GCDC@CN

Csunch Dbpbrcwctch _cmc Chcd Mbhkch Ebrdbeutunch Dnusus

‐

Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`, Cutasgb, mch CMNM ‗

Masusuh I`bn6

DB@IG_ID 33

3. Zihac Digc`c Mbwa (3>::3?>5;)

5. \b`ac Cyu Marc (3>::3?>5>)
:. \ajdy Chmrbc Gc`vahi (3>::3?>51)

Misbh _bgeageahk6
Hs. Mb`agc, Z.Dbp, G.Dbs

_UIMA ZCUFCHC ]BUC_CH DB_BUC[C]CH

_I@]BDDBZ DBGBHDBZ UA _CMCHK

]CNRH 5?5?
 DC]C _BHKCH]CU

Cssc`cgu‑c`cadug wcrcngctu``cna wcecrcdctun

Zbkc`c pufa ecka C``cn Z[] ychk tb`cn gbgebradch dcga dbgumcnch sbnahkkc dcga

mcpct gbhyb`bscadch gcdc`cn aha mbhkch tbpct wcdtu. ]chpc pbrti`ihkch-Hyc tbhtuhyc dcga
tamcd cdch schkkup uhtud gbhyb`bscadch gcdc`cn aha mbhkch ecad. Znc`cwct sbrtc sc`cg
sbgikc tbr`agpcn jurcndch dbpcmc eckahmc tbrjahtc datc ycatu Hcea Guncggcm ZC[ ychk
datc hchta-hctadch syclc‑cthyc ma cdnarct hchta.

_bhu`as gbhkujcpdch syudur dbpcmc C``cn Z[] ctcs `agpcnch hadgct sbnct-Hyc,
ecad atu ebrupc sbnct lasad gcupuh cdc` padarch, sbnahkkc pbhu`as gcgpu uhtud
gbhyb`bscadch pbgeuctch gcdc`cn sbeckca tukcs mcra gctc du`acn Dbpbrcwctch Chcd AA

_bhu`as tbhtu gbhycmcra ecnwc gcdc`cn aha gcsan fcun mcra dctc sbgpurhc
s bgpurhc mch gcsan
echycd tbrmcpct dbsc`cnch sbrtc dbdurchkch ma mc`cghyc. Rhtud
Rhtud atu, pbhu`as gbhkncrcpdch
dratad sbrtc scrch mcra pbgecjc uhtud gcdc`cn aha, supcyc gcdc`cn aha hchtahyc mcpct gbhfcma
gcdc`cn ychk `bean ecad `cka. Dbgumach cpcea`c tbrmcpct echycd dbsc`cnch pcmc gcdc`cn aha
pbhu`as ginih gccl ychk sbebscr-ebscrhyc.

_bhu`as fukc gbhkujcpdch tbragc dcsan dbpcmc sbguc pancd dnusushyc dbpcmc kuru
Ecncsc Ahmihbsac dcga ychk tb`cn gbgeageahk mc`cg gbhu`as gcdc`cn aha.

Mbgadach, sbgikc gcdc`cn aha mcpct ebrgchlcct. ]bragc dcsan.

_cmchk, 5= Idtiebr 5?5?

Db`igpid 33
 MCL]CU AZA
DC]C _BHKCH]CU ............................................
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MCL]CU AZA ............................................
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ECE A _BHMCNR@RCH
C. @ctcr Eb`cdchk .......................
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E. Uugusch Gcsc`cn .............................

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J. ]ufuch _bhu`asch..............................
_bhu`asch....................................................
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ECE AA ]AHFCRCH ]BIUA
3. Dihsbp Mcscr Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc` ..........................................
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5. Csunch Dbpbrcwctch Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc` ...............................
:. dihsbp mcscr Cutasgb ..........................................
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=. Csunch Dbpbrcwctch Cutasgb ...........................................
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2. Dihsbp Mcscr CMNM ........................
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<. Csunch Dbpbrcwctch .........................
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ECE AAA _BHR]R_

C. Dbsagpu`ch ......................................................
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E. Zcrch ..........................................
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MCL]CU _RZ]CDC
 ECE A

_BHMCNR@RCH

C. @ctcr Eb`cdchk

Chcd ebrdbeutunch dnusus ctcu pbhychmchk mascea`atcs gbrupcdch eckach mcra

chcd Ahmihbsac ychk pbr`u gbhmcpct pbrnctach mch pbr`ahmuhkch pbgbrahtcn,
gcsycrcdct, mch db`ucrkc. Rpcyc pbr`ahmuhkch ecka chcd mbhkch mascea`atcs scgc
nc`hyc mbhkch chcd `cahhyc, ycatu upcyc pbgbhunch dbeutunch mcscr chcd ckcr
gbrbdc mcpct namup, tugeun, mch ebrdbgechk sbjcrc iptagc`, sbrtc ebrpcrtasapcsa
sbsuca mbhkch dbgcgpuch ychk maga`ada. Dbeutunch mcscr chcd tbrsbeut gb`aputa
cscn, csan mch csun ychk mcpct mapbri`bn gb`c`ua upcyc ma eamchk dbsbnctch gcupuh
pbhmamadch mch sisac` (Zurycha mch
mch Ecma‑cn).

Mcgpcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` pcmc chcd mcpct ma`anct mc`cg dbtbrcgpa`ch kbrcd
mch lasad ychk durchk sbnct dbsu`atch mc`cg diguhadcsa dbgcgpuch gbhi`ihk mara
sbhmara, ebrsisac`ascsa, ebrahtbrcdsa mbhkch tbgch, kchkkuch pbrtugeunch mch
pbrdbgechkch, pbrcwctch mara durchkhyc pbrcscch marahyc tbrncmcp satucsa mch
dbcmcch masbdb`a`ahkhyc uhtud gbgbhuna db`bgcnch nc` dbgcgpuch gitirad
nc`ushyc (Qubga mch Guhmcdar, 5?32). Mcgpcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` tbrncmcp rbcdsa
irchk tuc mc`cg pbhb`atach Hc‑agcn, mdd (5?3;) cmc`cn pbrcsccch snijd, gbhkc`cga
kihjchkch ectah, tbrdbfut mch durchk gbhbragc dbcmcch chcdhyc. Irchk tuc gbrcsc
dncwctar tbhtchk gcsc mbpch chcd mch stakgc ychk gb`bdct pcmc chcd. Ebreckca
gcsc`cn ychk mac`cga irchk tuc ychk gbga`ada chcd tuhckrcnatc easc gbhuruhdch
ncppahbss mc`cg namuphyc. Db`ucrkc ychk gbgpuhyca chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`
cdch gbgebradch pbr`ahmuhkch ychk ebr`beanch pcmc chcdhyc sbnahkkc chcd
gbhmcpctdch dbsbgpctch ychk tbrectcs uhtud gbhmcpctdch pbhkc`cgch ychk sbsuca
mbhkch tahkdct pbrdbgechkchhyc. Zbgcdah ebrtcgecnhyc ugur chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`

gcdc pcrc irchktuc ncrus gbhkcmcdch pbhybsucach tbrutcgc mc`cg pbgbhunch chcd
sbncra- ncra (Gutcqqah, 5??>).

Chcd ebrdbeutunch dnusus sc`cn sctuhyc cmc`cn chcd cutas .chcd cutasgb fukc
,gbrupcdch sc`cn sctu praecma ahmavamu ychk ncrus
ncrus maebra pbhmamadch ecad atu
dbtbrcgpa`ch gcupuh cdcmbgad .

Cutasgb gbrupcdch chcd ychk ,gbga`ada kchkkuch mahmc`cg muhachyc

sbhmara. I`bn dcrbhc atu chcd cutus ncrus gb hmcpctdch pbrnctach dnusus mbga
pbrdbgechkchhyc.dbechycdch irchk tamcd gbhbkbtcnua ahlirgcsa cpc atu chcd ychk
cutas.
 Cutasgb mamcpct pcmc sbdatcr 5? pbr
pbr 3?.??? pbhmumud.
pbhmumud. Mch prac `bean sbrahk
mcra pcmc wchatc mbhkch pbrechmahkch =63 ,hcguh chcd pbrbgpuch ychk tbrdbhc cdch
gbhuhfudch kbfc`c ychk `bean ebrct. Ebebrcpc pbhycdat sastbgad gbhuhfudch kbfc`c-
kbfc`c sbpbrta custad ctcu gbgebra dbjbhmbruhkch pbhmbratc pcmc pbrdbgechkch
kbfc`c custad tbrsbeut. Fukc matbgudch mbhkch tbrfcmahyc dbfchk.

Napbrcdtal cmc`cn suctu pi`c pbra`cdu ychk gbhbtcp pcmc sbirchk chcd
ychkmatchmca mbhkch sadcp tamcd gcu macg, tamcd easc ebrdihsbhtrcsa mch
ebrtahmcdsbdbnbhmcd nctahyc ctcu agpu`sal. Kchkkuch napbrcdtavatcs maasta`cndch
sbeckcakchkkuch dbdurchkch pbrnctach ychk gbhchmcdch kchkkuch-kchkkuch sbhtrc`
ychktbrmcpct pcmc chcd-chcd ychk scgpca scct aha majcp sbeckca gbhmbratc
napbrdahbsas,dbruscdch itcd gahagc` ctcu masluhksa sbrberc` gahagc`, eacsc masbeut
mbhkch asta`cnCMNM ( Cttbhtaih Mblajat Nypbrcdtavaty Masirmbr ).

Cttbhtaih Mblajat Nypbrcdtavaty Masirmbr (CMNM) majaradch mbhkch

tahkdctkchkkuch pbrnctach, agpu`savatcs mch napbrcdtavatcs ychk tamcd sbsuca mbhkch

tcncp pbrdbgechkch mch kchkkuch aha mcpct tbrfcma masbdi`cn gcupuh ma rugcn
(Asccj, 5??2)

E. Uugusch Gcsc`cn

3) Eckcagchc Dihsbp Mcscr Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc` 9

5) Eckcagchcdcn csunch dbpbrcwctch pcmc chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` 9
:) Eckcagchc Dihsbp Mcscr Cutasgb 9
=) Eckcagchc csunch dbpbrcwctch pcmc chcd mbhkch Cutasgb9
2) Eckcagchch Dihsbp Mcscr CMNM 9
<) Eckcagchc csunch dbpbrcwctch pcmc chcd mbhkch CMNM 9

J. ]ufuch

3) Rhtud gbhkbtcnua Dihsbp Mcscr Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`

5) Rhtud gbhkbtcnua Csunch Dbpbrcwctch pcmc chcd Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`
:) Rhtud gbhkbtcnua Dihsbp mcscr Cutasgb

=) Rhtud gbhkbtcnua Csunch Dbpbrcwctch pcmc chcd Cutasgb

2) Rhtud gbhkbtcnua dihsbp mcscr CMNM
<) Rhtud gbhkbtcnua Csunch Dbpbrcwctch pcmc chcd CMNM
 ECE AA

]AHFCRCH ]BIUA]AZ

C. Dihsbp Mcscr Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`

3. Mblbhasa Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`

Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc` ac`cn dbcmcch mbhkch ahtb`bkbhsa durchk (cehirgc`)

(cehirgc`) sbfcd
gcsc pbrdbgechkch (sbfcd `cnar ctcu sbfcd gcsc dchcd-dchcd) (Gcrcgas, 3111)
ctcu dbcmcch dbdurchkch ahtb`bkbhsa sbnahkkc mcyc kuhc sisac` mch mc`cg
pbdbrfcch sbsbirchk gbhfcma tbrkchkku.

Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` cmc`cn dbcmcch ychk pbhtahk sbjcrc d`ahas gcupuh sisac`.
db`cahch aha matchmca i`bn dbtbrectcsch dbgcgpuch ychk macdaectdch i`bn

kchkkuch ychk ebrgcdhc mc`cg ahtb`bkbhsa tbrudur mch pbra`cdu pbhybsucach mara
(cmcptal). Ubtrcmcsa gbhtc` fukc gbhjcdup stctus sisac` nc` aha mcpct `bean
gbhybecedch dbjcjctch mcra pcmc jcjct dnusus atu sbhmara. dcrbhc ectcs ectcs
chtcrc ‐hirgc`atcs‗ mch rbtrcdsa sbrahk su`at makcgecrdch ambhtaladcsa pbmactra
bvc`ucsa mch pbrcwctch chcd mbhkch dbsu`atch dikhatal sbrtc db`ucrkchyc
gbgbr`udch tahkdct dbjchkkanch tbdhas gcupuh sbhsatalatcs ahtbrhcsaihc` ychk
ebscr.

Cgbrajch Cssijactaih ih Gbhtc` Mblajabhjy (CCGM) gbgeuct mblahasa

rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ychk dbgumach marbvasa i`bn Uajd Nbebr (31<3) sbeckca suctu
pbhuruhch luhksa ahtb`bdtuc` sbjcrc gbhyb`urun ychk tbrfcma pcmc gcsc
pbrdbgechkch mch manueuhkdch mbhkch kchkkuch cmcptcsa sisac`. Cmc : nc`
pbhtahk ychk gbrupcdch dctc duhja mc`cg mblahasa aha ycatu pbhuruhch luhksa
ahtb`bdtuc`, cmcptcsa sisac`, mch gcsc pbrdbgechkch.

gbhurut Cgbrajch cssijactaih il gbhtc` rbtcrmctaih (CCGU) Ubtrcmcsa

Gbhtc` cmc`cn mascea`atcs ctcu dbtamcdgcgpuch ychk matchmca mbhkch luhksa
ahtb`bdtuc` ma ecwcn rctc-rctc mch rbhmcnhyc dbgcgpuch uhtud gbhybsucadch mara
(pbra`cdu cmcptal) (su`cryi, 5???).
 Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` gbrupcdch kchkkuch ma gchc tbrfcma kchkkuch mc`cg luhksa
ahtb`bdtuc` ychk suehirgc` cmchyc pbra`cdu cmcptal sisac` mch tageu` pcmc gcsc
pbrdbgechkch ycatu
ycat u ma ecwcn ugur 3> tcnuh. tbrfcmahyc kchkkuch mc`cg
mc`c g luhksa
ahtb`bdtuc` sue hirgc` aha mcpct ma`cdudch tbs psadi`ikas mbhkch tbs chkdc tcrcl
dbjbrmcsch (AS) ahtb`bkbhjb quitabht magchc chcd gbgpuhyca AS maecwcn ;?.

dbgumach pbra`cdu cmcptal sisac` pcmc chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` mcpct ma`anct
mbhkch jcrc dbgcgpuch chcd mc`cg gb`cdudch tukcs dbgchmarach ctcu
gbhybsucadch mara mbhkch `ahkduhkch.

Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` gbrupcdch mascea`atcs dikhatal ychk guhju` pcmc gcsc

dchcd- dchcd (sbeb`ug usac 3> tcnuh) ychk matchmca mbhkch luhksa ahtb`bdtuc` ma
ecwcn hirgc` (AS sbdatcr 5 stchmcr mbvacsa ychk maecwcn hirgc`, mc`cg rbhtchk
<2 scgpca ;2 ctcu durchk) masbrtca dbtbrectcsch dbtbrectcsch `cah pcmc sbmadathyc
muc crbc luhksa cmcptal6 ebreajcrc mch ecncsc, dbtbrcgpa`ch gbrcwct mara,

dbrugcntchkkcch, dbtbrcgpa`ch sisac`, pbhkkuhcch sugebr- sugebr diguhatcs,

pbhkcrcnch mara, dbsbnctch mch dbcgchch, cdcmbgad luhksaihc`, ebrschtca mch
ebdbrfc (Ebtz mch Ziwmbh, 5??1).

Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` cmc`cn mascea`atcs ychk gbhybecedch dbtbrectcsch sakhaladch

ecad mc`cg luhksa ahtb`bdtuc` gcupuh mc`cg pbra`cdu cmcptal (dbtbrcgpa`ch sisac`
sisa c`
mch prcdtas sbncra-ncra) sbeb`ug usac 3> tcnuh (Ebrhstbah mch Znb`iv, 5?3;).
Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` fukc madbhc` mbhkch ebebrcpc asta`cn, ycatu6 mascea`atcs dikhatal,
mascea`atcs ahtb`bdtuc`, mascea`atcs eb`cfcr (Ebtz mch Ziwmbh, 5??1), kchkkuch
gbhtc`, ceusb (gasc`, girih, amait, drbtah, gihki`) (Nu`` mch Finhstih, 5??>),
tuhckrcnatc (Aswcra mch Hurncstcta, 5?3?), dbtbreb`cdchkch gbhtc` (Rtcgahahksan,
5?32), kchkkuch ahtb`bdtuc` (Ebrhstbah mch Znb`iv, 5?3;).

5. Btai`ika Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`

Cmchyc masluhksa itcd gbrupcdch mcscr mcra rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`. Rhtud

gbhkbtcnua cmchyc rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` pbr`u chcghbsas ychk ecad, pbgbradscch lasad
mch `ceirctiraug. _bhybece mcra rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` schkct digp`bds mch
gu`talcdtirac`. [c`cupuh ebkatu tbrmcpct ebebrcpc lcjtir ychk pitbhsac`
ebrpbrchch mc`cg tbrfcmahyc rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` sbpbrta ychk mahyctcdch i`bn ]clt
@] (31>:) mch Znihdill F_ (3115).

tbrfcmahyc Ubrcmcsa gbhtc` mcpct masbecedch i`bn lcdtir kbhbtad ctcu fukc
db`cahch mc`cg drigisig lcdtir aeu sb`cgc ncga` tbrfcma kchkkuch mc`cg kaza

ctcu pbhycdat pcmc aeu sbpbrta rueb``c cmchyc varus `cah mch fukc lcdtir sbtb`cn
`cnar magchc mcpct tbrfcma dbruscdch itcd sbpbrta dcrbhc gbhahkatas bhsblc`atas mch
`cah-`cah

_bhybece rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` mcpct tbrfcma gu`ca mcra lcsb prchctc`, pbrahctc` mch
pisthctc`. Ebebrcpc pbhu`as sbjcrc tbrpascn gbhybeutdch `bean mcra 3??? gcjcg
pbhybece tbrfcmahyc rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`, mch echycd machtcrchyc ychk mcpct majbkcn.
Matahfcu mcra pbhybece sbjcrc `chksuhk mcpct maki`ihkdch ctcs pbhybece eai`ikas
mch psadisisac`.

_bhybece eai`ikas ctcu sbrahk masbeut rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` tapb d`ahas gbgpuhyca jara-
jara sbeckca ebradut6

3. _cmc ugughyc gbrupcdch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` sbmchk scgpca schkct ebrct

5. ]cgpcd sbfcd `cnar ctcu usac maha
:. Zbjcrc lasas tcgpcd ebrdb`cahch/chbn
=. Gbgpuhyca `ctcr eb`cdchk eaigbmas ecad prchctc`, pbrahctc` gcupuh pisthctc`
2. ]amcd ebrnueuhkch mbhkch db`cs sisac`

_bhybece psadisisac` ctcu sbrahk masbeut tapb sisaidu`turc` gbgpuhyca jara-jara

sbeckca ebradut 6
3. Eacschyc gbrupcdch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` rahkch
5. Madbtcnua pcmc usac sbdi`cn
:. ]amcd tbrmcpct db`cahch lasas gcupuh `ceirctiraug
=. Gbgpuhyca `ctcr eb`cdchk dbdurchkch stagu`csa gbhtc` (cscn)
2. Cmc nueuhkch mbhkch db`cs sisac`
Gb`anct strudtur gcsycrcdct Ahmihbsac, ki`ihkch sisai bdihiga rbhmcn gcsan
gbrupcdch eckach ychk ebscr mcra pbhmumud, mcpct mapbrdarcdch ecnwc rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc` ma Ahmihbsac ychk tbrechycd cmc`cn tapb sisai-du`turc`.
_bhybece rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` tapb d`ahas ctcu eai`ikadc` mcpct maecka mc`cg6
c. _bhybece prchctc`

3) Kchkkuch gbtcei`asgb
Kchkkuch gbtcei`asgb cscg cgahi ycatu _nbhy` Dbtih Rrac (_DR), Gcp`b
Zyrup Rrahb Masbcsb, kchkkuch sad`us urbc, nastamabgac, nigisastahurac,
Mastrilac idu`irbhc` @iwb, napbrpri`ahbgac, tarisahisas mch napbr`asahbgac.
Kchkkuch gbtcei`asgb `bgcd ycatu mbkbhbrcsa sbrberigcdu`br mch
`bdibhsblc`ipcta prikrbsal. Kchkkuch gbtcei`asgb dcreinamrct ycatu
kc`cdtisbgac mch k`yjikbh stirceb masbcsb.
5) Db`cahch Drigisig
Db`cahch drigisig guhju` maecwcn 2 pbrsbh dbncga`ch, dbechycdch

dbncga`ch ychk gbga`da db`cahch drigisig ebrcdnra mbhkch dcsus

dbkukurch nchyc sbtbhkkcn mcra sctu pbrsbh ychk `cnar gbga`ada db`cahch
drigisig, mch cdch gbhahkkc` sbkbrc sbtb`cn `cnar. ecya ychk ebrtcnch,
dbechycdch cdch gbga`ada db`cahch miwh syhmrigb, ctcu trasigy 53.
Gchusac hirgc` gbga`ada =< drigisig (5: pcschk). irchk mbhkch db`cahch
miwh syhmrigb gbga`ada =; drigisig (5: pcschk + 3 drigisig pcmc
drigisig db 53).
:) Ahlbdsa gctbrhc` sb`cgc dbncga`ch
ycatu ahlbdsa ]IUJN mch Zala`as. Jytigbkc`a ahj`usaih eimy masbcsb

gbrupcdch pbhycdat ahlbdsa varus ychk pc`ahk sbrahk gbhybecedch rbtcrmcsa

gbhtc`. Ahlbdsa varus rahkch ctcu sued`ahad pcmc aeu ncga` mcpct gbhybecedch
dbruscdch itcd fchah ychk ebrsalct lctc`. _bhycdat Uueb``c dihkbhatc` fukc
mcpct gbhybecedch mblasat gbhtc`.
=) Digp`adcsa dbncga`ch
Gb`aputa tidsbgac krcvamcrug, Macebtbs Gb``atus pcmc aeu ncga` ychk tcd
tbrdihtri`, gc`hutrasa, chidsac fchah cdaect p`csbhtc prbvac mch si`utai p`csbhtc
sbrtc pbhkkuhcch satistctadc sb`cgc ncga`.
e. _bhybece pbrahctc`

3) _rbgcturatcs
 Mbhkch dbgcfuch tbdhad iestbtra mch dbgcfuch pbrahcti`ika gbhybecedch
gbhahkdcthyc dbsb`cgctch ecya mbhkch ebrct ecmch `cnar rbhmcn sbmchkdch
ecya-ecya tbrsbeut
tb rsbeut gbgpuhyca rbsadi
rbs adi ebscr uhtud gbhkc`cga dbruscdch itcd,
sbnahkkc cdch mamcpctdch `bean echycd chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`.
5) Csladsac

Csladsac cmc`cn dbcmcch magchc ecya ecru `cnar tamcd mcpct ebrhcpcs sbjcrc
spihtch mch tbrctur. Ecya mbhkch rawcyct kcwct fchah sbeb`ug `cnar, ugughyc
cdch gbhkc`cga csladsac pcmc scct ma`cnardch.
:) Dbrhadtbrus
Dbrhadtbrus cmc`cn sahmrig hburi`ikas cdaect pbhkbhmcpch ea`arueah tcd
tbrdihfukcsa ma mc`cg sb`-sb` itcd.
=) Napik`adbgac6 gbhuruhhyc dcmcr ku`c mc`cg mcrcn.
j. _bhybece pisthctc`
3) Ahlbdsa (gbhahkatas, bhsblc`atas)

5) ]rcugc lasad
:) Dbfchk `cgc
=) Ahtidsadcsa (tagcn natcg, gbrdura)

:. Kbfc`c D`ahas Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`

Kbfc`c d`ahas rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` tbrutcgc ychk ebrct sbrahk masbrtca ebebrcpc
db`cahch lasad ychk gbrupcdch stakgctc dihkbhatc` dbgumach gbhkcrcn db suctu
sahmrig pbhycdat tbrtbhtu.

Kbfc`c d`ahas mch db`cahch lasad ychk masbrtca rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`6

c. Db`cahch pcmc gctc 6

3) Dctcrcd 6

c) Zahmrig Jijdcyhb
e) Zahmrig @iwb
j) Kc`cjtisbgac
m) Zahmrig Miwh

b) Drbtah
 l) Uueb`c prbhctc`

5) Eahtad jnbrry- gbrcn mcbrcn gcju`c

c) Gudi`apamisas
e) _bhycdat Habgchh- pajd
j) _bhycdat ]cy-scjns

:) Dirairbtahatas

c) @ubs Dihkbhatc`
e) _bhycdat stagbkc`i varus
j) Uueb`c prbhctc`

=) Dirhbc dbrun

c) @ubs dihkbhatc`
e) Zahmrig nuhtbr
j) Zahmrig nur`br
m) Zahmrig @iwb

e. Dbfchk

3) Dbfchk ugug tihad d`ihad

c) Mblasabhsa k`adikbh sahtnbcsb

e) Napbr`asahbgac
j) Napik`adbgac, tbrutcgc ychk masbrtca k`yjikbh stirckb masbcsb A, AAA,
A\ mch \A
m) _nbhy` dbtihurac
b) Zahmrig gc`cesirpsa gbtnaihahb

5) Dbfchk gcsc hbihctc`

c) Crkahisujjahaj csamurac
e) Napbrcggihbgac A mch AA
j) @cdtad Csamisas
 j. Db`cahch Du`at Eahtad jclb-cu-`cat

3) Ctcdsac-tb`bhkabdtcsac
5) Zahmrig e`iig
:) Hburilaerigctisas
=) ]uebrius sb`brisas

m. Db`cahch rcgeut

3) Ucgeut rihtid

Lcga`ac` `cdtad csamisas mbhkch hbjritazahk bhsblc`ipcta

5) Ucgeut jbpct gbgutan

c) Ctrila prikrbsal sbrberc` nbgaslbr

e) Ctcdsac tb`chkabjtcsac
j) Zahmrig gc`cesirpsa gbtnaihahb

:) Ucgeut nc`us

c) Napitariam
e) Gc`hutrasa

b. Dbpc`c

3) Gadrisblc`a
5) Gcdrisblc`a

c) Namrisblc`us
e) Gujipi`ascdcramcsb
j) Blusa suemurc`

l. _brcwcdch pbhmbd

3) Drbtah

5) Zahmrig prcmbr- wa`a

k. Mastihac 3

Zahmrig Nc``brvirmbh- spcz

Kbfc`c d`ahas rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ebrmcscrdch tapb mch ugur 6

c. Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` rahkch

3) Rsac prcsbdi`cn ?- 2 tcnuh 6

Gcturcsa mch pbrdbgechkch Jcrc ebrfc`ch, gcdch sbhmara, mch ebreajcrc

`bean `cgect maechmahkdch chcd hirgc`.

5) Rsac sbdi`cn <- 53 tcnuh 6

_b`ctanch mch pbhmamadch Gcgpu gbgpb`cfcra dbtbrcgpa`ch, gbgecjc

sbrtc gbgpb`cfcra cratgctadc scgpca db tahkdct db`cs takc-db`cs bhcg

mbhkch pbhmamadch dnusus, mcpct maeageahk dbcrcn pbhybsucach sisac`
scgpca usac gbhtc` >- 35 tcnuh hirgc`.

:) Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` sbmchk

3) Rsac prcsbdi`cn ?- 2 tcnuh 6

Gcturcsa mch pbrdbgechkch Dbtbr`cgectch mcpct ma`anct pcmc

pbrdbgechkch gitirad, ycatu jcrc ebreajcrc mch ebrbspih tbncmcp

pb`ctanch mc`cg ebreckca cdtavatcs gbhi`ihk mara

5) Rsac sbdi`cn <- 53 tcnuh 6

_b`ctanch mch pbhmamadch Gcgpu gbgpb`cfcra diguhadcsa

sbmbrncchc, pbra`cdu dbsbntch mch dbcgchch tahkdct mcscr sbrtc
dbtbrcgpa`ch gchuc` sbmbrnchc, tamcd gbhkc`cga pbrdbgechkch
mc`cg gbgecjc ctcu cratgctadc sbjcrc luhksaihc`, usac gbhtc`
gbhjcpca :-; tcnuh usac gbhtc` hirgc`.
=) Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` ebrct

3) Rsac prcsbdi`cn ?- 2 tcnuh 6

Gcturcsa mch pbrdbgechkch Dbtbrcgpa`ch diguhadcsa durchk ctcu

tamcd cmc, gcgpu ebrbspih tbrncmcp pb`ctanch gbhkbhca pbrcwctch
mcscr mara sbhmara, gasc`hyc gcdch sbhmara

5) Rsac sbdi`cn <- 53 tcnuh 6

_b`ctanch mch pbhmamadch Gbgpuhyca sbmadat pbgcncgch tbrncmcp

pbrjcdcpch mch sbmadat gbrbspih, gcgpu gbhkcgea` gchlcct mcra
`ctanch dbeacscch ychk sastbgctad, usac gbhtc` gbhjcpca usac gbhtc`
timm`br hirgc`.

2) Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` schkct ebrct

3) Rsac prcsbdi`cn ?- 2 tcnuh 6

Gcturcsa mch pbrdbgechkch Gbgeutundch pbrcwctch titc`.

5) Rsac sbdi`cn <- 53 tcnuh 6

_b`ctanch mch pbhmamadch Dbtbr`cgectch pcmc sbguc crbc

pbrdbgechkch, gbhuhfuddch rbspih bgisaihc` mcscr, gcgpa
ebrbspih tbrncmcp `ctanch dbtbrcgpa`ch mc`cg gbhkkuhcdch `bhkch,

tchkch, mch rcnchk, gbgeutundch supbrvasb dbtct, usac gbhtc`

gbjcpca usac gbhtc` ecya gumc hirgc`. ([ihk, M, mdd, 5??1).

Gbhurut Zncpari ED (5??;), kbfc`c d`ahas ychk gbhybrtca rbtcrmcsa

gbhtc` ebrmcscrdch ugur chtcrc `cah6

3) Hbweirh 6 sahmrig masgirlad, gadrisblc`a, masluhksa systbg irkch

gcyir
5) Bcr`y ahlchjy ( 5- = eu`ch)6 kckc` ebrahtbrcdsa mbhkch `ahkduhkch,
kchkkuch pbhk`anctch ctcu pbhmbhkcrch
:) @ctbr ahlchjy ( <- 3> eu`ch)6 dbtbr`cgectch gitirad dcscr
 =) ]imm`brs ( 5- : tcnuh)6 dbtbr`cgectch ctcu dbsu`atch eajcrc
2) _rbsjnii` ( :- 2 tcnuh) 6 dbtbr`cgectch ctcu dbsu`atch eajcrc,
gcsc`cn pbra`cdu tbrgcsud dbgcgpuch ebrgcah, dbtbr`cgectch
pbrdbgechkch giptirad nc`us, gbhkkuhtahk, gbwcrhca,
gbhkkcgecr

<) Zjnii` ckb ( 8 2 tcnuh)6 dbgcgpuch cdcmbgad durchk, gcsc`cn

pbra`cdu (pbrnctach, dbjbgcsch, hcdc` )

=. D`csaladcsa Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`

D`csaladcsa rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ebrmcscrdch Mackhistaj chm Ztctastajc` Gchuc` il
Gbhtc` Masirmbr (MZG A\) , mc`cg c Fiurhby ti jna`m hburimbvb`ipgbht6
Cpp`ajctaih ah mca`y prcjtajb 6
c. Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` rahkch ]ahkdct ha`ca dbjbrmcsch ctcu Ahtb``akbhjb Suitabht
(AS) 2?‚22 scgpca ;?.
e. Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` sbmchk ]ahkdct ha`ca dbjbrmcsch ctcu Ahtb``akbhjb Suitabht (
AS) :2-=? scgpca 2?-22
j. Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` ebrct ]ahkdct ha`ca dbjbrmcsch ctcu Ahtb``akbhjb Suitabht (
AS) 5?-52 scgpca :2-=?
m. Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` schkct ebrct ]ahkdct ha`ca dbjbrmcsch ctcu Ahtb``akbhjb
Suitabht ( AS) maecwcn 5? ctcu 52
b. Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` mbhkch dbpcrcnch tamcd matbhtudch Fadc tbrmcpct dbjurakcch
duct cmchyc rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`. (Zi`bd, 5?3?)
Matahfcu mcra sbka hburi`ika, cmc ebebrcpc pbhkki`ihkch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`,
chtcrc `cah 6
c. Db`igpid rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` kbhbtad Cmc`cn dbtbreb`cdchkch gbhtc` cdaect
db`cahch lcdtir dbturuhch ychk masbecedch i`bn 6
3) _bruecnch fug`cn drigisig pcmc ncsa` pbrtugeunch ychk masbeut ceirsa
5) _bruecnch urutch rchtca pritbah gbgebhtud kbh ychk masbeut gutcsa
:) Db`cahch ebhtud pcmc pritbah ychk gbgebhtud kbh masbeut
masb eut mblirgatcs
=) Cmchyc dbdb`aruch pbhbgpctch mc`cg urutch pritbah pbgebhtud kbh ychk
masbeut trchs`idcsa.
e. Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` dbruscdch itcd (Ercah Mcgckb) Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` cdaect
dbruscdch itcd masbecedch i`bn sasc rcmchk mcra itcd, pbrmcrcnch itcd
tbrutcgc wcdtu gb`cnardch, durchk juduphyc pbgb`ancrcch idsakbh mch
 k`udisc pcmc itcd tbrutcgc pcmc ecya ychk `cnar eb`ug judup ugur, mch
dbrcjuhch.
j. Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` luhksaihc` Ubtcrmcsagbhtc` luhksaihc` cmc`cn chcd- chcd
tbreb`cdchk gbhtc` dcrbhc cmchyc kchkkuch nueuhkch pbrkcu`ch, kchkkuch
mc`cg jcrc gbhkcsun ctcu lcdtir eumcyc. Zbece-sbece ychk gbhageu`dch

rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` luhksaihc` chtcrc `cah ebradut aha6

3) Lcdtir nbrbmatcs c
c) Ecpcd ychk napbrcdtal wcdtu gcsan dbja`, gbhybecedch chcd fukc
gbhfcma napbrcdtal
e) Irchk tuc ychk gumcn tbrsahkkuhk wcdtu gcsan dbja`, gcdc chcd ychk
ma`cnardch fukc gumcn tbrsahkkuhk
j) Rsac aeu wcdtu gbhkchmuhk `bean mcra :2 tcnuh mbhkch tbdchch
gbhtc`
m) Aeu gbridid

b) Ebhturch- ebhturch gbhtc` wcdtu chcd gcsan ebrugur ?- : tcnuh,

gasc`hyc irchk tuc sbrahk kcmun, eridbh nigb, mch `cah- `cah.
5) Luhksa itcd, pcmc chcd db`igpid aha, gbhuhfuddch db`cahch/ jara- jara
dbruscdch itcd gahagc`.
:) Lcdtir pbra`cdu. Ki`ihkch pbra`cdu tbrtbhtu sbrahk gbhkncgect
pbrdbgechkch gbhtc` chcd- chcd sbnahkkc gbrcdc gbhkc`cga rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc`. Jihtin6
c) Gbhybhmara
e) Ckrbsal

j) Hcdc`
m) Napbrdahbtad
b) Cutasgb
(Aswcra mch Hurncstuta, 5?3?)
D`csaladcsa rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` gbhurut Cgbrajch Cssijactaih il Gbhtc`
Ubtcrmctaih cmc`cn6
c. Ahtbrgatbh4 Muduhkch mapbr`udch sbjcrc pbraimad, ctcu pcmc fchkdc
pbhmbd sb`cgc lcsb trchsasa ctcu drasas, fadc mapbr`udch, muduhkch
tbrsbeut maebradch mc`cg ahtbhsatcs tahkka ctcu rbhmcn.
 e. ]brectcs6 Muduhkch ahtbhsatcs rbhmcn mc`cg wcdtu tbrtbhtu mapbr`udch
uhtud gbgbhuna dbeutunch tbrtbhtu, sbpbrta pb`ctanch dbrfc ctcu trchsasa
sbdi`cn.
j. Bdstbhsal6 muduhkch ahtbhsatcs rbhmcn ychk dihtahu mch tbrctur
mapbr`udch uhtud gbgpbrtcnchdch luhksa ychk cmbduct ma `ahkduhkch

rugcn ctcu dbrfc.

m. _brvcsal6 muduhkch ahtbhsatcs tahkka ychk dihtahu mapbr`udch uhtud
dbcgchch mch dbsbfcntbrcch.
2. _ctilasai`ika

Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` gbrufud pcmc dbtbrectcsch hyctc luhksa namup sbncra-ncra.

Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` aha tbrgcsud db`bgcnch ctcu dbtamcdgcgpuch dikhatal ychk
guhju` pcmc gcsc dchcd-dchcd ( sbeb`ug usac 3> tcnuh ) ychk matchmca mbhkch
luhksa dbjbrmcsch ma ecwcn hirgc` ( AS ;? scgpca ;2 ctcu durchk ) mch masbrtca
dbtbrectcsch-dbtbrectcsch `cah pcmc sbmadathyc muc crbc luhksa cmcltal 6 ebreajcrc
mch ebrecncsc , dbgcgpuch/ dbtrcgpa`ch gbrcwct mara, dbrugcn tchkkcch,
dbtrcgpa`ch sisac`, pbhkkuhcch scrchc-scrchc diguhatcs, pbhkcrcnch mara ,
dbsbnctch mch dbcgchch , cdcmbgad luhksaihc`, ebrschtca mch ebdbrfc. _bhybece
rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` easc maki`ihkdch dbmc`cg prbhctc`, pbrahctc` mch pcsjc hctc`.
Mackhisas rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` matbtcpdch sbjcrc maha pcmc gcsc dchcd-dchcd.
 <. [IJ Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc` _cmc Chcd

Ahlbdsa pcmc Kchkkuch Ecya Ahtidsahcsa Mbprbsa _bhycdat itcd Db`cahch Dbruscdch
dchmuhkch gbtcei`asgb pcmc _rbgctur ebrct drigisig, db`cahch fcrahkch itcd
chcd usac 0 < tn kbhbtad, &
db`cachch gbtcei`ad
_brdbgechkch Iect ychk _bhycdat
@cnar 0 :> ]bdchch
itcd yk Zup`ca hutrasa madihsugsa ecwcch mcra
gahkku/ ectah pcmc Cdaect
tbrkchkku dbtueun aeu ma `cnar Mbprbsa
052?? kr chcd usac sbece _bhycdat/
durchk sc`urdch db psadisisac`
0 < tn lasad pbhkcrun
fchah
`cah prbhctc`
_brdbgechkch
Itcd dbdurchkch Durchk pbhkbtcnuch
itcd eb`ug Fchah dbrcjuhch
sup`ca hutrasa psadisisac`
sbgpurhc

Ucjuh gbruscd fcrahkch itcd

_brdbgechkch itcd _brdbgechckch itcd
chcd tbrkchkku tamcd sbgpurhc

Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`

Giea`atcs lasad
Dbtamcdgcgcpuch
tamcd sbagechk
dihkhatal (AS 0;?-;2)
_bra`cdu
]amcd mcpct gcdch GD6 Kchkkuch
napbrcdtal
mbhkch ebhcr Diguhadcsa \brec`
Db`cahch dikhatal mc`cg
ebreajcrc mch ebrecncsc
ebrecncsc
GD 6 Ubsadi GD 6 Mblasat GD 6 Kchkkuch
Jbmbrc Hutrasa ]ugeun
]ugeun Dbg
Dbgech
ech

;. _bgbradscch _bhuhfchk

Ebebrcpc pbgbradscch pbhuhfchk pbr`u ma`cdudch pcmc chcd ychk gbhmbratc

rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`,ycatu6

3) Drigisig dcraitapb
5) BBK (B`bdtri Bhsblc`ikrcg)
:) J] (Jrchac` Jigputbm ]igikrcpny) ctcu GUA (Gckhbtaj Ubsihchjb
Agckahk)
=) ]atbr varus uhtud ahlbdsa jihkbhatc`
2) Zbrug cscg urct (Rraj cjam sbrug)
<) @cdtct mch paruvct
;) _`csgc cscg `bgcd rchtca schkct pchfchk
>) Zbrug sbhk (Vh)
1) @ikcg ebrct mc`cg mcrcn
 3?) Zbrug tbgeckc (Ju) mch jbru`ip`csgah
33) Zbrug cscg cgahi ctcu cscg irkchad
35) _`csgc cggihac
3:) Chc`asc bhzag `asizig pcmc `bdisat ctcu eaipsy du`at6
3=) Rrah gudipi`ascdcramc

>. Digp`adcsa Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`

c. _crc`asas sbrberc`
e. Kchkkuch dbfchk
j. Gcsc`cn- gcsc`cn pbra`cdu/psadactrad
m. Mblasat diguhadcsa
b. Dihstapcsa (cdaect pbhuruhch gita`atcs usus cdaect iect- iectch chtadihvu`sa,

durchk gbhkisugsa gcdchch ebrsbrct mch jcarch).

l. Db`cahch dihkbhatc` ychk ebrdcatch sbpbrta gc`lirgcsa bsipnckus, iestrudsa
usus nc`us mch mblbd fchtuhk.
k. Masluhksa tariam
n. Kchkkuch sbhsiras
a. Gcsc`cn- gsc`cn irtipbmad, sbpbrta mblirgatcs dcda, sji`aisas

f. Dbsu`atch gcdch
(Ebtz mch Ziwmbh, 5??1).

1. _bhctc`cdschcch Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`

3) Lcrgcdi`ika
Chcd Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` eacschyc masbrtca mbhkch kbfc`c nypbrdahbtad (sb`c`u
ebrkbrcd, dihsbhtrcsa durchkmch pbrnctach gumcn maeb`iddch). Iect-iect
ychk sbrahk makuhcdch mc`cg eamchk rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`cmc`cn tbrutcgc uhtud
gbhbdch kbfc`c-kbfc`c nypbrdahbtad, gasc`hyc 6
c. Cgpnbtcgah misas ?,5 - ?,= gk/dk/ncra
e. Agaprcgah misas ³ 3,2 gk/dk/ncraBlbd scgpahkch dbmuc iect mactcs mcpct
gbhageu`dch jihvu`sa
j. \c`aug, Hieraug, Nc`ipbrami` mse. mcpct fukc gbhbdch kbfc`c
nypbrdahbtad
Iect-iectch uhtud dihvu`sa 6
c. Ma`chtah misas 2 - ; gk/dk/ncra (Ma`chtah mcpct fukc gbhuruhdch kbfc`c
 nypbrdahbtad, kbfc`ckchkkuch bgisa mch gbhcaddch luhksa ebrladar).
e. _nbhiecreatc` misas 2 gk/dk/ncra (_nbhiecreatc` mcpct gbhcaddch kbfc`c
nypbrdahbtad).
j. Jilbah 6 ecad uhtud jihvu`sa mch gbhuruhdch kbfc`c nypbrdahbtad
Iect-iectch uhtud gbhcaddch dbgcgpuch eb`cfcr 6
c. _yratnaixahb (Bhjbpncei`, Jbrberih).
e. K`utcgaj cjam.
j. Kcggc cgahi eutyraj cjam (Kcggc`ih).
m. _cebhi`.
b. Hiitripa`.
l. Cgpnbtcgah mse.
5) Hih Lcrgcdi`ika
_saditbrcpa mcpct maebradch ecad pcmc chcdhyc sbhmara gcupuh pcmc
irchk tuchyc. Rhtud chcdychk tbreb`cdchk mcpct maebradch psaditbrcpa
ahmavamuc`, psaditbrcpa db`igpid mch gchapu`csa `ahkduhkch(gbruecn
`ahkduhkch chcd ychk tamcd gbhkuhtuhkdch ecka chcd tbrsbeut).
[c`cupuh tcd cdch mcpctgbhybgeundch dbtbreb`cdchkch gbhtc`,
tbtcpa mbhkch psaditbrcpa mch iect-iectch mcpct mauscncdchpbruecnch sadcp,

tahkdcn `cdu, dbgcgpuch eb`cfcr mch ncsa` dbrfchyc. Qchk pbhtahk cmc`cn
cmchycdbtbduhch, dbscmcrch mch gahct ychk suhkkun mcra pancd tbrcpas (ychk
gbhkiecta).
]brcpas ebrtahmcd sbeckca pbhkkchta irchk tuc uhtud gbgeuct dirbdsa-
dirbdsa tbrncmcpnueuhkch ychk tcd ecad aha. Mcra pancd pbrcwct mapbr`udch
fukc dbtbduhch mch dbscmcrch mc`cg gbrcwctchcd-chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc` sbrtc gb`cpirdch dbpcmc midtbr ea`c mc`cg iesbrvcsa tbrmcpcttahkdcn
`cdu chcd gcupuh irchk tuc ychk hbkctal, gbrukadch ecka chcd tbrsbeut
gcupuh `ahkduhkchhyc(tbgch-tbgch masbdatcrhyc).
Zijac` wirdbr (pbdbrfc sisac`) gb`cdudch duhfuhkch rugcn uhtud
gb`anct nueuhkch chcd mbhkchirchk tuc, scumcrc-scumcrchyc gcupuh mbhkch
gcsycrcdct sbdatcrhyc. ]ukcshyc utcgc gbhjcra mctc-mctc chcd mch irchk tuc
sbrtc nueuhkch chcd mbhkch irchk-irchk masbdatcrhyc. Rhtud aeu ctcu
irchktuc chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` mcpct maebradch lcga`y tbrcpa (tbrcpa
db`ucrkc) uhtud gbhkuecn sadcpirchk tuc ctcu scumcrchyc ychk durchk ecad
tbrncmcp pbhmbratc. Mcpct maebradch fukc tbrcpa db`igpid mbhkch aeu-aeu.
 Chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` `cahhyc, sbgahkku sbdc`a sb`cgc 35 dc`a.
]ufuchhyc uhtud gbhkurchka sadcprbhmcn mara, pbrcscch dbjbwc mcra aeu
tbrsbeut dcrbhc tbrhyctc echycd aeu `cah ychkgbhkc`cga hcsae sbrupc,
gbgpuhyca chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`. Mbhkch mbgadach aeu mcpctebrsadcp
`bean rbc`astad mch `bean mcpct gbhbragc chcdhyc sbrtc mcpct gbrbhjchcdch
prikrcg ychk ecadecka chcdhyc. Ma `ucr hbkbra sijac` wirdbr ychk ebrtukcs
gbgebra tbrcpa db`igpid uhtud aeu-aeu tbrsbeut ma ctcs.

E. Csunch Dbpbrcwctch _cmc D`abh Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`

3. _bhkdcfach
_bhkdcfach dbpbrcwctch chcd mbhkch gcsc`cn tugeun dbgechk mcpct
gbhkkuhcdch ahmadctir ebradut 6
c. Matbgudch cmchyc dbtamcdgcgpuch ctcu dbsu`atch gb`cdudch tukcs
pbrdbgechkch sbsuca mbhkch db`igpid usac mc`cg tcncp pbhjcpcach tugeun
dbgechk.
e. Cmchyc pbruecnch pbrtugeunch lasad (ebrct/ tahkka ecmch) ychk tamcd sbsuca
mbhkch stchmcr pbhjcpcach tugeun dbgechk.

j. Cmchyc pbruecnch pbrdbgechkch scrcl ychk tamcd sbsuca mbhkch tcncpch

pbrdbgechkch, sbpbrta kchkkuch gitirad, ecncsc, mch cmcptcsa sisac`.
m. Cmchyc pbruecnch pbrdbgechkch pbra`cdu, sbpbrta napbrcdtal, kchkkuch
eb`cfcr mch `cah `cah.
b. Cmchyc dbtamcdgcuch ctcu dbtamcdgcgpuch gb`cdudch pbrcwctch mara ctcu
dihtri` mara mc`cg ebrcdtavatcs sbsuca mbhkch usachyc.

_risbs pbhkdcfach ebrsalct digprbnbhsal mc`cg `ahkdup ychk ebrecsas magbhsa

dbeutunch eailasad, psadisisac`, pbra`cdu, mch pbhmamadch. _bhkdcfach tbrmara
mcra ctcs bvc`ucsa digprbnbhsal gbhkbhca mblasat mch dbductch ychk
ebrnueuhkch mbhkch dbtbrcgpa`ch cmcptal6 diguhadcsa, pbrcwctch mara,
ahtbrcdsa sisac`, pbhkkuhcch sugebr- sugebr ma diguhatcs, pbhkcrcnch mara,
pbgb`ancrcch dbsbnctch mch dbcgchch, cdcmbgad luhksaihc`, pbgebhtudch
dbtbrcgpa`ch ebrschtca mch rbdrbcsaihc`, mch ebdbrfc. _bhkdcfach
gbgpbrtagechkdch pbhkcrun `ctcr eb`cdchk du`turc` mch ecncsc, pbrnctach,
mch dbsudcch chcd. _bhkdcfach lasad gb`aputa pbhkudurch pbrtugeunch (tahkka
ecmch mch ebrct ecmch ychk maambhtaladcsa pcmc krclad pbrtugeunch) mch
bvc`ucsa ahlbdsa scct aha, stctus gcsc`cn- gsc`cn dihkbhatc` scct aha, luhksa
tariam, pbrcwctch kaka, dbtcfcgch pbhmbhkcrch mch pbhk`anctch,
gcsc`cngcsc`cn hutrasa mch gcdch, mch gcsc`cn irtipbmad. _bhkdcfach lasad
fukc gb`aputa pbgchtcuch dihmasa sbduhmbr ychk ebrdcatch mbhkch mackhisas
spbsalad, sbpbrta gbgchtcu napitariamasgb mch mbprbsa pcmc irchk ychk
gbhkc`cga sahmrig miwh.
_bhkdcfach Chcd
c. Ambhtatcs
Hcgc 6 Ambhtatcs
Rgur 6 Rgur uhtud gbhkbtcnua mcscr pbrdbgechkch
pbr dbgechkch chcd.
e. Fbhas db`cgah
j. Chcd db
Fug`cn chcd ychk echycd mc`cg db`ucrkc mbhkch dbcmcch sisac` bdihiga
judup, cdch gbhkcdaectdch durchkhyc pbrnctach mch dcsan scychk ychk
matbragc. Eb`ug matcgecn `cka ea`c fcrcd db`cnarch chtcrc chcd ychk sctu
mbhkch chcd ychk `cah tbrc`u mbdct
m. Ckcgc

_bhkcfcrch ckcgc ncrus sumcn matchcgdch pcmc chcd- chcd sbmaha

guhkdah, dcrbhc mbhkch gbgcncga ckcgc cdch gbhuhtuh ugcthyc uhtud
ebreuct dbecadch mch dbecfadch.
b. _bhchkkuhk fcwce
3) Hcgc irchk tuc sbeckca pbhchkkuhk fcwce.
5) _bhmamadch Cycn/Aeu
_bhmamadch gbrupcdch sc`cn sctu lcdtir pbhtahk mc`cg tugeun
dbgechk chcd dcrbhc mbhkch pbhmamadch ychk `bean ecad, gcdc
irchktuc mcpct gbhbragc ahlirgcsa tbhtchk dbsbnctch chcdhyc
:) _bhmcpctch Db`ucrkc _bhmcpctch db`ucrkc ychk gbgcmca, mcpct
gbhuhfchk tugeun dbgechk chcd dcrbhc irchktuc mcpct gbhybmacdch
sbkc`c dbeutunch chcd.
=) C`cgct Cmchyc c`cgct tbgpct tahkkc` cdch gbgumcndch fadc sbwcdtu-
wcdtu maeutundch uhtud ebreckca dbpbhtahkch. Gcdc mcra atu, ichktuc
sbecadhyc gu`ca gbhkbhc`dch c`cgct tbgpct tahkc` gbrbdc dbpcmc
chcd
l. Uawcyct Dbsbnctch Chcd Gcsc @c`u
Uawcyct dbsbnctch chcd gcsc `c`u, ebrnueuhkch brct mbhkch rawcyct
dbsbnctch aeu pcmc gcsc sbeb`ug tbrfcmahyc dbncga`ch gcupuh scct
ncga`. Madcrbhcdch, kaza aeu ncga` sbeb`ug tbrfcmahyc dbncga`ch gcupuh
sbmchk ncga`
k. Uawcyct _crbhtc` (Uawcyct Dbsbnctch Aeu)
Uawcyct Dbsbnctch Aeu ebrnueuhkch brct mbhkch tbrpbhuna ctcu tamcdhyc
kaza aeu ncga` sbeb`ug tbrfcmahyc dbncga`ch gcupuh sbmchk ncga`.
Gbhkncgect pbrtugeunch itcd fchah, chbgac pcmc ecya ecru `cnar, EE@U
gumcn tbrdbhc ahlbdsa, ceirtus, mch `cah-`cah.
n. Uawcyct Db`cnarch
Ecya ecru `cnar ncrus easc gb`bwcta gcsc`cn trchsasa, mcra sunu sastbg ychk
tbrctur ychk sbeckach ebscr tbrkchtuhk pcmc irkch-irkch aeuhyc, db suctu
sastbg ychk tbrkchtuhk pcmc dbgcgpuch kbhbtad mch gbdchasgb
nigbistctad ecya atu sbhmara. Gcsc prbhctc` ycatu gcsc chtcrc 5> gahkku
mc`cg dchmuhkch scgpca ; ncra sbtb`cn ma`cnardch, gbrupcdch gcsc cwc`
mc`cg prisbs tugeun dbgechk chcd, dnusushyc tugeun dbgechk itcd.
a. Uawcyct Dbsbnctch Db`ucrkc

Mc`cg db`ucrkc ea`c cmc ychk gbhmbratc scdat gbhu`cr mcpct gbhu`crdch
pcmc ecyahyc. Fukc lcdtir kbhbtad gbrupcdch gimc` mcscr gbhjcpca ncsa`
cdnar prisbs tugeun dbgechk
f. Uawcyct ]ugeun Dbgechk
Mbhkch gbhkbtcnua a`gu tugeun dbgechk, mcpct gbhmbtbdsa ebreckca nc`
ychk ebrnueuhkch mbhkch sbkc`c upcyc uhtud gbhfckc mch
gbhkiptagc`dch tugeun dbgechk chcd ecad lasad, gbhtc`, mch sisac`, fukc
gbhbkcddch mackhisas maha sbtacp db`cahch tugeun dbgechk mch
dbguhkdahch pbhchkchch ychk blbdtal sbrtc gbhjbkcn mch gbhjcra
pbhybecehyc
d. Uawcyct Aguhascsa
Mbhkch pbgebrach aguhascsa mancrcpdch chcd tbrnahmcr mcra pbhycdat
pbhycdat tbrtbhtu ychk easc gbhybecedch dbjcjctch mch dbgctach.
Machfurdch chcd sbeb`ug ugur 3 tcnuh sumcn gbhmcpct aguhascsa
`bhkdcp.
`. _i`c Dbeacscch Zbncra-Ncra
 3) Hutrasa/Kaza
_bgebrach hutrasa pcmc chcd ncrus judup ecad mcra sbka duchtatcs
gcupuh duc`atcshyc sbpbrta6 pritbah, `bgcd, dcreinamrct mch gahbrc`
sbrtc vatcgah
5) B`agahcsa ECE/ECD
Chcd ugur 3,2-5 tcnuh ebrnbhta gbhkigpi` pcmc sachk ncra. Rsac 5,2-
: tcnuh ebrnbhta gbhkigpi` pcmc gc`cg ncra. Chcd pbrbgpuch `bean
mu`u ebrnbhta gbhkigpi` , majcra pbhybecehyc. ]ia`bt trcahahk (`ctanch
mblbdcsa pbr`u magu`ca, supcyc bvcducsa sasc gcdchch ma`cdudch sbjcrc
tbrctur, sbnahkkc gbgpbrgumcn db`chjcrch pbgebrach gcdchch)
:) Astarcnct mch tamur Chcd
ychk sumcn gu`ca ebscr cdch ebrdurchk wcdtu astarcncthyc. Dcrbhc
dbkactch lasadhyc gu`ca gbhahkdct, sbpbrta ebrgcah. Hcguh,
dbeutunch tamur chcd sbecadhyc tbtcp mapbhuna chtcrc 5 nahkkc : fcg
tamur sachk mch ; nahkkc > fcg pcmc scct gc`cg ncra
=) I`cnrckc mch Ubdrbcsa
I`cnrckc cdch gbhahkdctdch sardu`csa, cdtavatcs lasai`ika mch gu`ca
pbrdbgechkch itit-itit

2) _brsihc` Nykabhb
_brsihc` Nykabhb gbhychkdut jcrc chcd gbgebrsandch mara. Rpcyc aha
mcpct ma`cdudch chcd mbhkch gchma 5x sbncra, dbrcgcs :x sbgahkku,
pitihk dudu 3 dc`a sbgahkku, gbgebrsandch gu`ut mch kaka
<) ]chmc-tchmc vatc`
]chmc vatc` gb`aputa sunu, tbdchch mcrcn, hcma, mch rbsparcsa

5. Mackhisc dbpbrcwctch
3) Kchkkuch ]ugeun Dbgechk ebrnueuhkch mbhkch blbd dbtamcdgcgpuch
lasad (ZMDA 6 5:5)
5) Kchkkuch Diguhadcsa \brec` ebrnueuhkch mbhkch ncgectch ahmavamu
(ZMDA6 5<=)
:) Uasadi Jbmbrc ebrnueuhkch mbhkch Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc` (ZMDA6 51=)

:. Ahtbrvbhsa Dbpbrcwctch
HI Mackhisc Z@DA ZADA
3. Kchkkuch ]ugeun Ztctus _brdbgechkch _rigisa pbrdbgechkch chcd
Dbgechk (nc` 6 35=) 6 (nc` 6 :>3)6
ebrnueuhkch mbhkch 3. Dbtbrcgpa`ch Iesbrvcsa
blbd dbtamcdgcgpuch pbra`cdu sbsuca 3. Ambhtaladcsa dbeutunch
lasad. usac gbhahkdct dnusus chcd mch
• ]chmc gcyir 6 5. Dbgcgpuch dbgcgpuch cmcptcsa chcd
Iefbdtal 6 gb`cdudch ]brcpbutad
3. ]amcd gcgpu pbrcwctch mara
3. Lcsa`atcsa nueuhkch chcd
gb`cdudch gbhahkdct
mbhkch tbgch sbecyc
dbtbrcgpa`ch ctcu :. Ubspih sisac`
5. Muduhk chcd ebrahtbrcdsa
pbra`cdu dncs gbhahkdct
mbhkch chcd `cah
sbsuca usac (lasad,
:. Muduhk chcd
ecncsc, gitirad,
gbhkbdsprbsadch
psadi`ikas)
pbrcscchhyc sbjcrc pisatal
5. _brtugeunch lasad
=. Muduhk pcrtasapcsa chcd
tbrkchkku
masbdi`cn, bdstrcdu`adu`br,
• ]chmc gahir 6

Iefbdtal 6 mch cdtavatcs diguhatcs

3. ]amcd gcgpu 2. Ebradch gcahch ychk
gb`cdudch sbsuca mbhkch usac chcd
pbrcwctch mara
Bmudcsa 6
sbsuca usac
5. Ubspih sisac`
3. Fb`csdch hcgc-hcgc
`cgect
ebhmc iefbd ychk cmc
:. Dihtcd gctc
ma`ahkduhkch sbdatcr
tbrectcs
5. Cfcrdch sadcp diipbrctal
=. Hclsu gcdch
eudch digpbtasa machtcrc
gbhuruh
chcd
2. @bsu
:. Cfcrdch chcd jcrc
<. Ubkrbsa
gbgahtc echtuch mcra
;. _i`c tamur
pancd `cah, fadc pbr`u
tbrkchkku (pcmc
=. Cfcrdch tbdhad csbrtal
ecya
 pcmc chcd mch rbgcfc

Bmudcsa 6

Uufud uhtud dihsb`ahk, fadc

pbr`u
5 Kchkkuch Diguhadcsa \brec` 6 _rigisa diguhadcsa mblasat
Diguhadcsa \brec` (nc` 6 =1) eajcrc (nc`6:;:)
ebrnueuhkch mbhkch 3. Dbgcgpuch Iesbrvcsa
ncgectch ahmavamu ebreajcrc 3. Gihatir dbjbpctch ,

• ]chmc gcyir 6 gbhahkdct tbdchch, duchtatcs,

Iefbdtal 6 5. Dbgcgpuch vi`ugb, mch madsa eajcrc
3. ]amcd gcgpu gbhmbhkcr 5. Gihatir prisbs dikhatal,
ebreajcr ctcu gbhahkdct chctigas, mch lasai`ikas
gbhmbhkcr :. Dbsbsucach ychk ebrdcatch mbhkch
5. Gbhuhfuddch bdsprbsa eajcrc (gas. Gbgira,
rbspih tamcd wcfcn/tueun pbhmbhkcrch, ecncsc)
sbsuca gbhahkdct :. Gihatir lrutcsa, gcrcn,

• ]chmc gahir 6 =. Dihtcd gctc mbprbsa ctcu nc` `cah ychk

Iefbdtal 6 gbhahkdct gbhkkchkku eajcrc
3. Clcsac 2. Ubspihs pbra`cdu =. Ambhtaladcsa pba`cdu
5. Cprcdsac gbgecad bgisaihc` mch lasad
:. Mas`bdsac <. _bgcncgch sbeckca ebhtud
=. _b`i diguhadcsa diguhadcsa
2. Masctrac gbgecad ]brcpbutad
<. Kckcp
3. Kuhcdch gbtimb
;. ]amcd cmc dihtcd
diguhadcsa c`tbrhctal
gctc
(gas. Gbhu`as, gctc
>. Zu`at gbgcncga
ebrdbmap, pcpch
diguhadcsa
diguhadcsa, mbhkch
1. Zu`at
kcgecr mch nurul, asycrct
gbgpbrtcnchdch
tchkch, mch digputbr)
diguhadcsa
5. Zbsucadch kcyc
3?. Zu`at gbhkkuhcdch
 diguhadcsa mbhkch
bdsprbsa wcfcn
dbeutunch
ctcu tueun
:. Ebradch muduhkch
33. Zu`at gbhyusuh
psadi`ikas
dc`agct
35. \brce`ascsa tamcd
Bmudcsa 6
tbpct
3:. Zu`at 3. Chfurdch eajcrc pbr`cnch
gbhkuhkdcpdch 5. Cfcrdch pcsabh mch
dctc-dctc db`ucrkc prisbsdikhatal,
chctigas, mch lasai`ikas
ychk ebrnueuhkch mbhkch
dbgcgpuch ebreajcrc

: Uasadi Jbmbrc ]ahkdct jambrc (nc` 6 Gchcfbgbh dbsb`cgctch

ebrnueuhkch mbhkch 3:2) `ahkduhkch. (nc`6 315)
Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`. 3. ]i`brchsa Iesbrvcsa
• Lcdtir ahtbrhc` cdctavatcs 3. Ambhtaladcsa dbeutunch

3. _bruecnch luhksa gbhahkdct dbsb`cgctch (gas. Dihmasa

dikhatal 5. Dbfcmach jbmbrc lasad, luhksa dikhatal, mch
5. _bruecnch gbhuruh rawcyct pba`cdu)
irabhtcsa clbdtal :. Kchkkuch 5. Gihatir pbruecnch stctus
:. _bruecnch luhksa dikhatal gbhuruh dbsb`cgtch `ahkduhkch
psadigitir ]brcpbutad
3. Na`chkdch ecncyc
`ahkduhkch (gas. Lasad,
eai`ika, dagac), fadc pbr`u
5. Gimaladcsa `ahkduhkch
uhtud gbgahagc`dch
ecncyc mch rbsadi
:. Zbmacdch c`ct echtu
dbcgchch `ahkduhkch
=. @cdudch prikrgc sdrahahk
ecncyc `ahkduhkch, (gas.
 ]agec`)

Ahtbrvbhsa dbpbrcwctch ebrmcscrdch furhc` pcmc pcsabh Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc` 6

3. Kchkkuch ]ugeun Dbgechk ebrnueuhkch mbhkch blbd dbtamcdgcgpuch
lasad.
Ahtbrvbhsa ebrmcscrdch furhc` 6
]brcpa gusad d`csad
_brdbgechkch dikhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` fcun dbtahkkc`ch mbhkch chcd
hirgc`. Rhtud gbhjcpca pbrdbgechkch dikhatal ychk sbsuca, chcd rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc` gbgbr`udch pbhku`chkch tbhtchk ecnch ychk macfcrdch (Zigchtra,
5?35).
Lcdtir ychk gbgpbhkcruna tcncp pbrdbgechkch gbhurut _ackbt mc`cg
(Mbsgatc, 5??1) gbhkambhtaladcsa bgpct lcdtir ychk gbgpbhkcruna trchsasa
tcncp pbrdbgechkch chcd, ychk pbrtcgc ycatu dbgctchkch, pbhkc`cgch
lasad/`ahkduhkch, trchsgasa sisac` mch bqua`aeraug. Dbgctchkch gbga`ada
pbrchch pbhtahk mc`cg pbrdbgechkch ahtb`bdtuc`, cdch tbtcpa lcdtir aha scfc
tamcd gcgpu gbhfb`csdch sbkc`c sbsuctu tbhtchk pbrdbgechkch ahtb`bdtuc`.

_bhb`atach-pbhb`atach ychk ma`cdudch maebebrcpc hbkcrc gbgeudtadch cmchyc

pbrebmcch rctc-rctc ugur pcmc tcncp pbrdbgechkch ychk scgc.
Jcrc gb`cdudch tbrcpa aha 6
]brcpa gusad d`csad maebradch muc dc`a sb`cgc :? gbhat.

=. Agp`bgbhtcsa
Mamc`cg agp`bgbhtcsa, pbrcwct gbhfc`chdch rbhjchc-rbhjchc dbpbrwctch
ychk sbeb`ughyc tb`cn maguct mc`cg ahtbrvbhsa mc`cg ebhtud Csunch dbpbrcwctch
dbpcmc d`abh

2. Ahtbrvbhsa
Zbtb`cn gbhkagp`bhtcsadch pbrbhjchcch ychk maeuct , sb`chfuthyc pbrcwct
ncrus gbhkbvc`ucsa cpcdcn Csunch Dbpbrcwctch ychk tb`cn maebradch tb`cn ebrncsa`
ctcudcn ahtbrvbhsa ma`chfutdch.
 ECE AAA

_BHR]R_

C. Dbsagpu`ch

Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` cmc`cn ebhtud kchkkuch ctcu dbdcjcuch luhksa gbhtc` ctcu
dbsbnctch gbhtc` ychk masbecedch i`bn dbkckc`ch gbrbcdsahyc gbdchasgb cmcptcsa
mcra luhksa-luhksa dbfawcch tbrncmcp stagu`us bdstbrbh mch dbtbkchkch-dbtbkchkch
sbnahkkc guhju` kchkkuch luhksa ctcu kchkkuch strudtur mcra suctu eckach, sctu

irkch, ctcu sastbg dbfawcch gbhtc`.

Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` easc scfc tbrfcma pcmc sbtacp ahmavamu/ gchusac dcrbhc cmchyc
lcdtir-lcdtir mcra mc`cg gcupuh mcra `ucr, kbfc`c ychk matageu`dch pcmc pbhmbratc
rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ugughyc rcsc jbgcs, tcdut, nc`usahcsa sbrtc mb`usa ychk ebscr.

E.Zcrch
 _brch irchk tuc schkct`cn pbhtahk mc`cg pbrcwctch chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc`, ma mc`cg sbtacp dbnamupch sbncra-ncra chcd. Mch sbecadhyc irchk tuc

ctcupuh db`ucrkc gbhbragc cpcpuh dbdurchkch mcra sbirchk chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc`, sbrtc `bean gbgebradch suppirt ctcu pufach ychk mcpct gbgeuct chcd
gbhfcma `bean ecad. Zbrtc pbrch sbrtc pbrcwct mc`cg gbgebradch muduhkch
pbhmamadch dbsbnctch mch pb`cychch dbpbrcwctch ychk mcpct ebrdihtraeusa mc`cg
gbhahkdctdch pbhkbtcnuch, sadcp mch dbtbrcgpa`ch aeu mc`cg gbrcwct chcd mbhkch
rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`.

Mcltcr _ustcdc

Cstuda, Ubha Qu`ac & Brtachc Mwa. (5?3>). Chbgac mch Dbncga`ch. Fcwc ]agur 6 _ustcdc
Cecma

Ebtz chm Ziwmbh. (5??5). Eudu scdu dbpbrcwctch pbmactra. Fcdcrtc 6 BKJ

Lrbbmgch bt c`. Gimbrh Zyhipsas il Jigprbnbhsavb ]bxteiid il _syjnactry. Ec`tagirb 6 ]nb

[a``acgs & [a`dahs Ji, 31;54 pp :35 -:51.

Gcrcgas, [.L. (5??2) A`gu Dbmidtbrch Fawc. Zurcecyc6 Car`chkkc Rhavbrsaty _rbss.

Gcr`yhh B. Mibhkbs, Gcry Lrchjbs Giirniusb. (3111). Ubhjchc csunch dbpbrcwctch.

Fcdcrtc 6BKJ

Gutcqah, Cral. (5??>). Csunch Dbpbrcwctch D`abh mbhkch Kchkkuch Zastbg _brscrclch.
Fcdcrtc 6 Zc`bgec Gbmadc
Hb`sih. (311=). A`gu dbsbnctch chcd, Fa`am A. Fcdcrtc6 BKJ

Hbwgch, Mir`ch. (5?33). Dcgus

Dcgus Zcdu Dbmidtbrch Mir`ch Bmasa 5??
5??>.
>. Fcdcrtc6 BKJ.

Zibtfahahksan.(3112).]ugeun Dbgechk
Dbgechk Chcd. Fcdcrtc 6 BKJ

Zuhcryi. (5??=). _sadi`ika Rhtud Dbpbrcwctch. Fcdcrtc 6 Eudu Dbmidtbrch BKJ

]ag _idfc ZMDA M__ __HA(5?3;) Ztchmcr Mackhisas Dbpbrcwctch Ahmihbsac.Fcdcrtc

Zb`ctch6 Mbwch _bhkurus _usct _brsctuch _brcwctch Hcsaihc` Ahmihbsac

]ag _idfc ZADA M__ __HA (5?3>) Ztchmcr Ahtbrvbhsa Dbpbrcwctch Ahmihbsac.Fcdcrtc Zb`ctch6
Mbwch _bhkurus _usct _brsctuch _brcwctch Hcsaihc` Ahmihbsac

]ag _idfc Z@DA M__ __HA (5?31) Ztchmcr @ucrch Dbpbrcwctch Ahmihbsac.Fcdcrtc Zb`ctch6
Mbwch _bhkurus _usct _brsctuch _brcwctch Hcsaihc` Ahmihbsac

[cnce, Zcgad. (5???). A`gu Dbsbnctch Chcd Hb`sih. Fcdcrtc 6 Eudu Dbmidtbrch BKJ

‐ _BHKCURN ]BUC_A GRZAD D@CZAD ]BUNCMC_ _BUDBGECHKCH

DIKHA]AL CHCD UB]CUMCZA GBH]C@ MA ZBDI@CN @RCU EACZC (Z@E)
HBKBUA _BGEAHC GC]CUCG ‐

Ha _utu Zugcrtaha, N. Gin. Crap, Guncgcm ]crgaza

_ 3. _ipu`csa mc`cg pbhb`atach aha cmc`cn sbguc chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`

tahkdct ZM ma Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg sbfug`cn 2< irchk.
_ipu`csa mc`cg pbhb`atach aha cmc`cn sbguc chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`
tahkdct ZM ma Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg sbfug`cn 2< irchk.
5. Gcsc`cn

Chcd mbhkch dbtbreb`cdchkch gbhtc` gbga`ada luhksa ahtb`bdtuc`

ugug ychk sbjcrc sakhaladch ebrcmc ma ecwcn rctc-rctc mch dihmasa
tbrsbeut gbga`ada pbhkcrun tbrncmcp pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd.
Mch
A Ahtbrvbhsa ychk makuhcdch mc`cg pbhb`atach aha cmc`cn ]brcpa gusad d`csad
 maebradch muc dc`a sb`cgc :? gbhat. _bhb`atach aha gbhkkuhcdch
gbhkkuhcdch mbscah prb
bxpbragbhtc` mbhkch rchjchkch ihb kriup prb tbst chm pist tbst mbsakh.
mbhkch tbdhad purpisavb scgp`ahk. _bhkugpu`ch mctc pbrdbgechkch
dikhatal mbhkch dubsaihbr pbhkudurch pbrdbgechkch dikhatal sbmbrnchc,
machc`asas gbhkkuhcdch [a`jixih Gctjn _cars ]bst.
J 3. Chcd mbhkch luhksa ahtb`bd maecwcn hirgc` tamcd mcpct gbhkaduta
pbhmamadch eacsc, mcyc tchkdcp mch mcyc ahkcthyc `bgcn. Nc` aha
maaduta i`bn dbtbr`cgectch luhksa pbrdbgechkch gitirad mch dikhatal
chcd (Zigchtra, 5?35).
5. Lcdtir ychk gbgpbhkcruna tcncp pbrdbgechkch gbhurut _ackbt
mc`cg (Mbsgatc, 5??1) gbhkambhtaladcsa bgpct lcdtir ychk
gbgpbhkcruna trchsasa tcncp pbrdbgechkch chcd, ychk pbrtcgc ycatu
dbgctchkch, pbhkc`cgch lasad/`ahkduhkch, trchsgasa sisac` mch
bqua`aeraug. Dbgctchkch gbga`ada pbrchch pbhtahk mc`cg
pbrdbgechkch ahtb`bdtuc`, cdch tbtcpa lcdtir aha scfc tamcd gcgpu
gbhfb`csdch sbkc`c sbsuctu tbhtchk pbrdbgechkch ahtb`bdtuc`.
_bhb`atach-pbhb`atach ychk ma`cdudch maebebrcpc hbkcrc gbgeudtadch

cmchyc pbrebmcch rctc-rctc ugur pcmc tcncp pbrdbgechkch ychk

scgc.
:. Mc`cg itcd gchusac tbrmcpct rbsbptir sahyc` (sahyc` pbhbragc) ychk
easc gbhkbhc`a gusad.Gusad gbrupcdch sc`cn sctu stagu`csa uhtud
gbgpbrjbpct mch gbgpbrsueur pbrdbgechkch itcd, ea`c chcd
tbreacsc gbhmbhkcr gusad ychk ahmcn, echycd sbdc`a gchlcct ychk
easc marcscdch chcd. ]amcd scfc gbhahkdctdch dikhasa chcd sbjcrc
iptagc` fukc mcpct gbgechkuh dbjbrmcsch bgisaihc`,
pbrdbgechkch gitirad mch dbgcgpuch
dbgcgpuch ebrecncsc (Ncstiga, 5?35)
=. Zc`cn sctu gchlcct tbrcpa gusad ycatu gbhahkdctdch dbjbrmcsch,
maeudtadch i`bn pbhb`atach ychk ma`cdudch i`bn Lrchjbs Ucusjnbr bt
c` mcra Rhavbrsatcs Jc`alirhac tb`cn gbgeudtadch tbhtchk nc` aha.
_bhb`atach aha fukc gbgeudtadch gcsc mc`cg dchmuhkch mch ecya
cmc`cn wcdtu ychk tbpct gbhstagu`csa itcd chcd ckcr gbhfcma jbrmcs.
Rsac ambc` uhtud gbgu`ca pb`cfcrch gusad cmc`cn chtcr :-< tcnuh,
sbece ma usac tbrsbeut pbrdbgechkch ahmrc pbhmbhkcrch tbhkcn
 ebr`chksuhk. Mbhkch mbgadach, gusad easc gbrchkschk
pbrdbgechkch itcd (Qchucratc, 5?35).

I Ncsa` pbhb`atach gbhuhfuddch ecnwc pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd sbeb`ug

ahtbrvbhsa ycatu dctbkira durchk <3,33%, dctbkira judup 52,??%, mch
dctbkira ecad 3:,>1%. Dbgumach sbtb`cn ahtbrvbhsa gbhfcma dctbkira ecad
25,;>%, dctbkira judup :?,22%, mch dctbkira durchk 3<,<;%. Ebrmcscrdch
ncsa` ufa stctastad mamcpctdch p7?,???. Gcdc, cmc pbhkcrun tbrcpa gusad
d`csad tbrncmcp pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ma Z@E Hbkbra
_bgeahc Gctcrcg. Zcrch ckcr tbrcpa gusad d`csad aha mcpct matbrcpdch
sbeckca eckach mcra tbrcpa pcmc chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`.

Gamwalbry iurhc` | Dbeamchch

AZZH 52?: =:=? | LAD RG Gctcrcg
\i`. 2 Hi. 5 Fu`a 5?5?, Nc`. 35:-351

_BHKCURN ]BUC_A GRZAD D@CZAD ]BUNCMC_ _BUDBGECHKCH

DIKHA]AL CHCD UB]CUMCZA GBH]C@ MA ZBDI@CN
Z BDI@CN @RCU EACZC (Z@E)
HBKBUA _BGEAHC GC]CUCG
*Ha _utu Zugcrtaha, N. Gin. Crap, Guncgcm ]crgaza
Dbpbrcwctch, _i`tbddbs Dbgbhdbs Gctcrcg, *bgca`
bgca`66 c
crfuhprcenctcOkg
rfuhprcenctcOkgca`.jig
ca`.jig

AHLI CU]ADB@ CEZ]UCD

Cestrcd6 Chcd mbhkch dbtbreb`cdchkch gbhtc` gbga`ada luhksa ahtb`bdtuc` ugug ychk
Uawcyct Crtadb`6
sbjcrc sakhaladch ebrcmc ma ecwcn rctc-rctc mch dihmasa tbrsbeut gbga`ada pbhkcrun
Matbragc6 32-3?-5?31 tbrncmcp pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd. Zc`cn sctu tbrcpa ychk makuhcdch uhtud
gbhahkdctdch dikhatal chcd tbreb`cdchk gbhtc` cmc`cn mbhkch tbrcpa gusad. _bhb`atach aha
Masbtufua6 5>-?;-5?5? ebrtufuch uhtud gbhkbtcnua pbhkcrun tbrcpa gusad d`csad tbrncmcp pbrdbgechkch dikhatal
chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`. _bhb`atach aha ma`cdschcdch ma Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg.
Gbhkkuhcdch prbbxpbragbhtc` ihb kriup prbtbst chm pisttbst mbsakh mbhkch fug`cn
Dctc Duhja6
scgpb` :< irchk mbhkch tbdhad purpisavb scgp`ahk. ]brcpa gusad d`csad maebradch muc dc`a
Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` sb`cgc :? gbhat. _bhkugpu`ch mctc pbrdbgechkch dikhatal mbhkch dubsaihbr pbhkudurch
_brdbgechkch dikhatal pbrdbgechkch dikhatal sbmbrnchc, machc`asas gbhkkuhcdch [a`jixih Gctjn _cars ]bst. Ncsa`
Gusad d`csad pbhb`atach gbhuhfuddch ecnwc pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd sbeb`ug ahtbrvbhsa ycatu
dctbkira durchk <3,33%, dctbkira judup 52,??%, mch dctbkira ecad 3:,>1%. Dbgumach
sbtb`cn ahtbrvbhsa gbhfcma dctbkira ecad 25,;>%, dctbkira judup :?,22%, mch dctbkira durchk
3<,<;%. Ebrmcscrdch ncsa` ufa stctastad mamcpctdch p7?,???. Gcdc, cmc pbhkcrun tbrcpa gusad
d`csad tbrncmcp pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ma Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc
 Gctcrcg. Zcrch ckcr tbrcpa gusad d`csad aha mcpct matbrcpdch sbeckca eckach mcra tbrcpa pcmc
chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`.

Cestrcjt6 Jna`m watn gbhtc` rbtcrmctaih ncs kbhbrc` ahtb``bjtuc` luhjtaih tnct as eb`iw
cvbrckb sakhalajcht`y chm tnct jihmataih ncs ch bllbjts ih tnb jna`m's jikhatavb mbvb`ipgbht.
Ihb il tnb tnbrcpy usbm ti rcasbs
r casbs jikhatavb mbvb`ipgbht il jna`mrbh watn gbhtc` rbtcrmctaih
as gusaj tnbrcpy. ]nas rbsbcrjn cags ti dhiw tnb bllbjt il j`cssajc` gusaj tnbrcpy ih tnb
jikhatavb mbvb`ipgbht il jna`mrbh watn gbhtc` rbtcrmctaih. ]nas rbsbcrjn ncs ebbh nb`m ah
Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg. ]nb mbsakh usbm wcs qucsy b bxpbragbht
xpbragbht watn prbbxpbragbhtc`
ihb kriup prb tbst chm pist tbst mbsakh. ]nb scgp`b sazb wbrb :< scgp`bs wni sb`bjtbm ey
purpisavb scgp`ahk tbjnhaqub. J`cssajc` gusaj tnbrcpy wcs kavbh twajb watn tnb murctaih il
:? gahutbs lir bcjn sbssaih. Mctc ceiut jikhatavb mbvb`ipgbht wcs ji``bjtbm ey sagp`b
jikhatavb qubstaihhcarb chm chc`yzbm watn [a`jixih Gctjn _cars ]bst. ]nb cvbrckb il
jikhatavb mbvb`ipgbht eblirb ahtbrvbhtaih wcs <3,33% ah tnb `bss jctbkiry, 52,??% ah
bhiukn jctbkiry chmchm 3:,>1% ah kiim jctbkiry. Chm tnbh cltbr ahtbrvbhtaih ah kiim kiim
jctbkiry as 25,;>%, bhiukn jctbkiry as :?,22% chm `bss jctbkiry as 3<,<;%. Ztctastajc` tbst
rbsu`ts ietcahbm p vc`ub ?,???. ]nus, tnbrb wcs ch bllbjt il j`cssajc` gusaj tnbrcpy ih
jikhatavb mbvb`ipgbht il jna`mrbh watn gbhtc` rbtcrmctaih. Zukkbstaihs tnct tnas j`cssajc`
gusaj tnbrcpy jch cpp`abm cs pcrt il tnbrcpy ah jna`mrbh watn gbhtc` rbtcrmctaih.

”””””””””” ◌ ””””””””””

C. @C]CU EB@CDCHK cdch gbgpuhyca AS maecwcn ;? (Zgcrt,

Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` cmc`cn dbcmcch tcrcl
pbrdbgechkch dbjbrmcsch ma ecwcn hirgc` sbfcd `cnar
ctcu gcsc chcd-chcd, eacschyc tbrmcpct pbrdbgechkch
gbhtc` ychk durchk sbjcrc dbsb`urunch (Mc`cga, 5??1).
Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` ctcu tuhckrcnatc gbrupcdch asta`cn
ychk makuhcdch uhtud gbhybeut chcd ctcu irchk ychk
gbga`ada dbgcgpuch ahtb`bdtuc` maecwcn rctc-rctc,
tbrfcma kchkkuch mc`cg luhksa ahtb`bdtuc` suehirgc`
gb`c`ua ma`cdudch tbs psadi`ikas mbhkch tbs tcrcl
dbjbrmcsch ctcu Ahtb``akbhjb Suitabht (AS) magchc chcd
35:
(Z gcrt, 5?3?).
Luhksa-luhksa pbrdbgechkch chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`
cmc ychk tbrtahkkc` fcun i`bn chcd hirgc`, cmc pu`c ychk
scgc ctcu ncgpar gbhycgca chcd hirgc` sbpbrta
pbrdbgechkch lasad ychk gb`aputa pbrdbgechkch
fcsgcha mch gitirad. Zbgbhtcrc pbrdbgechkch
dikhatalhyc fcun ebrebmc mbhkch chcd hirgc`. Chcd
rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` dbsu`atch mc`cg gbhchkdcp ahlirgcsa
ychk digp`bds, su`at gbgcncga pb`cfcrch ychk
maebradch, dbsu`atch gbhkbrfcdch tukcs ‚ tukcshyc,
dbsu`atch mc`cg nc` gbhkahkct sbkbrc (aggbmactb
( aggbmactb
gbgiry)) mch dbsu`atch mc`cg gbgbjcndch gcsc`cn
gbgiry

35= Gamwalbry iurhc` | \i`. 2, Hi. 5, Fu`a 5?5?, nc` 35:-351

(Zigchtra, 5?35). M., mc`cg eudu ]brcpa Gusad (5?32) gbhyctcdch

Ncsa` chc`asas mcra K`iec` Eurmbh il Masbcsb 5??= kbtcrch gusad ychk gcsud gb`c`ua tb`ahkc mcpct

mamcpctdch
futc ecnwc
irchk mcra <,=32,:%
ga`ycrpipu`csa
bstagcsamuhac
fug`cn(sbdatcr 1;>
pbhmumud
muhac tcnuh 5??=) gbhkc`cga mascea`atcs sbmchk ctcu
pcrcn, mch 5,1% ctcu sbdatcr 3>2 futc gbhkc`cga
mascea`atcs pcrcn. _usct Mctc mch Ahlirgcsa (_usmctah),
Dbsbfcntbrcch Zisac` Mbpcrtbgbh Zisac` UA ]cnuh 5??;,
gbhjctct fug`cn pbhychmchk jcjct gbhtc` cmc`cn
5.:<=.??? fawc tbrgcsud pbhychmchk jcjct gbhtc`.
Mctc mcra Mahcs Zisac` Dbpbhmumudch mch Jctctch
Zapa` _rivahsa Husc ]bhkkcrc Ecrct ]cnuh 5?32, fug`cn
pbhychmchk jcjct (mascea`atcs) cmc`cn 3<.1;< fawc.
Fug`cn pbhychmchk jcjct rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ctcu
tuhckrcnatc ma wa`cycn Husc ]bhkkcrc Ecrct gbhbgpcta
urutch dbmuc tbrtahkka sbtb`cn pbhychmchk dbjcjctch
tueun, ycatu sbechycd :.:1> fawc. Fug`cn pbhychmchk
mascea`atcs ychk ebrsbdi`cn tahkdct ZM ma Z@E Hbkbra
_bgeahc Gctcrcg tcnuh 5?3; sbfug`cn >: saswc
mbhkch saswc rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` <2 saswc.
Ncsa` stuma pbhmcnu`uch ychk tb`cn ma`cdudch pcmc
Idtiebr 5?3; ma Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg
mamcpctdch fug`cn pbhychmchk rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ma
tahkdct ZM mcra db`cs A scgpca db`cs \A cmc`cn <2 irchk.
Mcra 3? saswc ychk mawcwchjcrca, sbguc saswc
gbhkctcdch sbhchk gbhmbhkcrdch gusad, tbtcpa tamcd
gbgpbhkcruna dbfawcch.futcch
itcd gchusac tbrmcpct Aha tbrfcma dcrbhc
sb` scrcl ma mc`cg
(hburih) mcra
sarduat sbjcrc uhad gbhfcma cdtal dbtadc datc
gbhmbhkcrdch gusad. Hburih-hburih aha gbhybecr db
ebreckca mcbrcn ma itcd, tbrgcsud pusct cumatira ma
eb`cnch dara mch eb`cnch dchch. Gu`ca mcra saha`cn
dcatch chtcrc gusad mch dbjbrmcsch tbrfcma.
Gusad d`csad fukc mcpct gbhuruhdch strbs,
pbhb`atach ychk ma`cdudch i`bn Ubkahc mch _rceiwi
tcnuh 5??; gbhkbhca tratgbh gusad uhtud gbhuruhdch
strbs mbhkch gbtimb gbhmbhkcrdch gusad d`csad pcmc
gcncsaswc, ncsa`hyc gbhuhfuddch cmchyc pbrebmcch
ychk sakhaladch tbrncmcp strbs sbeb`ug mch sbsumcn
pbr`cduch, mch ncsa`hyc gbhuhfuddch ecnwc tbrcpa
gusad d`csad mcpct gbhkurchka tahkdct strbs pcmc
gcncsaswc (_rceiwi & Ubkahc, 5??;).
Gusad d`csad fukc mcpct gbhuruhdch tbdchch
mcrcn. ]urchc (5?33), gbhyctcdch ecnwc rchkschkch
gusad mcpct gbhkcdtavcsa fc`ur-fc`ur spbsalad ma mc`cg
ebebrcpc crbc itcd, sbpbrta sastbg `agead ychk
ebrnueuhkch mbhkch pbra`cdu bgisaihc`. Mbhkch
gbhmbhkcrdch gusad d`csad, sastbg `agead aha
tbrcdtavcsa mch ahmavamu tbrsbeut puh gbhfcma ra`bds.
Zcct dbcmcch ra`bds aha`cn tbdchch mcrcn gbhuruh.
gbhkbtcnua tbhtchk gusad d`csad. _bhb`ata fukc
gbwcwchjcrca irchk tuc saswc ychk gbga`ada rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc` ychk ebrsbdi`cn ma tahkdct ZM gbhkctcdch chcd
gbrbdc dbsu`atch uhtud gbgcncga pb`cfcrch,
mascgpahk fukc sbirchk kuru ma Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc
Gctcrcg gbhkctcdch sb`cgc aha eb`ug pbrhcn
gbgebradch tbrcpa gusad d`csad dbpcmc pcrc saswc
rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`.
Zuncrhch (5??2), mc`cg euduhyc _sadi`ikas
Dikhatal gbhkuhkdcpdch ecnwc trchslbr ahlirgcsa mcra
ahkctch ahmbrc (ahkct sbhsira) gbhufu pcmc ahkctch
fchkdc pbhmbd ychk sb`chfuthyc cdch matrchslbr db
ahkctch fchkdc pchfchk schkct mapbhkcruna i`bn
dihsbhtrcsa. Zc`cn sctu ebhtud tbrcpa ychk makuhcdch
scct aha cmc`cn tbrcpa gusad, dcrbhc sb`cah gusad mcpct
gbhjaptcdch sucschc ychk gbhybhchkdch, gusad fukc
madbtcnua mcpct gbgpbhkcruna prisbs dikhatal.
Arcwcty (5?3:) gbhyctcdch tbrmcpct ebebrcpc fbhas
gusad ycatu gusad fczz, gusad trcmasaihc`, gusad d`csad
mch gusad mcra c`cg, tbtcpa gusad d`csad sbrahkdc`a
gbhfcma cjuch uhtud tbrcpa gusad, dcrbhc gusad d`csad
gbga`ada dbjbhmbruhkch uhtud gbhbhchkdch tueun.
_bhkcrun gusad d`csad mc`cg dbnamupch uhtud
gbhjaptcdch mcyc dihsbhtrcsa, gbgira, mch pbrsbpsa
ruchk. Mcpct pu`c makuhcdch uhtud gbhkarahka eb`cfcr
gcupuh ebdbrfc (Ncstiga, 5?35). ]brcpa gusad easc
ma`cdudch muc dc`a sbncra mbhkch murcsa :? gbhat.
Gbsdapuh tcgpcdhyc tamcd gbhmbhkcrdch, gusad
dnusus uhtud tbrcpa chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` cdch
ebdbrfc gbgpbhkcruna kb`igechk itcd (Czgarc,
(Czgarc, 5?32).
Cn`a scrcl mcra
mcr a Ncrvcrm Rhavbrsaty, Gcrd ]rcgi, G.
J. NCZA@ MCH _BGECNCZCH
3. Dcrcdtbrastad Ubspihmbh
]CEB@ 3.
Mastraeusa Ubspihmbh Ebrmcscrdch Rgur, Fbhas
Db`cgah mch D`csaladcsa Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc` ma Z@E
Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg, Cpra` 5?3>
Dcrcdtbrastad
Hi H %
Ubspihmbh
3 <-35 tcnuh 31 25,;>
Rgur
3:-3> tcnuh 3; =;,55
Fug`cn :< 3??
5 @cda-`cda 53 2>,::
Fbhas Db`cgah
_brbgpuch 32 =3,<;
Fug`cn :< 3??
: D`csaladcsa Girih 3= :>,>1
Ubtcrmcsa
Agebsa` 55 <3,33
Gbhtc`
Fug`cn :< 3??
Ebrmcscrdch tceb` ma ctcs mamcpct ecnwc rbspihmbh
tbrechycd gbhurut db`igpid ugur ebrcmc pcmc usac <-
35 tcnuh (usac sbdi`cn) sbechycd 31 irchk ctcu mbhkch
pbrsbhtcsb 25,;> %. Ubspihmbh tbrechycd gbhurut fbhas
db`cgah ycatu `cda-`cda sbechycd 53 irchk ctcu mbhkch
pbrsbhtcsb 2>,:: %. Ubspihmbh tbrechycd gbhurut
d`csaladcsa rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ebrmcscrdch ha`ca AS ycatu
chcd mbhkch d`csaladcsa rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` agebsa`
sbechycd 55 chcd ctcu mbhkch pbrsbhtcsb
p brsbhtcsb <3,33%.
_bhb`atach aha ebrtufuch uhtud gbhkbtcnua cpcdcn
tbrcpa gusad d`csad gbga`ada pbhkcrun tbrncmcp
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd mbhkch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ma
Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Ditc Gctcrcg _rivahsa Husc
]bhkkcrc Ecrct.
Ecrct. _bhb`atach aha fukc cdch gbgpbrduct
ncsa` pbhb`atach sbeb`ughyc i`bn Zni`adcn (5?32)
tbhtchk pbhkcrun tbrcpa gusad d`csad.
E. GB]IMB _BHB@A]ACH
_bhb`atach aha gbhkkuhcdch mbscah prb
bxpbragbhtc` mbhkch rchjchkch ihb kriup prb tbst chm
pist tbst mbsakh. _ipu`csa mc`cg pbhb`atach aha cmc`cn
sbguc chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` tahkdct ZM ma Z@E Hbkbra
_bgeahc Gctcrcg sbfug`cn 2< irchk. Zcgpb` mc`cg
pbhb`atach aha cmc`cn chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` tahkdct ZM ma
Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg ychk sbsuca dratbrac
ahd`usa. Ebscr scgpb` sbechycd :< irchk. Dratbrac ahd`usa
pbhkcgea`ch scgpb` cmc`cn chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`
tahkdct ZM db`cs :, =, 2 mch <4 tamcd gbhkc`cga
kchkkuch pbhmbhkcrch mch ebrsbmac gbhfcma rbspihmbh
mcra cwc` scgpca cdnar pbhb`atach. _bhkugpu`ch mctc
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal ma`cdudch mbhkch dubsaihbr
pbhkudurch pbrdbgechkch dikhatal (Zutfancta, 311<).
_brdbgechkch dikhatal madb`igpiddch gbhfcma ecad,
judup mch durchk. Mctc pbrdbgechkch dikhatal ychk
tbrdugpu` sb`chfuthyc machc`asas gbhkkuhcdch
[a`jixih Gctjn _cars ]bst mbhkch tahkdct sakhaladchsa
12% (γ 7 ?,?2).
Ha _utu Zugcrtaha, _bhkcrun ]brcpa Gusad... 352
c. _brdbgechkch Dikhatal Zbeb`ug Maebradch
]brcpa Gusad D`csad
Ebrmcscrdch ncsa` pbhb`atach ychk ma`cdudch ma Z@E
Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg, mcra :< rbspihmbh
gbhuhfuddch ecnwc sbeckach ebscr rbspihmbh gbga`ada
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal durchk ycatu sbechycd 55 irchk
(<3,33%) mch nchyc sbeckach dbja` rbspihmbh ycatu 2
irchk (3:,>1%) ychk gbga`ada pbrdbgechkch dikhatal
ecad. Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` maecka gbhfcma takc ycatu
rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` rahkch (girih), rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`
sbmchk (agebsa`) mch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ebrct (amait).
Ubtcrmcsa gbhtc` rahkch gbga`ada ha`ca AS 2?-<1,
sbgbhtcrc rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` sbmchk mch rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`
ebrct gbga`ada AS maecwcn 2?. Chcd mbhkch luhksa
ahtb`bd maecwcn hirgc` tamcd mcpct gbhkaduta
pbhmamadch eacsc, mcyc tchkdcp mch mcyc ahkcthyc
`bgcn. Nc` aha maaduta i`bn dbtbr`cgectch luhksa
pbrdbgechkch gitirad mch dikhatal chcd (Zigchtra,
5?35). Dihmasa aha mcpct masbecedch kchkkuch
pbrdbgechkch luhksa itcd ychk gbhjcdup eamchk sisac`
mch clbd, diguhadcsa vbrec` (ecncsc) mch hih-vbrec`,
agcfahcsa, l`bdsaea`ata, gahct, dikhasa mch tugpuch.
Zbnahkkc pbr`u prisbs wcdtu ychk `cgc uhtud
gbgebhtud pbrdbgechkch dikhatal tchpc cmchyc tbrcpa
ychkblbdtal (Zigchtra, 5?35). Fadc chcd sbrahk
madihlrihtcsadch mbhkch satucsa ychk gu`tamagbhsaihc`

5. _brdbgechkch Dikhatal Ubspihmbh Zbeb`ug
mch Zbsumcn Maebradch Ahtbrvbhsa ]brcpa
Gusad D`csad
]CEB@ 5.
Mastraeusa _brdbgechkch Dikhatal Ubspihmbh
Zbeb`ug mch Zbsumcn Maebradch Ahtbrvbhsa
Ahtbrvbhsa ]brcpa
Gusad D`csad ma Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg, 33-
52 Cpra` 5?3>
Dctbkira Zbeb`ug Zbsumcn
Hi _brdbgechkch
h % h %
Dikhatal
3 Ecad 2 3:,>1 31 25,;>
5 Judup 1 52,?? 33 :?,22
: Durchk 55 <3,33 < 3<,<;
Fug`cn :< 3?? :< 3??
Ebrmcscrdch tceb` ma ctcs gbhuhfuddch ecnwc
sbeckach ebscr rbspihmbh sbeb`ug maebradch tbrcpa
gusad d`csad ebrcmc pcmc dctbkira pbrdbgeckch dikhatal
durchk ychk tbrmara mcra 55 irchk ctcu mbhkch
pbrsbhtcsb <3,33 %. Dbgumach sbsumcn maebradch tbrcpa
gusad d`csad sbeckach ebscr rbspihmbh ebrcmc pcmc
dctbkira pbrdbgechkch dikhatal ecad ychk tbrmara mcra 31
irchk ctcu mbhkch pbrsbhtcsb 25,;> %.
Ncsa` ufa stctastad gbhkkuhcdch [a`jixih Gctjn
_cars ]bst mapbri`bn gbch rchd sbebscr 3;,2? mbhkch
ha`ca p vc`ub 7 ?,??? ychk ebrcrta p 0 γ7?,?2.
γ7?,?2. Mbhkch
mbgadach N? mati`cd mch Nc matbragc. Mcpct
masagpu`dch ecnwc tbrcpa gusad d`csad gbga`ada
pbhkcrun pcmc pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc` ma Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg.
35< Gamwalbry iurhc` | \i`. 2, Hi. 5, Fu`a 5?5?, nc` 35:-351
sbeb`ug maebradch tbrcpa gurittc` ycatu mbhkch dctbkira
durchk. Mbhkch tahkdct dbgcgpuch tbrbhmcn 2 mch
tahkdct dbgcgpuch tbrtahkka > sbeb`ug ma`cdudch tbrcpa
gurittc`.
Mc`cg pbhb`atach ychk ma`cdudch ma Z@E Hbkbra
_bgeahc Gctcrcg, sbeb`ug maebradch tbrcpa gusad
dbgcgpuch dikhatal rbspihmbh rctc-rctc ebrcmc mc`cg
dctbkira durchk. _brdbgechkch dikhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc` ychk gcsan durchk masbecedch dihmasa chcd
rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ychk gbga`ada mcyc tchkdcp mch mcyc
ahkct ychk `bgcn nc` aha mcpct ma`anct ncsa` iesbrvcsa
ebrmcscrdch sdc`c pbrdbgechkch dikhatal mamcpctdch 55
irchk (<3,33%) gcsan eb`ug easc gbgcncga ahstrudsa
sbrtc gbhkchc`asas pbrtchycch ychk maebradch. Nc` aha
guhkdah masbecedch dcrbhc sbeb`ughyc rbspihmbh
tamcd pbrhcn ma`ctan ctcu maebradch tbrcpa gusad d`csad.
e. _brdbgechkch Dikhatal Zbsumcn Maebradch
]brcpa Gusad D`csad
Ebrmcscrdch ncsa` pbhb`atach ychk ma`cdudch ma Z@E
Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg, mcra :< rbspihmbh
gbhuhfuddch ecnwc sbeckach ebscr rbspihmbh gbga`ada
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal ecad ycatu sbechycd 31 irchk
(25,;>%) mch nchyc sbeckach dbja` rbspihmbh ycatu <
irchk (3<,<;%) ychk gbga`ada pbrdbgechkch dikhatal
durchk.
Zbtb`cn ma`cdudch tbrcpa gusad d`csad mamcpctdch
sbpbrta tbrcpa gusad gcdc chcd cdch gbgusctdch
pbrnctachhyc nchyc pcmc magbhsa tbrsbeut (Qchucratc,
5?35).
_brdbgechkch dikhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` fcun
dbtahkkc`ch mbhkch chcd hirgc`. Rhtud gbhjcpca
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal ychk sbsuca, chcd rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc` gbgbr`udch pbhku`chkch tbhtchk ecnch ychk
macfcrdch (Zigchtra, 5?35). Lcdtir ychk gbgpbhkcruna
tcncp pbrdbgechkch gbhurut _ackbt mc`cg (Mbsgatc,
5??1) gbhkambhtaladcsa bgpct lcdtir ychk
gbgpbhkcruna trchsasa tcncp pbrdbgechkch chcd, ychk
pbrtcgc ycatu dbgctchkch, pbhkc`cgch
lasad/`ahkduhkch, trchsgasa sisac` mch bqua`aeraug.
Dbgctchkch gbga`ada pbrchch pbhtahk mc`cg
pbrdbgechkch ahtb`bdtuc`, cdch tbtcpa lcdtir aha scfc
tamcd gcgpu gbhfb`csdch sbkc`c sbsuctu tbhtchk
pbrdbgechkch ahtb`bdtuc`. _bhb`atach-pbhb`atach ychk
ma`cdudch maebebrcpc hbkcrc gbgeudtadch cmchyc
pbrebmcch rctc-rctc ugur pcmc tcncp pbrdbgechkch
ychk scgc.
Ncsa` pbhb`atach aha sbfc`ch mbhkch ncsa` pbhb`atach
ychk ma`cdudch Ncmy (5?3=) tbhtchk pbhkcrun tbrcpa
gusad d`csad tbrncmcp pbrdbgechkch dikhatal pcmc
chcd cutas ma Z@E Cutas Ditc Zurcdcrtc, mamcpctdch rctc-
rctc pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd cutas mbhkch dctbkira
durchk sbeb`ug maebradch tbrcpa gusad d`csad.
Ncsa` pbhb`atach `cah ychk ma`cdudch Uazdc Gihaqb
(5?3<) tbhtchk pbhkcrun tbrcpa gurittc` tbrncmcp
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ma Z@E
Hbkbra Echfcr Gbhmc`ch gbhuhfuddch rctc-rctc
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal pcmc chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`
sbtb`cn gbhmbhkcrdch gusad gizcrt (Ahmijripjar`bs,
5?35). Gusad gizcrt tamcd nchyc ebrpbrch mc`cg
dbjbrmcsch tbtcpa fukc mc`cg pbhahkdctch dihsbhtrcsa.
_bhb`atach a`gacn tb`cn gbgeudtadch ecnwc mbhkch
gbhmbhkcrdch gizcrt sbjcrc sakhaladch mcpct
gbgechtu uhtud gbglidusdch padarch mch
gbhahkdctdch dahbrfc itcd (]bgpi, 5?35).
Zbtacp gusad ychk datc mbhkcrdch wc`cupuh nc`
tbrsbeut tamcd sbhkcfc mambhkcrdch, cdch ebrpbhkcrun
pcmc itcd. ]brmcpct takc sastbg sycrcl itcd ychk mcpct
mapbhkcruna i`bn gusad ycatu sastbg itcd ychk
gbgprisbs pbrcscch, sastbg itcd dikhatal, sastbg itcd
ychk gbhkihtri` dbrfc itit. _cmc sastbg itcd dikhatal,
cdtavcsa sastbg aha easc tbrfcma wc`cupuh sbsbirchk tamcd
gbhmbhkcrdch ctcu gbgpbrnctadch gusad ychk sbmchk
maputcr. Gusad cdch gbrchkschk sastbg aha sbjcrc
itigctas wc`cu tchpc masagcd ctcu gbgpbrnctadch. Fadc
sastbg aha marchkschk gcdc sbsbirchk mcpct
gbhahkdctdch gbgira, mcyc ahkct, dihsbhtrcsa,
dbgcgpuch eb`cfcr, dbgcgpuch gctbgctadc, chc`asas,
`ikadc, ahtb`bkbhsa, dbgcgpuch gbga`cn, mascgpahk atu
fukc cmchyc pbrcscch ecnckac mch tageu`hyc
dbsbagechkch sisac` (Qchucratc, 5?35).
Ncsa` pbhb`atach aha sbfc`ch mbhkch ncsa` pbhb`atach
ychk ma`cdudch Za`vac (5?3<) tbhtchk pbhkcrun tbrcpa
gusad d`csad tbrncmcp pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd cutas
pbrebmcch chtcrc pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc` chtcrc sbeb`ug mch sbsumcn maebradch tbrcpa
gusad d`csad. Gusad d`csad matbgudch uhtud
gbhahkdctdch dbjbrmcsch sbpbrta dbgcgpuch
pbhc`crch. Gusad d`csad gbrchkschk pbgadarch,
gbgpbrecada disbhtrcsa mch ahkctch, sbrtc mcpct
gbhahkdctdch dikhatal (Jcgpeb``, 5??5).
Zc`cn sctu gchlcct tbrcpa gusad ycatu
gbhahkdctdch dbjbrmcsch, maeudtadch i`bn pbhb`atach
ychk ma`cdudch i`bn Lrchjbs Ucusjnbr bt c` mcra
Rhavbrsatcs Jc`alirhac tb`cn gbgeudtadch tbhtchk nc`
aha. _bhb`atach aha fukc gbgeudtadch gcsc mc`cg
dchmuhkch mch ecya cmc`cn wcdtu ychk tbpct
gbhstagu`csa itcd chcd ckcr gbhfcma jbrmcs. Rsac ambc`
uhtud gbgu`ca pb`cfcrch gusad cmc`cn chtcr :-< tcnuh,
sbece ma usac tbrsbeut pbrdbgechkch ahmrc pbhmbhkcrch
tbhkcn ebr`chksuhk. Mbhkch mbgadach, gusad easc
gbrchkschk pbrdbgechkch itcd (Qchucratc, 5?35).
Mc`cg itcd gchusac tbrmcpct rbsbptir sahyc` (sahyc`
pbhbragc) ychk easc gbhkbhc`a gusad.Gusad gbrupcdch
sc`cn sctu stagu`csa uhtud gbgpbrjbpct mch
gbgpbrsueur pbrdbgechkch itcd, ea`c chcd tbreacsc
gbhmbhkcr gusad ychk ahmcn, echycd sbdc`a gchlcct
ychk easc marcscdch chcd. ]amcd scfc gbhahkdctdch
dikhasa chcd sbjcrc iptagc` fukc mcpct gbgechkuh
dbjbrmcsch bgisaihc`, pbrdbgechkch gitirad mch
dbgcgpuch ebrecncsc (Ncstiga, 5?35).
Gusad d`csad ychk makuhcdch mc`cg pbhb`atach aha
cmc`cn gusad d`csad fbhas gizcrt. Asta`cn Gizcrt bllbjt
(blbd gizcrt) majaptcdch pcmc 3112 i`bn pcrc a`guwch ma
Rhavbrsatcs Jc`alirhac ychk gbhbgudch ecnwc tbrhyctc
saswc gbhmcpct ha`ca ychk `bean ecad pcmc tbs AS spcsac`
sbeb`ughyc. _cmc tceb` tbrsbeut tbrscfa sbjcrc fb`cs
mcra :< rbspihmbh sbeb`ug maebradch tbrcpa gusad
d`csad ecnwc ncgpar sbtbhkcn chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`
gbgpuhyca pbrdbgechkch dikhatal durchk ycatu
sbechycd 55 chcd (<3,33%) mch sbeckach dbja` chcd
rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` pbrdbgechkch dikhatal ecad
sbechycd 2 chcd (3:,>1%). Zbtb`cn maebradch tbrcpa
gusad d`csad pbrdbgechkch dikhatal rbspihmbh
gbhkc`cga pbhahkdctch mbhkch pbrdbgechkch
dikhatal tbrechycd ycatu pbrdbgechkch dikhatal
mbhkch dctbkira ecad sbechycd 31 rbspihmbh
(25,;>%) sbmchkdch rbspihmbh mbhkch
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal durchk gbhfcma sbechycd
(3<,<;%). Ebrmcscrdch ncsa` pbhkufach mbhkch ufa
wa`jixih mamcpctdch p 0 ?,?2
?, ?2 gcdc N3 matbragc,
crtahyc tbrcpa gusaj d`csad blbdtal tbrncmcp
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd gbhkc`cga rbtcrmcsa
gbhtc` ma Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg.
Gusad d`csad ychk makuhcdch mc`cg pbhb`atach aha
cmc`cn gusad d`csad fbhas Gizcrt. Asta`cn Gizcrt bllbjt
(blbd Gizcrt) majaptcdch pcmc 3112 i`bn pcrc a`guwch ma
Rhavbrsatcs Jc`alirhac ychk gbhbgudch ecnwc tbrhyctc
saswc gbhmcpct ha`ca ychk `bean ecad pcmc tbs AS spcsac`
sbtb`cn gbhmbhkcrdch gusad Gizcrt. _crc a`guwch fukc
f ukc
gbhjiec gusad trchjb, gusad gahagc`as, cumai-eiids,
mch ahstrudsa rb`cdscsa, hcguh tamcd cmc ychk
ma Zbdi`cn Dnusus Cutas Kcrbkbn Eudattahka mamcpctdch
ncsa` tbs
tbs db
dbgcgpuch
gcgpuch d dikhatal
ikhatal pcmc 2 rbspihmbh sb
sbtb`cn
tb`cn
ma`cdudch ahtbrvbhsa tbrcpa gusad d`csad mapbri`bn gbch
55.5 mbhkch stchmcr mbvacsa 3.;>. Nc` aha
gbgpbr`anctdch ecnwc mbhkch tbrcpa gusad d`csad ychk
ma`cdudch ma Zbdi`cn Dnusus Cutas Kcrbkbn Eudattahka
mcpct gbgebradch pbrdbgechkch dikhatal pcmc chcd
cutas.
Ncsa` pbhb`atach `cah ychk ma`cdudch [u`chmcra
(5?35) tbhtchk pbhkcrun tbrcpa gusad d`csad tbrncmcp
dbgcgpuch dikhatal pcmc chcd pbhmbratc cutasgb ma
sbdi`cn dbeutunch dnusus Mbhpcscr, mamcpctdch ncsa`
pcmc tbs dbgcgpuch dikhatal 32 rbspihmbh gbhkc`cga
pbhahkdctch (3??%) sbtb`cn maebradch tbrcpa gusad
d`csad ma Z@E Mbhpcscr.
Ncsa` iesbrvcsa sbtb`cn pbr`cduch pcmc ncra db muc
pcmc gcsahk-gcsahk chcd, mamcpcta sbeckach rbspihmbh
ebrcmc pcmc dctbkira pbrdbgechkch dikhatal ecad ychk
tbrmara mcra 31 irchk (25.;>%), sumcn gcgpu gb`cdudch
ahstrudsa ecad pcmc dbgcgpuch gbhkahkct mch
pbgcncgch. _bhahkdctch dbgcgpuch gbhkahkct mch
gbgcncga guhkdah masbecedch dcrbhc cmchyc blbd
mcra pbgebrach tbrcpa gusad d`csad dbpcmc rbspihmbh
sbsuca mbhkch tbira mch prisbmur ychk cmc.
j. _bhkcrun ]brcpa Gusad D`csad ]brncmcp
_brdbgechkch Dikhatal Chcd Ubtcrmcsa
Gbhtc` Ma Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg
Ebrmcscrdch ufa stctastad gbhuhfuddch ecnwc
pbgebrach tbrcpa gusad d`csad gbhybecedch
pbhahkdctch pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd ychk
gbhkc`cga rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`. Nc` aha mcpct ma`anct mcra
tceb` ncsa` pbhb`atach ychk tb`cn mascfadch
Ha _utu Zugcrtaha, _bhkcrun ]brcpa Gusad... 35;
2 (`agc) mbhkch euhya sic` mbsdragahcsa nurul ychk
ncgpar scgc euhyahyc. Nc` mbgadach mcpct tbrfcma
dcrbhc dubsaihbr pcmc sic` higir 3 (sctu) gbrupcdch
nc` ychk sbncra-ncra mafugpca i`bn rbspihmbh ma
`ahkduhkch sbnahkkc chcd mbhkch gumcn gbhfcwce
tukcs pbrdbgechkch tbrsbeut. Zbgbhtcrc atu pcmc sic`
higir 2 (`agc) chcd ncrus gbhkahkct ebhtud nurul mch
gbgebmcdch pbhybeutch gcsahk-gcsahk nurul.
Zbeckcagchc ychk madbtcnua chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` tamcd
gbga`ada mcyc ahkct ychk duct, i`bn dcrbhc atu nc`
tbrsbeut gbrupcdch sbsuctu ychk su`at ecka chcd
rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`.
Mc`cg pbhb`atach ychk ma`cdudch, sbeb`ug
mapbrmbhkcrdch gusad d`csad, rbspihmbh tbr`bean mcnu`u
ma`cdudch pbhkudurch dbgcgpuch dikhatal. Gusad
d`csad mapbrmbhkcrdch dbpcmc rbspihmbh sbechycd muc
dc`a mbhkch murcsa :? gbhat mc`cg sctu dc`a tbrcpa.
Zbtb`cn maebradch tbrcpa gusad d`csad sb`cgc muc dc`a,
dbgumach ma`cdudch pbhkudurch dbgcgpuch dikhatal
dbgec`a sbeckca pbrechmahkch chtcrc pbhkudurch
sbeb`ug mch sbsumcn maebradch tbrcpa gusad d`csad.
]brmcpct pbruecnch ychk sakhaladch pcmc rbspihmbh
sbeb`ug mch sbsumcn maebradch tbrcpa gusad d`csad. Nc`
aha tbr`anct pcmc dbhcadch fug`cn rbspihmbh ychk
gbgada pbrdbgechkch dikhatal ecad mcra 2 irchk
rbspihmbh (3:,>1%) gbhfcma 31 irchk rbspihmbh
ebrpbhkcrun sbpbrta gusad Gizcrt (Ahmijripjar`bs,
5?35).
Gusad d`csad cmc`cn hcmc ctcu sucrc ychk masusuh
mbgadach rupc sbnahkkc gbhkchmuhk arcgc, `cku mch
dbncrgihasch ychk gbrupcdch suctu dcryc scstrc
zcgch duhi ychk ebrha`ca tahkka. Gusad d`csad
gbrupcdch pbrpcmuch ahstrugbh ychk gbhkkuhcdch
vai`ah, eai`c, pachi, mch jb``i sbeckca gusadhyc. Gusad
d`csad gbga`ada pbrchkdct gusad ychk ecrchbdc
rckcg, sbnahkkc mamc`cghyc tbrchkdug wcrhc wcrha
sucrc ychk rbhtchk vcracsahyc schkct `ucs. Mbhkch
dctc `cah vcracsa euhya pcmc gusad d`csad fcun `bean
dcyc mcra pcmc vcracsa euhya gusad ychk `cah.
Dbrbhchyc gusad d`csad gbhybmacdch vcracsa
stagu`csa ychk sbmbgadach `ucshyc ecka pbhmbhkcr
(@ahmquast, 5?3=).
Gusad-gusad d`csad gbgpuhyca dbuhkku`ch cdch
dbgurhach mch dbsbrmbrnchcch euhya-euhya ychk
maguhju`dch, arcgc, gb`ima, mch lrbdubhsa-lrbdubhsa
tahkka pcmc gusad d`csad gbrchkschk mch gbgebra mcyc
pcmc mcbrcn-mcbrcn drbctal mch gitalcsa pcmc itcd.
Gusad d`csad gbgebra rcsc hycgch tamcd scfc matb`ahkc
tbtcpa fukc ecka fawc ychk gbhmbhkcrhyc (Nc`ag
Zcgub`, 5??;).
Mcra ncsa` pbhb`atach pcmc prb mch pist pbhkudurch
dbgcgpuch dikhatal, mcpct ma`anct sb`urun rbspihmbh
gcgpu gbhfcwce dubsaihbr pcmc higir 3 (sctu)
mbhkch euhya sic` pbhkbhc`ch sbjcrc ahtbhsal tbrncmcp
ieybd ctcu ebhmc-ebhmc ychk cmc ma `ahkduhkch sbdatcr
rbspihmbh. Zbgbhtcrc atu, nchyc : rbspihmbh (>,::%)
pcmc prbtbst mch ; rbspihmbh (31,==%) pcmc pisttbst
ychk mcpct gbhfcwce pbrtchycch pcmc dubsaihbr higir
35> Gamwalbry iurhc` | \i`. 2, Hi. 5, Fu`a 5?5?, nc` 35:-351
rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ma Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc
Gctcrcg.
5. Zcrch
c. Ecka _i`tbddbs Dbgbhdbs Gctcrcg
Ncsa` pbhb`atach aha mcpct mafcmadch sbeckca
ecnch pustcdc mc`cg gbhcgecn
pbhkbtcnuch dnusushyc tbhtchk blbdtavatcs
tbrcpa gusad d`csad tbrncmcp pbrdbgechkch
dihkhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` mch sbeckca
scrchc pbgechmahk ecka muhac a`gu
pbhkbtcnuch uhtud pbhb`atach sb`chfuthyc
tbrutcgc mc`cg eamchk dbsbnctch.
e. Ecka Z@E Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg
Ncsa` pbhb`atach aha mcpct mafcmadch ecnch
gcsudch ckcr mcpct mafcmadch gbhfcma eckach
mcra tbrcpa ychk maebradch ma sbdi`cn
dnusushyc uhtud dbeutunch eb`cfcr saswc
rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` sbeckca tbrcpa tcgecnch
ychk mcpct magcsuddch db mc`cg dbkactch
bdstcduradu`br gahagc` muc dc`a sbgahkku
sbeckca upcyc gbhahkdctdch dikhatal saswc.
j. Ecka Irchk ]uc Zaswc Ubtcrmcsa Gbhtc`
Ncsa` pbhb`atach aha mascrchdch mcpct gbhfcma
pbrtagechkch ecka irchk tuc saswc ychk
gbhkc`cga rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ckcr gbhfcmadch
tbrcpa gusad d`csad sbeckca sc`cn sctu tbrcpa
(25,;>%). Nc` tbrsbeut gbhuhfuddch ecnwc tbrcpa
gusad d`csad ychk maebradch dbpcmc chcd ychk
gbhkc`cga rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` gbgebradch blbd
gbhahkdctdch pbrdbgechkch dikhatal.
_bhb`ata gbhkchc`asc tbrcpa gusad d`csad gbgchk
mcpct gbhahkdctdch pbrdbgechkch dikhatal maeudtadch
gbhahkdcthyc dbgcgpuch pbhkbtcnuch, pbgcncgcg
mch chc`asas rbspihmbh. ]breudta pcmc rbspihmbh ychk
gbhfc`cha tbrcpa gusad gusad d`csad mcpct gbhkahkct,
gbgcncga mch gbhkchc`asas sbtacp pbrtchycch.
Gbsdapuh gcsan cmc rbspihmbh ychk tbtcp mc`cg
pbrdbgechkch dctbkira durchk tbtcpa nc` tbrsbeut tamcd
gbgeuct ecnwc tbrcpa gusad d`csad tamcd blbdtal
tbrncmcp pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`
dcrbhc pcmc dbhyctcchhyc rbspihmbh ychk tbtcp mc`cg
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal durchk tamcd gbhkc`cga
pbhahkdctch pbrdbgechkch dikhatal ma`anct mcra duc`atcs
tbtcpa tbrfcma pbhahkdctch mc`cg sbka duchtatcs. Mbhkch
mbgadach tbrcpa gusad d`csad blbdtal gbhahkdctdch
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc` ma Z@E
Hbkbra _bgeahc Gctcrcg.
M. ZAG_R@CH MCH ZCUCH
3. Zagpu`ch
c. Zbeckach ebscr rbspihmbh gbga`ada
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal durchk sbeb`ug
maebradch tbrcpa gusad d`csad.
e. Zbeckach ebscr rbspihmbh gbga`ada
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal ecad sbtb`cn maebradch
tbrcpa gusad d`csad.
j. ]brcpa gusad d`csad blbdtal tbrncmcp
pbhahkdctch pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd
T>W Blbhma, G. 5??1. _bhkchtcr _sadipbmckikad Chcd
Ebrdb`cahch.. Fcdcrtc6 _] Euga Cdsc.
Ebrdb`cahch
T1W Ncstiga. 5?35. ]brcpa Gusad.
Gusad. Fcdcrtc6 Fcvc`atbrc.
T3?W Nbhmrc, C. 5?3?. _bhkcrun _bgebrach Gusad D`csad
]brncmcp _rbstcsa Eb`cfcr Gctbgctadc Chcd. Zdrapsa
Lcdu`tcs _sadi`ika Rhavbrsatcs Dcti`ad Zibkafcpachctc,
Zibkafcpachctc,
Zbgcrchk.
T33W Namcyct, C. C. 5??>. Uasbt Dbpbrcwctch mch ]bnhad
_bhu`asch A`gacn.
A`gacn. Fcdcrtc6 Zc`bgec Gbmadc.
T35W Namcyct, C.C. 5??1. Dbeutunch Mcscr Gchusac.
Gchusac. Fcdcrtc6
Zc`bgec Gbmadc.
T3:W Namcyct, C. C. 5??1. _bhkchtcr A`gu Dbpbrcwctch
Dbpbrcwctch Chcd
3. Fcdcrtc6 Zc`bgec Gbmadc.
T3=W Ahmijripjaj`bs. 5?3;. Gastbra Gusad Gizcrt tbrncmcp
Dbsbnctch mch Dbjbrmcsch. TahtbrhbtW. ]brsbmac mc`cg
www.ahmijripjarj`bs.wirmprbss
www.ahmij ripjarj`bs.wirmprbss.jig/5?35/?5/?:/
.jig/5?35/?5/?:/
gastbra-gusad-gizcrt-tbrncmcp-dbsbnctch-
mchdbjbrmcsch. Macdsbs pcmc tchkkc` :? Idtiebr 5?3;
pudu` 31.25 [A]C.
T32W Dctn`yh. 5??3. Suajd Ublbrbhjb ]i Ijjuptaihc` ]nbrcpy.
]nbrcpy.
]bxcs 6 Niustbh Jbhtbr.
T3<W @ahmquast, U. 5?3=. Jigp`bgbhtcry/C`tbrhctavb
Jigp`bgbhtcry/C`tbrhctavb
]nbrcpabs ah Hursahk. Hbw Qird6 Zprahkbr _ue`asnahk
Jigpchy.
T3;W Gbkkatt. 5?3:. Gbgcncga _brdbgechkch
_brdbgechkch Chcd
Chcd.. Fcdcrtc6
Ahmbds.
T3>W Hitictgimfi, 5?35. Gbtimi`ika _bhb`atach Dbsbnctch
Bmasa Ubvasa. Fcdcrtc6 Uahbdc Japtc.
T31W Hursc`cg, 5?32.
5?32. Gbtimi`ika _bhb`atach Dbpbrcwctch
_bhmbdctch _rcdtas.
_rcdtas. Fcdcrtc6 Zc`bgec Gbmadc.
T5?W _chmfa, M. 5?3:. Zumcndcn Datc Ucgcn Chcd Zpbjac`
Hbbms. Fcdcrtc6 _] Gbmadc Digputahmi.
 c`tbrhctal ychk maebradch dbpcmc chcd dbtadc
chcd sbmchk eb`cfcr ma rugcn uhtud
gbhahkdctdch pbrdbgechkch dikhatal.
m. Ecka _bhb`atach Zb`chfuthyc
Ncsa` pbhb`atach aha marbdigbhmcsadch uhtud
pbhb`atach `bean `chfut tbhtchk blbdtavatcs tbrcpa
gusad d`csad tbrncmcp pbhahkdctch
pbrdbgechkch dikhatal chcd rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`
mbhkch fug`cn rbspihmbh ychk `bean echycd mch
mbscah gbtimb pbhb`atach ychk `bean ecad `cka.
Zb`cah atu, pbr`u gb`aectdch db`ucrkc mc`cg
gb`cdudch tbrcpa.
tbrcpa.
RJC_CH ]BUAGC DCZAN
_bhb`ata gbhkujcpdch tbragc dcsan dbpcmc Furusch
Dbpbrcwctch _i`tbddbs Dbgbhdbs Gctcrcg.
MCL]CU URFRDCH
T3W Cry, M., @ujy J.F., mch Jnras Z. 5?3?. Ahtrimuj
Ahtrimujtaih
taih ti
Ubsbcrjn ah Bmujctaih Bakntn Bmataih. Jchcmc6 Hb`sih
Bmujctaih [cmswirtn Jbhkckb @bcrhahk.
T5W Czgarc. 5?32.C Kalt Chcd Napbrcdtal . Qikycdcrtc6 Ucpnc
_ue`asnahk.
T:W Jncgpeb``. 5??5. ]brcpa Gusad ]bira Mch Cp`adcsa.
Qikycdcrtc6 Kc`chk
Kc`chk _rbss.
T=W Jinbh, @., @cwrbhjb G., mch Dbatn G. 5??;. Ubsbcrjn
Gbtnims ah Bmujctaih, Zaxtn Bmataih.
Bmataih. @ihmih6 Uiut`bmkb
Lc`gbr.
T2W Mc`cga, B, mdd. 5??1. Csunch Dbpbrcwctch D`abh
Mbhkch Kchkkuch FawcFawc.. Fcdcrtc6 ]rchs Ahli Gbmac.
T<W Mbsgatc, 5??1. _sadi`ika _brdbgechkch _bsbrtc Mamad.Mamad.
Echmuhk6 Ubgcfc Uismcdcryc
U ismcdcryc
T;W Mncrgc, D. D. 5?33. Gbtimi`ika _bhb`atach
_bhb`atach Dbpbrcwctch.
Fcdcrtc6 ]rchs Ahli Gbmac.
T53W _ittbr & _brry, 5??2. Eudu Cfcr Luhmcgbhtc`
Dbpbrcwctch Bmasa = \i`ugb 3. Fcdcrtc6 BKJ
T55W _ragcmatc, C. 5?33. Blbdtalatcs Ahtbrvbhsa ]brcpa Gusad
D`csad ]brncmcp Ztrbs Mc`cg Gbhyusuh Zdrapsa. Zdrapsa
Lcdu`tcs _sadi`ika Rhavbrsatcs Mapihbkiri, Zbgcrchk.
T5:W Ubpue`adc. 5?3?. Ebhcrdcn Gusad Gizcrt Gcgpu
]ahkdctdch Dbjbrmcsch 9 .ebratc/kcycnamup/pcrbhtahk/
nttp6//www.rbpue`adc.ji.am/ TAhtbrhbtW. ]brsbmac
ebratc/kcycnam mc`cg
up/pcrbhtahk/
3?/?2/3:/332=12/ebhcrdcn-gusaj-Gizcrt-gcgpu -
tahkdctdch-dbjbrmcsch.
tahkdctdch-dbjbrmc sch. Macdsbs pcmc tchkkc` :? Idtiebr
5?3; pudu` 31.=3 [A]C.
T5=W Uastac _rctawa. 5?3;. _bhkcrun ]brcpa Gusad D`csad
Gizcrt ]brncmcp _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal Chcd Cutas. Zdrapsa
Lcdu`tcs A`gu Dbpbrcwctch Rhavbrsatcs Hkuma [c`uyi,
Zbgcrchk.
T52W Uawamadmi, N. 5?35. Ztctastad Dbsbnctch.
Dbsbnctch. Qikycdcrtc6
Gatrc Jbhmadac _rbss.
T5<W Uigcmiha, Zata. 5?3:. _bhkcrun ]brcpa Gusad D`csad
]brncmcp _bhuruhch ]bdchch Mcrcn _cmc _csabh
Napbrtbhsa. Zdrapsa Lcdu`tcs A`gu Dbpbrcwctch Ztadbs
Guncggcmaycn, _c`bgechk.
T5;W Zcgub`, Nc`ag. 5??;. Blbd Gizcrt Mch ]brcpa Gusad
Mc`cg Muhac Dbsbnctch. Fcdcrtc6 _] Gbmac
Digputahmi.
T5>W Zni`adcn, Z. _bhkcrun ]brcpa Gusad D`csad ]brncmcp
_brdbgechkch Dikhatal Chcd Qchk Gbhkc`cga Ubtcrmcsa
Gbhtc` Ma ZM@E Hbkbra Echfcr Gbhmc`ch, @cgihkch.
Zuryc \i`ugb ?; Higir ?3. Nc`. :1-=< Cpra` 5?32.
T51W Z@EH _bgeahc Gctcrcg. 5?3;. Mctc Ubkastbr Mch _rila`
Zbdi`cn.. Gctcrcg6 Z@EH _bgeahc Gctcrcg.
Zbdi`cn
T:?W Zgcrt, C. 5?3?. Chcd Jcjct Eudch Dacgct Gbtimb
_bgeb`cfcrch Mch ]brcpa Rhtud Chcd Ebrdbeutunch
Dnusus.. Qikycdcrtc6 Dctc Ncta.
Dnusus
T:3W Zibtfahahksan. 5?32.
5?32. ]ugeun Dbgechk Chcd.
Chcd. Fcdcrtc6
BKJ.
T:5W Zigchtra, Z. 5?35.
5?35. _sadi`ika Chcd @ucr Eacsc.
Eacsc . Echmuhk6
_] Ubladc Cmatcgc.
T::W Zukayihi. 5?32. Ztctastad Hih _crcgbtrad. Fcdcrtc6
C`lcebtc.

Ha _utu Zugcrtaha, _bhkcrun ]brcpa Gusad... 351

T:=W Zuncrhch. 5??2. _sadi`ika Dikhatal
Dikhatal. Zurcecyc6 Zradchma.
T:2W ]bgpi. 5?35. Gusad gizcrt pc`ahk blbdtal tahkdctdch
dihsbhtrcsa. TAhtbrhbtW. ]brsbmac mc`cg
nttp6//tbgpi.jig/rbcm/hbws/rbcmhbws/5?35/?;/?5/?<
?15>=?/gusadgizcr
?15>=?/ gusadgizcrtpc`ahkblbd`altahkdc
tpc`ahkblbd`altahkdctdchdihsbhtrc
tdchdihsbhtrcsa.
sa.
Macdsbs pcmc tchkkc` :? Idtiebr 5?3; pudu` 31.:; [A]C.
T:<W Qchucratc, L. C. 5?35. Gbgcdsagc`dch Itcd Gb`c`ua
Zbhcg Itcd (Ercah Kyg). Qikycdcrtc6 ]brchivc
]brchivc Eiids.
Eiids.

_UILA@ _BHR@AZ R]CGC

Ha _utu Zugcrtaha, misbh Furusch

Dbpbrcwctch _i`tbddbs Dbgbhdbs
Gctcrcg.
 ECE A

_BHMCNR@RCH

C. @C]CU EB@CDCHK GCZC@CN

Chcd ebrdbeutunch dnusus sc`cn sctuhyc cmc`cn chcd cutas .chcd cutasgb fukc
,gbrupcdch sc`cn
sc`cn sctu
sctu praecma
praecma ahmavamu ychk
ychk ncrus maebra pbhmamadch ecad atu
dbtbrcgpa`ch gcupuh cdcmbgad .
Cutasgb gbrupcdch chcd ychk ,gbga`ada kchkkuch mahmc`cg muhachyc sbhmara. I`bn
dcrbhc atu chcd cutus ncrus gb hmcpctdch pbrnctach dnusus mbga
pbrdbgechkchhyc.dbechycdch irchk tamcd gbhbkbtcnua ahlirgcsa cpc atu chcd ychk
cutas.

Cutasgb mamcpct pcmc sbdatcr

sbdatcr 5? pbr 3?.??? pbhmumud. Mch prac
prac `bean sbrahk
sbrahk mcra
pcmc wchatc mbhkch pbrechmahkch =63 ,hcguh chcd pbrbgpuch ychk tbrdbhc cdch
gbhuhfudch kbfc`c ychk `bean ebrct. Ebebrcpc pbhycdat sastbgad gbhuhfudch kbfc`c-
kbfc`c sbpbrta custad ctcu gbgebra dbjbhmbruhkch pbhmbratc pcmc pbrdbgechkch kbfc`c
 custad tbrsbeut. Fukc matbgudch mbhkch tbrfcmahyc dbfchk.

E. URGRZCH GCZC@CN
3. Cpc ychk magcdsum mbhkch cutasgb 9

5. Cpc ychk gbhybecedch chcd cutasgb 9

:. Cpc scfc pctilasai`ikas chcd cutasgb9
=. Cpc gchalbstcsa d`ahas chcd cutasbgb9
2. Eckcagchc wij cutasgb 9
<. Eckcagchc pbgbradscch mackhistaj pcmc chcd cutasgb 9
;. Cpc scfc pbhctc`cdschcch chcd cutasgb9
>. Eckcagchc Csunch dbpbrcwtcch pcmc chcd cutasgb 9
J. ]RFRCH GCZC@CN
]ufuch Rgug

Rhtud gbgpbri`bn ahlirgcsa gbhkbhca dihsbp dbpbrcwctch chcd ebrdbeutunch

dnusus tbrutcgc pcmc chcd cutasgb.

ECE AA

_BGECNCZCH

C. Dihsbp Mcscr Cutasgb

C. MBLBHAZA
Zbjcrc ncrlacn cutasgb ebrcsc` mcra dctc cutis (mara) sbmchkdch asgb
(pcncg/c`arch).cutasgb sbjcrc btagi`ika cmc`cn chcd ychk gbga`ada kchkkuch
pbrdbgechkch mc`cg muhachyc sbhmara. Ebebrcpc pbhkbrtach cutas gbhurut pcrc
cn`a cmc`cn sbeckca ebradu 6
c. Cutasbg gbrupcdch suctu fbhas kchkkuch pbrdbgechkch pcmc chcd
,gbhkc`cga dbsbhmarach ,dbjbhmruhkch gbhybhmara.( @bi dchdbr nchmifi
,5??:)
e. Cutasgb cmc`cn kchkkuch pbrdbgechkch ychk tbrfcma pcmc chcd ychk
gbhkc`cga dihmasa gbhutup mara . Magchc kchkkuch aha gbhkcdaectdch
magchc chcd gbhkc`cga kchkkuch dbtbrectcsch mcra sbka diguhadcsa
,ahtbrcdsa sijac`,mch pra`cdu ( Cgbrajch psnyjnactaj cssijactaih ,5???)

E. D@CZALADCZA
Cutasgb mcpct mad`csaladcsadch gbhfcma ebebrcpc eckach ebrmcscrdch kbfc`chyc
kb fc`chyc .
 3. Cutas rahkch
_cmc cutas aha chcd gcsan gbhuhfudch sbmadatr dihtcd gctc wc`cupuh tamcd
ebr`chksuhk `cgc .chcd cutas aha mcpct gbgebradch sbmadat rbspih dbtadc
mapchkka` hcgchyc ,gbhuhfudch bdsprbsa-bdsprbsa gudc ,mch mc`cg
ebrdiguhadcsa muc crcn gbsdahpuh tbrfcma nchyc sbsbdc`a .
5. Cutas sbmchk
_cmc dihmasa aha chcd cfutas gcsan gbhuhfudch dihtcd gctc hcguh tamcd
gbgebradch rbspih dbtadc hcgchyc ma pchkka` .tahmcdch ckrbsa ctcu napbrcdtal
,gbhycdata mara sbhmara ,cjun ,mch kchkkuch gitirad mch jbhmruhk ckcd su`at
uhtud madbhmc`adch .

:. Cutas ebrct

Chcd cutas ychk ebrcmc pcmc dctbkira aha gbhuhfudch tahmcdch-tahmcdch ychk
schkct tamcd tbrdbhmc`a .eacschyc chcd cutas gbgudu` ‚ gudu`dch dbpc`chyc

dr tbgeid sbjcrc ebru`chk-u`chk mch ktbrus ‚ gbhbrus tchpc nbhta .

Dbtadc irchk tuc ebruscnc gbhjbkcn , hcguh chcd tamcd gbgebradch rbspihm
ch tbtcp gb`cdudchhyc ,ecndch mc`cg dihmasa ebrcmc ma pb`udch irchk tuchyc
, chcd cutas tbtcp gbgudu`-gudu`dch dbpc`chyc.chcd cdch ebrnbhta sbtb`cn
gbrcscdch db`b`cnch dbgumach `chksuhk tbrtamur .( Gufaychta ,5?33)
J. B]AI@IKA
_bhybece cutas gbhurut echycd pcdcr tb`cn masbpcdcta ecnwc pcmc itcd chcd cutas
mafugpca suctu db`cahch pcmc itcdhyc .Echycd tbira ychk macfudch i`bn pcrc
pcdcr , dbdurchkch hutrasa mch idsakbh fukc gbgpbhkcruna .]brfcma db`cahch
strudtur sb` itcd ychk masbecedch varus rueb``c ,tixip`csgc ,pbrmcrcnch.lcdtir
kbhbtaj ycatu cmchyc kbh tbrtbhtu ychk gbhkcdaectdch dbruscdch pcmc systbg
`ageaj.
3. Gbhurut tbira psadisisac`
Ebebrcpc cn`a (dchhbr mch Eruhi ebttb`nbg) cutasg ma chkkcp sbeckca
cdaect nueuhkch ychk mahkah ,tamcd cdrce chtcrc aeu mch chcd eacs fukc
madctcdch mbhkch pbhkcsun ychk bgisaihc` mch dcdu.
5. ]bira eai`ikas
Lcjtir kbhbtaj 6 db`ucrkc ychk tbrmcpct chcd cutastaj gbga`ada rbsadi ychk
`bean tahkka masechmahk pipa`csa db`ucrkc hirgc`.
_rbhctc`6 pbrmcrcnch pcmc dbncga`ch cwc` ,iect-iectch ,kchkkuch
pbrhcpcsch,ctcu chbgac.
 Ztrudtur mch eaidigacwa 6db`cahch pcmc jbrbeb``ug.
Hburi chctiga 6 masluhksa pcmc
pcm c sb` itcd sb`cgc dchmuhkch ychk guhkdah
guhkd ah
tbrfcma kchkkuch idsakbhcsa ,pbrmcrcnch,ctcu ahlbdsa.

M. _C]ILAZAI@IKA
Zb` scrcl itcd (hburih)tbrmara ctcs ecmch sb` mch sbrceut uhtud gbhkc`ardch agp`us
`astrad (cdsih)sbrtc sbrceut uhtud gbhbragc agp`us `astrad (mbhmrat).sb` scrcl tbrmcpct

ma`cpasch `ucr itcd ychk

ychk ebrwcrhc db`ceu (dirtbds).cdsih ma
maeuhkdus
euhkdus sb`cput ebrhcgc

gba`bh ,tbr`btcd ma eckachitcd ebrwcrhc putan .sb` scrcl ebrnueuhkch sctu scgc `cah
`bwct sahcps.
Zbgcdah echycd sahcps tbrebhtud chcd sbgcdah jbrmcs .pbgebhtudch cdsih,
mbhrat mch sahcps, schkct tbrkchtuhk pcmc stagu`csa mch `ahkduhkch. eckach itcd ychk
makuhcdch mc`cg eb`cfcr gbhuhfudch pbrtcgecnch cdsih,mbhrat,mchsahcps,sbmchkdch
eckach itcd ychk tcd makuhcdch gbhuhfudch
gbhuh fudch dbgctach sb` ,ebrdurchkhyc cdsih,
cdsih,mbhrat
mbhrat
mch sahcps .
Db`cahch kbhbtas ,dbrcjuhch `ikcg ebrct mch hutrasa ychk tamcd cmbduct mcpct
gbhybecedch tbrfcmahyc kchkkuch pcmc prisbs ‚ prisbs tbrsbeut.sbnahkkc cdch
gbhybecedch cehirgc`atcs pbrtugeunch sb` scrcl.
_cmc pbgbradscch mcrcn ecya ychk ecru `cnar ,madbtcnua pbrtugeunch cehirgc`
pcmc pbhmbratc cutasgb mapaju i`bn ebr`beanhyc hburitripah mch hburipbptamb itcd

.pbhahkdctch hburidagac itcd sbjcrc cehirgc` gbhybebedch pbrtugeunch cehirgc`

pcmc mcbrcn tbrtbhtu.pcmc
t brtbhtu.pcmc kchkkuch cutasgb tbrfcma
t brfcma dihmasa kriwtn watniut kuamchjb
,magchc eckach-eckach itcd tugeun mch gcta sbjcrc tamcd ebrcturch.pbrtugeunch
cehirgc` eckach itcd tbrsbeut gbhbdch pbrtugeunch sb` scrcl.
B. [IJ

L. GCHALBZ]CZA D@AHAZ
3. Kchkkuch mc`cg diguhadcsa vbrec` gcupuh hih vbrec` .
Gb`aputa dbgcgpuch ebrecncsc mch gbhkc`cga dbtbr`cgectch ctcu scgc
 sbdc`a tamcd mcpct eajcrc .gbhkkuhcdch dctc-dctc tchpc gbhknueuhkdch
mbhkch crta ychk `czag makuhcdch .ebrdiguhadcsa mbhkch gbhkkuhcdch

ecncsc tueun mch nchyc mcpct ebrdiguhadcsa mc`cg

m c`cg wcdtu sahkdct .dct-
dctchyc tamcd mcpct magbhkbrta i`bn irchk `cah . ]amcd gbhkbrta ctcu tamcd
gbhkkuhcdch dctc-dctc mc`cg dihtbds ychk sbsuca . Bdi`c`ac (gbharu ctcu
gbgebi ),gbharu dctc,dc`agct ctcu `cku tchpc tcnu crtahyc. Eajcrc

gbhitih sbpbrta rieit .

5. Kchkkuch mc`cg eamchk ahtbrcdsa sijac`
Gb`aputa kchkkuch gbhi`cd
gbhi`cd ctcu
ctcu gbhknahmcra uhtud ebrtctcp
ebrtctcp gudc.
]amcd gbhi`bn ea`c mapchkka` ,sbnahkkc mamukc tu`a. Gbrcsc tamcd sbhchk
ctcu gbhi`cd mapb`ud . ea`c gbhkahkahdch sbsuctu , gbhcrad irchk ychk
tbrmbdct mch ebrncrcp irchk tbrsbeut gb`cdudch sbsuctu uhtudhyc. ]amcd
ebrecka dbsbhchkch mbhkch irchk `cah .scct ebrgcah ea`c mambdcta gc`cn
gbhfcun.
:. Kchkkuch mc`cg ebrgcah
Machtcrchyc ebrgcah shckct gbhitih mch chbn ,gasc`hyc gbhmbrbtdch
sceuh gbhfcma sctu mbrbtch ychk pchfchk. Gbgutcr ei`c pcmc giea` mch
gbhkcgcta mbhkch sbdscgc mc`cg fchkdc wcdtu ychk `cgc .cmc
dbmbdctch mbhkch ebhmc-ebhmc tbrtbhtu dcrtu,ku`ahk ychk sb`c`u ma ecwc
dbgchc-gchc.fadc sumcn sbhchk mbhkch ebhmc tbrsbeut tamcd gbhyudca
ebhmc ychk `cah. ]amcd spihtch ,rbl`bx mch ktamcd ebragcfahcsa mc`cg
ebrgcah.tamcd mcpct gbharu tahmcdch tbgchhyc mch tamcd mcpct gbgu`ca
pbrgcahch.
=. Kchkkuch pra`cdu
Ma`anct mcra kbfc`c sbrahk
sbrahk machkkcp sbeckca
sbeckca chcd ychk sbhchk dbrcpach
ncrus gbhbgpctdch ecrchk tbrtbhtu pcmc tbgpcthyc.chcd mcpct tbr`anct
napbrcdtal gasc`hyc ea`c gcsud mc`cg rugcn ychk ecru pbrtcgc dc`a ac
mctchka ,ac cdch gbgeudc sbguc pahtu , ebrfc`ch dbschc dbgcra ,mch
ebr`cra-`cra tbhtu crcn.
Ac fukc sbrahk gbhycdata mara sbhmara sbpbrta gbgudu` dbpc`c db mahmahk.
2. Kchkkuch pbrcscch ctcu bgisa
Mcpct ma`anct mcra pra`cdu tbrtcwc-tbrtcwc sbhmara ,gbhchkas ctcu gcrcn
tchpc sbecehyctc,sbrahk gbhkcgud tcdtbrdbhmc`a ,tbrutcgc ea`c tamcd
 gbhmcpctdch sbsuctu ychk maahkahdch ,ecndch eacs gbhfcma ckrbsal mch
ruscd .tamcd mcpct
ebrecka pbrcscch (bgpcta) mbhkch chcd `cah.

K. _BGBUADZCCH MACKHIZ]AD

3. Jna`mniim cutasg rctahk sjc`b (JCUZ)

Zdc`c pbrahkdct cutasgb gcsc dchcd-dchcd ychk maeuct i`bn Braj Zjnip`br
macwc` tcnuh 31;? ychk mamcscrdch pcmc pbhkcgctch pra`cdu. C`ct
gbhkkuhcdch sdc`c nahkkc 32 chcd mabvc`ucsa ebrmcscrdch nueuhkchhyc
mbhkch irchk pbhkkuhcch kbrcdch tueun ,cmcptcsa tbrncmcp pbruecnch,
dbgcgpuch gbhmbhkcr mch diguhadcsa vbrec`.
5. ]nb jnbjd`as lir cutasg ah timm`bs ( JNC]) 6 ebrupc mcltcr pbgbradsc cutasgb
pcmc gcsc ec`atc ychk makuhcdch u htud gbhmbtbdsa chcd ebrugur 3>
eu`ch,madbgechkdch i`bn sagih ecrih jinbh macwc` tcnuh 311?-ch.
:. ]nb cutasg sjrbbhahk qubstaihhcarb 6cmc`cn mcltcr pbrtchycch ychk tbrmara mcra
=? sdc`c atbg ychk makuhcdch pcmc chcd mactcs usac = tcnuh ychk gbhkbvc`ucsa
dbgcgpuch diguhadcsa mch sijac` gbrbdc.
=. ]nb sjrbbhahk tbst lir cutasg ah twi ‚ybcrs i`m 6 tbs sjrbbhahk cutasgb ecka
chcd usac 5 tcnuh ychk madbgechkdch i`bn wbhmy stihb ma \chmbrea`t
mamcscrdch pcmc eamchk dbgcgpuch chcd ,ycatu 6 ebrgcah ,mch dihsbhtrcsa.
dihsbhtrcsa.
N. _BHC]C@CZCHCCH .
_bhctc`cdscch pcmc cutasgb ebrtufuch uhtud 6
3. ]brcpa wajcrc 6 uhtud gb`chjcrdch
gb`chjcrdch itit ‚iti gu`ut ckcr mcpct ebreajcrc
`bean ecad.
5. ]brcpa idupcsa 6 uhtud gb`ctad gitiraj nc`us chcd.
:. ]brcpa ebrgcah 6 uhtud gb`ctan gbhkcfcrdch chcd gb`c`ua eb`cfcr scgea`
ebrgcah.
=. ]brcpa iect-iectch 6 uhtud gbhbhchkdch chcd gb`c`ua pbgebrach iect-
iect i`bn midtbr ychk ebrwbwbhchk.
2. Zbhsiry ahtbkrctaih
ahtbkrctaih tnbrcpy 6 uhtud gb`ctan
gb`ctan dbpbdcch ctcu dimahcsa mcyc
ahmrc chcd cutas (pbhmbhkcrch,pbhk`anctch,mch pbrcecch ).
E. CZRNCH DB_BUC[C]CH _CMC CHCD EBUDBER]RNCH DNRZRZ
(CR]AZGB )
C. _BHKDCFACH
c. Ambhtatcs d`abh
Gb`aputa hcgc chcd ,fbhas db`cgah,pbhmamadch,c`cgct,pbdbrfcch,sudu

echksc,tchkkc`, fcg gcsud UZ , higir rbkastrcsa , mch mackhisb gbmas .

e. Uawcyct dbsbnctch
a. Uawcyct dbsbnctch sbdcrchk
Eacshcyc chcd cutas madbhc` mbhkch dbgcgpuch ecncsc
,dbtbr`cgectch ctcu scgc sbdc`a tamcd mcpct ebreajcrc .ebrdiguhadcsa
mbhkch gbhkkuhcdch ecncsc tueun mch nchyc mcpct ebrdiguhadcsa
mc`cg wcdtu sahkdct ,tamcd sbhchk ctcu gbhi`cd mapb`ud.
aa. Uawcyct dbsbnctch mcnu`u
Zbrahk tbrpcpcr zct tidsad ,jambrc itcd .

aaa. Uawcyct dbsbnctch db`ucrkc

]chycdch cpcdcn cmc chkkitc db`ucrkc `cah ychk gbhmbratc pbhcdat
sbrupc mch cpcdcn cmc rawcyct pbhycdat ecwcch ctcu dbturuhch .
eacschyc pcmc chcd cutas cmc pbhycdat dbturuhch.
j. Ztctus pbrdbgechkch chcd
3. Chcd durchk gbrbspih irchk `cah
5. Chcd su`at lijus pmc iefbd mch su`at gbhkbhc`a eckach tueun.
:. Chcd gbhkc`cgagdbsu`atch mc`cg eb`cfcr
=. Dbtbrectcsch dikhatal.
m. _bgbradscch lasad
3. Chcd ktbrtcrad pcmc sbhtunch ( gbhybhtun/sbhtunch)
5. ]brmcpct bdi`c`ac
:. Zu`at lijus pcmc iefbd sbgu`c ea`c chcd ebrpc`ahk db iefbd `cah
=. Chcd tbrtcrad pcmc sucrc tcpa eudch pmc gcdhc ebhmc tbrsbeut.
2. _bdc tbrncmcp ecu.
b. _sadisisac`

3. Gbhcrad mara mch tamcd rbspihsavb tbrnmcp irchk tuc.

5. Gbga`ada sadcp gbhi`cd pbruecnch sbjcrc bdstrbg
 :. Dbtbradctch ychk tamcd pcmc tbgpcthyc mbhkch iefbd
=. _ra`cdu gbhstagu`csa mara
2. _i`c tamur tamcd tbrctur
<. _brgcahch stbrbitap
;. _bra`cdu mbstrudtal tbrncmcp mara sbhmara mch irchk `cah .
>. ]chtrug ychk sbrahk.
1. _bdc tbrncmcp sucrc-sucrc ychk `bgeut eudch pcmc suctu pbgeajcrcch
3?. Dbgcgpuch ebrtuturdctc gbhuruh
33. Gbhi`cd gbhdihsugsa gcdchch ychk tamcd nc`us.
l. Hburi`ikas .
3. Ubspih ychk tamcd sbsuca tbrncmcp stagu`us
st agu`us
5. Ubl`bx gbhkascp eurud
:. ]amcd gcgpu gbhchkas dbtadc `cpcr.

E. MACKHIZC DB_BUC[C]CH
3. Kchkkuch diguhadcsa vbrec` ebrnueuhkch mbhkch kchkkuch hburigusdu`br
hburigusdu`br
(ZMDA 5<=. M?331)
5. Kchhkuch ahtbrcdsa sijac` ebrnueuhkch
ebrnueuhkch mbhkch ncgectch pbrdbgechkch (ZMDA
nc` .5<5 M?33>)
:. Kchkkuch ambhtatcs mara ebrnueuhkch mbhkch tamcd tbrpbhunahyc tukcs
pbrdbgechkch. (ZMDA nc` 3>> M.??>=)

J. AH]BU\BHZA DB_BUC[C]CH
DB_BUC[C]CH

HI MACKHIZC Z@DA ZADA

3 Kchkkuch ambhtatcs mara dihtri` mara (nc`62=)6 Bmudcsa gchcfbgbh
ebrnueuhkch mbhkch 3. \brec`ascsa strbss(nc`6;?)6
tamcd tbrpbhunahyc tukcs chjcgch dbpcmc Iesbrvcsa
pbrdbgechkch. irchk `cah gbhuruh 3. Ambhtaladcsa dbsacpch
 ]chmc gcyir 5. _ra`cdu gbhybrchk mch dbgcgpuch

Zuefbdtal 6 gbhuruh gbhbragc ahlirgcsa

3. Eahkkuhk mbhkch :. _ra`cdu gb`udca ]brcpbutad
ha`ca-ha`ca eumcyc marasbhmara mch 3. Zbmacdch gctbra mch
tufuch namup, fbhas irchk `cah gbmac pbhmamadch
db`cga/ ha`ca-ha`ca gbhuruh dbsbnctchhyc.
 sisac` =. _ra`cdu gbruscd 5. Fcmwc`dch
5. _brcscch ychk `ahkduhkch sbdatcr pbhmamadch
l`udtuctal tbrncmcp gbhuruh dbsbnctch sbsuca
mara 2. _ra`cdu ckrbsal dbsbpcdctch
:. _brsbpsa tbrncmcp mara gbhuruh Bmudcsa
ebruecn 3. Cfcrdch tbdhad
Iefbdtal 6 rb`cdscsa
3. _bra`cdu tamcd 5. Cfcrdch `ctanch
dihsastbh cssbrtavb
5. Nueuhkch ychk tamcd :. Cfcrdch gbgeuct
blbdtal fcmwc` i`cnrckc
:. Ztrctbka dipahk tamcd tbrctur
blbdtal =. Chfurdch cdtavatcs
=. _bhcgpa`ch pbrch uhtud
tamcd blbdtal gbhybhchkdch mara
gasc`hyc ebrgcah.
2. Chfurdch
ebrsisac`ascsa
<. Chfurdch gbwhfc`ah
diguhadcsa mbhkch
db`ucrkc mch prilbsa

pbgbebra csunch

5. Kchkkuch diguhadcsa Diguhadcsa vbrec` (nc` _rigisa diguhadcsa

vbrec` ebrnueuhkch 6=1)6 (nc`6:;=)6

mbhkch kchkkuch 3. Dbgcgpuch Iesbrvcsa 6

hburigusdu`br. ebreajcrc 3. Gihatir dbjbpctch

 ]chmc gcyir 6 gbhahkdct .tbdchch

Iefbdtal 6 5. Dbgcgpuch ,duchtatcs,vi`ugb
3. ]amcd gcgpu gbhmbhkcr mch madsa eajcrc,
ebreajcr ctcu gbhahkdct 5. Gihatir prisbs
gbhmbhkcr :. Dbsbsucach dikhatal
5. Gbhuhfuddch bdsprbsa wcfcn ctcu ,chctigas,lasai`ikas,
 rbspih tamcd sbsuca tueun gbhahkdct ychk ebrdcatch
 ]chmc gahir 6 =. Dihtcd gctc mbhkch

Iefbdtal 6 gbhahkdct eajcrc(gasc`hyc 6

3. Clcsac Ubspih pra`cdu gbgira

5. Cprcdsac pbgcncgch ,pbhmbhkcrch,mce

:. Mas`bdsac diguhadcsa eajcrc).

=. _b`i gbgecad. :. Gihatir

2. Masctrac prustcsa,gcrcn,mbprb

<. Kckcp sa ctcu nc` `cah ychk

;. ]amcd cmc dihtcd gbhkkchkku eajcrc.

gctc =. Ambhtaladcsa pra`cdu

>. Zu`at gbgcncga bgisaihc` mch lasad

diguhadcsa sbeckca ebhtud

1. Zu`at diguhadcsa.

gbgpbrtcnchdch ]brcpbutad

diguhadcsa 3. Kuhcdch gbtimb

3?. Zu`at gbhkkuhcdch diguhadcsa

bdsprbsa wcfcn ctcu c`tbrhctavb.

tueun 5. Zbsucadch kcyc

33. Zu`at gbhyusuh diguhadcsa lmbhkch

dc`agct dbeutunch pcsabh.

35. \brce`ascsa tamcd :. Gimaladcsa

tbpct `ahkduhkch uhtud

Zu`at gbhkuhkdcpdch gbgahagc`dch

dctc-dctc echtuch.
=. Ebradch muduhkch
psadi`ikas
Bmudcsa
3. Chfurdch ebreajcrc
pbr`cnch
5. Cfcrdch pcsabh mch
db`ucrkc prisbs

dikhatal,chctigas,mc
h lasai`ikas ychk
ebrnueuhkch mbhkch
 dbgcgpuch
ebreajcrc.
Di`ceircsa
Uufud db cn`a tbrcpas
:. Kchkkuch ahtbrcdsa Ahtbrcdsa sijac` (nc`6:=)6 _rigisa sisac`ascsa
sijac` ebrnueuhkch 3. _brcscch hycgch (nc`6:>2)6

mbhkch ncgectch mbhkch satucsa Iesbrvcsa 6

pbrdbgechkch. sijac` gbhahkdct 3. Ambhtaladcsa
 ]chmc gcyir 5. _brcscch gumcn dbgcgpuch
Zuefbdtal 6 gbhbragc ctcu gb`cdudch ahtrrcdsa
3. Gbrcsc tamcd gbhkdiguhadcsadc mbhkch irchk `cah .
hycgch mbhkch h pbrcscch 5. Ambhtaladcsa
satucsa sisac` gbhahkdct ncgectch gb`cdudch
5. Gbrcsc su`at :. Ubspih pcmc irchk ahtbrcdsa mbhkch
gbhbragc ctcu `cah gbhahkdct irchk `cah.
gbhkdiguhadcsadc =. Dihtcd gctc ]brcpbutad
h pbrcscch gbhahkdct 3. Gitavcsa
Iefbdtal 2. Diipbrctal mc`cg gbhahkdctdch
3. Durchk rbspihsal ctcu ebrgcah mbhkch dbtbr`aectch mc`cg

tbrtcrad pcmc irchk sbecyc gbhahkdct. suctu nueuhkch

`cah <. Diipbrctal mbhkch 5. Gitavcsa dbscecrch
5. ]amcd ebrgahct tbgch sbecyc mc`cg
gb`cdudch dihtcd gbahkdct gbhkbgechkdch
bgisa mch lasad ;. _ra`cdu sbsuca usac suctu nueuhkch
 ]chmc gahir gbhahkdct. :. Gitavcsa
Zuefbdtal Kbfc`c jbgcs ebrpcrtasapcsa mc`cg
3. Zu`at gbhuruh cdtavatcs ecru
gbhkuhkdcpdch =. Gitavcsa ebrahtbrcdsa
dcsan scychk ma `ucr `ahkduhkch .
Iefbdtal 6 2. Masdusadch dbductch
3. Kbfc`c jbgcs ebrct mch dbtbrectcsch
5. Dihtcd gctc durchk mc`cg
:. Bdsprbsa wcfcn tamcd ebrdiguhadcsa
rbspihsal mbhkch irchk `cah
=. ]amcd diipbrctal <. Ebradch ugpch ec`ad
 mc`cg ebrgcah mch pisatal mc`cg
ebrtbgch mbhkch pbrcwctch mara.
sbecyc ;. Ebradch ugpch ec`ad

2. _bra`cdu tamcd sbsuca pisaital pcmc sbtacp

pbhahkdctch
dbgcgpuch.
Bmudcsa
3. Chfurdch
diguhadcsa pcmc
irchk `cah sbjcrc
embrtcncp
5. Chfurdch adutsbrtc

dbkactch sijac`
:. Chfurdch ebrecka
pbhkc`cgch pcmc

irchk `cah

=. Chfurdch gbgeuct
pbrbhjchcch
db`igpid dbja`
uhtud dbkactch
dnusus
2. @ctan ebrgcah pbrch
uhtud gbhahkdctdch
dbtbrcgpa`ch
diguhadcsa
<. @ctan gbhkbprbsadch
gcrcn mbhkch tbpct.

Ahtbrvbhsa dbpbrcwctch ebrmcscrdch furhc` 6

3. Kchkkuch ahtbrcdsa sijac` ebrnueuhkch mbhkch ncgectch pbrdbgechkch.
Naphitbrcpa mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn
Zumarfi (5?3:) magchc c`csch naphitbrcpa mc`cg ggpbhkcruna pbra`cdu napbrcdtal
chcd cutas aha mamcscrdch pcmc tbira ecnwcschyc naphitbrcpa gbrupcdch sc`cn sctu
tbrcpa digp`bgbhtbr uhtud gbhkctcsa ebreckca pbrgcsc`cnch yhk ebrdcatch
 mbhkch bgisa, dbjbgcsch, ebreckca kchkkuch bgisaihc` mch pbra`cdu ecndch
uhtud ebebrcpc dcsus gbmas sbpbrta dchdbr mch fchtuhk, naphitbrcpa gbgpbrjbpct
pbgu`anch dihmasa sbirchk pbhmbratc.magchc naphitbrcpa ebdbrfc mbhkch
gbgprikrcg u`chk c`cg ecwcn scmcr. Zbmchkdch, uhtud nbc`ahk tiujn
mamcscrdch i`bn tbira `abwc`m (5?3<) magchc nbc`ahk tiujn ebdbrfc mbhkch jcrc
gbgpbhkcruna systbg bhbrka gchusac, sstbg bhbrka gchusac gbhfcma tbreudc,
gbhybagechkdch c`arch bhbrka sbnahkkc mcpct gbhkurchka dbjbgcsch mch
jbhmbruhk gbhkncsa`dch pbrcscch ra`bds dbtadc masbhtun. _rcdtadsa ychk
gb`cdudch nbc`ahk tiujn pcmc chcd `cda `cda mbhkch cutas aha gbhkuhkdcpdch
ecnwc chcd cutas ychk ma`cdudch nbc`ahk tiujn gbhfcma `bean tbhchk mch tamcd

ebrkbrcd pcmc scct ma`cdudch nbc`ahk tiujn.

Jcrc gb`cdudch 6

Naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk tiujn gbrupcdch sc`cn sctu tbrcpa mbhkch gbgebradch
sukbsta madigeahcsadch mbhkch tbrcpa sbhtunch mancrcpdch mcpct gbhuruhdch

gbhat mc`cg sbncra sb`cgc 3 gahkku.

tahkdct napbrcdtal pcmc chcd cutas. :? gbhat

M. AG_@BGBH]CZA
Mamc`cg agp`bgbhtcsa pbrcwct gbhfc`chdch rbhjchc ‚rbhjchc dbpbrcwctch ychk
sbeb`ughyc tb`cn maguct ma ahtbrvbsa mc`cg ebhtud csunch dbpbrcwctch pcmc d`abh.
B. B\C@RCZA
_cmc tcncp bvc`ucsa aha pbrcwct gbhkbvc`ucsa csunch dbpbrcwctch ychk tb`cn
muebradch ahtbrvbhta tb`cn ebrncsa` ctcu ma`chfutdch .
 ECE AAA

_BHR]R_

C. DBZAG_R@CH
Cutasgb cmc`cn kchkkuch pbrdbgechkch ychk tbrfcma pcmc chcd ychk gbhkc`cga
dihmasa gbhutup mara . Magchc kchkkuch aha gbhkcdaectdch magchc chcd gbhkc`cga
kchkkuch dbtbrectcsch mcra sbka diguhadcsa ,ahtbrcdsa sijac`,mch pra`cdu.
E. ZCUCH
_brch irchk tuc schkct`cn pbhtahk mc`cg pbrcwctch chcd mbhkch ebrdbeutunch
dnusus tbrutcgc pcmc chcd cutas,mch sbecadhyc irchktuc gcupuh db`ucrkc gbhbragc
dbebrcmcch chcd ychk ebrdbeutunch dnusus tbrsbeut ma`uhkduhkchhyc.mch suppirt
sbrtc muduhkch mcra irchk tuc tbrncmcp pbrdbgechkch chcd cutas schkct ebrpbhkcrun

.pbrch sbrtc pbrcwct mc`cg gbgebradch csunch dbpbrcwctch sbrtc pbhmamadch

dbsbnctch mcpct ebrdihtraeusa mc`cg pbhkbtcnuch irchktuc mc`cg gbgberadch
pbrcwctch mcra irchk tuc tbrncmcp
t brncmcp chcd ychk ebrdbeutunch dnusus ycatu chcd mbhkch
mbhk ch
cutasgb.
 MCL]CU _RZ]CDC

Qupa ,supracha .5??=. Eudu cfcr dihsbp dbpbrcwctch chcd . Fcdcrtc6BKJ

Namcyct ,Czaz c`agu` .5??<.pbhkchtcr a`gu dbpbtrcwctch 5.Bmasa 3. Fcdcrtc6 Zc`bgec Gbmadc

Gcra`yhh B.
B. 3111.Ubhjchc Csunch Dbpbrcwctch . Bmasa :.Fcdcrtc 6BKJ.
6BKJ.

Zcjncrah .UG.311<._rahsap
.UG.311<._rahsap Dbpbrcwctch _bmactrad .Bmasa
. Bmasa 5.Fcdcrtc6BKJ.
5.Fcdcrtc6BKJ.

Mchuctgcfc ,E.(5??:)
,E.(5??:) tbrcpa Chcd Cutas ma Uugcn .Fcdcrtc6
. Fcdcrtc6 puspc sucrc

B``c Zata Jnc`amcn (5??2), ]brcpa _brgcahch _cmc Chcd ychk gbgbr`udch `cychch pbhmamadch
dnusus . Fcdcrtc6 Madta.
Madta.

Zibtfahahksan (311=).]ugeun dbgechk chcd . Fcdcrtc.Ld. Rmcychc

]ag pidfc ZMDA M__ __HA (5?3;)Ztchmcr Mackhisc Dbpbrcwctch Ahmihbsac . Fcdcrtc Zb`ctch
6Mbwch pbhkurus pusct pbrsctuch pbrcwct Hcsaihc` Ahmihbsac .

]ag pidfc ZADA M__ __HA (5?3>) Ztchmcr Ahtbrvbhsa Dbpbrcwctch Ahmihbsac .Fcdcrtc Zb`ctch 6
Mbwch pbhkurus pusct pbrsctuch pbrcwct Hcsaihc` Ahmihbsac .

]ag pidfc Z@DA M__

M__ __HA (5?31)
(5?31) Ztchmcr @ucrch Dbpbrcwctch Ahmihbsac .Fcdcrtc Zb`ctch 6
Mbwch pbhkurus pusct pbrsctuch pbrcwct Hcsaihc` Ahmihbsac .
‐_bhkcrun Naphitbrcpa
Naphitbrcpa mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn ]brncmcp _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal
pcmc Chcd Cutas ma Z@E H Rhkcrch‗

Cra Chmcych, Hahad Jnrastacha

\i`ugb 5 Higir 5, Zbptbgebr 5?31 AZZH 5<32-2?12 (Ih`ahb) AZZH 5<2<-32?< (Jbtcd)

_ 3. Zcgpb` pcmc pbhb`atach aha 32 chcd cutas. mch wcdtu pbr`cduch gcsahk-
gcsahk scgpb` :? gbhat mc`cg sbncra sb`cgc 3 gahkku.
5. Gcsc`cn
Chcd cutas dbrcp gbga`ada gcsc`cn tbrncmcp pbra`cduhyc sc`cn sctuhyc
napbrcdtal. Chcd cutas mch napbrcdtal scgc scgc gbga`ada
pbrgcsc`cnch pcmc kchkkuch dihsbhtrcsa. Chcd cutas mch napbrcdtal
dbrcp gbhkc`cga dbsu`atch ma sbdi`cn, marugcn, sbrtc `ahkduhkch .
A _bhb`atach aha gbhkkuhcdch pbhb`atach bdspbragbh sbgu (Sucsa bdspbragbht)
mbhkch rchjchkch ihb kriup prb tbstpist tbst mbsakh. Zcgpb` pcmc pbhb`atach
aha 32 chcd cutas mch wcdtu pbr`cduch gcsahk-gcsahk scgpb` :? gbhat mc`cg
sbncra.
J 3. Zumarfi (5?3:) magchc c`csch naphitbrcpa mc`cg ggpbhkcruna
pbra`cdu napbrcdtal chcd cutas aha mamcscrdch pcmc tbira ecnwcschyc
naphitbrcpa gbrupcdch sc`cn sctu tbrcpa digp`bgbhtbr uhtud
gbhkctcsa ebreckca pbrgcsc`cnch yhk ebrdcatch mbhkch bgisa,
dbjbgcsch, ebreckca kchkkuch bgisaihc` mch pbra`cdu ecndch uhtud
ebebrcpc dcsus gbmas sbpbrta dchdbr mch fchtuhk, naphitbrcpa
gbgpbrjbpct pbgu`anch dihmasa sbirchk pbhmbratc.magchc naphitbrcpa
ebdbrfc mbhkch gbgprikrcg u`chk c`cg ecwcn scmcr
5. `abwc`m (5?3<) magchc nbc`ahk tiujn ebdbrfc mbhkch jcrc
gbgpbhkcruna systbg bhbrka gchusac, sstbg bhbrka gchusac gbhfcma
tbreudc, gbhybagechkdch c`arch bhbrka sbnahkkc mcpct gbhkurchka
dbjbgcsch mch jbhmbruhk gbhkncsa`dch pbrcscch ra`bds dbtadc
masbhtun. _rcdtadsa ychk gb`cdudch nbc`ahk tiujn pcmc chcd `cda `cda
mbhkch cutas aha gbhkuhkdcpdch ecnwc chcd cutas ychk ma`cdudch
 nbc`ahk tiujn gbhfcma `bean tbhchk mch tamcd ebrkbrcd pcmc scct
ma`cdudch nbc`ahk tiujn.
I Cmc pbrebmcch ychk sakhaladch pbra`cdu napbrcdtal sbeb`ug mch sbsumcn
ma`cdudch naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk tiun tbrncmcp pbra`cdu napbrcdtal chcd cutas
ma Z@E H Rhkcrch mbhkch p vc`ub 7 ?,??? (γ7?,?2). Mancrcpdch sbdi`cn

mcpct gbhbrcpdch tbdhad naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk tiujn uhtud gbhuruhdch

pbra`cdu napbrcdtal pcmc chcd ychk ebrdbeutunch dnusus,
 \i`ugb 5 Higir 5, Zbptbgebr
Zbptbgebr 5?31 AZZH 5<32-2?12 (Ih`ahb)
AZZH 5<2<-32?< (Jbtcd)
_bhkcrun Naphitbrcpa
Naphitbrcpa mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn ]brncmcp
]brncmcp _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal pcmc Chcd Cutas ma Z@E H Rhkcrch

_bhkcrun Naphitbrcpa mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn ]brncmcp _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal

pcmc Chcd Cutas ma Z@E H Rhkcrch

Cra Chmcych3, Hahad Jnrastacha5

3
Lcdu`tcs A`gu Dbsbnctch, Rhavbrsatcs Hkuma [c`uyi, Ahmihbsac, Crachmcy>:Okgca`.jig
Crachmcy>:Okgca`.jig
5
Lcdu`tcs A`gu Dbsbnctch, Rhavbrsatcs Hkuma [c`uyi, Ahmihbsac, jnrastachahahadOkgca`.jig

Crtaj`b Ahli Cestrcjt

Crtaj`b Nastiry
Zuegattbm, 3> Zbptbgebr 5?31
Cjjbptbm, 5< Zbptbgebr 5?31
_ue`asnbm, :? Zbptbgebr 5?31
Dbywirms6 Naphitbrcpa
mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn,
Napbdctal, Cutas
Cutastaj jna`mrbh iltbh ncvb prie`bgs watn tnbar ebncvair, ihb il
wnajn as nypbrcjtavaty. Jna`mrbh watn cutasg chm nypbrcjtavaty
eitn ncvb prie`bgs watn jihjbhtrctaih prie`bgs. Cutastaj chm
nypbrcjtavb jna`mrbh iltbh bxpbrabhjb mallaju`tabs ah sjnii`, ct
nigb, chm tnb bhvarihgbht. Jna`mrbh crb iltbh sbbh cs hcuknty
chm iltbh bxpbrabhjb rbfbjtaih lrig lcga`y chm lrabhms chm lahm
at mallaju`t ti jigguhajctb. Nyphitnbrcpy chm nbc`ahk tiujn as
ihb il tnb tnbrcpabs ey kavahk sukkbstaihs jigeahbm watn tiujn
tnbrcpy wnajn as bxpbjtbm ti rbmujb tnb `bvb` il nypbrcjtavaty ah
jna`mrbh watn cutasg. ]nas stumy cags ti mbtbrgahb tnb bllbjt il
nyphitnbrcpy chm tiujn nbc`ahk ih nypbrcjtavb ebncvair ah
cutastaj jna`mrbh ah Z@EH Rhkcrch. ]nas stumy usbs qucsa-
bxpbragbhtc` rbsbcrjn (Sucsa bxpbragbht) watn ihb kriup prb-
tbst-pist-tbst mbsakh. ]nb scgp`b ah tnas stumy wcs 32 cutastaj

jna`mrbh chm tnb trbctgbht tagb il bcjn scgp`b wcs :? gahutbs

c mcy. ]nbrb as c sakhalajcht mallbrbhjb ah nypbrcjtavb ebncvair
eblirb chm cltbr nyphitnbrcpy chm nbc`ahk ti nypbrcjtavb
ebncvair il jna`mrbh watn cutasg ah Z@E H Rhkcrch watn p vc`ub
7 ?,??? (γ 7 ?.?2). At as nipbm tnct sjnii`s jch cpp`y
nyphitnbrcpy chm nbc`ahk tiujn tbjnhaqubs ti rbmujb
nypbrcjtavb ebncvair ah jna`mrbh watn spbjac` hbbms.
hbb ms.

Cestrcd
Chcd cutas dbrcp gbga`ada gcsc`cn tbrncmcp pbra`cduhyc sc`cn
sctuhyc napbrcdtal. Chcd cutas mch napbrcdtal scgc scgc
gbga`ada pbrgcsc`cnch pcmc kchkkuch dihsbhtrcsa. Chcd cutas
mch napbrcdtal dbrcp gbhkc`cga dbsu`atch ma sbdi`cn, marugcn,
sbrtc `ahkduhkch. Chcd dbrcp mapchmchk hcdc` mch tamcd fcrchk
gbhkc`cga pbhi`cdch ecad mcra db`ucrkc gcupuh tbgch mch su`at
gb`cdudch diguhadcsa tagec` ec`ad. Naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk
tiujn gbrupcdch sc`cn sctu tbrcpa mbhkch gbgebradch sukbsta
madigeahcsadch mbhkch tbrcpa sbhtunch mancrcpdch mcpct
gbhuruhdch tahkdct napbrcdtal pcmc chcd cutas. _bhb`atach aha
ebrtufuch uhtud gbhkbtcnua
gbhkbtcnua pbhkcrun naphitbrcpa mch tiujn
nbc`ahk tbrncmcp
tbrncmcp pbra`cdu napbrc
napbrcdtal
dtal pcmc chcd
chcd cutas ma Z@EH
Z@EH
Rhkcrch. _bhb`atach aha gbhkkuhcdch pbhb`atach bdspbragbh
sbgu (Sucsa bdspbragbht) mbhkch rchjchkch
rchjchkch ihb kriup prb tbst-
pist tbst mbsakh. Zcgpb` pcmc pbhb`atach ahaa ha 32 chcd cutas mch
wcdtu pbr`cduch gcsahk-gcsahk scgpb` :? gbhat mc`cg sbncra.
Cmc pbrebmcch ychk sakhaladch pbra`cdu napbrcdtal sbeb`ug mch
sbsumcn ma`cdudch naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk tiun tbrncmcp
pbra`cdu napbrcdtal
napbrcdtal chcd cutas ma Z@E H Rhkcrch
Rhkcrch mbhkch p vc`ub
7 ?,??? (γ7?,?2). Mancrcpdch sbdi`cn mcpct gbhbrcpdch tbdhad

Gamwalbry (AFG)
Ahmihbsach Fiurhc` il Gamwalbry
12
nttp6//furhc`.uhw.cj.am/ahmbx.pnp/afg
 \i`ugb 5 Higir 5, Zbptbgebr
Zbptbgebr 5?31 AZZH 5<32-2?12 (Ih`ahb)
AZZH 5<2<-32?< (Jbtcd)
_bhkcrun Naphitbrcpa
Naphitbrcpa mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn ]brncmcp
]brncmcp _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal pcmc Chcd Cutas ma Z@E H Rhkcrch

naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk tiujn uhtud gbhuruhdch pbra`cdu

napbrcdtal pcmc chcd ychk ebrdbeutunch dnusus,

_bhmcnu`uch
Chcd ebrdbeutunch dnusus (cutas) gbgeutundch pbrnctach dnusus mc`cg prisbs pbgeb`cfcrch,
pbgeb`cfcrch, sbpbrta
ychk tbrjchtug mc`cg uhmchk uhmchk hi 5? tcnuh5??: pcsc` = cyct 5 masbeutdch ‐ ecnwc wcrkc hbkcrc
ychk gbga`ada db`cahch lasad, bgisaihc`, gbhtc`, ahtb`bdtuc` mch ctcu sijac` ebrncd gbgpbri`bn
pbhmamadch dnusus3.Masb`urun
dnusus3.Masb`urun muhac fug`cn pbhychmch
pbhychmchkk cutas fukc sbgcdah gbhahkdct. Ma Dchcmc mch
Fbpchk pbrtcgecnch
pbrtcgecnch aha gbhjcpca
gbhjcpca =?% sbfcd 31>?. Ma Jc`alirhac sbhmara pcmc tcnuh 5??5 masagpu`dch
tbrmcpct 1 dcsus cutas pbrncrahyc. Ma Cgbradc Zbradct masbeutdch cutas tbrfcma pcmc <?.???-32.??? chcd
maecwcn 32 tcnuh. Dbpustcdcch `cah gbhybeutdch prbvc`bhs cutas 3?-5? dcsus mc`cg 3?.??? irchk,
ecndch pcmc
pcmc cwc`
cwc` tcnuh 5??5 ecndch
ecndch ma`cpirdch
ma`cpirdch chkdc
chkdc dbfcmach
dbfcmach cutas gbhahkdct schkct pbsct,
pbsct, majurakca
majurakca
3 mcra 3? chcd gbhmbratc cutas. Gbhkbtcnua gbtimb mackhisas ychk dach ebrdbgechk ncgpar mapcstadch
fug`cn chcd ychk matbgudch tbrdbhc cutas sbgcdah ebscr. Fug`cn tbrsbeut schkct gbhkdncwctardch
gbhkdncwctardch
gbhkahkct scgpca scct aha pbhybece cutas gcsan gastbraus mch gbhfcma pbrmbectch
pbrmbectch chtcrc pcrc cn`a mch
midtbr muhac. Cutasgb tbrfcma pcmc 2 mcra sbtacp 3?.??? db`cnarch, magchc fug`cn pbhmbratc `cda-`cda
bgpct dc`a `bean ebscr maechmahkdch pbrbgpuch. Ncsa` survba ma ebebrcpc hbkcrc gbhuhfuddch ea`c 3?-
5? tcnuh `c`u fug`cn pbhychmchk cutasgb nchyc 5- = chcd pbr 3?.??? chcd, sbdcrchk aha fug`cn tbrsbeut
gbhahkdct gbhfcma 32-5? chcd ctcu 3 pbr 2?? chcd.
Gbhurut Ecmch _usct Ztctastad fug`cn pbhmumud Ahmihbsac `bean mcra 5:;,2 futc mch `cfu pbrtugeunch
pbhmumud sbebscr
sbebscr 3,3=% sbnahkkc
sbnahkkc fug`cn pbhychmchk
pbhychmchk cutasgb
cutasgb gbhjcpca
gbhjcpca 5,= futc irchk.
Cutasgb cmc`cn dihmasa sbsbirchk sbfcd `cnar ctcu gcsc ec`atc ychk gbgeuct marahyc tamcd mcpct
gbgebhtud nueuhkch sijac`sijac` ctcu diguhadcsa
diguhadcsa ychk hhirgc`.
irgc`. Kbfc`c
Kbfc`c ychk guhju` pcmc chcd cutasgb
cutasgb
ycatu cmchyc kchkkuch mc`cg eamchk ahtbrcdsa sijac`, pbra`cdu mch diguhadcsa.
Zc`cn sctu nc` ychk gbgbr`udch pbrnctach dnusus cmc`cn pbra`cdu napbrcdtal pcmc chcd cutas, Asta`cn `cah
mcra napbrcdtal cmc`cn Cttbhtaih Mblajat Masirmbr (CMM) ctcu Cttbhtaih Mblajat Napbrcjtavaty Masirmbr
(CMNM), asta`cn aha gbhkkcgecrdch
gbhkkcgecrdch ncgectch chcd napbrcdtal mc`cg gbglidusdch pbrnctachyc. CMM
`bean jbpct masbeut sbeckca kchkkuch pbgusctch pbrnctach (K__) dcrbhc pcmc ebebrcpc dcsus (fcrchk)
matbgudch chcd gbhkc`cga kchkkuch dihsbhtrcsa tchpc masbrtca
ma sbrtca napbrdahbtad.
Chcd cutas dbrcp gbga`ada gcsc`cn tbrncmcp pbra`cduhyc sc`cn sctuhyc napbrcdtal. Chcd cutas mch
napbrcdtal scgc scgc gbhkc`cga kchkkuch dihsbhtrcsa. Chcd cutas mch napbrcdtal dbrcp gbhkc`cga
dbsu`atch ma sbdi`cn, marugcn, sbrtc `ahkduhkch. Chcd dbrcp mapchmchk hcdc` mch tamcd fcrchk
gbhkc`cgaa pbhi`cdch ecad mcra db`ucrkc gcupuh tbgch mch su`at gb`cdudch diguhadcsa tagec` ec`ad.
gbhkc`cg
Naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk tiujn gbrupcdch sc`cn sctu tbrcpa mbhkch gbgebradch sukbsta madigeahcsadch
mbhkch tbrcpa sbhtunch mancrcpdch mcpct gbhuruhdch tahkdct napbrcdtal pcmc chcd cutas.
Ebrmcscrdch pbrhyctcch tbrsbeut naphitbrcpa mch tiujn nbc`ahk ctcu tbrcpa sbhtunch mcpct gbhfcma
c`tbrhctavb mc`cg gbhkctcsa pbra`cdu napbrcdtal pcmc chcd cutas. tamcd nchyc mcpct matbrcpdch dbpcmc
irchk mbwcsc, gb`cahdch fukc tbrncmcp chcd chcd , dihsbp naphitbrcpa tamcd nchyc sbgctc-gctc
ebrtufuch gbgebhtud chcd gbhfcma rieit. Gb`cahdch gbgechtu chcd ckcr mcpct gbhkbdsp`ir gbhkbdsp`ir
pitbhsahyc, gbhkncsa`dch
gbhkncsa`dch bdsprbs
bdsprbsaa ychk gcdsagc` tchpc
tchpc chcd ncrus dbna`chkch
dbna`chkch fcta marahyc. _cmc chcd
napbrcdtal tbrcpa naphi mch tiujn nbc`ahk aha mancrcpdch mcpct gbhkurc
gbhkurchka
hka pbra`cdu napbrcdtal mch chcd
gbhfcma `bean pctun.

Gbtimb
_bhb`atach aha gbhkkuhcdch bdspbragbh sbgu (Sucsy bdspbragbht) mbhkch mbscah pbhb`atach ychk
makuhcdch cmc`cn ihb kriup prb tbst mch pist tbst mbsakh ycatu uhtud gb`anct pbra`cdu ckrbsal chcd cutas
sbeb`ug mch sbsumcn maebradch tiujn nbc`ahk mch naphitbrcpa. Zcgpb` pcmc pbhb`atach aha 32 chcd cutas
mch wcdtu pbr`cduch gcsahk-gcsahk scgpb` :? gbhat mc`cg sbncra sb`cgc 3 gahkku.

Gamwalbry (AFG)
Ahmihbsach Fiurhc` il Gamwalbry
1<
nttp6//furhc`.uhw.cj.am/ahmbx.pnp/afg
 \i`ugb 5 Higir 5, Zbptbgebr
Zbptbgebr 5?31 AZZH 5<32-2?12 (Ih`ahb)
AZZH 5<2<-32?< (Jbtcd)
_bhkcrun Naphitbrcpa
Naphitbrcpa mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn ]brncmcp
]brncmcp _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal pcmc Chcd Cutas ma Z@E H Rhkcrch

Ncsa` mch _bgecncsch

]ceb` 3. _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal sbeb`ug ma`cdudch Naphitbrcpa mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn

\craceb` Gbch Ztchmcr Mbvasa Gbmach Gcx Gah

_bra`cdu Napbrcdtal 32,= 5,;1> 32,? 35 55

]ceb` 3 Gbhuhfuddch ecnwc ha`ca rctc-rctc gcdc mcpct

mcpct madctcdch ecnwc sbeb`ug
sbeb`ug maebradch naphitbrcpa
mch nbc`ahk tiujn pcmc chcd cutas ma Z@EH Rhkcrch tbrgcsud pcmc dctbk
dctbkira
ira napbrcdtal. Nc` aha sbfc`ch
mbhkch pbhb`atach ychk ma`cdudch i`bn [amcfcta mch Larmcusyacn (5?33) ychk gbhkctcdch ecnwc Cutas
gbga`ada pbra`cdu ychk ebr`beanch (bxjbssavb) mch pbra`cdu ychk ebrdbdurchkch (mblajabht), scgpca
dbtahkdct tamcd cmc pbra`cdu. _bra`cdu cmc`cn sbkc`c sbsuctu ychk madbrfcdch ctcu madctcdch mcpct ma`anct,
marcscdch mch mambhkcr mcra sbsbirchk ctcu ychk ma`cdudch sbhmara. Zc`cn sctu pbra`cdu chcd cutas ychk
marcsc schkct gbhkkchkku mc`cg dbnamupchhyc sbncra-ncra cmc`cn pbra`cdu napbrcdtal, ychk
mamblahasadch sbeckca kchkkuch pbrdbgechkch mc`cg pbhahkdctch cdtavatcs gitirad chcd-chcd nahkkc
gbhybecedch
gbhybeced ch cdtavatcs chcd-chcd ychk tamcd `czag mch jbhmbruhk ebr`beanch.

]ceb` 5 _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal sbsumcn ma`cdudch naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk tiujn

\craceb` Gbch Ztchmcr Mbvasa Gbmach Gcx Gah

_bra`cdu Napbrcdtal 3?,?; 3,<<> 3?,? ; 35

]ceb` 5 Gbhuhufuddch ncsa` ecnwc cmchyc pbhuruhch mbhkch ha`ca rctc-rctc 3?.?; magchc chcd gcsan
madctcdch napbrcdtal
napbrcdtal tbtcpa mc`cg krcmb
krcmb napbrcdtal rahkch
rahkch pcmc scct pist-tbst
pist-tbst chcd sumcn easc `bean
`bean
hycgch mch tbhchk kbrcdch ychk sbeb`ughyc ebru`chk u`chk ma`cdudch gbhfcma ebrdurchk mch ecndch
cmc ychk tamcd ma`cdudch dbgec`a. Mcra 32 rbspihmbh mamcpctdch rctc- rctc ecnwc pbra`cdu napbrcdtal
jbhmbruhk turuh sbtb`cn ma`cdudch pist tbst mch gcsud dbmc`cg napbrcdtal rahkch. _cmc scct ahtbrvbhsa
magchc chcd aha pcmc scct 3? gbhat pbrtcgc chcd sumcn gu`ca easc gbhbragc naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk
tiujn mch ebruscnc gbgusctdch pbrnctachhyc, pcmc 3? gbhat dbmuc chcd sumcn gu`ca tbhchk mch nchyc
sbmadat ebrkbrcd mch pcmc 3? gbhat tbrcdnar scgpca 32 gbhat sbtb`cn ahtbrvbhsa chcd gbhfcma tbhchk.
Mcra ncsa` pbhb`atach rbspihmbh ychk maebradch naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk tiujn mamcpctdch ncsa` cmchyc
pbhuruhch pbra`cdu napbrcdtal pcmc chcd cutas sbeb`ug mch sbsumcn maebradch naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk
tiujn sb`cgc :? gbhat . Nc` aha sbfc`ch mbhkch tbira pbhb`atach ychk ma`cdudch i`bn Nchs-Ficjnag
]rcppb (5?35) ychk gbhuhfuddch ncsa` ncsa` ecnwc madbtcnua mbhkch
mbhkch ecad sucrc ychk `bgeut mc mch
h tamcd
hycrahk gbga`ada blbd gbhkuhtuhkdch pcmc pcsabh sbgbhtcrc maiecta mbhkch pbrcwctch ahtbhsal mch
gbhkurchka rcsc scdat mch strbs sbjcrc sakhaladch., dihsbhtrcsa mch Gitavcsa, ychk dbsbguchyc schkct
pbhtahk ecka pcsabh pbrcwctch
pbrcwctch ahtbhsal. Nbc`ahk tiujn gbrupcdch tbrcpa ychk maycdaha mcpct
gbhkambhtaladcsaa mch gbgpbrecada dbtamcdsbagechkch
gbhkambhtaladcs dbtamcdsbagechkch bhbrky d`abh mbhkch gb`btcddch/ gbhkuscpdch
gbhkuscpdch
tchkch mactcs tueun ychk scdat. Mc`cg pbrch
pbrch aha itcd mch du`at gbrupcdch irkch ycychk
hk pc`ahk pbhtahk,
ac gbhbgpctdch ha`ca ychk ebscr pcmc ha`ca tbrcpbutad sbhtunch tbrutcgc sbeckca c`ct uhtud gbhuruhdch
gbhuruhdch
blbd dbtbkchkch. Du`at cmc`cn irkch ychk tbrduct ychk mcpct gbhbragc rchkschkch
rchkschkch pcmc tueun gchusac
mch dbtadc rbsbptir sbhsiradhyc marchkschk
marchkschk nirgihb idsatisah ychk gbgeuc
gbgeuctt tueun ra`bds ma`bpcsdch.
_cmc scct ebrscgcch nirgihb dirtasi` (nirgihb strbss ) maturuhdch. Zbhtunch gbrupcdch bdsprbsa
dbpbmu`ach mch pbhkc`cgch
pbhkc`cgch tbrcpbutad
tbrcpbutad ychk duct, pbhkkuhcch sbhtunc
sbhtunch
h sbeckca tb`cn macp
macp`adcsadch
`adcsadch
sbjcrc uhavbrsc` mc`cg dihtbds pbhybgeunch.

]ceb` : _bhkcrun Naphitbrcpa mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn ]brncmcp _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal _cmc Chcd Cutas Ma Z@EH
Rhkcrch.

Ahtbrvbhsa H Gbch Ztm Mbv Gah Gcx _ \c`ub

_bra`cdu 32 32.=? 5.;1> 35 55 ?.???
_bra`cdu 32 3?.?; ; 35

Gamwalbry (AFG)
Ahmihbsach Fiurhc` il Gamwalbry
1;
nttp6//furhc`.uhw.cj.am/ahmbx.pnp/afg
 \i`ugb 5 Higir 5, Zbptbgebr
Zbptbgebr 5?31 AZZH 5<32-2?12 (Ih`ahb)
AZZH 5<2<-32?< (Jbtcd)
_bhkcrun Naphitbrcpa
Naphitbrcpa mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn ]brncmcp
]brncmcp _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal pcmc Chcd Cutas ma Z@E H Rhkcrch

]ceb` : Gbhuhfuddch cmc pbrebmcch ychk sakhaladch pbra`cdu napbrcdtal sbeb`ug mch sbsumcn ma`cdudch
naphitbrcpa mch nbc`ahk tiun tbrncmcp pbra`cdu napbrcdtal chcd cutas ma Z@E H Rhkcrch mbhkch p vc`ub
7 ?,??? (γ7?,?2) ychk crtahyc ecnwc p vc`ub 0 ?,?2.
Nc` aha sbfc`ch mbhkch
mbhkch Zumarfi (5?3:)
(5?3:) magchc c`csch
c`csch naphitbrcpa mc`cg
mc`cg ggpbhkcruna
ggpbhkcruna pbra`cdu
napbrcdtal chcd cutas aha mamcscrdch pcmc tbira ecnwcschyc naphitbrcpa gbrupcdch sc`cn sctu tbrcpa
digp`bgbhtbr uhtud gbhkctcsa ebreckca pbrgcsc`cnch yhk ebrdcatch mbhkch bgisa, dbjbgcsch,
ebreckca kchkkuch bgisaihc` mch pbra`cdu ecndch uhtud ebebrcpc dcsus gbmas sbpbrta dchdbr mch
fchtuhk, naphitbrcpa gbgpbrjbpct
gbgpbrjbpct pbgu`anch dihmasa sbirchk pbhmbratc.magchc
pbhmbratc.magchc naphitbrcpa ebdbrfc
mbhkch gbgprikrcg u`chk c`cg ecwcn scmcr. Zbmchkdch, uhtud nbc`ahk tiujn mamcscrdch i`bn tbira
`abwc`m (5?3<) magchc nbc`ahk tiujn ebdbrfc mbhkch jcrc gbgpbhkcruna systbg bhbrka gchusac, sstbg
bhbrka gchusac gbhfcma tbreudc, gbhybagechkdch c`arch bhbrka sbnahkkc mcpct gbhkurchka dbjbgcsch
mch jbhmbruhk gbhkncsa`dch pbrcscch ra`bds dbtadc masbhtun. _rcdtadsa ychk gb`cdudch nbc`ahk tiujn
pcmc chcd `cda `cda
` cda mbhkch cutas aha gbhkuhkdcp
gbhkuhkdcpdch
dch ecnwc chcd cutas ychk ma`cdudch nbc`ahk tiujn
gbhfcma `bean tbhchk mch tamcd ebrkbrcd pcmc scct ma`cdudch nbc`ahk tiujn.

Zagpu`ch mch Zcrch

Cmc pbrebmcch ychk sakhaladch pbra`cdu napbrcdtal sbeb`ug mch sbsumcn ma`cdudch naphitbrcpa mch
nbc`ahk tiun tbrncmcp pbra`cdu napbrcdtal chcd cutas ma Z@E H Rhkcrch. Rhtud Zbdi`cn mcpct
gbhbrcpdch
gbhbrcpdc h Naphitbrpa mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn uhtud gbhuruhdch pbra`cdu napbrcdtal pcmc chcd cutas.

Rjcpch ]bragc Dcsan

_bhb`ata gbhkujcpdch tbragcdcsan dbpcmc Dbtuc Qcycsch Hkuma [c`uyi, Ubdtir Rhavbrsatcs Hkuma
wc`uyi, Dbtuc @__G, Mbdch Lcdu`tcs A`gu Dbsbnctch Rhavbrsatcs Hkuma [c`uyi Rhkcrch, Dbpc`c
Zbdi`cn Z@E H Rhkcrch sbrtc sb`urun rbdch-rbdch ychk tb`cn echycd gbgechtu mc`cg db`chjcrch
pbhb`atach aha.

Mcltcr _ustcdc
Czngarc. 5?32. C Kalt Chcd Napbrcdtal. Qikycdcrtc6 Ucpnc _ue`asnahk
Jigcrd & Ni`asbkr. 5?3<. \i`ugb == assub 5 sprahk 5?3<. ]nb sakhalajchjb il jiglirtahk tiujn ti
jna`mrbh watn cutasg 6 sbhsiry prisbsahk agp`ajctaih lir ijjupctaihc` tnbrcpy. ]nb ipbh fiurhc`
il ijjupctaihc` tnbrcpy.
Mwacstuta. 5?3<._bhkcrun ]brcpa Nbc`ahk ]iujn ]brncmcp ]bdchch Mcrcn _cmc _bhmbratc Napbrtbhsa ma
Fbpcrc. FADD Furhc`
Kuhcwch, Cma . 5?35. Nyphitnbrcpy lir jna`mrbh.Fcdcrtc6 _] Krcgbmac _ustcdc Rtcgc
Kuhcwch, Cma. 5?35.Nyphisas ]nb Crt il Zuejihjaius Jigg Jigguhajctaih.
uhajctaih. Fcdcrtc6 _] Krcgbmac _ustcdc
_ustcdc
Rtcgc
Kuhcwch, Cma. 5?35.Nyphisas ]nb Crt il Zuejihjaius Jigg Jigguhajctaih.
uhajctaih. Fcdcrtc6 _] Krcgbmac
Krcgbmac _ustcdc
Rtcgc
D`bah.5?32.Ahtbkrctavb Cppricjnbs ti jcrahk lir jna`mrbh watn cutasg. Fiurhc` jurrbts prie`bg ah
pbmactraj chm cmi`bsjbht
cmi`bsjbht nbc`tn
nbc`tn jcrb.
@abwc`m.5?3<.
@abwc`m.5? 3<. Niw Nbc`ahk ]iujn Jch Nb`p Cutasg6 Ubsbcrjn & J`ahajc` ]raugps
]raugp s ]i Nb`p Qiur Jna`m
Zujjbbm.Macdsbs
Zujjbbm.M acdsbs mcra nttps6//kiimscgahtbkrctavb.jig
nttps6//kiimscgahtbkrctavb.jig/5?3</?;/5;/nbc`ahk-tiujn-
/5?3</?;/5;/nbc`ahk-tiujn-lir-cutasg
lir-cutasg
@ahk Jnchk mch Qchk Jnbhk.5?32. Gizcrt gusaj ah jna`mrbh watn bpa`bpsy. _uegbm,trchs`ctaihc`
_bmactrajs.
@iw,Z.F.^,mdd. 5??>. C Mbsjraptavb Ztumy il Mackhisas chm sygpti`iky il C Zcgp`b il Cutastaj
Jna`mrbhah ]nb d`chk \c``by Ubkaih Gc`cysac. Furhc` psadi`ika Gc`cysac
Gchsur. 5??1. _sadi`ika Aeu mch Chcd uhtud Dbeamchch.
Dbeamchch. Fcdcrtc6 Zc`bgec Gbmadc
Gcrac.5?3=. _bhkcrun ]brcpa Gusad Gizcrt ]brncmcp _bhuruhch _bra`cdu ]chtrug _cmc Chcd Cutas
ma Zbdi`cn Cutas Ncrcpch Euhmc Zurcecyc. Fiurhc` uhcar.nttp6//fiurhc`.uhcar.cj.am/pbhkcrun-
tbrcpa-gusad-gizcrt-crtaj`b
tbrcpa-gusad-g izcrt-crtaj`b-;;=;-gbmac-35
-;;=;-gbmac-35<-jctbkiry-:.nt
<-jctbkiry-:.ntg`
g`
Gcsyatcn.5?32. Ztrctbka mch Gbtimb _bhmamadch Zbds Rhtud Chcd Cutas. Zdrapsa Z3 LA]MD RAHZD

Qikycdcrtc
Gamwalbry (AFG)
Ahmihbsach Fiurhc` il Gamwalbry
1>
nttp6//furhc`.uhw.cj.am/ahmbx.pnp/afg
 \i`ugb 5 Higir 5, Zbptbgebr
Zbptbgebr 5?31 AZZH 5<32-2?12 (Ih`ahb)
AZZH 5<2<-32?< (Jbtcd)
_bhkcrun Naphitbrcpa
Naphitbrcpa mch Nbc`ahk ]iujn ]brncmcp
]brncmcp _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal pcmc Chcd Cutas ma Z@E H Rhkcrch

Zcgpurhi.5?32. Zbha Gb`udas mch Chcd Cutas. Qikycdcrtc6_sadiscah.

Zumari. 5?3:.Naphitbrcpa sbeckca sc`cn sctu tbrcpa digp`bgbhtbr. Macdsbs mcra
nttps6//www.digpcsachc.jig/c
nttps6//www.digpc sachc.jig/cjngcm.ramwc
jngcm.ramwch/225em=b?<bc>
h/225em=b?<bc>:=:15b>e=2>:/naph
:=:15b>e=2>:/naphitbrcpa-
itbrcpa-
sbeckca-sc`cn-sctu-fbhas-tb
sbeckca-sc `cn-sctu-fbhas-tbrcpa-digp`bg
rcpa-digp`bgbhtbr-c`tbrhc
bhtbr-c`tbrhctal9pckb7c
tal9pckb7c``
``
R`lc.5?32. Ebrckcg Kchkkuch _c`ahk sbrahk Gbhybrchk Chcd. Qikycdcrtc6L`csneiid
[amcfcta mch Larmcusyacn. 5?33. ]brcpa Gusad D`csad ]brncmcp _bra`cdu Napbrcdtal _cmc Chcd Cutas,
Ubtravabm4 5= Mbsbgebr
Mbsbgebr 5?3;, Lrig 4 nttp6//bfiurhc`.uhbsc.cj.am/crtaj`b
nttp6//bfiurhc`.uhbsc.cj.am/crtaj`b/<5:?/32/crtaj`b.pm
/<5:?/32/crtaj`b.pmll
Qchta,mdd. 5?35. Blbdtalatcs
Blbdtalatcs tbrcpa
tbrcpa Gusad D`csad
D`csad (Gizcrt) tbrncmcp
tbrncmcp _bra`cdu Ckrbsal
Ckrbsal _cmc Chcd
_bhmbratc Cutasgb. Lrig6
nttps6//rbpisatira.uhum.cj.am/pritbjtbm
nttps6//rbpisatira.uhum.cj.am/pritbjtbm/stirckb/up`icm/rb
/stirckb/up`icm/rbpisatira/:lj:>e2:1>l;
pisatira/:lj:>e2:1>l;l>c;>:3<=cm
l>c;>:3<=cmllj5b
llj5b
<53m.pml.
Qcpdi, Machb. 5??1.[irdahk Nyphitajc``y [atn Jna`mrbh ih ]nb Cutasg Zpbjtrug. @‑aphisajih A
ecgeaha fiurhc`
fiurhc`

Gamwalbry (AFG)
Ahmihbsach Fiurhc` il Gamwalbry
11
nttp6//furhc`.uhw.cj.am/ahmbx.pnp/afg
 ECE AA

_BGECNCZCH

C. Mblahasa CMNM
Zbsuca mbhkch bmasa dbbgpct mcra Cgbrajch _syjnactraj Cssijactaih‑s Mackhistaj

chmZtctastajc` Gchuc` (MZG-A\), CMNM cmc`cn suctu dbcmcch ychk gbhbtcp mcra
ahctbhsa mch/ctcu napbrcdtalatcs-agpu`savatcs ychk `bean sbrahk lrbdubhsahyc mch `bean
ebrct maechmahkdch
maechmahkdch mbhkch ahmavamu `cah ychk sbjcrc tapadc` macgcta pcmc tahkdct
pbrdbgechkch ychk sbechmahk (M._, 5?3:). Kcgecrch pbhtahk CMNM ycatu pi`c
pbrsastbh tamcd pbrnctach mch/ctcu napbrcdtavatcs sbrtc agpu`savatcs
agpu`savatcs ychk `bean sbrahk
sbr ahk
mcrapcmc pcmc chcd mbhkch usac ychk scgc(Ec``crm, 5?3=). CMNM gbrupcdch
kchkkuch pbrdbgechkch mc`cg pbhahkdctch cdtalatcs gitirad nahkkc gbhybecedch
cdtalatcs ychk tamcd `czag mch jbhmbruhk ebr`beanch. Nc` tbrsbeut matchmca mbhkch
ebreckca db`unch pbrcscch kb`ascn, tamcd easc macg, tamcd easc mumud mbhkch tbhchk.

Ebebrcpc dratbrac ychk `cah sbrahk makuhcdch cmc`cn, sudc gb`btup-`btup, cdtalatcs
ebr`beanch, mch sudc gbgeuct
gbgeuct dbraeutch

E. _ctilasai`ik
_ctilasai`ikaa CMNM
Gbhurut Zuschti & Lbhkdby, (5?3<) lcdtir-lcdtir ychk guhkdah ebrpbrch mc`cg
tbrfcmahyc CMNM, ycatu6
c. Jbmbrc itcd 6 tb`cn `cgc mapbrdarcch ecnwc chcd ychk tbrdbhc CMNM gbhmcpct
jbmbrc itcd ychk gahagc` mch scgcr-scgcr pcmc sastbg sclcr puscthyc sb`cgc
pbraimb fchah mch pbrahctc`hyc
pbrahctc`hyc

e. Lcdtir hburidagacwa 6 Hburitrchsgattbr mipcgah (MC) mch hirbpahblrah (HB)

tbr`aect mc`cg pctilasai`ika CMNM4 mipcgah cmc`cn hburitrchsgattbr ychk
tbr`aect mc`cg pbhkncrkcch, pbhkcgea`ch rasadi, agpu`sal, mch sucschc ncta4
hirbpahblrah gbgimu`csa pbrnctach, kcarcn mch sucschc ncta.Ztuma itcd pcmc
ahmavamu mbhkch CMNM gbhuhfuddch cmchyc jcjct pcmc kbh rbsbptir mipcgah
M= (MUM=) mch bdsprbsa ebr`bean mcra mipcgah trchspirtbr-3 (MC]3). Ubsbptir
MUM= gbhkkuhcdch MC mch HB uhtud gbgimu`csa pbrnctach mch tchkkcpch
tbrncmcp `ahkduhkch sbsbirchk._ritbah trchspirtbr MC]3 ctcu mipcgah
gbgecwc MC / HB db tbrgahc` scrcl prcsahcps sbnahkkc guhkdah tamcd

gbga`ada ahtbrcdsa ychk judup mbhkch rbsbptir pist-sahcptad.

pist- sahcptad.

3
j. Ztrudtur chctiga 6 pbgbradscch ercah agckahk ychk ma`cdudch pcmc chcd
mbhkch CMNM gbhuhfuddch pbhkbja`ch vi`ugb itcd ychk ebrgcdhc pcmc
dirtbds prblrihtc` mirsi`ctbrc`, dcumctus, pc`amug, dirpus dc`isug, mch
sbrbeb`ug.
m. Lcdtir psadisisac` 6 Chcd-chcd mc`cg ahstatusa sbrahkdc`a napbrcdtal mch
gbga`ada rbhtch ctbhsa rbhmcn. ]chmc tbrsbeut tbrfcma cdaect cmchyc pbgutusch
nueuhkch bgisaihc` ychk `cgc, mch kbfc`c gbhkna`chk fadc lcdtir pbhjbtus
mana`chkdch, sbpbrta gb`c`ua cmipsa ctcu pbhbgpctch ma rugcn pbhatapch.
(_AB]BU.N.V.mdd,, 5?33)pbhybe
Zbmchkdch gbhurut (_AB]BU.N.V.mdd pbhybece
ce CMNM, ycatu
c. Magbhsa Kbhbtad
Ebrmcscrdch pbhb`atach gbhuhfuddch ecnwc napbrcdtal ychk gbhybrtca CMNM
sb`c`u maaduta mbhkch rawcyct db`ucrkc ychk gbhkc`cga CMNM. Mcra ncsa`
pbhb`atach matbgudch ecnwc ncgpar 3/: mcra cycn ychk napbrcdtal cdch
gbgebradch dihtraeusa 5-> dc`a `bean gumcn tbrdbhc CMNM ychk scgc
maturuhdch pcmc chcdhyc. Gbrbdc cdch gbgpbr`anctdch kchkkuch tahkdcn `cdu,
kchkkuch pbrcscch, bgisa, mch suestchsa (Eabmbrgch, mdd, 31154 Lcrcihb, mdd,
5???4 mch Lcrcihb, 5??:, mc`cg ). Zc`cn sctu pbhb`atach ychk gbhcgecndch
pbhkuctch pcmc pbgebhtudch
pb gebhtudch CMNM cmc`cn lcdtir kbh. Zbpbrta ychk madctcdch
i`bn Zprajd, mdd, (5???) ecnwc kbh-kbh ychk ebrtchkkuhk fcwce pcmc
pbgebhtudch CMNM cmc`ck kbh ychk ebrdcatch mbhkch uhsur dagacwa scrcl
(hburijnbgajc`), sbpbrta mipcgahb, hirbpahblrah, mch sbritihah.
e. \i`ugb itcd
Mcra pbhb`atach
pbhb`atach mch
mch mackhistad pcmc itcd (ercah
(ercah agckahk) matbgudch ecnwc
tbrmcpct gbdchasgb itcd ychk gbhkncsa`dch mblasat ctbhsa (kchkkuch
pbgusctch pbrnctach), agpu`sal, mch napbrcdtal pcmc pbhmbratc CMNM. Zc`cn
sctu pbhb`atach ychk rb`aceb` gbhuhfuddch ecnwc pbhmbratc CMNM gbga`ada
vi`ugb itcd ychk `bean dbja` mch ecsc` kck`ac ychk tbr`btcd `bean fcun mc`cg
itcd mch jbrberc``cr vbrgas. Dbja`hyc vi`ugb itcd sumcn easc mambtbdsa pcmc
cwc`-cwc` pbrdbgechkch itcd ychk gbhkc`cga dbruscdch prikrbsal ugug.
Mapcstadch gbrbdc gbhkc`cga pbhuruhch c`arch mcrcn pcmc dirpus stractug
ychk easc gbhybecedch mblasat gitavcsa mch gbgaju sadcp cjun (_ip-pbr, mdd,
5??:).
j. Dbncga`ch

5
 Cmcptal gcdchch, sbpbrta zct pbwcrhc, pbrbhjcn mch zct pbhkcwbt gcdchch
mapbrdarcdch turut ebrtchkkuhk fcwce pcmc pbgebhtudch kchkkuch CMNM.
Zbpbrta ychk madctcdch i`bn @ahhbt, mdd. (5??:). Ecnwc dbeacscch aeu gbridid
scct ncga` gbgebradch dihstraeusa ebscr pcmc pbgebhtudch kchkkuch CMNM.
Aeu ncga` ychk gbridid gbga`ada rasadi takc dc`a `bean tahkka gbhkncsa`dch
chcd CMNM. Cpc`cka fadc aeu gb`cnardch chcd dbgecr gihizakit ychk
machkkcp pc`ahk rbhtch tbrdbhc CMNM.
m. Magbhsa psadi`ikas mch sisac`
Magbhsa psadi`ikas mch sisac` machkkcp turut ebrtchkkuk fcwce mc`cg
pbgebhtudch CMNM. Ubspihs hbkctal mcra irchk tuc, kuru, mch tbgch-tbgch
sbecyc schkct ebrpbhkcrun pcmc pbra`cdu napbrcdtal mch agpu`sal. Ubspihs-
rbspihs hbkctal ebrupc sb`l-bstbbg ychk rbhmcn, jatrc mara ychk hbkctal, mch
sadcp pbhi`cdch tbrncmcp chcd CMNM.
J. ]apb CMNM mch Gchalbtcsa D`ahas
Gbhurut MZG-A\ mc`cg Zuschti & Lbhkdby, (5?3<) tapb mch gchalbstcsa d`ahad
CMNM, ycatu 6
c. Kchkkuch pbgusctch pbrnctach (ahctbhsa) 6 tbrmcpct `bean mcra < kbfc`c ebradut
tb`cn gbhbtcp sb`cgc sbdurchk-durchkhyc < eu`ch ecndch scgpca tahkdct ychk
gc`cmcptal mch tamcd dihsastbh mbhkch tahkdct
t ahkdct pbrdbgechkch.
3) Zbrahk kckc` mc`cg gbgebradch pbrnctach pcmc nc` ychk mbta` mch tamcd tb`ata
mc`cg gbhkbrfcdch tukcs ctcu cdtavatcs `cahhyc.
5) Zbrahk gbhkc`cga dbsu`atch mc`cg gbgpbrtcnchdch pbrnctach tbrncmcp tukcs
ctcu cdtavatcs ebrgcah
:) Zbrahk tcgpcd tamcd gbhmbhkcrdch cpcea`c ebreajcrc `chksuhk.
=) Zbrahk tamcd gbhkaduta ahstrudsa mch kckc` gbhyb`bscadch tukcs sbdi`cn,
pbdbrfcch sbncra-ncra, ctcu tukcs ma tbgpct dbrfc (eudch dcrbhc pbra`cdu
gbhbhtchk ctcu tamcd mcpct gbhkaduta ahstrudsa).
2) Zbrahk gbhkc`cga dbsu`atch mc`cg gbhyusuh tukcs
t ukcs mch cdtavatcs.
<) Zbrahk gbhknahmcra, gbgebhja, ctcu bhkkch uhtud tbr`aect mc`cg tukcs ychk
gbga`ada uscnc gbhtc` ychk `cgc (sbpbrta tukcs ma sbdi`cn mch pbdbrfcch
rugcn).
;) Zbrahk gbhkna`chkdch ctcu dbtahkkc`ch nc`-nc` ychk pbr`u uhtud tukcs ctcu
cdtavatcs (gasc`hyc tukcs sbdi`cn, pbhsa`, eudu ctcupuh pbrc`ctch).
>) Zbrahk gumcn mac`andch pbrnctachhyc i`bn stagu`csa mcra `ucr.

:
 1) Zbrahk `upc mc`cg cdtavatcs sbncra-ncra.
e. Napbrcdtavatcs-agpu`savatcs6 tbrmcpct `bean mcra < kbfc`c napbrcdtavatcs-
agpu`savatcs ebradut aha tb`cn gbhbtcp sb`cgc sbdurchk-durchkhyc bhcg eu`ch
scgpca tahkdct ychk gc`cmcptal mch tamcd dihsastbh mbhkch tahkdct pbrdbgechkch.
Kbfc`c Napbrcdtavatcs ac`cn sbeckca ebradut 6
3) Zbrahk kb`ascn mbhkch tchkch mch dcda ctcu sbrahk gbhkkb`act-kb`act ma tbgpct
mumud.
5) Zbrahk gbhahkkc`dch tbgpct mumud ma db`cs ctcu ma mc`cg satucsa ychk
mancrcpdch chcd tbtcp mumud.
:) Zbrahk gbhkc`cga dbsu`atch ebrgcah ctcu tbr`aect mc`cg cdtavatcs wcdtu `uchk
sbjcrc tbhchk.
=) Zbrahk mc`cg dbcmcch ‐sacp ebrkbrcd/pbrka‗ (ctcu ebrtahmcd sbpbrta
makbrcddch i`bn gbsah).
Kbfc`c agpu`savatcs ac`cn sbeckca ebradut 6
3) ]amcd scecr, sbrahk gbhfcwce pbrtchycch tchpc ebrpadar `bean mcnu`u sbeb`ug
pbrtchycch sb`bsca.
5) Zbrahk su`at gbhuhkku ka`arch.
:) Zbrahk gbhyb`c ctcu gbhkkchkku irchk `cah sbnahkkc gbhybecedch
ncgectch mc`cg `ahkduhkch sisac`, pbhmamadch, mch pbdbrfcch.

j. ]apb Jcgpurch
Kbfc`chyc jcgpurch mcra kchkkuch pbgusctch pbrnctach (ahctbhsa), napbrcdtavatcs,
mch agpu`savatcs ]chiyi, M. _. (5?3:). Gbhurut _abtbr, N. V. mdd.(5?33), dihmasa
aha gumcn ma`anct sbnueuhkch mbhkch gbrbdc durchk gcgpu gbgpbrnctadch
cdtavatcs pbrgcahch gcupuh tukcs. _brnctachhyc gumcn tbrpbjcn mch sbrahk
dbna`chkch ecrchk. Lcdtir pbhybecehyc ebrgucrc mcra db`bgcnch mcyc ahkctch.
Zb`cah atu, pbhmbratc CMNM fukc gbga`ada pbra`cdu ychk ebruecn-uecn, agpu`sal,
sb`c`u cdtal mch tamcd easc csad mc`cg dbkactch ychk gbhknceasdch wcdtu, sbpbrta
gbgecjc ctcu gbhyu
gbhyusuh
suh puzz`b.

=
 M. [IJ CMNM

CZRNCH DB_BUC[C]CH _CMC

CHCD CMNM

MAZLRHKZA I]CD KBHB]AD

NA_IDZAC I]CD NA_ILRHKZA

MI_CGAH
MCH
HIUB_UAH

MAZLRHKZA DIU]BD _UBLIH]C@

MBLBD LRHKZA DIKHA]AL

]BU]RHMCHQC UBZ_IH
_BUA@CDR

KBFC@C R]CGC 6 AHC]]BH]A\BHBZ

CMNM

]BU@C@R CD]AL MC@CG ]AMCD GCG_R

MRHACHQC ZBHMAUA DBAHKAHCH RH]RD
GB@CDRDCH NCD
QCHK MAHKAHDCH
CECA MCH CJRN MBHKCH
DB@RCUKCHQC

DBGCG_RCH KCHKKRCH _BUA@CDR

\BUEC@ MCH
GD 6DBAMCD BLBD]ALCH _BLIUGC GBHRURH
_BLIUGC _BUCH

GD UBZADI
2 DB]BU@CGEC]CH
B. Digp`adcsa CMNM
Gbhurut Ec``crm, Dbhhbmy, & I‑Erabh, (5?3=), digp`adcsa ychk mcpct tbrfcma pcmc
chcd CMNM cmc`cn6
c. Ahtb`bkbhsa mch dbgcgpuch chcd tamcd sbsuca mbhkch pbrlirgc cdcmbgad
e. Mcpct gbga`ada pbra`cdu ahkdcr ctcu gbgechkdchk ctcu gbga`ada kchkkuch
pbra`cdu/ psadactrad `cah (kchkkuch chsabtcs, kchkkuch c`cg pbrcscch sbpbrta
sbpbrt a
mbprbsa mch eapi`cr, kchkkuch eb`cfcr, kchkkuch diguhadcsa).
j. Digp`adcsa sbduhmbr CMNM, sbpbrta ncrkc mara rbhmcn mch pbhi`cdch i`bn tbgch
sbecyc, tbrus gbhageu`dch gcsc`cn ychk sbraus ecka rbgcfc. Mapbrdarcdch ecnwc
sbmadathyc pcmc sbpbrtakc chcd, kbfc`c cdch ebr`chksuhk nahkkc usac mbwcsc (K`im,
mc`cg\ambebjd, 5??>).
311; mc`cg\ambebjd, 5??>).

L. _bgbradsc
_bgbradscch
ch _bhuhfchk CMNM
Gbhurut ]chiyi, (5?3:), pbgbradscch pbhuufchk ychk ma`cdudch pcmc chcd CMNM,
ycatu sbeckca ebradut6
c. _bgbradsc
_bgbradscch
ch @ceirctiraug
@ceirctiraug
3) @avbr Luhjtaih ]bst
5) Jigp`btb e`iim jb`` jiuhts
e. _bgbradsc
_bgbradscch
ch Agckahk
3) GUA
5) _B] (_isatrih Bgassaih ]igikrcpny
]igikrcpny))

K. _bhctc`cdschcch pcmc CMNM

3. _bhctc`cdschcch Gbmas CMNM
Gbhurut Eb``bzc (5?3;), pbhctc`cdschcch gbmas CMNM sbeckca ebradu6
c. Ztagu`ch. Iect stagu`ch, sbpbrta gbtny`pnbhamctb (Uatc`ah, Jihjbrtc) mch
mbxtricgpnbtcgahb (Mbxbmrahb), tb`cn sbrahk makuhcdch4 dbtadc maebradch mc`cg
fug`cn ebscr, iect-iectch aha mcpct gbhbdch hclsu gcdch mch gbgpbhkcruna
pbrtugeunch chcd.
e. Ctigixbtahb. Ctigixbtahb (Ztrcttbrc) tb`cn gbhfcma `aha dbmuc mch, mc`cg
ebebrcpc dcsus, pbhkiectch `aha pbrtcgc pcmc chcd-chcd mch irchk mbwcsc
mbhkch CMNM dcrbhc dbgchfurch mch d`csaladcsa sbeckca hihstagu`ch.
j. Chtambprbsch trasad`ad. Chtambprbsch trasad`ad (agaprcgahb, mbsaprcgahb,
hirtrapty`ahb) tb`cn matbgudch blbdtal mc`cg ebreckca pbhb`atach pcmc chcd-chcd

<
 mbhkch CMNM. Hcguh, dcrbhc blbd scgpahk pitbhsac`, gbrbdc fcrchk makuhcdch
uhtud tufuch aha.
Gimclaha`. Gimclaha` (_rivaka`) gbga`ada mctc tbrdihtri` p`cjbei ychk gbhmuduhk
dbgchfurchhyc pcmc chcd-chcd mbhkch CMNM4 iect aha mcpct makuhcdch sbeckca
pbhkiectch `aha dbtakc ctcu dbbgpct

5. _bhctc`cdscchch dbpbrcwctch
Gbhurut Gbhurut ]chiyi, (5?3:) tcncp pbhkdcfach pcmc chcd CMNM, ycatu sbeckca
ebradut
c. _bhkdcfach dbprrcwctch pcmc chcd CMNM
c) Uawcyct pbhycdat sbdcrchk
Zbsuca mbhkch dratbrac CMNM ebrmcscrdch MZG A\.
3) Cpcdcn chcd sbrahk tcgpcd tamcd gbhmbhkcrdch cpcea`c ebreajcrc `chksuhk9
5) Cpcdcn chcd sbrahk tamcd gbhkaduta ahstrudsa mch kckc` gbhyb`bscadch tukcs9
sbdi`cn, pbdbrfcch sbncra-ncra, ctcu tukcs ma tbgpct dbrfc (eudch dcrbhc
pbra`cdu gbhbhtchk ctcu tamcd mcpct gbhkaduta
gbhkaduta ahstrudsa).
:) Cpcdcn chcd sbrahk gbhkc`cga dbsu`atch mc`cg gbhyusuh tukcs mch
cdtavatcs9
=) Cpcdcn chcd gbhkc`cga dbsu`atch ebrgcah ctcu tbr`aect mc`cg cdtavatcs wcdtu
`uchk sbjcrc tbhchk9
2) Mst.

e) Uawcyct pbhycdat mcnu`u.

Matbgudch cmchyc rawcyct pbgcdcach iect-iectch ychk gbga`ada ahtbrcdsa hbkctal
mbhkch CMNM ctcu pbhkiectchhyc sbpbrta6 chtadihvu`sch, chtanapbrtbhsa, iect
ychk gbhkchmuhk dclbah, psbumiblbmrah, gihigcah ixamcsb ahnaeatirs (GCIAs).
Mamcpctdch pu`c cmchyc pbhycdat ahtbrcdsa hbkctal mbkch CMNM ctcu
pbhkiectchhycc sbpbrta6 pbhycdat crtbrac` (gcyir), k`cudigc sumut sbgpat, trcugc
pbhkiectchhy
dbpc`c, pbhycdat fchtuhk, pc`patcsa, pbhycdat ncta, napbrtbhsa, dbncga`ch, mch
pbhycdatt kahfc`. ]bgudch pu`c cmchyc db`cahch psadactrad dcrbhc :? ‚ 2?%
pbhycda
pbhmbratc CMNM masbrtca mbhkch db`cahch psadactrad. Cmcpuh db`cahch psadactrad
ychk magcdsum chtcrc `cah6 kchkkuch jbgcs, kchkkuch eapi`cr, kchkkuch pbra`cdu,
mbprbsa, kchkkuch masisacsa, kchkkuch gcdch, kchkkuch jbgcs gbhyb`urun,
kchkkuch giim, kchkkuch iesbsal-digpu`sal, kchkkuch pchad ctcu tchpc

;
 ckirclieac, kchkkuch pbrdbgechkch pbrlcsal, _isttrcugctaj strbs masirmbr
(_]ZM), psaditad, lieac sisac`, kchkkuch tamur, pbhyc`cn kuhcch zct, sahmrig
]iurbttb‑s ctcu kchkkuch ]aj, mch digireamatcs
digireamatcs sigctad.
j) Uawcyct db`ucrkc
]bgudch cmchyc chkkitc db`ucrkc `cah ychk gbhmbratc
gbhmbr atc CMNM
m) Uawcyct sisac`
Gb`aputa ahtbrcdsa chtcr chkkitc db`ucrkc, gcsc`cn mbhkch nudug, dbcmcch ma
sbdi`cn, mch masluhksa db`ucrkc.

3. _bgbradsc
_bgbradscch
ch Lasad
Gbhurut ]chiyi, (5?3:), pbgbradscch pbhuufchk ychk ma`cdudch pcmc chcd CMNM,
ycatu sbeckca ebradut6
c. _bgbradscch Zb`urun sastbg tueun
_br`u iesbrvcsa ychk ecad tbrncmcp pbra`cdu pbhmbratc CMNM dcrbhc pcmc
pbhmbratc CMNM gbhuhfuddch kbfc`c ychk sbmadat pcmc pbgbradscch lasad.
_bgbradscch lasad ychk ma`cdudch gb`aputa 6 tchmc vatc`, tahkka ecmch, ebrct ecmch.
_bgbradscch lasad ugug tbrgcsud pbhk`anctch, pbhmbhkcrch mch hburi`ikas.
]amcd cmc pbgbradscch lasad mch `ceirctiraug ychk spbsalad uhtud CMNM.
_bgbradscch lasad ychk ma`cdudch sbjcrc sbdscgc, guhkdah mcpct
gbgechtumc`cg gbhbkcddch mackhisc, mch gbhyahkdardch dbguhkdahch
pbhycdatt `cah.
pbhycda

e. _bgbradsc
_bgbradscch
ch _sadi`ikas (gbhtc`)
]brmara mcra pbgbradscch tbrncmcp
t brncmcp dbsch ugug ebrupc rbl`bdsa gbhknascp, dihtri`
agpu`s, mch stctb il criusc`. _bgbradscch gbhtc` sbpbrta6 tbs ahtb`bkbhsac, tbs
vasuigitirad, tbs dbgcgpuch ecncsc, mch `cah-`cah.

5. MACKHIZC, @RCUCH, mch AH]BU\BHZA DB_BUC[C]CH _CMC CHCD

CMNM

_brbhjchcch
Hi ZMDA
Z@DA ZADA
_bruecnch pi`c sbtb`cn ma`cdudch tahmcdch c) Gahtc c`csch chcd uhtud
eb`cfcr6 rbhtchk
pbrnctach ychk dbpbrcwctch mancrcpdch

>
 pbhmbd, gumcn rbhtchk pbrnctach mch pbra`cdu tbrtbhtu
tbrc`andch, mch
dihsbhtrcsa chcd
dbtamcdgcgpuch .
uhtud gbhahkdct.
ebrdihsbhtrcsa
e) Echtu chcd gbhahkdctdch
ebrnueuhkch Dratbrac ncsa` 6
mbhkch rbhtchk pbrnctach mbhkch
napbrcdtal
c) Chcd tbtcp mumud gbgebradch `ahkduhkch ychk
uhtud pbraimb gbrchkschk.
wcdtu ychk
j) Kuhcdch pbhkuctch
matbhtudch,
pisatal uhtud gbgechtu chcd
e) Chcd mcpct gbhuhmc. Zcgeuhk tchkch sbkbrc
ebrdihsbhtrcsa uhtud eb`cfcr gbhuhkku, uhtud
pcmc tukcs, ebrka`arch.

j) Chcd mcpct m) Ebradch crcnch mch tukcs ychk

gbhyb`bscadch sahkdct mch rahkdcs.
tukcs,
.
m) Chcd mcpct
b) Eacrdch chcd ebdbrfc mbhkch
ebrpcrtasapcsa
dbjbpctchhyc sbhmara mc`cg
mc`cg dbkactch
ectcs ychk wcfcr
db`igpid tchpc
gbhkkc^hkku l) Di`ceircsa mc`cg pbgebrach
irchk `cah. gbmadcsa iect stagu`ch mch
hihstagu`ch.

5 _bruecnch pi`c sbtb`cn ma`cdudch Ubhjchc csunch dbpbrcwctch, sbeckca

csun
tahmcdch dbpbrcwctch ebradut6
ebnueuhkch
mbhkch sb`cgc :x5= fcg
napbrcdtavatcs c) ]ahkdctdch dihsbp mara chcd mbhkch
mancrcpdch stcea`atcs
gbhahkdctdch dbtbrcgpa`ch sisac`
db`ucrkc gbhahkdct.

Dratbrac ncsa` 6
e) Ebradch dbsbgpctch ecka chcd uhtud
c) Gbhahkdcthyc
gb`cdudch ahtbrcdsa ychk sudsbs
dbscmcrch irchktuc

1
 tbhtchk pbra`cdu chcd mbhkch tbgch sbecyc mbhkch
mch dbcmcch ychk gbhkcwcsa pbrgcahch.
tbrdcat mbhkch .
pbra`cdu pisatal ctcu j) @aectdch db`ucrkc mc`cg pbrcwctch.
hbkctal m) Zbmacdch tbrcpa db`ucrkc
b) Ebradch pb`uchk ecka chcd uhtud
e) Gbhahkdcthyc
ebrgcah mbhkch chcd-chcd `cahhyc.
pbhkbtcnuch irchktuc
mc`cg pbrcwctch mch
gbhmasap`ahdch chcd.

:. Ubsadi jbmbrc sbtb`cn ma`cdudch c) Cgcta pbra`cdu chcd sbjcrc sbrahk.

sbr ahk.
ebrnueuhkch
tahmcdch dbpbrcwctch .
mbhkch
napbrcdtal. sb`cgc :x5= fcg
 Lcdtir e) Zahkdardch sbguc ebhmc-ebhmc ychk
mancrcpdch jbmbrc tamcd
ahtbrhc` ebrecncyc mcra `ahkduhkch
`ahkduhkch chcd.
tbrfcma
3. _bruecnch
Dratbrac ncsa` 6 .
luhksa dikhatal

5. _bruecnch c) ]amcd tbrfcma jbmbrc j) Crcndch pbra`cdu dbdbrcsch lasad db

irabhtcsa pcmc chcd, ebhmc ctcu dbkactch lasad (dchtuhk
clbdtal tahfu, ei`c, fikahk).
fikahk).
e) Chcd tamcd gb`udca
:. _bruecnch
mara sbhmara mch .
luhksa
irchk `cah,
psadigitir
m) ]bgcha chcd fadc tahkdct
j) Chcd gcgpu dbkb`ascnch mch tbkchkch gu`ca
gbhyc`urdch gbhahkdct.
dbdbrcsch lasad pcmc
nc` ychk pisatal

3?
Ahtbrvbhsa dbpbrcwctch ebrmcscrdch furhc` pcmc pcsabh CMNM 6
3. Uasadi jambrc ebrnueuhkch
ebrnueuhkch mbhkch napbrcdtal
napbrcdt al
Ahtbrvbhsa ebrmcscrdch furhc` 6
Bllbjtavbhbss il ercah kyg chm wratahk tnbrcpy ah ebncvairc` nypbrcjtavaty ih
prb sjnii`-ckb jna`mrbh watn CMNM
CMNM
_bhb`atach ychk ma`cdudch i`bn Zbtacma mch Zwcstadc (5?32) gbhmcpctdch ncsa`
ecnwc sbhcg itcd gbgpuhyca
gbgpuhyca pbhkcrun tbrcncp dihsbhtrcsa pcmc chcd cutas.
Gbhurut Qchucratc (5?35) sbhcg itcd magchlcctdch uhtud chcd ychk
gbhkc`cga kchkkuch napbrcdtal, dbruscdch itcd, su`at dihsbhtrcsa mch mbprbsa.
@ctanch itcd cdch gbgeuct itcd ebdbrfc cdtal. Itcd sbsbirchk ychk cdtal (sudc
ebrladar) cdch `bean sbnct sbjcrc dbsb`urunch mcrapcmc irchk ychk tamcd ctcu
gbhkkuhcdch itcdhyc. _cmc tbira, sbsuctu irkch ychk cdtal cdch gbgbr`udch
pcsidch idsakbh mch pritbah.
prit bah. Fadc pcsidch atu `chjcr gcdc easc madctcdch irkch
tbrsbeut sbnct. Zbhcg itcd gbrupcdch kbrcdch ahtbkrctal ychk gbhkiptagc`dch
dbrfc itcd mch dbsbagechkch itcd dchch gcupuh itcd dara sbnahkkc bgisa mch
pbra`cdu chcd CMNM gbhfcma `bean stcea` mch tbrdihtri`. Zbhcg itcd
gbgpbhkcruna pbruecnch pbra`cdu chcd CMNM mbhkch gbhkcdtaldch fbgectch
nbgaslbr itcd dchch mch dara, gbrchkschk crus ahlirgcsa mc`cg itcd mch systbg
sycrcl sbnahkkc diirmahcsa itcd dchch mch dara gbhfcma blbdtal mch blasabh.
Jcrc gb`cdudchhyc 6
chcd maebradch pbr`cduch ebrupc tbrcpa gbhu`as ychk ebrasa tukcs gbhbec`dch
mch gbhu`as nurul sbjcrc tbkcd ebrscgeuhk. Ncsa` iesbrvcsa pcmc lcsb
pbr`cduch gbhuhfuddch
gbhuhfuddch suefbd gbhkc`cga pbhuruhch tahkdct pbra`cdu
agpu`savatcs. Nc` aha tcgpcd pcmc pbra`cdu suefbd ychk gu`ca mcpct gbhkihtri`
gitiradhyc. _cmc ncra db bhcg pbgebrach tbrcpa gbhu`as, giim chcd durchk
ecad sbtb`cn chcd ebrtbhkdcr mbhkch tbgch sbdi`cn, cwc`hyc chcd tamcd ahkah
gb`cdudch tbrcpa gbhu`as, mbhkch scecr bdspbragbhtbr gbgebradch gitavcsa
dbpcmc chcd sbnahkkc chcd gcu gb`cdudch dbkactch gbhu`as. Dbcmcch tbrsbeut
ebrpbhkcrun tbrncmcp pbha`cach cdnar mcra tbrcpa, sbnahkkc pbr`u ma`chfutdch
dbgec`a tbrcpa gbhu`as mch mapbr`udchyc diirmahcsa mbhkch kuru mch irchktuc
uhtud gb`chfutdch tbrcpa gbhu`as.

33
:. Ahtbrvbhsa
Mamc`cg agp`bgbhtcsa, pbrcwct gbhfc`chdch rbhjchc-rbhjchc dbpbrwctch ychk
sbeb`ughyc tb`cn maguct mc`cg ahtbrvbhsa mc`cg ebhtud Csunch dbpbrcwctch dbpcmc
d`abh
=. Agp`bgbhtcsa
Zbtb`cn gbhkagp`bhtcsadch pbrbhjchcch ychk maeuct , sb`chfuthyc pbrcwct
ncrus gbhkbvc`ucsa cpcdcn Csunch Dbpbrcwctch ychk tb`cn maebradch tb`cn ebrncsa`
ctcudcn ahtbrvbhsa ma`chfutdch.

ECE AAA

_BHR]R_
E. DBZAG_R@CH

35
 CMNM cmc`cn suctu dbcmcch ychk gbhbtcp mcra ahctbhsa mch/ctcu
napbrcdtalatcs-agpu`savatcs ychk `bean sbrahk lrbdubhsahyc mch `bean ebrct
maechmahkdch mbhkch ahmavamu `cah ychk sbjcrc tapadc` macgcta pcmc tahkdct
pbrdbgechkch ychk sbechmahk (M._, 5?3:). Kcgecrch pbhtahk CMNM ycatu pi`c
pbrsastbh tamcd pbrnctach mch/ctcu napbrcdtavatcs sbrtc
s brtc agpu`savatcs
agpu`savatcs ychk `bean sbrahk
mcrapcmc pcmc chcd mbhkch usac ychk scgc(Ec``crm, 5?3=). CMNM gbrupcdch
kchkkuch pbrdbgechkch mc`cg pbhahkdctch cdtalatcs gitirad nahkkc gbhybecedch
cdtalatcs ychk tamcd `czag mch jbhmbruhk ebr`beanch. Nc` tbrsbeut matchmca mbhkch
ebreckca db`unch pbrcscch
pbrcscc h kb`ascn, tamcd easc macg,
m acg, tamcd easc mumud mbhkch tbhchk.
Ebebrcpc dratbrac ychk `cah sbrahk makuhcdch cmc`cn, sudc gb`btup-`btup, cdtalatcs
ebr`beanch, mch sudc gbgeuct dbraeutch,mch m`cg
m`c g pbhctc`cdscch
pbhctc `cdscch dbpbrcwctch pbr`u
ma `cdudc sbsuca dihmasa chcd ecad atu gb`c`ua dipahk db`ucrkc gcupuh mc4cg
ahtbrvbhsa dbpbrcwctch.

MCL]CU _RZ]CDC

Ec``crm, D. D. (5?3=). dbsbnctch fawc psadactrad tbira & prcdtad. fcdcrtc 6 BKJ.

3:
M._, ]. (5?3:). Ctbhttaih-mblajat/Napbrcdtavaty masirmbr chm trbctgbht. B-FIRUHC@ GBMADC
RMCQCHC , 33;1-331;.

_AB]BU.N.V.mdd. (5?33). _bhkchtcr psadipcti`ika

psadipcti`ika uhtud dbpbrwctch . fcdcrtc6 dbhjchc.

Uusgcwcta, M., & Dugc`c Mbwa, B. (5?33). _bhkcrun ]brcpa Gusad Mch Kbrcd ]brncmcp
_bhuruhch Dbsu`atch _bra`cdu Zaswc Zbdi`cn Mcscr Mbhkch Kchkkuch
CMNM. Furhc` _sadi`ika Rhavbrsatcs Mapihbkiri,
Mapihbkiri, 1(3).

‐Bllbjtavbhbss il ercah kyg chm wratahk tnbrcpy

tnbrcpy ah ebncvairc` nypbrcjtavaty
ih prb sjnii`-ckb
sjnii`-ckb jna`mrbh watn CMNM ‐

Ctadc Mnacn C, Zunbrgch,

Zunbrgch, ]atah Zutaha

3=
 Furhc` A`gu Dbpbrcwctch Chcd

_ 3. _ipu`csa mc`cg pbhb`atach aha cmc`cn chcd CMNM ma Z@E CEJM

Duhjup Gcs Echyugcs. titc` scgp`ahk mbhkch fug`cn titc` 35 chcd
mbhkch CMNM sbnahkkc 3 db`igpid tbrmaar mcra < rbspihmbh.
5. Gcsc`cn
CMNM cmc`cn dihmasa ugug pcmc chcd-chcd ychk magchalbstcsadch
mbhkch durchk pbrnctach, agpu`sal, mch napbrcdtalatcs ychk tamcd sbsuca
pbrdbgechkch. uhtud
uhtud gbhkbtcnua blbdtavatcs tbrcpa gbhu`as mch
sbhcg itcd tbrncmcp pbra`cdu napbrcdtal usac prcsbdi`cn pcmc chcd
mbhkch CMNM.

A ahtbrvbhsa gchmara dbpbrcwctch ychk mcpct ma`cdudch i`bn pbrcwct uhtud

gbhkctcsa pbra`cdu napbrcdtal mamc`cg pb`cychch chcd ebrdbeutunuch dnusus
ecad marugcn scdat gcupuh masbdi`cn ahd`usa. _bhb`atach aha gbrupcdch
pbhb`atach duchtatctal, mbhkch mbscah pbhb`atach ychk gbhkkuhcdch gbtimb
qucsy-bdspbragbh gb`c`ua pbhmbdctch prb-pisttbst watniut jihtri` kriup
mbsakh, magchc pbhb`ata gb`cdudch pbgechmahkch chtcrc db`igpid ahtbrvbhsa
3 mch db`igpid ahtbrvbhsa 5. Chc`asc mctc mc`cg pbhb`atach aha gbhkkuhcdch
ufa mbpbhmbh t-tbst uhtud gb`anct sdirb chtcrc sbeb`ug mch sbsumcn maebra
pbr`cduch tbrcpa gbhu`as gcupuh ercah kyg. Zbrtc ufa ahmbpbhmbht t tbst
makuhdch uhtud gbhkbtcnua pbrebmcch pbra`cdu napbrcdtalatcs sbeb`ug mch
sbsumcn maebra tbrcpa gbhu`as mbhkch ercah kyg.
J 3. Kbfc`c CMNM `bean migahch matuhfuddch pcmc chcd usac ma ecwcn ;
tcnuh mch sbgcdah ebrdurchk ebrmcscrdch pbhahkdctch usac
(Hurnamcycta, Hancycta, Durhac 5?3=).
5. @cda-`cda `bean sbrahk gbhuhfudch pbra`cdu ychk ebrgcsc`cn,
ebr gcsc`cn, `bean usa`
mch sbhchk gbgeuct gcsc`cn sbnahkkc `bean jbpct uhtud mamackhisas
sbeckca CMNM (Hcss & @bvbhtnc`, 5?35).
:. Gbhurut Qchucratc (5?35) sbhcg itcd magchlcctdch uhtud chcd ychk
gbhkc`cga kchkkuch napbrcdtal, dbruscdch itcd, su`at dihsbhtrcsa mch
mbprbsa. @ctanch itcd cdch gbgeuct itcd ebdbrfc cdtal.
I Ahstrugbh ychk makuhcdch mc`cg pbhb`atach aha cmc`cn Z__CNA. Rfa stctastad
gbhkkuhcdch 5 gbch ychk ebrebmc. Ncsa` pbhb`atach gbhuhfuddch
gbhuhfuddch Cmc

32
pbrebmcch blbdtavatcs
b lbdtavatcs ercah kyg
k yg mch
mc h tbrcpa gbhu`as mc`cg
mc `cg pbra`cdu napbrcdtal
chcd usac prcsbdi`cn mbhkch
mbhkch CMNM (ha`ca p ?,??;). _bhb`atach aha mcpct
gbhfcma sc`cn sctu c`tbrhctal dbpbrcwctch ahtbrvbhsa uhtud gbhkctcsa pbra`cdu
napbrcdtal chcd CMNM ma sbdi`cn mch rugcn.

3<
Bllbjtavbhbss il ercah kyg chm wratahk tnbrcpy ah ebncvairc` nypbrcjtavaty
ih prb sjnii`-ckb jna`mrbh watn CMNM
C MNM

Ctadc Mnacn C3, Zunbrgch5, ]atah Zutaha:

3,5,:Rhavbrsatcs Guncggcmaycn Fcdcrtc

Crtaj`b Ahli Cestrcjt

Crtaj`b Nastiry6 CMNM as c jihmataih jiggih ah jna`mrbh gchalbstbm watn `bss jihjbrh ,
Cjjbptbm Hiv 3<rm 5?3> agpu`savb , chm napbrcjtalaty wni mi hit cjjirmahk ti tnb mbvb`ipgbht. ]nb
purpisb il tnas stumy as ti ambhtaly tnb bllbjtavbhbss il wratahk tnbrcpy chm
Dby wirms6 ercah kyg ti tnb ebncvair il prbsjnii`-ckbm nypbrcjtavaty ah jna`mrbh watn
Ercah kyg CMNM. Mbsakh rbsbcrjn usbm qucsy-bdspbragbht cppricjn ah prb- pisttbst
wratahk tnbrcpy, ebncvairc` watniut jihtri` kriup mbsakh lir 35 jna`mrbh il prb sjnii`s-ckbm wbrb
nypbrcjtavaty, prbsjnii`- usahk titc`
titc` il scgp`ahk. ]nas rbsbcrjn usbm ahstrugbhts il Z__CNA.
ckbm Ztctastajc` tbsts usb tnb mallbrbht 5 gbch. ]nb rbsu`ts il tnb stumy sniwbm
tnbrb as mallbrbhjb ah tnb bllbjtavbhbss il ercah tnb kyg chm wratahk tnbrcpy
ah ebncvair napbrcjtavaty jna`mrbh prb sjnii`s-ckbm watn CMNM ( p vc`ub
?,??; ). ]nas rbsbcrjn jch ebjigb tnb ihb il c`tbrhctavb hursahk
ahtbrvbhtaih ti si`vb ebncvair napbrcjtavb jna`mrbh CMNM ct tnb sjnii` chm
nigb.

_BHMCNR@RCH cutasgb, sbrtc kchkkuch pbgusctch

_braimb bgcs ctcu ki`mbh ckb (?-: tcnuh)
gbrupcdch gcsc chcd gbhkc`cga
pbrtugeunch mch pbrdbgechkch sbjcrc
jbpct. Nc` aha gbhkasycrctdch ecnwc
cpcea`c chcd maebradch echycd stagu`us
mch `ctanch uhtud gbhkbgechkdch marahyc
sbjcrc gbhyb`urun, gcdc pbrdbgechkch
pcmc cspbd dikhatal, gitirad, sbrtc clbdtal
easc majcpca sbjcrc iptagc` ychk cdch
gbhmuduhk pbrdbgechkch chcd
sb`chfuthyc. _brdbgechkch ychk iptagc`
mcpct majcpca cpcea`c chcd tugeun sbjcrc
hirgc`, tchpc cmc kchkkuch ychk mambratc
chcd ecad sbjcrc lasad, psadi`ikas gcupuh
pbra`cduhyc (Uac, 5??1). Ebebrcpc gcsc`cn
ychk ebrnueuhkch mbhkch tugeun
dbgechk chcd machtcrchyc kckc` tugeun
(Lca`urb ti ]nravb),
]nravb), kckcp, rbtcrmcsa gbhtc`,
pbrnctach ctcu napbrcdtal (Namcyct, 5??1).
CMNM gbrupcdch mbrcfct durchk
pbrnctach, agpu`sal,
agpu`sal, mch napbrcdtalatcs ychk
tamcd sbsuca mbhkch pbrdbgechkch ([ihk,
5??>). Kchkkuch CMNM ugug tbrfcma pcmc
chcd usac maha mch usac sbdi`cn. Kbfc`c
CMNM mcpct madbtcnua sbeb`ug usac ;
tcnuh mch mcpct tbrfcma mc`cg ebreckca
gcjcg suatucsa sbpbrta rugcn, sbdi`cn,
tbgpct ebrgcah ctcu satucsa sisac` `cahhyc
(Zukacgah, 5??>). Gu`ycha (5?3:) mc`cg
Hurnamcycta, Hancycta, Durhac (5?3=)
gbhybeutdch survby ychk ma`cdudch i`bn
Hctaihc` Zurvby il Jna`mrbh‑s Nbc`tn (HZJN)
ma Cgbradc Zbradct gbhmcpctdch ncsa`
ecnwc prbsbhtcsa chcd usac =‚ = ‚3; tcnuh
ychk gbhkc`cga K__N gbhahkdct mcra
;,>% gbhfcma 1,2%. Fug`cn kchkkuch

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