Y Ycfrcsa yjur dcdjry!

Lrnddnr Ycfcrckhc

Djgnocs gc anibobgng y pcrdbsj ]rcsckt pcrfcht y pnst sbdpoc 

Nfbrdntbvn Kclntbvn ]rcsckt pcrfcht
]nsngj B hjuog swbd. B hjuogk‒t swbd. Nfbrdntbvn B / Rju / \c / Wacy anvc icck.
Rju hhj
juog g
gnnkhc. Rju hhj
juogk‒t g
gnnkhc. Ac / Xac / Bt ans icck.
]rcscktc Ac / Xac hnk lj. Ac / Xac hnk‒t lj. Kclntbvn B / Rju / \c / Wacy anvck‒t icck.
Bt hnk uk
ukgc
gcrrst
stnk
nkg.
g. Bt hnk
nk‒‒t uk
ukgc
gcrrstn
tnk
kg. Ac / Xac / Bt ansk‒t icck.
Futurj \c wboo ic nioc tj \c wjk‒t ic nioc tj Bktcrrjlntbvn Anvc B / yju / wc / tacy icck:
ocnvc. ocnvc. Ans ac / sac / bt icck:
Wacy wboo ic nioc tj Wacy wjk‒t ic nioc tj ]nst sbdpoc
wjr`. wjr`.
Nfbrdntbvn B / Rju / Ac / Xac / Bt / \c / Wacy wckt.
Ssjs
Kclntbvn B / Rju / Ac / Xac / Bt / \c / Wacy gbgk‒t
Cdpocndjs co vcrij djgno hnk  pnrn cxprcsnr anibobgng
hnk pnrn
lj.
y pcrdbsj pnrn anhcr hjsns. ]jgcdjs cdpocnr hnk  ck
hnk ck
Bktcrrjlntbvn Gbg B / yju / ac / sac / bt / wc / tacy lj:
pnsngj, prcscktc y futurj. Hnk kj tbckc fjrdn gc tcrhcrn
Hnk kj
pcrsjkn sbkluonr. Ssjs
Ac hnk sbkl. KJ Ac hnks sbkl. Cdpocndjs co prcsckt
co  prcsckt pcrfcht 
pcrfcht  pnrn
  pnrn nhhbjkcs j sbtunhbjkcs
]jgcdjs cdpocnr ic noojwcg tj pnrn
tj pnrn gcshrbibr co pcrdbsj
p crdbsj quc kj ank tcrdbkngj.
pnrn anhcr nolj. B‒vc stugbcg Cklobsa sbkhc 9=>8.
B‒d noojwcg tj wcnr dy jwk hojtacs tj shajjo. J pnrn nhhbjkcs j sbtunhbjkcs quc jhurrbcrjk ck co pnsngj,
\c wcrck‒t noojwcg tj lj tj tac pnrty. pcrj co djdcktj kj cstî honrj j kj cs rcocvnktc.
Gnkbco ans icck tj Ojkgjk.
\boo yju ic noojwcg tj hjdc wbta us tj ]nrbs:
Cdpocndjs co prcsckt
co  prcsckt pcrfcht 
pcrfcht  hjk
 hjk ons pnonirns eust 
pnonirns  eust ,  yct ,
norcngy,, sbkhc
norcngy  y fjr 
sbkhc y  fjr .
Djgnocs gc hjkscej, jioblnhbøk, prjabibhbøk \c‒vc eust ang oukha.
y kchcsbgng Cdpocndjs co pnst
co  pnst sbdpoc pnrn
sbdpoc pnrn nhhbjkcs nhningns j
Cdpocndjs vcrijs djgnocs ck hjdibknhbøk hjk jtrjs vcrijs sbtunhbjkcs quc jhurrbcrjk ck uk djdcktj cspchäfbhj gco
pnrn cxprcsnr hjkscej, jioblnhbøk, prjabibhbøk y kchcsbgng. pnsngj. N dckugj cdpocndjs cxprcsbjkcs tcdpjrnocs
Hjkscej julat tj, sajuog, sajuogk‒
sajuogk‒tt hjdj tarcc ycnrs nlj,
nlj, onst djkta,
djkta, ycstcrgn
 ycstcrgnyy.
Ac tjj` up nrt ocssjks n ycnr nlj.
Jioblnhbøk anvc tj, dust
Nusckhbn gc gjk‒t anvc tj
jioblnhbøk ]rcsckt sbdpoc y pnst sbdpoc pnssbvc
Kchcsbgng kccg tj Nhtbvn ]nsbvn
Nusckhbn gc gjk‒t kccg tj ]rcscktc \c fbod tac shckcs bk Wac shckcs nrc fbodcg
kchcsbgng n stugbj. bk n stugbj.
]rjabibhbøk dustk‒t Wacy gjk‒t scoo tac Wac ijj` bsk‒t sjog
Cstjs vcrijs djgnocs vnk sclubgjs gc uk bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj.tj. ijj` jkobkc. jkobkc.
\c dust lj. (KJ \c dust tj lj.) ]nsngj Ac wrjtc tac ijj`s Wac ijj`s wcrc
Ojs vcrijs djgnocs julat , sajuog   yy dust  kj
 kj tbckck fjrdn twj ycnrs nlj. wrbttck twj ycnrs nlj.
gc tcrhcrn pcrsjkn sbkluonr. B gbgk‒t dn`c tac vbgcj Wac vbgcj wnsk‒t dngc
Xac dust lj. KJ Xac dusts lj. wbta dy pajkc. wbta dy pajkc.
Ssj
N dckugj cdpocndjs on pnsbvn hunkgj kj cstî honrj j kj
cs rcocvnktc qubâk an achaj nolj.

26
 Y
 

Lrnddnr prnhtbhc

Djgnos jf nibobty nkg pcrdbssbjk ]rcsckt pcrfcht nkg pnst sbdpoc

> Wbh` (✘) tac hjrrcht scktckhcs. 3 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk.
> \ack B wns obttoc, B hjuogk‒t swbd. > Anvc yju gjkc / Gbg yju gj yjur ajdcwjr` yct:
9 \ack B‒d jogcr, B‒oo ic nioc iuy dy jwk hnr. 9 B gbgk‒t soccp / anvck‒t socpt wcoo onst kblat.
8 B gjk‒t hnk lj jut jk wcc`gnys. 8 Dud ans eust ijulat / eust ijulat n kcw onptjp

3 Dud
7 B wjk‒thjuog spcn`
ic nioc Xpnkbsa
tj wcnr tacwack sac wns
rcg grcss n habog.
jk Xnturgny. 7 jkobkc.
\ack gbg yju dcct / anvc yju dct dy sbstcr:
6 Gj yju wboo ic nioc tj hjdc tj tac hbkcdn: 3 Ac norcngy hanrlcg / ans norcngy hanrlcg abs pajkc.

9 Ycwrbtc tac scktckhcs wbta tac hjrrcht fjrd jf hnk.
  Wacy nrc noojwcg tj lj tj icg ontcr jk Xnturgny kblat.
  Wacy hnk lj tj icg ontcr jk Xnturgny kblat. 
> B wns noojwcg tj wcnr dy jwk hojtacs tj prbdnry shajjo.
 
9 \c nrck‒t noojwcg tj stny bk tac honssrjjd nt oukhatbdc.
8  Ejc wjk‒t
wjk‒t ic noojwcg tj tn`c aabs
bs ]onyXtntbjk jk ajobgny.
ajobgny.
 
7  Ecssbhn bs noojwcg tj lj tj pnrtbcs nt tac wcc`ckg.
wcc`ckg.
 
Djgnos jf ngvbhc, jioblntbjk, prjabibtbjk
nkg kchcssbty
6 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta tac hjrrcht pnst sbdpoc jr
prcsckt pcrfcht fjrd jf tac vcris bk irnh`cts.
Bk Enkunry, B (>)  (gchbgc) tj tn`c up n
kcw spjrt. Wwj djktas ontcr, B (9)  (stnrt)
(
hyhobkl! Bt  8) (kjt ic) cnsy! B
(7)  (kjt dnknlc) tj rbgc up n aboo wbtajut
stjppbkl yct, iut B (3)  (lj) gjwk n
hojtacs sbzc! Bk tac suddcr, B  (6 ) (ejbk) n
(< )
hyhobkl houi. Nt fbrst, B   (kjt fcco) vcry
hjkfbgckt.
(1)  Iut sbkhc B iclnk, tac jtacr hyhobsts
(bkvbtc) dc tj ejbk bk wbta tacbr rbgcs
nkg tjlctacr wc ) (2 (hyhoc) tarjula
icnutbfuo hjuktrysbgc. B (>=)  (sajw) tant
nkyjkc hnk tn`c up n kcw ajiiy. Eust try bt jut!

8 \rbtc N (ngvbhc), J (jioblntbjk), K (kchcssbty), jr

]  (prjabibtbjk)
  (prjabibtbjk) kcxt tj tac scktckhcs.
> Rju sajuogk‒t cnt sj duha fnst fjjg.
9 Wacy gjk‒t anvc tj gj ]C.
8 Rju dust dcssnlc dc tjkblat.
7 B gjk‒t kccg tj ojj` nt dy pajkc hjkstnktoy.
3 \c julat tj hanrlc jur pajkcs.
6 Rju dustk‒t gjwkojng nkytabkl.
]rcsckt sbdpoc nkg pnst sbdpoc pnssbvc
< ]ut tac wjrgs bk tac hjrrcht jrgcr tj dn`c pnssbvc
scktckhcs.
> nrc / Wac hojtacs / jkobkc. / sjog
 
9 frcc hbkcdn tbh`cts. / wns / Cvcryjkc / lbvck
 

7 Hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs

scktckhcs wbta tac djgnos bk tac ijx. 8 n knrrntjr. / Wac stjry / tjog / iy / bs
 
anvc tj dust dustk‒t kccg tj julat tj 7 bkvbtcg / \c / tj tac pnrty. / wcrck‒t
 
> \c tn`c pajtjs bk tac duscud. Wacrc‒s n 3 wns / n >3% gbshjukt. / B / jffcr
jffcrcg
cg
sblk snybkl ‑Kj hndcrns‒.  
9 B lj ajdc kjw jr Dud wboo ic nklry.
8 Gj yju tcoo sjdcjkc nijut yjur 1 Ycwrbtc tac scktckhcs bk tac pnssbvc.
prjiocd: > Wacy dngc tac ibshubts ycstcrgny.
7 Rju wcnr n scnticot
scnticot..  
Bt‒s tac onw. 9 Wacy sajw tac fbod cvcry Harbstdns.
3 Want grcss ojj`s lrcnt. Rju  
iuy bt. 8 Xtcvck Xpbcoicrl gbrchtcg tac fbod \nr Ajrsc.
Ajrsc.
 
7 Drs Enh`sjk tcnhacs tac stugckts Frckha.
 
3 Wacy wrjtc tac pojt fbftcck ycnrs nlj.
 

2<
 

Y
Vjhniuonry rcfcrckhc

Vcrijs5 tchkjojlän Ngechtbvjs5 tchkjojlän

irjwsc (v) / irnʅz /  /  knvclnr (v.) nutjdntbh (nge) /ˏɗ˝tɒˁdætɥ`/ 
/ˏɗ˝tɒˁdætɥ`/  nutjdîtbhj/n (nge.)
hanrlc (v) /tʈɞ˝gʙ/
/tʈɞ˝gʙ/   hnrlnr (v.) /`ɒkˁvb˝kbɒkt/ 
hjkvckbckt (nge) /`ɒkˁvb˝kbɒkt/  hjkvckbckt
hjkvckbcktc c (nge.)
gjwkojng (v) /ˏgnʅkˁoɒʅg/
/ˏgnʅkˁoɒʅg/   gcshnrlnr (v.) /gɥˁspɒʅzɒio/  
gbspjsnioc (nge) /gɥˁspɒʅzɒio/ gcschanioc (nge.)
/ˁdcsɥgʙ/ 
dcssnlc (v) /ˁdcsɥgʙ/  ckvbnr uk dcksnec (v.) cffbhbckt (nge) /ɥˁfɥʈkt/
/ɥˁfɥʈkt/   cfbhbcktc (nge.)
ɥk/ 
poul bk (v) /poʏɮ ɥk/  ckhaufnr (v.) frnlboc (nge) /ˁfrægʙnɥo/
/ˁfrægʙnɥo/   frîlbo (nge.)
prcss (v) /prcs/
/prcs/   puosnr (v.) ljjg-qunobty (nge) /ɮʅg ˁ`wəoɒtb/ˁ`wəoɒtb/   gc iuckn hnobgng (cxpr(cxpr.)
.)
shrjoo (v) /s`rɒʅo/ 
/s`rɒʅo/  gcsponznr (v.) anrg-wcnrbkl
anrg-wc nrbkl (ng
(nge) e) /ˏaɞ˝g ˁwcɒrɥŀ/ 
ˁwcɒrɥŀ/  rcsbstcktc (nge.
(nge.))
/strb˝d/  
strcnd (v) /strb˝d/ cdbtbr (v.) acnvy (nge) /ˁacvb/
/ˁacvb/   pcsngj/n (nge.)
/swnɥp/ 
swbpc (v) /swnɥp/  nrrnstr
nrrnstrnr
nr co gcgj pjr on bdprnhtbhno (nge) /ɥdˁpræ`tɥ`o/
/ɥdˁpræ`tɥ`o/   bdprîhtbhj/n (nge.)
pnktnoon (v.) bkhjkvckbckt
bkhjkvckbc kt (n ge) /ˏɥk`ɒkˁvb˝kbɒkt/
(nge) /ˏɥk`ɒkˁvb˝kbɒkt/   bkjpjrtukj/n (nge.)
swbtha jk (v) /swɥtʈ ək/ 
ək/  ckhckgcr (v.) bkcffbhbckt (nge) /ˏɥkɥˁfɥʈkt/ 
/ˏɥkɥˁfɥʈkt/  bkcfbhbckt
bkcfbhbcktcc (nge.)
/tæp/  
tnp (v) /tæp/ tchocnr (v.) oblatwcblat (nge) /ˁonɥtwcɥt/
/ˁonɥtwcɥt/   obvbnkj/n (nge.)
upgntc (v) /ˏʏpˁgcɥt/
/ˏʏpˁgcɥt/   nhtunobznr (v.) dnkuno (nge) /ˁdækeuɒo/
/ˁdækeuɒo/   dnkuno (nge.)
pjjr-qunobtyy (ng
pjjr-qunobt (nge) /pɗ˝((r) ˁ`wəoɒtb/
e) /pɗ˝  ˁ`wəoɒtb/   gc dnon hnobgng (cxpr
(cxpr.)
.)
]arnsno vcris prnhtbhno (nge) /ˁpræ`tɥ`o/ 
/ˁpræ`tɥ`o/  prîhtbhj/n (nge.)
hjdc nojkl (par v) /`ʏd ɒˁoəŀ/
ɒˁoəŀ/   vckbr (v.) /rɥˁonɥɒio/  
rcobnioc (nge) /rɥˁonɥɒio/ fbnioc (nge.)
ɥk/ 
 ejbk bk (par v) /gʙɗɥk ɥk/  ukbrsc (v.) /ˏrb˝ˁeu˝zɒio/ 
rcusnioc (ng) /ˏrb˝ˁeu˝zɒio/  rcutbobz
rcutbobznioc
nioc (nge.)
nʅt/ 
dbss jut (par v) /dɥs nʅt/  pcrgcrsc ukn jpjrtukbgng (v.) ukrcobnioc (nge) /ˏʏkrɥˁonɥɒio/ 
/ˏʏkrɥˁonɥɒio/  pjhj fbnioc (cxpr.)
pbh` up (par v) /pɥ` ʏp/
ʏp/   nprckgcr (v.) /ˁeu˝sfo/ 
uscfuo (nge) /ˁeu˝sfo/  õtbo (nge.)
tn`c jk (par v) /tcɥ` ək/
ək/   nhcptnr uk gcsnfäj (v.) /ˁeu˝soɒs/ 
uscocss (nge) /ˁeu˝soɒs/  bkõtbo (nge.)
tn`c up (par v) /tcɥ` ʏp/
ʏp/   cdpcznr n anhcr nolj (v.)
try jut (par v) /trnɥ nʅt/
nʅt/   prjinr (v.)
wjr` jut (par v) /wɟ˝` nʅt/
nʅt/   cktrcknr (v.)

Ickcfbhckhbn y nhhbjkcs sjobgnrbns

/ˁtʈærɒtb/  
hanrbty (k) /ˁtʈærɒtb/ ickcfbhckhbn (sust.)
/gɒʅˁkcɥʈk/  
gjkntbjk (k) /gɒʅˁkcɥʈk/ gjknhbøk (sust.)
fukgrnbsc
fukgrnbs v) /ˁfʏkgrcɥz/ 
c ((v) /ˁfʏkgrcɥz/  rchnugnr fjkgjs (v.)
/ˁpʏioɥsnɥz/  
puiobhbzc (v) /ˁpʏioɥsnɥz/ nkukhbn
nkukhbnrr (v.)
spjksjr (v) /ˁspəksɒ
/ˁspəksɒ((r)/  pntrjhbknr (v.)

Ngectbvjs5 jpbkbjkcs
guoo (nge) /gʏo/
/gʏo/   sjsj/n (nge.)
cktcrtnbk bkl (nge) /ˏcktɒˁtcɥkɥŀ/
cktcrtnbkbkl /ˏcktɒˁtcɥkɥŀ/   cktrct
cktrctckbgj/n
ckbgj/n (nge.)
abonrbjus (nge) /aɥˁocɒrbɒs/
/aɥˁocɒrbɒs/   lrnhbjsäs
lrnhbjsäsbdj/n
bdj/n (nge.)
/ɒˁrɥgʙɒko/  
jrblbkno (nge) /ɒˁrɥgʙɒko/ jrblbkno (nge.)
rcnobstbh
rcnobstbh (ng
(nge) /ˏrb˝ɒˁoɥstɥ`/  
e) /ˏrb˝ɒˁoɥstɥ`/ rcnobs
rcnobstn
tn (nge.)
/ˁtcrɥfnɥɥŀ/ 
tcrrbfybkl (nge) /ˁtcrɥfnɥɥŀ/  tcrr
tcrrjräfbhj/n
jräfbhj/n (nge.)

21

Vjhniuonry prnhtbhc
> Dntha tac tchakjojly vcris bk tac ijx tj tacbr
gcfbkbtbjks icojw.
irjwsc hanrlc dcssnlc poul bk prcss
strcnd swbpc swbtha jk tnp upgntc
> sckg nk XDX
9 abt qubh`oy nkg oblatoy
8 pony vbgcj jr sjukg frjd
tac bktcrkct
7 hjkkcht n pbchc jf cochtrbhno
cqubpdckt tj nk cochtrbhbty suppoy
3 pusa (n iuttjk)
6 turk jk (n oblat, dnhabkc)
< djvc yjur fbklcr qubh`oy nhrjss n
pajkc jr tnioct shrcck
1 pnss cochtrbhbty tarjula sjdctabkl
2 ngg tac djst rchckt bkfjrdntbjk
>=
  ojj` fjr / nt bkfjrdntbjk jk
tac bktcrkct
9 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk.
Nrhabc Ab, Dr Cvnks. \juog yju ob`c tj
(>) fukgrnbsc / spjksjr dc: Dy frbckgs
nkg B nrc (9) fukgrnbsbkl / puiobhbzbkl tj
iuy kcw spjrts cqubpdckt fjr jur ojhno
yjuta houi, nkg wc‒rc gjbkl n >= `d ruk.
Dr Cvnks Ja ycs, B‒g ic anppy tj gj tant, Nr Nrhabc.
habc.
Ajw nijut £9 n `bojdctr
`bojdctrc:c: \ant cosc nrc
( 8)
yju gjbkl tj  puiobhbzc / spjksjr yjur
hndpnblk:
Nrhabc \c‒r
\c‒rc c anvbkl n hjkhcrt
hjkhcrt.. Bkstcng jf
hanrlbkl fjr tbh`cts, pcjpoc hnk dn`c
(7) hanrbtbcs / gjkntbjks tj tac houi.
\juog yju ob`c tj (3) hjdc nojkl /
wjr` jut:
Dr Cvnks B‒g ojvc tj! Wcoo dc wack bt bs. B gjk‒t wnkt
tj (6) dbss jut / tn`c jk!
Nrhabc Bt‒s jk Wucsgny cvckbkl nt <.8=. B‒d
ponybkl tac lubtnr!
Dr Cvnks B gbgk‒t `kjw yju ang (<) ejbkcg
  ejbkcg bk /
tn`ck bt up!
Nrhabc \coo, B gchbgcg tj (1) dbss jut / try jut  7 B‒vc scck n ojt jf cktcrtnbkbkl fbods rchcktoy
lubtnr ocssjks, nkg B (2) hndc nojkl /
pbh`cg bt up rcnooy qubh`oy. B‒oo scc yju
jk Wucsgny, Dr Cvnks, nkg tank`s fjr
spjksjrbkl dc!
Dr Cvnks Iyc, Nrhabc.
Y
8 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta tac ngechtbvcs bk tac ijx.
guoo cktcrtnbkbkl abonrbjus jrblbkno rcnobstbh tcrrbfybkl
Jkc fjrd jf tchakjojly tant ans rcdnbkcg n fnvjurbtc fjr dnky
ycnrs bs tac hbkcdn. Wjgny‒s hbkcdns nrc vcry gbffcrckt frjd tac (>) 
jkcs jf tac cnroy 9=ta hcktury, iut jur anibt jf sbttbkl
tjlctacr bk n gnr` rjjd tj wntha n fbod ansk‒t hanklcg. Iut way bs
bt sj (9)  :
 Wacrc‒
 Wacrc‒s
s kj icttcr
icttcr ponhc
ponhc tj wntha n ajrrjr
ajrrjr fbod tank
tank bk n hbkcdn
hbkcdn..
\ack sjdctabkl rcnooy (8)  anppcks, cvcryjkc
rcnhts bk tac sndc wny. Bk tac sndc wny, n hjdcgy ichjdcs
cvck djrc (7)  wack aukgrcgs jf pcjpoc nrc noo
onulabkl tjlctacr. Xbttbkl bk frjkt jf n ibl shrcck wbta n abla-qunobty
sjukg systcd dn`cs n fbod‒s cvckts fcco djrc (3) 
tank wnthabkl tacd jk n WV jr hjdputcr. \actacr yju hajjsc tj
shrcnd, onula jr hry, n trbp tj tac hbkcdn bs kcvcr (6)  !
7 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk.
> N rcusnioc / gbspjsnioc inl bs icttcr fjr tac ckvbr
ckvbrjkdckt.
jkdckt.
9 BNkccg
8 oblatwcblat  /
n frnlboc /acnvy
 enh`ct bs bgcno fjr wbktcr.
anrg-wcnrbkl VY acngsct tant wjk't ircn`
cnsboy.
7 B fbkg onrlc acngpajkcs uscfuo / uscocss ichnusc tacy fnoo
jff noo tac tbdc!
3 Dy onst sdnrtwntha wns vcry pjjr-qunobty / ljjg-qunobty 
nkg B ang ojts jf prjiocds wbta bt.
6 Bk n(k) dnkuno / nutjdntbh hnr, yju gjk't anvc tj hanklc
tac lcnrs yjurscof.
3 Wrnksontc tac scktckhcs.
> Rju anvc tj poul bk tac hjdputcr icfjrc yju hnk swbtha bt jk!
 
9 Rju julat tj try jut n kcw spjrt ‘ yju dblat pbh` bt up rcnooy
cnsboy.
 
8 Gbg sac dn`c n gjkntbjk tj tac hanrbty jr gbg sac fukgrnbs
fukgrnbsc
c
fjr bt:
 
rchcktoy,, iut tabs jkc bs
abonrbjus!
 
3 Bk dnky fnhtjrbcs, pjjr-qunobty hojtacs nrc dngc jk acnvy
nkg bdprnhtbhno dnhabkcs, nkg tack sjog fjr obttoc djkcy bk
abla strcct sajps.
22
 

> Skbt >

Lrnddnr rcfcrckhc

]nst sbdpoc, pnst hjktbkujus y uscg tj Ssjs

Cdpocndjs co prcsckt
co  prcsckt pcrfcht 
pcrfcht  pnrn
 pnrn anionr gc nhhbjkcs
]nst sbdpoc quc hjdckznrjk ck co pnsngj, pcrj tbckck rcsuotngjs
B / Rju / Ac / X
Xa
ac / Bt
Bt / \c / Wacy
acy nrr
nrrbvc
vcg
g / gb
gbgk
gk‒‒t nnrrrbvc
vc..
ck co prcscktc.
Gbg B / yju / ac / sac / bt / wc / ta
tac
cy nrrbvc: Cdpocndjs co prcsckt
co  prcsckt pcrfcht
pcrfcht sbdpoc  hunkgj qucrcdjs
sbdpoc hunkgj
]nst hjktbkujus hcktrnrkjs ck co rcsuotngj prcscktc gc ukn nhhbøk
B / Ac / Xac / Bt wns / wnsk‒
wnsk‒tt tcrdbkngn.
tno`bkl.
Rju / \
\c
c / WWac
acyy wc
wcrrc / wc
wcrrck‒
ck‒t Wndibâk cdpocndjs co prcsckt
co  prcsckt pcrfcht
pcrfcht sbdpoc pnrn
sbdpoc pnrn
\ns B / ac / sac / bt gcshrbibr uk suhcsj sbk bkgbhnr huîkgj suhcgbø.
tno`bkl: Ac‒s irj`ck abs nrd.
\crc yju / wc / tacy
Cdpocndjs co prcsckt
co  prcsckt pcrfcht
pcrfcht hjktbkujus  hunkgj
hjktbkujus hunkgj
uscg tj qucrcdjs hcktrnrkjs ck co rcsuotngj prcscktc gc
B / Rju / Ac / Xac / Bt / \c / Wacy uscg tj / lj. ukn nhhbøk quc hjdckzø ck co pnsngj y hjktbkõn ck
gbgk‒t usc tj prjlrcsj.
Gbg B / yju / ac / sac / bt / wc / tacy usc tj lj: Bt‒s icck rnbkbkl fjr ajurs.
Ssjs
Cdpocndjs co pnst
co  pnst sbdpoc pnrn anionr gc nhhbjkcs quc ]rcsckt pcrfcht  hjk
 hjk fjr   yy sbkhc
tcrdbknrjk ck co pnsngj.
Ssjs
B ntc hcrcno fjr ircn`fnst tabs djrkbkl.
Cdpocndjs fjr 
Cdpocndjs  fjr  y
 y sbkhc hjk co prcsckt
sbkhc hjk co prcsckt pcrfcht 
pcrfcht .
Cdpocndjs co pnst
co  pnst hjktbkujus
hjktbkujus pnrn anionr gc ukn nhhbøk
n hhbøk ck
Cdpocndjs fjr 
Cdpocndjs  fjr  y
 y ukn cxprcsbøk tcdpjrno pnrn djstrnr
prjlrcsj ck uk djdcktj hjkhrctj gco pnsngj.
huîktj tbcdpj an pnsngj gcsgc quc hjdckzø on
Nt anof pnst scvck, B wns anvbkl ircn`fnst.
nhhbøk.
Cdpocndjs co pnst
co pnst sbdpoc y
sbdpoc y co pnst
co  pnst hjktbkujus
hjktbkujus ck on dbsdn
B‒vc obvcg acrc fjr tarcc ycnrs.
jrnhbøk hunkgj ukn nhhbøk bktcrrudpc jtrn. Kjrdnodcktc
Cdpocndjs sbkhc  hjk ukn fchan j suhcsj pnsngj y co
sbkhc hjk
cdpocndjs waboc  hjk co pnst
waboc hjk co pnst hjktbkujus y
hjktbkujus y wack  hjk co pnst
wack hjk co  pnst
pcrfcht  pnrn
 prcsckt pcrfcht   pnrn gcshrbibr huîkgj hjdckzø ukn
sbdpoc..
sbdpoc
nhhbøk j sbtunhbøk.
\aboc wc wcrc wno`bkl tj shajjo, bt stnrtcg tj skjw.
Gng ans ang abs jwk hojtacs sajp sbkhc 9=>=.
B wns wno`bkl tj shajjo wack bt stnrtcg tj skjw.
Rju‒vc wjrk tajsc sajcs cvcry gny sbkhc yju ijulat
Sscg tj + bkfbkbtbvj
tj +
rcpctbgns) j cstngjs sbkgco  anhc rcfcrckhbn
tj anhc
tjpnsngj quc yn kjnsjk
aîibtjs (nhhbjkcs
hbcrtjs. tacd!
N dckugj cdpocndjs fjr 
cdpocndjs  fjr  y  y sbkhc  hjk vcrijs gc
sbkhc hjk
B uscg tj anvc
anvc iojkg anbr
anbr.. B gbgk‒t usc tj cnt fbsa.
fbsa.
cstngj. Cstjs vcrijs gcshrbick cstngjs quc hjktbkõnk
gurnktc hbcrtj tbcdpj, pjr cecdpoj ob`c ob`c,, `kjw
`kjw,, wnkt .
]rcsckt pcrfcht sbdpoc y prcsckt pcrfcht
pcrfcht Hjdj gcshrbick cstngjs y kj nhhbjkcs, ck cstjs hnsjs
hjktbkujus cdpocndjs co prcsckt
co  prcsckt pcrfcht
pcrfcht sbdpoc  y kj co prcsckt
sbdpoc y co  prcsckt
hjktbkujus..
 pcrfcht hjktbkujus
]rcsckt pcrfcht sbdpoc
B‒vc wnktcg dy jwk onptjp fjr ycnrs!
B / Rju / \c / Wacy anvc / anvck‒t \c‒vc `kjwk Eckkn sbkhc 9=>3.
ocft.
Ac / Xac / Bt ans / ansk‒t Ejc ans ob`cg Fnoojut Ijy sbkhc ac snw tacd nt n
Anvc B / yju / wc / tacy fcstbvno.
ocft:
Ans ac / sac / bt
]rcsckt pcrfcht hjktbkujus
B / Rju / \c / Wacy anvc / anvck‒t
icck wjr`bkl.
Ac / Xac / Bt ans / ansk‒t
Anvc B / yju / wc / ta
tac
cy icck
wjr`bkl:
Ans ac / sac / bt

>==
  >
 

Lrnddnr prnhtbhc

]nstt sbdpoc, pnst hjktbkujus nkg uscg tj

]ns ]rcsckt pcrfcht sbdpoc nkg prcsckt
> Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk. pcrfcht hjktbkujus
> B wns irjwsbkl jkobkc wack / waboc B fjukg tabs hjjo vbgcj. 7 Hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs wbta tac hjrrcht
9 \aboc sac wns vjouktccrbkl fjr n hanrbty, sac gchbgcg / prcsckt pcrfcht sbdpoc jr hjktbkujus fjrd jf
wns gchbgbkl tj stnrt acr jwk. tac vcris.
8 \acrc wcrc yju ljbkl wack / waboc yju acnrg tac kjbsc: > \c (wntha) tabs fbod fjr
7 \aboc ac trnvcoocg / wns trnvcoobkl bk Xjuta Nfrbhn, ac vbsbtcg jkc ajur nkg kjtabkl bktcrc
bktcrcstbkl
stbkl ans anppckcg
@rulcr Kntbjkno ]nr`. yct.
3 Wacy rchcbvcg acop frjd sjdc vcry ibl-acnrtcg pcjpoc wack / 9 B hnk‒t hjdc tj jrhacstrn prnhtbhc tjgny. B
waboc tacy wcrc rchjvcrbkl frjd tac gbsnstcr. (fjrlct) tj irbkl dy vbjobk
6 Gbg yju scc us waboc yju wno`cg / wcrc wno`bkl iy tac rbvcr: tj shajjo.
8 Dy gng ojvcs Wac Yjoobkl Xtjkcs. Ac
9 Ycwrbtc tac wjrgs bk ijog wbta uscg tj.
(scc) tacd bk hjkhcrt
> \c (obvcg) bk Ojkgjk.
scvck tbdcs!
9 B (gbgk‒t ob`c) haccsc.
7 Rju sajuog anvc n ircn` kjw. Rju
8 Wacy (wckt trnvcoobkl) cvcry suddcr.
(wjr`) sbkhc tabs djrkbkl.
7 Xac (ang) n hnt.
3 Wabs trnffbh bs nwfuo. \c
3 Rju (gbgk‒t ob`c) Dnrjjk 3.
(grbvc) fjr ajurs nkg wc‒vc jkoy trnvcoocg twckty
6 Ac (wno`cg) tj shajjo cvcry gny.
`bojdctrcs.
8 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta tac hjrrcht fjrd jf tac vcris. Ssc
tac pnst sbdpoc, pnst hjktbkujus jr uscg tj. \rbtc jkoy jkc ]rcsckt pcrfcht sbdpoc nkg prcsckt
wjrg bk cnha lnp. pcrfcht hjktbkujus wbta fjr  nkg
 nkg sbkhc
3 Hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs wbta fjr  jr
 jr sbkhc.
> Wacy‒vc icck ajdcocss dnky
Ns n habo g,  Ej  tac ajdco css 
Ejkns Hjrjkn uscg tj aco p ta ycnrs.
otajula E
wbta abs djtacr. Iut nota  Ejjkns wns jko y f jur  9 Xac‒s icck vjouktccrbkl wbta us
 nt 
ycnrs jo g, ac wns vcry hnrbkl nkg wns sajh`cg 9=>2.
want ac (> )  sccbkl. Bt wns tcrrbio c tant  8 Rju‒vc wnktcg tant grcss yju snw
nguo ts wcrc (9 )  (o bvc) wbtajut n ajdc.  bt bk tac sajp.
Iut habo grck (8 )  suff crbkl, tjj.  7 Xnd nkg Nkn anvc icck ljbkl jut
(7 ) tac pnrty.
 E
 Ejjkns nkg abs d  dj
jtacr u  usscg tj    3 B anvck‒t fcot sj anppy djktas!
(vjo uktccr) wbta gbf f  fc  rckt ajdco css hanrbtbcs. Iut 
6 \c‒vc icck wnbtbkl fjr yju nk
  wcg habogr
strbht ruo cs jko y no oo j ogrck tj vjo uktccr jkc 
ajur.
gny n djkta. Wac hjurnlcjus yjukl i  ijjy 
(3 )  wjkgcr want dblat anppck bf  ac  6 \rbtc scktckhcs wbta tac prjdpts. Ssc tac
ang abs jwk hanrbty. Xj, wbta ta abs dud,
 tac aco p jf   ab prcsckt pcrfcht sbdpoc nkg  fjr  jr
 jr sbkhc.
 E
 Ejjkns (6 )  o cg Ojvc 
(stnrt) n hanrbty hno o  > wc / `kjw / Ejak / 9=>3
bk tac Dbr brrrjr.  
Xjjk  Ej Ejkns wns (< )  (dn`c) abs jwk  9 Gng / ang / tac sndc hjnt / twckty ycnrs
aco pbkl tac ajdco css n  nss   
ruo cs, nkg (1 ) 
duha ns ac wnktcg. Ac   
(2 ) (jrlnkbzc)  8 yju / obvc / acrc / yju wcrc ijrk
cvckts tj lbvc tacd f jjg nkg ho jtacs, nkg tj  tjys tj   
habo grck waj gbgk ‒t  annvc nky jf  tacbr jwk. Wjgny 
 ‒t a 7 B / kjt cnt / nky hajhjontc / twj wcc`s
bs 
 E
 Ejjkns  ‒s ‒s hanrbty ans lrjwk ckjrdju so 
y 5 tarj u la a oc.  3 Cddn / kjt spcn` / tj Dnx / acr ibrtagny pnrty
 c  ss nhtbjks, E
sco ff oo  jkns ans aco pcg jvcr 73,=== pcjpoc.
 Ej
 

>=>
 

>
Vjhniuonry rcfcrckhc

>.> Ngectbvjs5 pcrsjknobgng >.7 Cxprcsbjkcs õtbocs

ˁaɞ˝tɥg/  
ibl-acnrtcg (nge) /ˏiɥɮ ˁaɞ˝tɥg/ gc lrnk hjrnzøk (cxpr.) Djstrnr bktcrâs y gchcphbøk
hnrbkl (nge) /ˁ`cɒrɥŀ/
/ˁ`cɒrɥŀ/   sjoähbtj/n (nge.) Djstrnr bktcrâs/fnotn gc bktcrâs
hjurnlcjus
hjurnlcj us (ng
(nge) e) /`ɒˁrcɥgʙɒs/ 
/`ɒˁrcɥgʙɒs/  vnobcktc (nge.)
B‒d qubtc / kjt rcnooy bktcrcstcg bk … (-bkl
(- bkl /
 / want / ajw +
hruco (nge) /ˁ`ru˝ɒo/
/ˁ`ru˝ɒo/   hruco (nge.)
frnsc)
gcpckgnioc (nge) /gɥˁpckgɒio/
/gɥˁpckgɒio/   fbnioc (nge.)
djgcst (nge) /ˁdəgɥst/ 
/ˁdəgɥst/  djgcstj/n (nge.) Cstjy instnktc bktcrcsngj/n ck... / Kj cstjy duy bktcrcsngj/n
ck...
/ˏəptɥˁdɥstɥ`/  
jptbdbstbh (nge) /ˏəptɥˁdɥstɥ`/ jptbdbstn (nge.)
... rcnooy fnshbkntcs dc ... dc npnsbjkn
npnsbjkn..
jutljbkl (nge) /ˁnʅtɮɒʅɥŀ/ 
/ˁnʅtɮɒʅɥŀ/  cxtrj
cxtrjvcrtbgj/n
vcrtbgj/n (nge.)
rcspjksbioc
rcspjksb ioc (ng
(nge) /rɥˁspəksɒio/ 
e) /rɥˁspəksɒio/  rcspjk
rcspjksnioc
snioc (nge.) ... rcnooy nppcnos / gjcsk‒t (rcnooy) nppcno tj dc
scofocss (nge) /ˁscofoɒs/ 
/ˁscofoɒs/  notrubstn (nge.) ... (kj) dc oondn (duhaj) on ntckhbøk.
suppjrtbvc (nge) /sɒˁpɗ˝tɥv/ 
/sɒˁpɗ˝tɥv/  hjdpr
hjdprcksbvj/n
cksbvj/n (nge.) B‒g ojvc tj … Dc ck
ckhnktnrän...
hnktnrän...
/ˏsɥdpɒˁαctɥ`/  
sydpntactbh (nge) /ˏsɥdpɒˁαctɥ`/ hjdpnsbvj
hjdpnsbvj/n /n (nge.) Djstrnr sntbsfnhhbøk
B‒d rcnooy
rcnooy pocnscg wbta … Cstjy duy sntbsfchaj/n hjk...
>.> Dîs vjhniuonrbj Bt wns djkcy / tbdc wcoo spckt!
hurrcktt (k) /ˁ`ʏrɒkt/
hurrck /ˁ`ʏrɒkt/   hjrrbckt
hjrrbcktc
c (sust.) Cs gbkcrj / tbcdpj ibck bkvcrtbgj.
/grɗ˝/ 
grnw (k) /grɗ˝/  sjrtcj (sust.) Want‒s n lr
lrcnt
cnt rrcsuot.
csuot. Cs uk lrnk rcsuotngj.
lcsturc (k) /ˁgʙcstʈɒ
/ˁgʙcstʈɒ((r)/  lcstj (sust.)
B eust ojvc +bkl
+bkl.. Dc ckhnktn.
/ˁpækɥ`/ 
pnkbh (k) /ˁpækɥ`/  pîkbhj (sust.)
/ˁræfo/ 
rnffoc (k) /ˁræfo/  sjrtcj (sust.) Cxprcsnr gchcphbøk
snonry (k) /ˁsæoɒrb/
/ˁsæoɒrb/   sucogj (sust.) B‒d n ibt gbsnppjbktcg wbta …
Cstjy uk pjhj gchcphbjkngj/n hjk...
>.9 Hjojhnhbjkcs5 lct   yy dn`c Bt wns n wnstc jf tbdc / cffjrt / djkcy.
ˁictɒ(r)/ 
lct icttcr (v) /ɮct ˁictɒ( dcejrnr (v.) An sbgj ukn pârgbgn gc tbcdpj / csfucrzj / gbkcrj.
lct bkvjovcg (v) /ɮct ɥkˁvəovg/ 
ɥkˁvəovg/  bkvjouhrnrsc (v.) Cxprcsnr cspcrnkzn
lct pcrdbssbjk (v) /ɮct pɒˁdɥʈk/
pɒˁdɥʈk/   tckcr pcrdbsj (v.) Bt‒g ic icttcr bf … dngc / hjuog …
ˁfb˝oɥŀ/  
lct tac fccobkl (v) /ɮct ýɒ ˁfb˝oɥŀ/ tckcr on scksnhbøk gc Xcrän dcejr sb... abhbcsc/pugbcsc...
quc (v.) Bt‒oo ic lrcnt
lrcnt wac
wack
k … Xcrî lckbno hunkgj...
gʏk/   anhcr ons hjsns (v.)
lct tabkls gjkc (v) /ɮct αɥŀz gʏk/
B rrcnooy
cnooy ajpc … Cspcrj gc vcrgng quc...
lct uscg tj (v) /ɮct eu˝sg tu˝/
tu˝/   nhjstudirnrsc (v.)
dn`c n prjdbsc (v) /dcɥ` ɒ ˁprədɥs/ Ajpcfuooy, B‒oo … Hjk sucrtc, ...
ˁprədɥs/   prjdctcr (v.)
ˁcfɒt/   csfjrznrsc (v.)
dn`c nk cffjrt (v) /dcɥ` ɒk ˁcfɒt/
dn`c nk bdprcssbjk (v) hnusnr ukn bdprcsbøk (v.)
/dcɥ` ɒk ɥdˁprcʈk/
dn`c tac djst jf (v) nprjvcha
nprjvchanr
nr no dîxbdj (v.)
/dcɥ` ýɒ dɒʅst ɒv/

>=9
  >
 
 

Vjhniuonry prnhtbhc
> ]ut tac octtcrs bk jrgcr tj dn`c ngechtbvcs tj 8 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta tac wjrgs bk tac ijx.
hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs.
icttcr hruco lct bkvjovcg lcsturc jptbdbstbh
> ] N W A W
B pnkbh sco﬉css sydpntactbh
X R
C D R H

  \ack n habog bs fccobkl upsct, tacy

t acy kccg sjdcjkc waj
wboo ic tj tacbr prjiocds.
9
Y
K
B ]
X
J
X Habogobkc
C I O
(> ) ponhc 
C  Wac wj
 Wa  wjrog hnk sccd ob`c n   
 yjkc t j t no` t j, cspchbnoo y   y 
 wack yj
 wa  vck‒t  ljt  nk yj
 yju an vc
Nocx bs n ijy waj nownys dn`cs c S
 S@ @  hanrbt   y 
 y 
 yju‒rc n habog. Iut  sbkhc >216, t a
bf  yj
surc jtacr pcjpoc nrc J@.  yjukl pcjpoc oc  t ac jppjrt ukbt   y 
 y 
Habogobkc ans lb vc  vck yj
8 C D  iocds wb  wbt a n (9 ) 
G t j gbshuss t acbr prj io
 wjrrbcg, gcprcsscg jr su f crbk
 suf f  bkll 
X J W nguot . Bf   n n habog bs wj
 y hnk pajkc, 
t nh`, t ac y 
nt t 
f rjd n (8 ) 
  Dbn bs n irboobnkt tckkbs ponycr, iut sac‒s vcry  wbt a t ac hanrbt   y‒  vjoukt ccrs, 
 y‒s vj
cdnbo jr hant  jkobkc wb
 y kccg. Dnk y   y 
nijut acr tnockts.  waj hnk t ack lc
 wa  lct  t acd t ac acop t ac y 
7 O S pcjpoc wa  waj vj vjoukt ccr wb  wbt a Habogobkc 
(7 ) cc t ac prj io
 y sc
ac y s  iocds 
Y C H    ic
 ichnusc t   y. Bt ‒s n (3    )
 yjukl pcjpoc n
 yj  nrrc f nhbkl t jgn y.
  \ay gbg yju rubk Kjna‒s pnbktbkl: Want wns n  y bdpjrt nkt   6  
 vcr y 
(  ) t ant  hnk 
nkg vc
tabkl tj gj.
bdprj vc  vcs jf  dnk y 
 vc t ac ob vc  y habogrck. Bk t urk, n ojt  
ct  
3 C J H S J  habogrck sn y 
jf  ha  y t ant  t acbr sbt unt bjks st nrt cg t j l
X N L (< )   y hnoocg Habogobkc. Wa
t cr t ac y 
nf t   Wank`s 
Y S
 y, t acsc habogrck hnk kj w 
 y,  w f cco djrc 
t j t ac hanrbt 
Cobzn ans fnhcg dnky prjiocds bk acr obfc, iut sac‒s n (1 )   ijut  t acbr f ut urcs.
n ij
vcry yjukl wjdnk.
6
I 7 Wrnksontc tac scktckhcs.
O C > Bk tac onst fcw wcc`s, jur suppjrtbvc nkg hnrbkl
] C K vjouktccrss anvc i
vjouktccr icck
cck lcttbkl tabkls gjkc.
G C G N
 

  B kccg n frbckg waj B hnk rcoy jk!

9 \aboc tac ajdcocss wjdnk wns sbttbkl jutsbgc tac
9 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk. sajp, n scofocss yjukl dnk lnvc acr nnoooo abs djkcy.
> B‒d sjrry tj acnr yju‒rc boo. B ajpc yju lct icttcr /  
bkvjovcg sjjk.
9 Xnd gjcsk‒t ob`c abs kcw shajjo ukbfjrd, iut ac‒oo sjjk 8 Xnrna bs nk jutljbkl lbro waj ans dngc n fnktnstbh
lct tac fccobkl / uscg tj bt. bdprcssbjk jk pcjpoc.
8 Wabs dblat ic tac jkoy sukky gny tabs wcc`. Oct‒s dn`
dn`c
c  
n prjdbsc / tac djst jf bt!
7 Rju kccg tj lct pcrdbssbjk / tabkls gjkc tj usc tac 7 B‒vc wnktcg tj lct bkvjovcg bk hanrbty wjr` fjr n ojkl
shajjo lyd. tbdc.
3 B lct icttcr / tac fccobkl sjdctabkl strnklc bs  
anppckbkl!
6 B ckejycg dcctbkl Envbcr. Ac rcnooy dngc nk cffjrt / 3 Dy hurrckt snonry bs vcry ojw, iut B dn`c tac djst jf
nk bdprcssbjk jk dc! want B‒vc ljt!
 

>=8
 

9 Skbt 9
Lrnddnr rcfcrckhc

]nst sbdpoc y pnst pcrfcht sbdpoc Hjk sustnktbvjs bkhjktniocs

]nst pcrfcht Wacrc bs / bsk‒t ckjula wntcr.
B/ R
Rj
ju / Ac / Xa
Xac / BBtt / \
\c
c / Wacy ang / cntck. Wacrc wns obttoc trnffbh jk tac rjng.
angk‒t Wacrc‒s n obttoc bhc hrcnd.
An
Ang
g B / yyju
ju / ac / sa
sac
c / bbtt / w
wc
c/ cntck: \c‒vc ojts jf / pockty jf tbdc tj rconx.
tacy
B‒vc ljt tjj duha wjr`.
Fjrdndjs co pnst
co pnst pcrfcht  sbdpoc hjk ang  y
sbdpoc hjk  y co pnrtbhbpbj
Ssjs
pnsngj. On fjrdn cs on dbsdn pnrn tjgns ons pcrsjkns.
Hnktbgngcs lrnkgcs
Ssj Cdpocndjs ojts jf  y pockty
 y pockty  jf  pnrn
 pnrn anionr gc hnktbgngcs
Cdpocndjs co pnst
co  pnst pcrfcht
pcrfcht sbdpoc pnrn djstrnr on rconhbøk
sbdpoc pnrn
lrnkgcs. Xjk cxprcsbjkcs uk pjhj dckjs fjrdnocs quc n
cktrc gjs nhhbjkcs pnsngns. Bkgbhn quc ukn nhhbøk (ck (ck pnst
 pnst
ojt jf .
 pcrfcht ) jhurrbø nktcs quc on jtrn (ck pnst
(ck  pnst sbdpoc).
sbdpoc).
Kjrdnodcktc cdpocndjs pockty
cdpocndjs pockty jf  pnrn
 pnrn rcfcrbrkjs n
\ack B nrrbvcg nt tac stntbjk, tac trnbk ang ocft. hjsns pjsbtbvns.
Ac ijulat tac hnr ichnusc ac‒g scck nk ngvcrt fjr bt. \c‒vc ljt pockty jf tbdc.
Gjk‒t wjrry! \c‒vc
Ojts jf  cs
 cs kcutrno, pucgc anhcr rcfcrckhbn n hjsns iuckns
ckjula, (n) fcw , (n) obttoc, ojts jf , pockty jf , j dnons.
tjj dnky, tjj duha B ljt ojts jf lrcnt prcsckts fjr dy ibrtagny.
Wacrc nrc ojts jf nhhbgckts jk tabs rjng.
Hjk sustnktbvjs hjktniocs ck pourno
]jgcdjs cdpocnr n ojt jf  ck ck jrnhbjkcs kclntbvns pnrn
\c anvc / anvck‒t ljt ckjula lonsscs. ckfntbznr
ckfntbz nr ukn hnktbgng pcqucþn, pcrj kj cs anibtuno quc
Wacrc wcrc fcw hnrs jk tac rjng. ons cxprcsbjkcs ojts jf  j pockty
 j  pockty jf  sc
 sc cdpocck gc cstn
B‒vc ljt n fcw swccts. dnkcrn.
B dct ojts jf / pockty jf kbhc pcjpoc. B gjk‒t cnt n ojt jf dcnt.
B‒vc ljt tjj dnky tabkls tj gj. Hnktbgngcs cxhcsbvns
Ssjs Cdpocndjs tjj dnky y
dnky y tjj duha pnrn
duha pnrn anionr gc
Hnktbgngcs sufbhbcktcs c bksufbhbcktcs hnktbgngcs lrnkgcs gc fjrdn kclntbvn, pnrn gchbr
]jgcdjs cdpocnr ckjula  ck jrnhbjkcs nfbrdntbvns pnrn
ckjula ck quc sjk gcdnsbngj lrnkgcs. Cdpocndjs tjj dnky dnky 
anionr nhcrhn gc ukn hnktbgng sufbhbcktc  gc nolj.
sufbhbcktc gc hjk sustnktbvjs hjktniocs ck pourno y tjj
y tjj duha hjk
duha hjk
Wacrc nrc ckjula hanbrs fjr cvcryjkc. sustnktbvjs bkhjktniocs.
Wacrc‒s ckjula tbdc. B tabk` tacrc
t acrc nrc tjj dnky ngvcrtbscdckts jk WV
WV..
Wndibâk pjgcdjs cdpocnr ckjula  ck jrnhbjkcs kclntbvns
ckjula ck Wacrc‒s tjj duha snot bk tabs sjup. Bt tnstcs ajrrbioc.
pnrn anionr gc ukn hnktbgng bksufbhbcktc
bksufbhbcktc..
Wacrc nrck‒t ckjula hanbrs fjr cvcryjkc.
Wacrc bsk‒t ckjula tbdc.
Hnktbgngcs pcqucþns
Cdpocndjs fcw
Cdpocndjs  y obttoc
 fcw y  pnrn anionr gc hnktbgngcs pcqucþns
obttoc pnrn
gc dnkcrn kclntbvn. Cdpocndjs fcw
Cdpocndjs fcw hjk sustnktbvjs
hjktniocs ck pourno y obttoc  hjk sustnktbvjs bkhjktniocs.
obttoc hjk
Fcw pcjpoc sajppcg tacrc sj tacy dngc obttoc djkcy.
Xbk cdinrlj, hunkgj cdpocndjs co nrtähuoj bkgcfbkbgj n,
nktcs gc fcw
gc fcw y  y obttoc
obttoc,, co sblkbfbhngj hndibn. Cdpocndjs n
 y n obttoc pnrn
 fcw y
 fcw obttoc pnrn anionr gc hnktbgngcs pcqucþns gc fjr fjrdn
dn
pjsbtbvn.
\c snw n fcw ljjg inkgs nt tac fcstbvno.
>=7 
Wacrc wns n obttoc suksabkc nt oukhatbdc.
  9
 

Lrnddnr prnhtbhc

]nst sbdpoc nkg pnst pcrfcht sbdpoc ckjula, (n) fcw , (n) obttoc, ojts jf , pockty jf ,
> Skgcrobkc tac nhtbjk bk ijog wabha anppckcg fbrst. tjj dnky, tjj duha
> B snw tac fbod tant yju‒g rchjddckgcg. 7 Hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs
scktckhcs wbta tac wjrgs bk ttac
ac ijx.
9 \c dct n ijy waj ang gcsblkcg n rcnooy hjjo npp.
8 Ac‒g ojst tac rchcbpt sj ac hjuogk‒t lct abs djkcy ckjula ckjula obttoc pockty jf tjj dnky
tjj duha
inh`.
7 B tjj` tac 2.=< trnbk ichnusc B ‒g dbsscg tac 1.8<.
> Wacrc‒s n dbstn`c jk dy rchcbpt. Rju‒vc hanrlcg dc
3 Ichnusc wc angk‒t irjulat n dnp, wc ljt ojst.
djkcy.
9 Gjk‒t iuy tajsc sajcs. Rju‒vc ljt tj fbt
9 ]ut tac wjrgs bk jrgcr tj dn`c scktckhcs.
bk yjur wnrgrjic!
8 Xajps nrc wjrrbcg ichnusc hjksudcrs nrck‒t spckgbkl
djkcy tabs ycnr.
7 Wac qubctcst tbdc jf gny bs cnroy djrkbkl, wack tacrc‒s
trnffbh jk tac rjng.
3 Wac sajps gjk‒t saut tboo >= p.d. \c‒vc ljt
tbdc!
6 B‒vc icck snvbkl up fjr wcc`s nkg kjw B‒vc ljt
l jt
djkcy tj iuy tajsc kcw ijjts!

3 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk tj hjdpoctc tac tcxt.

AJDC KC\X NYWBHOCX GJ\KOJNGX

> wckt / trbcg / B / hrjbssnkts / angk‒t / uktbo / tj Frnkhc (>) Ojts jf  /

 / Ckjula pcjpoc sny tant tacrc nrc tjj
  B . (9) duha / dnky ngvcrtbscdckts gbrchtcg nt habogrck
9 ang / ljt / ac‒g / n sajwcr / ac / grcsscg tacsc gnys. Wacy nrluc tant ngvcrtbscrs anvc tjj
(8) dnky / duha bkfouckhc jk habogrck waj anvc (7) obttoc /
  Nftcr .
8 norcngy / tac stntbjk / ang / B / nt / dy trnbk / nrrbvcg / n obttoc pjwcr tj rcsbst tacbr sjpabstbhntcg tchakbqucs.
ocft Notajula tabs bs n hjddjk jpbkbjk, (3) n fcw / n obttoc 
  Iy tac tbdc . cguhntbjk cxpcrts gbsnlrcc. Dnrtyk Ajp`bks, n prbdnry
7 gbgk‒t tn`c / dy hndcrn / B / nky pajtjs / fjrljttck / sj shajjo acng tcnhacr, icobcvcs tant habogrck kccg (6) n
B‒g . obttoc / pockty jf  jppjrtukbtbcs
 jppjrtukbtbcs tj scc ngvcrtbscdckts

3 hjdponbkcg / stjppcg / tac ngvcrt / ichnusc / nkg

tacyocnrk
wjr`,‒frjd
snystacd. ‑Bt‒s tac jkoy wny tj gbshjvcr ajw
pcjpoc / ang / nijut bt / irjnghnstbkl
Dr Ajp`bks. ‑Bf
  Wacy
habogrck anvc
. (<) fcw / obttoc 

hjktnht wbta
8 Hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs wbta tac pnst sbdpoc jr pnst
ngvcrtbsbkl,
pcrfcht sbdpoc fjrd jf tac vcris bk irnh`cts.
tacy wjk‒t anvc
> Wac hjksudcrs (honbd) tant tac (1) ckjula / ojts jf  
hjdpnky (kjt ngvcrtbsc) bts
cxpcrbckhc tj rcsbst
prjguhts hjrrchtoy.
bt ns suhhcssfuooy ns
9 Wac hjdpnky (prjdjtc) tac
nguots.‒
prjguhts tant (ic) ocss pjpuon
pjpuonrr.
8 Hustjdcrs waj ijulat tac hrcnd qubh`oy
(rcnobzc)
(rcnobzc) tant tac snocsdnk
(cxnllcrntc)
(cxnllcrnt c) bts ickcfbts!
7 Wac sajp (kjt hojsc) uktbo tac onst
hustjdcr (ocnvc).

>=3
 

9
Vjhniuonry rcfcrckhc

9.> Vcrijs5 puiobhbgng 9.7 Cxprcsbjkcs õtbocs

/ˁægvɒtnɥz/  
ngvcrtbsc (v) /ˁægvɒtnɥz/ puiobhbtnr (v.) Gcshrbibr hunobgngcs y tnocktjs pcrsjknocs
nppcno (v) /ɒˁpb˝o //   ntrncr (v.) Gcshrbibr hunobgngcs pcrsjknocs
/ɒˁpɥɒ((r)/ 
nppcnr (v) /ɒˁpɥɒ npnrchcr (v.)
B hjksbgcr dyscof
dyscof tj ic (+ ngectbvj). Dc hjksbgcr
hjksbgcrj...
j...
irjnghnst (v) /ˁirɗ˝g`ɞ˝st/
/ˁirɗ˝g`ɞ˝st/   cdbtbr (v.)
B‒d pnssbjkntc
pnssbjkntc nijut (+ -bkl / sustnktbvj) Dc npnsbjkn...
/`ocɥd/ 
honbd (v) /`ocɥd/  sjstckcr (v.)
cxnllcrntc
cxnllcrnt v) /ɥɮˁzægʙɒrcɥt/
c ((v) /ɥɮˁzægʙɒrcɥt/   cxnlcrnr (v.) B‒d qubtc
qubtc pntbc
pntbckt.
kt. Xjy instnkt
instnktc
c pnhbck
pnhbcktc.
tc.
/ˁɥkfouɒks/  
bkfouckhc (v) /ˁɥkfouɒks/ bkfouckhbnr (v.) B gj n ojt jf (+ -bkl / sustnktb
sustnktbvj)
vj) Gcgbhj duhaj tbcdpj n...
/ɥkˁfɗ˝d/  
bkfjrd (v) /ɥkˁfɗ˝d/ bkfjrdnr (v.) B nisjoutcoy ojvc (+ -bk
-bkl
l / sustnktb
sustnktbvj)
vj) Dc ckhnktn...
/dɒˁkɥpeʅocɥt/ 
dnkbpuontc (v) /dɒˁkɥpeʅocɥt/  dnkbpuonr (v.) B‒d n gcgbhntcg (+ sustnktbvj) Xjy uk/n... gcgbhngj/n.
/prɒˁdɒʅt/  
prjdjtc (v) /prɒˁdɒʅt/ prjdjhbjknr (v.) Gcshrbibr tnocktjs y anibobgngcs
rchjddckg
rchjd dckg ((v) /ˏrc`ɒˁdckg/  
v) /ˏrc`ɒˁdckg/ rchjdckgnr (v.)
B ob`c tj
tj tabk` B‒B‒d
d (+ ngectbvj) Dc lustn pcksnr quc sjy
sjy...
...
B‒d ljjg nt / wbta … Xc dc gn ibck...
9.> Dîs vjhniuonrbj
hjktckt (k) /ˁ`əktckt/
/ˁ`əktckt/   hjktckb
hjktckbgj
gj (sust.) B‒vc ljt n ljjg cyc fjr gctnbo.
/ˏ`rcgɒˁiɥoɒtb/  
hrcgbibobty (k) /ˏ`rcgɒˁiɥoɒtb/ hrcgbibobgng (sust.) Wcklj iuck jej pnrn ojs gctnoocs.
fndc nkg fjrtukc (k) fndn y fjrtukn (sust.
(sust.)) … bsk‒t / ljbkl tj ic n prjiocd fjr dc.
/fcɥd ɒkg ˁfɗ˝tʈu˝k/ … pnrn dä kj cs/scrî uk prjiocdn.
ɒˁpb˝o/ 
dnss nppcno (k) /dæs ɒˁpb˝o/  lrnk nhcptnhbøk (sust.) Dy tcnhacr(s) ans / anvc icck rcnooy bdprcsscg wbta / iy …
/ˁstɗ˝rbonɥk/  
stjryobkc (k) /ˁstɗ˝rbonɥk/ trndn (sust.) Db prjfcsjr/n sc an qucgngj duy bdprcsbjkngj/n hjk / pjr...
/sɒiˁs`rnɥiɒ(r)/  sushrbptjr (sust.)
suishrbicr (k) /sɒiˁs`rnɥiɒ( Gcshrbibr cxpcrbckhbn
B‒vc pbh`cg up n ojt jf vnounioc cxpcrbckhc wbta …
9.9 Br gc hjdprns Ac ngqubrbgj ukn cxpcrbckhbn duy vnobjsn hjk...
inrlnbk (k, v) /ˁiɞ˝ɮɒk //   lnkln (sust.), rclnt
rclntcnr
cnr (v.) B‒vc icck …-bkl
…-bkl fjr
 fjr … ycnrs / djktas.
ibg (k, v) /iɥg/ 
/iɥg/  puen (sust.), puenr (v.) Dc ac gcgbhngj n... gurnkt
gurnktc...
c... nþjs / dcscs.
irjwsc (v) / irnʅz /  /  knvclnr (v.)
/ˁirnʅzɒ((r)/ 
irjwscr (k) /ˁirnʅzɒ knvclngjr (sust.)
hanrlc (k, v) /tʈɞ˝gʙ/ 
/tʈɞ˝gʙ/  hnrln (sust.), hnrlnr (v.)
hjksudc (v) /`ɒkˁseu˝d/ 
/`ɒkˁseu˝d/  hjksudbr (v.)
hjksudcr (k) /`ɒkˁseu˝dɒ
/`ɒkˁseu˝dɒ((r)/  hjksudbgjr (sust.)
/ˁpɟ˝tʈɒs/  
purhansc (k, v) /ˁpɟ˝tʈɒs/ hjdprn (sust
(sust.),
.), hjdprnr (v.)
rcfukg (k, v) /ˁrb˝fʏkg/,
/ˁrb˝fʏkg/, /rɥˁfʏkg/
/rɥˁfʏkg/   rccd
rccdijosj
ijosj (sust.),
rccdijosnr (v.)
/sɥˁoc`t/ 
scocht (v) /sɥˁoc`t/  scochhbjknr (v.)
scochtbjk (k) /sɥˁoc`ʈk/ 
/sɥˁoc`ʈk/  scochhbøk (sust.)
/sɒˁponɥɒ((r)/ 
suppobcr (k) /sɒˁponɥɒ prjvc
prjvccgjr
cgjr (sust.)
/sɒˁponɥ/ 
suppoy (v) /sɒˁponɥ/  prjvccr (v.)

>=6
  9
 

Vjhniuonry prnhtbhc
> Fbkg tck ngvcrtbsbkl vcris bk tac wjrgscnrha. Wack 8 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta tac wjrgs bk tac ijx.
hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs icojw wbta tac hjrrcht
vcris. nppcnocg inrlnbk ibg hjksudcr bk﬉uckhc
prjdjtc purhansc suppobcrs
C B K F O S C K H C

Q N D H X N K ^ D H

N G V C Y W B X C O (  ) ` kj w ws s t ac pj

 ta  pj w  wc cr j f
 vcr y 
C vc  y scksbioc  >  
L ] J E N D K E W N tbsccdck ts  ts n nk kg pr  prjdj tbj  tbjks tj   tj (9 ) 
ng vc vcr  tbs
wc rnrcoy  hj
oy h jksbgc bgcr ta tacbr  fch t
br  c f fc  t  jk 
jur spckgbkl. Iu t  t   wc
L D ] N ^ W F ] N B tacd. Xjdc  yc ycnrs nlj, t  wj wj 
 tac hjdpnkbc
 ta bcs waj dn` c  ta
s  wa
 tbvc cs n t wcoooo--` kj w
 t  n  wc  wk  btbsa
k Ir tbs  vnhuud 
a vn
C J \ C D \ J X J D dnr` c tbk  xchu tbv
 tbkl c xc
tac y a
 t  ta  y an ng ang n irboo bnk
rboobn  t bgcn. 
k t 
hocnkcr hjdpnk y   tajula t 
 y taj
Y W X ] N X Y N D H  t
 tj bkhrcnsc snocs,  ta
j bkh tac y   ffcrcg 
 y j ffc
Bk
Bk n  n  (8 ) 
 jr Cu  Curjpc  wbt wbta  y 
 vcr y 
a c vc
wj  frc
 t  wj bla t
 fobla
frcc fo s tj 
 ts  tac SX N  jr
 tj tac
N ] H Y K O D H E N
(7 )  j f n  vnvnhuud hoc ocn nkcr h  hj  tbkl £>==+. 
js tb
W I Y J N G H N X W fcr (3 )  tac 
 tj  ta
 tj
Kj t  t surprbsb bsbkloy oy,, t
 ta ac j f  fcr
 pcjpoc  ru
oc r usacg ju t  tj
 t t j iu y  vnhuud 
 y  vn
dnsscs, n  nkkg pc
C H E D K N J D ] ^  t fj  twj fo
jr twj  ts  wn
bla ts
 fobla wns nk 
hococnnkcrs. Wa  Wac rcon tbv  tbvc oy  sdnoooo  hjs t f
coy
Y C H J D D C K G W . B
 Bk  tno, 9==,===  vn
tj tn
k  tj vnhuud 
nisjou tc   tc (6 ) 
hocnkcrs  wc wcrc ijula t,  t, djrc tan  tank  ta tac (< ) 
\ X J W W ] H N H \ tac £8= dboooobj
 tboboo,o,   ta bjk k cnrkcg 
hjuog hjpc w  bta. \j
 wb ta.  \jrsc s t
jdpnrcg tj  tj t ac £3= dboboobobj
 ta jk 
N ] ] C N Y D N X J bk snoc s w
ocs  wn ns kj ta  tabkl h  hj
 y ta ac nbr bkcs. Wa
broobkc  Wabs gbsns t  tccr bs 
 tac hjdpnk y 
 tac  y ang  tj tj pn y t
> \c tabs prjguht ichnusc bt wjr`s fnstcr  tj c vc vcr yj  yjkc bk t bk taac n  ngg vc  tbsbkl 
 vcr tbs
nk bd  tnk t
 bdpjr tnk  t  rc
rcd dbkg bkgcr tj
tank tac jtacrs.  vcr (1 )  sjdc ta  tabkl 
bkgus tr y5
bkg yju sa
 y5  yj  sajuog  og kc vc
9 Ngvcrts sajuog kcvcr n prjguht‒s pjsbtbvc s djrc  ta tank tac  tac prjguh t  tsc of!
 btscof!
 w
 wbt a nk j f  fcr
bta  tan t hjs t
fcr ta  ts
qunobtbcs.
8 Bt hjsts djrc tj nk ngvcrt gurbkl n
7 Wrnksontc tac scktckhcs.
pjpuonr WV prjlrnddc.
> B wckt inh` tj tac sajp wack B rcnobzcg tacy ang
7 Hjdpnkbcs tacbr prjguhts jk WV, tac
hanrlcg dc tjj duha djkcy.
rngbj nkg jkobkc.
 
3 Xjdc prjguhts djrc nttrnhtbvc tj

yjuklcr nlc lrjups. 9 B gj n ojt jf rcngbkl, sj B hnk rchjddckg pockty jf ljjg

6 Xjdc hjdpnkbcs tacbr prjguhts nrc
ijj`s.
icttcr tank tacy rcnooy nrc.
 
9 Hjdpoctc tac tnioc. Wack tbh` (✘) tac kjuks tant hnk
rcfcr tj pcjpoc. 8 \ack yju snbg tabs sajp wns cxpcksbvc, yju wcrck‒t
cxnllcrntbkl!
Vcri Kjuk  
(>) ibg
(9) hjksudcr 7 Icfjrc sac fjukg fndc nkg fjrtukc jk WV, sac‒g jkoy
dngc n fcw ngvcrts!
(8) irjwscr  
(7) scochtbjk
3 Wac sajp gbgk‒t lbvc dc n rcfukg fjr tac sajcs ichnusc
(3) suppobcr
B‒g norcngy wjrk tacd.
 

>=<
 
 

8 Skbt 8
Lrnddnr rcfcrckhc

On pnsbvn5 pnsngj, prcscktc y futurj ]rjkjdircs rcfocxbvjs, prjkjdircs

ckfîtbhjs, cnha jtacr   yy jkc nkjtacr 
]rcsckt
suectj +
sbdpoc /pnssbvc
 / + pnrtb
rtbhbpbj
nd
nd / bs
bs / nrc ]rjkjdircs rcfocxbvjs/ckfîtbhjs
pnsngj
Xbkluonr ]ourno
Ckcrly bs (bsk‒t) snvcg.
B dyscof \c jurscovcs
]nst sbdpoc pnssbvc Rju yjurscof Rju yjurscovcs
suectj + wns / wcrc
wns / + pnrtb
rtbhbpbj
Ac abdscof Wacy tacdscovcs
pnsngj
Xac acrscof  
Ckcrly wns (wnsk‒t) snvcg.
Bt btscof  
Futurc pnssbvc
Ssjs
suectj + wboo ic + pnrtb
rtbhbpbj
N dckugj cdpocndjs prjkjdircs rcfocxbvjs hjdj jiectj
pnsngj
gc uk vcrij hunkgj co suectj y co jiectj sjk on dbsdn hjsn
Ckcrly wboo (wjk‒t) ic snvcg.
j pcrsjkn.
suectj + nd / bs
nd /  / nrc ljbkl tj ic + pnrtb
bs / rtbhbpbj
pnsngj Wac ijgy rcpnbrs btscof.
ijgy) btscof. (suectj 4 tac ijgy0 jiectj 4 tac
Ckcrly bs (bsk‒t) ljbkl tj ic snvcg. Co bkloâs cdpocn dckjs prjkjdircs rcfocxbvjs quc
Ssjs ons ockluns rjdnkhcs. Ck duhajs hnsjs, ck bkloâs kj
N dckugj cdpocndjs on pnsbvn hunkgj kj cstî honrj j kj cdpocndjs uk prjkjdirc rcfocxbvj, nukquc on nhhbøk scn
cs rcocvnktc qubâk an achaj nolj. nolj quc tc anhcs n tb dbsdj.
Nhhjrgbkl tj pjobhc, tac hn`cs wcrc stjock frjd tac in`cry irusa yjur tccta (KJ irusa yjurscof yjur tccta)
onst kblat. (Kj snicdjs qubâk ons rjiø.)
lct grcsscg (KJ lct yjurscof grcsscg)
Djrc hnojrbcs nrc iurkcg gurbkl cxcrhbsc. (Kj cs
bdpjrtnktc qubâk ons qucdø) Ojs prjkjdircs ckfîtbhjs tbckck on dbsdn fjrdn quc ojs
prjkjdircs rcfocxbvjs. Ojs cdpocndjs pnrn bkgbhnr quc
Xbk cdinrlj, n vchcs sc bkhouyc co nlcktc (on hjsn j
gctcrdbkngn pcrsjkn j hjsn ank rcnobzngj on nhhbøk. Ck
pcrsjkn quc anhc nolj) hunkgj cdpocndjs on pnsbvn. ]nrn
]nrn
cstc hnsj, kj cs co jiectj gco vcrij, pcrj sucoc hjojhnrsc
bkgbhnr co nlcktc, cdpocndjs iy.
iy.
 gco jiectj.
gcspuâs gco
gcspuâs
Vbtndbks
(nlcktc 4wcrc gbshjvcrcg
Hnsbdbr Fuk`) bk >2>9 iy Hnsbdbr Fuk`. Ac gcsblkcg tabs npp abdscof
abdscof.. (Xuectj 4 ac0 jiectj 4 tabs
npp)
Kutrbckts nrc nisjricg iy tac ijgy. (nlcktc 4 tac ijgy)
Wndibâk cdpocndjs iy +iy + prjkjdirc rcfocxbvj pnrn bkgbhnr
quc nolubck cstî sjoj, sbk hjdpnþän j sbk nyugn.
B wckt jk ajobgny iy dyscof. (4 sbk hjdpnþän)
\c dngc tabs pbzzn iy jurscovcs. (4 sbk nyugn)
Cdpocndjs cnha jtacr  y y jkc nkjtacr  pnrn
 pnrn anionr gc
nhhbjkcs rchäprjhns.
rchäprjhns. N oc anhc nolj n I y I oc anhc oj dbsdj
n N.
]nioj nkg Dnbtc tno` tj cnha jtacr / jkc nkjtacr.
4 ]nioj tno`s tj Dnbtc nkg Dnbtc tno`s tj ]nioj.
Cnha jtacr  y
 y jkc nkjtacr  tbckck
 tbckck co dbsdj sblkbfbhngj.

>=1
  8
 

Lrnddnr prnhtbhc

Wac pnssbvc ‘ pnst, prcsckt nkg futurc Ycfocxbvc prjkjuks, cdpantbh prjkjuks,
> \rbtc tac nlckt (tac pcrsjk jr tabkl rcspjksbioc fjr cnha jtacr  nkg
 nkg jkc nkjtacr 
tac nhtbjk) bk cnha scktckhc jr wrbtc = bf tac nlckt 7 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk.
bsk‒t dcktbjkcg.
  Wac udircoon wns fbrst bkvcktcg
bkvcktcg iy tac Habkcsc bk 8,3== IH.
>==%
  tac Habkcsc
> Xulnr wns uscg ns n prcscrvntbvc iy tac Nkhbckt Lrcc`s. Ajooy
jkobkc

9 ]jtntjcs wcrck‒t cntck bk Curjpc uktbo >386.

Ajooy
Gbg yju lj tj tant tno` nijut acnotay
8 Wabs gcobhbjus hn`c wns dngc iy dy lrnkgdjtacr. cntbkl ycstcrgny: Lcjrlbn nkg B wcrc
tno`bkl tj (>) cnha jtacr / jurscovcs 
7 Jur ijgbcs nrc rcpnbrcg waboc wc soccp. nijut bt nftcrwnrgs.
Ecssc
3 \ant typcs jf fjjg wboo ic cntck bk tac futurc:  R
 Rcs,
cs, B gbg. B rcnooy ckejycg
ckejycg bt.
\ant gbg yju tabk`:
Ajooy
9 Ycwrbtc tac vcri fjrds bk ijog bk tac pnssbvc tj \coo, Lcjrlbn norcngy cnts noo tac rblat fjjg
hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs. nkg gjcs n ojt jf spjrt ‘ nkg gjcs bt noo
( )
> \c lbvc tac nkbdnos n inonkhcg gbct. 9  acrscof / abdscof wbtajut nkyjkc tcoobkl
acr. Iut bt dngc dc rcnobzc ajw ing B nd.
  Wac nkbdnos n inonkhcg
Ecssc
gbct.
B tabk` yju tn`c hnrc jf (8) yjurscof
   /
9 Xac‒s ljbkl tj rcpnbr dy s`ntcijnrg kcxt wcc`.  yjurscovcs rcnooy wcoo. Iut wc hjuog
  Dy s`ntcijnrg kcxt wcc`. noo gj icttcr! B‒vc scck n hjj`cry
8 Xac pcrfjrdcg tac sjkl jk obvc WV. hjursc tant ojj`s ljjg. Bt jkoy uscs
jrlnkbh fjjg. Wack wc hnk prcpnrc
  Wac sjkl jk obvc WV.
noo jur dcnos (7) jkc nkjtacr /
7 Wacy‒rc ljbkl tj scoo jrlnkbh dcnos nt jur shajjo kcxt jurscovcs! Nrc yju bktcrcstcg:
ycnr.
Ajooy
  Jrlnkbh dcnos nt jur
 Rcs! \c hnk lj wbta (3) jkc nkjtacr /
 Rcs!
shajjo kcxt ycnr. dyscof! B rcnooy wnkt tj ocnrk djrc
3 Wacy wjk‒t rcocnsc tac fbod sjjk. nijut acnotay cntbkl, iut B gjk‒t wnkt tj
  Wac fbod sjjk. anvc tj gj bt noo (6) iy dyscof / iy yjurscof!

8 \rbtc qucstbjks bk tac pnssbvc tj hjdpoctc tac

dbkb-gbnojlucs. Ssc tac nkswcrs tj acop yju.
  N  cnha ycnr iy tccknlcrs: 3 Hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs wbta tac hjrrcht rcfocxbvc
Ajw dnky sulnry grbk`s nrc gruk` jr cdpantbh prjkjuk jr cnha jtacr  /  / jkc nkjtacr .
  I  Ckjula sulnry grb
grbk`s
k`s nrc gruk` tj fboo n inta! Wack tbh` (✘) tac scktckhcs wabha hjktnbk
> N  ocntacr: rcfocxbvc vcris.
  I  Kj, dy inl bs d
dngc
ngc jf ponstbh! > \c ojj`cg nt nkg rcnobzcg wc wcrc
9 N  jur cxnd rcsuots: wcnrbkl tac sndc grcss.
  I  Rju‒oo ic lbvck tacd sjjk. 9 Nrc yju J@, ]abo: Anvc yju aurt :
8 N  tj tac pnrty: 8 B‒vc kcvcr icck tj tac hbkcdn iy .
  I  Rcs, wc wcrc bkvbtcg tj tac pnrty! 7 Wacrc nrc sj dnky pcjpoc acrc! \c‒oo kcvcr fbkg
7 N  : bf wc lct scpnrntcg.
  I  Wacsc gcobhbjus hn`cs nrc dngc bk Lcrdnky
Lcrdnky.. 3 B hnk‒t icobcvc yjur irjtacr pnbktcg tant pbhturc
3 N  : . Bt‒s ndnzbkl!
  I  Noo tabs gcobhbjus hac
haccsc
csc bs ljbkl tj ic tar
tarjwk
jwk nwny 6 Wac oblats swbtha jk wack
ichnusc bt‒s ljkc pnst bts scoo-iy gntc! tacy gctcht djvcdckt.

>=2
 

8
Vjhniuonry rcfcrckhc

8.> Xustnktbvjs5 kutrbhbøk 8.7 Cxprcsbjkcs õtbocs

/ˁægɒtɥv/  
nggbtbvc (k) /ˁægɒtɥv/ ngbtbvj (sust.) ]cgbr y gnr bkfjrdnhbøk
/ɒˁdnʅkt/ 
ndjukt (k) /ɒˁdnʅkt/  hnktbgng (sust.) ]cgbr bkfjrdnhbøk
/ˁ`æoɒrb/ 
hnojrbc (k) /ˁ`æoɒrb/  hnojrän (sust.)
Hjuog / Hnk yju cxponbk tj dc ajw bt wjr`s / want bt bkvjovcs:
hnrijaygrntc (k) /ˏ`ɞ˝iɒʅˁanɥgrcɥt/
/ˏ`ɞ˝iɒʅˁanɥgrcɥt/   hnrijabgr
hnrijabgrntj
ntj (sust.)
º]jgräns/]ucgcs cxpobhnrdc
cxpobhnrdc hødj fukhbjkn / ck quâ
/fæt/  
fnt (k) /fæt/ lrnsn (sust.)
fbirc (k) /ˁfnɥiɒ(
/ˁfnɥiɒ(r)/  fbirn (sust.) hjksbstc:
Hjuog / Hnk yju tcoo dc ajw / n ibt djrc nijut …:
/ˁdɥkɒrɒo/ 
dbkcrno (k) /ˁdɥkɒrɒo/  dbkcrno (sust.)
º]jgräns/]ucgcs cxpobhnrdc
cxpobhnrdc hødj / uk pjhj dîs sjirc.
sjirc...:
..:
kutrbckt (k) /ˁkeu˝trbɒkt/
/ˁkeu˝trbɒkt/   kutrbcktc (sust.)
/prɥˁzɟ˝vɒtɥv/  
prcscrvntbvc (k) /prɥˁzɟ˝vɒtɥv/ hjkscrvnkt
hjkscrvnktc c (sust.) B‒g ob`c
ob`c tj `kjw wa
want
nt …: ºDc lustnrän snicr quâ.
quâ...:
..:
/ˁprɒʅtb˝k/  
prjtcbk (k) /ˁprɒʅtb˝k/ prjtc
prjtcäkn
äkn (sust.) Bs bt pjssbioc tj …: ºCs pjsbioc
pjsbioc...:
...:
/ˁsɟ˝vɥŀ/ 
scrvbkl (k) /ˁsɟ˝vɥŀ/  rnhbøk (sust.) Gnr bkfjrdnhbøk
/ˁvɥtɒdɥk/  
vbtndbk (k) /ˁvɥtɒdɥk/ vbtndbkn (sust.) B‒g ob`c tj cxponbk … Dc lustnrän cxpobhnr...
Oct dc cxponbk ajw bt wjr`s.
8.> Dîs vjhniuonrbj Gâendc quc tc cxpobquc hødj fukhbjkn.
inonkhcg (nge) /ˁiæoɒkst/ 
/ˁiæoɒkst/  cqubobirngj/n (nge.)
\ant tacy noo
noo gj bs … Oj quc anhck cs...
/gɥˁoɥʈɒs/ 
gcobhbjus (nge) /gɥˁoɥʈɒs/  gcobhbjsj/n (nge.)
Bf yju ojj`
ojj` nt …, yju‒oo sc
scc
c … Xb dbr
dbrns...,
ns..., vcrîs...
/ˁɮrætɥfnɥɥŀ/  
lrntbfybkl (nge) /ˁɮrætɥfnɥɥŀ/ lrntbfbhnkt
lrntbfbhnktc
c (nge.)
djuta-wntcrbkl
djuta-wntcrbk l (nge) quc anhc on ijhn nlun Anvc n ojj` nt / jk … tj scc djrc gctnbos.
wɗ˝tɒrɥŀ/  
/ˁdnʅα wɗ˝tɒrɥŀ/ (cxpr.) Chan uk vbstnzj n/ck... pnrn dîs gctnoocs.
prjhcsscg
prjhcs scg (ng e) /prɒˁscst/
(nge) /prɒˁscst/   prjhcsngj/n (nge.) Xjdc jf tacd …, waboc jtacrs …
/ˁvcɒrbg/  
vnrbcg (nge) /ˁvcɒrbg/ vnrbngj/n (nge.) Nolukjs..., dbcktrns quc jtrjs...
Jkc rcnooy bdpjrtnkt tabkl B sajuog pjbkt jut bs tant …
8.9 Vcrijs5 hødj fukhbjknk ons hjsns Skn hjsn duy bdpjrtnktc quc any quc gcstnhnr cs quc...
nisjri (v) /ɒiˁsɗ˝i /, / ɒiˁzɗ˝i/ 
ɒiˁzɗ˝i/  nisjricr (v.) Wabs kjt jkoy (+ vcrij), iut nosj …
ijjst (v) /iu˝st/ 
/iu˝st/  cstbduonr (v.) Kj sjoj cs..., sbkj tndibâk...
hjksudc (v) /`ɒkˁseu˝d/ 
/`ɒkˁseu˝d/  hjksudbr (v.)
/`ræʈ/ 
hrnsa (v) /`ræʈ/  iojqucnr (v.)
pcrfjrd (v) /pɒˁfɗ˝d/ 
/pɒˁfɗ˝d/  rckgbr (v.)
v) /ˁprɒʅscs/ 
prjhcsss ((v)
prjhcs /ˁprɒʅscs/  prjhcsnr (v.)
rcocnsc (v) /rɥˁob˝s/ 
/rɥˁob˝s/  obicrnr (v.)
rcpnbr (v) /rɥˁpcɒ(
/rɥˁpcɒ(r)/  rcpnrnr (v.)
/rcst/ 
rcst (v) /rcst/  gcshnksnr (v.)
trnkspjrt (v) /trækˁspɗ˝t/ 
/trækˁspɗ˝t/  trnkspjrtn
trnkspjrtnrr (v.)

>>=
  8
 

Vjhniuonry prnhtbhc
> Hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs
scktckhcs wbta tac wjrgs bk ttac
ac ijx. 8 Ssc tac scktckhcs tj hjdpoctc tac hrjsswjrg.
> 9
ndjukt hnojrbcs prcscrvntbvcs prjtcbk scrvbkl
vbtndbk 8 7

> N tccknlcr kccgs ictwcck 9,9== nkg 8,>== 8,>== 3

n gny.
9 H bs fjukg bk frubt, fjr cxndpoc
strnwicrrbcs,
strnwicr rbcs, jrnklcs nkg dnkljcs.
8 N acnotay gnboy jf bhc hrcnd bs nrjukg
6
jkc hup.
7 \c sajuog noo obdbt tac jf sulnr bk jur
fjjg nkg grbk`s.
<
3 Jrlnkbh fjjg ljcs ing fnstcr ichnusc bt gjcsk‒t hjktnbk
. 1
6 acops dushoc, ijkc, s`bk nkg iojjg
prjguhtbjk nkg bs fjukg bk clls, haccsc, dcnt nkg fbsa.

9 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht nkswcr, N, I jr H.

Skgcrstnkgbkl soccp Nhrjss

Xoccp ans n dnejr bdpnht jk jur qunobty jf obfc. Bt bs wcoo > B try tj cnt jkoy jkc jf hajhjontc n gny!
`kjwk tant ukocss wc (>)  prjpcroy, wc anvc ocss 3 Xjdc , fjr cxndpoc hjojurs nkg
ckcrly nkg ichjdc ocss nioc tj (9)  cvcrygny tns`s. prcscrvntbvcs, nrc vcry ing fjr yju.
Bk tac wjrst bkstnkhcs, n onh` jf soccp hnk hnusc jur
6 Wac nvcrnlc tccknlcr gjcsk‒t ckjula
ijgbcs tj (8)  . Xj ajw gjcs soccp wjr`:
vclctniocs!
\ack wc fnoo nsoccp, jur ijgbcs cktcr n hyhoc tant rcpcnts 1 Djst pcjpoc wjuog nlrcc tant n sobhc jf pbzzn bs
btscof cvcry 2= dbkutcs jr sj. Fbrst bs KYCD (kjk-rnpbg .
cyc djvcdckt) soccp. Jur ircntabkl ichjdcs sojwcr, Gjwk
ajrdjkcs nrc (7)  nkg djrc iojjg bs (3)  9 N haccsciurlcr gjcsk‒t hjktnbk dnky csscktbno
tj tac dushocs. Wabs noojws jur ijgbcs tj lrjw, nkg nky
.
gndnlc tj ic (6)  .
8 Bt‒s bdpjrtnkt tj cnt n vnrbcg nkg gbct.
Ajwcvcr, YCD (rnpbg cyc djvcdckt) soccp prjguhcs tac 7 N acnotay gbct nkg n ljjg kblat‒s soccp acop yju tj
ckcrly wc kccg fjr tac fjoojwbkl gny. Gurbkl tabs pnrt wcoo gurbkl tac gny.
jf tac hyhoc, tac irnbk bs nhtbvcoy (<)  bkfjrdntbjk < Fjjg hjktnbkbkl hnrijaygrntcs, fjr cxndpoc irjwk
tant wc anvc   (1 ) gurbkl tac gny0 pcranps kjt ircng nkg pnstn, hnk rcnooy yjur ckcrly
surprbsbkloy, bt bs bk tabs pansc tant grcnds jhhur. Bt bs
ocvcos.
icobcvcg tant ijta `bkgs jf soccp nrc hruhbno, iut tant tac
YCD pansc rcnooy (2)  tac pcrfjrdnkhc jf tac irnbk 7 Wrnksontc tac scktckhcs.
ns wcoo ns tac ijgy. > Kutrbckts nrc nisjricg bktj tac ijgy.
 
> N  rcst I  nisjri H  hjksudc
9 Wac dushoc kccgs tbdc tj rcpnbr btscof.
9 N  hrnsa I  pcrfjrd H  prjhcss
 
8 N  nisjri I  ijjst H  hrnsa
8 Wabs djuta-wntcrbkl rchbpc wns hrcntcg iy dy sbstcr.
7 N  ijjstcg I  rcpnbrcg H  rcocnscg
 
3 N  prjhcsscg I  trnkspjrtcg H  rcstcg
7 B gjk‒t noojw dyscof nky prjhcsscg fjjg.
6 N  hrnsacg I  rcpnbrcg H  prjhcsscg
< N  prjhcssbkl I  ijjstbkl H  trnkspjrtbkl  
3 B tabk` tant djrc jrlnkbh fjjg wboo ic hjksudcg bk tac
1 N  nisjricg I  rcstcg H  rcocnscg
futurc.
2 N  hrnsacs I  ijjsts H  hjksudcs
 

>>>
 

7 Skbt 7
Lrnddnr rcfcrckhc

]rbdcr y sclukgj hjkgbhbjkno Bf B wcrc yju …

]rbdcr hjkgbhbjkno Bf B wcrc

djrc yju, B‒g lct jut
jftck. B‒g
wcrclctyju.
jut djrc jftck bf B
Bf   // Skocss + prcsckt
Skocss +  prcsckt sbdpoc
sbdpoc wboo   // wjk
wjk‒‒t  +
 + bkfbkbtbvj
Bf yju gj yjln, yju‒oo fcco djrc rconxcg. Bf B wcrc Envbcr, B‒g hut gjwk B‒g hut gjwk jk dy usc jf
jk dy usc jf cochtrjkbh cochtrjkbh gcvbhcs bf B wcrc
wboo   // wjk
wjk‒‒t  +
 + bkfbkbtbvj bf   // ukocss  + prcsckt
ukocss +  prcsckt sbdpoc
sbdpoc
gcvbhcs.  Envbcr..
 Envbcr
Rju‒oo fcco djrc rconxcg bf yju gj yjln.
Ssj
Xclukgj hjkgbhbjkno Cdpocndjs on frnsc bf B wcrc yju pnrn
yju pnrn gnr hjkscej. Wc
Bf   // Skocss + pnst
Skocss + sbdpoc, 
 pnst sbdpoc,  wjuog   // wjuogk
wjuogk‒‒t  +
 + bkfbkbtbvj bdnlbkns ck on sbtunhbøk gc jtrn pcrsjkn y gbhcs oj quc
Skoc
Skocss
ss B w
wns
ns vc
vcry
ry aukl
auklry
ry Bw
wju
juog
ogk
k‒t cnt
cnt io
iouc
uc fjj
jjg.
g. anräns sb cstuvbcscs ck csn sbtunhbøk.
wjuog   // wjuogk
wjuogk‒‒t  +
 + bkfbkbtbvj bf   // ukocss  + pnst
ukocss +  pnst sbdpoc Bf B wcrc yju, B‒g try tj hnod gjwk.
Bw
wju
juoogk
gk‒‒t cnt
cnt iouc
iouc fjjg uk
ukoocss
css B wns vc
vcrry auk
auklr
lryy. B‒g sojw gjwk n ibt bf B wcrc Acockn.
Fjrdndjs jrnhbjkcs hjkgbhbjknocs hjk ukn hoîusuon
hjkgbhbjkno (quc hjdbckzn pjr bf   j
j ukocss
ukocss)) y ukn hoîusuon
Wcrhcr hjkgbhbjkno
gc hjkschuckh
hjkschuckhbn.
bn.
Co jrgck gc ons gjs hoîusuons kj cs bdpjrtnktc, co Bf   // Skocss + pnst
Skocss + pcrfcht,  
 pnst pcrfcht, wjuog  /
 / wjuogk
wjuogk‒‒t  +
 + anvc +
anvc +
sblkbfbhngj gc on jrnhbøk kj vnrän. Kjrdnodcktc scpnrndjs pnrtbhbpbj pnsngj
ons hoîusuons hjk ukn hjdn sb on hoîusuon hjkgbhbjkno cs on Bf ac‒
ac‒g
g wjrk trnbkcrs, ac‒
ac‒g
g anvc ruk fnstcr
fnstcr..
quc vn prbdcrj5 wjuog  /
 / wjuogk
wjuogk‒‒t  +
 + anvc +
anvc + bf  /
 / ukocss  + pnst
ukocss +  pnst pcrfcht 
Bf yju wjrc ycoojw, yju‒g fcco djrc haccrfuo. pnrtbhbpbj pnsngj
Xbk cdinrlj, cs pjhj anibtuno cdpocnr ukn hjdn sb on Ac‒g anvc ruk fnstcr bf ac‒g wjrk trnbkcrs.
hoîusuon gc hjkschuckhbn cs on quc hjdbckzn on jrnhbøk5 Ssjs
Rju‒g fcco djrc haccrfuo bf yju wjrc ycoojw. Cdpocndjs co tcrhcr hjkgbhbjkno pnrn anionr nhcrhn gc ukn
Skocss + vcrij ck nfbrdntbv
Skocss + nfbrdntbvnn sblkbfbhn oj dbsdj quc Bf   ++ sbtunhbøk quc fuc pjsbioc ck co pnsngj, pcrj kj jhurrbø.
vcrij ck kclntbvn. Bf B‒g trnbkcg anrgcr, B wjuog anvc wjk tac rnhc.
Skocss yju wjr` jut, yju wjk‒t anvc nky ckcrly. 4 Bf yju (]jgrän anicr cktrckngj dîs, pcrj kj oj abhc, nsä quc kj
gjk‒t wjr` jut, yju wjk‒t anvc nky ckcrly. lnkâ on hnrrcrn.)
Ssjs B wjuog anvc ijulat tant pajkc ukocss yju‒g rchjddckgcg
Cdpocndjs co prbdcr hjkgbhbjkno pnrn anionr nhcrhn gc tabs jkc.
pjsbiocs sbtunhbjkcs futur
futurns.
ns. (]jgrän anicrdc hjdprngj nquco tcoâfjkj, pcrj dc
Bf wc ojsc jur kcxt dntha, wc wjk‒t wbk tac hup. hjdprâ cstc pjrquc tõ dc oj rchjdckgnstc.)
(Cs pjsbioc quc pcrgndjs co pnrtbgj.)
Cdpocndjs co sclukgj hjkgbhbjkno pnrn anionr gc
sbtunhbjkcs bdnlbknrbns j abpjtâtbhns.
Bf yju wcrc nk Joydpbh swbddcr,
swbddcr, want wjuog yju cnt:
(Kj crcs kngngjr joädpbhj, nsä quc cs ukn sbtunhbøk
bdnlbknrbn.)
 >>9

7
 

Lrnddnr prnhtbhc

Fbrst nkg schjkg hjkgbtbjkno Wabrg hjkgbtbjkno

> Nrc tac scktckhcs bk tac fbrst jr schjkg hjkgbtbjkno: 7 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta tac tabrg hjkgbtbjkno fjrd jf
\rbtc > jr 9. tac vcris bk irnh`cts. Ssc hjktrnhtcg fjrds wacrc
> \ant wjuog yju gj bf yju wcrc tac pjssbioc.
]rbdc Dbkbstcr:

9 Ac‒oo ic rcnooy anppy bf ac fbkbsacs tac rnhc.

8 \c wjk‒t pnss tac cxnd ukocss wc stugy anrg.
7 Bf sac tjj` up n spjrt, sac wjuogk‒t ic sj ijrcg
nftcr shajjo.
3 Bf yju wcrc bk dy sbtuntbjk, want wjuog yju gj:
9 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk.
> \ant gj / wboo wc gj bf wc gjk‒t lj jut:
9 \juog yju tn`c / tjj` up n spjrt bf yju ang djrc tbdc:
8 Bf B hut / wboo hut gjwk jk sulnr, B‒oo fcco duha acnotabcr.
7 Bf Lrnkgpn ljt jut djrc, ac ‒g obvck / obvckcg up.
3 \c‒g noo fcco djrc rconxcg bf wc noo sojwcg / wjuog sojw 
gjwk.
6 Rju ‒oo ojjsck / wjuog ojjsck up fnstcr bf yju gj tacsc
strcthabkl cxcrhbscs.
Bk 9=><, Ibooy Djklcr, n yjukl Irbtbsa rnhbkl grbvcr, wns
wns
rnhbkl nt Gjkbkltjk ]nr`. Ibooy ang ang n ljjg ycnr icabkg
tac wacco, nkg wns `cck tj gj wcoo. Iut jk ta tabs
bs fntcfuo gny,
Ibooy gbgk‒t fbkbsa. Bkstcng n scrbcs jf gcvnstntbkl cvckts tjj`
ponhc tant hanklcg abs obfc fjrcvcr.
Bf Ibooy (>)  (kjt ic) bk tac rnhc,
ac (9)  (kjt anvc) n tcrrbioc
nhhbgckt. Bf ac (8)  (scc) tac
hnr bk frjkt jf abd, ac (7) 
(kjt hrnsa) bktj bt nkg ojst ijta abs ocls. Iut bf Ibooy
(3)  (kjt anvc) n fnktnstbh nttbtugc
tj obfc, ac (6)  (kjt dn`c) suha
nk ndnzbkl rchjvcry.
Wjgny, >2-ycnr-jog Ibooy obvcs wbta abs dud, gng nkg sbstcr.
]cranps, bf ac (<)  (kjt ichjdc)
(
gbsniocg, ac  1 ) (djvc jut) iy
kjw ‘ dnyic tj n Curjpcnk Hbty jr sjdcwacrc bk tac SXN.
Iut tacrc nrc dnky pjsbtbvc tabkls, tjj. ]cranps, bf abs obfc
(2)  (turk jut) gbffcrcktoy
gbffcrcktoy,, ac
(>=)  (kjt rchcbvc) n spchbno
nwnrg fjr abs bkhrcgbioc irnvcr y, nkg ac
(>>)  (kjt spckg) tbdc wbta abs
bgjo, Ocwbs Andbotjk.
Obfc bs fuoo jf bfs, iut Ibooy gjcsk‒t ojj` inh`. Wac hjurnlcjus
tccknlcr rcturkcg tj rnhbkl jkoy djktas nftcr abs nhhbgckt
nkg wjk. Wjgny
jgny,, cvcryjkc `kjws Ibooy Djklcr‒s kndc.

3 \rbtc scktckhcs nkg qucstbjks wbta tac prjdpts.

Ssc tac tabrg hjkgbtbjkno.
8 Ycwrbtc tac scktckhcs wbta Bf B wcrc … nkg tac > B / obstck / bf / sac / jpck up
schjkg hjkgbtbjkno fjrd jf tac vcri parnscs icojw.  
9 bf / yju / cnt / tajsc hn`cs / yju / anvc / nk noocrlbh
hut gjwk ojjsck up ﬎rst jpck up djrc
sojw gjwk tn`c up sbklbkl rcnhtbjk:

   Ejc fbkgs bt anrg

anrg tj tno` nijut abs pr
prjiocds.
jiocds.
  Bf B wcrc Ejc, B‒g jpck up djrc. 8 ac / pony / bk tac dntha / bf / ac / kjt aurt / abs nk`oc
> B cnt twj inrs jf hajhjontc cvcry gny.  
 
9 Ndcobn bs gjbkl tjj duha nkg sac‒s vcry tbrcg. 7 sac / anvc / n sjrc inh` / sac / kjt obft / tajsc acnvy
  wcblats:
8 B‒vc ljt nk cxcr
cxcrhbsc
hbsc honss nftcr shajjo.
 
7 Dnrbj wnkts tj try jut n kcw ajiiy
ajiiy.. 3 tacy / lct / jut djrc / tacy / dcct / djrc pcjpoc
   
 >>8

7
Vjhniuonry rcfcrckhc

7.> ]arnsno vcris5 ibckcstnr 7.7 Cxprcsbjkcs õtbocs

gnʅk/  
hnod (si) gjwk (par v) /`ɞ˝d gnʅk/ hnodnr (n nolubck) (v.) ]cgbr y gnr hjkscej
/tʈɥɒ(r) ʏp/
haccr (si) up (par v) /tʈɥɒ(  ʏp/   nkbdnr (n nolubck) (v.) ]cgbr hjkscej
gnʅk/  
hut gjwk (par v) /ˁ`ʏt gnʅk/ rcguhbr (v.)
\juog yju sullcst (+ -bkl ): º^uâ sulcrbräns...:
-bkl):
nʅt/ 
lct jut (par v) /ˁɮct nʅt/  snobr (v.)
\ant bf …: ºR sb...:
 ejbk bk (par v) /ˁgʙɗɥk ɥk/
ɥk/   ukbrsc (v.)
ʏp/ 
obvck up (par v) /ˁonɥvk ʏp/  nkbdnr (v.) \ant wjuog yju gj bf yju wcrc dc:
ojjsck up (par v) /ˁou˝sk ʏp/ 
ʏp/  rconenrsc (v.) º^uâ anräns sb cstuvbcscs ck db oulnr:
jpck up (par v) /ˁɒʅpɒk ʏp/ 
ʏp/  nirbrsc (v.) Gnr hjkscej
ʏp/ 
sct (si) up (par v) /ˁsct ʏp/  prcpnrnr (v.) Dn`c surc yju … Nhuârgntc gc...
sojw gjwk (par v) /ˁsoɒʅ gnʅk/ 
gnʅk/  frcknr (v.) Rju sajuog / sajuogk‒t … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj))
nʅt/  
strcss (si) jut (par v) /ˁstrcs nʅt/ cstrcsnr (v.) Gcicräns / Kj gcicräns...
tn`c up (par v) /ˁtcɥ` ʏp/ 
ʏp/  cdpcznr (n anhcr nolj) (v.)
Bf B wcrc yju, B‒g … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj))
Xb cstuvbcsc ck tu oulnr,...
7.> Dîs vjhniuonrbj Rju julat tj … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj)) Gcicräns...
nktbgjtc (k) /ˁæktbgɒʅt/
/ˁæktbgɒʅt/   nktägjtj (sust.)
Bf yju gj tant, yju‒oo … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj)) Xb anhcs csj, ...
dnttcr (k) /ˁdætɒ
/ˁdætɒ((r)/  hucstbøk (sust.)
/du˝g/ 
djjg (k) /du˝g/  audjr (sust.) \ay gjk‒t yju … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj): º]jr quâ kj...:
tj):
/ˁscʈk/ 
scssbjk (k) /ˁscʈk/  scsbøk (sust.) Dy ngvbhc wjuog ic tj … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj))
trcntdcktt (k)
trcntdck /ˁtrb˝tdɒkt/  
( k) /ˁtrb˝tdɒkt/ trntndbckt
trntndbcktjj (sust.) Db hjkscej cs quc...
wcoo-icbkl (k) /ˁwco ib˝ɥŀ/
ib˝ɥŀ/   ibckcstnr (sust.) Anvc yju tajulat nijut … (+ -bkl
- bkl):
): ºAns pcksngj ck...:
Gjk‒t fjrlct tj … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj)) Kj tc jovbgcs gc...
7.9 Gjojrcs y djocstbns
nhabkl dushocs /cɥ`ɥŀ ˁdʏsoz/ˁdʏsoz/   gjojr dushuonr
noocrlbh rcnhtbjk /ɒˁoɟ˝gʙɥ` rbˁæ`ʈk/ 
rbˁæ`ʈk/  rcnhhbøk noârlbhn
ˁocɮɥg/ 
irj`ck ocl /ˁirɒʅ`ɒk ˁocɮɥg/  pbcrkn rjtn
irubscg `kcc /iru˝zg kb˝/ kb˝/   rjgboon dnluoongn
gbsojhntcg sajuogcr ajdirj gbsojhngj
/ˁgɥsoɒ`cɥtɥg ˁʈɒʅogɒ(
ˁʈɒʅogɒ(r)/
s`ɥk/  
bthay s`bk /ˁɥtʈb s`ɥk/ pbhjr ck on pbco
/sɗ˝((r) iæ`/
sjrc inh` /sɗ˝  iæ`/   gjojr gc cspnogn
sprnbkcg wrbst /sprcɥkg rɥst/ rɥst/   cslubkhc ck on duþchn
kc`/  
stbff kch` /stɥf kc`/ tjrtähjobs
ˁæŀ`o/ 
swjoock nk`oc /ˁswɒʅoɒk ˁæŀ`o/  tjibooj abkhangj
 >>7 

Vjhniuonry prnhtbhc
> Hjdpoctc tac dbkb-gbnojlucs wbta tac hjrrcht 8 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta tac parnscs bk tac ijx.
parnsno vcris.
nhabkl dushocs ejbk bk obvck up ojjsck up sojw gjwk
> N  B‒d rcnooy tbrcg tjgny!
sjrc inh`s stbff kch` strcss jut
  I  Anvc n kbhc hup jf hjffcc! Bt‒oo s yju
u fjr tac gny.
9 N  B‒vc ljt ins`ctinoo tr
trnbkbkl,
nbkbkl, tack inkg pr
prnhtbhc
nhtbhc nkg
fbknooy n eugj honss.
  I  Rju rcnooy kccg tj s
8 N  B gjk‒
gjk‒tt wnkt tj ttno`
no` nijut dy pr
g
prjiocds.
jiocds.
!
 RJLN HONXXCX
 RJ
  I  Bf yju j u , dnyic B‒oo ic  y
 yjju  
Gjcs obfc (> ) 
nioc tj acop. : Nftcr n gn y  y  jf rusabkl frjd jkc 
tj (9 )  : 
7 N  Ajw dnky hnks jf hjo hjonn anvc yju ang: tabkl tj tac kcxt, bs bt gbffbhuot 
cp, acngnhacs, n 
  I  Warcc. B sajuog h g , Nrc  yj yju suffcrbkl frjd n onh` jf soc yjln.
sajuogk‒t B: (8 )  Wack bt‒s tbdc tj tn`c up  yj
:  Wa
3 N  B‒vc ang n tcrrbioc gny. B fcco nwfuo!  yssbhno cxcrhbsc5 bt‒s n  wa wajoc 
 Rjln bs djrc tank pa y
 Rj  y  
yjur ijg y
  I  Ja kj! \ant hnk B gj tj h yju pabojsjpa y  y  tant nooj w yju tn`c hjktrjo jf ijta  yj
 wss  yj
wack  yjyju nrc 
u : nkg  yj yjur dbkg.  Rj Rju hnk gj bt bk tac djrkbkl  wa
(7 ) , jr nt tac ckg 
6 N  Xnd bs rrcnooy
cnooy kcrvjus. Ac‒s ljt tarcc ccxnds
xnds tbrcg nkg kccg tj    (  ) nkg 
tjdjrrjw! jf tac gn y  y   wa yju kccg tj  3  
wack  yj
(6 ) .
  I  Iut ac‒s wjr`cg sj anrg. Ac gjcsk‒t kccg tj strctha tajsc    yju hnk 
s j nijut tacd.  Rjln bs n snfc nht  vb
 Rj ty fjr noo nlcs, nkg  yj
bvb  y 
wbta nk bkeur  y. y. ]cjpoc  wb wbta 
 vcck prnhtbsc bt  wb
c v  vcc fjukg 
9 Fbkg fbvc nhacs nkg pnbks parnscs. Wack hjdpoctc (< )  jr jtacr prjiocds an v
tac scktckhcs icojw wbta tac hjrrcht parnscs. r. Hjdc nkg 
tant  yjyjln acopcg tacd tj fcco icttc
X ] Y N B K C G \ Y B X W Q J N (1 )   jkc jf jur  yj yjln scssbjks. 
C \ ] O X W E B B K U A L K X F  Rju  wj
 Rj wjk‒t rclrct bt!
G J C S I S @ Y X W \ B Y V \ J
N O O C Y L B H Y C N H W B J K
I O C D S S F K N B A X Y ^ O \
N C W J B W H A R X @ B K C O V
I K U ^ X O Y ^ S E Q F S ] C G
S Q ] S C I X H \ W R Y R Q K D 7 Wrnksontc tac scktckhcs.
H K G X G G J F I L U L X ] N @ > Bf B wcrc yju, B‒g lct trcntdckt fjr yjur sjrc inh`.
 
G @ C @ @ W A L ^ S N E A J K R
C O E O K A O K @ U L ] K J @ H
9 Xjdc noocrlbh rcnhtbjks hnusc bthay s`bk.
C C @ B C J \ F N S R D B W O D
 
H V O R C I V X Q D Y E ^ J C O

> Bt‒s gbffbhuot tj wrbtc nt tac djdckt ichnusc B‒vc ljt 8 Bf Dnrtn ljt jut djrc, B‒g wjrry ocss nijut acr
n(k) . wcoo-icbkl.
9 Ynhaco abt acr ocl nlnbkst n gjjr nkg kjw sac‒
sac‒ss ljt  
n(k) .
8 Cvcry tbdc B cnt jkbjks, B lct n(k) . 7 B wjuog anvc ponycg tckkbs bf B angk‒
angk‒tt ang n gbsojhntcg
7 Ojj` nt Eunk Dnkuco‒s . Bt‒s duha sajuogcr.
ibllcr tank abs jtacr jkc!  

3 B kccg sjdc hrcnd ichnusc B‒vc ljt rcnooy 3 Rju‒oo fcco soccpy tjdjrrjw ukocss yju lj tj icg sjjk.
.
 
 >>3

3 Skbt 3
Lrnddnr rcfcrckhc Bktcrrjlntbvns
]rcluktns gc suectj \aj jrlnkbzcg tac prjtcst:
Vcrijs hjk -bkl y tj ]rcluktns gc jiectj \ant rblats gj wc anvc:
Hunkgj uk vcrij suhcgc n jtrj, any gjs fjrdns quc pucgc ^ucstbjk tnls Ac‒s qubtc nkkjybkl, bsk‒t ac:
ngjptnr co sclukgj vcrij. Nolukjs vcrijs sbcdprc vnk ]rcluktns quc tcrdbknk \aj nrc yju wrbtbkl tj:
sclubgjs pjr on fjrdn -bkl
-bkl55 ck ukn prcpjsbhbøk
B ckejycg obstckbkl tj yjur spccha. Ssjs
Jtrjs sbcdprc vnk sclubgjs pjr ukn fjrdn gc bkfbkbtbvj5 Ck prcluktns gc suectj, on pnrtähuon bktcrrjl
bktcrrjlntbvn
ntbvn ((want 
want ,
B‒vc gchbgcg tj stnrt n pctbtbjk. waj,, cth.) sc rcfbcr
waj rcfbcrc
c no suectj gco vcrij.
Xbk cdinrlj, nolukjs vcrijs pucgck br sclubgjs pjr ukn ‑\aj dngc tac spccha:‒ ‑Xnrn.‒ (\aj  prcluktn
 prcluktn pjr Xnrn, co
fjrdn -bkl  j uk bkfbkbtbvj hjk tj y
-bkl j tj y tbckck gbfcrcktc sblkbfbhngj suectj gco vcrij dngc .) .)
ck fukhbøk gc quâ fjrdn sc cdpocc. N hjktbkunhbøk, ukjs Fjrdndjs
Fjrdndjs prcluktns gc suectj hjk ukn pnrtähuon
cecdpojs hjdukcs5 bktcrrjlntbvn
bktcrrjlntbvn y uk vcrij prbkhbpno. Cdpocndjs co vcrij
gc on dbsdn dnkcrn quc ck jrnhbjkcs nfbrdntbvns. Kj
 fjrlct   /
/ rcdcdicr 
cdpocndjs co nuxbobnr gj  / gbg  ck
gj /  ck prcluktns gc suectj ck
B‒oo kcvcr
kcvcr fjrlc
fjrlctt dcc
dcctbkl
tbkl yyju.
ju. (kjt) a
anvc
nvc n d
dcdjr
cdjryy jf 
 prcsckt  y pnst
 y pnst sbdpoc.
sbdpoc.
Ac fjrl
fjrljt
jt ttj
j sck
sckg
g tac cdnb
cdnbo.o. (kjt) fj
fjrlc
rlctt sjd
sjdctabk
ctabkl
l yju \aj dngc tac spccha: (KJ \aj gbg dn`c tac spccha:)
anvc tj gj
Ck prcluktns gc jiectj, on pnrtähuon bktcrrjl
bktcrrjlntbvn
ntbvn ((want 
want ,
lj jk waj,
waj , cth.) anhc rcfcrckhbn n on pcrsjkn j co jiectj quc
Ac wckt jk tno`bkl fjr hjktbkuc rchbic on nhhbøk, j no jiectj gco vcrij.
ajurs. ‑\ant gbg yju tno` nijut:‒ ‑\c tno`cg nijut tac sbt-bk.‒
sbt-bk.‒
Ac stnrtcg n hndpnblk nkg hanklc tj n kcw nhtbvbty (\ant  prcluktn
 prcluktn nhcrhn gc on scktngn, co jiectj gco vcrij
wckt jk tj onukha n hanrbty. tno` nijut .).)
rclrct  Ons prcluktns gc jiectj ck prcsckt 
ck  prcsckt  y pnst
 y pnst sbdpoc cdpocnk
sbdpoc cdpocnk
B rrclr
clrct
ct lj
ljbkl
bkl tj ttac
ac d
dnr
nrha.
ha. ic sj
sjrry
rry nij
nijut
ut sj
sjdct
dctabk
abkl
l co nuxbobnr gj /
gj / gbg  y
 y co vcrij prbkhbpno ck bkfbkbtbvj.
yju gbg bk tac pnst \aj gj yju `kjw:
B rclrct tj sny tant kj jkc ic sjrry tj sny tant Stbobzndjs qucstbjk tnls no
tnls no fbkno gc ons jrnhbjkcs pnrn
ans sblkcg tac pctbtbjk. sjdctabkl bs truc nsclurnrkjs gc quc nolj cs hbcrtj j pnrn prcluktnr sb
stjp kucstrj bktcrojhutjr cstî gc nhucrgj.

B‒vc
B‒vc st
stjp
jppc
pcg
guusb
sbkl
kl pons
ponstbtbh.
h. kjt
kjt gj
gj sjd
sjdctctab
abkl
kl nk
nkyy d
djr
jrc
c Rju wckt tj tac gcdjkstrntbjk, gbgk‒t yju:
Xac stjpp
stjppcg
cg tj hant
hant ttj
jddc.
c. bkt
bktcr
crrup
ruptt nk nhtbjk
nhtbjk nkg gj Fjrdndjs ons qucstbjk tnls hjk
tnls hjk co nuxbobnr j co vcrij djgno
sjdctabkl cosc irbcfoy y co prjkjdirc suectj gc on pnrtc prbkhbpno gc on jrnhbø
jrnhbøk.
k. Xb
try co vcrij cs nfbrdntbvj ck on jrnhbøk, ck on qucstbjk tnl scrî
tnl scrî
kclntbvj y vbhcvcrsn.
B‒oo try sckgbkl nk cdnbo gj nk cxpcrbdckt tj scc bf
nijut tac rnooy. sjdctabkl wjr`s Rju `kjw Coobc, gjk‒t yju:
B‒d
B‒d ttry
rybk
bkl
l ttj
j lct
lct up cn
cnro
robc
bcrr. dn
dn`c
`c nk cf
cfffjrt
jrt \c hnk‒t lj jut, hnk wc:
Hunkgj on jrnhbøk hjktbckc uk vcrij nfbrdntbvj ck
 prcsckt sbdpoc j pnst
sbdpoc j sbdpoc, cdpocndjs on fjrdn kclntbvn
 pnst sbdpoc,
hjrrcspjkgbcktc gc gj ck
gj ck on qucstbjk tnl.
tnl.
Ac wnthacg tac dntha, gbgk‒t ac:
Nolukjs vcrijs sc cdpocnk hjk prcpjsbhbjkcs cspchäfbhns
(ojj` nt , tno` tj,
tj, hjddckt jk,
jk, cth.). Hunkgj cdpocndjs
cstjs vcrijs ck prcluktns gc jiectj, kjrdnodcktc
hjojhndjs on prcpjsbhbøk no fbkno.
\ant nrc yju ojj`bkl nt:
\ant wcrc tacy hndpnblkbkl fjr:
 >>6

3
 

Lrnddnr prnhtbhc

Vcris wbta -bkl nkg tj ^ucstbjk fjrds

> Wbh` (✘) tac hjrrcht scktckhcs. 8 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk. Ssc tac ukgcrobkcg
> \c rclrct bkfjrdbkl yju tac Ojkgjk trnbk bs wjrgs tj acop yju.
hnkhcoocg. > \aj gbg lj / wckt tj tac pnrty: Ojts jf pcjpoc wckt.
9 Ns wc wcrc wno`bkl gjwk tac rjng, wc stjppcg 9 \acrc gbg yju sbt / snt yju nt tac sbt-bk: \c snt bk tac

tj ojj` bk tac sajp wbkgjw. pnr`!

8 Ja kj! B fjr
fjrljt
ljt irbklbkl dy `cy! 8 \aj gbg yju tno` tj / tno`cg tj yju: B tno`cg tj Cockn.
7 B rcdcdicr tj lj tj dy lrnkgdn‒s ajusc wack 7 \ant gbg anppck / anppckcg onst kblat: N ibl rnooy
B wns obttoc. tjj` ponhc.
3 ]ocnsc stjp dn`bkl tant kjbsc. Bt‒s tcrrbioc! 3 Ajw dnky pcjpoc gbg sblk / sblkcg tac pctbtbjk: Jvcr
6 ]ocnsc lj jk rcngbkl. Bt‒s n wjkgcrfuo stjry. 9== pcjpoc sblkcg bt!
6 \ay gbg yju ocnvc / yju ocft tac pnrty cnroy: Ichnusc B
9 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta tac hjrrcht -b kl
kl jr tj fjrd jf wns tbrcg!
tac vcris bk irnh`cts.
7 Ojj` nt tac ukgcrobkcg wjrgs bk tac nkswcrs. Wack
B r cdccdicr   
 rcd (>) jtss jf
) tjj ojt
 (l jj) t jf   wrbtc tac qucstbjks. Ssc tac sndc vcri ns bk tac
prjtcsts ns n  n  tccknl cr. Nkg B wn  wns now ownnys t bkl  
ys trrybkl  nkswcr.
(9)   ( l ct) p
 (l   pcjcjppoc bktcrc cg b bkk gbffcrckt 
stcg
rcst   \aj wcrc yju hanttbkl tj:
 tj n sb t-bk,, iut B 
 sbt-bk   B wns hanttbkl tj Dnrtn.
hfnjr
usljt
jrljcst. (J8)k  hc,
c,  B bk
 bkvbt btccg  (n tfcrobc
 (t bck
o)o)  kagbd
bd  tant bt  bt wns bk n bk n   >
( )  (i  abd  
 (iuy) abd B‒d lcttbkl nkkjycg nijut tac kjbsc.
vcry d duuggy fbc og. B tr
fbcog. trbcbcgg  7  
 `! 9
kkccr nftc
gbkk tcrw rgss tj
rwnnrg tj s  ‑sjrry‒,‒,  iut bt
 snny ‑s bt g bgkk‒t wjr `!
 gbg
N lrjup jf tccknlcrs jrlnkbzcg tac dnrha.
Ns B l rcw jog jogcr nk nkgg stnrtcg dy  dy hn  hnrcc  B stj
ccrr, B s tjpppcg 
8
(3)   (hnd
 (hn dpnbl k) n  nss duh uhaa ns
ns B B  ang gjkc.
\c tno`cg nijut n ojt jf gbffcr
gbffcrckt
ckt bssucs.
B wns s bktcrcstcg, i
tbooo bkt
 stb  iuut B ang oc ocsss frcc tbd bdcc. Iut  7
B w wcckt j  jkk (6)   (wjr `)
 (wj  fjr n
 `) fjr  wjjkgcrfuo
 n w B‒d rcngbkl nijut n rnooy bk ]nrbs.
hanrbty, sj B an  anvck‒t stjppcg (<)   (
 (wwjr `) 
 `)  3
fjr tatacc tatabkbkl   B  hnrc n
l s B  niijut. B rcl rct (1)  Lcjrlc \boobnds wrjtc tac pctbtbjk.
 (ssny) dy frbck
 ( bckg s oo annsk‒t fjrl bbvck
 sttboo a vck  dc fjr tac duggy 
iutt B‒oo kcvcr rcl rrct
bk,, iu ct 2   ( )  (nnkkjy)
 ( 3 Hjdpoctc tac qucstbjk tnls.
bt--bk
sbt
rbcckgs  niijut dy vnrbj
gs n bjus  hnu
us h t‒ss 
scs.s.  Bt‒
nusc > Wacy `kjw tacbr rblats, :
abd nkg d  dyy jtacr cr f  frb
l rcnt tj fcco pnssbjk bjkntc nijut jut tabk tabklsls b bkk obf
bfcc! 9 Ac wnsk‒t vcry surprbscg,
8 Rju‒vc norcngy icck tj tac gcdjkstrntbjk,
:
:
7 Xac angk‒t icck tj tac sbt-bk, :
3 Wac prjtcst wckt wcoo, :
6 Wacy hnk‒t acnr dc, :

6 Hjdpoctc tac qucstbjks wbta tac prcpjsb

prcpjsbtbjks
tbjks bk
tac ijx.
nijut fjr jf jk tj

> \aj nrc yju tno`bkl :

9 \ant bs ac wjrrbcg :
8 \ant wcrc tacy nfrnbg :
7 \aj hnk yju gcpckg :
3 \ant nrc wc wnbtbkl :
 >><

3
Vjhniuonry rcfcrckhc

3.> Xustnktbvjs5 dnkbfcst

dnk bfcstnhbøk
nhbøk 3.7 Cxprcsbjkcs õtbocs
/`ædˁpcɥk/  
hndpnblk (k) /`ædˁpcɥk/ hndpnþn (sust.) Anhcr sulcrckhbns
gcdjkstrntbjk (k) /ˏgcdɒkˁstrcɥʈk/
/ˏgcdɒkˁstrcɥʈk/   dnkbfcst
dnkbfcstnhbøk
nhbøk (sust.) Anhcr sulcrckhbns
/ˁɥʈu˝/  
bssuc (k) /ˁɥʈu˝/ prjiocd
prjiocdnn (sust.)
Ajw / \ant nijut … (+ -bkl
- bkl  / sustnktbvj) ºR sb...:
dnrha (k) /dɞ˝tʈ/
/dɞ˝tʈ/   dnrha
dnrhann (sust.)
Wacrc hjuog ic n … ]jgrän a
anicr
nicr uk/n...
pctbtbjk (k) /pɒˁtɥʈk/
/pɒˁtɥʈk/   pctbhbøk (sust.)
prjtcst (k) /ˁprɒʅtcst/
/ˁprɒʅtcst/   prjtc
prjtcstn
stn (sust.) Bt‒g ic lrcnt
lrcnt / irboobnkt bf … Xcrän lckbno / c
cstupckgj
stupckgj sb..
sb....
/ˁræob/  
rnooy (k) /ˁræob/ nsndiocn (sust.) Wacy hjuog hjksbgcr … (+ -bkl- bkl)) ]jgränk hjksbgcrnr...
rblats (k) /rnɥts/ 
/rnɥts/  gcrcha
gcrchajsjs (sust.) ]cranps / Dnyic wc / tacy hjuog … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj))
ɥk/ 
sbt-bk (k) /ˁsɥt ɥk/  scktngn (sust.) ^ubzî pjgrändjs/pjgränk... ]ucgc quc pjgndjs/pucgnk...
/spb˝tʈ/  
spccha (k) /spb˝tʈ/ gbshursj (sust.) Cxprcsnr hcrtczn
strb`c (k) /strnɥ`/ 
/strnɥ`/   aucoln (sust.)
Bt‒s / Wacrc bs / nrc ijukg tj … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj))
strulloc (k) /ˁstrʏɮo/ 
/ˁstrʏɮo/  ouhan (sust.)
Cstî(k) gcstbkngj/n(s) n...
Wacrc‒s kj gjuit … (+ hoîusuon hjk tant )
3.> Dîs vjhniuonrbj Kj any gugn gc quc...
ibnscg (nge) /ˁinɥɒst/
/ˁinɥɒst/   pnrtbgbstn (nge.)
B‒d surc
surc tant … Cstjy sc
sclurj/n
lurj/n gc quc...
furbjus (nge) /ˁfeʅɒrbɒs/
/ˁfeʅɒrbɒs/   furbjsj/n (nge.)
bkcffchtbvc
bkcffchtbvc (ng e) /ˏɥkɥˁfc`tɥv/
(nge) /ˏɥkɥˁfc`tɥv/   bkfruhtujsj
bkfruhtujsj/n/n (nge.) Cxprcsnr gugn
scɥvɥŀ/ 
onijur-snvbkl (nge) /ˁocɥiɒ scɥvɥŀ/  quc najrrn trninej B gjuit tant … Gugj quc...
(cxpr.) Bt‒s ukob`coy tant … Kj cs prjinioc quc...
prjabibtbvc (ng
prjabibtbvc e) /prɒˁaɥiɒtɥv/
(nge) /prɒˁaɥiɒtɥv/   prjabibtb
prjabibtbvj/n
vj/n (nge.) B‒d kjt rcnooy
rcnooy surc tant … Kj cstjy duy sclurj/n gc quc...
sblkbfbhnkt (nge) /sɥɮˁkɥfɥ`ɒkt/
/sɥɮˁkɥfɥ`ɒkt/   sblkbfbhntbvj/n (nge.)

3.9 Ngectbvjs5 scktbdbcktjs

/ɒˁdcɥzg/ 
ndnzcg (nge) /ɒˁdcɥzg/  fnshbk
fnshbkngj/n
ngj/n (nge.)
ndnzbkl (nge) /ɒˁdcɥzɥŀ/
/ɒˁdcɥzɥŀ/   fnshbk
fnshbknktc
nktc (nge.)
/ɒˁdeu˝zg/  
nduscg (nge) /ɒˁdeu˝zg/ cktrct
cktrctckbgj
ckbgj (nge.)
ndusbkl (nge) /ɒˁdeu˝zɥŀ/ 
/ɒˁdeu˝zɥŀ/  gbvcrtbgj/n (nge.)
nkkjycg (nge) /ɒˁkɗɥg/ 
/ɒˁkɗɥg/  (cstnr) djocstj/n (nge.)
/ɒˁkɗɥɥŀ/ 
nkkjybkl (nge) /ɒˁkɗɥɥŀ/  (scr) djocstj/n (nge.)
ijrcg (nge) /iɗ˝g/ 
/iɗ˝g/  (cstnr) niurrbgj/n (nge.)
ijrbkl (nge) /ˁiɗ˝rɥŀ/ 
/ˁiɗ˝rɥŀ/  (scr) niurrbgj/n (nge.)
/ˏgɥsɒˁpɗɥktɥg/ 
gbsnppjbktcg (nge) /ˏgɥsɒˁpɗɥktɥg/  gchcphbjkngj/n (nge.)
/ˏgɥsɒˁpɗɥktɥŀ/ 
gbsnppjbktbkl (nge) /ˏgɥsɒˁpɗɥktɥŀ/  gchcphbjknkt
gchcphbjknktc c (nge.)
gbslustcg (nge) /gɥsˁɮʏstɥg/ 
/gɥsˁɮʏstɥg/  bkgblkngj/n (nge.)
/gɥsˁɮʏstɥŀ/  
gbslustbkl (nge) /gɥsˁɮʏstɥŀ/ gcsnlrngnioc (nge.)
frustrntcg
frustr ntcg (ng
(nge) /frʏˁstrcɥtɥg/ 
e) /frʏˁstrcɥtɥg/  frustr
frustrngj/n
ngj/n (nge.)
frustrntbkl
frustr ntbkl (ng
(nge) /frʏˁstrcɥtɥŀ/ 
e) /frʏˁstrcɥtɥŀ/  frustrnktc (nge.
(nge.))
/ˁɥrɥtcɥtɥg/  
brrbtntcg (nge) /ˁɥrɥtcɥtɥg/ brrbtngj/n (nge.)
/ˁɥrɥtcɥtɥŀ/ 
brrbtntbkl (nge) /ˁɥrɥtcɥtɥŀ/  brrbtnktc (nge.)
/ʈə`t/  
sajh`cg (nge) /ʈə`t/ bdprcsb
bdprcsbjkngj/n
jkngj/n (nge.)
/ˁʈə`ɥŀ/ 
sajh`bkl (nge) /ˁʈə`ɥŀ/  bdprcsb
bdprcsbjknktc
jknktc (nge.)
surprbscg (nge) /sɒˁprnɥzg/
/sɒˁprnɥzg/   sjrpr
sjrprckgbgj/n
ckgbgj/n (nge.)
/sɒˁprnɥzɥŀ/  
surprbsbkl (nge) /sɒˁprnɥzɥŀ/ sjrprckgcktc (nge(nge.)
.)
 >>1

3
 

Vjhniuonry prnhtbhc
> Hjpy tac octtcrs wbta tac sndc hjojur nkg put tacd 8 Hjdpoctc cnha scktckhc wbta jkc ngechtbvc nkg
bk tac hjrrcht jrgcr tj dn`c wjrgs tj hjdpoctc tac jkc kjuk.
scktckhcs.
Ngechtbvcs5 ndnzbkl ijrcg gbsnppjbktbkl gbslustbkl
D H B N B Y C ] sajh`cg
X Y L X C X B C

W X A N S ] B J Kjuks5 hndpnblk gcdjkstr

gcdjkstrntbjk
ntbjk pctbtbjk rblats
spccha
S B W L H C C X
K L A ] H W K W
B N @ W Y L D Y
B A B X C O K W

  \c nrc ljbkl jk n dnrha  frjd Aygc ]nr` tj Wrnfnolnr

Xqunrc.
> Cvcryjkc ans tac tj fjjg, hojtacs nkg
n snfc ajdc.
9 Wac bs tant pcjpoc gjk‒t rchyhoc tacbr
ruiibsa.

8 ]ocnsc sblk dy .
7 B‒d sj tbrcg, bt‒s n tj lct up bk tac
djrkbkl.
> Nk 9=,=== pcjpoc anvc suppjrtcg jur
3 Guc tj ojw pny, wjr`crs anvc nlrccg tj lj jk
tj prjtcht wbog nkbdnos obvbkl jk nkg kcnr
.
tac rbvcr.
6 ]ocnsc suppjrt jur tj fccg tac
9 Jkoy 8= pcjpoc sblkcg tac , wabha wns
ajdcocss tabs Harbstdns.
vcry .
< Gurbkl tac - , >3= pcjpoc
8 Cdboy‒s wns sj ojkl tant B ljt rcnoo
rcnooyy
suhhcssfuooy stjppcg iubogcrs frjd cktcrbkl tac sbtc.
obstckbkl tj bt!
1 Bk dy , B wboo tno` nijut habogrck‒s
7 Wac hndp ans blkjrcg insbh audnk , nkg
cguhntbjk.
pcjpoc nrc obvbkl bk hjkgbtbjks.
3 \c wcrc rcnooy wack wc snw tac
jk WV.

7 Wrnksontc tac scktckhcs.

> Rju rcdcdicrcg tj sblk tac pctbtbjk, gbgk‒t yju:
 

9 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk. 9 \aj wckt tj tant

t ant rcnooy ijrbkl spccha:
>  Enh` bs sj nkkjycg / nkkjybkl. Ac nownys tno`s nijut  
tac sndc tabkl!
9 B wns vcry nduscg / ndusbkl iy ]nioj‒s fukky prcsckt. 8 \aj gbg yju lj tj tac rnooy wbta:
7 B lct sj frustrntcg / frustrntbkl  wack B lj tj n dnrha  
nkg jkoy n fcw pcjpoc nrc tacrc!
8 Wac swbddbkl pjjo bs hojscg, wabha bs gbsnppjbktcg / 7 B gjk‒t rclrct
rclrct lcttbkl bkvjovcg wbta tac hndpnblk.
gbsnppjbktbkl.  
3 Coobjtt bs vcry surprbscg / surprbsbkl. B kcvcr `kjw want
ac‒s ljbkl tj gj kcxt. 3 Wacy fjrljt tj dcktbjk tac dnbk bssucs, gbgk‒t tacy:
6 ]nuon lcts rcnooy brrbtntcg  / brrbtntbkl wack pcjpoc  
gjk‒t tn`c bdpjrtnkt bssucs scrbjusoy.
 >>2

6 Skbt 6
Lrnddnr rcfcrckhc

Cstboj bkgbrcht
bk gbrchtj
j ]rcluktns,
Hunkgj hjdcktndjs oj quc jtrn pcrsjkn an gbhaj, pjgcdjs
bkgbhnr sus pnonirns cxnhtns ck cstboj gbrchtj5
‑Wac ijj` bs rcnooy tcrrbfybkl,‒ snbg Ick.
]jr jtrj ongj, tndibâk pjgcdjs cdpocnr co cstboj bkgbrchtj
bkgbrchtj55
Ick snbg tac ijj` wns rcnooy tcrrbfybkl.
Hunkgj hndibndjs ukn jrnhbøk n cstboj bkgbrchtj, hndibndjs
co tbcdpj gco vcrij pnrn pjgcr oocvnroj uk pjhj dîs anhbn co
pnsngj.
]rcluktns, pctbhbjkcs y ørgckcs ck cstboj
bkgbrchtj
Hunkgj hndibndjs ukn prcluktn n cstboj bkgbrchtj,
djgbfbhndjs co jrgck gc ons pnonirns pnrn quc rcfocec on
cstruhturn gc ukn jrnhbøk nfbrdntbvn. Kj cdpocndjs co
nuxbobnr gj /
gj / gbg  ck
 ck prcluktns gc cstboj bkgbrchtj.
Wndibâk hndibndjs ojs tbcdpjs y ons rcfcrckhbns tcdpjrnocs,
n oulnrcs y n pcrsjkns hjdj ck ons nfbrdnhbjkcs.
acr.. ➗
‑\abha hjdcgbnks gj yju ob`c:‒ ac ns`cg acr

Cstboj gbrchtj Cstboj bkgbrchtj Ac ns`cg acr wabha hjdcgbnks sac ob`cg.
prcsckt sbdpoc pnst sbdpoc ‑\aj wrjtc tac s`ctha:‒ ac ns`cg. ➗
prcsckt hjktbkujus pnst hjktbkujus Ac ns`cg waj ang wrbttck tac s`ctha.
pnst sbdpoc pnst pcrfcht sbdpoc Hunkgj anhcdjs prcluktns gc sä y kj  ck cstboj bkgbrchtj,
 kj ck
prcsckt p
pc
crfcht sbdpoc pnst p
pc
crfcht sbdpoc cdpocndjs bf  j
 j wactacr .
hnk hjuog   ‑Gbg yju ckejy tac nht:‒ ac ns`cg dc. ➗ 
Ac ns`cg dc bf B‒g ckejycg tac nht.
wboo   // wjuog wjuog  
nd / bs
nd /  / nrc ljbkl tj
bs / wns / wcrc ljbkl tj ‑Gj yju wnkt tj lj tj tac tacntrc:‒ sac ns`cg dc. ➗ 
Xac ns`cg dc wactacr B wnktcg tj lj tj tac tacntrc.
t acntrc.
Wndibâk hndibndjs ons pnonirns quc sc rcfbcrck no tbcdpj, Ck ørgckcs y pctbhbjkcs ck cstboj bkgbrchtj, cdpocndjs co
oulnr y pcrsjkns pnrn quc rcfoceck co puktj gc vbstn gc on bkfbkbtbvj hjk tj
tj..
pcrsjkn quc hndibn co cstboj gbrchtj n bkgbrchtj. ‑]ocnsc stnkg ukgcr tac spjtoblat.‒ ➗ 
‑\c‒oo nrrbvc tjdjrrjw,‒ tacy hjkfbrdcg. ➗ Ac ns`cg dc tj stnkg ukgcr tac spjtoblat.
Wacy hjkfbrdcg tant tacy wjuog nrrbvc tac fjoojwbkl gny. ‑Gjk‒t wjrry,‒ sac tjog dc. ➗ 
Xac tjog dc kjt tj wjrry.
Cstboj gbrchtj Cstboj bkgbrchtj
Wbcdpj
ycstcrgny tac prcvbjus gny
tjdjrrjw tac fjoojwbkl gny
kcxt wcc` tac fjoojwbkl wcc`
Oulnrcs
acrc tacrc
tabs, tacsc tant , tajsc
]crsjkns
B, dc, dbkc, dyscof ac / sac, abd / acr, abs /
acr(s), abdscof / acrscof 
wc
wc,, us
us,, ju
jurr, ju
jurs,
rs, jur
jursco
scovcs
vcs tac
tacyy, ta
tacd,
cd, tac
tacbr
br,, ta
tacbr
cbrs,
s,
tacdscovcs
 >9=

6
 

>  Ecssbhn snbg tant Andptjk Hjurt

Lrnddnr prnhtbhc ]nonhc wbta
fndboy.
Ycpjrtcg spccha 9 Xac nggcg tant sac n rcvbcw
> Hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs bk rcpjrtcg spccha wbta tac icfjrc, iut tant sac rcnooy tj sny
hjrrcht wjrgs bk irnh`cts. ajw duha ‒g ckejycg tacdscovcs.
> ‑\c lj tj Xpnbk cvcry ycnr,‒ ac snbg. 8 Xac cxponbkcg tant Andptjk Hjurt ]nonhc
  Ac snbg tant tacy tj Xpnbk cvcry tac ajdc jf @bkl Ackry VBBB, waj

ycnr. (anvc ljkc / wckt) sbx wbvcs.

9 ‑B‒vc ojst dy pnsspjrt,‒ sac tjog dc. 7 Xac snbg tant vbsbtjrs want obfc
  Xac tjog dc sac acr pnsspjrt. ob`c bk tac >3==s tank`s tj ojts jf
(ang ojst / ans ojst) bktcrnhtbvc fcnturcs.
8 ‑\c‒oo gj bt tjdjrrjw,‒ B snbg. 3 Xac rcvcnocg tant sac nkg acr fndboy
  B snbg wc wjuog gj bt . nlnbk bk tac suddcr sj tacy
(tac fjoojwbkl gny / tac prcvbjus gny) ic nioc tj cxpojrc tac lnrgcks.
7 ‑Rju‒rc ljbkl tj ojvc tac duscud,‒ tacy snbg.
  Wacy snbg wc ojvc tac duscud. Ycpjrtcg qucstbjks, rcqucsts nkg
(‒rc ljbkl tj / wcrc ljbkl tj) hjddnkgs
3 ‑B‒vc eust upgntcg dy trnvco iojl,‒ sac snbg.
  Xac snbg sac ang eust upgntcg 8 \rbtc ^ (qucstbjk), Y (rcqucst) jr H  (hjddnkg)
 (hjddnkg) kcxt
trnvco iojl. (acr / dy) tj cnha btcd icojw.
6 ‑\c nrrbvcg ycstcrgny,‒ tacy snbg. > Wac hjdcgbnk ns`cg waj ang tn`ck acr
  Wacy snbg tacy ang nrrbvcg . dbhrjpajkc.
(tac prcvbjus gny / tjdjrrjw) 9 Wacy tjog dc tj stjp hjdponbkbkl.
8 Ac ns`cg waj wns jk stnlc.
9 Ycng Ecssbhn‒s rcvbcw. Wack hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs 7 Wacy tjog us kjt tj tno` gurbkl tac
t ac s`ctha.
usbkl rcpjrtcg spccha. 3 Rju ns`cg us tj lj tj tac supcrdnr`ct.
6 \c ns`cg tac nrtbst tj sajw us acr shuopturc
shuopturcs.
s.
Nhhjukt Xcnrha
7 Wbh` (✘) tac hjrrcht scktc
scktckhcs.
khcs.
> Wacy ns`cg us kjt gj tant.
Cklonkg‒s icst gny jut! 9 Ac tjog yju tj stjp tno`bkl!
B vbsbtcg Andptjk Hjurt ]nonhc ycstcrgny wbta dy 8 Wac hjdcgbnk ns`cg us bf wc ang acnrg jf acr nht.
fndboy. B anvck‒t wrbttck n rcvbcw icfjrc, iut B rcnooy wnkt 7 Xac ns`cg tj dc tj lbvc yju n dcssnlc.
tj sny ajw duha wc ckejycg jurscovcs! 3 Dud tjog us tj tbgbcg jur icgrjjds.
Andptjk Hjurt wns tac ajdc jf Ackry VBBB. Ac wns
tac @bkl jf Cklonkg frjd >3=2 tj >37< nkg ac ang sbx 6 Wac shrbptwrbtcr ns`cg waj ang tn`ck abs pck.
wbvcs. Wacrc nrc ojts jf bktcrnhtbvc fcnturcs sj vbsbtjrs
3 Ycwrbtc tac qucstbjks, rcqucsts nkg hjddnkgs bk
hnk bdnlbkc want obfc wns ob`c bk tac >3==s.
gbrcht spccha. \rbtc jkc wjrg bk cnha spnhc.
Bt‒s lrcnt fjr n wbktcr‒s gny, iut wc‒rc ljbkl tj lj
> Xac ns`cg dc tj hnoo acr tac fjoojwbkl gny.
nlnbk bk tac suddcr. Wack wc‒oo ic nioc tj cxpojrc tac
lnrgcks.   ‑]ocnsc .‒
Ecssbhn, Irblatjk 9 Wacy ns`cg dc want suiechts B stugbcg.
  ‑\ant suiechts
:‒
8 Ac tjog dc tj wrbtc n s`ctha fjr abs kcw sajw.
  ‑
kcw sajw.‒
7 Wacy ns`cg dc waj ang gcsblkcg tant sct.
  ‑\aj sct:‒
3 Ac ns`cg bf B‒g scck tacbr nht tac prcvbjus gny.
  ‑
:‒
 >9>

6
Vjhniuonry rcfcrckhc

6.> Vcrijs5 cstboj bkgbrcht

bk gbrchtj
j 6.7 Cxprcsbjkcs õtbocs
/æg/  
ngg (v) /æg/ nþngbr (v.) Anionr gc jpbkbjkcs
/ɒgˁdɥt/ 
ngdbt (v) /ɒgˁdɥt/  ngdbtbr (v.) ]cgbr jpbkbjkcs
nlrcc (v) /ɒˁɮrb˝/ 
/ɒˁɮrb˝/  cstnr gc nhucrgj (v.)
\ant gbg yju tabk` jf / nijut …:
/ɒˁknʅks/ 
nkkjukhc (v) /ɒˁknʅks/  nkukhbnr (v.)
º^uâ pcksnstc gc/nhcrhn gc...:
ijnst (v) /iɒʅst/
/iɒʅst/   nonrgcnr (v.)
honbd (v) /`ocɥd/
/`ocɥd/   sjstckcr (v.) Ajw wns
wns bt / tant: ºHødj ffuc:
uc:
/`ɒdˁpocɥk/  
hjdponbk (v) /`ɒdˁpocɥk/ qucen
qucenrsc
rsc (v.) Gnr tu prjpbn jpbkbøk
/`ɒkˁfɟ˝d/  
hjkfbrd (v) /`ɒkˁfɟ˝d/ hjkfbrdnr (v.) Wj ic ajkcst, … Xbkhcrndcktc, ...
/gɥˁknɥ/ 
gcky (v) /gɥˁknɥ/  kclnr (v.) Ns fnr
fnr ns B hjuog tcoo, … Rj gbrän quc...
cxponbk (v) /ɥ`ˁspocɥk/ 
/ɥ`ˁspocɥk/  cxpobhnr (v.) B rrch`jk
ch`jk … Hnohuoj quc...
/ɥkˁsɥst/  
bksbst (v) /ɥkˁsɥst/ bksbstbr (v.)
Bk dy jpbkbjk,… Ck db jpbkbøk, ...
/rɥˁvb˝o/  
rcvcno (v) /rɥˁvb˝o/ rcvconr (v.)
Fr
Frjd
jd dy pjbkt jf vbcw,… Inej db puktj gc vbstn, ...
B‒d kjt
kjt hjkv
hjkvbkhcg.
bkhcg. Kj cst
cstjy
jy hjk
hjkvckhbgj/n.
vckhbgj/n.
6.> Dîs vjhniuonrbj
/ˁiɟ˝αpocɥs/ 
ibrtaponhc (k) /ˁiɟ˝αpocɥs/  oulnr gc knhbdbcktj (sust.) B‒d kjt sj surc nijut tant. Kj cstjy duy sclur
sclurj/n.
j/n.
hobff (k) /`oɥf/
/`oɥf/   nhnktbongj (sust.) Ns fnr
fnr ns B‒B‒d
d hjkhcrkcg,… Ck oj quc n dä rrcspchtn.
cspchtn.....
/ɮɗ˝gʙ/ 
ljrlc (k) /ɮɗ˝gʙ/  gcsfbongcr
gcsfbongcrjj (sust.) Anionr gc ons jpbkbjkcs gc jtrns pcrsjkns
ojhjdjtbvc (k) /ˏoɒʅ`ɒˁdɒʅtɥv/
/ˏoɒʅ`ɒˁdɒʅtɥv/   ojhjdjtjr
ojhjdjtjrnn (sust.)
/pɥtʈ/  
pbtha (k) /pɥtʈ/ hndpj (gc fõtijo) (sust.) Bt sjukgs
sjukgs ob`c … Xuckn...
Nhhjrgbkl tj (Ejak) … Xclõk (Ejak)…
/ˁs`ʏoptʈɒ(r)/ 
shuopturc (k) /ˁs`ʏoptʈɒ( cshuotur
cshuoturnn (sust.)
B‒vc acnrg (tant) tacy‒rc nwcsjdc.
Dc ank gbhaj quc sjk bkhrcäiocs.
6.9 Xustnktbvjs5 cktrctckbdbckt
cktrctckbdbcktj
j
Nppnrcktoy,… No pnrchcr, ...
nht (k) /æ`t/
/æ`t/   nhtj (sust.)
ndntcur (k) nfbhbjkngj/n (sust.) Cstnr gc nhucrgj hjk jtrns pcrsjkns
/ˁædɒtɒ((r)/, /ˁædɒtʈɒ(
/ˁædɒtɒ /ˁædɒtʈɒ(r)/  B tjtnooy nlrcc wbta yju.
/ˁdnɥ`rɒfɒʅk/  
dbhrjpajkc (k) /ˁdnɥ`rɒfɒʅk/ dbhrøfjk
dbhrøfjkjj (sust.) Cstjy tjtnodcktc gc nhucrgj hjktblj.
djkjojluc (k) /ˁdəkɒoəɮ/ 
/ˁdəkɒoəɮ/  djkøojlj (sust.) B tabk` sj, tjj. Rj tndibâk oj hrcj
hrcj..
kcwhjdcr (k) /ˁkeu˝`ʏdɒ(
/ˁkeu˝`ʏdɒ(r)/  kjvntj/n (sust.)
prjfcssbjkno (k) /prɒˁfcʈɒko/
/prɒˁfcʈɒko/   prjfcsbjkno (sust.
(sust.))
/prəp/  
prjp (k) /prəp/ ntrczj (sust.
(sust.))
/ˁs`rɥptrnɥtɒ((r)/ 
shrbptwrbtcr (k) /ˁs`rɥptrnɥtɒ lubjkbstn (sust.)
/s`ctʈ/  
s`ctha (k) /s`ctʈ/ cshckn (sust.)
spjtoblat (k) /ˁspətonɥt/
/ˁspətonɥt/   fjhj (sust.)
/stcɥgʙ/  
stnlc (k) /stcɥgʙ/ cshcknrbj (sust.)
vckuc (k) /ˁvckeu˝/ 
/ˁvckeu˝/  rchbkt
rchbktj
j (sust.)
 >99

6
 

Vjhniuonry prnhtbhc
> Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk. 8 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht nkswcr, N, I jr H.
> Xnd ijnstcg / hjdponbkcg tant tacrc angk‒t icck
 Ns tac pjpuonrbty
pjpuonrbty jf stnkg-up hjdcgy
hjdcgy ans lrjwk,
lrjwk, sj ans
ckjula tj cnt.
tac kudicr jf pcjpoc (>)  tant ej`cs nkg (9) 
9 Wac ijys ngdbttcg / nkkjukhcg tj tacbr nklry pnrckts
nrc tjj jffcksbvc. Xj, sajuog hjdcgbnks nkg (8)  ic
tant tacy ang wrbttck jk tac wnoos.
noojwcg tj sny jr wrbtc nkytabkl tacy ob`c:
8 Xcnk ]ckk ans hjkfbrdcg / gckbcg tj abs gcoblatcg
fnks tant ac wboo ic stnrrbkl bk tac kcxt scrbcs jf tac  R
 Rcs
cs
pjpuonr WV scrbcs. ‑B gjk‒t ob`c hruco ej`cs, iut frccgjd jf spccha bs rcnooy
7 Wac vbhtbd nlrccg / honbdcg tac twj dck ang abt acr bdpjrtnkt,‒ (7)  tac hjdcgbnk Nkgy @cdp. Xjhbjojlbst
nkg ruk jff wbta acr inl. Gr Hjobk DhLcc snys ac (3)  wbta @cdp. Ac
(6)  tant hjdcgy noojws pcjpoc tj cxpojrc want
3 B nkkjukhcg / cxponbkcg tj tac lunrg tant B ang ojst
dy trnbk tbh`ct. bs sjhbnooy nhhcptnioc. ‑Bf pcjpoc gjk‒t ob`c n pnrtbhuonr
6 \ack acr tcnhacr hjkfrjktcg tac lbro, sac gckbcg / hjdcgbnk‒s (<)  , tacy kccgk‒t (1)  nijut bt.
bksbstcg tant sac ang hjpbcg acr frbckg‒s ajdcwjr`.  Wacy sbdpoy sajuogk‒t
sajuogk‒t wntha bt.‒
bt.‒
< B nlrccg / honbdcg wbta dy frbckg tant tac fbod wns Kj
tcrrbioc. ‑Onst wcc`, B wns sajh`cg tj scc n ‑fukky‒ (2) 
1 Wac dnk ngdbttcg / ijnstcg tant ac ang wjk djrc nijut bddblrnkts jk WV,‒ snys wrbtcr @ny Nsawjrta. ‑Jf
rnhcs tank nkyjkc cosc. hjursc, tac hjdcgbnk (>=)  tant ac wns rnhbst, iut ac
wjuog, wjuogk‒t ac: Bk dy jpbkbjk, wack irjnghnstcrs put
9 (>>) (>9)
Fbkg scvck cktcrtnbkdckt
cktcrtnbkdc sjdcjkc ukgcr n   nkg lbvc tacd n   ,
tj hjdpoctc tac pjstcr. kt kjuks. Wack usc tac kjuks tacy lbvc tacd tac pjwcr tj bkfouckhc pcjpoc,‒ sac snys.
] C E @ X ] B A S K B \
> N  hjdponbkbkl I  ijnstbkl H  rcvcnobkl
W Y C C X @ C W H A J I 9 N  vckucs I  s`cthacs H  dbhrjpajkcs
B C J L I A H W X Y X N 8 N  prjps I  shrbptwrbtcrs H  prjfcssbjknos
O Y ] F K Q A X G C K R 7 N  nggs I  bksbsts H  ijnsts
B J B C C G N W W H L J 3 N  rcvcnos I  gckbcs H  nlrccs
F N ] C \ X W C K N J N 6 N  gckbcs I  hjkfbrds H  nggs
W A Y L H S X Y R D L G < N  nht I  prjp H  kcwhjdcr
G J J G J V I B A D @ C 1 N  hjdponbk I  cxponbk H  bksbst
L N ] O D ] W Y J C H I 2 N  spjtoblat I  djkjojluc H  vckuc
>=  N  rcvcnocg I  nkkjukhcg H  gckbcg
G H X N C H ] E R K S N
>>  N  spjtoblat I  stnlc H  s`ctha
B W N L Y E B C F G N J
C K W V C K S C Q X A O >9  N  s`ctha I  ndntcur H  dbhrjpajkc

7 Wrnksontc tac scktckhcs.

> Xac ijnstcg tant sac ang wjr`cg ns n shrbptwrbtc
shrbptwrbtcrr jk
WAC KC \
 KC ACNWY C ]
 WA
 \ W Y CXCKWX
 ]Y  nk Ndcrbhnk grndn scrbcs.
 
 vc!
Onrs Ejrlcksck Ob vc 9 Ac tjog us kjt tj stnkg kcnr tac hobff cglc.
 yju jkoy
‑Bf  yju oy s cc j
 scc kc  
 jkc ‑N sp
‑N  spcchtnhuonr sa jw!! Wa
sajw Wac c ir
irboob nktt
boobnk  
obvc
obv c  stnk
st nkgg -up 
up   (7)  dn`c b btt v bsunooy
 vbs u ooy  
(>)  bdp
bd prcssbvc  nss wcoo
vc n oo  ns
ns a rbju
bonrbj
 abon us, kjt tj tj 8 Ac bksbstcg tant B prnhtbsc usbkl tac dbhrjpajkc icfjrc
tabs  ycn
bs y r, dn`c
cnr, dcktbjk jk t ac
 ta jkg
 wjk
 w g c r f 
u o  K cw W
 Kcw  Wa ac n trc
tr c,
ljbkl jk stnlc.
s urc
ur c b  Ej
t‒s E
t‒s jrlcks ck.‒.‒
ksck wabha ha bs ta
 bs t ac p
 pccrf cht hj hjd dcgcgy y  
(3)  .h jd
jd
 
vckb kl 
C vckb  kl  Dc hury 
 Dcr hury  .‒ f ukky .h 

‑Wa
‑W abs ycnrnr‒s
‒s ic
icst
st   ‑Wa
Wac c djdjdc ckt
kt Ej
 Ejrl
rlc
cksck ck   7 Rju hnk‒t gcky tant bt‒s nk ndnzbkl shuopturc.
(9)  tj  
tj nppc
np pcn nrcg j k (6) 
 jk , 
kc. Jkoy oy   B stn
s rtc
tnrt cg on ula
 onul a bkl.
kl . Ab s hab
 h h
abh ` ck 
ck    
tac
ac h jdc
 hjd cgy
gy s hck
 shc
99 n kg n
 nk  noorcngy
rcng y n tru
ruc c  (<)  bs pjssssbibiooy tac
(8)  .‒.‒   fuk
fu kkbcbcst abk
 ta
st t l B‒v
bkl c cv
B‒vc cvcr  sc
cr s k.‒  
cck.‒ 3 Ac ngdbttcg tant ac ang kcvcr acnrg jf tac nht.
nht .
h aj
W ac C h aj W ac D
 Dnk hac
nkha cst cr  Wb dcs  
 >98

< Skbt <

Lrnddnr rcfcrckhc

Wbcdpjs futurjs Futurc hjktbkujus

Cdpocndjs gbfcrcktcs tbcdpjs futurjs pnrn fukhbjkcs
gbfcrcktcs. Futurc hjktbkujus
wboo ic ljbkl.
wboo  B / Rju / Ac / Xac / Bt / \c / Wacy
wjk‒t
]rcgbhhbjkcs \c‒oo wbk tac \jrog Hup. \boo B / yju / ac / sac / bt / wc / tacy ic ljbkl:
(insngns ck hrcc
hrcckhbns/
khbns/ Bt‒oo ic n fuk gny.
Rcs, wboo.
jpbkbjkcs) B / yju / ac / sac / bt / wc / ttacy
acy
Kj, wjk‒t.
]rjdcsns B wjk‒t tcoo nkyjkc.
B‒oo cdnbo yju tjdjrrjw. Ssj
Gc
Gchb
hbsb
sbjk
jkcs
cs cspj
cspjkt
ktîk
îkc
cns B‒B‒oo
oo spc
spcn` tj ta
tac
c puio
puiobs
bsac
acrr. Cdpocndjs co futurc
co  futurc hjktbkujus  pnrn anionr gc nhhbjkcs
hjktbkujus pnrn
B'oo jpck tac wbkgjw. quc cstnrîk ck prjlrcsj ck uk djdcktj gctcrdbkngj gco
futurj.
ic ljbkl tj 
N dckugj cdpocndjs co futurc
co  futurc hjktbkujus  hjk ons
hjktbkujus hjk
]rcgbhhbjkcs Wacrc‒s ljbkl tj ic n
cxprcsbjkcs bk  / nt  y
bk /  y tabs tbdc ….
tbdc ….
(insngns ck prucins shnkgno!
Bk 9=93, wc‒oo ic usbkl grbvcrocss hnrs.
cxtcrkns) Ojj` nt tac s`y. Bt's ljbkl tj
rnbk sjjk. Nt >.8=, tacy‒oo ic anvbkl oukha.
Bktckhbjkcs B‒d ljbkl tj hnoo abd kjw. Wabs tbdc kcxt wcc`, B‒oo ic trnvcoobkl tj Kcw Rjr`.
\c'rc ljbkl tj scc jur nukt
nt tac wcc`ck
wcc`ckg.g.
]rcsckt sbdpoc
Xuhc
Xuhcsj
sjss ssue
uect
ctjs
js n a
ajr
jrnr
nrbj
bjss Wac
Wac k
kcw
cwss sstn
tnrt
rtss bbk
k tck
tck
dbkutcs.
Wac trnbk ocnvcs nt >9.9=.
]rcsckt hjktbkujus
]onkcs futurjs bkndjvbi
bkndjvbiocs
ocs \c‒r
\c‒rc
c djvbkl tj Xhjtonkg
Xhjtonkg..
Xac bsk‒t hjdbkl tj dy
pnrty tjkblat.
 >97 

 <
 

Lrnddnr prnhtbhc

Futurc tckscs Futurc hjktbkujus

> Dntha tac scktckhcs (>‘<) tj tac fukhtbjks (N‘L). 7 Hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs wbta tact ac futurc hjktbkujus
> B‒oo ojj` nftcr yjur hnt fjr yju. fjrd jf tac vcris bk irnh`cts.
9 Ac‒s ljbkl tj ukbvcrsbty bk Xcptcdicr. > \abha acngobkc (wc / tno`) nijut
8 Gng‒s surc Hacoscn wboo wbk tac fjjtinoo dntha. tjdjrrjw:
7 Wac trnbk ocnvcs bk twj dbkutcs! 9 Bk n fcw ycnrs frjd kjw, wc (obvc)
3 B tabk` B‒oo anvc n inta. bk n djrc gcdjhrntbh sjhbcty.
6 \c‒rc ljbkl tj dcct jur frbckgs ontcr. 8 B (kjt lct) bkvjovcg wbta tajsc
< Wacrc‒s sj duha trnffbh! Wabs ejurkcy bs ljbkl bddjrno pcjpoc.
tj tn`c nlcs. 7 (yju / pony) bk tac hjkhcrt
N n prjdbsc tjdjrrjw kblat:
I n spjktnkcjus gchbsbjk 3 Cvcryjkc (rcng) nijut dc bk tacbr
H n tbdctniocg cvckt kcwsfccg sjjk!
G n fbxcg futurc ponk 6 Skfjrtukntcoy, tac fndjus nhtjr
C n futurc bktcktbjk (kjt nppcnr) jk jur shrccks kcxt ycnr.
F n prcgbhtbjk inscg jk cxtcrkno cvbgckhc
3 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta tac futurc hjktbkujus fjrd
L n prcgbhtbjk inscg jk icobcf / jpbkbjk
jf tac hjrrcht vcris bk irnh`cts.
9
Hajjsc tac hjrrcht
> Gjk‒t wjrry. B‒d kjtjptbjk.
tcoobkl / wjk‒t tcoo nkyjkc. Bk Xcptcdicr kcxt ycnr, B (>) 
9 \c lj / ‒rc ljbkl tj tac SXN bk Nulust. ukbvcrsbty. B (9) 
(lj / ocnvc ) tj ukbvcrsbty.
(obvc / stugy   ) bk n stugckt font wbta
wbta fjur jtacr stugckts,
8 \ant tbdc gjcs / wboo tac ius nrrbvc:
nkg B  (8 ) (dbss / stugy   ) hacdbstry.
hacdbstry.
7 Rju antc shnkgnos. Rju nrck‒t ljbkl tj ob`c / ob`bkl 
B wjkgcr want wc   (7 )
tabs jkc.
cvckbkls. (3) 
(gj / djvc ) bk tac cvckbkls.
3 B tabk` pcjpoc nrc ljbkl tj / wboo `kjw tabs bs fn`c kcws.
(wc hjj` / wc fcco )  ) dcnos fjr cnha jtacr:
6 \ant sanoo B hjj` fjr gbkkcr: B `kjw! B‒ oo dn`c / (6)  (wc lj jut / wc ckejy   )
‒d dn`bkl sjdc pnstn.
tjlctacr5 tj tac hbkcdn, jr tj pnrtbcs: B wjkgcr ajw dy
sbstcr (<)  (fcco / tabk` ). Fjr tac fbrst
8 Hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs wbta subtnioc futurc fjrds
tbdc cvcr,
cvcr, sac‒oo ic tac jkoy habog bk tac ajusc wbta dy
jf tac vcris bk tac ijx.
pnrckts. (1)  (sac dbss / sac obvc )
iuy fccg dcct scoo tn`c jff kjt tnstc dc: Jr   (2 ) (sac gj / sac djvc )
noo acr tabkls bktj dy icgrjjd: Nkg want nijut dy
> B gjk‒t tabk` tac inkg dnky pnrckts: B‒d surc tacy (>=)  (stugy   //
hjpbcs jf tacbr kcxt noiud. tabk` ) nijut dc cvcry gny gny.. Iut tacy
9 \ant tbdc tac ponkc : (>>) 

8 \c bk tac squnrc nt sbx j‒hojh`.

j‒hojh`. (kjt fcco / kjt dbss ) dy ojug
7 Wabs hn`c dusbh, nkg tacy
vcry kbhc. B fjrljt
fjrljt tj put sulnr bk bt. (>9) 

3 B yjur (kjt pbh` / kjt tabk` ) dy

andstcr waboc yju‒rc jk ajobgny. hojtacs up jff tac fojjr!
6 \ant n icnutbfuo inl!
B tabk` B bt.
 >93

<
Vjhniuonry rcfcrckhc

<.> Xustnktbvjs5 ons kjtbhbns <.7 Cxprcsbjkcs õtbocs

/ˁiʅoɒtɥk/  
iuooctbk (k) /ˁiʅoɒtɥk/ ijoctäk bkfjr
bkfjrdntbvj
dntbvj (sust.) Gnr nvbsjs y ngvcrtckhbns
/ˁ`oɥ`icɥt/  
hobh`-inbt (k) /ˁ`oɥ`icɥt/ hobh`inbt , hbicrnkzucoj (sust.)
Gj ...
fn`c kcws (k) /ˏfcɥ` ˁkeu˝z/
ˁkeu˝z/   kcws, kjtbhbns fnosns
 fn`c kcws
Nownys ... (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj)) Xbcdprc...
(sust.)
/ˁacgonɥk/ 
acngobkc (k) /ˁacgonɥk/  tbtuonr (sust.) Dn`c surc yju ... (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj)) Nhuârgntc gc...
kcwsfccg
kcwsfcc k) /ˁkeu˝zfb˝g/ 
g ((k) /ˁkeu˝zfb˝g/  kjtbhbns (sust.) Gj tabs, jtacrwbsc yju dblat ... (+
( + bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj))
/ˏkɒʅtɥfɥˁ`cɥʈk/  kjtbfbhnhbøk (sust.)
kjtbfbhntbjk (k) /ˏkɒʅtɥfɥˁ`cɥʈk/  Anz cstj, pjrquc sb kj pucgc quc...
/ˁpcɥwɗ˝o/ 
pnywnoo (k) /ˁpcɥwɗ˝o/  inrrcr
inrrcrnn gc pnlj (sust.) Bf bt's ..., yju dust ... (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj)) Xb..., gcics...
prjguhcr (k) /prɒˁgeu˝sɒ
/prɒˁgeu˝sɒ((r)/  prjguhtj
prjguhtjr/n r/n (sust.) \ntha jut fjr ... Wck hubgng
hubgngjj hjk...
puiobsacr (k) /ˁpʏioɥʈɒ
/ˁpʏioɥʈɒ((r)/  cgbtjr/n (sust.)
Bt's csscktbno tj ... (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj)) Cs fukgndcktno quc...
/ˁs`ækgo/ 
shnkgno (k) /ˁs`ækgo/  cshîkgnoj (sust.)
Wac djst bdpjrtnkt tabkl bs tj ... (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk
sbk tj
 tj))
shjjp (k) /s`u˝p/ 
/s`u˝p/  cxhousbv
cxhousbvnn (sust.)
Oj dîs bdpjrtnktc quc any quc anhcr cs...
scksntbjknobsd (k) scksnhbjknobsdj (sust.)
/sckˁscɥʈɒkɒoɥzɒd/ 
/sckˁscɥʈɒkɒoɥzɒd/  Gjk‒t ...
Kcvcr ... (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj)) Kukhn...
<.> Dîs vjhniuonrbj Bt's csscktbno kjt tj ... (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj))
/ˁirɗ˝g`ɞ˝st/  
irjnghnst (v) /ˁirɗ˝g`ɞ˝st/ cdbtbr (v.) Cs fukgndcktno quc kj...
gchonrc (v) /gɥˁ`ocɒ(
/gɥˁ`ocɒ(r)/  gchonrnr (v.) Gjk't oct nkyjkc ... (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj)) Kj gcecs quc kngbc...
gbstbklubsa (v) /gɥˁstɥŀɮwɥʈ/ 
/gɥˁstɥŀɮwɥʈ/  gbstbklubr (v.) Gjk't `ccp (+ -bkl
-bkl)) jr yju dblat ... Kj sblns... j pjgräns...
/prɒˁvɒʅ`/ 
prjvj`c (v) /prɒˁvɒʅ`/  prjvjhnr (v.)
Gjk't pnkbh. / Gjk't wjrry. Kj tc nsustcs. / Kj tc pr
prcjhupcs
cjhupcs..
sprcng (v) /sprcg/
/sprcg/   gbfukgbr (v.)
/træksˁfɗ˝d/  
trnksfjrd (v) /træksˁfɗ˝d/ trnksfjrdnr (v.)

<.9 Ngectbvjs5 utjpän/gbstjpän

/ɗ˝ˏαərɥˁtcɒrbɒk/ 
nutajrbtnrbnk (nge) /ɗ˝ˏαərɥˁtcɒrbɒk/  nutjrbtnrbj/n (nge.)
/ˏgcdɒˁ`rætɥ`/  
gcdjhrntbh (nge) /ˏgcdɒˁ`rætɥ`/ gcdjhrîtbhj/n (nge.)
lojino (nge) /ˁɮoɒʅio/ 
/ˁɮoɒʅio/  lojino (nge.)
bgcnobstbh (nge) /ˏnɥgbɒˁoɥstɥ`/ 
/ˏnɥgbɒˁoɥstɥ`/  bgcnobstn (nge.)
bddjrno (nge) /ɥˁdərɒo/
/ɥˁdərɒo/   bkdjrno (nge.)
dntcrbnobstbh (nge) /dɒˏtɥɒrbɒˁoɥstɥ`/ 
/dɒˏtɥɒrbɒˁoɥstɥ`/  dntcrbnobstn (nge.)
rngbhno (nge) /ˁrægɥ`o/ 
/ˁrægɥ`o/  rngbhno (nge.)
/rɥˁprcsɥv/  
rcprcssbvc (nge) /rɥˁprcsɥv/ rcprcsbvj/n (nge
(nge.)
.)
rcvjoutbjknry
rcvjoutbj knry (ng
(nge) /ˏrcvɒˁou˝ʈɒkɒrb/ 
e) /ˏrcvɒˁou˝ʈɒkɒrb/  rcvjouhb
rcvjouhbjknrbj/n
jknrbj/n (nge.)
tjocrnkt (nge) /ˁtəoɒrɒkt/
tjocrnkt /ˁtəoɒrɒkt/   tjocr
tjocrnktc
nktc (nge.)
 >96

 <

9 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht nkswcr, N, I jr H.

Vjhniuonry prnhtbhc
> Wn`bkl djkcy frjd tac pjjr bs n .
> Hjdpoctc tac wjrgs wbta tac dbssbkl vjwcos. Wack   N  iuooctbk I  shnkgno H  shjjp
usc sbx jf tac wjrgs tj hjdpoctc scktckhcs N‘F. 9 Wacrc‒s n sajrt kcws nt 3 p.d.
  N  kjtbfbhntbjk I  iuooctbk H acngobkc
Z ZZ
>
i  o o  t  k 8 Wac jf n wcoo-`kjwk Xukgny kcwspnpcr
ans rcsblkcg.
9   N  fn`c kcws I  puiobsacr H  hobh`-inbt
p  y w  o o 7 B tjtnooy icobcvcg tac stjry
stjry,, iut bt wns .

8
Z Z  
3
N  shjjp
Wac stjry wns bk tac
I  shnkgno H  fn`c kcws
fjr n wcc`!
k Z w s f Z Z g   N  acngobkcs I  puiobsacrs H  prjguhcrs

8 Ycng tac tcxt. Ycponhc cnha sct jf wjrgs bk ijog wbta

7
s Z k s Z t Z Z k Z o Z s d tac wjrgs jr parnscs bk tac ijx.

nutajrbtnrbnk ic tjocr
tjocrnkt
nkt gcdjhr
gcdjhrntbh
ntbh ljvcrkdckt
Z t Z f Z h Z t Z Z k
3
lojino bgcnobstbh bddjrno dntcrbnobstbh
k
rcprcssbvc ljvcrkdckts rcvjoutbjknry

6 Bs bt n obttoc ukrcnobstbh (>)  tj icobcvc

sh Z Z p tant jkc gny noo sjhbctbcs wboo rcspcht tac rblats nkg icobcfs
jf tacbr hbtbzcks (9)  : \boo cvcry
hjuktry ic ocg iy n ljvcrkdckt tant noojws bts hbtbzcks

Z g Z h Z r tj cxprcss tacbr jpbkbjks (8) 

< :
pr Skfjrtukntcoy,, tacrc nrc tjj dnky ruoc-ojvbkl 
Skfjrtukntcoy
(7)  ocngcrs bk tac wjrog. Wacsc
1 ho Z h `-i Z Z t ocngcrs nrc hruco, wbta kj gcsbrc tj gj tac rblat tabkl 
(3)  nkg jkoy tabk` nijut djkcy
nkg pjsscssbjks (6)  . Iut tac
N prjiocd bsk‒t tac rcspjksbibobty jf tajsc hjuktrbcs nojkc.
Blkjrc tant ngvcrtbscdckt! Bt‒
Bt ‒s jkoy t‒s tac wajoc wjrog‒s prjiocd 
! (<)  . \c wboo kccg bkhrcgbioy
I gbffcrckt (1)  bgcns tj dn`c jur
Dy sdnrtwntha nownys lbvcs dc n ponkct n fnbr ponhc fjr cvcryjkc. Iut jkc gny, ljvcrkdckts
wack B lct nk cdnbo. tant hjktrjo nkg obdbt tac rblats jf tacbr pcjpoc 
(2)  wboo ic n tabkl jf tac pnst.
H B gbgk‒t scc tac stjry bk dy .
G Nkjtacr : B tabk` noo kcws 7 Wrnksontc tac scktckhcs.
jkobkc sajuog ic frcc! > Wabs tbdc kcxt ycnr yju‒oo ic nppoybkl fjr ejis.
 
C Wac acngobkcs nrc cxnllcrntbkl tac truta. Bt‒s
! 9 \ant tbdc gjcs tac iuooctbk stnrt:
F  
Wabs wcisbtc snys bt ljt
tac
8 Bk tac futurc, kj jkc wboo ic obvbkl ukgcr rcprcssbvc
jk tac nhtjr, iut
ljvcrkdckts nky djrc.
B‒vc rcng tac stjry
 
sjdcwacrc cosc, tjj!

7 B wjk‒t tcoo nkyjkc nijut yjur shjjp.

 

3 Wac puiobsacr bs ljbkl tj spcn` tj us tabs cvckbkl.

 
 >9<

1 Skbt 1
Lrnddnr rcfcrckhc

Djgnocs gc gcguhhbøk y pjsbibobgng

suectj + vcrij djgno + vcrij

prbkhbpno
Bt hnk‒t ic rjttck.
(4 sclurj quc kj cs hbcrtj)
\c hjuog / dny / dblat nrrbvc ontc.
(4 cs pjsbioc)
Rju dust ic nklry.
(4 sclurj quc cs hbcrtj)
Ssj
Cdpocndjs ojs vcrijs djgnocs hnkhnk‒‒t , hjuog , dny
dny,, dblat   yy
dust  pnrn
 pnrn cxprcsnr gbfcrcktcs lrngjs gc hcrtczn.

Gctcrdbknktcs
Cdpocndjs gctcrdbknktcs
gctcrdbknktcs hjdj ojs nrtähuojs (n, nk,
nk, tac
tac))
pnrn bgcktbfbhnr sustnktbvjs.
Nolukjs gctcrdbknktcs sc rcfbcrck n hjsns cspchäfbhns5
tac
tabs,, tant , tacsc
tabs tacsc,, tajsc
tajsc,,
dy,,  yjur , abs
dy abs,, acr , bts
bts,, jur , tacbr 
wabha
Wabs iurlcr bs bkcgbioc.
\abha snkgwbha nrc yju ljbkl tj anvc:
Jtrjs gctcrdbknktcs, hjdj n y sjdc
sjdc,, sc rcfbcrck n hjsns ck
lckcrno.

B‒g ob`c n snkgwbha.

Oct‒s lct sjdc fjjg.
Wck ck hucktn quc ck bkloâs, cdpocndjs gctcrdbknktcs
pnrn anionr gco trninej gc on lcktc.
Covbs wns n sbklcr.
Kj sbcdprc kchcsbtndjs cdpocnr gctcrdbknktcs pnrn
rcfcrbrkjs n ons hjsns ck lckcrno. ]jr cecdpoj, kj cs
anibtuno cdpocnr gctcrdbknktcs hjk sustnktbvjs nistrnhtjs.
B gjk‒t ob`c frubt.
Wrust bs csscktbno bk rcontbjksabps.
 >91

1
 

Lrnddnr prnhtbhc

Djgnos jf gcguhtbjk nkg pjssbibobty Gctcrdbkcrs

> Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk. 8 Ojj` nt tac ijog wjrgs bk tacsc scktckhcs. Nrc tacy
> B hnk‒t sdcoo nky hjj`bkl. Gbkkcr hnk‒t / dblat ic rcngy. hjrrcht jr bkhjrrcht: \rbtc (✘) jr (✑) nkg rcwrbtc
9 Bt‒s Ickeb‒s fjurta ibrtagny tjdjrrjw. Ac hnk‒t / dust  tac bkhjrrcht scktckhcs.
ic vcry cxhbtcg! > B‒d noocrlbh tj tac dbo`.
8 Rju dblat / dust `kjw Wjiy. Jr dnyic B anvck‒t
bktrjguhcg
bktrjguhc g yju. 9 Ajw duha gj tacsc snkgnos hjst:
7 Gjk‒t hajjsc n hurry tant‒s tjj ajt. Want jkc hnk‒t /
hjuog ic vcry spbhy! 8 Ajw hjog bs bt nt Kjrta ]joc:
3 Want swcnty W-sabrt dny / dust ic Eckkn‒s. Wajula B
tabk` bt icojkls tj Anrrbct. 7 Dy lrnkgfntacr wns in`cr.
6  Ejc nkg abs acnvy dctno
dctno inkg nrc pr
prnhtbsbkl
nhtbsbkl bk tac
vboonlc anoo. Wac kjbsc hjuog / dust ic gcnfckbkl! 3 Wac nllrcssbjk bs n prjiocd bk jur sjhbcty.

9 Hjdpoctc tac gbnojluc wbta tac djgnos bk ijx N nkg 6 Rju ojj` lrcnt. B rcnooy ob`c yjur grcss.
tac vcris bk ijx I.

N  hnk‒t hnk‒t dblat dblat dust dust

7 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta tac gctcrdbkcrs
gctcrdbkcrs bk tac ijx.

I  ic ic dbss dbss kjt dbkg rctur

rcturk
k n nk jtacr jur sjdc sjdc tac tacbr
tacsc tacsc
Wjd
Gbg yju acnr nijut Xjpabc:
Xac‒s ojst acr scksc jf sdcoo!
Ankkna
 Ycnooy: Want (>) 
Ycnooy: vcry kbhc.
Xac (9)  tac sdcoo jf fjjg.
Wjd
B suppjsc sj. Iut sac (8)  tant
duha. Fjr cxndpoc, sac (7) 
tac sdcoo jf swcnty trnbkcrs.
Ankkna
( )
B `kjw wantB yju
gnklcrjus. dcnk.
dcnk, wantIut bt 3   n fbrc nkg sac
bf tacrc‒s
gjcsk‒t kjtbhc! Gjcs sac `kjw bf acr scksc jf
sdcoo wboo hjdc inh`:
Audnks nrc ijrk wbta fbvc insbh sckscs. (>) 
Wjd sckscs nrc sblat, acnrbkl, tnstc, tjuha nkg sdcoo. Iut wc
Acr gjhtjrs anvc snbg bt (6)  . anvc (9)  sckscs tjj tant nrc ocss tno`cg
Iut tacy nrck‒t surc . nijut ‘ (8)  shbcktbsts icobcvc wc anvc ns
dnky ns 9> sckscs!   (7 ) nrc ocss jivbjus
(
tank  3) fbvc dnbk jkcs. \c anvc
(6)  scksc hnoocg pcrhcptbjk tant tcoos us
wacrc jur ijgbcs nrc bk spnhc. Wabs ckniocs us tj gj
tabkls ob`c shrntha (<)  kjscs jr tjuha
jur coijws! \c nosj anvc sckscs tant tcoo us wack wc
nrc auklry jr tabrsty. (1)  pcjpoc‒s sckscs
(2)
hjdibkc bk   ukusuno wny, bk n hjkgbtbjk
`kjwk ns sykncstacsbn. (>=)  ukusuno
scksjry pcrhcptbjk dcnks tant tacy hnk vbsunobzc sjukgs
ns hjojurs nkg nssjhbntc tabkls tacy scc wbta sdcoos.
 >92

1
Vjhniuonry rcfcrckhc

1.> Ngectbvjs5 scktbgjs 1.9 ¡Jej!

ibttcr (nge) /ˁiɥtɒ(
/ˁiɥtɒ(r)/  ndnrlj/n (nge.) n fojh` jf ibrgs /ɒ foə` əv iɟ˝gz/
iɟ˝gz/   ukn inkgngn gc pîenrjs
iourrcg (nge) /ioɟ˝g/
/ioɟ˝g/   ijrrjsj/n (nge.) ˁcoɥfɒkts/  ukn dnkngn gc
n acrg jf cocpankts /ɒ aɟ˝g əv ˁcoɥfɒkts/ 
gcnfckbkl (nge) /ˁgcfkɥŀ/ 
/ˁgcfkɥŀ/  cksjrgch
cksjrgchcgjr/n
cgjr/n (nge.) cocfnktcs
/ˁpɟ˝feu˝dg/ 
pcrfudcg (nge) /ˁpɟ˝feu˝dg/  pcrfudngj/n (nge.) n pnh` jf gjls /ɒ pæ` əv gəɮz/ 
gəɮz/  ukn enurän gc pcrrj
pcrrjss
/ˁrətk/ /ɒ pəg ɒv ˁgəofɥkz/
rjttck (nge) /rʏf/   
rjula (nge) /rʏf/  pjgrbgj/n(nge.)
îspcrj/n (nge.) n pjg jf gjopabks
gcofbkcs   ukn dnkngn gc
/ˁscɥvɒrb/  
snvjury (nge) /ˁscɥvɒrb/ snirjsj/n (nge.) n prbgc jf objks /ɒ prnɥg əv ˁonɥɒkz/ 
ˁonɥɒkz/  ukn dnkngn gc ocjkcs
sdjjta (nge) /sdu˝ý/ 
/sdu˝ý/  gcobhngj/n (nge.) n trjjp jf djk`cys /ɒ tru˝p əv ˁdʏŀ`bz/ uk lrupj gc
spbhy (nge) /ˁspnɥsb/
/ˁspnɥsb/   pbhnktc (nge.) djkjs
/ˁstɥ`b/  
stbh`y (nge) /ˁstɥ`b/ pclnejsj/n (nge.)
/ˁswctb/  
swcnty (nge) /ˁswctb/ sugjrjsj/n (nge.) 1.7 Cxprcsbjkcs õtbocs
vbvbg (nge) /ˁvɥvɥg/ 
/ˁvɥvɥg/  vävbgj/n (nge.)
Gnr bkstruhhbjkcs gctnoongns
Hjdckznr ons bkstruhhbjkcs
1.> Dîs vjhniuonrbj Icfjrc yju iclbk,… (+ bdpcrntbvj) Nktcs gc cdpcznr...
fonvjur (k) /ˁfocɥvɒ
/ˁfocɥvɒ((r)/  snijr (sust.)
Wac fbrst tabkl yju sajuog gj bs … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj))
aylbckc (k) /ˁanɥgʙb˝k/
/ˁanɥgʙb˝k/   ablbckc (sust.)
Oj prbdcrj quc gcicräns anhcr cs...
bddukc systcd (k) sbstcdn bkdukbtnrbj (sust.)
/ɥˁdeu˝k sɥstɒd/ Wac icst wny tj ... (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj)) bs tj … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj))
/ˏɥkfoɒˁdcɥʈk/  
bkfonddntbjk (k) /ˏɥkfoɒˁdcɥʈk/ bkfondnhbøk (sust.) On dcejr fjrd
fjrdnn gc... cs...
jffsprbkl (k) /ˁəfsprɥŀ/
/ˁəfsprɥŀ/   hrän (sust.) Hjktbkunr
/sckt/ 
shckt (k) /sckt/  jojr (sust.) Nftcr tant, yju sajuog … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk tj
tj))
Gcspuâs gc csj, gcicräns...
1.9 Xustnktbvjs
X ustnktbvjs nistrnht
nistrnhtjs
js Jkhc / \ack yju‒vc ljt / gjkc tant, (+ bdpcrntb
bdpcrntbvj)
vj)
nffchtbjk (k) /ɒˁfc`ʈk/
/ɒˁfc`ʈk/   nfchtj (sust.) Skn vcz / Hunkgj yn cstâ / anyns achaj csj...
nllrcssbjk (k) /ɒˁɮrcʈk/
/ɒˁɮrcʈk/   nlrcsbøk (sust.) \aboc (+ prcsckt
(+ prcsckt hjktbkujus), yju hnk … / (+ bdpcrntbvj)
hjktbkujus),
npprcacksbjk
npprcacks /ˏæprɥˁackʈk/  
bjk (k) /ˏæprɥˁackʈk/ nprcksbøk (sust.) Dbcktrns..., pucgcs...
irnvcry (k) /ˁircɥvɒrb/ 
/ˁircɥvɒrb/  vnocktän (sust.) Wac kcxt
kcxt tabkl bs tj … Oj sblubc
sblubcktc
ktc cs...
hjdpnssbjk (k) /`ɒdˁpæʈk/ 
/`ɒdˁpæʈk/  hjdpnsbøk (sust.)
Nhninr
gbstrcss (k) /gɥˁstrcs/
/gɥˁstrcs/   nfobhhbøk (sust.)
/ˁckvb/  
ckvy (k) /ˁckvb/ ckvbgbn (sust.) Wac onst stcp bs tj … (+ bkfbkbtbvj sbk
sbk tj
 tj)) Co õotbdj pnsj cs...
/ɮrb˝f/  
lrbcf (k) /ɮrb˝f/ pckn (sust.) Iy kjw,
kjw, yju sajuog a
anvc
nvc … Najrn, yn gcicräns...
bktcooblckhc
bktcooblckh c (k) /ɥkˁtcoɥgʙɒks/
/ɥkˁtcoɥgʙɒks/   bktcoblckhbn (sust.)
 ejy (k) /gʙɗɥ/
/gʙɗɥ/   noclrän (sust.)
dbscry (k) /ˁdɥzɒrb/ 
/ˁdɥzɒrb/  trbstcz
trbstcznn (sust.)
/ˁsɥdpɒαb/  
sydpntay (k) /ˁsɥdpɒαb/ hjdpnsbøk (sust.)
 >8=

1
 

Vjhniuonry prnhtbhc
> Ycjrgcr tac octtcrs tj dn`c scksc ngechtbvcs. Wack 8 Hajjsc tac hjrrcht jptbjk.
put tac iouc octtcrs bk jrgcr tj fbkg tac dystcry
ngechtbvc.
Ycstnurnkt rcvbcw 

Aj Hab Dbka rcstnurnkt

> B anvc BVGVB dcdjrbcs jf jur ajobgny bk
Frnkhc.
9 Nftcr n gny bk tac suk yju fcco ajt nkg RBXHW@
.
8 Rjukl habogrck gjk‒t ckejy WCYIBW
fonvjurs.
7 Wacrc‒s n tcrrbioc sdcoo jf CYWJKW
3 Wacrc‒s kjtabkl icttcr tank n rcnooy HR]XB
hurry!
6 Wurk tac vjoudc gjwk! Wac WV bs LBFCGNCKK
! pcrfcht hjdibkntbjk jf
< Dy hojtacs nownys sdcoo G SDC]YFC
wack B tn`c tacd jut jf tac
t ac wnsabkl dnhabkc.
Wac dystcry ngechtbvc bs . pjr`, B ang ojst dy
9 Hjdpoctc tac wjrgs bk >‘6 wbta tac scts jf octtcrs.
Wacrc nrc twj cxtrn scts jf octtcrs tant yju gj kjt
kccg. Wack dntha >‘6 tj N‘F.
Dy irjtacr nkg B vbsbtcg tac Aj Hab Dbka rcstnurnkt jk
Waursgny cvckbkl. \aboc B wns vcry duha ojj`bkl fjrwnrg
tj bt, dy irjtacr wns fboocg wbta (>) nffchtbjk / npprcacksbjk.
N frbckg jf abs ang icck icfjrc nkg ang fjukg tac scrvbhc
tcrrbioc. Ajwcvcr, B wns cxhbtcg iy tac prjspcht jf spbhy pjr`
wbta (9) iourrcg / stbh`y wabtc rbhc, kjt tj dcktbjk vnrbjus jtacr
(8) gcnfckbkl / snvjury gbsacs, suha ns swcct nkg sjur pjr`
nkg ocdjk habh`ck. Ajwcvcr, 8= dbkutcs nftcr cktcrbkl tac
rcstnurnkt, B iclnk tj fcco hjksbgcrnioc (7) lrbcf / sydpntay fjr
dy irjtacr‒s frbckg. Ns B wnthacg fjjg nrrbvbkl nt jtacr tniocs,
nkg dy auklcr bkhrcnscg, B fcot purc (3) ckvy / bktcooblckhc 
tjwnrgs tajsc ouh`y hustjdcrs ‘ bt wns jkoy nftcr n furtacr
twckty dbkutcs tant dy fjjg nrrbvcg. Wj ngg tj dy (6) irnvcry /
dbscry, tac rcstnurnkt wns tcrrbioy ajt nkg (<) swcnty / vbvbg,
nkg tac dusbh wns (1) gcnfckbkl / rjula. \ack B ns`cg tac
clls!
wnbtcr tj turk bt gjwk, abs rcnhtbjk wns jkc jf (2) nllrcssbjk /
hjdpnssbjk ‘ kjt frbckgoy nt noo!
Notajula tac fjjg ‘ wack
bt fbknooy nrrbvcg ‘ wns n
(>=) pcrfudcg / rjttck 
rbhc nkg gcobhbjus
nppctbtc. B wjk‒t ic
ljbkl tacrc nlnbk!
Fjjg 6/>=
Fjjg  6/>=  Ntdjspacrc
 Ntdjspacrc 9/>= Xcrvbhc 9/>=
Xcrvbhc 9/>=

KVR ]NWA ]CK NVC

7 Wrnksontc tac scktckhcs.
> Wacy dust ic bdprcsscg iy yjur irnvcry.
WCOO ACK ]NX XBJK  

> Ycno ir ry bs 9 Wac bkfonddntbjk dblat ic hnuscg iy nk bkfchtbjk

bkfchtbjk..
9 Ac gbgk‒t sajw duha syd y  
8 C bs wnktbkl
7 Gj yju tabk` bk blckhc 8 Nkbdnos dust fcco nffchtbjk tjwnrgs tacbr jffsprbkl.
3 Nkbdnos dny sajw nllrcs  
6 \c kccg tj sajw djrc hjd sbjk
N fjr ajdcocss pcjpoc. 7 Gjk‒t cnt tajsc clls! Wacy dblat ic rjttck.
I want sjdcjkc cosc ans.  

H wack B fnbocg dy lubtnr cxnd.

G bs sjdctabkl tant yju hnk gcvcojp: 3 Rju hnk‒t fcco sydpntay fjr tajsc tcrrbioc pcjpoc!
C fnhbkl yjur fcnrs.  
F wack tacy nrc frblatckcg.
 >8>

2 Skbt 2
Lrnddnr rcfcrckhc

Hoîusuons gc rcon
rcontbvj
tbvj cxpobhntbvns y Ycpnsj
Hbtns
cspchbfbhntbvns
Cdpocndjs prjkjdircs gc rcontbvj pnrn nþngbr ukn kucvn Hjksuotnr Skbt 6 Lrnddnr Ycfcrckhc, pîlbkn >9=
hoîusuon (hoîusuon gc rcontbvj
rcontbvj)) n ukn jrnhbøk. ]rcluktns,
]rclukt ns, pctbhbjkcs y ørgckcs ck cstboj bkgbrchtj
Hjksuotnr Skbt 6 Lrnddnr Ycfcrckhc, pîlbkn >9=
Want‒
Want‒s ta
tac
c uk
ukbv
bvcr
crsb
sbty
ty wa
wabh
bha
a jf
jffc
fcrs
rs dy ffnv
nvju
jurb
rbtc
tc hj
hjur
ursc
sc.. Wcrhcr
Wcrhcr hjkgbhbjkno
(hoî
(hoîu
usuon
suon prbk
prbkhhbpno
bpno)) (ho
(hoîusu
îusuon
on gc rcon
ontb
tbvvj) Hjksuotnr Skbt 7 Lrnddnr Ycfcrckhc, pîlbkn >>9
Ssjs Gctcrdbknktcs
Cdpocndjs5 Hjksuotnr Skbt 1 Lrnddnr Ycfcrckhc, pîlbkn >91
• waj pnrn pcrsjkns • wack pnrn tbcdpj ]rcluktns
]rclukt ns quc tcrdbknk ck ukn prcpjsbhbøk
• wabha pnrn hjsns • wacrc pnrn oulnrcs Hjksuotnr Skbt 3 Lrnddnr Ycfcrckhc, pîlbkn >>6
• wajsc pnrn bkgbhnr pjscsbøk ^ucstbjk tnls
Any gjs tbpjs gc hoîusuons gc rcontbvj. Skn hoîusuon gc Hjksuotnr Skbt 3 Lrnddnr Ycfcrckhc, pîlbkn >>6
rcontbvj
rcontbvj gn bkfjr
bkfjrdnhbøk
dnhbøk csckhbno. Xbk on hoîusuon gc rcontb
rcontbvj,
vj, ]rcluktns
]rclukt ns gc suectj y jiectj
kj snicdjs n quâ pcrsjkn, hjsn, tbcdpj j oulnr anhc Hjksuotnr Skbt 3 Lrnddnr Ycfcrckhc, pîlbkn >>6
rcfcrckhbn on jrnhbøk. Vcrijs hjk -bkl y tj
Want‒s tac ukbvcrsbty wabha jffcrs n twj-ycnr hjursc. Hjksuotnr Skbt 3 Lrnddnr Ycfcrckhc, pîlbkn >>6
Ck ons hoîusuons gc rcontbvj cspchbfbhntbv
cspchbfbhntbvns,
ns, pjgcdjs
rccdponznr waj
waj y y wabha  hjk tant .
wabha hjk
Want‒s tac ukbvcrsbty tant jffcrs n twj-ycnr hjursc.
Ons hoîusuons gc rcontbvj cxpobhntbvns nþngck bkfjrdnhbøk
cxtrn nhcrhn gco sustnktbvj. On jrnhbøk tbckc scktbgj sbk
on hoîusuon gc rcontbvj pjrquc yn snicdjs n quâ pcrsjkn,
hjsn, tbcdpj j oulnr anhc rcfcrckhbn on jrnhbøk.
Cdpocndjs hjdns no hjdbckzj
hjdbckzj y fbkno gc ons hoîusuons gc
rcontbvj
rcontbvj cxpobhntbvns.
Skbvcrsbty, wabha B‒d ljbkl tj nppoy tj, jffcrs
Dctrjpjobtnk Skbvcrsbty,
n twj-ycnr hjursc.
Ck ons hoîusuons gc rcontbvj cxpobhntbvns, kj pjgcdjs
rccdponznr ojs prjkjdircs gc rcontbvj pjr tant .
 >89

 2
 

Lrnddnr prnhtbhc

Gcfbkbkl nkg kjk-gcfbkbkl rcontbvc Ycvbsbjk

honuscs 8 ]ut tac wjrgs bk irnh`cts bk jrgcr tj hjdpoctc
> Dntha tac scktckhc anovcs >‘3 tj N‘C. Gj tac scktckhcs.
tac scktckhcs hjktnbk gcfbkbkl (G) jr > (kjt / ecnks / acr / tjog / B / wcnr / tj) tj tac bktcrvbcw.
kjk-gcfbkbkl (KG) rcontbvc honuscs:  
> Dy ukhoc, waj lrnguntcg 9 (bk / suiechts / gbg / \abha / spchbnobzc / yju) wack yju wcrc
dy nlc:
9 Wabs bs tac duscud  
8 Bf (B / yju / acopcg / wjuogk‒t / pnsscg / angk‒
angk‒tt / anvc / dc,)
8 Dy dud‒s kcw pcrfudc, tac cxnd.
 
7 \c snw tac Ibl Ant Enzz Inkg, 7 (yju / tjog / \aj / nijut) tac lnp ycnr shacdc:
 
3 Dy frbckg Ecssbhn, 3 \aboc wc wcrc jk jur wno`, (n / wc / tj / grbk` / stjppcg /
anvc) bk n hnfâ.
 
N wacrc wc snw tac Dntbssc cxabibtbjk onst ycnr.
I frjd Jxfjrg Skbvcrsbty, kjw obvcs bk Ojkgjk. 7 Hjrrcht tac ukgcrobkcg dbstn`cs.
H waj pcrfjrdcg nt onst ycnr‒s enzz fcstbvno. > B rcdcdicr tj tn`c dy `cys wbta dc, iut B‒vc fjrljttck wacrc B
G wabha hjktnbks onvckgcr jbo, sdcoos nwfuo. put tacd.
C wajsc irjtacr bs gjbkl nk npprcktbhcsabp, wnkts  
tj tn`c n lnp ycnr. 9 \ant gbg anppck nt tac bktcrvbcw:
 
9 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta subtnioc rcontbvc
8 B fjrljt ns`bkl want tac snonry wns.
prjkjuks. Ssc tant  wacrc
 wacrc pjssbioc.
 
Xcnrha Ojlbk Yclbstcr 7 Rju lrnguntcg frjd Occgs Skbvcrsbty, bsk‒t bt:
 
Wabs ycnr, dnky Irbtbsa tccknlcrs, (>)  3 \juog yju ob`c jtacr hup jf hjffcc:
cxnds nrc fnst npprjnhabkl, wboo ic tabk`bkl nijut  
tacbr futurcs. 6 \abha hjursc gbg yju nppoy bk:
Wacrc nrc ojts jf yjukl pcjpoc (9)   
wboo hajjsc tj gj n gclrcc, nkg tacy wboo nppoy fjr
ukbvcrsbtbcs (8)  tacy hnk stugy tacbr 3 Hjdpoctc cnha scktckhc wbta jkc wjrg.
hajsck hjurscs. Iut tacrc nrc nosj dnky > B tjog tac lbros tj put tacbr fcct jk tac tnioc.
(7)  wboo tn`c n djrc vjhntbjkno pnta. 9 Lrnkgdn dngc tabs hn`c, sac:
Npprcktbhcsabps, (3)  pny yju n snonry 8 \abha ukbvcrsbty hjurscs nrc yju bktcrcstcg :
waboc yju ocnrk n kcw eji, nrc ichjdbkl djrc 7 Ja kj, B fjrljt ojh` tac frjkt gjjr tabs djrkbkl!
pjpuonr bk tac S@. Wacrc nrc dnky hjdpnkbcs
(6)  3 bkvbtcg yju tj tac pnrty:
jffcr npprcktbhcsabps, nkg sjdc
6 B‒vc cntck twj sobhcs jf tant gcobhbjus hn`c,
cvck pny fjr ukbvcrsbty hjurscs (<) 
npprcktbhcs gj waboc wjr`bkl fjr tac hjdpnky nt iut B‒g ojvc jkc!
tac sndc tbdc.
Dnky pcjpoc (1)  anvc gjkc
npprcktbhcsabps sny tant tacy ickcfbttcg frjd
ocnrkbkl waboc wjr`bkl. Wacy ocnrk tj wjr` bk n
prjfcssbjkno ckvbrjkdckt, (2)  n
ukbvcrsbty cguhntbjk hnk‒t lbvc yju. Bf yju nrc
tabk`bkl jf nppoybkl fjr nk npprcktbhcsabp, bt dblat
ic n gchbsbjk (>=)  wboo rcnooy acop yju
tj suhhccg bk yjur futurc hnrccr.
 >88

2
Vjhniuonry rcfcrckhc

2.> Vcrijs y prcpjsbhbjkcs5 cguhnhbøk 2.7 Cxprcsbjkcs õtbocs

nbd fjr /cɥd fɗ˝(
fɗ˝(r)/  npuktnr n Hjdpnrnr y hjktrnstnr
fɗ˝(r)/ 
nppoy fjr /ɒˁponɥ fɗ˝( sjobhbtnr
(Xtugybkl
Xtugybkl)) bs eust ns pjpuonr ns (wjr`bkl
( wjr`bkl).
).
npprjvc jf /ɒˁpru˝v əv /  /  nprjinr (Cstugbnr ) cs tnk pjpuonr hjdj (trninenr 
(trninenr ).
).
ickcfbt frjd /ˁickɥfɥt frəd/
frəd/   ickcfbhbnrsc gc
Wacrc's kcvcr icck n (djrc
( djrc cxpcksbvc)
cxpcksbvc) tbdc tj (stugy
(stugy).
).
hjddckt jkjk/ˁ`ədckt
hjkhcktrntc ək/  ək/
ək/ 
/ˁ`əksktrcɥt ək/   hjdcktnr
hjkhcktrnrsc ck Kukhn an anibgj ukn âpjhn (dîs(dîs hnrn)
hnrn) pnrn (cstugbnr 
(cstugbnr ).
).
Bt's wny (djrc
(djrc bktcrcstbkl)
bktcrcstbkl) tank (sbttbkl
(sbttbkl bk n honssrjjd
h onssrjjd).).
gchbgc jk /gɥˁsnɥg ək/ 
ək/  gchbgbr
Cs duhaj (dîs
(dîs bktcrcsnktc)
bktcrcsnktc) quc (scktnrsc
(scktnrsc ck uk nuon).
nuon).
lrnguntc frjd /ˁɮrægʙuɒt frəd/ frəd/  lrngunrsc
pnrtbhbpntc bk /pɞ˝ˁtɥsɥpcɥt ɥk/  Bt's iy fnr tac (djst
(djst fndjus)
fndjus) tbdc / ponhc tj ...
ɥk/  pnrtbhbpnr ck
Cs gc ocejs on âpjhn / co oulnr (dîs
( dîs fndjsj)
fndjsj) pnrn...
prcpnrc fjr /prɥˁpcɒ(
/prɥˁpcɒ(r) fɗ˝
 fɗ˝((r)/  prcpnrnrsc pnrn
fɗ˝((r)/ 
scnrha fjr /sɟ˝tʈ fɗ˝ iushnr B'oo kjt jkoy (cnrk
(cnrk djkcy),
djkcy), iut B'oo nosj (lct
(lct wjr` cxpcrbckhc).
cxpcrbckhc).
suhhccg bk /sɒ`ˁsb˝g ɥk/ ɥk/  tckcr âxbtj Kj sjoj (lnknrâ
(lnknrâ gbkcrj),
gbkcrj), sbkj quc tndibâk (lnknrâ
(lnknrâ
trninenkgj).
cxpcrbckhbn trninenkgj).
Bt's jkc jf tac (anrgcst 
(anrgcst ) hjurscs / ejis tj (lct
(lct bktj).
bktj).
2.> Dîs vjhniuonrbj Cs ukj gc ojs hursjs / trninejs ((dîs gurjs) no quc
dîs gurjs)
npprcktbhc sabp (k) /ɒˁprcktɥʈɥp/ 
npprcktbhcsabp /ɒˁprcktɥʈɥp/  fjrd
fjrdnhbøk
nhbøk (sust.)
(gcgbhnrsc
gcgbhnrsc).).
/`ɒˁrɥɒ(r)/ 
hnrccr (k) /`ɒˁrɥɒ( hnrrcrn (sust
(sust.)
.)
Rju wjk't (cnrk
(cnrk)) ns duha ns (sjdcjkc
( sjdcjkc wbta n gclrcc).
gclrcc).
lnp ycnr (k) /ˁɮæp eɥɒ
eɥɒ((r)/  nþj sniîtbhj (sust.)
Kj (lnknrîs
(lnknrîs)) tnktj hjdj (nolubck
(nolubck hjk ukn hnrrcrn).
hnrrcrn).
gcɥ/ 
jpck gny (k) /ˁɒʅpɒk gcɥ/  gän gc pucrtns nibcrtns
(sust.) Wac ( yjuklcr ) yju nrc / bt bs, tac (cnsbcr 
( cnsbcr ) bt bs tj (stugy
( stugy).
).
Hunktj (dîs
(dîs ejvck)
ejvck) scns/scn, (dîs
(dîs fîhbo ) rcsuotn (cstugbnr 
(cstugbnr ).
).
/ˁpocɥsdɒkt/ 
ponhcdckt (k) /ˁpocɥsdɒkt/  hjktrnt
hjktrntjj (sust.)
/ˁprəspc`ts/  
prjspchts (k) /ˁprəspc`ts/  pcrspchtbv
pcrspchtbvns
ns (sust.) Bt prjinioy lcts (anrgcr
(anrgcr nkg anrgcr ) ns yju lct (jogcr (jogcr /
rbhacr / djrc qunob﬎cg ).
).
]rjiniocdcktc sc vucovn (dîs( dîs hjdpobhngj)
hjdpobhngj) n dcgbgn quc (tc (tc
2.9 Ngectbvjs5 hnrrcr
hnrrcrns
ns hunob﬎hngj/n).
anhcs dnyjr / dîs rbhj/n / dîs hunob﬎hngj/n).
nhngcdbh (nge) /ˏæ`ɒˁgcdɥ`/
/ˏæ`ɒˁgcdɥ`/   nhngâdbhj/n (nge.)
Wac (ojklcr 
(ojklcr ) B anvc tj (stugy
(stugy),
), tac (ojklcr 
(ojklcr ) B anvc tj ...
ingoy / wcoo pnbg (nge) dno / ibck pnlngj/n (nge.)
Hunktj (dîs
(dîs)) tcklj quc (cstugbnr 
(cstugbnr ),
), (dîs
(dîs)) tcklj quc...
pcɥg/ 
/ˁiægob/, /wco pcɥg/ 
(^unob﬎hntbjks
^unob﬎hntbjks)) bs / nrc tac ocnst / djst bdpjrtnkt tabkl.
hanoocklbkl (nge) /ˁtʈæoɥkgʙɥŀ/ 
/ˁtʈæoɥkgʙɥŀ/  cxblcktc (nge.)
(Ons hunob﬎hnhbjkcs)
hunob﬎hnhbjkcs) sjk oj dîs / dckjs bdpjrtnktc.
djtbvntbkl (nge) /ˁdɒʅtɥvcɥtɥŀ/ 
/ˁdɒʅtɥvcɥtɥŀ/  djtbvngjr/n (nge.)
rcpctbtbvc
rcpctbtbvc (ng e) /rɥˁpctɒtɥv/
(nge) /rɥˁpctɒtɥv/   rcpctbtbv
rcpctbtbvj/n
j/n (nge.)
rcwnr gbkl (nge) /rɥˁwɗ˝gɥŀ/
rcwnrgbkl /rɥˁwɗ˝gɥŀ/   lrntbfbhnkt
lrntbfbhnktc
c (nge.)
s`boocg / uks`boocg (nge) (kj) hunobfbhngj/n (nge.)
/s`ɥog/, /ˏʏkˁs`ɥog/
/ʏkˁsɒʅʈɒio/ 
uksjhbnioc (nge) /ʏkˁsɒʅʈɒio/  aurnþj/n (nge.)
/ˁvcɒrbg/  
vnrbcg (nge) /ˁvcɒrbg/ vnrbngj/n (nge.)
vjhntbjkno (nge) /vɒʅˁ`cɥʈɒko/ 
/vɒʅˁ`cɥʈɒko/  vjhnhbjkno (nge.)
 >87 

 2
 

Vjhniuonry prnhtbhc
> Hjdpoctc tac spccha iuiiocs wbta tac vcris nkg 8 Hjdpoctc tac tcxt wbta tac wjrgs bk tac ijx.
prcpjsbtbjks
prcpjsbtbjks bk tac ijx. Wack dntha qucstbjks >‘8
tj nkswcrs N‘H. nhngcdbh ingoy pnbg hanoocklbkl djtbvntbkl
rcpctbtbvc rcwnrgbkl uksjhbnioc wcoo-pnbg
nppoy fjr npprjvc jf hjddckt jk
hjkhcktrntc jk gchbgc jk lrnguntc frjd

>   AJDC
AJDC   KC\X  
KC\X FCNWSYCX
Dy sbstcr wboo
ukbvcrsbty tabs suddcr. \ant wboo dy Lnp ycnrs
pnrckts tabk` bf B sny B wnkt tj ic n wrbtcr
bkstcng jf ljbkl tj Skb: Bf yju gchbgc tj tn`c n lnp ycnr
ycnr,, yju‒oo ocnvc yjur
(>)  stugbcs icabkg yju. ]cranps yju‒oo lj
9 B wnkt tj stugy Cklobsa Obtcrntur
Obtcrnturc
c nt tac nirjng, trnvcoobkl tj icnutbfuo nkg sukky gcstbkntbjks.
Skbvcrsbty jf Cgbkiurla. \ant hjursc nrc Ajwcvcr,, n lnp ycnr hnk ic (9) 
Ajwcvcr , nkg
yju ljbkl tj : sjdctbdcs gbffbhuot. Bt‒s ukob`coy tant yju‒oo fbkg n  
(8)  eji jk n lnp ycnr
ycnr.. Rju‒oo prjinioy ic
8 B‒g rcnooy ob`c tj lct yjur jpbkbjk jk dy (7)  , gj n scrbcs jf (3)  ejis
abstjry cssny. \boo yju anvc n ojj` nkg (6)
nkg wjr`   ajurs. Ajwcvcr
Ajwcvcr,, wjr`bkl
bt: (< )
nirjng hnk ic vcry   . Bt‒s tac hankhc
N tj dn`c kcw frbckgs, gbshjvcr gbffcrckt
g bffcrckt huoturcs nkg
Xurc. B‒vc ljt tbdc tabs nftcrkjjk, sj B hnk vbsbt ponhcs yju‒vc kcvcr icck tj icfjrc. Icbkl fnr frjd
bt tack. ajdc hnk dn`c yju ojj`ojj ` nt yjur obfc bk n gbffcrckt
I B‒d kjt surc. B kccg tj wny,, nkg bs tacrcfjrc vcry (1) 
wny 5 wack yju
n hjursc! rcturk ajdc nt tac ckg jf yjur ycnr nwny, yju‒oo ic
rcngy tj iclbk yjur futurc.
H \coo, dy lrnkgpnrckts gbgk‒t
dy gng‒s hnrccr …
uktbo abs fbrst ijj` sjog 9 dboobjk hjpbcs!
7 Wrnksontc tac scktckhcs.
9 \rbtc tac jppjsbtcs. Wack hjdpoctc tac scktckhcs > Rju sajuog stnrt rcvbsbk
rcvbsbkl
l kjw0 jtacrwbsc yju dblat kjt
wbta tac ngechtbvcs. anvc ckjula tbdc tj prcpnrc fjr tac cxnds.
 
s`boocg ≭
≭ vnrbcg 9 B‒g ob`c tj anvc n rcwnrgbkl hnrccr. B gjk‒t dbkg bf dy eji
≭ ingoy pnbg bsk‒t wcoo pnbg.
sjhbnioc ≭  

> Xajuog B lct n(k) eji tant B ckejy jr 8 Cddn \ntsjk, waj ichndc fndjus ns Acrdbjkc
n(k) jkc tant wboo noojw dc tj snvc fjr Lrnklcr bk tac Anrry ]jttcr fbods, lrnguntcg frjd
tac futurc: Irjwk Skbvcrsbty bk 9=>7.
9 Fbkgbkl n(k) eji bs hanoocklbkl. Cvck wbta  
ojts jf qunobfbhntbjks, yju dblat anvc tj gj
n(k) eji waboc yju‒rc scnrhabkl fjr jkc. 7 Wacrc‒s nk jpck gny kcxt wcc` fjr stugckts waj wnkt
8 Dy onst eji wns vcry . Cvcry gny wns tj nppoy fjr vjhntbjkno hjurscs.
tac sndc. Dy kcw eji bs duha djrc cxhbtbkl nkg  
.
7 B‒d n(k) pcrsjk, iut dy eji bs vcry 3 Vjhntbjkno hnrccrs,
hnrccrs, suha ns tcnhabkl, hnk ic ijta
. Bt gjcsk‒t bkvjovc duha bktcrnhtbjk wbta hanoocklbkl nkg rcwnrgbkl.
pcjpoc.