Livro Mapa de Danos Versao Digital 1

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En h k j d ` M ` n j f ` F c u t n q u n s t t O k j f `
_ktýrkc
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<935
Yrànt` okhchmkcd` pnj` Ouhd` dn M ujturc d` Nstcd` d` Nspârkt`
N spârkt` ]cht` -
O^HM^JT^\C d` ch` dn <93?, ndktcj h¹3< Ndumcåí` pctrkb`hkcj.
Ndkåí`1
Khstktut` Fkstýrkm` n Enèrãokm` d` Nspârkt` ]cht`
Yrnskdnhtn1
Yrnskdnhtn1 Entñjk`
E ntñjk` Bcrm`s Ynrnkrc
Y nrnkrc Hnvns
_kmn-prnskdnhtn1 Ycuj` ]tumg B`rcns
<¹ _kmn-prnskdnhtn1
_kmn-prnskdnhtn1 A`së Ycuj` Mcjb`h Hèunkrc
H èunkrc dc Ecbc
Ecb c
=¹ _kmn-prnskdnhtn1 Enjs`h J`k`jc
4¹ _kmn-prnskdnht
_kmn-prnskdnhtn1n1 Onrhchd` Chtôhk` dn B`rcns Cmfkcbë
]nmrntãrk`
]nmrntãr k` Enrcj1
Enrcj1 Cdrkchc Ynrnkrc Mcbp`s
]nmrntãrk` Cdauht`1 _khâmkus Bujkhn d`s ]cht`s
Tnsùrnkr`1 Ucjtnr dn Ceukcr Okjf`
Tnsùrnkr` Cdauht`1
Cdauht`1 Bch`nj Eýns dc ]kjvc Hnt` Hnt`
M`hsnjf` Oksm
Oksmcj1
cj1
Chcxkbchdr` @jkvnkrc ]cht`s Cb`rkb7 Cssuhtc Lcjkchc Qcbprèh`7
\èërk` Qch`h dc ]kjvnkrc7
]kjvnkrc7 Bcrmus
B crmus Lnhcttk Cht`hkhk \chenj Ykbnhtnj7
\kmcrd` Lruh`w M`stc n ]yjvk` ]kjvc _ktcjk
M`hsnjf` Ndkt`rkcj
Ndkt`rkcj11
Ãjvcr` A`së d`s Entñjk` Bcrm`sGcrujjkhy

]cht`s ]kjvc, Ynrnkrc Hnvns,
]kjvnr`jOrchmksm`
]kqunkrc Curëjk`
_kchhc, \klnkr`,
Njkchc Lcrl`sc dn ]ùzc
Mcpc/Ndkt`rcåí` Ynsquksc/Tnxt`
Jumkch` M`rrnkc Lnrhcrd` Ek`vchc E`håcjvns Cmfkcbë
\nvksí` Enhkjd` M`njf` Fcutnqunstt
F cutnqunstt Okj
Okjf`
f`
Bcrkc Njvkrc Tcvcrns M`stc Cercdnmkbnht`s
O`tèrcokcs D`rknjk Qumm`j`t` O`rhcmkcrk
Enhkjd` M`njf` Fcutnqunstt
F cutnqunstt Okjf` Njksc Bcmfcd` Tcvnkrc
Dcd`s Khtnrhcmk`hcks pcrc M ctcjècåí` hc Yuljkmcåí` (MKY)

(MKY)
PPPPPPPPPP Lkljk`tnmc Yñljkmc d` Nspârkt` ]cht`PPPPPPPPPP
C356b Cmfkcbë, Ek`vchc E`håcjvns

B cpc dn dch`s 1 dkrntrkzns
dkrntrkzns dn rnprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc nb
prànt`s dn rnstcur` / Ek`vchc E `håcjvns Cmfkcbë
Cmfkcb ë n Enhkjd`
M`njf` Fcutnqu nstt Okjf`. - _ktýrkc,
_ktýrkc, N] 1 Khstktut`
Khstktut` Fkstýrkm` n
Enèrãokm` d` Nspârkt` ]cht`, <935. Mcdnrh` dn Fkstýrkc h. ?9
66 p. 1 Kj.
K]LH1 ;56-6>-66><;-63-?
3. \nstcurcåí` dn ndkoâmk`s
ndkoâmk`s - H`rbcs
H`rb cs n tëmhkmcs. K. Enhkjd`
Enhkjd`
M`njf` F cutnqun
cutn qunstt
stt Okjf`. KK. Tâtuj`
MDD1 5<9
Kh s t k t u t ` F k s t ý r k m ` n En ` e r ã o k m ` d ` N s p â r k t ` ]c h t `
Cvnhkdc \npñljkmc,
\npñljkmc, =54, Mnhtr`, _ktýrkc - N], MNY1 <;936-=39
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KDNHTKDCDN
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<.<. H`rbcs
H`r bcs pcrc
pcr c prànt`
prà nt` n suc cpjkmc
cpj kmcåí
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Y\NOÃMK@
]nr nsm`jfkdc p`r Enhkjd` M`njf` Fcutnqunstt Okjf` n Ek`vchc E`håcjvns
Cmfkcbë pcrc nsmrnvnr ` prnoãmk` dnssn jkvr` ë ubc f`hrc. Enhkjd` ë ub
pnsqukscd`r, prònss`r n pròkssk`hcj - dndkmcd` c` pctrkbôhk` fkstýrkm`.
fkstýrkm`. E k`vchc
o`k ubc nstcekãrkc nxnbpjcr n dndkmcdc hc ]upnrkhtnhdáhmkc d` Kpfch h` Nspârkt`
]cht`.
]cht `. Tnr ub jkvr` qun m`htnbpjn
m`htnb pjn ub b chucj m`b pr`p`skåí`
pr`p` skåí` dn pcdr`hkzcåí` dn
rnprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc pcrc bcpc
bcp c dn dch`s nb ndkokmcåþns ë ub dnscok` hnmnssãr
hnmnssãrk`.
k`.
]clnr kdnhtkokmcr
kdnhtkokmcr `s dch`s n cs pct`jèkcs prnsnhtns
prnsn htns nb ubc
ub c ndkokmcåí`
ndkokmcåí` ë nssnhmkcj
pcrc ub nstudchtn n pròkssk`hcj dn crquktnturc njcl`rcr ub l`b prànt`, n
m`hsnqunhtnbnhtn, pcrc ubc nokmknhtn nxnmuåí` dc `lrc p`stnrk`rbnhtn.
@ bchucj cprnsnhtc c` jnkt`r ub rkm` v`mclujãrk` tëmhkm` dn crquktnturc n m`b

bkhumk`scs dnsmrkåþns dcs dnokhkåþns d`s dch`s7 sucs mcuscs pr`vãvnks7 m`b`
kdnhtkokmã-j`s7
kdnhtkokmã-j`s7 j`mcj dn `m`rráhmkc7 n suenstí` dn khtnrvnhåí` pc
pcrc
rc rnmupnrcåí` d`
dch`.
@ trclcjf` mukdcd`s` dn jkstcr <4

<4 dkonrnhtns pct`jèkcs n cs dkonrnhtns h`b
h`bnhmjcturcs
nhmjcturcs
qun p`dnb nxkstkr m`b ub c rkqunzc dn kho`rbcåþns
kho`rbcåþns o`k ub c nxmnjnhtn
nxmnjnhtn nsm`jfc dc
Ek`vchc pcrc m`hmjukr c ercducåí` nb C rquktnturc
rquktnturc n ^rlchksb` n, tnhf
tnhf`` mnrtnzc,
dn khkmkcr orutâonrcs
orutâonrcs pcrmnrkcs m`b ` snu prònss`r
prònss `r Enhkjd`.
Enhkjd`.
@ jkvr` ònrnmn c` jnkt`r ubc nxmnjnhtn `p`rtuhkdcdn dn sn cpròuhdcr hnssc

cpckx`hchtn tnb ãtkmc d` pctrkbôhk` ndkokmcd`.
ndkokmcd`. Cpr`vnkt
Cpr`vnktnb!
nb!
Njksc Bcmfcd` Tcvnkrc

Crquktntc ^rlchkstc
]upnrkhtnhdnhtn d` Kpfch
Kpfc h h` Nspârkt`
Nspârkt` ]cht`
]cht`
>
CY\N]NHTCÅÍ@
T`dc ndkokmcåí`,
ndkokmcåí`, snac njc dn khtnrnssn pctrkb`hkcj
pctrkb`h kcj ù hí`, sòrn m`b c m`
m`hstchtn
hstchtn cåí`
d` tnbp`, qun tnb snus nonkt`s cercvcd`s pnjc ocjtc dn bchutnhåí`, bchutnhåí`
nqukv`mcdc ù pnj` us` khcdnqucd`. Cjëb d`s nonkt`s d` tnbp`, c khtnrcåí` d`
ndkoâmk`
ndkoâmk` m`b ` bnk` cblknhtn tcblëb pr`v`mc suc dnercdcåí`.
dnercdcåí`.
@ b cpc dn dch`s ë ubc ntcpc ouhdcb

ouhdcbnhtcj
nhtcj d` prànt` dn rnstcur`,
rnstcur`, m`hstktukhd`-sn
m`hstktukhd`-sn
nb oknj rnprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc n o`tèrãokmc dn ub dntnrbkhcd` kbývnj, nhqucht`
rcdkèrcokc d`
d` snu nstcd` dn m`hsnrvcåí`,
m`hsnrvcåí `, hcqunjc
hcq unjc dntnrbkhcdc
dntnrb khcdc dctc. Kss` p`rqun,
p`rqun,
m`b ` pcsscr d` tnbp`, nssns dch`s, sn hí` trctcd`s, krí` sn cercvcr7 n ùtr`s
dch`s p`dnrí` surekr, cjtnrchd` ` dkcehýstkm` khkmkcj.
M`b bcks dn ducs dëmcdcs dn nxpnrkáhmkc hc ãrnc dn rnstcur`, snac hc njcl`rcåí`

dn prànt`s, snac hc m`hduåí` dn `lrcs, p`dnb`s cokrbcr qun ub d`s erchdns
pr`ljnbcs, qun `m`rrnb tcht` h`s ýreí`s dn prnsnrvcåí` m`b` h`s mchtnkr`s dn
`lrc, ë c ocjtc dn pcdr`hkzcåí` d`s bcpcs dn dch`s, qun dkokmujtc ` trclcjf` dn
chãjksn d`s prànt`s pnj`s tëmhkm`s dcs khstktukåþns dn prnsnrvcåí`7 ` trclcjf` d`s
`råcbnhtkstcs7 n tcblëb
tcbl ëb c nxnmuåí`
nxnmuåí ` h`s mchtnkr`s dn `lrc.
`lrc.
@ `lantkv` dnstn bchucj ë pr`p`r h`rbcs vkschd` é pcdr`hkzcåí` d` bcpc dn
dch`s c pcrtkr dc mrkcåí` n cd`åí` dn pcrìbntr`s qun vkclkjkznb ubc jnkturc bcks
prnmksc
prnm ksc n uhkvnrscj d` prànt`.
Ycrc pcdr`hkzcr c rnprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc d` bcpc dn dch`s, ` bchucj pr`pþn <4

okmfcs dn kdnhtkokmcåí` n mjcsskokmcåí` dcs pct`jèkcs bcks m`buhs hcs ndkokmcåþns
lrcskjnkrcs, n css`mkc c mcdc ubc dcs pct`jèkcs kdnhtkokmcdcs ubc rnprnsnhtcåí`
erãokmc m`rrnsp`hdnhtn, ecrchtkhd` mjcrnzc, uhko`rbkdcdn n `lantkvkdcdn pcrc cs
kho`rbcåþns
kho`rbcåþ ns dcs prchmfcs d` prànt` dn khtnrvnhåí`.
Nssn d`mubnht`pcrc
n kjustrcåþns pr`pþn h`rbcs
ocmkjktcr dn bchnkrc
ckhdc mjcrc
bcks suc n `lantkvc, b`strchd`
m`bprnnhsí`, nxnbpj`s
p`ssklkjktchd` c`s
pròkssk`hcks dn crquktnturc
crquktnturc n c`s nxnmut`rns dn `lrcs dn rnstcur` ocjcrnb c bnsbc
bnsb c
jkheucenb, n nvktchd` nquâv`m`s n rntrclcjf`s. @ bchucj ctnhdnrã é hnmnsskdcdn
dn `rknhtcåí` tëmhkmc, bcs hí` prntnhdn nse`tcr t`d`s `s m`hmnkt`s, dkcehýstkm`s,
trctcbnht`s n pr`mndkbnht`s dnssc ãrnc dn ctucåí`.
Ë kbp`rtchtn rnsscjtcr qun ` prànt` pcrc puljkmcåí` dnstn jkvr` sý o`k p`ssâvnj
ercåcs c` khmnhtkv` d` E`vnrh` Nstcducj ctrcvës d` Ouhmujturc1 ndktcj h¹ 3< dn
<93? - Ndumcåí` Yctrkb`hkcj n qun ` jkvr` o`k ndktcd` pnj` Khstktut` Fkstýrkm` n
Enèrãokm` d` Nspârkt` ]cht`.
Ek`vchc E`håcjvns Cmfkcbë n Enhkjd` M`njf` Fcutnqunstt Okjf`
?
3. YCT\KBÔHK@, BN B Ý\ KC, KDNHTKDCDN
M`b ubc o`rbcåí` buktcs vnzns nxcenrcdcbnhtn tnmhkmkstc, `s crquktnt`s
urlchkstcs, bnsb` cqunjns qun ctucb h` mcbp` dc prnsnrvcåí` d` pctrkbôhk`,
táb snu bc k`r o`m` hc prnsnrvcåí`
prnsnrvcåí ` dc crquktnturc
crqu ktnturc n dc mkdcdn.
mkdcdn. H` nhtcht`, c mkdcdn
mkdcdn
ë cpnhcs ` sulstrct` `hdn c vkdc cm`htnmn
cm`h tnmn - bcks kbp`rtchtn qun prn
prnsnrvc
snrvcrr c mcs
mcsc,
c,
` j`tn, c qucdrc, ` lnm`, c ruc ù c cvnhkdc, ë prnsn rvcr cqunjn qun pr`duzku
pr`d uzku t`d`
t`d`
nssn pctrkbôhk` b ctnrkcj,
ctnrkcj, ` mkdcdí`, qun, c pcrtkr dn
dn t`dc c mcrec mujturcj rnmnlkdc
dn snus chtnpcsscd`s, suc fnrchåc sýmk`-ocbkjkcr, o`k mcpcz dn bctnrkcjkzcr nssc
ecbc dn m`hfnmkbnht`s m`hstrukhd` ` nspcå` `hdn vkvn.
Yrnsnrvcr cs rnjcåþns qun tnb`s m`b c bnbýrkc n c m`hstruåí` dc kdnkc dn

pctrkbôhk` mujturcj c pcrtkr d`s rnbchnsmnhtns crquktntôhkm`s qun njnenb`s m`b`
tnstnbuhf`s
tnstnbuhf`s dn ub tnbp` qun pcssù,
pcssù, n qun, h`stcjekmcbnhtn
h`stcjekmcbnhtn h`s ocznb rnbnb`rcr
` pcsscd` n h`s dí` sneurchåc, ë ub d`s mcbp`s dn ctucåí` d`s pròkssk`hcks
qun trclcjfcb m`b c prnsnrvcåí`
prnsnrvcåí` d` pctrkbôhk`.
pctrkbôhk`. Nbl`rc
N bl`rc nssns njnbnht`s snacb
ouhdcbnhtcks, pcrc c bchutnhåí` dc bnbýrkc s`mkcj, ` qun kbp`rtc hc vnrdcdn, ë
c bchnkrc
bchn krc m`b` njns sí` cpr`prkcd`s pnjcs pnss`cs qun m`h struârcb n bchtkvnrcb
t`dcs nsscs rnonráhmkcs mujturcks. ^bc kernac, p`r nxnbpj`, pnrdn pcrtn nssnhmkcj
dn snu snhtkd` quchd` dnkxc dn snr utkjkzcdc m`b` nspcå` dn oë. ^b tnbpj`
trchso`rbcd` nb busnu ë ub nspcå` qun tnvn orcekjkzcd`s suc vkdc n kdnhtkdcdn7
nbl`rc suc prnsnrvcåí` tnhfc mnrtcbnhtn nonkt`s s`lrn cs bnbýrkcs dc s`mkndcdn
`hdn nstã khsnrkd`.
]í` `s rnbc
rnbchnsmnhtns
hnsmnhtns crquktntôhkm`s d` pcsscd` qun pnrbktnb qun h`s cpr`prknb`s
d` nspcå` pcrc p`dnrb`s m`hstrukr ubc kdnhtkdcdn m`bub, p`r kss` h`sscs
rnjcåþns m`b `s `lant`s dn bnbýrkc sí` ouhdcbnhtcks pcrc c rnm`hstruåí` n pcrc
` nstclnjnmkbnht` dn h`vcs
h`vc s kdnhtkdcdns m`jntkvcs dc s`mkndcdn. M`b` c pr`mkssí`
p`dn prnsmkhdkr dc ruc p`r `hdn njc pcssc0 M`b` cs s`jnhns bchkonstcåþns dc
oë p`dnrí` dksp`r dn snus tnbpj`s0 M`b` ` onstkvcj p`dnrã cm`htnmnr o`rc d`
nspcå` dc prcåc mnhtrcj0 ]í` nssns `s j`mcks dn bnbýrkc qun, m`hs`jkdcd`s pnjc
fkstýrkc, bnrnmnb snr prnsnrvcd`s. Bcs, bcks qun prnsnrvcr c bctnrkcjkdcdn d`
j`mcj, prnmkscb snr m`hsnrvcd`s `s us`s, `s m`stubns n cs trcdkåþns dcqunjns qun
`s ndkokmcrcb.
ndkokmcrcb. C mkdcdn,
mkdcdn, m`b suc crquktnturc,
crquktnturc, ë ` b nr` pcpnj `hdn sí` kbprnsscs cs
rnjcåþns s`mkcks fubchcs,
fub chcs, nsscs skb, ` erchdn `lant` dc prnsnrvcåí`. Yrnsnrvã-jcs
ë prnsnrvcr c prýprkc vkdc fubchc, ë prnsnrvcr c onjkmkdcdn
onjkmkdcdn dc vkdc fubchc.
H c bck`rkc dcs vnzns, `s sup`

sup`rtns
rtns bctnrkcks
bctnrkcks dcs bnb ýrkcs - c crquktnturc,
crquktnturc, c
mkdcdn, njnbnht`s dc hcturnzc,
hcturnzc, kbcenhs scmrcs,
scmrcs, ntm.
ntm. - cbnhkzcb
cb nhkzcb ` bnd` qun
tnb`s d` chkqukjcbnht` n dc b`rtn. Ycrc vkvnr ë prnmks` hí` nsqunmnr n p`r kss`
‚c `rechkzcåí` pctrkb`hkcj m`khmkdn m`b ‖ubc rneujcåí` ëtkmc‛ d` trctcbnht`
rnojnxkv`
rnojnxkv` dcs bnbýrkcs
b nbýrkcs m`jntkvcs‒
m` jntkvcs‒ (AN^D[,
(AN^D[, <99>, p. =3), p` r kss`
kss` m`bprnnhd
m`bprnnhdnb`s
nb`s
5
5
` pctrkbôhk` m`b` kbp`rtchtn skeh` d` outur` n p`r kss` bnsb` dnvn snr
prnsnrvcd`.
]nhd` c crquktnturc ub d`s bcks kbp`rtchtns sup`rtns bctnrkcks dn h`sscs

bnbýrkcs, ë ouhdcbnhtcj qun snac prnsnrvcdc ` bcks prýxkb` p`ssâvnj dn suc
`rkekhcjkdcdn, ctrcvës dn prànt`s n `lrcs dn rnqucjkokmcåí`
rnqucjkokmcåí` n rnstcur`7 pcrc
pc rc tch
tcht`,
t`,
` bcpc dn dch`s m`hokeurc-sn m`b` prkbnkrc n ouhdcbnhtcj ntcpc dnstn pr`mnss`,
prkbnkrc
prkb nkrc ntcpc dn qucjqu nr prànt` dn rnstcurcåí`.
<. BCYC DN DCH @]

@ bcpc dn dch`s ë utkjkzcd` pcrc sn tnr m`hfnmkbnht` d`s dch`s nxkstnhtns nb
dntnrbkhcd` ndkoâmk` pcrc nhtí`, hubc prýxkbc ntcpc, snrnb cprnsnhtcdcs cs
bnjf`rns s`juåþns dn rnstcur`, dn cm`rd` m`b mcdc pct`jèkc3nhm`htrcdc.
@ bcpc
b cpc dn dch`s prnmndn qucjqunr
quc jqunr prànt`
prànt` dn rnstcur`, snhd` ubc ntcpc nssnhmkcj
d` pr`mnss` dn prnsnrvcåí` n, p`r kss`, njn dnvnrã rnprnsnhtcr dn o`rbc bcks oknj
p`ssâvnj ` nstcd` d` ndkoâmk` dnstcmchd` t`dcs cs sucs pct`jèkcs. ]nhd` csskb,
h` prànt` dn rnstcur` ` bcpc dn dch`s ë ub nstud` `lrkectýrk` n nssnhmkcj qun
contc dkrntcbnhtn c qucjkdcdn d` pr`dut` okhcj. Ycrc tcht`, dnvn-sn mrkcr ubc
skbl`jèkc pcrc dntnrbkhcr mcdc ubc dcs pct`jèkcs
pct`jèkcs nhm`htrcdcs,
nhm`htrcdcs, m`b` pnrdcs dn
bctnrkcks dn rnvnstkbnht`, jcmuhcs nb
n b cjvnhcrkcs n ùtr`s njnbnht`s m`hstrutkv`s,
krrneujcrkdcdns nb nsqucdrkcs n tnjfcd`s, rcmfcdurcs, dnshkvnjcbnht`s, ntm.
(L\CE C, <99= C).
C).
Cs pct`jèkcs dnvnrí` snr m`rrntcbnhtn kdnhtkokmcdcs h` bcpc dn dch`s c

okb dn snrnb nokmczbnhtn trctcdcs durchtn ` pr`mnss` dn rnstcur`. Kdnhtkokmcr
khm`rrntcbnhtn ubc pct`jèkc skehkokmc enrcr pr`ljnbcs snac hc pjchkjfc
`råcbnhtãrkc, snac h` mchtnkr` dn `lrc, n, m`hsnqunhtnbnhtn, h` rnsujtcd` d`
trctcbnht`.
Nss c kdnhtkokmcåí`
Nssc kdnhtkokmcåí` sn dã c pcrtkr d` bnm
bnmchksb`
chksb` dn cåí` qun jfns dnu `rkenb, snhd`
csskb mjcsskokmcd`s1
mjcsskokmcd`s1 chtrýpkm`s7 lk`jýekm`s7 oâskm`s ù quâbkm`s, rnsujtchtns d` us`
ù dc khtnrcåí` d`s bctnrkck
b ctnrkckss dn m`hstruåí` m`b `s cenhtns mcuscd`rns,
mcu scd`rns, prnsnhtns
h` bnk` `hdn ` ndkoâmk` nstã khsnrkd`. Nb t`d` nssn pr`mnss` dn dnercdcåí`, `
tnbp` n c ocjtc
ocjtc dn bchutnhåí` pnrkýdkmc táb pcpnj ouhdcb
ouhdcbnhtcj,
nhtcj, qucjqunr
qucjqun r qun
qun snac
c `rkenb d` dch`.
dch`.
3 ‚M`b` pct`jèkcs
pct`j` ekcs nhtnhdnb-sn
nhtnhdn b-sn `s skht`bcs qun cpcrnmnb
cpcrnm nb hc ndkokmcåí` dnm`rrnhtns
dnm`rrnhtn s dn
mcuscs dkvnrscs qun pr`v`mcb dnercdcåí` d`s njnbnht`s qun m`bpþnb cs m`hstruåþns‒
(L\CEC, <99= C, p.65).
6
Mfcbcb`s dn ‚bnmchksb` chtrýpkm`‒ quchd` `s dch`s sí` mcuscd`s p`r cåþns

d` snr fubch`. Aã ` ‚bnmchksb`
‚b nmchksb` lk`jýekm`‒
lk`jýekm` ‒ `m`rrn quchd` ` dch` ë `rkekhcd`
`rkekhcd` p`r
khonstcåí` dn snrns vkv`s m`b`, p`r nxnbpj`, ouhe`s, buse`s, khsnt`s n pjchtcs.
Suchd` `s bctnrkcks sòrnb dch`s pnjc cåí` dn njnbnht`s dc hcturnzc ù p`r
qunstþns bnmìhkmcs qun hí` cjtnrcb c pr`prkndcdn quâbkmc d` bctnrkcj m`b`, p`r
nxnbpj`,
nxnb pj`, `kdnhtkokmcb`s
bctnrkcks, s`j, c mfuvc, `s vnht`s,
vnh t`s,
m`b` n c dkonrnhåc
dkonrnhoâskm`s‒.
‚bnmchksb`s åc h`s m`nokmknhtns
m`n okmknhtns dn`dkjctcåí`<
Okhcjbnhtn, dkjctcå í`< d`s
‚bnmchksb`
quâbkm`‒ `m`rrn quchd` ` bctnrkcj sòrn cjtnrcåþns quâbkmcs, qun p`dnb sn dcr
dnvkd` é khtnrcåí` d` bctnrkcj m`b ` bnk` ù dnvkd` é prýprkc m`bp`skåí` d`
bctnrkcj contcd`.
@ `lantkv` dcs okmfcs, c sneukr, ë ocmkjktcr

ocm kjktcr c kdnhtkokmcåí` dcs
dc s pct`jè
pct`jèkcs
kcs pnj` usuãrk`
n `s rnspnmtkv`s pr`mndkbnht`s pcrc ` trctcbnht`. Mcs` fcac bcks pct`jèkcs qun
cs nspnmkokmcdcs hcs okmfcs dn 3 c <4, ` pràntkstc dnvnrã utkjkzcr c okmfc b`dnj` n
m`bpjntcr m`b c pct`jèkc dnsnacdc. Hnssc fkpýtnsn, pcrc c rnprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc
utkjkzcr cs fcmfurcs=
fcmfurc s= nxtrcs dnokhkdcs
dnokhkdcs hc jkstc dn rnprnsnhtcåþns dcs dc s pãekhcs 53,
53,
5<, n 5= n, sn ckhdc hí` o`r suokmknhtn, utkjkzcr m`rns dkstkhtcs dcs aã dnokhkdcs.
Kbp`rtchtn scjknhtcr
sc jknhtcr qun
qun c dnokhkåí`
dnokhkåí` dcs <4 pct`jèkcs m`htkdcs hnstnh nstn bchucj
bchu cj dnu
sn p`r suc bck`r
b ck`r `m`rráhmkc nb ndkokmcåþns h` Lrcskj.
Lrcskj.
Nb ub pcâs dn dkbnhsþns m`htkhnhtcks n dkvnrskdcdns mjkbãtkmcs m`b` ` h`ss`,

ë hcturcj qun fcac erchdn vcrkndcdn dn h`bnhmjcturcs pcrc c bnsbc pct`jèkc,
dn cm`rd` m`b c rnekí` nstudcdc. Y`r nssn b`tkv`, m`b ` khtukt` dn ocmkjktcr c
m`bprnnhsí`
m`bp rnnhsí` n rnprnsnhtcåí` d` prànt`, cs pct`jèkcs o`rcb `rechkzcdcs nb ub c
jkstc bnh`r rnsscjtchd` sucs mcrcmtnrâstkmcs. Yct`jèkcs nhm`htrcdcs m`b dkvnrs`s
h`bns, p`rëb, m`b mcrcmtnrâstkmcs kdáhtkmcs ù skbkjcrns, o`rcb cerupcdcs hubc
ñhkmc
ñh kmc okmfc.
okmfc.
@utr` ktnb c snr `lsnrvcd` ë ` mcbp` ‚rnstcurcåí`‒, `hdn sí` cprnsnhtcdcs

suenstþns dn pr`mndkbnht`s pcrc ` trctcbnht` dn mcdc dch`1 kbp`rtchtn orkscr
qun hí` sn p`dn khm`rrnr h` nrr` dc enhnrcjkzcåí` - mcdc mcs` dnvn snr chcjkscd`
khdkvkducjbnhtn, p`ks p`dnb nxkstkr s`juåþns dkonrnhtns pcrc c bnsbc pct`jèkc,
mclnhd` c` pròkssk`hcj kdnhtkokmcr qucj dnjcs bnjf`r sn cpjkmc é ndkokmcåí` nb
qunstí`.
< ‚Cubnht` d` v`jubn dn ub m`rp`, snb qun njn rnmnlc qucjqunr cmrësmkb` dn bctnrkcj.
Hc suc bck`rkc, `s sýjkd`s n jâqukd`s sn dkjctcb quchd` cqunmkd`s, n sn m`htrcnb quchd`
nsorkcb.‒ Dksp`hâvnj nb1:fttps1//www.dkmk`.m`b.lr/dkjctcmc`/8 Cmnss` nb1 <= dn snt dn
<93?.
= ‚Trcå`s qun m`lrnb c supnroâmk
supnroâmknn d` pcpnj pcrc
pc rc mnrt`s trclcjf`s erãokm`s.‒ Dksp`hâvnj nnb
b1
:fttps1//www.dkmk`.m`b.lr/fcmfurc/8 Cmnss` nb1 <= dn snt dn <93?.
;
<.3.
<.3. OKMFC] DN MJ C]]KOKMCÅÍ@ DN DCH@]
Cs okmfcs dn mjcsskokmcåí` dn dch`s o`rcb njcl`rcdcs dn bchnkrc c ocmkjktcr `

trclcjf` d` pràntkstc,
pràntkstc, p`r
p `r kss`
kss` njc o`k dkvkdkdc nb 3= mcb p`s1
Mcbp` 31
31 Okmfc - trctc-sn d` hñbnr` dc okmfc qun vck dn 3/<4 c <4/<4.
Mcbp` <1<1 H`bn - h`bn d` dch`, jnvchd`-sn nb m`hskdnrcåí`

m`h skdnrcåí` `s dkvnrs`s h`bns
qun ` dch` p`ssuk
p `ssuk nb t`d` ` tnrrktýrk`
tnrrktýrk` hcmk`hcj.
Mcbp` =1
=1 Mýdke` - hñbnr` d` mýdke` dn mcdc
m cdc dch` qun vck dn 3 c <4.
<4.
Mcbp` 41 Dnokhk
Dnokhkåí`
åí` - dnokhn c pct`jèkc dnstcmchd` sucs prkhmkpcks mcrcmtnrâstkmcs.
mcrcmtnrâstkmcs.
Mcbp` >1 Mcuscs pr`vãvnks, skbujtìhncs ù hí` - kdnhtkokmc n dnsmrnvn cs

pr`vãvnks
pr`vãvn ks mcuscs d` dch`, qun
qun p`dnb snr skbujtìhncs ù hí`.
hí`. Kbp`rtchtn dnstcmcr
qun cs mcrcmtnrâstkmcs d` bctnrkcj n d`s cenhtns mcuscd`rns d` dch` vcrkcb dn
cm`rd` m` b ` j`mcj `hdn ` kbývnj

kbý vnj nstã khsnrkd`.
khsnrkd`.
Mcbp` ?1?1 Bnmchksb`
Bnmchksb` - khdkmc ` bnmchksb`
bnmchksb ` dn cåí` d` dch` qun p`dn ssnr
nr oâskm`,
oâskm`,
quâbkm`, lk`jýekm` ù chtrýpkm`, snhd` qun ubc pct`jèkc p`dn tnr bcks dn ub
bnmchksb` dn cåí`.
Mcbp` 5151 ]ulstrct`

]ulstrct` - khdkmc ` bctnrkcj dn m`hstruåí` dc pcrtn d` ndkoâmk` `hdn
c pct`jèkc, nxp`stc c dntnrbkhcd`s b nmchksb`s, sn bchkonstc.
bchkonstc.
Mcbp` 61 Cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s / m`hsnquáhmkcs

m`hsnquáhmkcs - khdkmc qucks sí` cs
m`hsnquáhmkcs dc pct`jèkc hc ndkokmcåí` n qucks sí` `s cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s qun
kdnhtkokmcb
kdnhtkokmcb c pct`jèkc.
Mcbp` ;1 J`mcj dn `m`rráhmkc hc ndkokmcåí`

ndkokmcåí` - khdkmc ` j`mcj dc ndkokmcåí`
`hdn ` dch` enrcjbnhtn cpcrnmn1 m`lnrturc, nsqucdrkcs, nstruturc, o`rr`, pcrndn,
pkhturc, pks`, rnvnstkbnht`, tnjfcd`, ntm. Ë kbp`rtchtn
kbp` rtchtn scjknhtcr qun nvnhtucjbnhtn
c pct`jèkc p`dnrã `m`rrnr nb ãrncs dkonrnhtns dcs kdnhtkokmcdcs hcs okmfcs nb
dnm`rráhmkc
dnm` rráhmkc dn m`hdkåþns hí` prnvkstcs.
prnvkstcs.
Mcbp` 391391 \nstcurcåí`

\nstcurcåí` - khdkmc ` pr`mndkbnht` bcks cdnqucd` pcrc `
trctcbnht` dc pct`jèkc. _cjn rnsscjtcr qun m`hdkåþns dkonrnhtns p`dnrí` rnqunrnr
trctcbnht`s dkonrnhmkcd`s.
dkonrnhmkcd`s.
Mcbp` 331 \nprnsnhtcåí`

snr utkjkzcdc.
utkjkzcdc. erãokmc
Cpýs c chãjksn dn - khdkmc
dkvnrs`s ` tkp`
prànt`stkp` dnlëb
fcmfurc
fc mfurc
n tcblëb
tcb vãrk`sn tnstns,
c m`r ,qun
tnstns dnvnrã
dnokhkb`s
qun c fcmfurc
fc mfurc sýjkdc m`j`rkdc
m`j`rkdc ë c bcks cdnqucdc nb ouhåí` d c bnjf`r
b njf`r jneklk
jneklkjk
jkdcdn
dcdn
39
h` prànt`.
Mcbp` 3<1 \nprnsnhtcåí` d` dch` nb crqukv`s MCD - m`htëb ` tkp` dn

fcmfurc n c m`r d` jcynr dn cm`rd` m`b ` prèrcbc Cut`MCD, ` bcks utkjkzcd`
nb prànt`s dn crquktnturc.
crquktnturc.
Mcbp` 3=1 Kbcenhs qun kjustrcb pct`jèkc - kbcenhs snjnmk`hcdcs pcrc

kjustrcb c pct`jèkc
kjustrcr mcdc pct`jèkc, enrcjbnhtn
enrcjb nhtn o`rcb utkjkzcdcs ducs kbcenhs.
33
g OKMFC DN MJC]]KOKMCÅC@ DN DCH@] a okm f c 1 b b

T H`bn1 H `b n d` dch` 3 Mýdke`1 99 3
Dnokhkåí`1 Dnokh
Dnokhkåí`
kåí` dc
d c pct`jèkc
Bnmchksb`1
qun p`dn snr Bnmchksb`
sn r oâskm`, dn cåí` d` dch`
quâbkm`,lk`jýekm` ù ]ulstrct`1
pcrtn Bctnrkcj
d` ndkoâmk` `hdndnc m`hstruåí`
pct`jèkc, dc
chtrýpkm`, snhd`qun ubc pct`jèkc
pct` jèkc p`dn nxp`stc c dntnrbkhcd`s bnmchksb`s, sn
tnr bcks dn ub bnmchksb` dn cåí`. bchkonstc.
Mcuscs pr`vãvnks - skbu jtìhncs ù hí`1
Khdkmc `s oct`rns
oct`rns qun pr`v`mcrcb c pct`jèkc qun p`dnb ù hí` snr
skbujtìhn`s.
Cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s / M`hsnquáhmkcs1
M`hsnquáhm kc(s) dc pct`jèkc hc ndkokmcåí`1

M`hsnquáhmkc(s) ndkokmcåí`1 Cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s
`lsnrvcd` s qun
kdnhtkokmcb
kdnhtkokmcb c pct`jèkc.
J`mcj dn `m`rráhmkc hc ndkokmcåí`1

J`mcj dc ndkokmcåí`
ndkokmcåí` `hdn ` dch` nb qunstí` enrcjbnhtn
enrcjb nhtn cpcrnmn1 m`lnrturc,
nsqucdrkcs, nstruturc, o`rr`, pcrndn, pkhturc, pks`, rnvnstkbnht`, tnjfcd`, ntm. Ë
kbp`rtchtn scjknhtcr
sc jknhtcr qun nvnhtucjbnhtn
nvn htucjbnhtn c pct`jèkc p`dnrã `m`rrnr nb ãrncs
dkonrnhtns dcs kdnhtkokmcdcs hcs okmfcs
okmfcs nb dnm`rráhmkc
dnm` rráhmkc dn m`hdkåþns hí`
prnvkstcs.
\nstcurcåí`1
Khtnrvnhåí` bcks khdkmcdc pcrc ` trctcbnht` ddcc pct`jèkc.

pct`jèkc.
\nprnsnhtcåí` erãok
erãokmc1
mc1 \nprnsnhtcåí` d` dch` nb
K Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 x crqukv`s MCD m`htnhd` ` tkp`
| \nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 x,x,x dn fcmfurc n c m`r d` jcynr.
Kbcenhs qun kjustrcb c pct`jèkc1
Kbcenhs qun kjustrcb c bchkonstcåí` dc pct`jèkc hc ndkokmcåí`.

ndkokmcåí`.
3<
g OKMFC DN MJC]]KOKMCÅÍ@ DN
DN DCH@] A OK
OKMF
MFC1
C1 93/<
93/<44 X
o H`bn1 Cjtnrcåí` mr`bãtkmc, bchmfc ù pãtkhc Mý d
ke
k `
1
Dnokhkåí`1 _crkc
_crkcåí`
åí` dn m`r dc supnroâmkn d` bctnrkcj.
Bnmchksb`1
-Oâskm`7 ]ulstrct`1
-Yndrc7
-Suâbkm`. -Tka`j` mnrìbkm`7
-Bcdnkrc7
-\nl`m`7
-M`hmrnt`. C
Mcuscs pr`vãvnks - skbujtìhncs
skb ujtìhncs ù hí`1
hí`1
-Ykebnht`s khcdnqucd`s7
-Nxmnss` dn scj h` bctnrkcj7
-Nxp`skåí` nxmnsskvc c` s`j n/ù c khtnbpërkns7
-Yrnsnhåc dn bctnrkcks nstrchf`s m`b`

m`b ` ãeuc, pr`dut`s dn `xkdcåí` dn
bctnrkcks
bc tnrkcks bntãjkm`s, sulstìhmkcs `reìhkmcs, tkhtcs,
tkhtcs, bkmr`-`rechksb`s,
bkmr`-`rechksb `s, ntm.
ntm.
_crkcåí`` dc m`r
_crkcåí m `r `rkekhcj d` bctnrkcj, bchmfcs.
M`lnrturc, nsqucdrkcs, nstruturc, o`rr`, pcrndn, pks`, rnvnstkbnht`s n r`dcpë.
\nstcurcåí`1
Jkbpnzc
Jkb pnzc n pkhturc dc ãrnc contcdc. Tr`mc ù rnm`hstktukåí` d` bctnrkcj
bctnrkcj..
\nprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc1
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 3=5
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 =6,5?,5?
3=
Z
Cjtnrcåí` mr`bãtkmc, ndkokmcåí` nb Dnbëtrk`

Dnb ëtrk` \klnkr`, A`í` Hnkvc-N]
O`t`1 Enhkjd` M. Fcutnqunstt Okjf`, <934.
34
OKMFC DN MJC]]KOKMCÅÍ@ DN DCH@]

X`bnXCjvn`jkzcåíX P|PMýdke`T<
Dnokhkåí`1 Ynqunhcs mcvkdcdns dn o`rbct`s n dkbnhsþns vcrkãvnks dkstrkluâd`s dn
o`rbc dnskeucj hc supnroâmkn contcdc, qun sí` dnh`bkhcdcs cjvë`j`s.
Bnmchksb`1 ]ulstrct`1
-Oâskm`. -Yndrc7
-Tka`j` mnrìb
mnrìbkm`7
km`7
-\nl`m`.

-M`henjcbnht` n dnsm`henjcbnht` dn ãeuc h`s p`r`s d` bctnrkcj cmcrrntchd`

c dnscernecåí` dn cjeubcs pcrtns7
-Cåí` d` vnht` s`lrn c supnroâmkn7

supnroâmkn7
-Mrkstcjkzcåí` dn scks s`jñvnks4.
-Yrnsnhåc dn pnqunhcs mcvkdcdns h` sulstrct` - h`rbcjbnhtn contcd` dn

bchnkrc dnskeucj.
Nstruturc, pcrndn, pks` n rnvnstkbnht`s.
\nstcurcåí`1
\nm`hstktukåí` d` sulstrct` m`b bctnrkcks

b ctnrkcks qun tnhfcb mcrcm
mcrcmtnrâst
tnrâstkmcs
kmcs oâskmcs
m`bpctâvnks
m`b pctâvnks m`b ` `rkekhcj.
`rkekhcj. Dnpnhdnhd`
D npnhdnhd` d` mcs`, p`dnrí` snr utkjkzcd`s
utkjkzcd`s
prýtnsn, crecbcssc, p`jâbnr`s
p`jâbn r`s ù m`hs`jkdchtns.
\nprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc1 Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 3=9

\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 9,<>>,<>>
3>
Cjvn`jkzcåí`, O`rtcjnzc dn Bcput`, B`åcblkqun

O`t`1 Enhkjd` M. Fcutnqunstt Okjf`, <93=.
Cjvn`jkzcåí`, Trcpkmfn nb Cht`hkhc, Y\

LO`t`. Enhkjd`MLFcutnqunsttOk X X 9 Q kk
3?
g OKMFC DN MJC]]KOKMCÅC@ DN
DN DCH@] A OK
OKMF
MFC1
C1 9=/<
9=/<44 X
o H`bn1 Ctcqun dn khsnt`s xkjýoce`s 3 Mýdke

Mýdke`1
`1 = 3
Dnokhkåí`1 Khsnt`s qun utkjkzcb c bcdnkrc pcrc cjkbnhtcåí` ù m`hstruåí` dn hkhf`s,
pr`v`mchd` nstrce`s hc bnsbc. Dnhtrn njns p`dnb`s dnstcmcr1 mupkhs (tërbktcs),
lr`mcs, vnspcs, clnjfcs, lnsùr`s n o`rbkecs.
-Lk`jýekm`. -Bcdnkrc.
Mcuscs pr`vãvnks - skbujtìhncs ù hí`1
-Ctcqun dn khsnt`s1 mupkhs (tërbktcs), lr`mcs, vnspcs, clnjfcs, lnsùr`s n

o`rbkecs7
-Mjkbc qunhtn n ñbkd` qun pr`pkmkc c pr`jkonrcåí` d`s khsnt`s7
-Ocjtc dn bchutnhåí` dc bcdnkrc.
-Cjtnrcåí` d` tnmkd` dc bcdnkrc7
-Cpcrnmkbnht` dn pnqunh`s our`s ù dn ub ‚pý dn bcdnkrc‒ h` mfí`, qun

khdkmc qun c pnåc
pnå c nstã snhd` ctkhekdc7
ctkhekdc7
-Cpcrnmkbnht` dn ‚mcbkhf`s‒ ù m`jôhkcs d`s khsnt`s7
-Ynrdc dn rnskstáhmkc oâsk

oâskmc.
mc.
T`d`s `s njnbnht`s dn bcdnkrc
bcd nkrc nb ub ndkoâmk`,
ndkoâmk`, khmjuskvn lnhs bývnks n
khtnercd`s1 m`lnrturc, nsmcdc, nsqucdrkcs, nstruturc, o`rr`, pcrndn, pks`,
r`dcpë, rntãluj`s n b`lkjk
b`lkjkãrk`.
ãrk`.
\nstcurcåí`1
J`mcjkzcåí` dcs m`jôhkcs
m`jôh kcs n dcs pcrtns contcdcs7 n kbprnehcåí` dn sulstìhmkcs
týxkmcs pcrc
pc rc m`blctnr
m`bl ctnr nspnmkokmcbnhtn ` khsnt` qun nstnac ctcmchd` c bcdnkrc.
Mcs` c pcrtn contcdc tnhf
tnhf c pnrdkd` sucs mcrcmtnrâstkmcs oâskmcs,
oâskmcs, m`bpr`bntnhd`
m`bpr`bn tnhd`
suc ouhåí` nstruturcj,
nstruturcj, dnvnrã snr khtnkrcbnhtn
khtnkrcbnhtn sulstktuâdc p`r bcdnkrc
b cdnkrc trctcdc.
trctcdc.
Nb mcs`
m cs` dn dch`s
dch` s supnrokmkcks,
supnrokmkcks, njc dnvnrã snr kbuhkzcdc n prnnhmfkdc.
prnnhmfkdc.
35
36
OKMFC DN MJC]]KOKMCÅC@ DN DCH@]

X`bnX Ctcqundnxkjýoce`scquãtkå` X K åôdú@k h
Dnokhkåí`1 Chkbcks dn ãeuc scjecdc, scj`lrc ù d`mn qun utkjkzcb c bcdnkrc m`b`
cjkbnht` ù clrke`, pr`v`mchd` nstrce`s hc bnsbc p`dnb snr khmrustchtns ù
pnrourcd`rns, snhd` qun `s pnrourcd`rns sí` mcrcmtnrâstkm`s dn cblknhtns bcrkhf`s.
-Lk`jýekm`. -Bcdnkrc.

-Kbprnehcåí` n/ù pnrourcåí` dn chkbcks cquãtkm`s hc bcdnkrc, nb nspnmkcj

b`jusm`s n mrustãmn`s qun m`stubcb vkvnr nb m`jôhkcs7
-Ocjtc dn bchutnhåí` pnrkýdkmc.
-Yrnsnhåc dn m`jôhkcs khmrustcdcs hc bcdnkrc7

b cdnkrc7
-Cjtnrcåí` d` tnmkd` dc bcdnkrc7
-Ynrdc dn rnskstáhmkc.
rnskstáhmkc.
Nstruturc ù pcrndn qun tnhfc m`htct` dkrnt` m`b c ãeuc

ãeu c d`mn, scj`lrc ù
scjecdc.
\nstcurcåí`1
-\nb`åí` oâskmc, h` mcs` dn cjeubcs nspëmkns dn mrustãmn`s qun vkvnb nb

m`jôhkcs7
-Kbprnehcåí` dn sulstìhmkcs týxkmcs hc bcdnkrc7
-Tr`mc dc pnåc contcdc, mcs` njc tnhfc pnrdkd` suc rnskst

rnskstáhmkc
áhmkc oâskmc p`dnhd`
contcr c nstclkjkdcdn
nstclkjkdcdn nstruturcj dc ndkokmcåí`.
ndkokmcåí`.
3;
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 33;
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 3;,66,<6
Kbcenhs qun kjustrcb c pct`jèkc

P
P ~
3 TA@gb
Ctcqun dn xkjýoce`s cquãtkm`s, mcks nb _ktýrk

_ktýrkc-N]
c-N]
Ctcqun dn xkjýoce`s
x kjýoce`s cquãtkm`s, mcks nb _ktýrkc-
_ktýrkc-N]
N]
<9

r H`bn1 L`j`r 3 Mýdke
Mýdke`1
`1 > '
Dnokhkåí`1 O`rbcåí` dn bchmfcs dnm`rrnhtns dc prnsnhåc m`hstchtn dn ubkdcdn.
-Lk`jýekm`7 -Bcdnkrc7
-Suâbkm`. -Cjvnhcrkc7
-\nl`m`7
-Mnrìbkmc7
-Yndrc.

-^bkdcdn m`hstchtn7
-Yr`jkonrcåí`
-Yr`jkonrcåí` dn ouhe`s n lcmtërkcs qun mcptcb nhnrekc pcrc suc s`lrnvkváhmkc
ctrcvës dn rncåþns quâbkmcs qun p`dnb o`rbcr ãmkd`s dn cåí` m`rr`skvc pcrc
`s bctnrkcks dn m`hstruåí`7
-Ãrnc hí` nxp`stc c` s`j n m`b pùmc

p` umc mkrmujcåí` dn cr.
cr.

-Bchmfc s nsvnrdncdcs
-Bchmfcs nsvnrdncdc s ù nsmurcs s`lrn c supnroâmkn d` bctnrkcj7
bctnrkcj7
-\nvnstkbnht` nb dnscernecåí`, quchd` bukt` contcd`.
M`lnrturc, nsqucdrkcs, nstruturc, o`rr`, pcrndn, pks`, rnvnstkbnht` n r`dcpë.
\nstcurcåí`1
Fkeknhkzcåí` - jcvcenb m`b sclí`

Fkeknhkzcåí` sclí` hnutr` n/ù rnb`åí` oâskmc
oâskmc dnpnhdnhd`
dnpnhdnhd`
d` ercu dn m`bpr`bntkbnht`, cpjkmcåí` dn ouhekmkdc quchd` hnmnssãrk` n
rnpkhturc. C rnb`
rnb`åí`
åí` oâskmc p`dnrã
p`dn rã snr onktc m`b ub c nspãtujc, nsm`vc
nsm`v c dn
mnrdcs bëdkcs ù m`b nsm`vc dn cå`, dnpnhdnhd` d` bctnrkcj, t`bchd` `
mukdcd` pcrc qun njn hí` snac contcd`.
contcd`. H` mcs` dn tnr `m`rrkd` dnscernecåí`
d` bctnrkcj, c ãrnc
ã rnc contcdc dnvnrã
dnv nrã snr rnstcurcdc.
rnstcurcdc.
<3
erãokmc1
mc1
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 >9
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 <>>,<>>,9
<<

X`bnaX`j`hkzcåí`lk`jýekmcùXãtkhclk`jýekmX P|PM9dk£`T?
Dnokhkåí`1 Yrnsnhåc dn bkmr` n/ù bcmr` `rechksb`s m`b` jâqunhs, buse`s, cjecs ù
ouhe`s qun sn pr`jkonrcb s`lrn c pcrtn d` ndkoâmk` ctkhekdc n qun p`dnb snr `lsnrvcd`s
cdnsnhv`jvnb
`jf` hu. @s nb
jâqunhs sí` o`rbcd`s
supnroâmkns pnjc m`b
nb m`htct` css`mkcåí` dn ouhe`s
` nxmnss` n cjecs
dn ubkdcdn n cqun
juz.snCjeuhs
pr`duznb ãmkd`s `reìhkm`s qun pnhntrcb h` sulstrct` prnaudkmchd` suc supnroâmkn.
-Lk`jýekm`. -Yndrc7
-Tka`j` mnrìbkm`7
-Tka`j` dn mkbnht`7
-Tka`j` dn lcrr`/cd`ln7
-Bcdnkrc7
-M`hmrnt`7
-\nl`m`.
-M`hstchtn prnsnhåc dn ubkdcdn7
-M`j`hkzcåí` p`r
p` r lcmtërkcs, ouhe`s, cjecs, buse`s ù jâqunhs7
jâqunhs7
-Ocjtc dn bchutnhåí` pnrkýdkmc.
-Nstrct` pùm` nspnss`, orãekj n f`bèáhn`>, cdnrnhtn é supnroâmkn d` bctnrkcj

n dn nvkdnhtn
nvkdnhtn hcturnzc
hcturnz c lk`jýekmc,
lk`jýekmc, dn m`rns vcrkcdcs snhd` qun c bcks
b cks m`bub
m`bu b ë
` vnrdn.
-Yrnsnhåc dn cjecs, ouhe`s, buse`s

bu se`s ù jâqunhns7
-Bchmfcs7
-Cjtnrcåí` d` tnmkd`
tnmkd` d c b cdnkrc n p`stnrk`r cp`drnmkbnht` dc pnåc7
-Ynrdc dn rnskstáhm kc d` sulstrct`.

sulstrct`.

M`lnrturc, nsmcdcs dn bcdnkrc,
b cdnkrc, m`hmrnt` ù
` u pndrc, nsqucdrkcs, o`rr`, pcrndn,
pcrndn,
pks`, rnvnstkbnht`, r`dcpë n nstruturc,
nstruturc, khdnpnhdnhtn
khdnpnh dnhtn d` b ctnrkcj utkjk
utkjkzcd`.
zcd`.
<=
Z
\nstcurcåí`1
-Jkbpnzc bnmìhkmc n fkeknhkzcåí` c snm` d` j`mcj contcd` m`b cpjkmcåí` dn

fnrlkmkdcc ù ouhekmkdc,
fnrlkmkd ouhekmkdc, dnpnhdnhd`
dnpnh dnhd` d` tkp` dn m`j`hkzcåí` lk`jýekmc, p`r
bnk` dn khanåí` ù pujvnrkzcåí`7
pujvnrkzcåí`7
-Cpýs jkbpnzc, sn ` dch` o`k cpnhcs supnrokmkcj,
supnrokmkcj, ` j`mcj dnvnrã
dnvn rã rnmnlnr pkhturc.
pkhturc.
]n ` dch` mcuscr dnscernecåí`
dnscernec åí` d` sulstrct` njn dnvnrã snr rnstcurcd`7
rnstcurcd`7
-H` mcs` dc bcdnkrc, cs pnåcs dnvnrí` snr cvcjkcdcs n, ssnn fùvnr pnrdc dn
rnskstáhmkc
rnskstáhm kc oâskmc
oâskmc p`dnhd` contcr
c ontcr c nstruturc dc ndkokmcåí`,
ndkokmcåí`, cs pnåcs contcdcs
dnvnrí` snr sulstktuâdcs.

<4
Z
Kbcenhs qun kjustrcb c pct`jèkc (m`htkhucåí`)1
M`j`hkzcåí` Lk`jýekmc, Bctnrhkdcdn

B ctnrhkdcdn d`s nsmrcv`s, \nbka`-YL
M`j`hkzcåí` Lk`jýekmc, Or`htí` dc Kernac ]í` Jùrnhå`, Y`rt` - Y`rtuecj

O`t`1 Enhkjd` M. Fcutnqunstt Okjf`, <93?.
7‖Dn bnsbc
bnsb c ù snbnjfchtn hcturnzc,
hcturnzc, nstruturc n/ù ouhåí` nb m`bpcrcåí` ù nb rnjcåí` c ùtrc
m`ksc.‛‛ Dksp`hâvnj nb1 :fttps1//www.dkmk`.m`b.lr/f`bènhn`/8 Cmnss` nb1 <= dn snt dn <93?.
<>

H`bn1 M`rr`sí` bntãjkmc? 3 Mýdke
Mýdke`1
`1 5 '
Dnokhkåí`1 Trchso`rbcåí` dn ub bctnrkcj ù jkec bntãjkmc p`r suc khtnrcåí`
quâbkmc ù njntr`quâbkmc nb ub dntnrbkhcd` bnk` nb ouhåí` dn suc nxp`skåí`
c` cblknhtn.
-Oâskm`7 -Bntcj, n jkecs bntãjkmcs qun m`htáb
-Suâbkm`. khdkvkducj ù skbujtchncbnhtn1
skbujtchncbnhtn1
-Onrr`,
-Hâqunj,
-Mfubl`,
-M`lrn,
-Qkhm`,
-Cjubâhk`,
-Cåc

-M`htct` m`hstchtn d` bntcj m`b ubkdcdn7
-Nxp`skåí` m`hstchtn c cblknhtns cernsskv`s, m`b` `s bcrkhf`s, p`r nxnbpj`
-Ynrdc dn rnskstáhmkc.
rnskstáhmkc.
-Ynrdc dcs pr`prkndcdns oâskmcs

oâskmcs n/ù
n /ù quâbkmcs.
quâbkmcs.
Nsqucdrkcs, nstruturcs
nstruturcs bntãjkmcs n onrrcenhs.
onrrcenhs.
\nstcurcåí`1
C rnstcurcåí`
rnstcurcåí` vck dnpnhdn
dn pnhdnrr dc m`bp`skåí` d` bntcj nhm`htrcd`
n hm`htrcd` hc ndkokmcåí`.
ndkokmcåí`.
M`lrn1
-Dnkxchd` c pãtkhc
_kschd` é nstclkjkzcåí` dc bnsbc, ù snac, cpnhcs ocznhd` c rnb`åí` dc
d`nhåcc d` lr`hzn.
d`nhå
<?
3 s
\nstcurcåí` (m`htkhucåí`)1
- Trctcr
Trctcr m`b snsqukmcrl`hct` dn sýdk`, lchfchd` c pnåc, ctë rntkrcr t`d` ` mj`rnt
mj`rnt``
(p`dn jnvcr vãrk`s bnsns)7
- M`j`mcr ` `lant`
`lant` hubc
hub c s`juåí` dn lnhz`trkcz`j, pcrc m`lrkr m`b ubc mcb
mcbcdc
cdc dn
pr`tnåí`. Ë bcks
bc ks rãpkdc qun c chtnrk`r,
chtnrk`r, durc cjeuhs dkcs7
- Trctcr
Trctcr m`b ýxkd` dn prctc1
prctc1 prkbnkrcbnhtn,
prkb nkrcbnhtn, rnb`vn-sn
rnb `vn-sn bnmchkmcbnhtn
bnmc hkmcbnhtn ` mj`rnt`
pujvërn` dn m`lrn7 dnp`ks, cpjkmc-sn, s`lrn cs pcrtns ctcmcdcs, ubc
ub c pcstc dn ýxk
ýxkd`
d`
dn prctc bksturcd` m`b
m `b bntch`j.
bntch`j.
-\nb`vnhd` c pãtkhc
-Sukbkmcbnhtn, dnvnb-sn
dnvnb -sn nbprnecr tcht` s`juåþns ãmkdcs (ãmkd` oýrbkm`, ãmkdãmkd``
mâtrkm`, ãmkd` tcrtãrkm`, m`b chtkm`rr`skv`s)
chtkm`rr`skv`s) m`b` lãskmcs (pr`dut`s
(pr`dut`s cjmcjk
cjmcjkh`s1
h`s1
fkdrýxkd` dn sýdk`, pkrò`soct` dn sýdk` n hcot`j p. Ycrc rnb`vnr `s mcrl`hct`s dn
m`lrn, uscb-sn scj-dn-r`mfnjc, ub tãrtcr`
tãrtcr` dn sýdk` n p`tãssk`, ù ejkm`j hubc
s`juåí` cqu`sc
cqu` sc cjmcjkokmcdc
cjmcjkokmcdc m`b fkdrýxkd` dn sýdk`7
-C qunstí` dn
m`hsnrvcåí`dnd`sclnr qunn pr`mnss`
`lant` dnvnrã
d`s cenhtns snr cpjkmcd` dnpnhdn d` nstcd` dn
m`rr`skv`s.
Yr`tnåí` d` m`lrn
Cpýs c jkbpnzc d` m`lrn, ` m`bp`hnhtn bcks b cks utkjkzcd`
utkjkzcd` pcrc
pc rc pr`tneá-j` ë `
lnhz`trkcz`j, ù nhtí` bnreujfcr
bn reujfcr ` `lant`
`lant` nb mnrc dn clnjfc dnrrntkdc, bksturcs dn
mnrc (pcrcokhc,
(pcrcokhc, mnrc
mn rc dn clnjfc, mnrc dn mcrhcñlc),
m crhcñlc), hcotcjkhc, ãmkd` nstnãrkm` ù
nstncrct`s.. Y`dnb-sn tcblëb uscr rnvnstkbnht`s dn vnrhkz dn rnskhc cmrâjkmc.
nstncrct`s cmrâjkmc.
Onrr` ouhdkd`1
- Dnsb`htcenb n trchsp`rtn
trchsp`rtn dcs pnåcs pcrc snrnb trctcdcs nb j`mcks m`b m`htr`jn
dn ubkdcdn7
- Jkbpnzc m`b nsm`vc
n sm`vc bntãjkmc n actncbnht`
actncb nht` dn crnkc pcrc rntkrcr c m`rr`sí`
m`rr`sí`
nxtnrhc7
- Act`
Act` clrcskv` c cjtc tnbpnrcturc n nsorkcbnht` rãpkd`7
- @ khtnrk`r dc nstãtuc dnvn snr jkbp` m`bm` b crncbnht`7
- _ndcåþns m`b sulstìhmkc np`xâdkmc7
- C uhkí` dn njnbnht`s qunlrcd`s
q unlrcd`s dnvn snr onktc m`b rnlktns prns`s p`r pcrcous`s
ù pkh`s n m`jcr m`b m`jc npýxk (cdnskv`s dc ocbâjkc
oc bâjkc d`s npý
npýxk).
xk). C s`jdc ë dkoâmkj
dkoâmkj
dn snr utkjkzcdc p`r mcusc
mcu sc dc prnsnhåc dn ýxkd`s7 ` mcj`r jklnrcd` pnjc s`jdc p`dn
pr`v`mcr qunlrc7
- \nstktukåþns
\nstktukåþns dn pcrtns ocjtchtns1
ocjtchtns1 cs pcrtns dnvnb snr b`jdcdcs n m`jcdcs p`r
pkh`s ù cdnskv`s. Cs auhtc
auhtcss dnvnb
d nvnb prnvnr c dkjctcåí` d` bctnrkcj.
bctnrkcj.
<5
Z
M`rr`sí` bntãjkmc, ndkokmc

ndkokmcåí`
åí` nb ^lctulc-]Y
M`rr`sí` bntãjkmc, Dkrnåí` Hcmk`hcj d` Yctrkbôhk` Mujturcj, Bcput` - B`åcblkqun.

B `åcblkqun.
rH`tcs1
? \nstcurcåí` lcsncdc nb MKHM@TT@, 3;6=,
3;6=, cpud L\CEC, <99= C, p. 3<4
3<4-3<?
-3<?..
<6

r H`bn1 Mr`stc hnerc ù suakdcdns
suakdcdns 3 Mýdke
Mýdke`1
`1 6 X
Dnokhkåí`1 Nhnernmkbnht` prèrnsskv` dc supnroâmkn d` ndkoâmk`, prkhmkpcjbnhtn dn
rnjnv`s, dnvkd` c` cmñbuj` dn pcrtâmujcs dn p`nkrc ù dn p`jukåí` ctb`soërkmc qun,
nb m`htct` prkhmkpcjbnhtn m`b c ãeuc dc mfuvc, ví` sn khmrustchd` h` sulstrct`.
sulstrct`.
Dnpnhdnhd` d` tkp` dn pcrtâmujc, nb m`htct` m`b c ãeuc njc p`dnrã sòrnr rncåþns
quâbkmcs m`rr`nhd` c`s pùm`s c supnroâmkn, mcuschd` c dnscernecåí` d` bctnrkcj.
M`hskdnrcb`s mr`stc hnerc quchd` contc ãrncs nxtnrhcs d` ndkoâmk` n suakdcdns quchd`
contc ãrncs khtnrhcs.
khtnrhcs.
-Oâskm`7 -Yndrc7
-Suâbkm`. -Tnjfcs mnrìbkmcs n tcblëb dn
ùtr`s bctnrkcks m`b` crdýskc,
bcdnkrc, zkhm`7
zkhm`7
-Tka`j` mnrìbkm`7
-Tka`j` dn mkbnht`7
-Bcdnkrc7
-_kdr`7
-M`hmrnt`7
-\nl`m`. ,,
<;
Z
\nstcurcåí`1
Yr`mndnr c jkbpnzc d` j`mcj contcd` m`b ãeuc n sclí` hnutr` utkjkzchd`

nsm`vcs dn mnrdcs durcs. Nb bctnrkcks m`b` pndrc, p`r nxnbpj`, c jkbpnzc
p`dnrã
p`d nrã snr onktc m`b ub act` dn ãeuc
ã euc s`l prnssí`. Mcs` c pcrtn contcdc tnhfc
skd`` m`rr`âdc nb ouhåí` dn rncåþns quâbkmcs
skd quâb kmcs dcs pcrtâmujcs dn p`nkrc/p`jukåí`
p`nkrc/p`jukåí`
snrã hnmnssãrk` c rnm`hstktukåí` ù sulstktukåí`, nb sktucåþns bcks
b cks ercvns, d`
b ctnrkcj contcd`.
contcd`.
Mr`stc hnerc, Kernac ]í` Orchmksm` dn Ycujc, @ur` Yrnt`-BE

=9
/ Z
Kbcenhs qun kjustrcb c pct`jèkc (m`htkhucåí`)1
Mr`stc hnerc, Mcsc dn Mìb crc n Mcdnkc, Ktcpnbkrkb-N]
O`t`1 Enhkjd` M. Fcutnqunstt Okjf`, <93<.
=3

H`bn1 Dnercdcåí` dkonrnhmkcj5 Mýdke`1 ;
Dnokhkåí`1 Dnercdcåí` pròuhdc qun cm`htnmn m`b c pndrc nb ouhåí` dc
fntnrènhnkdcdn6 dc m`hstktukåí` d` bctnrkcj, cmcrrntchd` hc b`dkokmcåí` dn suc
tnxturc `rkekhcj.
`rkekhcj.
Yndrcs bcks utkjkzcdcs h` Lrcskj1
Lrcskj1
Mcjmãrk`, tnb cjtc p`r`skdcdn, ë bukt` bcmkc n p`r nssn b`tkv` dn oãmkj
trclcjfclkjkdcdn n p`r kss` utkjkzcdc nb mchtcrkcs nsmujturcks n cjvnhcrkcs rneujcrns.
rneujcrns.
Y`r tnr cjtc p`r`skdcdn hí` p`ssuk l`c rnskstáhmkc és khtnbpërkns.
Yndrc Jk`z, `rkekhãrkc dn Y`rtuecj n Orchåc, p`ssuk durnzc n p`r`skdcdn bëdkcs,
snhd` bcks utkjkzcdc mchtcrkcs dnm`rctkvcs, nsmujturcs, ocmfcdcs, pks`s ntm.
Bãrb`rn, m`b durnzc bëdkc n cjtc p`r`skdcdn ë bcks utkjkzcdc nb pks`s, ocmfcdcs,
nsmujturcs ntm.
ntm.
Yndrc-sclí`, bukt` bcmkc n dn cjtc p`r`skdcdn o`k bukt` utkjkzcdc nb mchtcrkcs
dnm`rctkvcs n nsmujturcs hc rnekí` dn Bkhcs Enrcks.
Ehckssn, bukt` durc n pùm` p`r`sc o`k bcks utkjkzcdc pcrc cjvnhcrkc `rdkhãrkc, bcs
tcblëb pcrc njnbnht`s dnm`rctkv`s, pks`s n ocmfcdcs.
Erchkt`, bukt` durc n pùm` p`r`sc, o`k bukt` utkjkzcdc hcs cjvnhcrkcs `rdkhãrkcs n
fàn bukt` utkjkzcdc nb pks`s n cmclcbnht`s bcks h`lrns.
Crnhkt`, bukt` durc, bcs m`b p`r`skdcdn cjtc, o`k bukt` utkjkzcdc hc `rhcbnhtcåí`
dn ocmfcdcs.
Sucrtzkt`
muhfcks , bukt`
bukt` durc bcs m`b cjtc p`r`skdcdn, o`k bukt` utkjkzcdc
n pks`s. utkjkzc dc nb bcrm`s,
Vkstkt`, dn durnzc bëdkc n cjtc p`r`skdcdn, o`k bukt` utkjkzcdc nb mchtcrkcs

dnm`rctkvcs n nsmujturcs
nsm ujturcs p`r pnrbktkr ub bck`r
bck` r rnokhcbnht` h`s nhtcjfns.
-Oâskm`7 -Yndrc.
-Suâbkm`.
-Dkonrnhtns m`bp`skåþns quâbkmcs d` bctnrkcj pr`v`mcb dkonrnhtns rncåþns
c` m`htct` m`b `s cenhtns
cenhtns77
-Mfuvc ãmkdc.
ãmkdc.

-Ynrdc dn bctnrkcj
b ctnrkcj77
g -Bcrmcs
-Bcrmcs hc pndr
pndrc.
c.
=<

Lcjdrcbns, pcrndn, pks`,
p ks`, rnvnstkbnht`, r`dcpë, lch mcdc n pkcs lctksbcks.
lctksbcks.
\nstcurcåí`1
\nm`hstktukåí` d` sulstrct`
sulstrct` m`b mcrcmtnrâstkmcs
mcrcmtnrâstkmcs oâskmcs
oâskmcs m`b
m`bpctâvnks
pctâvnks m`b `
bc tnrkcj `rkekhcj
bctnrkcj `rkekhcj.. D npnhdnhd` d` mcs` p`dnrã snr utkjkzcd
utkjkzcdcc ubc prýtnsn d`
bnsb` bctnrkcj, crecbcssc, p`jâbnr`s ù m`hs`jkdchtns.
erãokmc1
mc1
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 ?<
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 3<4,3?>,9
Dnercdcåí`
O`t`1 Enhkjd`dkonrnhmkcj, lcsâjkmc
M. Fcutnqunstt d` Ycjãmk`
Okjf`, <93?. Hcmk`hcj dn Bcorc-Y`rtuecj
▩
k X e
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o Y O p
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. . . k 0 . · 8'
•bB ▩ ' ax c
L F U UUk- •, Z
•-.
-. .• . '• . . t .. :
« ▩ -Z 7 «£-' ‛
▩ T -.
Dnercdcåí` dkonrnhmkcj, cjtcr b`r dc Mctndrcj
' 8 •r a
M ctndrcj H`ssc ]nhf`rc dc _ktýrkc,
"
_ktýrkc, _ktýrkc-N]
_ktýrkc-N]
==
Dnercdcåí` dkonrnhmkcj, cjtcr b`r dc Mctndrcj

M ctndrcj H`ssc ]nhf`rc dc _ktýrkc,
_ktýrkc, _ktýrkc-N]
_ktýrkc-N]
Dnercdcåí` dkonrnhmkcj, Lcsâjkmc dn H`ssc ]nhf`rc dcs Hnvns, A`í` Ynss`c

Ynss`c-YL
-YL
r
H
H`tcs1
5Dnokhkåí`
5Dnokhkåí` lcsncdc nb CJBNKDC, Orndnrkm` Ocrkc Hnvns.
Hnvns. M`hsnrvcåí` dn mchtcrkcs1 bchucj /
Orndnrkm` Ocrkc Hnvns Cjbnkdc. Lrcsâjkc1 KYFCH, <99>.
6 Muac hcturnzc ë dkonrnhtn7
dkonrnhtn7 dn m`bp`skåí` dkonrnhtn ù vcrkcdc. Dksp`hâvnj nb1
:fttps1//www.dkmk`.m`b.lr/fntnrènhn`/8 Cmnss` nb1 <= dn snt dn <93?.
=4

' H`bn1 Dnscernecåí` ù nr`sí` 3 Mýdke
Mýdke`1
`1 39 "
Dnokhkåí`1 Dnsecstn d` bctnrkcj prkhmkpcjbnhtn, p`r cåí` dn cenhtns oâskm`s,
mcuschd` suc pcujctkhc dnscernecåí`.
-Oâskm`. -Yndrc7
-Tka`j` mnrìbkm`7
-Tka`j` dn mkbnht`7
-M`hmrnt`7
-\nl`m`7
-Mnrìbkmc.
-Cåí` d` vnht` n/ù

n /ù dc ãeuc7
-Dkjctcåí` tërbkmc7
-Dnsecstn oâskm`
oâskm` d` b ctnrkcj pnj` us`.
us`.
-Yrnsnhåc dn pý7
-Dnsecstn d` njnbnht`.
njnbnht`.
Nstruturc, o`rr`, pcrndn, pks` n rnvnstkbnht`.
\nstcurcåí`1
\nm`hstktukåí` d` sulstrct` m`b mcrcmtnrâstk

mc rcmtnrâstkmcs
mcs oâskmcs
oâskmcs m`b
m`bpctâvnks
pctâvnks m`b `
b ctnrkcj ` `rkekhcj.
`rkekhcj. D npnhdnhd` d` mcs` p`dnrã snr utkjkzcdc
utkjkzcdc ub c prýtnsn,
prýtnsn,
crecbcssc, p`jâbnr`s ù m`hs`jkdchtns.
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 <><
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 39<,39<,39<
=>
/ Z
Dnscernecåí`, mcsc nb Cht`h

Cht`hkhc
khc - Y\
Dnscernecåí`, mcsc nb Ykrnhýp`jks - E@
=?
g O KM F C D N M J C ] ] KO K M C Å Í @ D N D C H @ ] P o km f c 1 33/<
33/<44 X
o H`bn1 Dnsmcsmcbnht` ù nso`jkcåí` 3 Mýdke

Mýdke`1
`1 33 X
Dnokhkåí`1 Dnstcmcbnht` nspnss` dn ubc ù bcks mcbcdcs d` sulstrct` supnrokmkcj
supnrokmkcj 3
qun sn bchkonstc h`rbcjbnhtn hc pkhturc ù h` rnl`m`, bcs qun tcblëb p`dn `m`rrnr 3
nb ùtr`s bctnrkcks.
-Oâskm`7 -\nl`m`7
-Suâbkm`. -Bcdnkrc7
-Mcbcdc supnrokmkcj
supnrokmkcj dc tkhtc.
tkhtc.
Mcuscs pr`vãvnks
pr` vãvnks - skbujtìhncs ù hí`1
hí`1
-Ykhturc onktc s`lrn supnroâmk

supn roâmknn ñbkdc7
-Nxmnss` dn rnpkhturcs snb rnb`åí` dcs pkhturcs chtnrk`rns7

chtnrk`rns7
-\nl`m` snb murc cdnqucdc7
-Mcjmkhcåí`7
-^tkjkzcåí`
-^tkjkzcåí` dn bctnrkcks khm`bpctâvnks
khm`b pctâvnks hc pkhturc ù hc crecbcssc.
r Cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s
`lsnrvcd `s / M`hsnquáhmkcs1
M`hsnquáhmkcs1
Ynrdcc ercdctkvc dc mcbcdc

Ynrd mcb cdc dn pr`tnåí` supnrokmk
supnrokmkcj.
cj.
Nsqucdrkcs, o`rr`, pcrndn, pks`, rnvnstkbnht` n r`dcpë.
\nstcurcåí`1
H` mcs` dn rnl`m`1 rnb`vnr

rnb `vnr c pcrtn dchkokmcdc,
dchkokmcdc, rnm`hstktukr m`b b
bctnrkcj
ctnrkcj
m`bpctâvnj
m`b pctâvnj m`b ` `rkekhcj n rnpkhtcr m`b tkhtc m`bpctâvnj
m`b pctâvnj m`b ` rnl`m`.
H` mcs` dn pkhturc1 \nb`vnr cs mcbcdcs dn rnpkhturc m`b nspãtujc n, mcs`
snac hnmnssãrk`, nb nspnmkcj quchd` sn trctcr
trctcr dn tkhtc c ýjn`, rncjkzcr c
rnb`åí`
rnb`å í` quâbkmc. \ npkhtcr m`b tkhtc m`bpctâvnj m`b c `rkek
`rkekhcj.
hcj.
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 =9
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 <>>,3<5,9
=5
/ Z
Dnsmcsmcbnht`, ]cjc Dkchc d` Ycjãmk`

Y cjãmk` Bcorc, Jksl`c- Y`rtuecj
Dnsmcsmcbnht`, Mcsc Erchdn d` Nhenhf` ^hc, ]chtc \ktc - YL
=6
g O KM F C D N M J C ] ] KO K M C Å C @ D N D C H @ ] , OKMFC1 3</<4
Y H`bn1 Dnsm`jcbnht` ù dnstcmcbnht`; 3Mýdke`1 3< X
Dnokhkåí`1 ]npcrcåí` d` bctnrkcj dc supnroâmkn `rkekhcj.

-Oâskm`. -\nl`m`.
Mcuscs pr`vãvnks
p r`vãvnks - skbujtìhncs ù hí`1
hí`1
Dnsm`jcbnht` m`b nbp`jcbnht`1

-Fkdrctcåí` rntcrdcdc
rntcrdcd c d` ýxkd` dn bcehësk`
bce hësk` dc mcj7
mcj7
-Dnsm`jcbnht`
-Dnsm`jcb nht` m`b pujvnrujáhmkc739
pujvnrujáhmkc739
-Nxmnss`
-Nxm nss` dn okh`s h` cernecd`
cern ecd`73
7333
-Crecbcssc bcerc7
-Crecbcssc rkmc nb mcj7
-Cusáhmkc dn mcrl`hctcåí` dc mcj7
-Crecbcssc dn rnl`m` cpjkmcdc nb mcbcdc bukt` nspnssc.
Dnsm`jcbnht` nb pjcmcs1
-C supnroâmkn
supnroâmkn dn m`htct` m`b c mcb cdc khonrk`r cprnsnhtc pjcmcs ornqunhtns dn
bkmc7
-Crecbcssc bukt` rkmc nb mkbnht`7
mkbnht`7
-Crecbcssc cpjkmcdc nb mcb cdc bukt` nspnssc
nspnssc77
-C supnroâmkn
supnroâmkn dc
d c lcsn ë bukt` jksc7
-C supnroâmkn
supnroâmkn dc lcsn nstã kbprnehcdc fkdrýouec7''3<
kbprneh cdc m`b sulstìhmkc fkdrýouec7
-Cusáhmkc dc mcb cdc dn mfcpksm`7
mfcpksm`7
-Crecbcssc bcerc.
bcerc.
Dnsm`jcbnht` m`b nbp`jcbnht`

C supnroâmkn d` rnl`m` dnsm`jc d` nbl`å` o`rbchd` l`jfcs, qun cubnhtcb
prèrnsskvcb nhtn ` snu dkìbntr`.
dkìbntr`. @ rnl`m` cp rnsnhtc s`b mcv` s`l
pnrmussí`.
Dnsm`jcbnht` m`b pujvnrujáhmkc
Dnsm`jcbnht` m`b pujvnrujáhmkc
C pnjâmujc
pnjâmu jc dn tkhtc dnsm`jc mcrrnechd` ` rnl`m` qun sn dnscernec
dnscern ec m`b
ocmkjkdcdn.
ocmkjkdcdn. @ rnvnstkbnht`
Dnsm`jcbnht` rnvnstkbnh
nb pjcmcst` cprnsnh tc s`b mcv` s`l pnrmussí`.
C pjcmc
pjcm c cprnsnhtc-sn nhdurnmkdc, qunlrchd`
qunl rchd` m`b dkokmujdcdn
dkokmujdcdn ù c pjcmc
cprnsnhtc-sn nhdurnmkdc, bcs qunlrcdkåc. @ rnvnstkbnht` cprnsnhtc s`b mcv`
s`l pnrmussí`.
=;
O`rr`, pcrndn, pks` n rnvnstkbnht`.
\nstcurcåí`1
\nb`åí` d` rnvnstkbnht`
rnvnstkbnht` hc ãrnc contcdc n rnm`hstktuk
rnm`hstktukåí`
åí` m`b b ctnrkcj
ctnrkcj
m`bpctâvnj.
r \npr
\nprnsnht
nsnhtcåí`
cåí` erãokmc1 X
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 33
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 <>>,3<5,3<5
- / 7 ▩ ' , ,
* ' - . ' 88
7 — *á- r
Dnsm`jcbnht` nb pjcmcs, M`hauht` d` Mcrb`, Dnsm`jcbnht`, Ocznhdc ]chtc Nuorãzkc,
]cht`s-]Y _cssùrcs-\A
O`t`1 Enhkjd` M. Fcutnqunstt Okjf`, <934. O`t`1 Enhkjd` M. Fcutnqunstt Okjf`, <93=.
H`tcs1
H`tcs1
; Mcuscs n cspnmt`s
cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s lcsncd`s nb MKHM@TT@, 3;6=, 3;6=, cpud L\CEC, <99= C, p. ;?-;5.
;?-;5.
39 ‖‖Sun sn rnduz c pý. Sun sn cprnsnhtc nb nstcd` dn pý okh`.‛‛ Dksp`hâvnj nb1
3:3 fttps1//www.dkmk`.m`b.lr/pujvnrujnht`/8
‖‖Bctnrkcj
Bc tnrkcj erchujcr
erchu jcr qun, bksturcd` Cmnss`
bkstur cd` m`b ãeuc
ãeu nb1 <= dn sntë utkjkzcd`
c ù cejutkhchtn, dn <93?.
<93?. pcrc
pcr c ocznr m`hmrnt`s,
crecbcsscs ntm.‛‛ Dksp`hâvnj nb1 :fttp1//www.dkmk`.m`b.lr8 Cmnss` nb1 <= dn snt dn <93?.
3< ‖‖Sun prnsnrvc dc ubkdcdn7 qun nvktc c ubkdcdn7 qun sn `pþn é pcsscenb dc ãeuc. ãeuc.‛‛‛ Dksp`hâvnj
nb1 :fttps1//www.dkmk`.m`b.lr/fkdròue`/8 Cmnss` nb1 <= dn snt dn <93?.
49

' H`bn1 Noj`rnsmáhmkc 3 Mýdke
Mýdke`1
`1 3= '
Dnokhkåí`1 O`rbcåí` enrcjbnhtn dn cpcráhmkc nslrchqukåcdc hc supnroâmkn
dn bctnrkcks m`b` pndrc mnrìbkmc n enss`
-Oâskm`7 -Yndrc7
-Suâbkm`. -Mnrìbkmc7
-Enss`.

-Yrnsnhåc m`hstchtn dn ubkdcdn7
-Yrnsnhåc dn scks s`jñvnks h` m`bp`hnhtn d c cjvnhcrkc7

cjvnhcrkc7
-Yrnsnhåc dn scks s`jñvnks hc ãeuc

ãeu c dn cbcsscb nht` ù
` u ubkdcdn khokjt
khokjtrcdc7
rcdc7
-Mcj hí` mcrl`hctcdc7
-Y`jukåí` ctb`soërk
ctb `soërkmc.
mc.
Bchmfcs dn ubkdcdn
ub kdcdn snbnjfchtn c ub pý lrchm` cmubujcd`
cmub ujcd` s`lrn c
supnroâmkn d` bctnrkcj,
bctnrkcj, m`b
m` b cpcráhmkc
cpc ráhmkc pujvnrko`rbn ù okjcbnht`sc.
okjcbnht`sc.
O`rr`, pcrndn, pks` n rnvnstkbnht`.

rnvnstkbnht`.
\nstcurcåí`1
\ntkrcr c noj`rnsmáhmkc m`b nsm`vc

nsm` vc bcmkc, snmcr
snm cr ` rnvnstkbnht`
rnvnstkbnht` n rncjkzcr `
rnpcr` mcs` hnmnssãrk`
hnmn ssãrk` n pkhtcr
pkhtcr.. S uchd` sn trctcr dn pndrc n mnrìb kmc hí` ë
hnmnssãrk` rncjkzcr c pkhturc.
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 =3
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 <>>,3;3,3<5
43
/ Z
Noj`rnsmáhmkc,, M njc d` O`rtn ]chtc Mruz dc Lcrrc, Hktnrýk-\A

Noj`rnsmáhmkc
Noj`rnsmáhmkc, O`rtn ]chtc Mruz dc Lcrrc, Hktnrýk-\A
4<

r H`bn1 Okssurcs, trkhmcs n rcmfcdurcs3= 3 Mýdke
Mýdke`1
`1 34 '
Dnokhkåí`1 O`rbcåí` dn pnqunhcs onhdcs ù sujm`s rnsujtchtns dcs tnhsþns d`s
bctnrkcks quchd` c s`jkmktcåí` ë bck`r qun suc rnskstáhmkc. M`hskdnrcb`s okssurc
quchd` c dno`rbcåí` p`ssuk ctë 9,>bb7 trkhmc qucht` p`ssuk nhtrn 9,>bb n 3bb7
n rcmfcdurc bcks dn 3bb.
-Oskm`7 -otdrc7
-Tka`j` dn mkbnht`7
-\nl`m`7
-M`hmrnt`.
Mcuscs pr`vãvnks
pr `vãvnks - skbujtìhncs ù hí`1
-B `vkbnhtcåþns tërbkmcs
-B`vkbnhtcåþns tërb kmcs mcuschd` c dkjctcåí`
dkjctcåí` n rntrcåí` d`s bctnrkcks,
fker`smýpkmcs
fker`sm ýpkmcs334 s`lrnmcrecs, rnmcjquns ù
` u dno`rbcåþns
dno`rb cåþns dn cjeuhs b
bctnrk
ctnrkcks7
cks7
-Oct`rns quâbkm`s m`b` c rntrcåí` dc crecbcssc p`r mcrl`hctcåí`, ù suc

nxpchsí` p`r cåí` dn sujoct`s,
sujoct`s, ù bnsb`
bnsb ` rntcrdcbnht` dc fk
fkdrctcåí`
drctcåí` d c mcj.
mcj.
Okssurcs1
-Dkjctcåþns d` rnl`m`7
-Nxpchsí` ù rntrcåí` dnvkd` c mf`quns bnmìhkm`s ù rncåþns quâbkmcs.
Trkhmcs
-\nmcjqunn \cmfcdurcs1
dc ouhdcåí`7
-Dno`rbcåí` dc nstruturc7
-]ndkbnht` d` tnrrnh` nb mcbcdcs pròuhdcs7
-Mcrrncbnht` dn bctnrkcj pnjc ãeuc dc mfuvc7
-Yùmc supnroâmkn dn cp`k` dc ouhdcåí`.

Okssurcs, trkhmcs n rcmfcdurcs
rcmfcd urcs en`bëtrkmcs1 Cm`b
Cm`bpchfcb
pchfcb ` m`ht`rh`
m`ht`rh` dn
bctnrkcks m`b` lj`m`s, tka`j`s, pndrcs ntm., p`dnhd` snr1 supnrokmkcks, h` mcs`
dn okssurcs n trkhmcs7 ù nstruturcks, h` mcs` dn rcmfcdurcs.
4=
Z
Cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s / M`hsnquáhmkcs (m`htkhucåí`)1
Okssurcs, trkhmcs n rcmfcdurcs f`rkz`htcks1

f`rkz`htcks1 Dkstrkluâdcs c` j`he` dc
supnroâmkn nb ubc ñhkmc mcbcdc p`dnhd` cmcrrntcr ` dnsj`mcbnht` d`
rnvnstkbnht`7 snhd` `lsnrvcdcs c pcrtkr dn s`b mcv` s`l pnrmussí`, h` mcs`
dn okssurcs n trkhmcs7 h` mcs` dn rcmfcdurcs7 okmcb vksâvnks c `jf` hu.
Okssurcs, trkhmcs n rcmfcdurcs bcpncdcs1 Dkstrkluâdcs c` j`he` dc

supnroâmkn nb ubc ñhkmc mcbcdc, p`dnhd` cmcrrntcr ` dnsj`mcbnht` d`
rnvnstkbnht` nb pjcmcs dn oãmkj dnscernecåí`.
J`mcj dn `m`rráhmkc hc
h c ndkokm
ndkokmcåí`
cåí`11
Nstruturc, pcrndn, rnvnstkbnht`, o`rr` n pks`.
\nstcurcåí`1
Yc rc rnmupnrcr rcmfcdurcs, ` prkbnkr` pcss` ë kdnhtkokmcr

Ycrc kdnhtkokmcr sucs
sucs mcuscs n
rnmup nrcr ` pr`ljnb c nstruturcj qun `rkekhù ` dch`. Cs okssur
okssurcs
cs n trkhmcs,
trkhmcs,
cpýs snrnb bcpncdcs, táb c rnmupnrcåí` bcks skbpjns pnjc cpjkmcåí` dn
pr`dut`s ojnxâvnks,
ojnxâvnks, dnsdn qun m`bpctâvnks
m`b pctâvnks m`b ` sulstrct`.
sulstrct`. Ycrc kss` ë
hnmnssãrk`
hnmnssã rk` clrkr ub sujm` s`lrn c okssurc ù trkhmc7
trkhmc7 rncjkzcr
rnc jkzcr c jkbpnzc
jkbpnz c d` j`mcj7
j`mcj7
cpjkmcr ` pr`dut`7 qun dnpnhdnhd`
dnpnhd nhd` d` sulstrct`
sulstrct` p`dn snr ub snjchtn cmrâjkm`7 n
nspnrcr c snmcenb. Cpýs c snmcenb ë sý pkhtcr
pkhtcr,, jnblrchd`-sn
jnb lrchd`-sn dn utkjkzcr tkhtc
tkhtc
m`bpctâvnj. H` mcs` dn rcmfcdurcs dn erchdn nxtnhsí`, p`dn snr hnmnssãrk`
cpjkmcr ubc
ub c tnjc n ocznr ` prnnhmfkb nht` s`lrn njc m`b bctnrkcj m`bpctâvnj.
erãokmc1
mc1
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 <9?
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 >5,9,5?
H`tcs1
3=Lcsncd` nb fttp1//tnmfhn.pkhk.m`b.lr/nhenhfcrkc-mkvkj/3?9/trkhmc-
fttp1//tnmfhn.pkhk.m`b.lr/nhenhfcrkc-mkvkj/3?9/trkhmc-ù-okssurc-m`b`-sn-`rkekhcb-
ù-okssurc-m`b`-sn-`rkekhcb-
qucks-`s-tkp`s-<6>466-3.cspx, cmnss` nb < dn aujf` dn <935 n MKHM@TT@, 3;6=, 3;6=, cpud L\CEC,
<99= C, p. ;5.
34
34‖‖‖Mcpcz dn cls`rvnr c ub kdcdn d` cr.‛‛
cr.‛‛ Dksp`hâvnj nb1 :fttps1//www.dkmk`.m`b.lr/fker`sm`pkm`/8
Cmnss` nb1 <= dn snt dn <93?.
44
Z
Okssurcs n trkhmcs, ndkokmcåí` nb _cssùrcs-\A

\cmfcdurc nb ndkokmcåí`,
ndkokmcåí`, ]clcrã-BE
4>

H ` b n 1 O ` r b c å í ` dn p ` r` s 3 Mýdke`1 3> '
Dnokhkåí`
Dnok hkåí`11 M`rr`sí` puhtko`rbn bchkonstcdc
b chkonstcdc pnjc o`rbcåí` dn our`s mne`s,
mkrmujcrns, dn pnqunh` dkìbntr`.
B nmch ksb ` 1 ] u l s tr c t ` 1
-Oâskm`7 -Yndrc7
-Suâbkm`. -\nvnstkbnht`.
-Cåí` d` vnht` n dcs khtnbpërkns7

khtnbpërkns7
-Mrkstcjkzcåí` dn scks s`jñvnks.
-Yrnsnhåc dn pnqunh`s
pnqu nh`s `rkoâmk`s
`rkoâmk`s h` bctnrkcj.
J`mcj dn `m`rráhmkc hc ndkokmcå

ndkokmcåí`1
í`1
Nstruturc, pcrndn n rnvnst

rnvnstkbnht`.
kbnht`.
\nstcurcåí`1
\nm`h stktukåí`
\nm`hstkt ukåí` d` sulstrct` m`b mcrcmtnrâstk
mc rcmtnrâstkmcs
mcs oâsk
oâskmcs
mcs m`b
m`bpctâvnks
pctâvnks m`b `
b ctnrkcj ` `rkekhcj - dnpnhdnhd` d` mcs` p` dnrã snr utkjkzcdc1
utkjkzcdc1 prýtnsn,
crecbcssc, p`jâbnr`s ù m`hs`jkdchtns.
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 5?, ??, =6
4?
Z
O`rbcåí` dn p`r`s, Busnu

B usnu Dkrmnu Mcrd`s`, Buquk-N]
O`t`1 Enhkjd` M. Fcutnqunstt Okjf`, <93>.
O`rbcåí` dn p`r`s, Mcstnj` dn Bcorc,
Bcorc, Jksl`c-Y`rtuecj
45

r H ` b n 1 K h m ru s t c å í ` 3 Mýdke`1 3? '
Dnokhkåí`1 Dnpýskt` nb mcbcdcs, cdnrkdcs c` sulstrct`, o`rbcdcs p`r scks
s`jñvnks trczkd`s
trczkd`s pnjc ãeuc, qun pr`v`mcb rncåþns quâbkmcs dnsocv`rãvnks c
bctnrkcks p`r`s`s, o`rbchd` o`rbchd` nstcjcmtktns
nstcjcmtktns ù
` u nstcjcebktns.
nstcjcebktns.
-Suâbkm`. -Yndrc7
-Mnrìbkmc7
-M`hmrnt`.
hí`1
-]cks s`jñvnks trczkd`s pnjc

pn jc ãeuc.
ãeuc.

-Nstcjcmtktns
-Nstcjcmtktns n nstcjcebktns, h`rbcjbnhtn
h`rbcjbn htn dn cpcráhmkc
cpcráh mkc nslrchqukåcdc.
Nstruturc, pcrndn n rnvnstkbnht`.
\nstcurcåí`1
Nstchmcb nht` dc o`htn dn ãeuc7 rnm`hstktukåí`
Nstchmcbnht` rnm`hstktukåí` d` sulstrct`
sulstrct` m`b mcrcmtnrâstkmcs
mcrcmtnrâstkmcs
oâskmcs
oâskmcs m`b pctâvnks m`b ` bctnrkcj `rkekhcj7
`rkekhcj7 snhd` hnmnssãrk`, dnpnh
dnpnhdnhd`
dnhd` d`
mcs`, utkjkzcr
utkjkzcr ub c prýtnsn, crecbcssc,
crecb cssc, p`jâbnr`s ù
` u m`hs`jkdchtns.
m`hs`jkdchtns.
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 3<=
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 6<,3?>,34>
46
Z
Khmrustcåí`, O`rtn ]chtc Mruz dc Lcrrc, Hktnrýk-\A

Khmrustcåí`,
4;

r H`bn1 Khtnronráhmkcs dn njnbnht`s hí` pnrtnhmnhtns é m`hstruåí` Mýdke`1 35
`rkekhcj
Dnokhkåí`1 Khtnronráhmkcs dn njnbnht`s hí` pnrtnhmnhtns é m`hstruåí` `rkekhcj, tcks
m`b`1 cpcrnjf` dn cr m`hdkmk`hcd`, m`lnrturc, jubkhãrkcs, khstcj
khstcjcåþns
cåþns
fkdr`sschktãrkcs ù njëtrkmcs khcdnqucdcs, nsqucdrkcs, pcrndns ntm.
B nmchksb`1 ] u l strc t` 1
-Chtrýpkm`. -Yndrc7
-Tka`j` mnrìbkm`7
-Tka`j` dn mkbnht`7
-Bcdnkrc7
-_kdr`7
-M`hmrnt`7
-\nl`m`.
-Ocjtc dn nstruturc h` j`mcj, jnvchd` é khstcjcåí` dn dkvnrs`s nqukpcbnht`s

pcrc bn jf`rcr ` m`ho`rt` cblknhtcj
cbl knhtcj n c khorcnstruturc j`mcj,
j`mcj, snb ub prànt`
p rànt` dn
rnstcur` n dn cm`bpchfcbnht` tëmhkm` cdnqucd`7
-Khsnråí` dn njnbnht`s
n jnbnht`s hí` prnvkst`s h` prànt` `rkekhcj7
`rkekhcj7
-Bí` dn `lrc
`l rc khcdnqucdc.
-Njnbnht`s hí` pnrtnhmnhtns é m`hstruåí` `rkekhcj qun dnsmcrcmtnrkzcb c

ndkokmcåí`7
-Bctnrkcks khcdnqucd`s qun mcuscb

mcus cb khtnronráhmkc
khtnronráh mkc qun prnaudkmcb c orukåí` d`
ndkoâmk`.
Nstruturc, pcrndn n rnvnstkbnht`.
>9
o Z
\nstcurcåí`1
Njcl`rcåí` dn ub prànt` dn rnstcur` n rncjkzcåí`

rncjkzcåí` dn `lrc m`b c rntkrcdc n/ù
sulstktukåí`
sulstktukåí` d`s njnbnht`s
njnb nht`s khcdnqucd`s
khcdnqucd` s p`r ùtr`s qun ctnhdcb cs h`vcs
hnmnsskdcdns d` ndkoâmk` mcuschd` bnh`r khtnronráhmkc nb sucs mcrcmtnrâstkmcs
`rkekhcks.
t
erãokmc1
▩
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 3>;,3<5,<>>

Khtnronráhmkc, m`hauht` d` Mcrb`, ]cht`s-]Y
Khtnronráhmkc, ]cht`s-]Y
>3
/ Z
Khtnronráhmkc nb ndkokmcåí`, Dnbëtrk` \klnkr`-N]

\klnkr`-N]
Khtnronráhmkc nb ndkokmcåí`,
ndkokmcåí`, Jcrchankrcs-]N
Jcrchankrcs-]N
><

r H`bn1 Ynrdc dn bctnrkcj ù jcmuhc 3 Mýdke`1 36 '
o
t `m
n*= © m
x (= `
- `
c -98 s 3 ©åÏ (= h
z A( ©s © F `
8 -`9
8K m
= § (a A
= ©-`9
8K m
=DM
pcrtn dn dnm`rcåí` nb rnjnv`, ntm.

-Oâskm`7 -Yndrc7
-Suâbkm`7 -Tka`j` mnrìbkm`7
-Chtrýpkm`. -Tka`j` dn mkbnht`7
-Bcdnkrc7
-_kdr`7
-M`hmrnt`7
-\nl`m`.
Mcuscs pr`vãvnks - skbujtchncs

skbu jtchncs ù hí`
hí`11
-Mf`qun bnmìhkm`7
-Dnercdcåí` d` njnbnht`7
-_chdcjksb`.
-Ynrdc dn njnbnht`s.
njnbnht`s.

M`lnrturc, nsqucdrkcs, nstruturc,
nstruturc, o`rr`, pcrndn, pks`, rnvnstkbnht` n r`dcpë.
r`dcpë.
\nstcurcåí`1
\ntkrcdc dc pcrtn dntnrk`rcdc n rnm`hstktukåí` dc pcrtn ocjtchtn, m`b ` mukdcd`
dn utkjkzcr
utkjkzcr bctnrkcks m`bpc
m `bpctâvnks
tâvnks m`b ` `rkekhcj.
`rkekhcj.
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 <39
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 <>>,9,<>>
>=
/ Z
Ynrdc dn bctnrkcj, Ocznhdc Khdnpnhdáhmkc, Bkb`s`

Bkb `s` d` ]uj-N]
]uj-N]
>4

r H`bn1 Yrnsnhåc dn vnentcåí` 3 Mýdke
Mýdke`1
`1 3; '
Dnokhkåí`1 Yrnsnhåc dn vnentcåí`, hí` prnvkstc,
prnvkstc , hc ndkokmcåí`. C
Css pjchtcs qun p`dnb
snr dn pnqunh`, bëdk` ù erchdn p`rtn, dnsnhv`jvnb-sn nb pcrtns qun tnhfcb m`htct`
m`b ubkdcdn n juz7 p`ssunb rcâzns n mcujns qun m`b ` mrnsmkbnht`, pnhntrcb hcs
cjvnhcrkcs p`dnhd` mcuscr suc dnscernecåí` n, nb mcs`s bcks ercvns, pr`ljnbcs
nstruturcks.
-Chtrýpkm`7 -Yndrc7
-Lk`jýekm`. -Tka`j` mnrìbkm`7
-Tka`j` dn mkbnht`7
-Bcdnkrc7
-M`hmrnt`7
-\nl`m`. ,,
Mcuscs pr`vãvnks
-]nbncdurc p`r cvns n b`rmne`s7

b`rmne`s7
-Nxmnss` dn ubkdcdn7
-Ocjtc dn bchutnhåí`.
-Yrnsnhåc dn vnentcåí`7
-Bchmfcs7
-Okssurcs,
-Okssurcs, trkhmcs ù rcmfcdurcs7
-Ynrdc dcs pr`prkndcdns
pr`prkndcdn s oâskmcs
oâskmcs d` bctnrk
b ctnrkcj.
cj.

Cjpnhdrn, lcjmí`, m`lnrturc, nsqucdrkcs, nsmcdc, nstruturc, o`rr`, pcrndn, pks`,
rnvnstkbnht`
rnvnstkbnh t` n vcrchdcs.
\nstcurcåí`1
\ntkrcdc dc vnentcåí`7 jkbpnzc d` j`mcj7 cpjkmcåí` dn fnrl

fnrlkmkdc
kmkdc n rnm`hstktukåí`
rnm`hstktukåí`
dc ãrnc contcdc.
>>
erãokmc1
mc1
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 3>;,<>>,3<5
Yrnsnhåc dn vnentcåí` h` ]`lrcdí` d` Y`rt`, ^lctulc-]Y

—' **** _.. b

Yrnsnhåc dn vnentcåí` nb mcsc h` mnhtr` fkstýrkm` dn A`í` Ynss`c-YL
Ynss`c-YL
>?
/ Z
Yrnsnhåc dn vnentcåí` nb mcsc, Cht`hkhc-Y\

r H`bn1 Yr`ljnbcs nstruturcks 3 Mýdke`1
Mýdke`1 <9 "
Dnokhkåí`1 Y`dnb mcuscr ` m`bpr`bntkbnht` dc ndkokmcåí` m`b` ub t`d` c pcrtkr dc
dno`rbcåí` prkhmkpcjbnhtn dn njnbnht`s nstruturcks.
-Oâskm`7 -Yndrc7
-Tka`j` dn mkbnht`7
-Bcdnkrc7
-M`hmrnt` crbcd`7
Mcu scs pr`vãvnks - skbu jtìhncs ù hí`1
-\nmcjqun h c nstrutur
nstruturc7
c7
-Nxmnss` dn mcrecs7
-Dkjctcåí` tërbkmc7
-Kbpcmt` bnmìhkm`7
-Cls`råí` dn ubkdcdn7
-M`rr`sí` dc crbcdurc7
-Cåí` d` vnht`.
r
Cspnmt`s
Cspnmt `s `lsnrvcd`s / M`hsnquáhmkcs1
-Cjcrecbnht` dc pnåc nb suc snåí` bëdkc7

-Cjtnrcåí` d` o`rbct` d c pnåc7
-Ynrdc ù nxpujsí` dn b ctnrkcj7

ctnrkcj7
-Yrnsnhåc dn okssurcs
okssurcs vnrtkmcks h`s pkjcrns7
pkjcrns7
-_crkcå
-_crkcåí`
í` dc o`rb c contchd` c nspnssurc d` bctnrkcj7
-Dnscprub` dc pcrndn7
-Dno`rbcåí`.
>6
J`mcj dn `m`rráhm kc hc ndkok

ndkokmcåí`
mcåí`11
Nstruturc, m`lnrturc
m`l nrturc n pcrndn.
\nstcurcåí`1
Nsm`rcb nht` dc pcrtn contcdc sn o`r hnmnssãrk` n rnm`hstktukåí` dc pnåc. Nb

mcs`s bcks ercvns, ë hnmnssãrk` ` cm`bpchfcbnht` dn ub pròkssk`hcj dn
crquktnturc n/ù dn nhenhfcrkc.
nhenhfcrkc.
erãokmc1
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 <>>,9,9

pct`jèkc1
Yr`ljnbc nstruturcj, Mcsc dn Mìb crc n Mcdnkc,

Ktcpnbkrkb-N]
Yr`ljnbc nstruturcj, ndkokmcåí` nb mnhtr`
fkstýrkm` dn A`í` Ynss`c-YL
>;

r H`bn1 ^bkdcdn csmnhdnhtn Mýdke`1 <3
Dnokhkåí`1 ^bkdcdn pr`mndnhtn d` s`j` qun s`ln pnjcs pcrndns nb ouhåí` dc ctrcåí`
mcpkjcr d`s bctnrkcks p`dnhd` mfnecr ctë c ub bntr` dn cjturc, jnvchd` é dnercdcåí`
dn cjvnhcrkcs, nstruturcs, pks`s, r`dcpës, rnl`m`s n pkhturc. Nb mcs`s bcks ercvns,
p`dn mcuscr c dnscernecåí` d`s bctnrkcks.
-Oâskm`7 -Yndrc7
-Tka`j` dn mkbnht`7
-Bcdnkrc7
-M`hmrnt`7
-\nl`m`7
-Nxmnss` dn ubkdcdn
ubkdcd n h` s`j`7
-Ocjtc dn kbpnrbnclkjkzcåí` dcs ouhdcåþns7
-Cmñbuj` dn ãeuc dc mfuvc7
-Ctrcåí` mcpkjcr
mcp kjcr dc ãeuc pnj`s b ctnrkcks dn m`hstruåí`.
m`hstruåí`.
Cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s / M `hsnquáhmkcs1

`hsnquáhmkcs1
-Bchmfcs m`b cspnmt` dn b`jfcd` qun m`b ` pcsscr d` tnbp` p`dnb okmcr
okmcr
hnercs ù nsvnrdncdcs7
-Yujvnrujáhmkcs7
-Mrkstcjkzcåí` dn scks h` khtnrk`r d` sulstrct`.
J`mcj dn `m` rráhmkc hc ndkok

ndkokmcåí`
mcåí`11
Nstruturc, pcrndn, pks`, rnvnstkbnht` n r`dcpë.

r`dcpë.
?9
/ Z
\nstcurcåí`1
C rnstcurcåí` dnpnhdnrã
dnpn hdnrã dc `rkenb dc ubkdcdn,
ubkdcdn , dn suc nxtnhsí` n d`
sulstrct`1
-]n c ubkdcdn nstã snhd` mcuscdc pnj` cmñbuj` dn ãeuc dc mfuvc, dnvn-sn
rnvnr ` skstnbc dn nsm`cbnht` dc ãeuc h` s`j` n tcblëb ` skstnbc dn mcjfcs
d` tnjfcd`7
-]n c mcusc o`r ` nxmnss` dn ubkdcdn d` s`j`, dnvn-sn kbpjchtcr

kb pjchtcr ub skstnbc
dn drnhcenb, mcvchd` ub c vcjntc c` rnd`r dc ndkokmcåí` m`htnhd` ub tul` dn
drnhcenb, s`l ub m`jmfí` dn lrktc, qun m`hduzkrã ` nxmnss` dn ãeuc pcrc
j`hen dc ndkokmcåí`7
-]n c mcusc o`r c ocjtc dn ks`jcbnht`

ks`jcbnht` dcs ouhdcåþns, dnvn-sn
dnvn -sn m`rtcr c lcsn dcs
pcrndns p crc c khsnråí` dn bctnrkcj
b ctnrkcj ks`jchtn.
ks`jchtn. @utrc
@ utrc s`juåí` ë c khtnrmnptcåí`
mcpkjcr ctrcvës dn ubc lcrrnkrc quâbkmc, m`b cpjkmcåí` dn rnskhcs skjkmôhkmcs
dkss`jvkdcs, nb our`s dn 39 c 3< mb dn dkstìhmkc.
erãokmc1
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 3<5,<<=,<>>

pct`jèkc1
^bkdcdn csmnhdnhtn, Kernac ]chtc Lãrlcrc, E`kãs _njf
_njf`-E@
`-E@
?3
/
H`bn1 ^bkdcdn dnsmnhdnhtn AXMýdke`1XXX
Dnokhkåí`1 ^bkdcdn cdvkhdc dc pcrtn supnrk`r dc m`hstruåí`.
-Oâskm`. -Yndrc7
-Tka`j` mnrìbkm`7
-Tka`j` dn mkbnht`7
-Bcdnkrc7
-M`hmrnt`7
ZZkk -\nl`m`.
-^bkdcdn m`hstchtn pr`vnhknhtn dc mfuvc ù dn vczcbnht`s dn rnsnrvctýrk`s

ãeuc7
-Yr`ljnbcs h` skstnbc dn nsm`cbnht` dcs ãeucs pjuvkcks, m`b`

dkbnhsk`hcbnht` nqukv`mcd`
nqukv`mcd` dcs mcjfcs ù bnsb` vndcåí` khcdnqucdc dcs
dcs
bnsbcs7
-Khokjtrcåí`7
-^tkjkzcåí` dn bctnrkcks pnrbnãvnks7
-Ocjtc dn bchutnhåí`.
Cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s / M `hsnquáhmkcs1
`hsnquáhmkcs1
-Bchmfcs m`b cspnmt` dn b`jfcd` qun m`b ` pcsscr d` tnbp` p`dnb okmcr
okmcr
hnercs ù nsvnrdncdcs7
-Yujvnrujáhmkcs7
-Mrkstcjkzcåí` dn scks h` khtnrk`r d` sulstrct`.

v
J`mcj dn `m` rráhmkc hc ndkok
ndkokmcåí`
mcåí`11
M`lnrturc, nsqucdrkcs, nstruturc, o`rr`, pcrndn n rnvnstkbnht`.
?<
\nstcurcåí`
-\nmupnrcåí` d` tnj
tnjfcd`
fcd` n d` skstnb
skstnbcc dn m`jntc dn
dn ãeucs pjuvkcks m`b` mcjfcs7
-M`htnhåí` d` vczcbnht` h` rnsnrvctýrk` dn ãeuc7
]n o`r ` mcs`1
-Kbpnrbnclkjkzcåí`7
-\nmupnrcåí` dc ãrnc contcdc.

r
erãokmc1
mc1
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 9,9,<>>
?=
/ Z
^bkdcdn dnsmnhdnhtn, mcpnjc ]í` E`håcj` N henhf` ^hc, ]chtc \ktc - YL

?4

r H`bn1 _chdcjksb` Mýdke`1
Mýdke `1 <= '
Dnokhkåí`1 Dnstrukåí` ù cvcrkcs onktc p`r pnss`cs nb ndkokmcåþns qun p`dnb snr
pkmfcåþns, qunlrc dn vkdr`s, rnb`åí` dn bctnrkcks, ntm.
-Chtrýpkm`. -Yndrc7
-Tka`j` mnrìbkm`7
-Tka`j` dn mkbnht`7
-Bcdnkrc7
-_kdr`7
-M`hmrnt`7
-\nl`m`.
hí`1
-Cåí` dn vìhdcj`s.

-Yrnsnhåc dn tkhtc hc supnroâmk
sup nroâmknn d`s lnhs (pkmfcåí`)7
-Ocjtc dn pcrtns d c m`hstruåí`.

M`lnrturc, nsmcdc, nsqucdrkcs, nstruturc, o`rr`, pcrndn, pks`, rnvnstkbnht` n
r`dcpë.
\nstcurcåí`1
-Jkbpnzc
-Jkbp nzc n ù pkhturc dc ãrnc contcdc7
contcdc7
-Tr`mc ù rnm`hstktukåí`
rnm`hstktukåí` d` bc tnrkcj ù ãrnc contcdc.
contcdc.
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 <4>
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 3<5,?=,5;
?>
Z
Fn v'1j'â '
_1'' ' m o X v j ' ây r y & . T '_ - ▩ ▩ T 0 T S o'
o ' '- '
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o n X s r
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o mâ J k & m 'k'k o ] '
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pyXF
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UÂ
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jhÂGÂ&³
sao kkâr_u 'Xk
Xk U ] B o n 7 j Ë Y 0 ..1
87 &r1CC ' 77--ZX
77--ZX'C
a , - X â g V - ' 8,
'CV /7 -r X h ræ m
o*•-f
•-mfoB
tââv
ââv-3
ã_ -33
3 3(3XT . r3b..%tTV
3XT S
*1!0s£ .%tTV
jk - * u k r p â *'. ' â :
_chdcjksb`, Kernac ]í` Orchmksm` dn Ycujc, @ur` Yrnt`-BE

Ykmfcåí` nb ndkokmcåí` fkstýrkmc, _ktýrkc-N]
??
g O KM F C D N M J C ] ] KO K M C Å C @ D N D C H @ ] , OKMFC1 <4/<4
Z H`bn1 _nsâmujcs3> | Mýdke`1 <4 X

Dnokhkåí`1 Ynqunh`s p`ht`s h` rnvnstkbnht` nb o`rbc dn l`jfcs qun c` khmfcrnb
pr`v`mcb ` dnsj`mcbnht`
dn sj`mcbnht` dc pkhturc. H` khtnrk`r, cs l`jfcs p`dnb cprnsnhtcr
c prnsnhtcr cs m`rns
lrchmc, prntc ù vnrbnjf` cmcstchfcd`, dnpnhdnhd` dn suc m`hstktukåí`.
-Oâskm`7 -Crecbcssc.
-Suâbkm`.
Mcuscs pr`vãvnks
hí`1
H`rb cjbnhtn
cjbnh tn cs vnsâmujcs sí` o`rbcdcs p`r
p` r trás
trás oct`rns1
oct`rns1
-Khtnrk`r dc vnsâmujc cprnsnhtc

cprnsn htc m`j`rcåí` lrchmc1 pnjc
pn jc rncåí`
rncåí` d` ýxkd` dn
mãjmk` pr`vnhknhtn dc fkdrctcåí` rntcrdcdc dc mcj nb m`htct` m`b ` cr n/ù
m`b c ubkdcdn7
ubkdcdn7
-Khtnrk`r dc vnsâmujc cprnsnhtc

cprnsn htc m`j`rcåí` prntc1 pnjc prnsnhåc dn b ctërkc
`reìhkmc hc crnkc7
crnkc7
-Khtnrk`r dc vnsâmujc cprnsnhtc m`j`rcåí` vnrb njfc cmcstchfcdc1 prnsnh åc dn

erchdns m`hmnhtrcåþns
m`hmn htrcåþns onrruekh`scs hc crnkc7
crnkc7
@utrcs mcuscs1
-Cpjkmcåí` prnbcturc dn tkhtc kbpnrbnãvnj7
-Khokjtrcåí` dn ubkdcdn7
-Cpjkmcåí` dn tkhtc khm`bpctâvnj
khm`b pctâvnj m`b c `rkekhcj.
`rkekhcj.
-Nbp`jcbnht` dc pkhturc cprnsnhtcd` cs m`rns lrchmc, prntc ù vnrbnjf`

cmcstchfcd` h` khtnrk`r dcs l`jfcs.
l`jfcs.
Ycrndn n tnt`.
?5
\nstcurcåí`1
-Jkbpnzc
-Jkbp nzc n ù pkhturc dc ãrnc contcdc7
-Tr`mc ù rnm`hstktukåí`
rnm`hstktukåí` d` bctnrkcj
bc tnrkcj ù ãrnc contcdc.
contcdc.
erãokmc1
mc1
Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 <33
\nd, Ernnh, Ljun (\EL)1 <>>,3<5,<>>
;
o t 1 3
_nsâmujcs hc pcrndn, Mcsc dn Mìbcrc

_nsâmujcs Mìb crc n Mcdnkc, Ktcpnbkrkb-N]
r — * • ok"
| o / k 1
3 1 f * * 0 -
K U X U
' Ë b B ÂU
K b oy b b b
*' D -8 - h ookÆ kkB r

G • " â - X y 7*7 :! B . .-.@ e aB - '
X F - kV k k â & ^ o m - -â F
_nsâmujcs nb nsqucdrkc, Mcsc dn Mìbcrc n Mcdnkc, 3
Ktcpnbkrkb-N]
H`tcs1
3>,
(MKHM@TT@, 3;6=, cpud L\CEC, <99= C, p. ;?).
?6
<.<.
<.<. H@\ BC ] YC\C Y\@ ANT@ N ]^C CYJKMC ÅÍ@
Cs h`rbcs
d` h`rb
bcpccsdnqun snrí`bchtnhd`
dch`s cprnsnhtcdcs
cp rnsnhtcdcs
ubcc pcdr`hkzcåí`
sneukr táb ` khtukt` dn ocmkjktcr
skbpjns c rnprnsnhtcåí`
dn snr sneukdc, m`b `
`lantkv` dn ocmkjktcr c jnkturc n m`bprnnhsí` d`s prànt`s dn rnstcur`, tcht`
pnj`s ýreí`s dn prnsnrvcåí` m`b` pnj`s nxnmut`rns dnsscs `lrcs, ckhdc qun
snacb `pnrãrk`s m`b lckxc qucjkokmcåí` pròkssk`hcj n m`b pùmc ù hnhfubc
nxpnrkáhmkc hc ãrnc. @ m`htnñd` dnstn bchucj m`b t`d`s `s crqukv`s hnmnssãrk`s
pcrc njcl`rcåí` dn bcpc dn dch`s, m`ho`rbn pcdrí` pr`p`st`, p`d nrã snr lckxcd`
h` ljè1 fttp1//bcpcdndch`s-rnstcur`.ljèsp`t.m`b.lr/
Nsmcjcs
Nsmc jcs kdncks, dnpnhdnhd`, ë mjcr`, dcs nspnmkokmkdcdns dc ndkokmcåí` n d` prànt`1
8 3/>9
3/>9 ù 3/5>
3/5> pcrc
pcr c pjchtcs, m`rtns n ocmfcdcs.
ocmfcd cs. H` mcs` dn c ndkokmcåí`
snr bukt` erchdn, m`b` kernacs n m`hvnht`s, p`r nxnbpj`, ë cmnktãvnj c
utkjkzcåí`
utkjkzcåí` dc nsmcjc
nsmc jc dn 3/399,
3/399, m`htcht` qun c kdnhtkokmcåí`
kdnhtkokmcåí` dcs pct`jèkcs
okqun jneâvnj
jneâvnj.. ]n hnmnssãrk`, dnvnb snr onkt`s dntcjfns pcrc m`bpjnb nhtcr
c kdnhtkokmcåí` d`s dch`s.
8 3/<
3/<9,
9, 3/
3/39
39 ù 3/>
3/> pc
pcrc
rc dntcjfcb
dntcjfc b nht`s
nht` s n nsqucdrkcs.
nsquc drkcs. H` mcs` dn nsqucdrkcs,
dnvn snr onkt` ` bcpncbnht` dc pcrtn khtnrhc n nxtnrhc, m`hskdnrchd` c
nsqucdrkc
nsqucd rkc onmfcdc.
onmfcdc.
Okeurc 3 - Nxnbpj` dn fcmfurc sýjkd

sýjkdc.
c.
M\@]TC
M\@]TC HNE\C - ]ÂKDCDN] YN\DC DN BCTN\KCJ
BCTN\KCJ - JCM^HC
▣ DN]M
DN]M@J
@JCB
CBNH
NHT@
T@ - DN]TCM
]TCMCBNH
CBNHT@
T@ OK
OK]]^
]]^\C]
\C]
O`htn1 Njcl`rcd` pnjc cut`rc c pcrtkr d` prànt`

O`htn1 prànt` dn rnstcur` dc
d c Mcsc dc Ocbâjkc \`drkeuns,
\`drkeuns,
outurc sndn d` Busnu Dkrmnu Mcrd`s`, ]âtk` Fkstýrkm` dn Buquk-N].
?;
Cs fcmfurcs dnvnb snbprn snr sýjkdcs (t`tcjbnhtn prnnhmfkdcs) n m`j`rkdcs pcrc

ocmkjktcr c m`bprnnhsí` d` prànt`.
C jnenhdc dcs fcmfurcs dnvnrã snr cprnsnhtcdc

cprnsnhtcdc nb ub qucdrcd` dn 3mb x 3mb.
mb.
Nxnbpj`1
@ o`rbct` dcs prchmfcs n cs nspnssurcs dcs jkhfcs dnvnrí` sneukr c HL\ ?4;<1
3;;4
3;;4 - \nprnsnhtcåí`
\np rnsnhtcåí` dn prànt`s
prànt`s dn crquktnturc.
crquktnturc.
Cs o`t`s dcs pct`jèkcs dnvnrí` snr khsnrkdcs

khsnrkdcs hcs prchmfcs, m`b ` tcbchf` bâhkb`
dn ? mb x 4 mb, pcrc p`ssklkjktcr
p`ssklkjktcr ub c bnjf`r m`bprnnhsí` d` dch` n dnvnb nstcr
p`skmk`hcdcs clckx` ù c` jcd` d` dnsnhf`, n p`ssu kr ub c jnenhdc qun kdnhtkok
kdnhtkokqun
qun
` dch`.
Nxnbpj` dn o`t` pcrc c prchmfc, hc
h c o`t` pnrdc dn vkdrcåc
vkdrcåc..
Ycdrí` pr`p`st` pcrc cs fcmfurcs1
8 @ qucdr` clckx` rnjcmk`hc cs m`rns dnokhkdcs

dnokhkdcs p`r nstn bchucj pcrc mcdc
pct`jèkc dn cm`rd` m`b ` prèrcbc Cut`MCD. T`dcs nsscs rnprnsnhtcåþns
nstí` prnsnhtns snpcrcdcbnhtn hcs okmfcs dcs pct`jèkcs, nstn qucdr` tnb
` khtukt` cpnhcs dn ocmkjktcr c lusmc dc rnprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc quchd` aã o`k
kdnhtkokmcdc c pct`jèkc. Hnssc jkstc tcblëb sn nhm`htrcb quctr` fcmfurcs
nxtrcs, mcs` c ndkokmcåí` p`ssuc pct`jèkcs qun hí` m`hstnb hnstn bchucj.
]n ` prànt` tkvnr bcks pct`jèkcs c rnonrnhmkcr qun cs nspnmkokmcdcs hcs
59
okmfcs dn 3 c <4, utkjkzcr c okmfc b`dnj` qun m`hstc hc pãekhc 3< n m`bpjntcr
m`b c pct`jèkc dnsnacdc. Ycrc c rnprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc utkjkzcr cs fcmfurcs
nxtrcs n, sn hí` o`r suokmknhtn, utkjkzcr m`rns dkstkhtcs dcs aã dnokhkdcs.
YC D \ Í @ DN
DN F C M F ^ \ C ]
Cut`MCD
Yct`jèkcs M`j`r Fcmfurc \nprnsnhtcåí` hc
\EL
Khdnx utkjkzcdc prchmfc
(CMK)
▣
Cjtnrcåí` mr`bãtkmc,
mr`bãtkmc, \nd1 =6
3=
3=55 Ernnh1 5? ]@JKD
bchmfc ù pãtkhc
Ljun1 5?
\nd1 9
Cjvn`jkzcåí` 3=9 Ernnh1 <>> ]@JKD
Ljun1 <>>
\nd1 5?
▣
Ctcqun dn khsnt`s
35 Ernnh1 =6 ]@JKD
xkjýoce`s
Ljun1 =6
\nd1 3;
▣
Ctcqun dn xkjýoce`s
33; Ernnh1 66 ]@JKD
cquãtkm`s
Ljun1 <6
\nd1 <>>
L`j`r >9 Ernnh1
Ljun1 <>>
9 ]@JKD
M`j`hkzcåí` \nd1 9
lk`jýekmc ù pãtkhc
lk`jýekmc
;9 Ernnh1 <>>
Ljun1 9
]@JKD
▣
\nd1 3?>
M`rr`sí` bntãjkmc 4< Ernnh1 3<4
Ljun1 9
]@JKD
▣
\nd1 3<5
▣
Mr`stc hnerc ù
=> Ernnh1 ;> ]@JKD
suakdcdns
Ljun1 ?=
▣
Dnercdcåí` \nd1 3<4
?< Ernnh1 3?> ]@JKD
dkonrnhmkcj
Ljun1 9
\nd1 39<
▣
Dnscernecåí` ù
<>< Ernnh1 39< ]@JKD
nr`sí`
Ljun1 39<
53
\nd1 <>>
Dnsmcsmcbnht` ù
nso`jkcåí` =9 Ernnh1
Ljun1 3<5
9 ]@JKD
\nd1 <>>
Dnsm`jcbnht` ù
33 Ernnh1 3<5 ]@JKD
dnstcmcbnht`
Ljun1 3<5
\nd1 <>>
Noj`rnsmáhmkc =3 Ernnh1 3;3 ]@JKD
Ljun1 3<5
\nd1 >5
▩
Okssurcs, trkhmcs n
<9? Ernnh1 9 ]@JKD
rcmfcdurcs
Ljun1 5?
▣
\nd1 5?
O`rbcåí` dn p`r`s 45 Ernnh1 ?? ]@JKD
Ljun1 =6
\nd1 6<
Khmrustcåí` 3<= Ernnh1 3?> ]@JKD
Ljun1 34>
Khtnronráhmkcs dn
\nd1 3>;
njnbnht`s hí`
363 Ernnh1 3<5 ]@JKD
pnrtnhmnhtns é
Ljun1 <>>
m`hstruåí` `rkekhcj
\nd1 <>>
▣
Ynrdc dn bctnrkcj ù
jcmuhc <39 Ernnh1 9 ]@JKD
Ljun1 <>>
\nd1 3>;
Yrnsnhåc dn
63 Ernnh1 <>> ]@JKD
vnentcåí`
Ljun1 3<5
\nd1 <>>
▩
Yr`ljnbcs
39 Ernnh1 9 ]@JKD
nstruturcks
Ljun1 9
\nd1 3<5
^bkdcdn csmnhdnhtn 343 Ernnh1 <<= ]@JKD
Ljun1 <>>
\nd1 9
▩
^bkdcdn
35
3599 Ernnh1 9 ]@JKD
dnsmnhdnhtn
Ljun1 <>>
\nd1 3<5
_chdcjksb` <4> Ernnh1 ?=
Ljun1 5;
]@JKD
▣
5<
\nd1 <>>
_nsâmujcs <33 Ernnh1 3<5
Ljun1 <>> ]@JKD
\nd1 <>>
Fcmfurc nxtrc 3 <3 Ernnh1 3>; ]@JKD
Ljun1 3<5
\nd1 9
Fcmfurc nxtrc < 3<4 Ernnh1 3<5
Ljun1 ;>
]@JKD
▣
\nd1 ?=
Fcmfurc nxtrc = 34> Ernnh1 333
Ljun1 3<5
]@JKD
▣
▣
\nd1 ?=
Fcmfurc nxtrc 4 3?> Ernnh1 5; ]@JKD
Ljun1 3<5
Ë kbp`rtchtn rnsscjtcr qun cs m`rns p`dnb tnr vcrkcåí` dn cm`rd` m`b ` tkp` dn
kbprnssí`. Hnstn trclcjf`, cs m`rns o`rcb nsm`jfkdcs pcrc snrnb kbprnsscs nb
ac t` dn tkhtc
tkh tc,, m`hs
m` hskd
kdnr
nrch
chd`
d` qu
qunn cs b ãq
ãquk
ukhc
hcss nxks
nx kstn
tnht
htns
ns hcs
hc s m`pk
m` pkcd
cd`r
`rcs
cs sup`
su p`rtc
rtcbb
s`bnhtn nssn tkp` dn kbprnssí` ctë ` o`rbct` dn prchmfc C9. Cpnscr dkss`, ë
p`ssâvnj c kbprnssí` c jcsnr ctë ` o`rbct` C=, ` qun hí` ë rnm`bnhdcd`, p`ks
cs m`rns krí` sòrnr pnqunhcs vcrkcåþns qun p`dnb prnaudkmcr c kdnhtkokmcåí` dcs
pct`jèkcs. Cjëb dkss`, nssn o`rbct` enrcjbnhtn hí` ë cdnqucd` pcrc ub bcp bcpcc dn
dn
dch`s, p` r snr bukt` pnqunh`.
pnqunh`.
Ycrc m`bpjnbnhtcåí` dnssn bchucj tcblëb o`rcb dntnrbkhcdcs h`rbcs pcrc `

jnvchtcbnht` crquktntôhkm`, ocsn qun chtnmndn c njcl`rcåí` d` bcpc dn dch`s.
\nprnsnhtcåí`
\np rnsnhtcåí` dn tnt`,
tnt`, r`dcpë, pks` n pcrndn pcrc
pc rc jnvchtcbnht` crquktntôhkm`1
crquktntôhkm`1
8 ^tkjkzcåí` dn
dn jntrcs bckñsmujcs (Okeurc < n Sucdr` 3). M`hskdnrcd` qun c
jntrc ‚C‒ m`rrnsp`hdn c o`rr` ù tnt`,
tnt`, c jntrc ‚L‒ m`rrnsp`hdn c r`dcpë, c
jntrc ‚M‒ m`rrnsp`hdn c pks` n c jntrc ‚D‒ m`rrnsp`hdn c pcrndn.
pcrndn.
8 Ycrc rnjcmk`hcr
rnjcmk`hcr ` j`mcj m`b ` bctnrkcj dnvn snr
snr onktc ubc jnenhdc clckx`
clckx`
dn mcdc jntrc m`b hñbnr`s qun m`rrnsp`hdnb c` bctnrkcj nhm`htrcd`
(Sucdr` 3).
8 @ tcbchf`
tcbchf ` dc rnprnsnhtcåí` dn tnt`, r`dcpë, pks` n pcrndn dnvn p`ssukr
p`ssu kr
jcreurc bâhkb c dn 3,
3,<< mb.
5=
8 Suchd` o`r hnmnssãrk` rnprnsnhtcr

rnprnsn htcr ` dntcjfcbnht` d` pks` n d` o`rr`, utkjkzcr
c ‚pjchtc dn pks`‒ n c ‚pjchtc dn o`rr`‒ m`b ` dnsnhf` nxct` dc o`rbc
o`rb c d`d`
pks` ù d` o`rr`.
o`rr`. Nsscs pjchtcs tcblëb
tcb lëb snrí` ñtnks pcrc ` bcpc
bcp c dn dch`s aã
qun cs pct`jèkcs sí` rnprnsnhtcdcs nxctcbnhtn
nxctcbn htn h` j`mcj nb qun `m`rr
`m`rrnb.
nb.
Okeurc < - Nxnbpj` dn rnprnsnhtcåí`

rnprnsnhtcåí` Sucdr` 3 - Nxnbpj`
Sucdr` Nxnbpj` dn jnenhdc
jnenhdc d`s
d`s
dn tnt`, r`dcpë, pks` n pcrndn. bctnrkcks
BCTN\KCK]
C T N T @ / O @ \\ @
3 Tclucd` tkp` sckc n mcbksc
< Mñpujc dn tka`j`s
L \ @ D CY N
3 Bcdnkrc
M Y K] @
3 Tnrrc lctkdc
< Mkbnht` qunkbcd`
D YC\NDN]
3 Cjvnhcrkc nb tka`j`s dn cd`ln
< Cjvn
Cjvnhc
hcrrkc dn pn
pnddrc cpc
cpcrnhtn
= Cjvnhcrkc nb tka`j`s cpcrnhtns
O`htn1 Njcl`rcd` pnjc
pn jc cut`rc.
cut`rc.
Ë kbp`rtchtn rnsscjtcr qun c jnenhdc cmkbc ë cpnhcs ub nxnbpj` dn m`b` okmcrkc

au h t` m`b
m` b c skb
sk b l`
l`j`
jèk
ekcc h` pr
pràn
ànt`.
t`. C sn
sneu
eukr
kr táb
tá b -sn
-s n nxnb
nx nb pj`s
pj `s dn b ctnr
ct nrkc
kcks
ks bc
bcks
ks
utkjkzcd`s
utkjk zcd`s nb ndkokmcåþns fkstýrkmcs
fkstýrkmcs..
Yrkhmkpcks tkp`s dn o`rr`/tnt`

o`rr`/tnt` nb m`hstruåþns fkst
fkstýrkmc
ýrkmcs1
s1
M`hmrnt` crbcd`, mñpujc dn tka`j`s, nstnkrc dn tcqucrc, nstuqun, bcdnkrc tkp`
54
ecbnjc, bcdnkrc
bcdn krc tkp` bcmf` n oábnc,
oábn c, bcdnkrc
b cdnkrc tkp`
tkp` sckc n mcbksc
mcb ksc n tnjfc ví (tnjfcd`
cpcrnhtn).
Yrkhmkpcks tkp`s dn r`dcpë nb m`hstruåþns

m` hstruåþns fkstýrk
fkstýrkmcs1
mcs1
Mnrìbkmc, nstuqun, b cdnkrc, bãrb`rns

bãrb `rns n erchkt`s.
erchkt`s.
Yrkhmkpcks tkp`s dn pks` nb m`hstruåþns

m`h struåþns fkstýrk
fkstýrkmcs1
mcs1
Mnrìbkmc, mkbnhtcd`, jcdrkjf` fkdrãujkm`, bãrb`rns n erchkt`s, pndrc (snb

cpcrnjfcbnht`
cpcrnjfcb nht` n cpcrnjfcdc), tãluc m`rrkdc, tnrrc lctkdc n tka`j
tka`jnkrc.
nkrc.
Yrkhmkpcks tkp`s dn pcrndn nb m`hstruåþns fkst

fkstýrk
ýrkmcs1
mcs1
Cd`ln, bcdnkrc, pndrc crecbcsscdc,

crecb csscdc, tckpc dn bí` (pcu c pkqun, tckpc dn s`pcp`),
tckpc dn pkjí`, tnrrc n bcdnkrc (nhxckbnj), tka`j` ourcd` n tka`j` bcmkå`.
@L]1 @s
@ s skstnbcs m`hstrutkv`s p`dnb
p`dn b snr bkst`s.
bkst`s.
\nprnsnhtcåí` d` nstcd` dn m`hsnrvcåí` pcrc bcpc dn dch`s1
8 Ycrc
Yc rc c rnprnsnhtcåí` d`
d` nstcd` dn m`hsnrvcåí` css`mkcr cs m`rns c` j`mcj
n tkp`
tkp` dn b ctnrkcj nhm`htrcd` (vnr
(vn r qucdr` clckx` n Okeurc
O keurc =).
=).
8 @ tcbchf` dc rnprnsnhtcåí` d`
d` nstcd` dn m`hsnrvcåí` ddnvn
nvn p`ssukr
dkbnhsí` b âhkbc dn 3,
3,<< mb.
mb.
5>
Cut`MCD
Dnokhkåí` d` nstcd` dn M`j`r \nprnsnhtcåí` hc
m`hsnrvcåí`3? Khdnx \EL prchmfc
(CMK)
♯
L`b1 `s bctnrkcks dnb`hstrcb \nd1 9
khtnerkdcdn
khtnerkd cdn oâskmc n nstëtkmc,
nstëtkmc,
cprnsnhtchd` pnqunh`s dch`s 3>
3>99 Ernnh1 3<5
pcssâvnks dn m`rrnåí` m`b cåþns
dn m`hsnrvcåí` prnsnrvctkvc. Ljun1 <>>
\neujcr1 `s bctnrkcks
dnb`hstrcb pnqunh`s dch`s \nd1 3<5
qun m`bpr`bntnb c khtnerkdcdn
khtnerkdcdn
343 Ernnh1 <<=
oâskmc n nstëtkmc, rnqunrnhd`
cåþns p`htucks dn m`hs`jkdcåí` n/ Ljun1 <>>
♯
ù rnp`skåí`.
\ukb1 `s bctnrkcks dnb`hstrcb
♯
dch`s skehkokmctkv`s é khtnerkdcdn \nd1 43
oâskmc n nstëtkmc, rnqunrnhd`
`lrcs n snrvkå`s dn rnstcurcåí` 6< Ernnh1 3?>
pcrc ecrchtkc
ecrc htkc dc nstclkjkdcdn,
mcrcmtnrâstkmcs n qucjkdcdns d` Ljun1 9
ndkoâmk`.
Yësskb`1 `s bctnrkcks
dnb`hstrcb dch`s mrâtkm`s qun
skehkokmcb
skehkokmcb pnrdcs dc d c bck`r pcrtn \nd1 <>>
ù dn t`d` rnekstr`, rnqunrnhd` >9 Ernnh1 <>>
`lrcs n snrvkå`s dn rnm`hstruåí`
pcrc rnmupnrcåí` dc nstclkjkdcdn, Ljun1 9
mcrcmtnrâstkmcs n qucjkdcdns d`
ndkoâmk`.
♯
Nb crrukhcbnht`1 pcrtn d`s
bctnrkcks aã nstã crrukhcdc,
crrukhcdc, \nd1 <>>
dnvnb snr onktcs cåþns
=9 Ernnh1 3<5
nbnrenhmkcks pcrc nstclkjkzcr
n hnutrcjkzcr ` pr`mnss` dn Ljun1 9
crrukhcbnht` d` lnb.
Crrukhcd`1
nhm`htrc nb` nstcd`
lnb aãdnsnruâhc n c \nd1 <>>
♯
rnm`hstktukåí` sn t`rhc khvkãvnj. 39 Ernnh1 9
Ljun1 9
3? Ycrtn d`s m`hmnkt`s rntkrcd`s dn YC]S^KHNJJK n YKBNHTNJ. Yrànt` dn \nstcurcåí`
dc Ocznhdc Ycjnstkhc. Bkb`s` d` ]uj, ]NM^JT, <939.
5?
Okeurc = - Nxnbpj` dc rnprnsnhtcåí`

rnprnsnhtcåí` khsnrkdc nb ub môb`d`
S^C\T@
C2 6,>= b <
: l V l 38
O`htn1 Njcl`rcd` pnj`s cut`rns m`b lcsn nb YC]S^KHNJJK n YKBNHTNJ. Yrànt` dn
\nstcurcåí` dc Ocznhdc Ycjnstkhc. Bkb`s` d` ]uj, ]NM^JT, <939.
Dn cm`rd` m`b c rnprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc dc okeurc = ë p`ssâvnj m`hmjukr dn cm`rd`

m`b ` qucdr` dn dnokhkåí` d` nstcd` dn m`hsnrvcåí`, qun ` o`rr` (C) nstã nb
nstcd` dn crrukhcbnht`, ` r`dcpë (L) nstã crrukhcd`, ` pks` (M) nstã nb nstcd`
rukb n c pcrndn (D) nstã nb nstcd` rneujcr.
rneujcr.
C sneukr nxnbpj`s dc o`rbctcåí` dc prchmf c pcrc b cpc dn dch`s.

dch`s.
55
Bcpc dn dch`s dn ub c ocmfcdc or`htcj dc Mcsc dc Ocbâjkc \`drkeuns, outurc

outurc
sndn d` Busnu Dkrmnu
D krmnu Mcrd`s`, ]âtk` Fkstýrkm` dn Buquk-N].
56
Bcp c dn dch`s dc pjchtc lckxc dc Mcsc dc Ocbâjk

Ocb âjkcc \`drkeuns, outurc sndn d`
Busnu Dkrmnu Mcrd`s`, ]âtk` Fkstýrkm` dn Buquk-N].
5;
LKLJK@E\COKC
CJB NKDC, Orndnrkm` Hnvns. M`hsnrvcåí` dn mchtcrkcs 1 bchucj.
Orndnrkm` O crkc Hnvns.
Lrcsâjkc1 KYFCH, <99>.
<99>.
LC\TFNJ, M.7 JKH], B.7 YN]TCHC, O. @ pcpnj d` bcpc dn dch`s hc

m`hsnrvcåí` d` pctrkbôhk` crquktntôhkm`. \nmkon1 O^HDC\YN, s/d.
L\CEC, Bãrmkc (@re.). M`hsnrvcåí` n rnstcur`1 crquktnturc lrcskjnkrc.

lrcskjnkrc. \k` dn
Achnkr`1 Ndkt`rc. \k`, <99=, C.
L\CEC, Bãrmkc (@re.). M`hsnrvcåí` n rnstcur`1 bcdnkrc, pkhturc

pkh turc s`lrn
bcdnkrc,
bcdn krc, dùrcbnht`, nstuqun, mnrìbkmc, czujna`, b`sckm`. \k` dn Achnkr`1
Ndkt`rc. \k`, <99=, L.
Dchtcs. M`hsnrvcåí` n rnstcur`1 pndrc, pkhturc b urcj n
L\CE C, B ãrmkc Dchtcs.
pkhturc nb tnjc. \k` dn Achnkr`1 Ndkt`rc. \k`, <99=, M.
L\C]KJ. Bkhkstërk` dc Mujturc. Khstktut` d` Yrèrcbc B`hubnhtc. Bchucj dn

njcl`rcåí` dn prànt`s dn prnsnrvcåí` d` pctrkbôhk` mujturcj. Njcl`rcåí`
A`së Fckj`h
Fc kj`h E`bkdn, Yctrâmkc
Yc trâmkc \nks dc ]kjvc
]kjvc,, ]yjvkc B crkc Hnj` Lrcec. Lrcsâjkc1
Lrcsâjkc1
B khkstërk`
khkstërk` dc Mujtur
M ujturc,
c, Khstktut`
Khstktut` d` Yrèrcb c B`hub nhtc, <99>.
MC\_CJF@, MëscMëscrr Tnkxnkrc (@re.). Mcdnrh`s @oâmk`s1

Tnkxnkrc dn (@re.). @oâmk`s1 Ouhdkåí` Crtâstkmc.
@ur` Yrnt`1 OC@Y, <939.
MFC_C\\ÂC, Ycujc B crkãhenj7 ]@T@, B crâc Njkchc _nec.
MFC_C\\ÂC, _nec. Nhtrn erndcs y
cd`lns1 ^h
^hcc cpr`xkbcmkýh
cpr`x kbcmkýh c j`s òkmk`s
òkmk`s trcdkmk`hcjns
trcdkmk`hcjns y su vcj`r
vc j`r pctrkb`hkcj nh
M`njnbu y Sukjjýh. T`bë, Mfkjn1 Ndkmk`hns MNT]^\, <93=.
Chdrcdn. ]kstnbc
M@\\NC , \`d`jpf` Fnhrkqun7 TK\NJJ@ , \nekhc Chdrcdn.
h`rbctkv` pcrc bcpc dn dch`s dn ndkoâmk`s fkstýrkm`s cpjkmcd` é Jk Jkden
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bc huocm
ocmtur
turkh
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m`bpch
pchyy dn Mcbpkhcs. Mcb
Mcbpkhcs,
pkhcs, s/d.
s/d. Dksp`hâvnj
Dksp`h âvnj nb1:fttp1//
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h`rbctkv`Pbcpc.pdo8 Cmnss` nb <? dn snt dn <93?.
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nb1 :fttps1//
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n b <= dn sntnblr` dn <93?.
<93?.
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Cjnxchdrn.
@oâmk`s1 `lrcs dn m`hsnrvcåí`. @ur` Yrnt`1 OC@Y, <996.
69
D@H CDK@, Oãlk`. Mcdnrh`s @oâmk`s1 Ykhturc. @ur` Yrnt`1 OC@Y, <996.
NHTN H CQK@HCJN KTCJKCH@

KTCJKCH@ DK ^HKOKMCQK@HN. Bctnrkcjk jcpkdnk
hcturcjk nd crtkokmkcjk1 - Dnsmrkzk`hn dnjjc o`rbc dk cjtnrczk`hn - Tnrbkhk
n dnokhkzk`
dnokhkzk`hk.
hk. Bkjch`1 ^HK, <99?.
<99?. Dksp`hâvnj
Dksp`h âvnj nb1
nb1 :fttp1
:f ttp1//www
//www 99.uhkle.kt/dctk/
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E@HÅCJ_N], Mrkstkchn ]ùzc. \nstcurcåí` crquktntôhkmc1

crquktntôhkmc1 n nxpnrkáhmkc d`
]YFCH nb ]í` Ycuj`, 3;=5-3;5>. ]í` Ycuj`1
Ycuj`1 Chhcljubn/Ocpnsp,
Chhcljub n/Ocpnsp, <995.
<995.
Crtâstkm` H cmk`hcj. Bchucj dn

KYFCH . Khstktut` d` Yctrkbôhk` F kstýrkm` n Crtâstkm`
KYFCH.
m`hsnrvcåí` prnvnhtkvc pcrc
pc rc ndkok
ndkokmcåþns.
mcåþns. \k` dn Achnkr`1 Erup` Tcrnoc/
Yrèrcbc B`hubnhtc-LKD, 3;;;.
AN^D[, Fnhrk-Yknrrn. Nspnjf` dcs mkdcdns. \k` dn Achnkr`1 Mcsc dc Ycjcvrc,

<99>.
A`së. M`hsnrvcåí` dn tnjfcd`s1

JC YC ]TKHC OKJF@, A`së. tnjfcd`s1 bchucj. Lrcsâjkc1
KYFCH, <99>.
J@YN] , \nhctc Ynrnkrc. ^b bët`d` cjtnrhctkv` dn jnvchtcbnht` n cvcjkcåí`

\n hctc Ynrnkrc.
dn dch`s nb ndkokmcåþns dn vcj`r fkstýrkm`. \nmkon1 Y rnonkturc d` \nmkon.
Dkrnt`rkc dn Yrnsnrvcåí` d` Yctrkbôhk` M ujturcj - DYYM/]NM^JT, \nmkon, <996.
BC]MC\NHFC], Cjnxchdrn. Mcdnrh`s @oâmk`s1 Nstuqun. @ur` Yrnt`1 OC@Y.

<996.
<996.
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cjvnhcrkcs1 c jktnrcturc tëmhkmc dn 35>9
35>9 c 3;99
3;99 n ` snu m`htrklut`
m`htrklut` pcrc
pc rc c
m`hsnrvcåí` dn ndkoâmk`s fkstýrkm`s.
fkstýrkm`s. Jksl`c1 Ndkt`rc
N dkt`rc Jkvr`s F`rkz`htn, <99<.
<99<.
H@JC]M@. Hny. Mcdnrh`s @oâm

@oâmk`s1
k`s1 Cjvnhcrkc. @ur` Yrnt`1 OC@Y, <996.
YC^JC, Enrcjd` D`hkznttk dn7 \@QNHUCAB, ^zknj G. Mcdnrh`s @oâmk`s1

Mcrpkhtcrkc. @ur` Yrnt`1 OC@Y, <996.
YNT\^MMK, Njcdk` Enrcrd` \nqukí`. Bctnrkcks dn m`hstruåí`. Y`rt` Cjnern1

Ndkt`rc Ej`l`, 3;6<.
YÔ\T@, Hnjs`h. Cjvnhcrkcs n crecbcsscs1 rnstcurcåí` n m`hsnrvcåí`. \k` dn

Achnkr`1 Ndkt`rc Kh-Oýjk`, <99;.
63
Durãh. Yctrkbôh
\@MM C, J uksc Durãh. Yctrkbôhk`
k` Ndkokmcd`1
Ndkokmcd`1 `rknhtcåþns pcrc
pc rc suc prnsnrvcåí`.
Y`rt` Cjnern1 Ndkt`rc

Nd kt`rc L`d`hk Chtkquc, <994.
keunj. Tëmhkmcs dn m`hstruåí` m`b
\@MF C, B keunj. m` b tnrrc1 ub c khtr`duåí`. Jksl`c1
Jksl`c1
Ndkt`rc Creubnhtub, <93>.
<93>.
TKH@M@, A`ren Nducrd` Jumnhc. B cpc dn Dch`s1 rnm`bnhdcåþns lãskmcs.

@jkhdc1 M nhtr`
nhtr` dn Nstud`s Cvchåcd`s dc M`hsnrvcåí`
M `hsnrvcåí` Khtnercdc, <99;.
<99;.
Yrànt`s chcjkscd`s qun cuxkjkcrcb hc njcl`rcåí` dnstn bchucj1

CB@ \KB, Okjkpn
Okjkpn Bkrchdc dn7 FC^ TNS ^N] TT OKJF@, Enhkjd`
Enhkjd` M`njf`7
M`njf`7
]MC\YKHK, Cjkhn Tnsscr`j` \uy. Yrànt` dn \nstcurcåí` Busnu Dkrmnu
Mcrd`s`. Buquk, ]NM^JT, <93>.
MFCEC], Fublnrt` Hnt` dcs. Yrànt` Nxnmutkv` dn M`hsnrvcåí` n

\nqucjkokmcåí` dc Kernac H`ssc ]nhf`rc
]nhf `rc dc Cssuhåí`. Chmfkntc, KYFCH-N],
<93>.
Bnsquktc. Yrànt` dn \nstcurcåí` M`hauht` Crquktntôhkm` n

B^ ]C, Yrksmkjc Bnsquktc.
Nht`rh` Kernac H`ssc ]nhf`rc dc Caudc. Crcåctklc, KYFCH-N], <934.
YC]S^KHNJJK, Nducrd`7 YKBNHTNJ,_kvk chn. Yrànt` dn \nstcurcåí` dc
YKBNHTN J,_kvkchn.
Ocznhdc Ycjnstkhc. Bkb`s` d` ]uj, ]NM^JT, <939.
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Ek`vchc E`håcjvns Cmfkcbë, hcturcj dn _ktýrkc-N], ë

Crquktntc ^rlchkstc pnjc Ocmujdcdn Lrcskjnkrc-Bujtkvkx
_ktýrkc. Onz nstãek` nhtrn `s ch`s dn <934 n <93? h`
Khstktut` d` Yctrkbôhk` Fkstýrkm` n Crtâstkm` Hcmk`hcj-
KYFCH, supnrkhtnhdáhmkc d` Nspârkt` ]cht`, `hdn tnvn
m`htct` m`b c ãrnc pctrkb`hkcj cuxkjkchd` dkrntcbnhtn hc
rnvksí` dn prànt`s dn rnstcur` n rnqucjkokmcåí`,
rnqucjkokmcåí`, njcl`rcåí`
dn p`rtcrkc pcrc ` nht`rh` dn lnhs t`blcd`s, pcrnmnrns n
nstud`s tëmhkm`s.
Enhkjd` M`njf` Fcutnqunstt Okjf`, hcturcj dn Mcmf`nkr`

dn Ktcpnbkrkb-N], ë Crquktnt` ^rlchkstc pnjc ^hkvnrskdcdn
A`së \`sãrk` _njjch`-^HKONHC] nb Bkhcs Enrcks n
Bnstrn nb Crtns pnjc ^hkvnrskdcdn Ondnrcj d` Nspârkt`
]cht`-ÔN]. Dnsdn ` ch` dn 3;;>
3;;> trclcjfc hc prnsnrvcåí`
d` pctrkbôhk` mujturcj mcpkxclc, snac njn bctnrkcj ù
kbctnrkcj. O`k cut`r n nxnmut`r dn dkvnrs`s prànt`s n
`lrcs dn rnstcur` h` Nspârkt` ]cht`, m`b dnstcqun pcrc
`s buhkmâpk`s dn Buquk, Bkb`s` d` ]uj n Ktcpnbkrkb.
Ctucjbnhtn ë dùt`rchd` h` Yrèrcbc dn Yýs Ercducåí`
nb Crquktnturc
Crquktnturc n ^rlchksb` dc ^hkvnrskdcdn
^hkvnrskdcdn Ondnrcj Ojubkhnhsn-YYEC ^-ÔO n
dndkmc-sn c` nhskh` dn crquktnturc n urlchksb` hc Ocmujdcdn Lrcskjnkrc-Bujtkvkx
_ktýrkc.
65
9 bchucj cprnsnhtc c` jnkt`r ub rkm` v`mclujãrk` tëmhkm` dn crquktnturc

m`b bkhumk`scs dnsmrkåþns
dnsmrkåþns dcs dnokhkåþns
dnokhkåþns d`s
d`s dch`s,
dch`s, mcuscs
mcuscs pr`vãvnks,
pr`vãvnks,
m`b` kdnhtkokmã-j`s, ` j`mcj dn `m`rráhmkc, cjëb dn suenstþns dn
khtnrvnhåí
khtnrvnhåí`
` pcrc rn
rnmupnr
mupnrcåí`
cåí` d` dch`
dch`..
Njksc Bcmfcd` Tcvnkrc

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k

Ãjvcr` A`së d`s Entñjk` Bcrm`sGcrujjkhy

Dcd`s Khtnrhcmk`hcks pcrc M ctcj`ecåí` hc Yuljkmcåí` (MKY)

C356b Cmfkcbë, Ek`vchc E`håcjvns

<. BCYC DN DCH@

ÂHDKMN DN YCT@J@EKC] NB @\DNB CJOCLËTKMC........................6=

@ bchucj cprnsnhtc c` jnkt`r ub rkm` v`mclujãrk` tëmhkm` dn crquktnturc n m`b

@ trclcjf` mukdcd`s` dn jkstcr <4

@ jkvr` `onrnmn c` jnkt`r ubc nxmnjnhtn `p`rtuhkdcdn dn sn cpr`ouhdcr hnssc

Njksc Bcmfcd` Tcvnkrc

@ b cpc dn dch`s ë ubc ntcpc ouhdcb

M`b bcks dn ducs dëmcdcs dn nxpnrkáhmkc hc ãrnc dn rnstcur`, snac hc njcl`rcåí`

Ycrc pcdr`hkzcr c rnprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc d` bcpc dn dch`s, ` bchucj pr`pþn <4

Ek`vchc E`håcjvns Cmfkcbë n Enhkjd` M`njf` Fcutnqunstt Okjf`

Yrnsnrvcr cs rnjcåþns qun tnb`s m`b c bnbýrkc n c m`hstruåí` dc kdnkc dn

H c bck`rkc dcs vnzns, `s sup`

]nhd` c crquktnturc ub d`s bcks kbp`rtchtns sup`rtns bctnrkcks dn h`sscs

<. BCYC DN DCH @]

Cs pct`j`ekcs dnvnrí` snr m`rrntcbnhtn kdnhtkokmcdcs h` bcpc dn dch`s c

Mfcbcb`s dn ‚bnmchksb` chtrýpkm`‒ quchd` `s dch`s sí` mcuscd`s p`r cåþns

@ `lantkv` dcs okmfcs, c sneukr, ë ocmkjktcr

Nb ub pcâs dn dkbnhsþns m`htkhnhtcks n dkvnrskdcdns mjkbãtkmcs m`b` ` h`ss`,

@utr` ktnb c snr `lsnrvcd` ë ` mcbp` ‚rnstcurcåí`‒, `hdn sí` cprnsnhtcdcs

Cs okmfcs dn mjcsskokmcåí` dn dch`s o`rcb njcl`rcdcs dn bchnkrc c ocmkjktcr `

Mcbp` <1<1 H`bn - h`bn d` dch`, jnvchd`-sn nb m`hskdnrcåí`

Mcbp` >1 Mcuscs pr`vãvnks, skbujtìhncs `u hí` - kdnhtkokmc n dnsmrnvn cs

cm`rd` m` b ` j`mcj `hdn ` kbývnj

Mcbp` 5151 ]ulstrct`

Mcbp` 61 Cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s / m`hsnquáhmkcs

Mcbp` ;1 J`mcj dn `m`rráhmkc hc ndkokmcåí`

Mcbp` 391391 \nstcurcåí`

Mcbp` 331 \nprnsnhtcåí`

Mcbp` 3<1 \nprnsnhtcåí` d` dch` nb crqukv`s MCD - m`htëb ` tkp` dn

Mcbp` 3=1 Kbcenhs qun kjustrcb pct`j`ekc - kbcenhs snjnmk`hcdcs pcrc

g OKMFC DN MJC]]KOKMCÅC@ DN DCH@] a okm f c 1 b b

Cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s / M`hsnquáhmkcs1

M`hsnquáhm kc(s) dc pct`j`ekc hc ndkokmcåí`1

J`mcj dn `m`rráhmkc hc ndkokmcåí`1

Khtnrvnhåí` bcks khdkmcdc pcrc ` trctcbnht` ddcc pct`j`ekc.

Kbcenhs qun kjustrcb c pct`j`ekc1

Kbcenhs qun kjustrcb c bchkonstcåí` dc pct`j`ekc hc ndkokmcåí`.

-Nxmnss` dn scj h` bctnrkcj7

-Nxp`skåí` nxmnsskvc c` s`j n/`u c khtnbpërkns7

-Yrnsnhåc dn bctnrkcks nstrchf`s m`b`

Cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s / M`hsnquáhmkcs1

J`mcj dn `m`rráhmkc hc ndkokmcåí`1

M`lnrturc, nsqucdrkcs, nstruturc, o`rr`, pcrndn, pks`, rnvnstkbnht`s n r`dcpë.

Cjtnrcåí` mr`bãtkmc, ndkokmcåí` nb Dnbëtrk`

OKMFC DN MJC]]KOKMCÅÍ@ DN DCH@]

Mcuscs pr`vãvnks - skbujtìhncs

-M`henjcbnht` n dnsm`henjcbnht` dn ãeuc h`s p`r`s d` bctnrkcj cmcrrntchd`

-Cåí` d` vnht` s`lrn c supnroâmkn7

-Mrkstcjkzcåí` dn scks s`jñvnks4.

Cspnmt`s `lsnrvcd`s / M`hsnquáhmkcs1

-Yrnsnhåc dn pnqunhcs mcvkdcdns h` sulstrct` - h`rbcjbnhtn contcd` dn

J`mcj dn `m`rráhmkc hc ndkokmcåí`1

Nstruturc, pcrndn, pks` n rnvnstkbnht`s.

\nm`hstktukåí` d` sulstrct` m`b bctnrkcks

\nprnsnhtcåí` erãokmc1 Cut`MCD m`j`r khdnx (CMK)1 3=9

Kbcenhs qun kjustrcb c pct`j`ekc1

Cjvn`jkzcåí`, O`rtcjnzc dn Bcput`, B`åcblkqun

Cjvn`jkzcåí`, Trcpkmfn nb Cht`hkhc, Y\

o H`bn1 Ctcqun dn khsnt`s xkjýoce`s 3 Mýdke