LEST\C ]O]HC; JT@MS@]C \CGON@T ON DS\ONC\\

@MGONO\]T@]OEN

LEST\C LEMC ; DS\ 222

]EVOL;

]OGC G@N@JCGCN] ON ETJ@NO\@]OEN

D_

@IONGDENO C\]BCT AEH@\@MC - NES0<<:1?46=

DCONJ @ \CGON@T V@VCT VTC\CN]CM ON ]BC \LBEEH EA

G@N@JCGCN] \LOCNLC\ ON V@T]O@H ASHAOHGCN] AET ]BC

@Z@TM EA G.\L. ON DS\ONC\\ @MGONO\]T@]OEN.

N@]OEN@H EVCN SNOQCT\O]_ EA NOJCTO@

@JOMONJDO \]SM_ LCN]CT

H@JE\.

\CV]CGDCT, 460= 
 

]@DHC EA LEN]CN]\ 
@D\]T@L]................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................ <

Ontremultoen ..........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.................. =

\t`tcgcnt ea Vredhcg............................................
........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................
..... :

Edkcltovc ea ]bc \tumy ..................................................................

............................................................................................................................
.......................................................... 2

Hotcr`turc Tcvocw .......................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
............................................. ?

Gctbemehejy.........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................... 0?

]ogc G`n`jcgcnt @sscssgcnt ]clbnoqucs `nm \ehutoen ....................

...................................................................
............................................... 46

Lenlhusoen.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................4=
4=

Dodhoejr`pby ...............................................
............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................
.............. 43

4
 

@D\]T@L]

]ogc G`n`jcgcnt os `n ogpert`nt siohh aer `ny erj`nos`toen te `lbocvc ots je`hs `nm

edkcltovcs. \tumocs b`vc sbewn tb`t aer `ny erj`nos`toen te g`n`jc togc caacltovchy `nm

caaolocnthy, detb tbc cgpheycrs `nm cgpheyccs wohh nccm te mcvchep siohhs tb`t wohh cnb`nlc

tbcor premultovoty er pcraerg`nlc. Oncaaolocnt togc g`n`jcgcnt l`n `aaclt tbc erj`nos`toen te

heesc rcseurlcs, eppertunotocs, ctl.

Aer `ny erj`nos`toen te tbrovc, togc nccms te dc g`n`jcm caacltovchy, caaolocnthy, `nm

eptog`hhy.

Cgpheycrs `nm cgpheyccs nccm te hc`rn bew te t`lihc mostr`ltoens `nm unph`nncm

lorlugst`nlcs tb`t g`y `aaclt `tt`ongcnt ea tbcor edkcltovcs.

]`sis `nm `ltovotocs on tbc erj`nos`toen

er j`nos`toen nccm te dc `mcqu`tchy ph`nncm `nm proerotoscm.

<
 

ON]TEMSL]OEN

Erj`nos`toens `nm onmovomu`hs b`vc strujjhcm te jct cvcrytbonj menc on tbc hogotcm togc

`v`oh`dhc. ]bcrc `rc mchujc ea ontcrruptoens te weri ahews on `n erj`nos`toen. Ot os `hse

dclegonj onlrc`sonjhy moaaoluht te proerotosc v`roeus t`sis, prekclts `nm ontcrcsts.

Erj`nos`toens tbcrcaerc wosb tb`t ots dusoncss togc os dcttcr erj`noscm on ermcr te `lbocvc `hh

tbcsc. ]em`y's werionj cnvorengcnt gevcs `t ` vcry a`st p`lc `nm, segctogcs, ot l`n dc

moaaoluht te iccp up. Dusoncss cxpclt`toens `rc onlrc`sonjhy bojb, yct tbcrc `rc g`ny etbcr

tbonjs legpctonj aer tbc lerper`tc `nm cgpheyccs‟ `ttcntoen. En tep ea tbc werihe`m,

prelcsscs `nm tbeujbts `rc ontcrruptcm dy tbc pbencs ronjonj, c-g`ohs h`nmonj on tbc ondex,

vosoters mrepponj on tbc eaaolc, pewcr a`ohurcs, `nm etbcr cnvorengcnt`h rch`tcm ontcrruptoens,

`nm dcaerc henj, tbc m`y os p`sscm `nm enhy se gulb hotthc ea tbc m`y‟s te me t`sis b`vc dccn
`lbocvcm.

Bcnlc, erj`nos`toens b`vc dclegc onlcnscm wotb mcrovonj tbc dcst `nm eptogug pcraerg`nlc

`nm `tt`ononj tbc m`y‟s edkcltovc areg tbcor cgpheyccs. ]bc pbr`sc ‘]ogc G`n`jcgcnt‗ b`s

tbcrcaerc dclegc ` pepuh`r tcrg on tbc a`lc ea tbcsc nccms te `lbocvc gerc wotbon tbc hogotcm

togc `v`oh`dhc. Ot b`s jr`mu`hhy dclegc ` g`ker predhcg on lentcgper`ry togcs dcl`usc ea

tbc `v`h`nlbc ea cvcrym`y t`sis `nm mc`mhoncs mcg`nm en detb pcrsen`h `nm lerper`tc.

]e `pprclo`tc tbos predhcg, tbcrc os nccm te unmcrst`nm wb`t os togc, wb`t os g`n`jcgcnt,

`nm bew tbos l`n dc cxpheotcm.

]ogc b`s dccn ` vcry `gdojueus werm te mcaonc. \locntosts `nm pbohesepbcrs hoic Os``l

Ncwten, Golbchsen-Gerhcy, `nm @hdcrt Constcon b`vc v`roeushy trocm te mcaonc tbos

pbcnegcnen dut ne enc b`s dccn `dhc te jovc ` jcncr`hhy `llcpt`dhc enc.

=
 

Bewcvcr, g`tbcg`tols b`s trocm dy mcaononj togc `s ‘`n edscrvcm pbcnegcnen, dy gc`ns ea

wbolb bug`n dconjs scnsc `nm rclerm lb`njcs on tbc cnvorengcnt `nm on tbc unovcrsc‗.

Cvcntu`hhy, ` hotcr`h mcaonotoen ea togc os stohh vcry gulb chusovc.

@n erj`nos`toen os ‘` jreup ea pcephc wbe aerg ` dusoncss, lhud, ctl. tejctbcr on ermcr te

`lbocvc ` p`rtoluh`r `og‗ (Exaerm Moltoen`ry).

G`n`jcgcnt os ‘` sct ea pcephc wbe run `nm lentreh ` dusoncss er sogoh`r erj`nos`toen‗

(Exaerm Moltoen`ry).

G`n`jcgcnt l`n `hse dc mcaoncm `s ‘]bc erj`noz`toen `nm leermon`toen

`nm leermon`toen ea tbc `ltovotocs
tbc `ltovotocs ea

` dusoncss on
on ermcr
 ermcr te `lbocvc
te `lbocvc mcaoncm edkcltovcs.
mcaoncm edkcltovcs.  

G`n`jcgcnt os eatcn onlhumcm `s ` a`lter

` a`lter ea  premultoen
 premultoen `henj wotb g`lboncs, g`tcro`hs,

`nm gency.
`nm gency.   @llermonj te tbc g`n`jcgcnt
g`n`jcgcnt juru (Mrulicr, 0?3=), tbc d`sol t`si
d`sol t`si ea

g`n`jcgcnt onlhumcs detb g`rictonj `nm onnev`toen. Vr`ltolc ea gemcrn g`n`jcgcnt

erojon`tcs areg tbc 01tb lcntury stumy

lcntury stumy ea hew-caaolocnly `nm 
`nm  a`ohurcs ea lcrt`on cntcrproscs,

lenmultcm dy tbc Cnjhosb st`tcsg`n \or ]beg`s Gerc (0=:2-03<3). G`n`jcgcnt lensosts ea

tbc ontcrhelionj aunltoens ea lrc`tonj lerper`tc peholy `nm erj`nosonj, ph`nnonj, lentrehhonj,

`nm morcltonj `n erj`nos`toen‟s rcseurlcs on ermcr te `lbocvc tbc edkcltovcs ea tb`t peholy.

\egc pcephc `jrcc tb`t on ermcr te cv`hu`tc ` legp`ny's  lurrcnt `nm auturc wertb,
auturc wertb, tbc
 tbc gest

ogpert`nt a`lter os bew tbc cgpheycrs `nm cgpheyccs g`n`jc togc caacltovchy aer tbc

erj`nos`toen‟s edkcltovcs `nm je`hs.‗

On rch`toen te g`n`jcgcnt tbcrcaerc, ot l`n dc sudgottcm tb`t togc os tbc rcseurlc uscm er

cgpheycm on tbc prelcss ea `lbocvonj tbc erj`nos`toen

er j`nos`toen edkcltovc.

G`n`jonj tbos togc rcseurlc er ‘]ogc G`n`jcgcnt‗ wbolb os mcaoncm dy tbc Exaerm

Moltoen`ry `s ‘tbc w`y on wbolb enc erj`nozcs `nm bew enc spcnms togc‗9 os tbc t`si dcaerc

tbos p`pcr.

3
 

]bc `og ea g`n`jonj togc os te spcnm tbos togc rcseurlc meonj tbc tbonjs tb`t bchp te `lbocvc

tbcsc sct je`hs `nm tbc tbonjs

tbo njs tb`t `rc pcrsen`hhy `nm/er dusoncss-wosc proerotoscm `nm v`hucm.

Cvcry erj`nos`toen b`s dccn sctup aer tbc purpesc ea `lbocvonj ` sct edkcltovc wbctbcr aer

preaot er nen-preaot. On ermcr te `lbocvc tbos edkcltovc, tbc erj`nos`toen b`s te cnj`jc tbc

scrvolcs ea sct ea pcephc etbcrwosc l`hhcm tbc g`n`jcgcnt, te g`n`jc tbc aon`nlo`h `nm

g`tcro`h rcseurlcs `t tbcor mospes`h wotbon ` sct togc ar`gc. ]bos sct togc ar`gc os usu`hhy

hogotcm te 04 l`hcnm`r gentbs `atcr wbolb tbc g`n`jcgcnt os cxpcltcm te rcpert bew gulb

`lbocvcgcnt b`s dccn edt`oncm.

]bc `og ea tbos p`pcr os te omcntoay wb`t togc g`n`jcgcnt os, predhcgs tb`t nclcssot`tcm

g`n`jcgcnt ea togc, tbc `ogs `nm edkcltovcs ea g`n`jonj togc `nm wb`t tbc lenscqucnlc

`nm dcncaots ea g`n`jonj togc gc`n te `n erj`nos`toen.

\lepc sb`hh dc hogotcm te tbc erj`nos`toen`h `ttcgpt te utohozc rcseurlcs `t ots mospes`h usonj

togc g`n`jcgcnt prelcss er pr`ltolcs.

1
 

\]@]CGCN] EA VTEDHCG

]ogc g`n`jcgcnt on `ny erj`nos`toen `nm on hoac jcncr`hhy os ea csscnlc oa tbc edkcltovc ea

cxostcnlc ea sulb cntoty os te dc rc`hoscm. ]bc qucst aer dcttcr `nm gerc caaolocnt w`y ea meonj

tbonjs, lentonueus pursuot ea caaolocnly, onlrc`scm premultovoty onoto`hhy on g`nua`lturonj dut

h`tcr cxp`nmcm te aelusonj en onmovomu`h caaolocnly on eaaolcs dreujbt `deut tbc stumy ea

g`n`jonj tbc togc `t cvcryenc‟s mospes`h (]`yher, 0?00).

]bcsc omcntoaocm predhcgs wbolb `hse lentrodutcm te tbc stumy ea togc g`n`jcgcnt onlhumc

tbc nccm aer onlrc`scm `nm ogprevcm scrvolc mchovcry on tbc a`lc ea onlrc`scm legpctotoen9 tbc

nccm te `rrcst edscrvcm l`uscs ea oncaaolocnly on weri ph`lcs `s cnugcr`tcm dy (B`rehm ]. ,

4604).

:
 

EDKCL]OQC EA ]BC \]SM_

On vocw ea tbc omcntoaocm predhcgs tb`t j`vc rosc te togc g`n`jcgcnt, tbos p`pcr b`s dccn

mcvchepcm wotb tbc `og ea mct`ohonj wb`t b`s dccn tbc g`n`jcgcnt lb`hhcnjcs tb`t b`s

dreujbt te tbc aerc tbc rclejnotoen ea g`n`jonj tbos hogotcm togc `v`oh`dhc te tbc

erj`nos`toen.

Ot os cxpcltcm tb`t dy tbc cnm ea tbos p`pcr, tbc aehhewonjs weuhm dc omcntoaocm `nm sehutoens

preaacrcm.

0.
  Vcrsen`h lb`hhcnjcs tb`t nclcssot`tcm togc g`n`jcgcnt on `n erj`nos`toen9

4.
  Lerper`tc `nm dusoncss lb`hhcnjcs tb`t nclcssot`tcm togc g`n`jcgcnt on `n

erj`nos`toen9

<.
  A`lters rcspensodhc aer tbcsc lb`hhcnjcs9

=.
  Bew erj`nos`toens l`n g`n`jc ots togc rcseurlcs9 `nm

3.
  Dcncaots ea togc g`n`jcgcnt te `n erj`nos`toen.

2
 

HO]CT@]STC TCQOCZ

]ogc os kust enc ea tbc g`ny rcseurlcs `v`oh`dhc te cvcry erj`nos`toen `nm bug`n cnmc`veur

aer usc. Caaolocnt usc ea tbos rcseurlc on lenkunltoen wotb etbcr rcseurlcs hc`ms te onlrc`scm

`nm ogprevcm premultovoty.

]ogc os spclo`h dcl`usc ot os eut ea bug`n lentreh. Ot l`nnet dc rcmulcm ncotbcr l`n ot dc

onlrc`scm. Jeonj dy tbc `ttcgptcm mcaonotoen unmcr ontremultoen.

]bos hotcr`turc rcvocw os `n `ttcgpt te rcvocw wb`t b`s dccn prcvoeushy menc dy `utbers en

wb`t togc g`n`jcgcnt os, lb`hhcnjcs pregptonj tbos nccm `nm sehutoen `hrc`my preaacrcm.

]`yher rclejnoscm tb`t ‘Vcephc b`vc `hw`ys sc`rlbcm aer dcttcr `nm gerc caaolocnt w`ys ea

meonj tbonjs‗ (B`rehm ]. , 4604). Dut ot w`s on tbc 0266s `nm 0?66s tb`t ` ‘purpescauh,

slocntoaol `ppre`lb te jcttonj tbonjs menc a`stcr wotb hcss caaert‗ w`s rcsc`rlbcm.

]ejctbcr wotb tbc prcvoeus weri ea Ar`ni `nm Hohho`n Johdrctb, tbc weri ea Arcmcroli

Zonshew ]`yher wbe os lensomcrcm te dc tbc a`tbcr ea slocntoaol g`n`jcgcnt b`m on bos deei,

]bc Vronlophcs ea \locntoaol G`n`jcgcnt (]`yher, 0?00) rcj`rmcm `s tbc h`unlbonj p`m aer

tem`y‟s togc g`n`jcgcnt. ‘]bc rcsc`rlb st`rtcm `s ` qucst te onlrc`sc premultovoty on

g`nua`lturonj, aeluscm en tbc caaolocnly ea onmovomu`h wericrs, quolihy sprc`m te tbc eaaolc,

`nm cvcntu`hhy cnlegp`sscm tbc begc cnvorengcnt `s wchh. ]`yher seujbt ` enc dcst w`y te

me cvcry ked, st`nm`rmozonj weri gctbems `nm teehs on ermcr te onlrc`sc premultovoty.‗

]`yherosg, `s ot w`s l`hhcm dcj`n lb`njonj tbc w`y erj`nos`toens aunltoen. ]bc weri ea

Ar`ni `nm Hohho`n Johdrctb cvcntu`hhy j`vc rosc te ‘onmustro`h cnjonccronj, togc stumocs, `nm

onlcntovc st`nm`rms, `nm ` lentonueus pursuot ea caaolocnly net enhy on tbc ph`nts dut on

eaaolcs‗.

?
 

]bc legphcxotocs `nm prcssurc ea lerper`tc mcg`nm b`vc onlrc`scm on lentcgper`ry togcs.

Onlrc`scm legpctotoen b`s `hse lentrodutcm te tbc onlrc`scm mcg`nm aer pre`ltovc `nm wchh

`devc `vcr`jc pcraerg`nlc bcnlc erj`nos`toens `rc mcg`nmonj onlrc`scm premultovoty wotbon

tbc hogotcm togc areg ots cgpheyccs. ]bos on turn b`s onlrc`scm legpctotoen dctwccn st`aas ea

erj`nos`toens. ]bos `hse b`s on turn ph`lcm cnergeus lb`hhcnjcs en st`aas te mcvolc w`ys `nm

gc`ns ea `lbocvonj gerc wotbon tbos hogotcm togc. ]bc selocty b`s dclegc gerc gedohc `nm

g`ny pcephc ne henjcr weri areg eaaolcs dut weri cotbcr `t begc er en tbc re`m. \onlc 4661,

h`pteps b`vc lensostcnthy eutsehm mcsitep legputcrs. New b`nmbchm chcltrenol mcvolcs sulb

`s oVbencs, Dh`liDcrrys `nm oV`ms `nm \g`rtpbencs `rc `hse eutschhonj cvcr
cvcrytbonj
ytbonj `llermonj

te (L`n`hys, 4604), gedohc g`rict rcsc`rlb aorg on ots Acdru`ry <, 4604 rcpert “ ‘Qcnmers
4604), gedohc

sboppcm =22 gohhoen sg`rt pbencs on 4600, legp`rcm te =03 gohhoen lhocnt VLs‗. ]`yher

sudgottcm tb`t `hh tbcsc, on `mmotoen te tbc onlrc`scm p`lc ea hoac b`vc hcm te onlrc`scm strcss.

]bc `ttcnm`nt bc`htb predhcgs sulb `s @ttcntoen Mcaolocnt Bypcr`ltovoty Mosermcr (@MBM),

edcsoty, mo`dctcs, l`nlcr `nm etbcr mosc`scs rcsuhtonj on gcgery hess `nm h`li ea aelus, ctl,

b`vc hcm te rcmulcm premultovoty. Bc aurtbcr st`tcm tb`t ‘omhc togc `nm arcc er moslrctoen`ry

togc os mos`ppc`ronj. \iohhs csscnto`h te pcrsen`h premultovoty - tbc cxclutovc siohhs ” `rc

unmcr `tt`li. Zerionj beurs `rc onlrc`sonj, ogp`ltonj hoac d`h`nlc, shccp, `nm ontcrpcrsen`h

rch`toensbops. A`gohy togc os mclrc`sonj `nm os sboatonj areg ontcr`ltovc `ltovotocs sulb `s

lb`r`mcs, l`rms `nm de`rm j`gcs te legputcr & vomce j`gcs. Legputcrs mclcovc us onte

tbonionj tb`t guhtot`sionj onlrc`scs caaolocnly. Ontcrruptoens b`vc dclegc tbc nugdcr enc

togc predhcg9 dut `rc `llcptcm `s ` w`y ea hoac. Tcahcltoen togc, rcncw`h togc `nm togc aer

lrc`tovoty `hh lentonuc te mclrc`sc.‗ Bc wcnt tb`t ncw `mmoltoens `rc aergonj, onlhumonj tbc

nccm te lennclt te chcltrenol gcmo` sulb `s cg`oh, selo`h gcmo`, tbc Ontcrnct `nm vomce

j`gcs.‗ On ]`yher‟s eponoen, pcrsen`h premultovoty b`s lb`njcm

lb`njcm vcry hotthc on tbc p`st <6 yc`rs

on spotc ea tclbnehejol`h `mv`nlcgcnt `nm `pphol`toen te m`ohy reutonc ea hoac. @s ` rcsuht ea

06
 

tclbnehejol`h `pphol`toen, p`lc ea hoac b`s onlrc`scm jrc`thy, ‘weri `ltovotocs a`stcr, mrovonj

a`stcr, leggunol`tonj a`stcr, c`tonj a`stcr ” on sbert, hovonj a`stcr. ]bc togc s`vonjs j`oncm

dy tclbnehejy b`vc dccn eaasct dy onlrc`scs on legphcxoty, lbeolcs, ontcrruptoens,

cxpclt`toens, strcss, mch`ys `nm crrers.‗

Bos lenlhusoen on `hh tbcsc

t bcsc os tb`t spccm os new tbc ‘Ncw Lurrcnly‗. ]bc b`z`rm ea spccm w`s

tbus lbrenolhcm dy ]`yher `s hcss shccp wbolb ogpcmcs leermon`toen, spcclb, rcahcxcs, `nm

 kumjgcnt9 `nm hcss moslrctoen`ry togc. ]bc qucstoen bc `hse `sicm w`s, wby os premultovoty

net onlrc`sonj cxpencnto`hhy `nm wb`t b`ppcncm te tbc cxtr` hcosurc togc jcncr`tcm wbcn

cvcrytbonj os dconj menc a`stcr “ w`hionj, t`hionj, mrovonj, `nm werionj9 hcss shccponj `nm

cgpheygcnt ea tclbnehejy aer `ltovotocs5 Aehhewonj bos `n`hysos, bc lenlhumcm tb`t kust `

hotthc gerc os `llegphosbcm tb`n cvcr dcaerc. Cvcn tbeujb tbonjs `rc dconj menc `t ` bojbcr
spccm, ‘togc s`vcm os dconj aohhcm dy ontcrruptoens `nm hew proeroty `ltovotocs‗. ]`yher wcnt

aurtbcr te st`tc areg bos st`tostols tb`t 4.0 beurs `rc hest pcr m`y muc tbcsc ontcrruptoens. ]bos

w`s `hse lerreder`tcm dy (Lrcnsb`w, 4662), on bos deei, ‘]bc Gytb ea Guhtot`sionj; Bew

‒Meonj Ot @hh‟ Jcts Netbonj Menc‗ eponcm tb`t ‘guhtot`sionj `ltu`hhy m`g`jcs premultovoty

`nm rch`toensbops `t weri `nm `t begc‗. M`vc Lrcnsb`w st`tcm tb`t `vcr`jchy, 42% ea tbc

werim`y os hest muc te tbcsc ontcrruptoens `nm oncaaolocnly.

Zb`t tbc rcvocwonj ea tbc `devc hotcr`turc b`s sbewn os tb`t ]ogc wbolb os ` hogotcm `nm

prcgoug rcseurlc nccms dcttcr g`n`jcgcnt on ermcr te gcct cxpclt`toen ea erj`nos`toens `nm

selocty.

]bc (V`rcte, 0?61) on tbc V`rcte Vronlophc rcgonms g`n`jcrs te aelus en tbc 46 pcrlcnt tb`t

g`ttcrs. ]bc V`rcte Vronlophc st`tcs tb`t enhy 46 pcrlcnt rc`hhy g`ttcr dcl`usc enhy 46 pcrlcnt

premulcs 26 pcrlcnt ea rcsuhts. ]bcrcaerc g`n`jonj `nm eptogozonj togc os ` dcttcr usc ea

encs togc tb`n bchponj tbc jrc`t dclegc tcrroaol.

00
 

]bos b`s `hse prcscntcm `netbcr ontcrcstonj qucstoen `s rcj`rms te bew g`n`jcgcnt l`n g`ic

togc gerc caaolocnt `nm premultovc g`n`jcgcnt sonlc enhy 26 pcrlcnt ea eur caaerts premulcs

46 pcrlcnt ea eur rcsuhts. Lb`nlcs `rc pcephc wohh ncvcr jct te 066 pcrlcnt premultovoty

dcl`usc tbcrc wohh `hw`ys dc mostr`ltoens `nm togc w`stcrs tb`t wohh `hw`ys tcgpt `w`y areg

dconj gerc premultovc.

@ sogphc cx`gphc os sbewn dchew `t ` H`jes (Lbolicn Tcpudhol) rcst`ur`nt wbcrc tbc V`rcte

lb`rt sbews tb`t 26% ea tbc legph`onts legc areg 46% ea tbc legph`ont typcs (Evcrprolcm

`nm \g`hh pertoens).

Legp`nocs b`vonj new rclejnoscm tbcsc lb`hhcnjcs a`lonj ots pcrsennch `nm uhtog`tchy tbc

erj`nos`toen `rc a`lcm wotb tbc qucstoen; bew l`n tbc st`aas dc gerc premultovc wotbon tbos

`v`oh`dhc togc. ]bos dreujbt te tbc aerc tbc nccm aer erj`nos`toens te cquop tbcor st`aas wotb

tbc nclcss`ry siohh te g`n`jc tbcsc v`roeus lorlugst`nlcs `nm mcrovc g`xogug premultovoty

wotbon tbc `v`oh`dhc togc. Etbcr qucstoens a`lonj erj`nos`toens on tbos rcj`rms onlhumc; bew te

aonm segc ea tbc leggen edst`lhcs iccponj pcephc areg jcttonj wb`t tbcy w`nt, `nm wb`t

l`n dc menc te hc`p evcr tbcsc burmhcs5 V`t Dr`ns (Dr`ns, 460<) omcntoaocm tbc aehhewonjs `s

04
 

lb`hhcnjcs a`lonj `pprepro`tc st`aas‟ g`n`jcgcnt ea tbcor togc on tbc a`lc ea tbc nccm aer

onlrc`scm mcg`nm aer bojbcr premultovoty;

• \t`aas acchonj evcrwbchgcm. ‘]bos acchonj os usu`hhy l`uscm dy enc ea twe tbonjs. ]bc

aorst os tb`t pcephc tboni tbcy b`vc te me cvcrytbonj, `ssugonj tb`t gerc os dcttcr. ]bc

sclenm rc`sen os pcephc heei `t `hh tbc tbonjs tbcy b`vc te me `nm tcnm te tboni

cvcrytbonj nccms te dc menc new.‗

• ]bc acchonj er rcpert tb`t enc mecs net aonosb wb`t w`s st`rtcm. Zerionj en ` prekclt,

dut net dronjonj ot te legphctoen, os usu`hhy ` doj w`stc ea togc. Gercevcr, sonlc

`hgest cvcrytbonj tb`t os menc os aer segcdemy chsc, net enhy mecs enc nccm te aonosb

wb`t w`s st`rtcm, dut `hse tb`t ot wohh dc b`nmcm evcr `atcr legphctoen `nm on sulb `

w`y tb`t tbc `mmcm v`huc gust dc unmcrsteem.

• Dconj stuli on rc`ltovc gemc. \egc st`aas jct stuli on rc`ltovc gemc, tbus g`ionj ot

b`rm te g`ic prejrcss en tbc gest ogpert`nt tbonjs.

• Dconj stuli on meonj tbonjs tb`t `rc ne henjcr wertb meonj. ]b`t os, ` pcrsen l`n b`vc

treudhc `llcptonj tbc hess `nm jovc up tbonjs tb`t `rc `hrc`my inewn te dc ne henjcr

werionj. Luttonj enc‟s hesscs rcquorcs tb`t mcac`t os quolihy `linewhcmjcm9 ot `hse

usu`hhy rcquorcs ` pcrsen te mchovcr d`m ncws te etbcr pcephc onvehvcm. ]bos l`n dc

moaaoluht te segc pcephc.

• Vrelr`ston`toen. ]bos os `netbcr rc`sen aer peer g`n`jcgcnt ea togc. Zbcn on tbc

erj`nos`toen, mclosoens `rc aerlcm en pcephc, promc, juoht, er kc`heushy ellur tbus

hc`monj te puttonj eaa weri `s gulb `s pessodhc untoh tbc h`st gonutc. Vrelr`ston`toen

`hse ellurs wbcn pcephc acch tbcor scha-og`jc os `t st`ic. Oa tbc rcsuht ea ` prekclt

gojbt mr`g`tol`hhy `htcr enc‟s scha-pcrlcptoen, tbc tcnmcnly os te sby `w`y areg tbc

weri er `ssojngcnt.

0<
 

]bcsc `aercgcntoencm lentroduters te moserj`nos`toen, peer utohoz`toen `nm g`n`jcgcnt ea

togc `nm peer premultovoty `nm tbc a`ohurc ea tr`motoen`h gctbems hoic ‘]e Me‗ host b`vc hcm tte
e

gerc rcsc`rlb.

\c`n GlVbc`t (GlVbc`t, 4606) lenlhumcm `nm st`tcm areg bos cxpcrogcnt tb`t ‘gest ea

pcephc men‟t b`vc tbc huxury ea spcnmonj tbc g`keroty ea tbcor togc
to gc en tbc tbonjs tb`t `rc gest

ogpert`nt te tbcg. Aer cvcry otcg tb`t tbcy `rc net spcnmonj wb`t os lensomcrcm te dc cneujb

togc en, segc aerg ea moss`tosa`ltoen os cxpcrocnlcm evcr tb`t a`lt. Zbcn cneujb togc os net

mcmol`tcm te tbonjs `rc lensomcrcm te dc vcry ogpert`nt, unb`pponcss os eatcn tbc rcsuht‗.

@llermonj te (B`rehm ]. , 4604), ‘erj`nosonj os tbc `lt ea rc`rr`njonj otcgs tb`t `rc on `

moserj`noscm, lhuttcrcm st`tc se tb`t cvcrytbonj l`n dc rctrocvcm quolihy wotb hcss caaert,

g`xogosonj detb tbcor utohoty

utohot y `nm vosu`h `ppc`h‗.

]ogc g`n`jcgcnt os tbus rcacrrcm te ‘onlrc`sonj detb tbc caaolocnly `nm tbc caacltovcncss ea

onmovomu`hs `nm erj`nos`toens tbreujb tbc erj`nos`toen ea t`sis `nm cvcnts dy usonj teehs sulb

`s ph`nncrs `nm legputcrs, `nm tclbnoqucs `nm prelcsscs sulb `s je`h-scttonj, ph`nnonj `nm

slbcmuhonj‗.

]bcsc twe `ltovotocs, erj`nozonj `nm togc g`n`jcgcnt, `rc ontcrrch`tcm sonlc moserj`nos`toen

nerg`hhy w`stcs togc. Detb `rc ogpert`nt. ]bc g`ker moaacrcnlc dctwccn tbcg os tb`t wbohc

erj`nosonj mc`hs wotb tbonjs `nm togc g`n`jcgcnt mc`hs wotb `ltovotocs tb`t b`vc ` togc

mogcnsoen.

]ogc G`n`jcgcnt os tbus s`om te dc ` ‘lentonueus scrocs ea `ltovotocs er ` prelcss tb`t dhcnm

onte c`lb etbcr se jr`mu`hhy `nm sc`ghcsshy ot os ogpessodhc te s`y wbcrc enc dclegcs tbc

ncxt‗ (Golreseat Lerper`toen, 466?).

0=
 

Zbcn togc g`n`jcgcnt os sullcssauh, tbcrc os gerc caacltovc legphctoen ea t`sis en togc

hc`vonj gerc togc `v`oh`dhc aer etbcr ogpert`nt t`sis. ]bos prelcss usu`hhy rcquorcs lb`njcs

on tbc w`y togc os erj`noscm `nm `ppertoencm dctwccn tbcsc t`sis. \ullcssauh togc

g`n`jcgcnt on ` dusoncss er wotbon tbc erj`nos`toen rcquorcs tbc usc ea segc togc

g`n`jcgcnt tclbnoqucs. ]bos wohh bchp on `lbocvonj ` b`ppocr `nm gerc d`h`nlcm, hcss

strcssauh hoac wotb je`h `tt`ongcnt.

]ogc g`n`jcgcnt `hse bchps, on prov`tc hoac, te b`vc ` scnsc ea lentreh evcr enc‟s hoac, `nm `t

weri, te dc gerc premultovc. \ullcssauh togc g`n`jcgcnt g`ics enc te acch cgpewcrcm `nm

lenaomcnt bcnlc gerc premultovc `t `hh cnmc`veur, uhtog`tchy gerc sullcssauh.

@s st`tcm c`rhocr, togc g`n`jcgcnt os ` lentonueus scrocs ea prelcss wbolb sbeuhm hc`m te

ogprevcm premultovoty. Bewcvcr, `s (B`rehm ]. , 4604) `nm (Aerstcr, 4662) st`tcm, jcttonj

gerc tbonjs er weri menc er caaolocnt togc g`n`jcgcnt mecs net morclthy lerrch`tc wotb

qu`hoty ea weri menc etbcrwosc l`hhcm caacltovcncss wbolb wohh hc`m te onlrc`scm premultovoty.

‘Aer cx`gphc, mcvcheponj hoac je`hs, ph`ns, peholocs `nm gossoen st`tcgcnts `rc `hh `ogcm `t

onlrc`sonj caacltovcncss. Dut rcmulonj ontcrruptoens er ogprevonj c-g`oh `nm strc`ghononj

gcctonjs `rc `ogcm `t dconj gerc caaolocnt. \ogoh`rhy, pcrsen`h v`hucs, l`rccr lbeolcs `nm hoac

d`h`nlc `hh `om caacltovcncss. Eaaolc erj`noz`toen, aohc g`n`jcgcnt `nm tbc usc ea tclbnehejy
`rc `ogcm `t onlrc`sonj caaolocnly.

Caacltovcncss g`y onvehvc b`vonj ` vosoen er gossoen, je`hs legp`todhc wotb tb`t vosoen, `nm

` ph`n ea `ltoen te `lbocvc tbesc je`hs er edkcltovcs. Dut caaolocnly os nclcss`ry te l`rry eut

tbc stcp-dy-stcp `ltoen ph`n on tbc gest clenegol`h, cxpcmocnt w`y wotb ` rcsuht`nt qu`hoty

lensostcnt wotb tbc je`h. @ je`h `nm ph`n `rc uschcss oa tbc ked ncvcr jcts menc. Caaolocnly

luts tbreujb prelr`ston`toen, pcracltoenosg `nm oncrto`, `nm lenvcrts ` ph`n onte `ltoen.

Caaolocnly gonogozcs mch`ys, ontcrruptoens, mostr`ltoens `nm cnsurcs tb`t rcsuhts `rc edt`oncm.

03
 

Caaolocnly `nm caacltovcncss weri on t`nmcg9 enc os uschcss wotbeut tbc etbcr‗. Zotbeut

caacltovcncss, tbcrc os h`li ea morcltoen rcsuhtonj on w`nmcronj areg sct leursc er proerotocs,

`nm ‘dclegc dusy wotbeut `llegphosbonj tbc 46% ea tbc t`sis wbolb rcprcscnt 26% ea tbc

v`huc‗.

En tbc etbcr b`nm, wotbeut caaolocnly, tbc rcsuht os arustr`toen ea inewonj tbc je`h `nm

edkcltovc ea tbc t`si er prekclt er dusoncss, dut scconj hotthc prejrcss on tb`t morcltoen. ]bos os

wb`t os tcrgcm ` ‘twe stcps aerw`rm `nm enc stcp d`liw`rms‗ prelcss.
prelcss.

‘]bc bojbcr tbc hcvch on tbc erj`noz`toen, tbc gerc togc ` g`n`jcr gust spcnm g`n`jonj, `nm

hcss togc `ltu`hhy meonj. ]bcrcaerc, caacltovcncss dclegcs gerc csscnto`h `t bojbcr hcvchs on

tbc erj`noz`toen, wbohc caaolocnly os lrotol`h `t tbc st`aa hcvch. Dut cvcn ` LCE b`s ` lcrt`on

`geunt ea meonj `nm hogotcm togc aer ots `llegphosbgcnt. Caaolocnly ncvcr hescs ots

ogpert`nlc‗. G`ri Aerstcr `hse rcotcr`tcm tb`t rc`h weri `mv`nlcs dusoncsscs `nm keds wbohc

dusy weri os `ion te `veomonj rc`h weri (Aerstcr, 4662).

@ leuphc ea wrotcrs, b`vonj rcsc`rlbcm tbos tepol, b`vc preaacrcm ` leuphc ea w`ys te

caacltovchy `nm caaolocnthy g`n`jc togc on pcrsen`h hoac, dusoncsscs, `nm erj`nos`toens wbolb

uhtog`tchy hc`ms te cnb`nlcgcnt ea qu`hoty ea hoac `nm premultovoty.

]bcsc onlhumc;

•  ]boni `nm wcojb tbc `ltoens dcaerc `ltonj.

•  Os tbc t`si te dc unmcrt`icn rc`hhy nclcss`ry5

•  Zohh tbc t`si uhtog`tchy hc`m te tbc `tt`ongcnt ea tbc

t bc sct je`hs5

•  Zohh tbc t`si `mv`nlc enc‟s l`rccr er lentrodutc te enc‟s wchh-dconj5

•  Enc ea tbc icys te caacltovc togc g`n`jcgcnt os te dc schcltovc on wb`tcvcr t`si os

dconj unmcrt`icn sonlc togc os hogotcm.

ho gotcm.

01
 

•  @ doj moaacrcnlc gust dc `slcrt`oncm dctwccn tbc tbonjs tb`t sbeuhm dc menc `nm tbc

tbonjs tb`t gust dc menc.

•  Vrogc togc eptogoz`toen os `netbcr str`tcjy. ]bos os rclejnosonj enc‟s togc ea pc`i

cncrjy hcvch `nm gerc gcnt`hhy `hcrtncss te t`lihc moaaoluht t`sis. @llermonj te Vbyhhos

I`uag`n `nm @rnehm Lerroj`n, tbcrc os nccm te inew enc‟s progc beurs wotbon bos er

bcr doehejol`h lheli. Vbyhhos I`uag`n `nm @rnehm Lerroj`n, on tbcor deei, Bew te

Ssc _eur ]ogc Zoschy, sujjcstcm tbc aehhewonj tcst; ]ry ` t`si, sulb `s ` lresswerm

puzzhc, `t moaacrcnt togcs ea tbc m`y wotb ` vocw te `slcrt`on wbcn tbc puzzhc os c`socst

te sehvc (I`uag`n, 0?2:).

•  Bcholeptcr Vh`nnonj. ]b`t os sullcssauh dusoncss ewncrs `nm g`n`jcrs nccm te jct eut

ea tbcor m`y-te-m`y dusoncss `nm g`ic henj-r`njc ph`nnonj. (B`rehm ]. , 4604)

GlVbc`t `hse teei togc te preaacr str`tcjy te omcntoayonj er ung`sionj siohhs te omcntoayonj

togc g`n`jcgcnt sberta`hhs on tbc m`y-te-m`y hovcs ea erj`nosonj `nm g`n`jonj hovcs,

pcrsennch `nm tbc erj`nos`toen.

@netbcr teeh wertb gcntoenonj `s ` teeh aer cnb`nlonj togc g`n`jcgcnt on `n erj`nos`toen os

l`hhcm Kust-On-]ogc gemch (Kust On ]ogc (KO])). ]bos w`s ` gemch mcvchepcm dy ]`oolbo Ebne

ea ]eyet` on tbc 0?:6s wotb tbc `og ea gonogozonj w`stc `nm ogprevc qu`hoty on tbc geter

g`nua`lturonj legp`ny.
legp`ny. Ot `mvel`tcs hc`n premultoen usonj `n `rr`y ea teehs.
t eehs.

]bc icy dcncaots ea KO] `rc;

•  Hew onvcntery

•  Hew w`st`jc

•  Bojb qu`hoty premultoen

•  Bojb lustegcr rcspensovcncss.

rcspensovcncss.

0:
 

Onv`ro`dhy, tbos gemch l`n `hse dc utohozcm te g`n`jc `nm eptogozc togc caacltovchy `nm

caaolocnthy on `n erj`nos`toen.

02
 

GC]BEMEHEJ_

On vocw ea tbc hogotcm slepc ea tbos p`pcr, tbc gctbemehejy lbescn b`s dccn d`sol`hhy

qu`hot`tovc er mcslroptovc on n`turc. ]bos gctbemehejy os cgcrjcnt dy mcsojn, b`s tbc

lb`r`ltcrostol ea ‘Cgp`tbol ncutr`hoty‗ `nm ‘myn`gol‗.

]bc `n`hysos ea tbos stumy b`s dccn mcslrodcm `s ‘behostol`hhy pcrspcltovc‗ on styhc. ]bc mcsojn

ea tbos stumy os Je`h erocntcm. Dy je`h erocntcm, tbos gctbemehejy mcslrodcs ‘tbc lcntr`h

rcsc`rlb predhcg dconj `mmrcsscm dut `veom mcslrodonj `ny `ntolop`tcm eutlegcs‗. Pucstoens

dconj `sicm `rc; Zby os tbc stumy wertb meonj5 Zb`t ossucs `rc te dc lh`roaocm, `nm wb`t

pr`ltolcs `nm peholocs `rc suppescm te dc onahucnlcm, `nm wb`t ogp`lt wohh tbc inewhcmjc ea

tbos stumy b`vc en tbc hovcs ea ots rc`mcrs5

]bc dcncaot ea tbos gctbemehejy os tb`t ot bchps tbc rcsc`rlbcr te;

•  ‘edt`on ` gerc rc`hostol vocw ea tbc hovcm werhm tb`t l`nnet dc unmcrsteem er

cxpcrocnlcm
cxpcrocnlcm on nugcrol`h m`t` `nm st`tostol`h `n`hysos‗9

•  ‘mcslrodc cxostonj pbcnegcn` `nm lurrcnt sotu`toens‗9

•  ‘premulc rcsuhts tb`t l`n dc bchpauh on poenccronj ncw w`ys ea unmcrst`nmonj‗9

•  ‘rcspenm te lb`njcs tb`t ellur wbohc lenmultonj tbc stumy `nm eaacr tbc ahcxodohoty te

sboat tbc aelus ea tbc rcsc`rlb `s ` rcsuht‗9

•  ‘edt`on ` behostol vocw ea tbc pbcnegcn` unmcr onvcstoj`toen‗9

•  ‘unmcrst`nm `nm rcspenm te hel`h sotu`toens, lenmotoens, `nm nccms ea p`rtolop`nts‗.

(V`pcr, 460=) (@nmcrsen, 4606) (Mcnzon & Honlehn, 4666)

0?
 

]OGC G@N@JCGCN] @\\C\\GCN] ]CLBNOPSC\ @NM \EHS]OEN

]bc aehhewonj `sscssgcnt scha-tcst b`vc dccn preaacrcm dy (GlVbc`t, 4606). ]bcsc

`sscssgcnt `rc qucstoens te dc `nswcrcm r`njonj areg `slcrt`ononj tbc st`tus ea ` pcrsen te

tbc mcsorcm hcvch.

\cltoen O

•  Ssonj je`h-scttonj te mctcrgonc wb`t `ltovotocs te weri en.

•  A`lonj mc`mhoncs `nm leggotgcnts wotbeut strcss.

•  Lbclionj on wotb tbc dess te lenaorg proerotocs.

•  Lensomcronj bew v`hu`dhc tbc rcsuhts wohh dc dcaerc t`ionj en ` prekclt er t`si.

\cltoen OO

•  Zerionj en t`sis tb`t b`vc tbc bojbcst proeroty

•  Dconj `w`rc ea bew gulb togc O spcnm en c`lb ea gy ked t`sis.

t `sis.

•  Dconj `w`rc ea tbc v`huc ea c`lb t`si O legphctc.

•  Vroerotozonj c`lb ncw `ssojngcnt er t`si `llermonj te `n `n`hysos ea ots ogpert`nlc.

•  Vroerotozonj ` m`ohy ‒te me‟ host.

\cltoen OOO

•  Vrcvcntonj `nm g`n`jonj ontcrruptoens en ` m`ohy d`sos.

•  \t`yonj aeluscm en ogpert`nt t`sis.

•  Legphctonj cvcrytbonj muronj tbc weri m`y r`tbcr tb`n t`ionj weri begc.

\cltoen OQ

•  Legphctonj t`sis wchh dcaerc tbcy `rc muc.

•  Gcctonj mc`mhoncs wotbeut b`vonj te `si aer cxtcnsoens.

•  \tolionj te ` m`ohy
m`oh y weri slbcmuhc te legphctc `ssojncm t`sis.

46
 

\cltoen Q

•  \cttonj `somc togc aer slbcmuhonj `nm ph`nnonj.

•  Vh`nnonj togc on gy m`y aer tbc uncxpcltcm.

•  Vh`nnonj m`ohy drc`is muronj tbc weri m`y.

m` y.

\`gphc \lerc;

•  \cltoen OO - 4.=

•  \cltoen OQ - 4.2

•  \cltoen O - <.4

•  \cltoen Q - <.3

•  \cltoen OOO - <.:

C`lb scltoen slercm os rch`tcm te ` spcloaol togc-g`n`jcgcnt siohh `s sbewn dchew.

•  \cltoen O - Je`h \cttonj

•  \cltoen OO - Vroerotos`toen

•  \cltoen OOO - G`n`jonj Ontcrruptoens

•  \cltoen OQ - Vrelr`ston`toen
Vrelr`ston`toen

•  \cltoen Q - \lbcmuhonj

Areg tbc s`gphc slerc `devc, ot l`n dc inewn tb`t tbc wc`icst `rc` ea togc g`n`jcgcnt ea

tbc pcrsen dconj cnugcr`tcm os \cltoen OO, er proerotoz`toen. ]bos jecs en untoh \cltoen OOO “

`dohoty te g`n`jc ontcrruptoens. ]bc hcsscr tbc slerc, tbc wc`icr os tbc pcrsen `t g`n`jonj

tb`t p`rtoluh`r `rc` ea togc g`n`jcgcnt.

Etbcr t`sis tb`t gust dc unmcrt`ionj on ermcr te g`n`jc togc caacltovchy `nm caaolocnthy `rc;

40
 

•  Je`h \cttonj. @ pewcrauh teeh tb`t os uscauh on ‘cvcry typc ea weri ph`lc `nm wotb

cvcry hcvch ea cgpheycc‗. ]e c`lb je`h, tbcrc gust dc; Lh`roty, Lb`hhcnjc,

Leggotgcnt, Accmd`li, ]`si legphcxoty

•  G`ontcn`nlc ea m`ohy hej. @ teeh aer g`n`jonj ontcrruptoens.

•  D`liw`rm Je`h-\cttonj. @ gctbem wbcrcdy, tbc cnm rcsuht os `hrc`my vosu`hoscm

dcaerc ph`nnonj d`liw`rms areg tb`t peont te mctcrgonc wb`t nccms te dc menc stcp-

dy-stcp te `lbocvc tbc je`h.

•  Mctcrgon`toen ea wb`t os ogpert`nt areg wb`t os urjcnt

•  V`rcte @n`hysos; ]bos os wbcn onaerg`toen er t`sis jreupcm ot onte sogoh`r l`tcjerocs.

]bcsc `rc tbcn r`tcm on ermcr ea ogpert`nlc `nm tb`t wohh tchh wbolb `rc`(s) nccmcm te

dc wericm en aorst. Aer cx`gphc, hct‟s s`y enc w`s jovcn tbc t`si ea ogprevonj

lustegcr scrvolc r`tonjs dy 03% evcr tbc ncxt qu`rtcr. D`sos ea `n`hysos wohh tbcn dc

te `slcrt`on bew enc os jeonj te dcjon meonj tbos5 ]bc V`rcte Vronlophc s`ys tb`t 46%

ea enc‟s caaert wohh hc`m te 26% ea tbc rcsuht. ]e jct tbc gest rcturn en tbc onvcstgcnt

wohh dc te mctcrgonc wb`t tb`t 46% sbeuhm lensost ea5 ]bc auhh mct`oh ea tbc V`rcte

@n`hysos os dcyenm tbc slepc ea tbos p`pcr. \uaaolc, te st`tc tb`t V`rcte Vronlophc os

enc ea tbc wchh tcstcm teehs uscm on togc g`n`jcgcnt.

g`n`jcgcnt.

 
•
Mchcj`toen. @netbcr gc`ns ea g`n`jonj togc sullcssauhhy os te proerotozc tbc togc te
omcntoay t`sis tb`t enc nccm nclcss`rohy pcraerg bogscha. ]bos t`si l`n tbcn dc

mchcj`tcm. @ttcnm`nt dcncaots ea mchcj`toen onlhumc `genj etbcrs, b`vonj gerc tb`n

enc pcrsen wbe inews bew te pcraerg tbc jovcn t`si, `mmonj ` ncw pcrspcltovc te `

sotu`toen, `nm b`vonj cgpheyccs tb`t `rc hcss strcsscm muc te sb`ronj tbcor weri mutocs.

•  ]e chogon`tc prelr`ston`toen os te `slcrt`on tbc l`usc. Os tbc cgpheycc hcss siohhcm te

unmcrt`ic tbc t`si5 Os tbc cgpheycc moserj`noscm5 Os tbc t`si dconj aeunm unphc`s`nt5

44
 

Os tbc t`si evcrwbchgonj `nm wby5 Os tbc cgpheycc ` pcracltoenost bcnlc bos

rchult`nlc dcl`usc
dcl`usc bc tbonis bc wohh net gc`surc up5

•  \lbcmuhonj ea t`sis on ermcr te erj`nosc `nm g`n`jc togc.

4<
 

LENLHS\OEN

Areg tbc `aerc gcntoen, ot os edvoeus tb`t togc g`n`jcgcnt on `n erj`nos`toen os ` vcry

lrotol`h siohh te g`stcr on tbc a`lc ea nugcreus `ltovotocs, t`sis, je`hs, ctl, hc`monj te onlrc`scm

premultovoty detb en pcrsen`h `nm lerper`tc hcvch.

]bc a`st p`lc ea hovcs `nm dusoncsscs ea tem`y b`s tbus g`mc tbos siohh gerc tb`n nccmauh.

Erj`nos`toens nccm te dc dreujbt te spccm te inew tb`t bchponj cgpheyccs g`n`jc tbcor togc

`nm hoac wohh uhtog`tchy hc`m te g`n`jonj tbc weri ph`lc `hse.

]bc dcncaots `rc gutu`h - pcrsen`h `nm dusoncss premultovoty ogprevcgcnt `t cvcry hcvch.

4=
 

DODHOEJT@VB_

@nmcrsen, L. (4606). Vrcscntonj `nm Cv`hu`tonj Pu`hot`tovc Tcsc`rlb. @gcrol`n Keurn`h ea

Vb`rg`lcutol`h Cmul`toen :=, 0-:.

Dr`ns, V. (460<). ]bc ]ep ]cn Lb`hhcnjcs on ]ogc G`n`jcgcnt.  Tctrocvcm \cptcgdcr :, 460=, areg
Aerdcs; bttp;//www.aerdcs.leg/sotcs/p`tdr`ns/460</64/0?/tbc-tep-tcn-lb`hhcn
bttp;//www.aerdcs.leg/sotcs/p`tdr`ns/460</64/0?/tbc-tep-tcn-lb`hhcnjcs-on-togc-
jcs-on-togc-
g`n`jcgcnt/

L`n`hys. (4604). Qcnmers sboppcm =22 gohhoen sg`rt pbencs on 4600, legp`rcm te =03 gohhoen lhocnt
VLs. Tctrocvcm \cptcgdcr ?, 460=, areg bttp;//www.l`n`hys.leg/ncwsreeg/sg`rt-pbencs-
evcrt`ic-lhocnt-pls-4600#stb`sb.MLAiza<A.mpua

Lrcnsb`w, M. (4662). ]bc Gytb ea Guhtot`sionj; Bew "Meonj Ot @hh" Jcts Netbonj Menc. 

Mcnzon, N., & Honlehn, _. (4666). B`nmdeei ea Pu`hot`tovc Tcsc`rlb (4nm cm.). L@; \`jc; ]beus`nm
E`is.

Mrulicr, V. A. (0?3=). ]bc Vr`ltolc ea G`n`jcgcnt. Teuthcmjc.

Aerstcr, G. (4662). Me Ot ]egerrew `nm Etbcr \clrcts ea ]ogc G`n`jcgcnt. Bemmcr & \teujbten.
B`rehm, ]. (4604). ]ogc te dc premultovc; Mcvchep yeur togc g`n`jcgcnt siohhs. Deeideen.leg.

B`rehm, ]. (4604). ]ogc te dc premultovc; Mcvchep yeur togc g`n`jcgcnt siohhs. Deeideen.leg.

 Kust On ]ogc (KO]). (n.m.). Tctrocvcm \cptcgdcr 4<, 460=, areg \tr`tcjy \iohhs ]r`ononj areg
Gonm]eehs.leg; bttp;//www.gonmteehs.leg/p`jcs/`rtolhc/ncw\]TU:2.btg
bttp;//www.gonmteehs.leg/p`jcs/`rtolhc/ncw\]TU:2.btg

I`uag`n, V. `. (0?2:). Bew te Ssc _eur ]ogc Zoschy.  Henjgc`mew Vudhosbonj Legp`ny.

GlVbc`t, \. (4606). \ullcssauh ]ogc G`n`jcgcnt  (Qeh.

 (Qeh. 0st Cmotoen). G]M ]r`ononj.

Gcrro`g, \. D. (466?). Pu`hot`tovc Tcsc`rlb; @ Juomc te Mcsojn `nm Ogphcgcnt`toen. \`n Ar`nlosle,

L@; Kesscy-D`ss.

Golreseat Lerper`toen. (466?). Cnl`rt` Cnlylhepcmo`.

V`pcr, E. _. (460=, \cptcgdcr 44). Erj`nozonj _eur \elo`h \locnlcs Tcsc`rlb V`pcr . Tctrocvcm
\cptcgdcr 4<, 460=, areg
a reg bttp;//hodjuomcs.usl.cmu/lentcntUgedohc.pbp5p
bttp;//hodjuomcs.usl.cmu/lentcntUgedohc.pbp5pom72<66?
om72<66?

V`rcte, Q. (0?61). V`rcte Vronlophc. (K. A. Tcb, Cm.) Tctrocvcm \cptcgdcr ?, 460=, areg V`rcte's
Vronlophc - ]bc 26-46 Tuhc;
bttp;//g`n`jcgcnt.`deut.leg/ls/jcncr`hg`n`jcgcnt/`/V`rcte620464.btg

]`yher, A. Z. (0?00). ]bc Vronlophcs ea \locntoaol G`n`jcgcnt. 

ZcdAon`nlc, Onl. (460=). Zb`t os G`n`jcgcnt5 mcaonotoen `nm gc`nonj . Tctrocvcm \cptcgdcr :,

460=, areg
bttp;//www.dusoncssmoltoen`ry.leg/mcaonotoen/g`n`jcgcnt.btgh#oxzz<LcHqTLCy

43
 

41