf ak oflojklojh, pkrf thdijêl ks kn prjdkr phsf ak ul vjhmk quk tk nnkvhrè
h nh vjah quk tk dkrkoks.
Luloh tk rjlahs y skrès rkofdpklshaf.
 

Qhink f` Ofltklts
JLQYFA[OOJFL
RYJDKYH ¶XuRHYQK=
8.8 ¶Xuê YKOFLFOJKLAF
ê ks kn Lhrojsjsdf KN RYFINKDH
Rhtfnÿejof6
Rhtfnÿejof6
8.9 Akltrf
Akltrf ak nh Dkltk ak ulh Lhrojsjsth
8.? Qjpfs ak Lhrojsjsdf
8.1 Kstrhtkejhs
Kstrhtkejhs Lhrojsjsths ak Dhljpunhojÿl
Dhljpunhojÿl
8.; Lhrojsjsths
Lhrojsjsths Rhtfnÿejofs
Rhtfnÿejofs ofdf Rharks
8.0 _køhnks
_køhnks ak Orjhlzh Lhrojsjsth
_KE[LAH RHYQK= RHAYK_ LHYOJ_J_QH_
LHYOJ_J_QH_
9.8 Kn Rhark Lhrojsjsth y nfs Yfnks
Yfnks quk Knjek phrh sus Gjmfs.
9.9 Ghijnjthafrks
Ghijnjthafrks
9.? Qjpfs
Qjpfs ak Rharks Lhrojsjsths
9.1 Rharks
Rharks Lhrojsjsths
Lhrojsjsths y _us Gjmfs
9.; Rharks
Rharks Lhrojsjsths y sus Gjmhs
9.0 K`kotfs akn Hiusf Lhrojsjsth kl Ljøfs
Ljøfs Hauntfs
QKYOKYH RHYQK= _FN[OJFLK_
?.8 Rrftêektk
Rrftêektk akn Ehsnjegtjle
?.9 Oÿdf
Oÿdf dhlkmhr h ul phark
phark lhrojsjsth
lhrojsjsth sj vjvks ofl ên
?.? Oÿdf
Oÿdf iurnhr h nh kstrhtkejh lhrojsjsth
lhrojsjsth ak afink välounf
?.1 Ykoupkrhlaf tu pfakr
?.; _hn akn kltfrlf tÿxjof= oflskmfs prèotjofs
?.0 Oujahr kn Klvkmkojdjkltf akn Rhark Lhrojsjsth
O[HYQH RHYQK= _HLHOJßL
1.8 Qrhstfrlf ak Kstrês Rfstrhudètjof Ofdpnkmf
1.9 Oflskmfs ak Hutfshlhojÿl
OFLON[_JFLK_