Icltblts
AL]ZCMRIIAÙL  ....................................................................................................................................... =

Inpàtugc >  ...................................................................................................................................................... 4

BG DC[C MB GGBDNZ N BY]NZ GA@XAC ...................................................................................................... 4

Inpàtugc :  ................................................................................................................................................ >:
GNY B_XBZABLIANY ^RB ECZ]NGBIBL LRBY]ZCY MBYBCY ZBI]CY ..................................................... >:
Inpàtugc 9  .................................................................................................................................................... :=

BG NZZBXBL]A@ABL]C; RLN AMBN NI]RNG@BL]B XNYNMN MB @CMN ............................................... :=

Inpàtugc =  .................................................................................................................................................... :?

RL BGCIRBL]B BKB@XGC MB GNY BYIZA]RZNY  ..................................................................................... :?

Inpàtugc 2  .................................................................................................................................................... 99

MBYXBZ]NZ BL IRNL]C N MACY  ............................................................................................................ 99

Inpàtugc 5  .................................................................................................................................................... 95
GBKCY MB LRBY]ZC OCDNZ IBGBY]ANG .................................................................................................. 95
Inpàtugc 4  .................................................................................................................................................... =>

BG DC[C C BG ZB@CZMA@ABL]C
ZB@CZMA@ABL]C MB ICLIABLIAN ................................................................................ =>
Inpàtugc ?  .................................................................................................................................................... =5

BG MCL MB YR XZBIANMC
X ZBIANMC OAKC  ............................................................................................................... =5

Inpàtugc 1  .................................................................................................................................................... 29

GN EB NJZB BG IN@ALC, GRBDC YADRB BG NZZBXBL]A@ABL]C ............................................................ 29

Inpàtugc >8  .................................................................................................................................................. 24

YÙGC XCZ @BMAC MBG XNMZB Q MBG OAKC  ............................................................................................. 24

Inpàtugc >>  .................................................................................................................................................. 5>
GN DNZDNL]N MBG MANJGC  .................................................................................................................... 5>
Inpàtugc >:  .................................................................................................................................................. 5=

GN MCJGB ]AZNLÀN ^RB ^RABZB A@XBMAZ LRBY]ZC NZZBXBL]A@ABL]C ...................

................... ................... ..... 5=

Inpàtugc >9  .................................................................................................................................................. 48

GCY MBYUÀCY BL BG IN@ALC ^RB ICLMRIB NG XBZMÙL .................................................................... 48

Inpàtugc >=  .................................................................................................................................................. 42

BG IN@ALC ^RB YB ON XZBXNZNMC XNZN BG NZZBXBL]A@ABL]C Q BG XBZMÙL ...............

............... ................ 42

Inpàtugc >2  .................................................................................................................................................. 41

 

]ZBY N@ADCY ^RBZAMCY ^RB ICLCIB@CY NG ALAIAC MBG IN@ALC NG XBZMÙL ................

................ ............. 41

Inpàtugc >5  .................................................................................................................................................. ?5

XZBXNZNZYB XNZN XZBY]NZ YBZUAIAC ................................................................................................. ?5

Inpàtugc >4  .................................................................................................................................................. 15

BG NZZBXBL]A@ABL]C, GCY ÎLDBGBY Q GCY GN[CY EN@AGANZBY ......................................................... 15

Inpàtugc >?  ................................................................................................................................................ >8:

YALIBZAMNM ALN@CUAJGB  .................................................................................................................... >8:
Inpàtugc >1  ................................................................................................................................................ >84

ICLEBYNZ MB JRBLN DNLN Q NJNLMCLNZ BG XBINMC ICL MB]BZ@ALNIAÙL............................. >84

Inpàtugc :8  ................................................................................................................................................ >>=

GN ZBY]A]RIAÙL DBLBZCYN  ................................................................................................................ >>=

Inpàtugc :>  ................................................................................................................................................ >>1

BG XBZMÙL @BMANL]B BG NI]C MB XBZMCLNZ

X BZMCLNZ  ................................................................................. >>1
Inpàtugc ::  ................................................................................................................................................ >:5

GNY YNDZNMN ERLIAÙL MBG YNIBZMCIAC  ......................................................................................... >:5

Inpàtugc :9  ................................................................................................................................................ >9:
BG BYXÀZA]R YNL]C; BG @BLYNKBZC MBG XBZMÙL  ............................................................................. >9:

Inpàtugc :=  ................................................................................................................................................ >=8

GN YNL]N IBLN, BG ]B@XGC Q BG NZZBXBL]A@ABL]C

NZZBXBL]A@ABL]C ICL]ALRC .................................................... >=8
Inpàtugc :2  ................................................................................................................................................ >==

BG MCL MAUALC MBG XBZMÙL  ............................................................................................................... >==

NDZNMBIA@ABL]CY .................................................................................................................................. >=4

NIBZIN MBG NR]CZ  ................................................................................................................................. >=?

 

AL]ZCMRIIAÙL 
Icl `a sndrnmc ggn`n`abltc n sbrvar bl bg Iuùru` mb gcs g cs Mcib Npùstcgbs mb Gn Adgbsan mb
Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs Ûgta`cs Màns, ob sbltamc ul `nycr n`cr onian lubstrc
Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc y uln `nycr ic`prblsaùl mb Yu n`cr pcr gcs oc`jrbs y gns `ukbrbs6
gns kcvbliatns y gcs kcvbliatcs6 y gcs laþcs mb tcmc icltalbltb, mb tcmn iaumnm y gcingamnm, nsà
ic`c mb inmn ocdnr y gudnr mb rbsamblian bl tcmc bg `ulmc >. ]bldc gn bspbrnlzn salibrn mb
qub, pcr `bmac mb bstb gajrc, Bg
gajrc,  Bg mcl mavalc mbg pbrmùl,
pbrmùl, ustbm vubgvn n sbltar, ic`c yn on
sbltamc nltbs, bg alvngunjgb n`cr qub gb tablbl bg Xnmrb Ibgbstang y Yu Oakc N`nmc, y qub
maioc n`cr gb alstb n nvnlznr nul `îs icliablzumn`bltb onian Bggcs.
Bg n`cr mb Macs lc iclcib gà`atbs :. Yus vbrmnmbs btbrlns scl gns `as`ns pnrn tcmcs
lcsctrcs, quablquabrn qub sbn`cs c mclmbquabrn qub vavn`cs 9. Gn maion murnmbrn, gn pnz y
gn vamn btbrln sùgc sb rbiajbl ng nu`bltnr lubstrn eb y lubstrn icleanlzn bl bg Xnmrb
Ibgbstang y bl Yu Oakc Kbsuirastc.
Iclecr`b lubstrn eb nu`bltn, lubstrn pbrspbitavn scjrb pcr quá bstn`cs nquà sb vubgvb
`îs ignrn, y prciurn`cs `îs duàn y nprcjniaùl ibgbstangbs=. Lubstrc bspàratu mbsbn tcrlnrsb
mb ul `cmc `îs iclsiabltb n Macs y irbbr bl `nycr `bmamn bl bg pcmbr rbmbltcr mb lubstrc
Yngvnmcr6 lcs negadbl lubstrcs pblsn`abltcs y niiaclbs icltrnracs n Yus `nlmn`abltcs
n`crcscs, y onib`cs magadbltb`bltb tcmc gc pcsajgb pcr icrrbdar lubstrc iursc 2. Crn`cs
icl `îs altbliaùl y supgain`cs pbrmùl ng Xnmrb Ibgbstang `bmanltb gn drnian bxpantcran mb
Yu Oakc. Ic`blzn`cs n nrrbpbltarlcs.
Ic`c pnrtb mbg Xgnl mb Yngvniaùl, lubstrc Zbmbltcr lcs jralmn n inmn ulc mb lcsctrcs gn
 jblmaiaùl mb nrrbpbltarlcs56 sal b`jnrdc, sb trntn mb ngdc `îs qub bsc6 bs, nmb`îs, ul mcl
bsparatung qub ecrtngbib lubstrc mbsbc y lubstrns mbiasaclbs, pbr`ataálmclcs bspbrnr gn
drnian ibgbstang mbg Yngvnmcr y rbiajar bg `agndrcsc mcl mbg pbrmùl.
Gbs prc`btc icl gn `as`n ibrtbzn mb qub `nþnln sngmrî bg scg qub gcs mavalcs mclbs mbg
Yngvnmcr mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y mbg pbrmùl, qub sb cerbibl bl gn jbggbzn
jbgg bzn mb Yu n`cr qub tcmc
gc njnrin, scl rbngbs pnrn quablbs vablbl n Ág icl àltbdrc prcpùsatc mb icrnzùl. ‗@a jrnzc
mb `asbraicrman sb bxtablmb onian vcsctrcs6 y n iungquabrn qub vbldn, yc gc rbiajará‐ 4.
Yab`prb ob vngcrnmc gns pngnjrns qub sb ntrajuybl ng eagùscec kbsuatn Xabrrb ]bagonrm mb
Ionrmal; ‗Lc sc`cs sbrbs ou`nlcs qub tablbl uln bxpbrablian bsparatung6 sc`cs sbrbs
bsparatungbs qub tablbl uln bxpbrablian ou`nln‐?. Gn prbvasajagamnm mb gns gbybs eàsains mb gn
 vamn tbrrblng, tng ic`c gn iclstnlian qub gn eubrzn drnvatntcran
drnvatntcran bkbrib scjrb lcsctrcs, sb
bltablmb jabl6
bltblmb`cs lc cjstnltb,
`blcs gns gbybsic`c oakcs ngbknmcs
bsparatungbs mb Macsmb lubstrc
qub jralmnlocdnr ibgbstang,
prcpùsatc, bl cinsaclbs
crmbl y pnz n bstn
 vamn, y qub lcs prbpnrnl pnrn
pnrn gn ‗dgcran, sngvniaùl, oclrn, al`crtngamnm y vamn btbrln‐
btbrln‐ 1 qub
lcs ndunrmnl nggblmb bg vbgc.
^uazî lcs saltn`cs `uy alsadlaeainltbs ng gbbr ngdûl gajrc mb tbxtc scjrb
s cjrb gn gby mb
drnvbmnm, sal b`jnrdc, gbbr nibrin mb Kbsuirastc y Yus blsbþnlzns pubmb tblbr ul pctbltb
a`pnitc bl lubstrn ng`n>8. Bg npùstcg Xnjgc bxpgaiù; ‗Xcrqub, ³quaál mb gcs oc`jrbs snjb
gns icsns mbg oc`jrb, salc bg bspàratu mbg oc`jrb qub bstî bl ág3 Nsà tn`pcic lnmab iclciaù
gns icsns mb Macs, salc bg Bspàratu mb Macs V. . .P, pcrqub sb onl
o nl mb masibrlar
bsparatung`bltb‐ .
>>

Gcs saduabltbs inpàtugcs altbltnrîl blsnlionr su `bltb y su bspàratu bl gc iclibrlabltb ng

eulmn`bltc bsparatung, n gcs praliapacs sndrnmcs y n gns mbiasaclbs pbrsclngbs qub pbr`atbl
qub bg alic`pnrnjgb mcl mbg pbrmùl mbg Yngvnmcr jralmb `nycr prcpùsatc n su vamn. N eal mb
qub bl vbrmnm prcdrbsb`cs bl bstn vamn y cjtbldn`cs gn vamn btbrln bl bg `ulmc vblambrc,
mbjb`cs mbknr mb gnmc gn snjamuràn mb bstb `ulmc y prbsbltnrlcs ou`agmb`bltb nltb Macs,
 

rbiclciablmc qub nrrbpbltarsb icl salibramnm y supgainr pbrmùl icl ou`agmnm lc scl `brns
cpiaclbs bl bg njnlaic mb vartumbs nm`arnjgbs>:.
Bg nrrbpblta`abltc lc bs ul instadc la bs cprbsaùl6 bs bxnitn`bltb gc icltrnrac. Bs ul
`nrnvaggcsc mcl mb Macs qub prcpcriaclnrî dczc ng negadamc y ngavac ng nqubknmc
bsparatung`bltb>9. Bs ul eubrtb rb`bmac bsparatung qub jralmn snlniaùl n tcmc nqubg qub
rbiajn su pcmbr. ]ng ic`c bg Yngvnmcr `as`c `nlmù mb `nlbrn tnl dblbrcsn; ‗³Lc cs
 vcgvbráas n `à nocrn, y cs nrrbpbltaráas mb vubstrcs pbinmcs, y cs iclvbrtaráas pnrn
pnrn qub yc cs
>=
snlb3‐
 Nulqub. sabltn qub sb onggn bl bg pbgmnþc `îs jnkc mb gn bsingbrn mb mb gn vamn, ony ngdc qub
pubmb onibr; pubmb `arnr onian nrrajn. Nulqub tcmc gc qub pubmn onibr sbn tnl sùgc ngznr gn
 vastn y maradargn n Ág, yn on obioc ngdc pcr bsecrznrsb
bsecrznrsb pnrn rbdrbsnr n Ág. Ggbdnrî n snjbr qu
qubb
Ág ‗sab`prb ibrin bstî VyP mn Yu `nlc‐ . ^uazî tbldn ul trbioc b`palnmc qub nsiblmbr, tng
>2

 vbz sbn ul nsiblsc alta`amnltb, pbrc `arnr onian

onian nrrajn bs ul pnsc a`pcrtnltb
a`pcrtnltb ng ic`blznr
su trnvbsàn onian nmbgnltb. Bg Yngvnmcr makc; ‗@arnm onian `à bl tcmc pblsn`abltc V. . .P.
@arnm gns obramns qub trnspnsnrcl `a icstnmc, y tn`jaál gns `nrins mb gcs ignvcs bl `as
`nlcs y pabs‐>5. @îs a`pcrtnltb qub bg gudnr bl mclmb sb onggb bs gn marbiiaùl n gn qub sb
marakn y, bl bspbiang, n ^uaál sb marakn.
Bg mcl mavalc mbg pbrmùl kn`îs pubmb dnlnrsb6 sùgc pubmb rbiajarsb. Yà, mbjbl cjbmbibrsb
gcs `nlmn`abltcs y cjsbrvnrsb gns crmblnlzns n eal mb rbiajar bg pbrmùl, pbrc bg bseubrzc
pbrsclng, sal a`pcrtnr iuîl drnlmb sbn, pngambib bl ic`pnrniaùl icl bg icstc mb gn
rbmbliaùl. Mb obioc, lc bxastb ic`pnrniaùl. Bg pbrmùl bs ul mcl y bg ÛlaicÛl aic qub pubmb
mnrgc bs bg Zbmbltcr y Yngvnmcr mbg `ulmc, Kbsuirastc >4. Ág cerbib Yu mcl alvngunjgb n tcmcs
nqubggcs qub niumbl n Ág pnrn rbiajargc>?. ]ng ic`c bg prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl on maioc;
‗Gn Bxpaniaùl Vmbg Yngvnmcr pubmbP rbma`VarP n tcmn ng`n mb gcs instadcs mb gn trnlsdrbsaùl
pbrsclng, jnkc gns iclmaiaclbs qub Ág VonP bstnjgbiaVmcP‐>1.
Bstb gajrc sb onggn mavamamc bl sbas pnrtbs; Xra`brc, uln sbiiaùl tatugnmn ‗Îla`c pnrn
prciurnr bg pbrmùl mb Macs‐6 mbspuás, ‗Xcr quá bs lbibsnrac ul Yngvnmcr y Zbmbltcr‐6
tbribrc, ‗Bg alic`pnrnjgb mcl mb Kbsuirastc‐6 iunrtc, ‗Iù`c blicltrnr bg in`alc onian bg
Yngvnmcr‐6 qualtc, ‗Zbdrbsnr ng Zbmbltcr `bmanltb bg nrrbpblta`abltc‐6 y, pcr ûgta`c, uln
sbiiaùl qub sb tatugn ‗Bg mcl mavalc mbg pbrmùl mbg Yngvnmcr‐. Iclecr`b gbn c bsiuiob icl
bspàratu mb crniaùl, njrn bg icrnzùl n Macs icl uln crniaùl y icl bg mbsbc mb irbbr. Gn eb lc
sb iugtavn pcr insungamnm, salc pcr bgbiiaùl. Kbsûs gb makc ng praliapng mb gn salndcdn; ‗Lc
tb`ns, irbb scgn`bltb‐:8. Q n ]c`îs, gb makc; ‗Lc sbns alirámugc, salc irbybltb‐ :>.
Bl gns pîdalns qub sadubl, sb iatn inmn ulc mb gcs gajrcs inlùlaics mb Bsiraturns. Yb onib
bxtblsn rbebrblian
gn bxpaniaùl ng Gajrcmb
mbg Yngvnmcr, mbYu
@cr`ùl,
drnian y pubstc qub blsbþn
`asbraicrman, y gns icl drnl ignramnm
prc`bsns gn mcitraln mb
mb Yu pbrmùl
`bmanltb lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc. Ng `bmatnr scjrb bstns sndrnmns blsbþnlzns mbg pgnl mb
lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang, gns iungbs sb bxpclbl mb ecr`n pcmbrcsn bl bg Gajrc mb @cr`ùl,
mbsiujrà qub `a bspàratu mbignrnjn `nlaeabstn`bltb; ‗Ng drnl Xrcebtn ralmn`cs oclcrbs‐ ::.
Iuîl bxtrncrmalnrac bs qub bg Ybþcr rbvbgnrn gn pgblatum mbg bvnldbgac mb Kbsuirastc n trnvás
mb Yu vnsc bsicdamc, bg prcebtn Kcsá Y`ato. @abltrns onjgnjn bl pûjgaic ngdulns sb`nlns
nltbs mb `crar ic`c `îrtar, makc; ‗Lulin gbs makb qub VycP eubrn pbrebitc6 pbrc lc ony brrcr
bl gns rbvbgniaclbs qub ob blsbþnmc‐ :9. ]bstaeaic mb `cmc scgb`lb mb gn `asaùl mavaln mbg
prcebtn Kcsá Y`ato.
Xnrn iclear`nr nul `îs gns blsbþnlzns mb gns Ynltns Bsiraturns, ob aliguamc
altbliaclng`bltb gns pngnjrns mb inmn prcebtn mb bstn maspblsniaùl y mb gcs Npùstcgbs qub
prbstnl sbrvaiac bl gn nitungamnm bl gn Xra`brn Xrbsamblian y bl bg Iuùru` mb gcs Mcib,
pubstc qub bg Ybþcr gbs on mnmc gn ic`asaùl mb onjgnr bl Yu lc`jrb scjrb bg
nrrbpblta`abltc y bg pbrmùl.
 

Bg mbsadlac mbg prbsbltb gajrc bs ibltrnrsb bl quablbs ‗mbspabrtnl‐ bl iunltc n Macs :=,
nulqub gcs mclbs mbg Yngvnmcr mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y mbg pbrmùl lc scl sùgc
s ùgc pnrn gcs
`c`bltcs mb trnlsdrbsaclbs drnvbs, salc tn`jaál pnrn lubstrc prcdrbsc manrac. Gcs
praliapacs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc scl uln pnrtb iruiang bl gc iclibrlabltb n vblibr gcs pbinmcs
manracs mb ic`asaùl y c`asaùl, vavar y prcdrbsnr, y nmcrnr inmn mc`aldc ng pnrtaiapnr mb gn
Ynltn Ibln mbg Ybþcr.
Zubdc qub, iclecr`b ustbm njrn mb ecr`n `îs ic`pgbtn bg icrnzùl n Macs y iclsambrb
mbtblamn`bltb
alstb icl nul `nycrgcs praliapacs
ntbliaùl mbg
n gnbvnldbgac mb Kbsuirastc
bxtrncrmalnran nvblturnqub
mb sb onggnl
ggbdnr blul
n sbr bstb gajrc, sb
masiàpugcs b`îs
gb
mbvctc mbg Yngvnmcr. Bg ágmbr Lbng N. @nxwbgg on bxpgainmc; ‗Ya bsicdb`cs V. . .P bg iursc qub
lcs ggbvn n sbr masiàpugcs V. . .P, pcmrb`cs nvnlznr bl gc qub, ng praliapac, sbn sùgc rbiclcibr
n Kbsûs, nm`arnrgc, mbspuás nmcrnrgc y ealng`bltb b`ugnrgc. Bl bsb prcibsc mb bsecrznrlcs
pcr sbr `îs sb`bknltbs n Ág V. . .P, mbjb`cs tblbr sab`prb uln nitatum mb nrrbpblta`abltc‐:2.
Zubdc, ng adung qub gc oaiabrn Ng`n, qub; ‗Macs cs iclibmn V. . .P b`pbznr n bkbriatnr
 vubstrn eb pnrn nrrbpblta`abltc, pnrn qub qub b`pbiáas n a`pgcrnr su snltc lc`jrb, n eal mb
qub tbldn `asbraicrman mb vcsctrcs V. . .P. Xcrqub ob nquà, bstn vamn bs iunlmc bg oc`jrb
mbjb prbpnrnrsb pnrn ic`pnrbibr nltb Macs V. . .P. Q nsà ág trnb gn sngvniaùl n iunltcs irbnl
bl su lc`jrb6 yn qub bs bg prcpùsatc mb VYuP sniraeaiac pclbr bl bebitc gns bltrnþns mb
`asbraicrman, qub scjrbpuknl n gn kustaian V. . .P. VQP quasabrn bxocrtnrcs n qub tbldîas
pniablian, V. . .P icl uln ear`b bspbrnlzn mb qub ngdûl màn mbsinlsnráas mb tcmns vubstrns
negaiiaclbs‐:5.
Gn ebgaiamnm y bg dczc murnmbrcs ggbdnl pcr `bmac mb gn eb bl lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang y bl
Yu Oakc Kbsuirastc. Bggcs scl gn vbrmnmbrn eubltb mb n`cr purc y mb pnz sb`patbrln :4. ]cmc
gc qub bs jublc y jbggc, tcmc gc snltc y sndrnmc, prcvablb mb Bggcs :?. Bg pbinmc lcs ngbkn mb
Bggcs6 bg nrrbpblta`abltc lcs ggbvn onian Bggcs. Bg pbrmùl lcs rblubvn bg ng`n y iclear`n bl
quá pcsaiaùl lcs onggn`cs nltb Bggcs.
Bg Yngvnmcr rbsuiatnmc mbignrù; ‗Lnmn a`purc pubmb bltrnr bl su rbalc6 pcr tnltc, lnmn
bltrn bl su rbpcsc, salc nqubggcs qub onl gnvnmc sus vbstamcs bl `a snldrb, `bmanltb su eb, y
bg nrrbpblta`abltc mb tcmcs sus pbinmcs y su eambgamnm onstn bg eal‐ :1.
¡Zbdciaká`clcs bl bstn trnvbsàn! Rstbm pubmb ic`blznr mbsmb mclmbquabrn qub sb onggb y
ggbdnr n sbr ngdc `nycr mb gc qub
q ub kn`îs sb onyn a`ndalnmc. Qn on ic`blznmc6 `bmatb bstns
pngnjrns; ‗Ya VtbP nrrbpVabltbsP, y lc blmurbiVbsP VtuP icrnzVùlP, bltclibs tblmrá
`asbraicrman mb VtaP pcr `bmac mb `a Oakc Rladálatc V. . .P6 VyP tblmrîVsP mbrbioc n rbign`nr
gn `asbraicrman, pcr `bmac mb `a Oakc Rladálatc, pnrn gn rb`asaùl mb VtusP pbinmcs6
98
 ypngnjrns
bltrnrîVsP bl `a mbsinlsc‐
mb lubstrc Xnmrb scl. vbrmnmbrns
Ic`c ulc mb gcs npùstcgbs
y qub, n `bmamn mbg
qubYbþcr, gb prc`btc
gns nmcptb qub bsns
bl su vamn, bg
Yngvnmcr `cgmbnrî pnrn sab`prb bg mbstalc mavalc qub gb ndunrmn.
 

Inpàtugc >
BG DC[C MB GGBD Z BY] Z GA@XAC
Zbiubrmc qub `a pnmrb `b mbspbrtù uln eràn lciob, n praliapacs mb ebjrbrc, iunlmc tblàn
ulcs mabiasáas nþcs. @b niubrmc qub yc bstnjn scrprblmamc6 sùgc onjàn mcr`amc ngrbmbmcr
mb uln ocrn. @b bxpgaiù qub ul juby lcvaggc mb lubstrn pbqubþn drnlkn onjàn gcdrnmc iruznr
gn vnggn, sb onjàn bxtrnvanmc onstn ggbdnr n gn
g n inrrbtbrn, y uln in`aclbtn gc onjàn nrrcggnmc.
Bg nla`ng bstnjn `ubrtc, y n eal mb sngvnr gn g n inrlb, mbjàn`cs nitunr icl rnpambz. Gn tnrbn
qub tblàn`cs pcr mbgnltb rbsugtnràn sbr uln bxpbrablian qub kn`îs cgvamnràn.
cgv amnràn.
]rns nrrnstrnr bg pbqubþc juby mbsmb bg in`alc onstn ul icjbrtazc njabrtc icl lubstrc
 vabkc trnitcr, gn saduabltb gnjcr brn aznr bg nla`ng. Ntn`cs gns pntns
pntns trnsbrns kultns y mbspuás
gnlzn`cs gn iubrmn pcr blia`n mb uln vadn. Zbiubrmc bsecrznr`b icl maeaiugtnm pnrn
icgcinr gcs jrnzcs mbjnkc mb gcs iunrtcs trnsbrcs mbg nla`ng y gbvnltnrgc `abltrns `a pnmrb
ongnjn mb gn iubrmn. N eal mb gcdrnr bgbvnrgc, sb rbqubràn qub rcmbnrn bg rbsjngnmazc nla`ng
icl tcmc bg iubrpc. Xnrn bg `c`bltc bl qub ástb qubmù icgdnmc, bg jnrrc y bg obmcr sb `b
onjànl a`prbdlnmc bl gn rcpn. @b sbltàn tbrrajgb, pbrc gn tnrbn npblns onjàn b`pbznmc.
@a pnmrb y yc ga`pan`cs bg nla`ng `ubrtc kultcs, nulqub lc tbr`aln`cs onstn gns trbs
mb gn `nþnln. Bg cgcr, bg iablc, gn tabrrn y gn al`ulmaian sb `b onjànl a`prbdlnmc.
Zbdrbsá n gn insn y, n pbsnr mb qub onl pnsnmc `uions máinmns, tbldc `uy vàvamcs bl gn
`bltb gcs nicltbia`abltcs mb gn saduabltb ocrn. Zbiubrmc icl ignramnm gn sntaseniiaùl mb
quatnr`b gn in`asn6 `b mnjn ngavac sninr`b inmn inpn mb prblmns mb vbstar. Ic`bliá n
gnvnr`b; pra`brc gns `nlcs y gubdc gcs jrnzcs onstn gcs icmcs. Lc brn gn ignsb mb suiabmnm
qub mbsnpnrbiàn rîpamn`bltb6 bltclibs `b jnþá, gnvîlmc`b gns crbkns, mbspuás bg injbggc,
mb lubvc gns `nlcs y gns uþns, y ctrn vbz bg injbggc. ]rnlsiurraù jnstnltb tab`pc nltbs mb
qub saltabrn gn sntaseniiaùl mb qub onjàn tbr`alnmc gn ga`pabzn.
@b icgcquá pakn`ns ga`pacs y `b qubmá mbspabrtc bl gn in`n murnltb ul tab`pc,
rbvavablmc gn bxpbrablian. Brnl gns iuntrc mb gn `nþnln6 bstnjn ndctnmc, pbrc gcs
sblta`abltcs mb inlsnliac lc sb ic`pnrnjnl icl gn sblsniaclng sntaseniiaùl mb bstnr gnvnmc
 y ga`pac.
Yal b`jnrdc, pcr `îs `b`crnjgb qub onyn samc nqubggn bxpbrablian, ony sblta`abltcs
`nrnvaggcscs qub supbrnl gcs sblta`abltcs eàsaics qub tuvb bsn eràn lciob alvbrlng. @b
rbeabrc n gcs sblta`abltcs bsparatungbs `nrnvaggcscs qub sb rbiajbl `bmanltb bg mcl mb gn
bxpaniaùl
ga`pacs mbg Yngvnmcr n `bmamn qub sb gnvn inmn inpn mb pbinmcs y ggbdn`cs n sbltarlcs
bsparatung`bltb.
Kbsûs blsbþù icl drnl álensas bl iunltc ng dczc mb maioc pcmbr rbmbltcr>. Rln mb Yus
pnrîjcgns `îs icl`cvbmcrns bs gn mbg oakc prùmadc. Ou`aggnmc pcr bg vniàc mb
‗vavaVrP pbrmamn`bltb‐, bg oakc ‗vcgvaVùP bl sà‐ :. Ic`prblmaù su brrcr6 supc qub mbjàn
in`janr. Makc; ‗@b gbvnltnrá b ará n `a pnmrb, y gb mará; Xnmrb, ob pbinmc icltrn bg iabgc y
icltrn ta‐9. Bstnjn nrrbpaltaálmcsb.
Gns Bsiraturns mbspuás almainl; ‗Bltclibs, sb gbvnltù y eub n su pnmrb. Q iunlmc nûl
bstnjn gbkcs, gc vac su pnmrb y eub `cvamc n `asbraicrman, y icrraù, y sb bioù scjrb su iubggc y
gb jbsù‐=.
³Bltblmb`cs gn nlsabmnm mb lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang nltb inmn bseubrzc qub onib`cs pcr
 vcgvbr n Ág32. Nul iunlmc tcmnvàn bstn`cs gbkcs, Ág sb ic`pgnib bl lubstrc rbdrbsc.
Bg ûlaic in`alc ng dczc mb iclcibr n lubstrc Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc
 

Bxpbra`bltn`cs dczc iunlmc bg n`cr mb lubstrc Yngvnmcr lcs mn gn ibrtbzn mb qub nûl
pcmb`cs bstnr ga`pacs, mb qub ngdûl màn bstnrb`cs bl insn mb lubvc. ]ng ebgaiamnm sùgc ggbdn
pcr `bmac mbg nrrbpblta`abltc 5.
 Ng mbknr ntrîs gns `ngns niiaclbs y bkbribr
bkbribr gn eb bl Kbsuirastc, rbiaja`cs gn rb`asaùl mb
lubstrcs pbinmcs6 sblta`cs qub lubstrc Yngvnmcr onib pcr lcsctrcs gc qub lc pcmb`cs
onibr pcr lcsctrcs `as`cs. Zbiubrmb gns pngnjrns mb Ág n gcs lbeatns;
‗³Lc cs vcgvbráas n `à nocrn, y cs nrrbpbltaráas mb vubstrcs pbinmcs, y cs iclvbrtaráas
pnrn
‗Yà,qub
bl yc cs snlb3
vbrmnm cs madc qub sa vblàs n `à,
` à, tblmráas vamn btbrln. Ob nquà, `a jrnzc mb
`asbraicrman sb bxtablmb onian vcsctrcs6 y n iungquabrn qub vbldn, yc gc rbiajará6 y jblmatcs
scl gcs qub vablbl n `à‐ 4.
Zbiubrmbl gc qub saltaù Ng`n ng pbriajar qub sb gb rb`atànl gcs pbinmcs y gn g n iugpn;
‗Qn lc `b pumb nicrmnr `îs mb `as mcgcrbs6 sà, mbkù mb ntcr`bltnr`b bg rbiubrmc mb `as
pbinmcs.
‗Q, ¡co quá dczc V. . .P. Yà, `a ng`n sb ggblù mb V. . .P dczc V. . .P.
‗Yà, V. . .P tb madc qub V. . .P lc pubmb onjbr icsn tnl altblsn y mugib ic`c gc eub `a dczc‐ ?.
Bsn bs gn prc`bsn qub lcs onib bg Yngvnmcr. Qc iclczic tngbs sblta`abltcs mb dczc6 d czc6 bs
uln maion qub lc pubmb rbiajarsb mb lalduln ctrn `nlbrn. ¡^uá `nrnvaggcsc bs bstnr ga`pac!
 Nulqub pnrn ngdulns pbrsclns bg prcibsc prcibsc mb nrrbpblta`abltc pubmb ciurrar sûjatn`bltb,
ic`c suibmaù icl Ng`n, nqubggc bs `îs gn bxibpiaùl qub gn rbdgn 1. Gn `nycràn mb lcsctrcs
nvnlzn pnsc n pnsc, ibltà`btrc n ibltà`btrc, onian `îs jclmnm, onian `îs `aluiacsamnm bl
lubstrcs iclvblacs, onian `îs sbrvaiac y `îs ic`prc`asc. Bg prbsambltb Bzrn ]net Jblscl
makc; ‗Xcr inmn Xnjgc, pcr inmn Blùs y pcr inmn rby Gn`cla, ony iabltcs y `agbs mb oc`jrbs
 y `ukbrbs iuyc prcibsc mb nrrbpblta`abltc
nrrbpblta`abltc bs `uioc `îs sutag b a`pbribptajgb. Màn n màn sb
 vnl nibrinlmc `îs ng Ybþcr‐>8.
Bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs bg rb`bmac bsparatung pbrebitc pnrn bg pbinmc. Inmn pbinmc qub
mbkn`cs ntrîs `bmanltb lubstrn eb bl bg Irastc vavabltb ”tnltc mb ic`asaùl ic `asaùl ic`c mb
c`asaùl” njrb pubrtns bsparatungbs. Iclecr`b sblta`cs gn pctblian mbg nrrbpblta`abltc,
bltblmb`cs `bkcr pcr quá Irastc bxocrtù n gcs pra`brcs `asaclbrcs mb bstn maspblsniaùl;
‗Lc prbmaquáas V`îs qubP bg nrrbpblta`abltc n bstn dblbrniaùl‐ >>.
Mbjb`cs iclvbrtarlcs ng nrrbpblta`abltc manrac. Kbsûs prcpcriaclù ul bkb`pgc mb
crniaùl manran; ‗Iunlmc cráas, mbiam; V. . .P pbrmùlnlcs lubstrcs pbinmcs, pcrqub tn`jaál
lcsctrcs pbrmcln`cs n tcmcs gcs qub lcs mbjbl. Q lc lcs `btns bl tbltniaùl, `ns gàjrnlcs
mbg `ng‐>:. Bg prbsambltb Jblscl lcs on blsbþnmc qub `uiocs mb lubstrcs prcjgb`ns
surdbl mbg crduggc,
Macs>9. Lcs ng iungiclecr`b
nrrbpblta`cs mbealaù ic`c gn bdcàstn
sbdua`cs icltrnpcsaiaùl
bg bkb`pgc mb lubstrn
mbg Yngvnmcr ng onibrvcgultnm
‗lc V. . .Pn gn
g n mb
ic`c yc quabrc, salc ic`c tû‐ >=. Lcs nrrbpblta`cs ng onibr nicpac mb gn eb y gn icleanlzn
sueaiabltbs pnrn ibmbr icl `nlsbmu`jrb n gcs in`alcs mbg Ybþcr.
 N manrac, n `bmamn qub sbn`cs ou`agmbs, bg YbþcrYbþcr lcs rbvbgnrî lubstrns mbjagamnmbs.
mbjagamnmbs.
Zbiubrmb bstn prc`bsn mbg Gajrc mb @cr`ùl; ‗Ya gcs oc`jrbs vablbl n `à, gbs `cstrnrá su
mbjagamnm‐>2. Ng prciurnr ebrvabltb`bltb iclcibrlcs n lcsctrcs `as`cs, y bvngunr icl
salibramnm gc qub sc`cs y mùlmb lcs onggn`cs, bg Ybþcr lcs rbvbgnrî, bl rbspubstn n
lubstrns crniaclbs, bl quá mbjb`cs ibltrnr bg nrrbpblta`abltc.
Gn salibramnm mb lubstrns crniaclbs n Macs lcs pbr`atb bsiuionr Yu vcz icl `îs ignramnm.
Bl bscs `c`bltcs bl qub sblta`cs gcs in`jacs qub bg Ybþcr quabrb qub ondn`cs, bs `uy
sbliaggc ibrrnr gn icrtaln ibgbstang y mbiar; ‗Lc, ¡lc quabrc onibr bsc!‐6 u ciugtnr y mbtblbr
lubstrn ic`ulainiaùl salibrn. Bl cinsaclbs, rniaclngazn`cs qub gcs sblta`abltcs qub
tuva`cs lc eubrcl mbg Ybþcr.
 

Lcs nrrbpblta`cs ng onibr nicpac mb gn eb y gn icleanlzn sueaiabltbs pnrn ibmbr

icl `nlsbmu`jrb n gcs in`alcs mbg Ybþcr.

Bltclibs, ³pcr mùlmb ic`blzn`cs n bvngunrlcs mb `nlbrn vbrnz3

 N `bmamn qub bsiuiob`cs icl salibramnm
salibramnm murnltb gns crniaclbs, snjrb`cs
snjrb`cs gc qub
tblb`cs qub
iùlyudb6 onibr.
quazîs sbn ^uazîs
rbmuiarsbn b`pbznr
bg tab`pc qubn crnr ebrvabltb`bltb
mbmain`cs mbsciangbs
n gns rbmbs lubvc6 quazîs sbn n`nr
c icltrcgnr bg ng
tb`pbrn`bltc6 quazîs sbn sbr salibrc bl gcs g cs bstumacs c mbiar sab`prb gn vbrmnm6 quazîs sbn
pndnr bg mabz`c c ic`pnrtar `îs mb gc qub tblb`cs icl gcs g cs mb`îs6 quazîs sbn sbr `îs
iuamnmcscs bl iunltc n iù`c usn`cs bg dîr`blt mbg tb`pgc6 quazîs sbn mbsbionr lubstrn
alirbmugamnm c jusinr `îs tab`pc pnrn nsastar ng tb`pgc.
Ic`c prcebtn mb Macs, bg prbsambltb Onrcgm J. Gbb bxpgaiù;
‗Bg `îs a`pcrtnltb mb tcmcs gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs bs nqubg qub gbs rbsugtb `îs
maeàiag mb dunrmnr ocy V. . .P. Ocy bs bg màn bl qub onl mb bsecrznrsb V. . .P onstn qub pubmnl
iclquastnr bsn mbjagamnm. Mbspuás b`pabibl icl bg saduabltb `nlmn`abltc qub gbs rbsugtb
`îs maeàiag mb iu`pgar.
‗Bsn bs gn ecr`n mb snltaeainrsb, dunrmnlmc gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs‐ >5.
Ybr bsparatung`bltb ga`pacs;
Bg rbtc mb lubstrn prcjniaùl tbrrblng
Ya mbsbn`cs rbdrbsnr n lubstrc Xnmrb, sal mumn mbjb`cs nprblmbr n sbltar bg pcmbr mb gn
bxpaniaùl mb lubstrc Yngvnmcr `bmanltb gn rb`asaùl mb lubstrcs pbinmcs. Bg Irastc
rbsuiatnmc makc n`crcsn`bltb n Yus masiàpugcs mbg icltalbltb
icl talbltb n`brainlc;
‗Lnmn a`purc pubmb bltrnr bl su rbalc6 pcr tnltc, lnmn bltrn bl su rbpcsc, salc nqubggcs
qub onl gnvnmc sus vbstamcs bl `a snldrb, `bmanltb su eb, y bg nrrbpblta`abltc mb tcmcs sus
pbinmcs y su eambgamnm onstn bg eal.
‗Mb `cmc qub sa oniáas bstns icsns, jblmatcs scas, pcrqub sbráas blngtbiamcs bl bg pcstrbr
màn‐>4.
]ng vbz lc sab`prb tbldn`cs áxatc icl tnltn rnpambz ic`c quasaárn`cs, pbrc ciurrbl
`agndrcs ng onibr mbg nrrbpblta`abltc uln pnrtb iclstnltb mb lubstrn vamn. Bstc bs gc qub
suibmb iclecr`b vb`cs qub bl vbrmnm pcmb`cs vblibr lubstrcs pbinmcs; Lubstrn
‗icleanlzn sb ecrtngbiVbP bl gn prbsblian mb Macs‐>?6 lcs nrrcmaggn`cs icl ou`agmnm nltb
lubstrc
tb`crbsXnmrb6 gb onjgn`cs
y mumns. mb `cmc
Ng nibrinrlcs `îs nernlic scjrb
Ág, Ág sb lubstrcs
nibrin `îs nprcdrbscs, nsà ic`c
lcsctrcs. Lcs mn pnzmby lubstrcs
îla`c6
lcs snln bg ng`n.

]ng vbz lc sab`prb tbldn`cs áxatc icl tnltn rnpambz ic`c quasaárn`cs, pbrc
ciurrbl `agndrcs ng onibr mbg nrrbpblta`abltc uln pnrtb iclstnltb mb lubstrn
vamn.

 N `bmamn qub icltalun`cs nrrbpaltaálmclcs

nrrbpaltaálmclcs ibltà`btrc n ibltà`btrc, lcs mn`cs iubltn
mb qub lnmn lcs mbtblmrî6 onrb`cs lubstrn pnrtb. Ggbdn`cs n sbltarlcs ic`c nqubg drnl
rby gn`nlatn qub bxign`ù; ‗¡Co Macs! V. . .P ³]b mnràns n iclcibr n `à3, y njnlmclnrá tcmcs
`as pbinmcs pnrn iclcibrtb‐ >1.
 

Erbltb n tng ic`prc`asc onian gc qub pcmb`cs ggbdnr n sbr, gns pubrtns bsparatungbs sb
njrbl mb pnr bl pnr. Ony uln lubvn gajbrtnm pnrn sbltar y snjbr, uln gajbrtnm
g ajbrtnm pnrn ggbdnr n
sbr ctrc sbr. Egcrbib gn
g n alsparniaùl almavamung y rbiaja`cs rbvbgniaùl pbrsclng lbibsnran pnrn
nyumnrlcs n rbsastar gns tbltniaclbs mb ul `ulmc inmn vbz `îs alaiuc.
¡^uá `nrnvaggcsc bs tblbr eb pnrn nrrbpblta`abltc! ‗Macs cs iclibmn V. . .P b`pbznr n
bkbriatnr vubstrn eb pnrn nrrbpblta`abltc, pnrn qub b`pbiáas n a`pgcrnr su snltc lc`jrb, n
eal mb qub tbldn `asbraicrman mb vcsctrcs‐ :8.
¡^uá `nrnvaggcsc
 Nsa`as`c, bs bg ûlaicbsin`alc
bstnr ga`pac! Bsb
onian bg bs bgiraptajgb
almbs drnl rbtc
almbsiraptajgb mb mb
dczc lubstrn prcjniaùl
iclcibr tbrrblng. n
vbrmnmbrn`bltb
vbrmnmbrn`bltb
lubstrc Yngvnmcr. Ág lcs on prc`btamc; ‗Jablnvblturnmcs gcs mb ga`pac icrnzùl, pcrqub
bggcs vbrîl n Macs‐ :>.
Bg prbsambltb Jcym F. Xnifbr bsirajaù bstns pngnjrns::, qub sb tatugnl ‗Gnvnmcs y
puraeainmcs‐;
‗¡Al`ulmc!‐, dratnjnl ctrcrn,
y ng gbprcsc sb nlulianjn.
‗¡Al`ulmc!‐, bg dratc rbsclnjn
y gn dbltb, tb`brcsn, sb npnrtnjn.
]cinr su `nlc lc csnrànl,
¡gbprcscs tn`jaál sbrànl!

 Nqubg `ng rb`bmac

sùgc rbstnjn lc tblàn,
gn rbsadlnmn ndclàn.
 La knjùl, jîgsn`c c pciaùl
mbtblmrànl bg mcgcr la gn nebiiaùl.
 Lc onjàn uld÷bltc qub rbstnurnrn,
la nul bg jnþc mb puraeainiaùl.
 @ns oujc Nqubg, gn oastcran lnrrn,
qub icl sùgc tcinrgcs gcs ga`panjn.
 Ngavanr bg suera`abltc pcmàn
y gn inrlb icrrc`pamn rbstnurnjn.
 Xrcebtaznmn Yu vblamn onjàn samc
y mb Yu lnia`abltc, gns sbþngbs6
 Oakc mb Macs,
icl pcmbr pnrny ga`panr
mb `ukbrgnlniamc,
tabrrn mb `ngbs.
 Bg màn bl qub n mabz gbprcscs
gbprcscs snlù
”iunlmc Ág gcs puraeaiù”
sà`jcgc eub mb Yu `alastbrac6
mb gc qub Yu vamn sadlaeainjn.
 Nulqub bg `agndrc eub
eub tng,
lc bs pcr ástb qub vblàn6
salc n inmn ng`n n rbsintnr
mb `ubrtb, mb vbrd÷blzn y mbg pbinr.
 @agndrcs `nycrbs,
`nycrbs, makc Ág,
 Yus sabrvcs nul onrànl
 pnrn rbsintnr n tcmn ng`n vavabltb
 

y lc snlnr n ngdulcs scgn`bltb.

 Nulqub mb gn `ubrtb rbma`amcs
rbma`amcs sbn`cs,
lc pcmrb`cs gns pubrtns iruznr
sngvc qub bstb`cs ga`pacs, puraeainmcs,
mb tcmc pbinmc `crtng.
 

Inpàtugc :
G Y B_XBZABLIA Y ^RB ECZ] GBIBL LRBY]ZCY MBYBCY
ZBI]CY
 Nprblmb`cs drnians n gns bxpbrablians
bxpbrablians prcpans y mb gcs mb`îs, y ástns lcslcs ecrtngbibl. Gcs
saduabltbs rbgntcs vbrmnmbrcs mb laþcs, kùvblbs, `ukbrbs y oc`jrbs, lcs rbiubrmnl bg n`cr
qub Macs tablb pcr Yus oakcs6 gn trastbzn, bg suera`abltc y bg pbsnr mbg pbinmc6 gn maspcsaiaùl
mb lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang pnrn bsiuionr y rbspclmbr gns crniaclbs6 bg dczc mbg
nrrbpblta`abltc, nul bl gcs laþcs pbqubþcs6 bg alingiugnjgb mcl mbg pbrmùl iclecr`b bg
Yngvnmcr lcs rbtarn gns inrdns6 y gn maion mb nibptnr gn alvatniaùl mbg Yngvnmcr; ‗Ublam n `à‐ >.

@abltrns prbstnjn sbrvaiac ic`c cjaspc, iabrtn `nþnln rbiajà uln ggn`nmn tbgbeùlain
`uy tb`prnlc, bl gn qub sb `b mbiàn qub ul oc`jrb mb ulcs iunrbltn y tnltcs nþcs onjàn
bltrnmc pcr gn eubrzn blb l insn mb vnrans en`agans mbg jnrrac murnltb gn lciob jusinlmc
`bmain`bltcs jnkc rbibtn mb ecr`n mbsbspbrnmn. Bl su aliursaùla liursaùl mb insn bl insn, onjàn
ntbrrnmc n vnrans en`agans. Ouyù ng jcsqub y gn pbrsbiuiaùl pcgaiang tbr`alù icl su inpturn.
Mb al`bmantc iclmukb onstn gn insn mb uln mb gns en`agans6 onjàn lu`brcscs
nutc`ùvagbs pcgaiangbs y `uiocs ceaiangbs mb pcgaiàn `abltrns sb bspcsnjn ng scspbiocsc
(rbiclcià n nqubg oc`jrb6 sb onjàn ngcknmc icl uln en`agan mbg jnrrac murnltb ngdulns
sb`nlns pnrn nyumnrgc n pclbr bl crmblc rmbl su vamn). Onggá `uy iclstbrlnmn n gn ntbrrnmn
en`agan. ]rns jralmnrgbs iclsubgc murnltb ngdulcs `c`bltcs, `b maspusb n `nrionr`b.` nrionr`b.
Zbiubrmc onjbr `arnmc ng oc`jrb qub onjàn inusnmc tn`nþc pbsnr n gns `ndlàeains
en`agans mbg jnrrac y onjbr`b maioc n `à `as`c; ‗³Iù`c tb ntrbvbs n vblar n lubstrc
 jnrrac y ntbrrcraznr n bstns en`agans `nrnvaggcsns3
`nrnvaggcsns3 Bspbrc qub tb bliabrrbl y nrrckbl gn ggnvb
 jabl gbkcs‐.
Iclmukb n insn y kustc iunlmc bstnjn n pultc mb sujar n gn bltrnmn mbg dnrnkb, cà uln vcz
`uy ignrn bl `a `bltb qub mbiàn; ‗³Iù`c tb ntrbvbs tû n kuzdnrgc3 Ág bs `a oakc. Zbdrbsn y
magb qub su Xnmrb Ibgbstang gc n`n‐.
@b qubmá ic`pgbtn`bltb scrprblmamc pcr bg pcmbr y bg sblta`abltc altblsc mb nqubggn
`nlaebstniaùl. Kn`îs bl gn vamn onjàn sbltamc uln rbpra`blmn
rb pra`blmn tnl ignrn y pctbltb mb gcs
iabgcs. Xasá bg erblc mb al`bmantc y ma gn vubgtn.
@b prbsbltá n gcs ceaiangbs mb pcgaiàn ic`c bg cjaspc mb nqubg oc`jrb6 mbspuás mb
nsbdurnrsb mb qub gns bspcsns bstuvabrcl jabl sukbtns, gc sbltnrcl bl bg jcrmb mb gn nibrn y
 yc `b sbltá kultc n ág, `abltrns
`abltrns gcs ceaiangbs sb rbtarnjnl ul pcic
pcic pnrn mnrlcs ngdc mb
pravniamnm. Bg oc`jrb, qub bstnjn mrcdnmc, onjàn bstnmc dratnlmc cjsiblamnmbs kustc
nltbs mb qub yc `b sbltnrn icl ág. Iclecr`b ic`bliá n onjgnr, sb ing`ù mb al`bmantc,
ic`c sa bg Bspàratu mbg Ybþcr oujabrn mbsiblmamc scjrb ág. Gc `ará n gcs ckcs y gb makb;
‗]bldc ul `blsnkb pnrn ic`ulainrtb. ^uabrc qub sbpns qub lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang tb
n`n‐. @b scrprblmaù `uioc qub sb `nltuvabrn bl ing`n `abltrns `abltr ns `b maradàn ng nutc`ùvag
 y `b `nrionjn.
@bsbs mbspuás, `abltrns gc vasatnjn bl gn iîribg ”sbpnrnmcs pcr ul `urc mb vamrac vamr ac y
ic`ulainmcs pcr ul tbgáeclc” `b makc icl gîdra`ns bl gcs ckcs; ‗Cjaspc, quabrc qub sbpn
qub lc rbiubrmc lnmn mb nqubggn entàmain lciob bl qub bltrá pcr gn eubrzn bl nqubggns
insns, bxibptc uln icsn. Zbiubrmc qub ustbm `b `arù n gcs ckcs y `b makc qub `a Xnmrb
Ibgbstang `b n`n, y bsn
b sn ambn on samc gc ûlaic qub `b on scstblamc murnltb bstcs ûgta`cs
`bsbs bl gn iîribg‐.
”Zcjbrt J. Tngfbr:.
 

 
@b ambltaeaic pgbln`bltb icl Vgn bxpbrablian mb Ng`n, oakcP,
o akcP, pcrqub yc tn`jaál
ntrnvbsá uln btnpn rbjbgmb y, murnltb ngdûl tab`pc, lc quasb tblbr lnmn qub vbr vb r icl gns
 vbrmnmbs qub sb `b onjànl blsbþnmc. Qc LC `b ciupnjn bl mbstruar gn Adgbsan, pbrc lc
dunrmnjn gcs `nlmn`abltcs. Bstnjn ggblc mb arn y mb csiuramnm6 eub gn ápcin `îs
mbsmaionmn mb `a vamn. Nprblmà mb gn `nlbrn maeàiag qub gn `ngmnm lulin eub ebgaiamnm.
Yá qub `a en`agan mbmaiù alicltnjgbs ocrns n supgainr
s upgainr ng Xnmrb Ibgbstang qub `b mabrn
ou`agmnm y qub tuvabrn bg mbsbc mb in`janr. Bspbrnjnl qub tuvabrn uln bxpbrablian ic`c
gn mb Ng`n, oakc, pbrc kn`îs sb a`ndalnrcl qub bl gudnr mb qub `b vasatnrn ul îldbg, `b
 vasatnràn bg iîlibr. On onjamc cinsaclbs
cinsaclbs bl gns qub ob bstnmc bl in`n,
in`n, sal pcmbr onjgnr la
`cvbr gcs jrnzcs c gns pabrlns pcr gc blebr`c qub `b onggnjn,
o nggnjn, pbrc bstcy ndrnmbiamc,
pcrqub nqubggc `b on mnmc gn cpcrtulamnm mb in`janr `a vamn. Ob nprblmamc qub gns
 jblmaiaclbs mb lubstrc Xnmrb
Xnmrb Ibgbstang n `blumc ggbdnl pcr in`alcs
in`alcs qub lc scl lubstrcs
in`alcs. ]ng vbz pnrbzin bxtrnþc, pbrc, nulqub pumabrn vcgvbr
v cgvbr ntrîs y in`janr `a
satuniaùl, lc gc onràn. Bstcy `uy ndrnmbiamc pcr bg iîlibr, yn qub `b on trnàmc mb rbdrbsc
n `a en`agan y `b on
o n iclvbliamc mbg pcmbr mb Macs bl `a vamn.
Ob ggbdnmc n iclcibr bg n`cr qub bg Yngvnmcr `b tablb6 lc in`janràn bsc pcr lnmn. Ob
samc `uy jblmbiamc.
”Gufb MbGn@nrb9.

ul Gcs
`bs`asaclbrcs
mbspuás mbg`b jnutaznrcl
jnutas`c. iunlmc
Mbjamc brn`b
n qub laþc, pbrcymbká
npnrtá mb nsastar
`b tcrlá n gnsnmrcdns
gn Adgbsan
y n tn
tnll sùgc
ctrns
icsns, sbltàn ic`c sa `b oujabrn ngbknmc mb Macs y lc `brbiabrn uln sbdulmn cpcrtulamnm.
^ubràn sbltar gn pnz qub ctrns pbrsclns mbiànl qub sbltànl bl gn Adgbsan.
Ad gbsan. Xcr pra`brn vbz bl
`a vamn, mbiamà cerbibr uln crniaùl salibrn y sadlaeaintavn, y prbdultnr n Macs sa gn Adgbsan
brn bg gudnr icrrbitc pnrn `à. Mbspuás mb crnr, njrà gns Bsiraturns y gbà : Lbea :?;9:. Ng gbbr;
‗Ybrá `asbraicrmacsc icl bggcs, pcrqub `a jrnzc bstî bxtblmamc tcmc bg màn‐, supb qub Macs
nûl `b n`njn y qub `b bstnjn
bs tnjn tblmablmc gn `nlc.
”Yb on c`atamc bg lc`jrb=.

@blsnkbs mb icrrbc bgbitrùlaic blvanmcs n ul gàmbr mbg snibrmciac

Yb`nln ulc; Gn`bltc
ulc; Gn`bltc qub `b onyn ggbvnmc tnltc tab`pc iclebsnr bsns icsns6 tblàn
tb`cr y vbrd÷blzn. Lc mumc qub bg nrrbpblta`abltc sbn pcsajgb, nulqub n vbibs pnrbzin
p nrbzin
ic`c sa lc gc eubrn pnrn `à. Yá qub sbrî ul in`alc gnrdc y maeàiag, y lc sá sa pcmrá
gcdrnrgc.
Yb`nln trbs; Yá
trbs; Yá qub sbltar gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs bs uln pnrtb mbg
nrrbpblta`abltc6 bs sùgc qub adlcrnjn qub murnsb tnltc tab`pc. Ob bstnmc bstumanlmc gn
bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc y trntnlmc mb bltblmbrgn `îs, nsà ic`c npgainr su pcmbr n `a
 vamn6 lc cjstnltb, on samc maeàiag.
maeàiag.
Yb`nln iuntrc; Bstn
iuntrc; Bstn sb`nln on samc gn `îs maeàiag y gnrdn mb `a vamn. Kn`îs bl gn vamn
onjàn pnsnmc tnltc tab`pc nrrcmaggnmc, la ob mbrrn`nmc tnltns gîdra`ns ic`c gc ob
obioc gn sb`nln pnsnmn. @b ob bstnmc bsecrznlmc `uioc pcr sbrvar n gcs mb`îs y mbknr
ntrîs nqubggns icsns mb `a pnsnmc. Ob bstnmc trntnlmc mb bstumanr, `bmatnr y bltblmbr gn
bxpaniaùl Vmb KbsuirastcP y su bebitc bl `a vamn6 bg pcmbr qub tablb pnrn quatnr bstn inrdn
mb `a vamn y nyumnr`b n sbltar bg Bspàratu mb lubvc. Icl tcmc bg bseubrzc y tcmc bg
trnjnkc qub ob bstnmc altbltnlmc onibr, ic`ablzc n sbltar qub bg pcmbr bs rbng y qub bg
Yngvnmcr bstî prbstc n nyumnr y quabrb nyumnr`b n rbdrbsnr n `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang.
Ibgb stang.
 

Yb`nln ialic; Eub
ialic; Eub uln sb`nln icg`nmn mb crniaclbs, nyulc y bstumac mb gns
Bsiraturns. Ob trntnmc mb onibr gc qub ustbm `b on maioc y `arnr onian nmbgnltb icl
bspbrnlzn. @b iubstn `uioc sbr ebgaz y pbrmclnr`b. Lc cjstnltb, lc pubmc mbsonibr`b
icl sbliaggbz mb gn iugpn y bg pbsnr qub ob ggbvnmc n iubstns6 pbrc lc vcy n njnlmclnr bg
prcibsc mb nrrbpblta`abltc.
Yb`nln sbas; Ungcrc
sbas; Ungcrc gcs masiurscs y tcmc gc qub `b on prcpcriaclnmc. Bstcy
altbltnlmc sbltar qub gn guz y gn bspbrnlzn vubgvbl n `a vamn6 sal b`jnrdc, mb sbdurc lc
rbdrbsnrîl pcr ic`pgbtc
Yb`nln cioc; Ob
cioc; mb qub
 Ob lctnmc al`bmantc.
lc `b sabltc tnl `ng ic`c `b sbltàn nltbs6 sal mumn, lc
on ciurramc tctng`bltb mb uln vbz. Xnrn `à, on samc ngdc drnmung sngar mbg pczc bl bg qub
`b blicltrnjn. Nûl lc bltablmc pcr ic`pgbtc iù`c euliacln gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc,
pbrc ob b`pbznmc n sbltar ul in`jac bl `à.
Yb`nln lubvb; ]cmc
lubvb; ]cmc vn `uioc `bkcr pnrn `à6 `uioc `bkcr qub onib o nib ul `bs,
almumnjgb`bltb. Yadc bspbrnlmc y crnlmc pnrn qub ggbdub bg sblta`abltc mb pbrmùl.
Yb`nln clib; Bstcy
clib; Bstcy `uy ndrnmbiamc pcr gn bxpaniaùl Vmb KbsuirastcP. N `bmamn qub
`b bseubrzc pcr nprblmbr `îs scjrb bggn y gb pbr`atc vbrmnmbrn`bltb qub tbldn bebitc
bl `a vamn, pbriajc su pcmbr y bg
b g iclsubgc qub jralmn. Lc sá sa sb `b on pbrmclnmc pcr
ic`pgbtc tcmnvàn, pbrc `b sabltc `bkcr tcmc bg tab`pc.
Yb`nln mcib; ]cmc
mcib; ]cmc gc qub sá icl ibrtbzn bs qub `b sabltc `bkcr y scy `îs ebgaz mb gc
qub brn, y sá qub lc on samc pcr lnmn qub yc pumabrn onibr. Eub mbpcsatnr `a eb bl bg
Xnmrbbmaeainlmc
bstcy Ibgbstang y `a
bl tbsta`clac
Kb suirastc, mb
Kbsuirastc, y pbr`atargbs nyumnr`b
bggc, pbrc sb icl gns icsns
`b on ecrtngbiamc ictamanlns.
mb ul Nûl
`cmc alirbàjgb
iclecr`b ob bxpbra`bltnmc bg pcmbr snlnmcr mb gn bxpaniaùl Vmbg YngvnmcrP.
Yb`nln intcrib; Gn
intcrib; Gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc bs rbng y nocrn gc sá. Lc pubmc mbsirajar
pcr ic`pgbtc gc qub suibmaù icl`adc6 tcmc gc qub sá bs qub lc pcmràn onjbrgc gcdrnmc
scgc6 gc altbltá y lc euliaclù. ]uvb qub tcinr eclmc pnrn ealng`bltb vcgvbr`b n `a
Yngvnmcr6 y Ág `b on gbvnltnmc, y gc onib inmn màn. Gc n`c y sab`prb bstnrá ndrnmbiamc
pcr gc qub on obioc pcr `à.
”Yb on c`atamc bg lc`jrb2.

Lubstrc `ntra`clac pnrbiàn sbr ul iubltc mb onmns

o nmns pbrebitc. ¡Lcs iclcia`cs npblns
mbspuás mb qub ág onjàn rbdrbsnmc
rb drbsnmc mb gn `asaùl y su tbsta`clac
tb sta`clac brn vajrnltb! Nqubggc eub gc
pra`brc qub n`á mb ág V. . .P.
 N `bmamn
tnltcs qubqub
`agndrcs pnsnrc
pnsnrcl
lcslulabrcl
gcs nþcs, sb lcsqub
n tcmcs jblmakc
lc sbiicl
cl trbslbdnr
pcmàn obr`cscs oakcs
gn `nlc mb V.Macs
. .P. bl
Oujc
lubstrns vamns.
Lulin cgvamnrá gn pra`brn vbz qub va gns a`jcrrnjgbs a`îdblbs pcrlcdrîeains bl lubstrn
ic`putnmcrn. ]uvb tnltns b`ciaclbs blicltrnmns pbrc, pcr blia`n mb tcmc, sbltàn n`cr
pcr `a bspcsc y qubràn nyumnr V. . .P. Gc n`njn V. . .P. Onjàn`cs bstnmc insnmcs murnltb
sabtb nþcs.
Murnltb gcs nþcs saduabltbs, mbsiujrà `îs a`îdblbs; bl b l su ic`putnmcrn pcrtîtag, bl gn
ic`putnmcrn en`aganr y bl su tbgáeclc6 y inmn vbz qub gc iclercltnjn ng rbspbitc
rb spbitc bgbvnjn
`îs gn vcz. Ág lc qubràn onjgnr icl bg cjaspc V. . .P.
 N vbibs, gcs sblta`abltcs mb trnaiaùl y scgbmnm brnl altcgbrnjgbs.
VMbspuás mbP vbaltamùs nþcs V. . .P, `a bspcsc mbiamaù pclbr eal n lubstrc `ntra`clac.
]n`jaál mbiamaù qub sb jcrrnrn su lc`jrb mb gcs rbdastrcs mb gn Adgbsan. @b bs a`pcsajgb
mbsirajar `àla`n`bltb bg mcgcr qub sbltà inmn màn murnltb `uiocs `bsbs. Ngdulcs màns lc
pcmàn gbvnltnr`b mb gn in`n, `abltrns ág pnrbiàn bstnr jabl V. . .P.
 

 Qc `b onggnjn ealngaznlmc V. . .P bg ûgta`c sb`bstrb mb `as bstumacs mb blebr`bràn

murnltb bg mavcriac, y nmb`îs iuamnjn mb trbs oakcs `uy trastbs bl insn. Bstnjn `uy
blcknmn icl quabl prcltc sbràn `a bxbspcsc pcr onibrgb onibr gb nqubggc n lubstrn en`agan. ¡Ybltàn
ic`c sa oujabrn mbspbrmaianmc vbaltamùs nþcs mb `a vamn! V. . .P. Xnrbiàn ul drnl brrcr V. . .P.
 Qc V. . .P bstnjn mbvnstnmn,
mbvnstnmn, nsustnmn, `b sbltàn scgn y `uy, `uy trastb. C Crnjn
rnjn
Viclstnltb`bltbP ng Xnmrb Ibgbstang. Rl màn mbspbrtá y bg pbsnr onjàn mbsnpnrbiamc. ]cmc
gc qub pubmc mbiar bs qub bg mcl mb gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc bs rbng, y qub Ág `b quatù bg
mcgcr.
Mbspuás mbg mavcriac V. . .P, iclcià n ul oc`jrb alirbàjgb qub, icl bg tab`pc, ggbdù n sbr
`a bspcsc. @a icrnzùl rctc vcgvaù n snlnr y pbriajà gn allbdnjgb `nlc mb Macs bl `a vamn
mb lubvc. Lc cjstnltb, `a bxbspcsc V. . .P pnrbiàn ValtbltnrP onibr tcmc gc qub pcmàn pcr
onibr`b gn vamn mbsmaionmn n `à, n `a lubvc bspcsc y n lubstrn oakn `nycr, quabl tblàn ul
ear`b tbsta`clac mbg Bvnldbgac V. . .P.
 Ngdulcs nþcs mbspuás, n `a bx`nramc, qub VnocrnP brn ul jbjbmcr b`pbmbrlamc V. . .P,
Vsb gb mandlcstaiùP gbuicblibengcpntàn `ugtaecing prcdrbsavn. Eub uln lctaian mbvnstnmcrn
pnrn tcmcs lcsctrcs. @a bxbspcsc pbrmaù bg onjgn o njgn n gns pcins sb`nlns mbg mandlùstaic6
prcltc pbrmaù gn `cvagamnm mbg gnmc azquabrmc mbg iubrpc. Mbjamc n qub lubstrcs oakcs brnl
tcmcs `uy kùvblbs y gn gnjcr brn tnl drnlmb, sb oazc lbibsnrac qub yc altbrvalabrn y
nyumnrn. Xnsnjn tab`pc bl su insn ‗iuamîlmcgc‐, `abltrns bggcs ajnl n trnjnknr tr njnknr y bstumanr.
Gc nic`pnþnjn ng `ámaic V. . .P. Ybltàn `uion trastbzn pcr ág ng vbrgc suerar, y pbriajàn
iù`c sb mbsvnlbiàn gn arn ng pcmbr sbrvargb y nyumnrgc `abltrns bstnjn tnl vuglbrnjgb V. . .P.
@as crniaclbs Vscjrb ágP in`janrcl n; ‗Nyûmn`b n vbrgc vbr gc ic`c tû gc vbs, Xnmrb‐.
Ciurrabrcl `agndrcs Vng ic`blznr nP vbrgc ic`c ul oakc o akc bsicdamc mb Macs, ng iung sb n`njn
`uioc y ng qub Yntnlîs onjàn bldnþnmc y npnrtnmc mb gn en`agan qub n`njn y mb gn Adgbsan
pcr gn qub nltbs onjàn
o njàn sbltamc ebrvcr, y qub nocrn sb bstnjn
b stnjn mbstruyblmc n inusn mb gns
`bltarns mbg pnmrb mb tcmns gns `bltarns qub onjàn irbàmc.
 Ng trnlsiurrar gns sb`nlns `abltrns bstnjn blebr`c, va ul in`jac in`jac bl ág6 sb vcgvaù mugib
b alcibltb. Mbpblmàn mb lcsctrcs pnrn tcmc. Yclrbàn, rbàn y inltnjn icl lcsctrcs, pubstc
qub bsn brn gn ûgta`n ecr`n mb ic`ulainrsb qub gb qubmnjn. @a sbdulmc bspcsc tn`jaál
pumc prbstnrgb sbrvaiac ng nyumnr n prbpnrnr ic`amns pnrn quablbs gc iuamîjn`cs, y ng
rbngaznr `cmaeainiaclbs n su insn n eal mb qub pumabrn qubmnrsb nggà bg `nycr tab`pc tab `pc
pcsajgb. Bg icrnzùl mb `a sbdulmc bspcsc tn`jaál sb njgnlmù onian `a bx`nramc, y pumc
ggbdnr n mbiar qub gc qubràn ic`c n ul obr`nlc.
Lubstrn oakn, qub ajn n sbr `nmrb pcr pra`brn vbz V. . .P pumc rbiupbrnr n su pnpî V. . .P.
Oujc `uions tabrlns `asbraicrmans qub ciurrabrcl murnltb gcs trbs `bsbs pcstbracrbs ng
mandlùstaic y onstn su `ubrtb VqubP scl rbiubrmcs
r biubrmcs sndrnmcs pnrn `à. Xumc njrnznr y n`nr
n sus oakcs, n quablbs onjàn ngbknmc murnltb gcs nþcs y `bsbs nltbracrbs n gn blebr`bmnm6
pumc onjgnr icl n`adcs qub brnl `ab`jrcs mb gn Adgbsan y n quablbs onjàn obioc n ul
gnmc6 pumc njrnznr y mnr gns drnians,
drni ans, n su prcpan `nlbrn, n `a sbdulmc bspcsc. Bsjcznjn
uln drnl sclrasn iunlmc yc bltrnjn bl gn onjatniaùl, gb tc`njn gn `nlc, VyP gn sukbtnjn
icl eubrzn V. . .P. Aligusc
A ligusc pumc iclcibr y scstblbr bl jrnzcs n su lubvc labtc. Ndrnmbibrá
pcr sab`prb n `a n`crcsc Xnmrb Ibgbstang pcr nqubg tab`pc bspbiang V. . .P.
³Iù`c pumb onibrgc3 ³Iù`c pumb iuamnrgc mbspuás mb tcmc gc qub ág onjàn obioc pnrn
cinsaclnr tnltc mcgcr3 Eub pcrqub bg Xnmrb Ibgbstang
Ib gbstang n`n n Yus oakcs y gn bxpaniaùl mb
Kbsuirastc bs rbng. ]cmc gc qub sb on rctc pubmb rbpnrnrsb6 gcs icrnzclbs rctcs, gcs gnzcs
rctcs y gns vamns qubjrnltnmns. ]cmc drnians
d rnians n lubstrc Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc.
”Jbify @urmcio5.

 N ealngbs mb >?9?, Taggan` T. Xobgps, quabl onjàn samc ul `ab`jrc mb gn Adgbsan mb

icleanlzn, sb onggnjn bltrb quablbs mabrcl engsc tbsta`clac bl icltrn mbg prcebtn Kcsá Y`ato
 

 y ctrcs gàmbrbs mb gn Adgbsan, gc qub iclmukc n su blinribgn`abltc

blinribgn`abltc bl @asura. Bl kulac mb
>?=8, bg obr`nlc Xobgps bsirajaù n Kcsá Y`ato supgainlmc pbrmùl.
‗Obr`nlc Kcsá V. . .P, scy ic`c bg oakc prùmadc V. . .P. Yb `b on mcjgbdnmc y sb `b on
ic`pbgamc n gn ou`agmnm bl bxtrb`c V. . .P. Iclczic `a satuniaùl, ustbm gn iclcib y Macs gn
iclcib6 y quabrc sbr sngvc, sa `as n`adcs `b nyumnl V. . .P. @b ob bquavcinmc y gc gn`bltc6
 yc scy quabl tablb gn vadn bl bg ckc V. . .P. Xam
Xamcc pbrmùl n tcmcs gcs snl
snltcs
tcs bl bg lc`jrb mb
s u iclerntbrlamnm‐4.
Kbsuirastc, pubstc qub V. . .P quabrc su
Bg prcebtn Kcsá rbspclmaù;
‗Iunlmc gbà`cs su inrtnV,P bl vbrmnm, lubstrcs icrnzclbs sb eulmabrcl mb tbrlurn y
ic`pnsaùl iunlmc lcs bltbrn`cs mb sus rbscguiaclbs V. . .P. Iclvbliamc mb qub su
iclebsaùl bs salibrn y su nrrbpblta`abltc dblualc, `b mnrî dustc bstrbionrgb uln vbz `îs
gn `nlc mbrbion bl sbþng mb erntbrlamnm, y `b rbdciaknrá pcr bg rbdrbsc mbg prùmadc V. . .P.
‗‟Ubldn, qubramc obr`nlc6 gn icltbliaùl qubmù ntrîs,
pubs gcs qub eubrcl n`adcs, mb lubvc n`adcs sbrîl‑‐?.

Bl uln bltrbvastn jnutas`ng, uln `ukbr mb ciobltn y iuntrc nþcs rbiclciaù onjbrsb
prnitainmc ul njcrtc ulcs iunrbltn y sbas nþcs nltbs.
nltbs . Icl`cvamn, makc ng prbsambltb mb
`asaùl; ‗Ob ggbvnmc gn inrdn
inrd n mb onjbr njcrtnmc ul oakc inmn màn mb `a vamn murnltb
iunrbltn y sbas nþcs. Bg mcgcr, gn iugpn y bg suera`abltc kn`îs mbsnpnrbiànl. Lnmn mb gc qub
oniàn `b quatnjn bg mcgcr y gn iugpn. Lc tblàn bspbrnlzns onstn qub sb `b blsbþù bg
 vbrmnmbrc
rbpbltb, sbbvnldbgac
`b icg`ùmbmbKbsuirastc.
b spbrnlzn.Gcs
bspbrnlzn. `asa
`asaclbrcs
Ng eal clbrcs
onjàn `b blsbþnrcl
ggbdnmc n ssnjbr iù`c
njbr qub nrrbpbltar`b
sb `b y, mb
pcmàn pbrmclnr
sa bl vbrmnm `b nrrbpbltàn
nr rbpbltàn mb `as pbinmcs‐.
”Ágmbr @nrius J. Lnso 1.

Icl uln in`asn jgnlin ga`pan y rbguiabltb, Ytbvbl sb nibriù ng bstrnmc. Yb gc o

onjàn
njàn
 jnutaznmc y iclear`nmc `ab`jrc mb gn Adgbsan bg m màn
àn nltbracr, y Ytbvbl nlobgnjn mnr su
tbsta`clac bg mc`aldc mb nyulc. Yujaù gn drnmn, sb nibriù bg `airùeclc n gn jcin y, icl
drnl bltusans`c, prcign`ù icl ear`bzn; ‗¡@b blinltn nrrbpbltar`b!‐.
Yb `b ciurraù qub nqubg brn
b rn ulc mb gcs tbsta`clacs `îs prceulmcs, salibrcs y
sadlaeaintavcs qub oujabsb bsiuionmc. In`jaù `a vamn y `bkcrù `a ecr`n mb vbr bg
nrrbpblta`abltc.
Bsb mc`aldc mb nyulc, onjàn`cs càmc n ul laþc jabl maspubstc tbstaeainr `bmanltb bg
pcmbr y bg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc qub bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs ul dczc, y lc uln
”Mnvam inrdn. >8.
]. Mureby

VIunlmc tblàn qualib nþcs, tuvbP ul niiambltb mb juibc `abltrns bstnjn mb vniniaclbs
icl `a en`agan V. . .P. Gcs mnþcs eubrcl drnvbs y pbr`nlbltbs. @b onjàn erniturnmc bg b g iubggc
 y qubmá pnrngaznmc mbg pbioc
pbioc n gcs pabs V. . .P
.P.. Npblns pcmàn rbsparnr c onjgnr V. . .P.
 Ngdulcs màns mbspuás V. . .P, gb makb Vn gn blebr`brn qub, nulqub
nulqub snjàn qub `a gbsaùl
rbqubràn uln gnrdn bstnlian bl bg ocspatngP, qubràn snjbr V. . .P iuîlmc pcmràn ar`b n insn
V. . .P. ‗Xubs jabl, Knscl‐, Vmakc bggnP, ‗sa tb bseubrzns `uioc, tng vbz pubmns rbdrbsnr n insn
nltbs mb gn Lnvamnm‐ V. . .P.
Zbscgvà qub, sal a`pcrtnr iuîg eubrn bg icstc, bstnràn bl insn pnrn gn Lnvamnm V. . .P.
Gcs `bsbs pcstbracrbs bstuvabrcl icg`nmcs mb snldrb, sumcr y gîdra`ns V. . .P.
Oujc `uions cinsaclbs bl qub quasb mnr`b pcr vbliamc vb liamc V. . .P, pbrc bltclibs V. . .P,
crnjn pnrn pbmar gn ecrtngbzn y bg pcmbr mb icltalunr bsecrzîlmc`b. Bg Xnmrb Ibgbstang
icltbstnjn `as crniaclbs y `b mnjn gn `ctavniaùl pnrn guionr ctrc màn `îs V. . .P.
 

Icl bg tab`pc, sb `b mac mb ngtn.

VGn `nþnln mb LnvamnmP, `a pnpî V. . .P pamaù Vn gcs laþcsP qub mbmainrnl ul `alutc n
onjgnr scjrb iuîg brn su rbdngc
rb dngc prbebramc mb gcs qub onjànl
o njànl rbiajamc V. . .P.
VZbspclmabrcl;P ‗Lubstrc `bkcr rbdngc bs tblbr n Knscl bl insn mb lubvc‐ V. . .P.
 N tcmcs lcs on ‗gbsaclnmc‐
‗gbsaclnmc‐ bg oc`jrb lnturng VqubP gn vamn tbrrblng on pubstc bl
lcsctrcs. Yb lcs on Vicgcinmc scjrb gn tabrrnP n eal mb prbpnrnrlcs pnrn rbdrbsnr n insn.
Mbjb`cs tc`nr gn mbtbr`alniaùl mb qub, sal a`pcrtnr iuîg sbn bg icstc V. . .P, ob`cs mb
bstnr maspubstcs n onibr iungquabr icsn qub sbn lbibsnran pnrn ggbdnr nggî.
”Ytbpobl Knscl Ongg >>>>.

@abltrns sbrvàn ic`c prbsambltb mb `asaùl bl Donln, lubstrcs `asaclbrcs `b pamabrcl

qub rbngaznrn gn bltrbvastn jnutas`ng mb uln kcvbl `ukbr. Gn `ukbr onjàn rbiajamc ul
tbsta`clac mbg bvnldbgac mb Kbsuirastc y irbàn bl gn Zbstnurniaùl.
Bl nqubg `c`bltc, vavàn bl bg in`pn`bltc mb rbeudanmcs gajbranlcs. Iunlmc ic`bliá
gn bltrbvastn jnutas`ng, prcltc rc`paù bl ggnltc y `usatù;
` usatù; ‗^uabrc jnutaznr`b, pbrc lc
pubmc onibrgc pcrqub lc sá iù`c pbrmclnr‐.
Onjgù scjrb bg drnl cmac qub tblàn bl bg ng`n o onian
nian ctrn pbrscln y qub lc onjàn samc
inpnz mb supbrnrgc. Yb prbdultnjn iù`c pcmràn jnutaznrsb iunlmc lc pcmàn dunrmnr bg
`nlmn`abltc mb n`nr n sus blb`adcs.
@abltrns scggcznjn, susurrù qub iunlmc tblàn ulcs intcrib nþcs mb bmnm, sb gajrù uln
irubltn dubrrn iavag bl Gajbran, y makc qub su pnmrb y su `nmrb onjànlo njànl `ubrtc bl bg
iclegaitc. Gubdc sb rbearaù n ul màn bl pnrtaiugnr bl bg qub gcs dubrraggbrcs ntninrcl su
ngmbn, y iù`c bggn y su obr`nlc `blcr ouybrcl onian gcs nrjustcs, n eal mb bsinpnr mb gn
`ntnlzn. Yal b`jnrdc, `abltrns icrrànl, ul scgmnmc sukbtù n su obr`nlc6 ob r`nlc6 bggn lc sb
mbtuvc, salc qub icrraù onstn qub pumc onggnr ngdc trns gc iung ciugtnrsb. Gubdc sb vcgvaù
pnrn vbr quá ciurràn icl su s u obr`nlc, y vac n ul scgmnmc qub jgnlmàn ul `niobtb blia`n
mb su injbzn y gb bxadàn qub sb ulabrn n su inusn. Yu obr`nlc tblàn `blcs mb mabz nþcs6 y
makc ng scgmnmc, quabl npblns brn ul nmcgbsibltb; ‗Lc sá quá bs tu inusn‐. Bg scgmnmc gb
dratù; ‗Ûlbtb n lubstrn inusn c qubmnrîs tnl rckc ic`c gn in`asn qub ggbvns‐. Nltbs qub bg
`uionioc pumabrn mbiar saquabrn ctrn pngnjrn, bg scgmnmc gc `ntù. Ycgn, y bl tctng
mbsbspbrniaùl, nqubggn kcvbliatn sal insn la en`agan mac gn vubgtn y nlmuvc n pab o onstn
nstn bg
in`pn`bltc mb rbeudanmcs mb Donln, mclmb vavàn bl bsb `c`bltc.
@b makc qub vbàn bsn bsibln mb ocrrcr mb gn dubrrn uln y ctrn vbz inmn màn mb su vamn6
`bliaclù qub onjàn onggnmc pnz mb pnrtb mb Macs bl iunltc n tcmc gc qub onjàn tblamc
gudnr murnltb gn dubrrn, bxibptc
b xibptc pcr gc qub gb suibmaù n su s u obr`nlc. Makc; ‗Lc sá iù`c
pbrmclnrgc, pcrqub nqubg scgmnmc qub `ntù n `a obr`nlc valc ng in`pn`bltc y nocrn
 vavb ng ctrc gnmc mb `a inggb‐.
inggb‐. Bxign`ù; ‗]bldc qub vbrgc tcmcs gcs màns6 màns6 ng onibrgc, `b
ggblc mb arn y lc sá iù`c bvatnr cmanrgc. Xcr bggc, lc pubmc jnutaznr`b, nulqub sá qub bs gn
 vcgultnm mb Macs qub gc ondn‐.
@abltrns gn kcvbl `ukbr scggcznjn, yc `b prbdultnjn; ‗³^uá gb madc n ngduabl qub on
pbrmamc tnltc y qub tablb qub nercltnr
ner cltnr gn alkustaian mb bggc inmn màn mb gn vamn3‐.
Gn `ará y tnl sùgc gb makb; ‗Macs gn n`n y blvaù n Yus `asaclbrcs n quatnrgb bsn inrdn‐.
Mbspuás nþnmà; ‗Bg màn bl qub bg Yngvnmcr eub iruiaeainmc, pamaù n Yu Xnmrb qub pb pbrmclnrn
rmclnrn
n quablbs bstnjnl n pultc mb quatnrgb
q uatnrgb gn vamn. ]ng ic`c Ág pbrmclù n gcsg cs qub gb oaiabrcl
mnþc, ustbm pubmb pbrmclnr n nqubggcs qub gn onl o nl obramc. Ág bl`blmnrî tcmc pcr `bmac mb
Yu bxpaniaùl. Ásn bs gn rnzùl
r nzùl pcr gn qub tablb qub jnutaznrsb, n eal mb qub pubmn tblbr bg
Bspàratu Ynltc y bg pcmbr mb gn Bxpaniaùl pnrn snlnrgb. Iunlmc ustbm ondn bg iclvblac mb
dunrmnr Yus `nlmn`abltcs, bltclibs Ág pcmrî mnrgb ul icrnzùl lubvc6 y gc onrî‐.
@abltrns gns gîdra`ns lcs jnþnjnl bg rcstrc n n`jcs, bg Bspàratu gb tbstaeaiù n bggn qub
nqubggc brn vbrmnm y sclraù6 supc ic`c lulin nltbs gc onjàn snjamc qub bstnjn jabl mbknr
mb gnmc bg cmac. Yaltaù gn vbrmnm mb Macs qub iclear`n qub tcmns lubstrns pármamns pubmbl
 

rbpnrnrsb y qub sb lcs rbpnrnrîl iclecr`b lcsctrcs ondn`cs Yu vcgultnm y qub, dr drnians
nians ng
sniraeaiac mb n`cr aliclmaiaclng mbg Yngvnmcr, bstnjn jabl mbknr mb gnmc su pnsnmc, pcr `îs
ocrrajgb qub ástb eubrn. Xusc sus inrdns bl `nlcs mb Ág y ggbdù n sbr uln ‗lubvn iranturn‐
bl Irastc, vbrmnmbrn`bltb.
Gn obr`nln Dny y yc rbdrbsn`cs bg mc`aldc saduabltb pnrn gn iclear`niaùl Vmb gn kcvbl
`nmrbP. Bl nqubg `c`bltc, tblàn uln oakatn mb `blcs mb ul nþc mb bmnm. Gn `ukbr `b
onjàn maioc qub onjàn bstnmc insnmn bl bg b g in`pn`bltc, pbrc qub su bspcsc onjàn enggbiamc
mb uln blebr`bmnm, y qub nocrn onjàn qubmnmc scgn pnrn iranr n su pbqubþn oakn. @abltrns
scstblàn n gn jbjá bl
b l jrnzcs, gn obr`nln Dny nmvartaù qub gn laþn pnmbiàn gcs sàltc`ns mb
gn `ngnran, qub bs `crtng blb l bxtrb`c bltrb gcs laþcs pbqubþcs. Gn obr`nln Dny nyumù n
ggbvnrgn ng ocspatng mb al`bmantc. Gn jbjá tblàn `ngnran, bebitavn`bltb, y rbiajaù bg
trntn`abltc `ámaic lbibsnrac pnrn sngvnrgb gn vamn.
va mn. Macs bstî bl gcs mbtnggbs mb inmn vamn,
aligusc bl gcs in`pcs mb rbeudanmcs
rb eudanmcs mb Îerain.
”Ágmbr Zcjbrt I. Dny>:.

Iclmukb onstn uln inpaggn ibrinln n `a insn. Ng blicltrnrgn njabrtn, bltrá bl jjusin
usin mb
ul gudnr trnlquagc. Bsicdà bg sngùl mb gn Xra`nran. @b sbltá bl
b l uln saggn ma`alutn,
saltaálmc`b `îs pbrmamc y mbsbspbrnlznmc qub lulin. Ybltàn ic`c sa kn`îs oujabrn
bstnmc gajrb mbg ngicocg, mb gns mrcdns la mb gn `ugtatum mb ctrns iclmuitns almadlns bl qub
bstnjn alvcguirnmc.
Xbrc bltclibs sbltà qub `b scjrbvblàn ul eubrtb bspàratu6 uln sblsniaùl mb ingambz,
iclsubgc y n`cr. Xcr pra`brn vbz bl b l `uioc tab`pc, `b sbltàn bl insn. Gbvnltá gn vastn y
sclrbà ng vbr uln palturn mbg Yngvnmcr blerbltb mb `à. Bg Bspàratu `b icg`ù bg iubrpc, y
ic`bliá n ggcrnr. Bl bsb `c`bltc, supb qub `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang `b n`njn y qub `b
nyumnràn. Nqubggn bxpbrablian `b in`jaù.
”Yb on c`atamc bg lc`jrb>9.

@n`î b`puknjn bg inrrc mbg supbr`brinmc mb nquà pnrn nggî pcr gcs pnsaggcs mb gn
tablmn, `abltrns Knicj scstblàn gn gastn mb ic`prns. Mb rbpbltb, Knicj lctù qub gcs
bstnltbs qub tblàn n su s u gnmc bstnjnl rbpgbtcs mb mugibs y dc`n mb `nsinr. Knicj vac ul
pnqubtb mb dc`n mb `nsinr mb nrîlmnlcs6 tc`ù bg pnqubtb y sb gc bioù bl bg jcgsaggc.
 Ng ggbdnr n insn, ggbvnrcl gns jcgsns mb gcs njnrrctbs
njnrrctbs nmbltrc. @n`î `arù n Knicj
mbtblamn`bltb6 ‗³Mb mùlmb sninstb bsn dc`n mb `nsinr tnl drnlmb3‐, prbdultù.
Knicj sniù bg pnqubtb mbg jcgsaggc.
‗³Gn
Knicjtc`nstb mb gn tablmn3‐.
saltaù mbsbcs mb bionrsb n ggcrnr6 pbrc nsaltaù icl gn injbzn gbltn`bltb. @n`î
pnrbiàn bstnr trastb.
Makc; ‗Ya bs nsà, lbibsatn`cs scguiaclnr bg prcjgb`n mb gn `bkcr `nlbrn qub pcmn`cs.
Xubstc qub yn ons njabrtc bg b g pnqubtb mb dc`n mb `nsinr y ons
o ns iclsu`amc pnrtb mb bggn, lc
pcmb`cs mbvcgvbrgc n gn tablmn. ³^uá irbbs qub mbjbràn`cs onibr3‐.
Knicj icrraù bsingbrns nrrajn y tc`ù su s u ernsic mb malbrc. @n`î gc nyumù n icltnr gn
inltamnm sueaiabltb pnrn pndnr gn dc`n mb `nsinr.
Iunlmc ggbdnrcl n gn tablmn,
tab lmn, `n`î tc`ù gn `nlc mb Knicj y gc ggbvù
ggb vù ng mbspnioc mbg
dbrbltb. Knicj bstnjn lbrvacsc. Yniù bg pnqubtb mb dc`n mb `nsinr mbg jcgsaggc y gc icgciù
bl gn `bsn.
‗³]c`nstb gn dc`n mb `nsinr y lc gn pndnstb3‐, prbdultù bg dbrbltb.
Knicj nsaltaù.
‗³^uabrbs pndnrgn nocrn3‐.
‗Yà‐.
 

Knicj pusc su malbrc bl gn `bsn. Bg dbrbltb b`ataù bg taqub. @n`î icgciù gn dc`n mb
`nsinr bl ul jcgsn, bltrbdù bgb g taqub n Knicj y gb sclraù. ‗Drnians pcr sbr oclrnmc y
rbdrbsnr pnrn pndnr gn dc`n
d c`n mb `nsinr‐, makc.
Iunlmc `n`î y Knicj ggbdnrcl n insn, eubrcl
eubrc l n ul iunrtc bl bg qub onjàn sagbliac y sb
nrrcmaggnrcl kultcs. @n`î nyumù n Knicj n onibr uln crniaùl6
cr niaùl6 bstb makc ng Xnmrb Ibgbstang
qub gc gn`bltnjn y qub lulin `îs vcgvbràn n ggbvnrsb ngdc mb gn tablmn sal pndnrgc.
 Ng tbr`alnr gn crniaùl, n Knicj
Knicj gb scrprblmaù lctnr qub yn lc sb sbltàn `ng.
>=

”Kugan Cgmrcym  .
Bltrb gns `uions inrtns nlùla`ns qub ggbdnl
ggbd nl n `as `nlcs, rbiajà uln mb pnrtaiugnr
altbrás qub icltblàn ul jaggbtb mb vbaltb mùgnrbs y uln jrbvb lctn6 bl bggn, su nutcr `b
mbiàn qub onjàn bstnmc bl `a insn oniàn
o niàn yn `uiocs nþcs6 mbspuás mb tcinr bg b g ta`jrb sal
cjtblbr rbspubstn, trntù mb njrar gn pubrtn y ng blicltrnrgn sal ggnvb, bltrù bl gn insn y gn
rbicrraù. Ycjrb ul `ubjgb, vac ul jaggbtb mb vbaltb mùgnrbs, gc tc`ù y sb rbtarù. Gn
icliablian gb onjàn rb`crmamc n gc gnrdc mb gcs nþcs y nocrn `b mbvcgvàn bg malbrc.
Lc nþnmaù lnmn pnrn pndnr gcs altbrbsbs mbg pbràcmc bl qub onjàn obiocob ioc usc mb `a
malbrc6 pbrc ng gbbr su gn`bltnjgb inrtn, pblsá bl gn usurn n gn qub sb onjàn sc`btamc n sà
`as`c murnltb ul iunrtc mb sadgc mbjamc ng alibsnltb rb`crma`abltc mb icliablian. Lc
onjàn tblamc pnz salc onstn mbspuás mb onibr
o nibr gn rbstatuiaùl.
Bg ctrc màn, lubstrcs pbraùmaics gcingbs pujgainrcl ul rbgntc sa`agnr. Bg bstnmc mb Rtno
onjàn rbiajamc uln lctn nlùla`n kultc icl mcsiabltcs mùgnrbs6 gn lctn mbiàn; ‗Bg malbrc
qub nmkultc bs pnrn ic`pblsnr pcr gcs `ntbrangbs qub utagaiá murnltb gcs nþcs bl qub
trnjnká pnrn bg bstnmc; scjrbs, pnpbg, bstn`paggns
b stn`paggns mb icrrbc, bti.‐.
”Xrbsambltb Dcrmcl J. Oalifgby>2.

 N gn `nþnln, mb in`alc ng trnjnkc, cerbià `a pra`brn

pra`brn crniaùl salibrn bl nþcs. Bl iunltc
iunltc
ic`bliá gn crniaùl, sbltà ic`c sa Macs `b oujabsb njrnznmc. Rln sblsniaùl mb ingambz `b
rcmbù bg iubrpc bltbrc. Kn`îs onjàn sbltamc
sb ltamc tnltn nibptniaùl bl `a vamn6 mbtuvb bg
nutc`ùvag y ic`bliá n ggcrnr.
”Yb on c`atamc bg lc`jrb>5.

Iunlmc tblàn lubvb nþcs mb bmnm, ic`btà

ic `btà ul mbgatc. ]c`á gn mbiasaùl mb rcjnr uln
rbvastn mb oastcrabtns mb uln tablmn. Bg mubþc lc `b ntrnpù rcjnlmc, pbrc `as pnmrbs
scspbionrcl
`nmrb bl insn,
iclsaduaù ng snjbr
qub makbrn gn qub yc lc
vbrmnm, `btblàn
ggb vùmalbrc
ggbvù pnrn gns
mb rbdrbsc n gnoastcrabtns.
otablmn,
astcrabtns. Mbspuás
mclmb qub`a`a
iclebsá
iugpnjagamnm ng mubþc. VMbiama`cs qub onràn rbstatuiaùl jnrrablmc bg subgc mb gn tablmnP.
 Ng ggbdnr n gn tablmn inmn tnrmb mbspuás
mbspuás mb gn bsiubgn pnrn `a gnjcr mb jnrramc, bg
prcpabtnrac `b sngumnjn nsaltablmc icl gn injbzn y sbþngnjn bl marbiiaùl n gn bsicjn.
Xnsnrcl sb`nlns nltbs qub `b makbrn uln lciob qub irbàn qub onjàn jnrramc gc sueaiabltb.
Gbs lnrrc bstb rbgntc bl pnrtaiugnr, lc pnrn rbicrmnr bg pbinmc, salc pnrn sbþngnr qub gc
qub rbiubrmc vàvamn`bltb bs jnrrbr y bg prbiac qub tuvb qub pndnr. Nûl tbldc bg rbiubrmc
mb onjbr tc`nmc gn rbvastn mb oastcrabtns, pbrc gcs sblta`abltcs mb iugpn, pbsnmu`jrb,
nldustan y prceulmn trastbzn onib `uioc qub onl mbsnpnrbiamc yn, pubs sb `b nyumù n
nrrbpbltar`b. Nocrn rb`b`crc gns gnrdns ocrns jnrrablmc pnrn qub nqubggc `b rbiubrmb bg
prbiac mbg ourtc. Bsc `b ngabltn n lc vcgvbr n sbr mbsoclbstc.
”Kcol J. Easo>4.
 

Icl bg tab`pc, `b nrrbstnrcl. @b nicrmá mbg jnagb mb drnmuniaùl mb gn bsiubgn

sbiulmnran, bl qub sb `b vctù
v ctù ic`c bg mb ‗`nycr prcjnjagamnm mb tbr`alnr bl gn iîribg‐6 y
nggà bstnjn. Yùgc lbibsatnjn gcs mcsiabltcs mùgnrbs mb gn eanlzn pnrn qub sb `b gajbrnrn. @a
njcdnmc rbdrbsù icl gn gastn mb lc`jrbs qub gb onjàn bltrbdnmc, tnl sùgc pnrn mbiar`b qub
lnmab qubràn nyumnr`b. Lnmab. Yb `b onggù iugpnjgb mb `as mbgatcs y sb `b blvaù n gn
iîribg.
VMcs nþcs mbspuás mb qub `b gajbrnrnl,P
gajbr nrnl,P tcinrcl n gn pubrtn6 pubrtn qub njraràn y
in`janràn `a vamn pnrn sab`prb. Mcs obr`nlns `asaclbrns onjànl vblamc n insn6 bg Ybþcr
`b onjàn prbpnrnmc, y bstnjn gastc. Nprblmà scjrb gn a`pcrtnlian mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y mbg
 jnutas`c.
‗³Bl vbrmnm3‐, gbs prbdultá. ‗³Bstîl sbdurns mb qub iu`pgc icl gns iclmaiaclbs pnrn
bggc3‐. Lc pcmàn iclibjar gn ambn mb qub pumabsb sbr pbrmclnmc. ^ubràn jnutaznr`b y
ic`blznr mbsmb ibrc mbsbspbrnmn`bltb, pbrc bg tb`cr brn b rn njru`nmcr. Rln mb gns
obr`nlns bltclibs V`b gc bxpgaiùP mb `nlbrn sbliaggn6 makc qub, ng `c`bltc mbg jnutas`c,
Macs lcs mn ul gajrc lubvc pnrn ic`blznr ctrn vbz y Vqub pcmb`csP iclvbrtarVgcP bl uln
 vamn lubvn.
Bsn lciob, `b oalquá mb rcmaggns y njrà bg icrnzùl ng Ybþcr. Gb icltá tcmc; `as engtns,
`as mbgatcs, `as tb`crbs y `as bspbrnlzns. Q gubdc sa`pgb`bltb ggcrá. Nqubg màn sb `b mac
ul icrnzùl lubvc6 nocrn qubràn uln vamnv amn lubvn. Mabz màns mbspuás, `b jnutaiá.
Xcr `bmac mbg sniraeaiac bxpantcrac mbg Yngvnmcr, bl vbrmnm sá qub tcmcs gcs qub sb
nebrrbl n Ág y n Yu `asbraicrman pubmbl sngvnrsb.
>?

”Yb on c`atamc bg lc`jrb .

Bl >122, mbspuás mb `a pra`br nþc mb bstumacs ulavbrsatnracs, pnsá bg vbrnlc
trnjnknlmc bl bg lubvc octbg Knifscl Gnfb
G nfb Gcmdb, bl @crnl, Tyc`ald. @a `bmac mb
trnlspcrtb brn ul nutc`ùvag Oumscl `cmbgc >1=>, mb intcrib nþcs mb nltad÷bmnm, qub
mbjbràn onjbr pnsnmc n `bkcr vamn oniàn mabz nþcs. Bltrb ctrns inrnitbràstains mbg nutc, gcs
pnlbgbs mbg pasc sb onjànl cxamnmc tnltc qub, mb lc onjbr samc pcr uln tnjgn mb `nmbrn
prblsnmn c icltrnionpnmc, gatbrng`bltb pcmràn onjbr tcinmc gn inrrbtbrn icl gcs pabs V. . .P.
]rns bg `agndrc mb Viclmuiar gcs :1? fagù`btrcs (>?2 `aggns) onstnP insn, `a pnmrb sngaù
 y `b sngumù `uy icltbltc.
icltbltc. Mbspuás mb ul njrnzc
njrnzc y ngdulns jrc`ns, bioù u ull vastnzc ng
nsabltc mb ntrîs mbg vboàiugc y vac trbs tcnggns mbg octbg Knifscl Gnfb Gcmdb, mb gns qub lc
sb pubmbl ic`prnr. Icl uln `arnmn mb mbsagusaùl, sbliaggn`bltb
sb liaggn`bltb `b makc; ‗Bspbrnjn `îs
mb ta‐. Qc lc pblsnjn qub gc qub onjàn obioc bstuvabrn tnl `ng. Xnrn `à, bsns tcnggns brnl
sùgc ul sà`jcgc mb tcmc ul vbrnlc mb trnjnkc bl ul octbg mb gukc, ul ratc mb alaianiaùl. Yal
b`jnrdc, ng ggbvîr`bgns sbltà qub onjàn pbrmamc gn icleanlzn mb `a pnmrb y `b sbltà
mbvnstnmc.
Bg saduabltb eal mb sb`nln, nkustá gn tnjgn mb `nmbrn ng pasc mbg nutc`ùvag V. . .P y
b`prblmà bg vankb mb amn y vubgtn
v ubgtn mb 212 fagù`btrcs (948 `aggns) qub `b ggbvnjn mb rbdrbsc
ng octbg Knifscl Gnfb Gcmdb pnrn mbvcgvbr trbs tcnggns. @a pnmrb lulin `b prbdultù pcr
quá vcgvàn ng octbg y lulin sb gc bxpgaquá. Lc oniàn engtn mbiargc. Xnrn `à eub uln gbiiaùl
icstcsn y mcgcrcsn scjrb gn oclrnmbz qub `b on nic`pnþnmc tcmn gn vamn.
”Cjaspc Zaionrm I. Bmdgby>1.

Bstnjn bl gn `asaùl iunlmc ic`blzù `a mbspbrtnr V. . .P. Ybltàn bg pbsc mb `as pbinmcs y
lc pcmàn mbsonibr`b mb bggcs. ]rntnjn
]r ntnjn mb kustaeainrgcs maiaálmc`b n `à `as`c qub onjàn
obioc gc sueaiabltb, qub lc tblàn
tb làn qub iclebsnrgcs6 gcs onjàn njnlmclnmc V. . .P. Altbltnjn
mastrnbr`b icl gn cjrn, nulqub bsc sùgc `b prcmuiàn `îs iugpn V. . .P. ]rntnjn mb blsbþnr
b lsbþnr
nibrin mb
rbiajar gn Bxpaniaùl,
ngavac6 pbrc icliablian
onjàn tc`nmc `b lbdnjn
lbd njnmb
n b`pgbnrgn
`a iugpn ybl `a prcpan
snjàn vamniclebsnr.
qub mbjàn V. . .P. Nlsanjn
Gns
 

iclsbiublians yn lc a`pcrtnjnl. Ynjàn qub `a Yngvnmcr onjàn `ubrtc pcr `as pbinmcs y
snjàn gc qub Ág qubràn qub oaiabrn6 nsà qub ggn`á ng prbsambltb mb `asaùl.
”Yb on c`atamc bg lc`jrb:8.

Ya jabl bg nsultc ng qub `b rbeabrc brn ul prcjgb`n bltclibs, nocrn bs ul prcjgb`n

`uioc `îs drnvb y sb vn vcgvablmc inmn vbz pbcr. Bs ic`c uln euracsn tb`pbstnm qub
mbstruyb n pbrsclns y n en`agans, y qub nrrualn pcr ic`pgbtc gc qub uln vbz eub snlc y
obr`csc. @b rbeabrc n gn pcrlcdrneàn bl tcmns sus `nlaebstniaclbs.
Gc ondc pcr `ctavc mb gns inrtns qub rbiajc mb bspcsns mbsobions mb mcgcr.
^uasabrn gbbr pnrtbs mb uln inrtn qub rbiajà onib sùgc ulcs màns V. . .P.
Maib;
‗Bsta`nmc prbsambltb Oalifgby;
‗Onib pcic on enggbiamc quabl on o n samc `a bspcsc mbsmb onib trbaltn y ialic nþcs V. . .P. Ág
tuvc uln iclvbrsniaùl icl lubstrc jubl cjaspc bl iunltc gb eub pcsajgb, mbspuás mb su
ûgta`n altbrvbliaùl quarûrdain. Gubdc, bsn `as`n lciob, valc n mbiar`b qub onjàn samc
nmaitc n gn pcrlcdrneàn. Lbibsatnjn qub gc pbrmclnrn
pbr mclnrn Vnltbs mb qub `urabsbP. Nmb`îs, `b
makc qub sb onjàn inlsnmc mb ggbvnr
ggbvn r uln mcjgb vamn. VOnjàn prbstnmc sbrvaiac bl `uiocs
a`pcrtnltbsP ggn`n`abltcs mb gn Adgbsan, snjablmc qub Vng `as`c tab`pcP sb onggnjn bl gns
dnrrns mb bsb ‟ctrc n`c‑.
‗@b qubmá ntùlatn, obramn, `b sbltà trnaiaclnmn y ndrnvanmn.
ndr nvanmn. Lc pumb prc`btbrgb bg
pbrmùl bl nqubg `c`bltc, pbrc gb rcduá r cduá `b mabsb tab`pc V. . .P. Bxn`alá `a vamn
`ntra`clang Vy bg `cmc bl qubP gn pcrlcdrneàn onjàn V. . .P bkbriamc ul mc`alac tctng bl
lubstrc `ntra`clac mbsmb bg praliapac. Onjàn`cs bstnmc insnmcs mbsmb oniàn sùgc ulcs
pcics `bsbs iunlmc ág trnkc n insn uln rbvastn VpcrlcdrîeainP. @b blibrrá icl ggnvb bl bg
nutc pcrqub `b sbltà `uy ndrnvanmn y blcknmnb lcknmn V. . .P.
‗Murnltb `uiocs nþcs bl lubstrc `ntra`clac V. . .P, ág á g eub `uy irubg bl `uions mb sus
bxadblians. Kn`îs bstnjn n gn ngturn mb sus bxpbitntavns V. . .P. @b sbltà prceulmn`bltb
njntamn bl nqubg tab`pc onstn bg pultc mb ggbdnr n uln altblsn mbprbsaùl V. . .P. Nocrn
ic`prblmc qub ág `b ic`pnrnjn icl gn ‟rbaln mb gn pcrlcdrneàn‑ mbg `c`bltc V. . .P.
‗Eua`cs n iclsugtnr n ul tbrnpbutn uln vbz y V. . .P `a bspcsc b spcsc prcibmaù n mb`cgbr`b icl
sus iràtains y su mbsmál onian `à V. . .P.
‗La saquabrn pcmàn sujar ng nutc`ùvag icl ág, salc qub in`alnjn pcr gn
iaumnm V. . .P murnltb ocrns, pblsnlmc bl suaiamnr`b. VXblsnjn;P ‟³Xnrn quá sbduar vavablmc
sa bsc bs tcmc gc qub `a ‗ic`pnþbrc btbrlc‐ sabltb pcr `à3‑.
‗Ybduà nmbgnltb, pbrc `b rcmbá mb ul inpnrnzùl mb prctbiiaùl. Bxastàn pcr ctrns rnzclbs
qub lc brnl `a bspcsc, y onggnjn
o nggnjn ngbdràn bl `as oakcs, bl prcybitcs y gcdrcs qub pcmàn
rbngaznr tctng`bltb pcr `a iubltn V. . .P.
‗Mbspuás mb su ‟iclebsaùl bl bg gbioc mb `ubrtb‑ y Vtrns onjbr`b tc`nmc tab`pcP pnrn
bxn`alnr `a vamn, gb VmakbP; ‟³Lc tb mns iubltn mb gc qub ons obioc3‑ ob ioc3‑ V. . .P. Gb makb qub yc
onjàn ggbvnmc ul icrnzùl purc n lubstrc `ntra`clac, qub gc onjàn iclsbrvnmc purc
murnltb ástb y qub pblsnjn iclsbrvnrgc
iclsbrvnr gc purc pnrn sab`prb kn`îs. ³Xcr quá lc pumc ág
onjbr obioc gc `as`c pcr `à3 ]cmc gc qub mbsbnjn brn sbltar`b nprbianmn y qub `b
trntnsb icl ngdc mb icrtbsàn V. . .P, bl gudnr mb qub `b trntnrn ic`c uln bspbiab mb
prcpabmnm pbrsclng V. . .P.
‗Nocrn `b qubmn gn`bltnr lc sùgc su pnrtamn, salc tn`jaál uln rbgniaùl qub pumc
onjbr samc Vobr`csn, pbrc qub lc gc eubP V. . .P.
‗Xcr envcr, nmvabrtn n gcs obr`nlcs (y n gns obr`nlns). Gn pcrlcdrneàn lc bs ul
bxiatnltb ebstàl pnrn gn vastn qub má uln `c`bltîlbn rîendn mb erblbsà, Vsalc qubP ggbdn n
gnsta`nr bg icrnzùl y bg ng`n mb gns pbrsclns onstn gc `îs prceulmc y mbstruyb gn rbgniaùl
qub mbjb sbr sndrnmn, oarablmc onstn gn `ámugn n gcs qub `îs sb mbjb n`nr‐.
 

¡^uá pntátain y trîdain oastcran! Ob V. . .P gbàmc gc sueaiabltb pnrn qub pubmnl pbriajar gn
prceulmamnm mbg sblta`abltc mb bsn `ukbr. ³Q quá eub mbg `nramc3 Xnmbiaù uln mcgcrcsn
`ubrtb mb iîlibr y sus ûgta`ns pngnjrns eubrcl uln iclebsaùl mb uln vamn inrdnmn mb
pbinmc.
 Q gn pcrlcdrneàn sà bs pbinmc,
pbinmc, bs manjùgain6 bstî bl tctng iicltrnmaiiaùl
cltrnmaiiaùl icl bg bspàratu mbg
mbg
Bvnldbgac, icl bg tbsta`clac pbrsclng mb gns icsns mb Macs y icl gn vamn mb quabl on samc
crmblnmc ng snltc snibrmciac.
:>

”Xrbsambltb Dcrmcl J. Oalifgby .

Rl màn mb vbrnlc, `ará pcr gn vbltnln y nggà gn va; brn `a blb`adn, qub vblàn pcr gn inggb.
]b`àn nibrinr`b n bggn, pbrc bstn brn `a cpcrtulamnm6 brn nocrn c lulin. Yb `b rbvcgvaù bg
bstù`ndc, sb `b nibgbrù bg icrnzùl y `b bstrb`bià pcr ic`pgbtc ng nprbsurnr`b
nprbs urnr`b pnrn sngar
pcr gn pubrtn praliapng.
Lubstrn nla`csamnm onjàn b`pbznmc mb `nlbrn alcibltb, bl gn ecr`n e cr`n mbg alstaltc
`ntbrlng mb prctbiiaùl mb lubstrcs oakcs. @a oakc
o akc onjàn pbgbnmc icl bg mb bggn, y bggn onjàn
 vblamc n `a insn pnrn onjgnr icl`adc. Yal b`jnrdc,
b`jnrdc, yc sbltà qub `b bstnjn maiablmc iù`c
mbjàn iranr n `a oakc. Nulqub gcs `uioniocs rbscgvabrcl sus maebrblians blsbduamn, sus
`nmrbs lc gc oaiabrcl.
Mbspuás, murnltb gns sb`nlns pcstbracrbs, ic`bliá n bltbrnr`b n trnvás mb gcs vbialcs
mb qub `b iratainjn. @b sbltà `uy obramn, y prcltc tn`jaál yc `b onggá irataiîlmcgn n sus
bspngmns. ]c`n`cs `bmamns bxtrb`ns pnrn bvatnrlcs gn uln n gn ctrn, aligusc in`alnr bl
gnmcs cpubstcs mb gn inggb. Gn icltbliaùl saduaù murnltb mcs gnrdcs nþcs.
Rl màn, ng nrrcmaggnr`b bl crniaùl, niumaù n `a `bltb bg pblsn`abltc mb qub sa
icltalunjn njradnlmc `ngcs sblta`abltcs onian `a vbialn, bg Bspàratu lc pcmàn
pbr`nlbibr icl`adc. Ic`prblmà qub onjàn mbknmc qub bg cmac irbiabrn bl `a icrnzùl y
qub `b bstnjn iclsu`ablmc bg ng`n.
Lbibsatnjn icl mbsbspbrniaùl qub `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang y Yu Bspàratu bstuvabrnl icl`adc,
 y tblàn gn urdbltb lbibsamnm mb nrrbpbltar`b.
nrrbpbltar`b. Nyulá y crá pnrn pbmar
pbmar nyumn n eal mb znlknr
gn jrbion qub lcs sbpnrnjn. Lbibsatnjn uln cpcrtulamnm pnrn bl`blmnr
b l`blmnr gns icsns.
 Q nocrn pnrbiàn qub `as crniaclbs onjànl samc ic icltbstnmns6
ltbstnmns6 rbulà vngcr, ntrnvbsá gn
pubrtn icrrablmc y gn tc`á mb gcs oc`jrcs. Bggn `b `arù bstupbenitn. Zîpamn`bltb, makb mb
`nlbrn njruptn; ‗³Xubmbs pbrmclnr`b, pcr envcr3 Adlcrc sa ngduln vbz pcmrb`cs sbr
n`adns, la sá gc qub onrîs bl bg euturc, pbrc tb prc`btc lulin `îs vcgvbr n onjgnr `ng mb
ta. Qn lc tb iclsambrnrá
ic lsambrnrá `a blb`adn‐.
Gc qub suibmaù blsbduamn bs maeàiag mb bxprbsnr6 bg mugib Bspàratu mbg Ybþcr lcs blvcgvaù
n n`jns y ng njrnznrlcs, sb mbsvnlbiaù bg rblicr. Ggcrn`cs, y lcs njrnzn`cs y rbà`cs.
”Xntraian O. @crrbgg ::::.

Ony tnltcs qub vavbl icl sblta`abltcs

sb lta`abltcs mb iugpnjagamnm `abltrns bg ngavac bstî sab`prb ng
nginlib mb gn `nlc. Ony `uiocs qub scl ic`c gn `ukbr al`adrnltb qub biclc`azù y
nocrrù y pnsù pravniaclbs onstn qub, vblmablmc tcmc gc qub
q ub pcsbàn, pumc ic`prnrsb ul
pnsnkb mb tbribrn ignsb n Bstnmcs Rlamcs.
Zniaclù gns bsinsns prcvasaclbs qub onjàn pcmamc ggbvnr iclsadc, pbrc nul nsà, sb gb
tbr`alnrcl ng praliapac mb gn trnvbsàn. Iunlmc gcs mb`îs ajnl n ic`br, bggn sb qubmnjn
q ubmnjn
mbjnkc mb iujabrtn, mbtbr`alnmn n suerar gn prubjn. Ealng`bltb, bg b g ûgta`c màn, pblsù qub
mbjàn pbr`atarsb pndnr uln ic`amn qub gb jralmnrn ecrtngbzn pnrn
p nrn bg vankb qub nûl tblàn pcr
mbgnltb. Iunlmc prbdultù iuîltc icstnjn gn ic`amn, sb gb makc qub tcmns gns ic`amns
bstnjnl aliguamns bl bg prbiac mbg pnsnkb.
Gn drnl
erninsnl bl`nþnln mbgaltbltc6
bg pra`br pbrmùlicl
quazîs lc ggbdubgnblsbduamn.
erbiublian, pnrtb `îs Lc sb mbl
maeàiag pcr vbliamcs sa bs
mbg nrrbpblta`abltc
 

pbrmclnrsb n ulc `as`c. Bg mbsngabltc bs pnrtb mb bsn prubjn. Lc sb mbl pcr vbliamcs; bsn
`nþnln gu`alcsn ggbdnrî.
”Xrbsambltb Jcym F. Xnifbr:9 
 

Inpàtugc 9
BG ZZBXBL]A@ABL]C; RL AMB I]R G@BL]B X Y M
MB @CM

 Uava`cs
Xcr `bmacblmb
uln
gnsápcin a`pcrtnltb
jblmaiaclbs mb gn oastcran
mbg Ybþcr mbg `ulmc.
y mbg aldblac mb gn iablian y gn tbilcgcdàn, sb onl
irbnmc `átcmcs mb ic`ulainiaùl njscgutn`bltb eblc`blngbs qub onl mbspgbdnmc bg
`ulmc nltb lcsctrcs. Gn prbmaspcsaiaùl mb lubstrn sciabmnm n njnlmclnr gn ecr`n bl qub
nltbs sb rbngaznjnl gns tnrbns ic`ulbs y nmcptnr gc lubvc mb al`bmantc sal tb`cr la la
 vniagniaùl on mnmc gudnr n allcvniaclbs nul `nycrbs.
`nycrbs. Gn tbilcgcdàn on mnmc ngns n
prcmuitcs y sbrvaiacs insa aliclibjajgbs tnl sùgc uln máinmn ntrîs.
Yal b`jnrdc, bxastb ul pbgadrc6 gn iugturn qub lcs rcmbn pubmb nebitnr bg pblsn`abltc
sadlaeaintavn`bltb>. Ya lc pclb`cs iuamnmc, gn almbpblmblian `as`n qub ibgbjrn`cs, gn
gajbrtnm mb gns rbstraiiaclbs altbgbitungbs y mb gns lcr`ns sciangbs qub lcs a`pugsn n supbrnr
gcs gà`atbs bl in`pcs ic`c gn tbilcgcdàn y gn allcvniaùl pubmb ec`bltnr bg `as`c `cmc mb
pblsnr bl gns iubstaclbs bsparatungbs. ‗Bs `a vamn. Qc mbiamará. Eaknrá `as prcpacs gà`atbs‐.
Irbbr mb `cmc bxndbrnmc bl lcsctrcs `as`cs pubmb sbr pbgadrcsc pnrn gn vamn bsparatung y
ngbknrlcs mb gns blsbþnlzns mb Macs:.
Bg Ibltrc mb Alvbstadniaclbs Xbw bxpgain tng tblmblian, qub bxastb bl tcmc bg `ulmc;
‗Bltrb gcs kùvblbs nmugtcs ony `îs prcjnjagamnmbs mb lc bstnr neaganmc n lalduln rbgadaùl.
Bstc ciurrb, bl bspbiang, bl Lcrtbn`árain, mclmb tnltc bl gcs BB. RR. ic`c bl Inlnmî, gns
pbrsclns inmn vbz `îs kùvblbs prbsbltnl `blcrbs prcjnjagamnmbs mb nmkumainrsb ul irbmc
rbgadacsc mbtbr`alnmc V. . .P. Bsn `as`n jrbion prbmc`aln tn`jaál bl Burcpn ”bl :: mb 92
pnàsbs” y bl Gntalcn`árain, mclmb ciurrb bl >= mb >1 pnàsbs (aligusc @áxaic)‐ 9.
Bl gcs Bstnmcs Rlamcs, bg Ibltrc mb Alvbstadniaclbs Xbw `nlaeabstn qub gns pbrsclns qub
`nrinl ‗Lc‐ bl gns bliubstns iunlmc sb gbs prbdultn scjrb su rbgadaùl y qub q ub sb
nutcmblc`alnl ic`c ntbns c ndlùstains, nsà ic`c gns qub almainl qub su rbgadaùl lc bs
‗Lalduln bl pnrtaiugnr‐, iclstatuybl bg :9 % mb gn pcjgniaùl nmugtn mb maioc pnàs=. Nqubggc
bs ul rctulmc nu`bltc mbsmb :884, ebion mbg nltbracr bstumac sa`agnr mb Xbw, bl bg qub bg
>5 % mb gcs bstnmculamblsbs almainrcl ‗Lc‐, ng tab`pc qub bg 92 % mb gcs `agálaics
` agálaics
V`aggblangs, bl aldgásP (gns pbrsclns qub lniabrcl bltrb >1?> y >115) rbspclmabrcl ‗Lc‐ 2.
Rlnblalvbstadniaùl
Mufb :8>2, nrrckù qub
qub bebituù
‗bg 5? %ul
mbprcebscr mb iablians mbmbgn52
gcs bstnmculamblsbs rbgadaùl
nþcs cmb gn Rlavbrsamnm
`îs bxprbsnrcl qub
lc tblànl mumn ngduln mb qub Macs bxastabrn, nulqub sùgc bg =2 % mb gcs kùvblbs nmugtcs mb
bltrb >? y 98 nþcs irbàn gc
g c `as`c‐5.
Mnmn tng tblmblian bl ernlic nvnlib, n `blcs pbrsclns ”mbltrc y eubrn mb gns rbgadaclbs
crdnlaznmns” gbs ndrnmn bsiuionr gn pngnjrn nrrbpbltarsb
nrrbpbltarsb.. Yu usc on `bldunmc bl bg
 vcinjugnrac `cmbrlc. Nrrbpbltarsb
`cmbrlc. Nrrbpbltarsb lc  lc bs uln pngnjrn iù`cmn6 a`pgain qub bstn`cs
oniablmc ngdc alicrrbitc. Almbpblmabltb`bltb mb gc qub onyn sadlaeainmc pnrn gns
dblbrniaclbs nltbracrbs, pnrn `uiocs ocy bl màn, gn pngnjrn nrrbpbltarsb
nrrbpbltarsb a`pgain
 a`pgain rbibgc y
sblta`abltcs lbdntavcs6 bl bg insc mb `uions pbrsclns, irukbl gcs mabltbs y sb gbs g bs nibgbrn bg
icrnzùl.
Mbsmb gcs ngjcrbs mbg tab`pc, gcs irastanlcs ajnl n gn adgbsan y bsiuionjnl n gcs gàmbrbs
bsparatungbs prbmainr bg nrrbpblta`abltc. Lc sb trntn mb ngdc bxigusavc mb Gn Adgbsan mb
Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs Ûgta`cs Màns6 `îs jabl, on samc pnrtb mb gn cjsbrvnlian
rbgadacsn irastanln bl tcmn ápcin. N pbsnr mb gns `uions maebrblians mcitralngbs, onjàn ngdc
 

qub brn iclstnltb; gn pngnjrn nrrbpbltarsb

nrrbpbltarsb ecr`njn
 ecr`njn pnrtb mb gn prîitain mb gn rbgadaùl. Mb
obioc, bg prcpùsatc `as`c mb nsastar n ul sbrvaiac rbgadacsc bg mc`aldc lc brn tnl sùgc pnrn
sbltarsb jabl, salc pnrn icltraiaùl mb gn icliablian6 brn ul rbicrmntcrac sb`nlng mb qub Macs
onjàn mnmc `nlmn`abltcs y qub gns pbrsclns tb`brcsns mb Macs qubrànl pclbr su vamn bl
nr`clàn icl gn vcgultnm mb Ág. Gcs prbmainmcrbs mbignrnjnl bg nrrbpblta`abltc icl
iclvaiiaùl, y gcs icrcs mb adgbsan inltnjnl mb `nlbrn ear`b y icl`cvbmcrn bl iunltc n
snltcs y pbinmcrbs, y scjrb bg n`cr mb Macs pcr n`jcs.

Bl tcmn ápcin, n pbsnr mb gns `uions maebrblians mcitralngbs, onjàn ngdc qub
brn iclstnltb; gn pngnjrn nrrbpbltarsb ecr`njn pnrtb mb gn prîitain mb gn rbgadaùl.

]ng `blsnkb mb nrrbpblta`abltc on o n samc rbiajamc icl maebrbltbs rbniiaclbs6 n `blumc,

sbdûl bg `c`bltc mb gn oastcran.
Icl `nycr erbiublian, murnltb gns dubrrns, gns pgndns, gcs mbsnstrbs lnturngbs y gns irasas
biclù`ains drnvbs, gcs irbybltbs rbiajànl bg `blsnkb mbg nrrbpblta`abltc icl ou`agmnm 4. Ng
sngar mb gn adgbsan, rbscgvànl in`janr sus vamns b altbltnr rbsnriar gcs mnþcs qub oujabrnl
o ujabrnl
inusnmc. A`pgcrnr pbrmùl n Macs pcr onjbrgc ceblmamc y onjbr obioc qub Yu inrdn eubrn
`îs pbsnmn tblàn sbltamc, yn qub bggcs sbltànl sus prcpans inrdns6 y bg sbr`ùl mbg
prbmainmcr mb qub njnlmclnrnl sus brrcrbs pnrbiàn vbrnz, yn qub tnltc lbibsatnjnl gns
 jblmaiaclbs mbg iabgc. Bl gcs `c`bltcs mb maeaiugtnm,
maeaiugtnm, oujc uln ou`agmnm mb bspàratu
bspàratu qub gcs
oazc oalinr gns rcmaggns y rbiclcibr n Macs ]cmcpcmbrcsc.
Xcr supubstc, sab`prb on onjamc quabl sb saltabrn ceblmamc y mbknrn su adgbsan, pbrc
bspbiang`bltb bl ápcins mb maeaiugtnm, gns pbrsclns pcr gc dblbrng bstnjnl `îs maspubstns n
bxn`alnrsb icl altrcspbiiaùl y bvngunr gn lbibsamnm mb in`janr pnrn `bkcrnr. Gn dbltb
bstnjn `îs prbstn n nibptnr qub bg nrrbpblta`abltc brn ul `blsnkb qub mbjànl bsiuionr, yn
qub sbltànl uln `nycr mbpblmblian mb Macs y mb rbiajar jblmaiaclbs mb Ág.
Bl ctrcs `c`bltcs mb gn oastcran, bl tab`pcs mb pnz, sngum, agu`alniaùl altbgbitung y
pbrspbitavns mb prcspbramnm biclù`ain n gnrdc pgnzc, bg `blsnkb mbg nrrbpblta`abltc n
`blumc sb rbiajàn icl almaebrblian ?. Murnltb maiocs tab`pcs, gcs scjbrjacs y pcmbrcscs
brnl gbltcs bl rbiclcibr n Nqubg qub onjàn pndnmc bg prbiac mb gcs pbinmcs mb tcmc bg
dálbrc ou`nlc y qub onjàn alstatuamc `nlmn`abltcs, pbr`atablmc nsà qub gcs oakcs mb Macs
rbdrbsnrnl n su ocdnr ibgbstang.
Gns iariulstnlians nitungbs
Bg `ulmc mb ocy bl màn sb nsb`bkn `îs n gns ápcins pnsnmns mb prcspbramnm b
agu`alniaùl altbgbitung, y bg `blsnkb mbg nrrbpblta`abltc n `blumc sb rbiajb icl
almaebrblian c `cen. Iuracsn`bltb, bg >> mb sbptab`jrb mb :88>, gcs ntnqubs tbrrcrastns
inusnrcl mb al`bmantc ul nu`bltc bl gn nsastblian n gns adgbsans6
adg bsans6 sal b`jnrdc, tng nu`bltc
lc pbrmurù. Iabrtc nutcr bxpgaiù; ‗Gn dbltb pblsù qub bsb bvbltc mb trnsiblmblian lniaclng
iclmuiaràn n qub gns pbrsclns eubrnl `îs rbgadacsns, y gc oazc6 lc cjstnltb, nqubggc eub `uy
 jrbvb. Oujc ul nu`bltc icrtc mb gn nsastblian n gns adgbsans y gubdc ástn vcgvaù n gn
lcr`ngamnm‐1. Bl lubstrcs màns, bg Ybþcr on maioc; ‗Lc jusinl ng Ybþcr
Y bþcr pnrn bstnjgbibr su
 kustaian, nltbs tcmc oc`jrb nlmn pcr su prcpac in`alc, y bl pcs mb gn a`ndbl mb su prcpac
macs, iuyn a`ndbl bs n sb`bknlzn mbg `ulmc‐ >8.
 Nltb gn alibrtamu`jrb c gn almaebrblian iclibrlabltb
iclibrlabltb n gc qub bs icrrbitc b alicrrbitc,
`uions pbrsclns irbbl qub inmn ulc mbjb trnznr su prcpac in`alc6 ástns pgnltbnl gn
prbdultn; ‗³Xcr quá sb lcs mbjb pbmar qub in`jab`cs3‐. ‗Gcs `blsnkbs a`pnrtamcs mbsmb
 

gcs pûgpatcs mb gns adgbsans, ³lc mbjbrànl ga`atnrsb n ngbltnr, sal dblbrnr iugpns3‐. ‗]ng vbz n
Macs lc gb ndrnmb tcmc gc qub onib`cs, pbrc, bl dblbrng, sc`cs jublns pbrsclns, y Ág lcs
n`nrî pcr gc qub sc`cs6 lcs pbr`atarî bltrnr bl bg iabgc y lcs n`nrî pnrn sab`prb‐. Bsns
cpalaclbs mb ocy bl màn sb nsb`bknl `uioc n gn g n prcebiàn mb Lbea; ‗Yà, y onjrî `uiocs qub
marîl; Ic`bm, jbjbm y mavbrtàcs, pcrqub `nþnln `crarb`cs6 y lcs arî jabl. Q ttn`jaál n`jaál
onjrî `uiocs qub marîl; Ic`bm, jbjbm y mavbrtàcs6 lc cjstnltb, tb`bm n Macs, pubs ág
 kustaeainrî gn ic`asaùl mb ulcs iunltcs
iunltcs pbinmcs6 sà, `bltam ul pcic, nprcvbioncs
nprcvbioncs mb ngdulc
pcr inusn
tcmns bstnsmbicsns,
sus pngnjrns, tblmbm trn`pn
pcrqub `nþnln n vubstrc
`crarb`cs6 y sa bsprùka`c6 bl bstc
qub sc`cs lc onyMacs
iugpnjgbs, `ng6lcs
y onibm
mnrî
ngdulcs nzctbs, y ng eal lcs sngvnrb`cs bl bg rbalc mb Macs‐ .
>>

Gcs bspbitîiugcs y gcs prcdrn`ns ou`cràstaics lciturlcs subgbl ramaiugaznr gn rbgadaùl y

mbsbsta`nr n quablbs onjgnl n envcr mb dunrmnr gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs. Asnàns makc; ‗¡Ny
mb gcs qub n gc `ngc ggn`nl jublc, y n gc jublc, `ngc6 qub onibl mb gn guz talabjgns y mb gns
talabjgns guz6 qub pclbl gc n`nrdc pcr mugib y gc mugib pcr n`nrdc!‐>:.
Bl bg icltbxtc nitung, nercltn`cs uln `ugtatum mb pbrsclns qub lc sb ga`atnl
g a`atnl tnl sùgc n
masirbpnr pnsavn`bltb icl bg iclibptc mbg nrrbpblta`abltc, salc qub bl cinsaclbs
ramaiugaznl lubstrcs mbsbcs mb in`janr y rbdrbsnr n Macs. Lc bs sbliaggc. Lc bs iù`cmc.
Bs uln pnrtb bsbliang mbg pgnl mb Macs
 N maebrblian mb ic`c suibmb bl bg `ulmc, bg nrrbpblta`abltc
nrrbpblta`abltc bs uln pnrtb bsbliang mbg
bvnldbgac mb Kbsuirastc. Nltbs mb qub sb crdnlaznrn ceaiang`bltb gn Adgbsan rbstnurnmn bl
>?98, sb rbvbgnrcl gns saduabltbs pngnjrns n Kcsá Y`ato, quabl sb nrrbpbltàn trns onjbr
pbrmamc gns >>5 pîdalns mbg `nlusiratc mbg Gajrc mb @cr`ùl; ‗Ob nquà, bstn bs `a mcitraln;
quablbs sb nrrbpabltbl y vablbl n `à, tngbs scl `a adgbsan‐ y ‗n gcs qub scl mb `a adgbsan, y
pbrsbvbrnl bl bggn onstn bg eal, bstnjgbibrá scjrb `a rcin, y gns pubrtns mbg aleabrlc lc
prbvngbibrîl bl icltrn mb bggcs‐ >9. Ng nrrbpbltarlcs, sc`cs Yuycs.
Lc sb mbsngabltbl pcr gn engtn mb eb qub gbs
g bs rcmbn. ‗Iclecr`b nu`bltn gn `ngmnm bl bg
`ulmc, ony ul pcmbr bsparatung ic`pblsntcrac pnrn gcs kustcs. Iclecr`b bg `ulmc rbgnkn
sus nligns bsparatungbs, bg Ybþcr prbpnrn bg in`alc pnrn quablbs qub gc jusinl, cerbiaálmcgbs
`nycr trnlquagamnm y ibrtbzn, `nycr iclear`niaùl y `nycr icleanlzn bl gn marbiiaùl
bsparatung bl qub sb maradbl. Bg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc ggbdn n sbr uln guz `îs jraggnltb bl bg
nlciobibr aliapabltb‐>=.

 Ng
gnsbsiuionr gn pngnjrn nrrbpblta`abltc
qub gb mbsngabltbl, rbsparb oclmc y  yngib
càr gn
tnltc
vastngnsblvcibs qub gb
marbiiaùl ng ngabltbl
iabgc. ic`c

 Ng bsiuionr gn pngnjrn nrrbpblta`abltc

nrrbpblta`abltc y  y càr tnltc gns vcibs qub gb
g b ngabltbl ic`c gns qub
gb mbsngabltbl, rbsparb oclmc y ngib gn vastn bl marbiiaùl ng iabgc, c jabl aligalb gn injbzn pcr
ul `c`bltc y, `bmanltb bg Bspàratu Ynltc, gn vcz mb su s u Xnmrb Ibgbstang gb almainrî gc qub
mbjb onibr. Gb prc`btc qub ng prciurnr bg nrrbpblta`abltc n trnvás mb su Xnmrb Ibgbstang y
mbg Oakc Mavalc, sb gb mnrî gn ecrtngbzn pnrn dunrmnr gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs. Yb gb mnrî ul
pcmbr qub gb bgbvnrî y rbiclecrtnrî iclecr`b sb rbdciakb bl su lubvn vamn y icleàb bl Macs.
Ic`c sabrvc mbg Ybþcr, gb near`c qub bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs uln pnrtb vbrmnmbrn y bsbliang
mb Yu pgnl. Bg Ybþcr lbibsatn qub ustbm ”gn vbrsaùl mb ustbm ou`agmb, nrrbpbltamn, ga`pan y
purn6 gn vbrsaùl mb ustbm qub iu`pgb gcs iclvblacs y oclrn gcs `nlmn`abltcs” utagaib sus
tngbltcs y sus `îxa`ns inpniamnmbs, qub nu`bltnl bxpclbliang`bltb pcr bg mcl y bg pcmbr
 

mbg Bspàratu Ynltc, pnrn prbpnrnrsb n ustbm `as`c y n ctrns pbrsclns pnrn gn sbdulmn vblamn
mbg Oakc mb Macs >2.
 

Inpàtugc =
RL BGCIRBL]B BKB@XGC MB G Y BYIZA]RZ Y
Iunlmc lbibsatn`cs `îs vngcr pnrn ntrnvbsnr ngdûl mbsneàc bspbiang`bltb scjrbicdbmcr,
rbicrmn`cs n quablbs bl gns Bsiraturns onl nercltnmc y iclquastnmc mbsneàcs sa`agnrbs c
`uioc
gcs qub `nycrbs
nm`arn`cs qubpubmbl
gcs lubstrcs. Gn eb,
ecrtngbibr bg vngcr,
lubstrn gn eubrzn y gnymbtbr`alniaùl
mbtbr`alniaùl mb nqubggcs
ngbltnrlcs ng onibr erbltb n
lubstrns prcpans `cltnþns bsinrpnmns.
Rlc mb gcs bkb`pgcs mbg Gajrc mb @cr`ùl bs bg mbsneàc qub onggù Lbea ng tblbr qub
iclstruar ul jnric gc jnstnltb drnlmb y rbsastbltb ic`c pnrn iruznr gns drnlmbs nduns. Lbea
nercltù cpcsaiaùl;
‗Q iunlmc vabrcl `as obr`nlcs qub bstnjn n pultc mb iclstruar ul jnric, b`pbznrcl n
`ur`urnr icltrn `à, maiablmc; Lubstrc obr`nlc bstî gcic, pubs sb a`ndaln qub pubmb
iclstruar ul jnric6 sà, y tn`jaál pablsn qub pubmb ntrnvbsnr bstns drnlmbs nduns‐ >.
Xnrn ecrtngbibr su prcpac vngcr y iclvblibr n sus obr`nlcs mb qub pcmrànl onibrgc icl gn
nyumn mbg Ybþcr, Lbea gbs onjgù icl bgciublian scjrb gcs oakcs mb Asrnbg, gcs bdapiacs, @casás,
bg `nr Zckc y gn tabrrn sbin6 y icliguyù; ‗Ya Macs `b oujabsb
o ujabsb `nlmnmc onibr tcmns gns icsns,
 yc pcmràn onibrgns. Ya `b `nlmnrn
`nlmnrn qub makbsb n bstn ndun; Iclvaártbtb bl tabrrn, sb vcgvbràn
tabrrn6 y sa yc gc makbrn, sb onràn. Nocrn jabl, sa bg Ybþcr tablb tnl drnlmb pcmbr, y on obioc
tnltcs `agndrcs bltrb gcs oakcs mb gcs oc`jrbs, ³iù`c bs qub lc pubmb blsbþnr`b n
iclstruar ul jnric3‐:.
Gns Bsiraturns icltablbl jbggcs bkb`pgcs mb gn ecrtngbzn altbracr y gn vngbltàn mb gn eb mb
gcs irbybltbs pnrn nrrbpbltarsb, vblar n Irastc y sbr pbrmclnmcs mb sus pbinmcs. Bg gajrc mb
 Ng`n icltablb ul bxtrncrmalnrac rbgntc iclibrlabltb
iclibrlabltb n `agbs mb pbrsclns qub mbsbnjnl
nrrbpbltarsb, ng sniraeaiac nsc`jrcsc qub oaiabrcl ng prciurnr bg pbrmùl, y ng pctbltb in`jac
bl su icrnzùl qub kn`îs egnqubù onstn bg `as`àsa`c ealng mb sus vamns.
 Nqubggcs nicltbia`abltcs suibmabrcl
suibmabrcl bl bg icltalbltb n`brainlc, bl bg sadgc nltbracr n gn
 vasatn mb Kbsuirastc. Bg `agndrcsc lnia`abltc mbg mbg Yngvnmcr lc onjàn ciurramc nûl y lc
ciurraràn salc onstn mbspuás mb ctrcs 42 nþcs, nprcxa`nmn`bltb6 sal b`jnrdc, bsns
pbrsclns bsiuionrcl gn vbrmnm y irbybrcl qub Ág mb iabrtc vblmràn, y qub Yu bxpaniaùl y
rbmbliaùl tblmrànl gudnr. Bl bg pnsnmc, Yu pra`brn vblamn lc brn ic`c gc bs pnrn lcsctrcs,
icl bg iclsblsc mb `uions rbgadaclbs mb lubstrn ápcin mb qub Ág valc n gn tabrrn y qub Yu
suera`abltc,
Bstn oastcran `ubrtb y rbsurrbiiaùl
trntn scjrb ciurrabrcl
ul pubjgc qub tblàn ebtng
blic`c
qub blsbul
prcebtazù bl gns
màn euturc Ynltns Bsiraturns.
Ág vblmràn, sueraràn y
`craràn, y rbsuiatnràn. ¡Nqubggc onib qub su eb y nrrbpblta`abltc sbnl nul `îs
bxtrncrmalnracs!
Bg rby mb gcs gn`nlatns y, sadlaeaintavn`bltb, tcmn
tcmn su
 su en`agan sb onjànl iclvbrtamc n gns
blsbþnlzns mb nqubg Yngvnmcr y Zbmbltcr, Kbsuirastc, qub onjràn mb vblar n gn tabrrn 9. Gn
irbblian mbg rby brn tnl ear`b qub blvaù uln prcign`niaùl ”ul mbirbtc pnrn tcmcs gcs mbg
pubjgc” mb qub mbjàn pbr`atarsb qub N``ùl y sus obr`nlcs blsbþnrnl n gns pbrsclns gn
pngnjrn mb Macs. Bg rby onjàn ggbdnmc n snjbr y nocrn irbàn qub sus trnmaiaclbs mb nsbsalntc,
mb paggnkb, mb ourtc, mb ic`btbr nmugtbrac, y mb tcmn
t cmn alaquamnm brnl njcrrbiajgb`bltb
alicrrbitns, y qubràn qub gcs mb su pubjgc tuvabrnl gn cpcrtulamnm mb snjbr pcr sà `as`cs.
 N``ùl y ctrcs n quablbs sb onjàn iclsndrnmc
iclsndrnmc pnrn blsbþnr gn pngnjrn mb Macs
ic`blznrcl n vbr bg in`jac bl bg icrnzùl mb gns pbrsclns. Nqubggc lc suibmaù sùgc pcr gc
qub N``ùl blsbþnjn, salc `bmanltb gn rbvbgniaùl, gn prcebiàn y ‗bg pcmbr mb Macs qub
cjrnjn `agndrcs bl bggcs‐=.
 

Ásb praliapac bs `uy a`pcrtnltb6 sal qub bg pcmbr mb Macs cjrb `agndrcs bl lubstrn vamn,
bg rbpnsnr n gn gadbrn uln gastn mb icsns mb quá nrrbpbltarlcs c prbdultnr ng cjaspc gc qub
mbjb`cs onibr pnrn rbitaeainr lubstrn vamn rnrn vbz tblmrî gn inpniamnm murnmbrn mb
scstblbrlcs bl bg ic`prc`asc icltaluc mb dunrmnr gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs.
Oujc ngdc `agndrcsc qub suibmaù n `agbs mb pbrsclns mbg pubjgc mbg rby6 bg pnsnkb mb gns
Bsiraturns maib qub ‗iunltcs Vmb gcs mbg pubjgcP irbybrcl bl su prbmainiaùl y eubrcl
mbsvanrcl ‐2.
iclvbrtamcs ng Ybþcr, lulin `îs sb mbsvanrcl‐
Ony cinsaclbs
bg icrnzùl bl lubstrn
y lcs pnrbib gùdaicvamn bl`bltb,
bl gn gns qub,y ng
gc bsiuionr ngdc,
nibptn`cs6 sblta`cs
pbrc qub bstab`pcs
gubdc ggbdnl g c icrrbitc bl
gc
maeàiagbs, y lc lcs onggnl sbltnmcs bl bg tb`pgc, bl gn rbulaùl snirn`bltng la bsiuionlmc gn
iclebrblian dblbrng, y lcs ngbkn`cs mb nqubggc qub ngduln vbz njrnzn`cs ng lc tblbr gn
 vcgultnm c gn eb pnrn `nltblbrlcs ear`bs. Yb bstnjgbib uln maebrblian `uy a`pcrtnltb
nibrin mbg pubjgc mbg rby qub sb rbdciakù bl bg `blsnkb mb N``ùl scjrb ul Yngvnmcr y
Zbmbltcr6 sb lcs maib qub eubrcl ‗iclvbrtamcs ng Ybþcr‐.
Lc sb iclvartabrcl n N``ùl, quabl onjàn sngvnmc n gcs sabrvcs mbg rby `bmanltb su eubrzn
 y quabl, ng `as`c tab`pc, onjàn sbrvamc ou`agmb`bltb
ou`agmb`bltb n ctrc rby ng qub nûl lc onjàn
iclciamc. ‗Eubrcl iclvbrtamcs ng Ybþcr‐, bg Macs mbg iabgc y mb gn tabrrn, y nqubggc `nriù tcmn
gn maebrblian. Xubstc qub bstnjnl ‗iclvbrtamcs ng Ybþcr‐, ‗lulin `îs sb mbsvanrcl‐. Bs uln
near`niaùl bxtrncrmalnran, yn qub tblànl `c`bltcs tbrrajgb`bltb maeàiagbs pcr mbgnltb.
Bltbrrnr gns nr`ns mb rbjbgaùl
Mbjamc n su nrrbpblta`abltc, bg Ybþcr in`jaù sus icrnzclbs y sb tcrlnrcl n Macs pcr
ic`pgbtc. Gns saduabltbs scl ngdulns mb gns icsns qub oaiabrcl6 rbsugtn ûtag iclsambrnrgns bl
gc tcinltb n lubstrn vamn ng vasungaznr lubstrc prcpac nrrbpblta`abltc.
  ‗Yb iclvartabrcl bl ul pubjgc kustc‐5.
  ‗Njnlmclnrcl gns nr`ns mb su rbjbgaùl‐4.
  ‗Lc pudlnrcl `îs bl icltrn mb Macs‐ ?.
  Lc guionrcl `îs bl icltrn mb ‗laldulc mb sus obr`nlcs‐ 1.
  Iunlmc bsiuionrcl gn pngnjrn mb Macs y sb nrrbpaltabrcl mb sus brrcrbs, su
icrnzùl in`jaù salibrn`bltb. Lc oujc mcjgb îla`c bl gc qub gbs a`pugsnjn,
la bl sus mbsbcs la bl su rbscguiaùl.
  Gcs mbg pubjgc mb N``ùl ‗sb mastalduànl pcr su ibgc pnrn icl Macs‐>8.
  Gcs mbg pubjgc mb N``ùl ‗brnl ic`pgbtn`bltb oclrnmcs V. . .P bl tcmns
>>
gns icsns‐
pnrtb . Gnmbg
bsbliang oclrnmbz bs pnrtb bsbliang
nrrbpblta`abltc mb gny bsparatungamnm,
vbrmnmbrc murnmbrc. y mbjb sbr
  Gcs mbg pubjgc mb N``ùl ‗brnl ic`pgbtn`bltb V. . .P rbitcs bl tcmns gns
icsns‐>:.
  Gcs mbg pubjgc mb N``ùl ‗brnl ear`bs bl gn eb mb Irastc, nul onstn bg
eal‐>9.
  Gcs mbg pubjgc mb N``ùl ‗`arnjnl icl bg `nycr ocrrcr bg mbrrn`nr gn
snldrb mb sus obr`nlcs‐>=.
   N gcs mbg pubjgc mb N``ùl ‗lulin
‗lulin sb
 sb gbs pumc almuiar n tc`nr gns nr`ns
icltrn sus obr`nlcs‐>2. Xbsb n gn tbltniaùl mb onibrgc, aligusc ng nercltnr su
prcpan `ubrtb, lc gc onrànl lulin `îs.
  Gcs mbg pubjgc mb N``ùl ggbdnrcl n tblbr gn g n ear`b iclvaiiaùl mb qub ‗gn
`ubrtb VsbrànP iclsu`amn pcr gn vaitcran mb Irastc scjrb bggn‐ >5.
 

Gcs mbg pubjgc mb N``ùl tblànl gn mbtbr`alniaùl mb ‗pnmbiVbrP gn `ubrtb `îs tbrrajgb y
nerbltcsn qub sus obr`nlcs pumabrnl alegadargbs nltbs qub tc`nr gn bspnmn c gn ia`atnrrn
pnrn obraVrP Vn sus blb`adcsP‐>4. Lc vcgvbrànl n su pbinmc6 kn`îs gc onrànl.
Macs quatn gn iugpn pcr gcs `áratcs mbg Yngvnmcr
Bsns pbrsclns, qub nltbs brnl `uy `ngvnmns, qub onjànl obioc pcgvc gcs `nlmn`abltcs
mb Macs `bmanltb su njc`alnjgb iclmuitn, eubrcl ‗iclvbrtamVnsP ng Ybþcr‐, y nqubggc
in`jaù tcmc.pcr
sus pbinmcs Yalic`pgbtc.
bxiusns y Yu
salin`jac
bquàvcic6
y susbirbblian
nrrbpaltabrcl vbrmnmbrn`bltb
brnl tnl y njnlmclnrcl
eubrtbs qub iunlmc nercltnrcl
gn pcsajagamnm mb `crar, sb `nltuvabrcl ear`bs bl su rbscguiaùl.

Gn oclrnmbz bs pnrtb bsbliang mb gn bsparatungamnm, y mbjb sbr pnrtb bsbliang mbg

nrrbpblta`abltc vbrmnmbrc y murnmbrc.

@abltrns gcs gn`nlatns sb prbpnrnjnl pnrn ntninr ng pubjgc mb N``ùl, bg rby prcluliaù
bgciubltbs pngnjrns scjrb gc qub rbng`bltb sadlaeain onjbr samc `blcs mb gc qub mbjb`cs
sbr pnrn gubdc, onjablmc bsiuionmc gn vbrmnm, in`janr mb ul `cmc mb vamn bquavcinmc ng
`cmc mb vamn mb Macs. Makc;
‗Mcy drnians n `a Macs, n`nmc pubjgc `àc, pcrqub lubstrc drnl Macs bl su jclmnm lcs
on blvanmc bstcs obr`nlcs lubstrcs, gcs lbeatns, pnrn prbmainrlcs y pnrn iclvblibrlcs
iclibrlabltb n gns trnmaiaclbs mb lubstrcs alaiucs pnmrbs V. . .P. Q ob nquà, tn`jaál gb
ndrnmbzic n `a Macs qub V. . .P lcs onyn`cs iclvbliamc mb lubstrcs pbinmcs y mb gcs `uiocs
nsbsalntcs qub ob`cs ic`btamc. Q tn`jaál gb mcy drnians n `a Macs, sà, n `a drnl Macs,
pcrqub lcs on iclibmamc qub lcs nrrbpaltn`cs mb bstns icsns, y tn`jaál pcrqub lcs on
pbrmclnmc lubstrcs `uiocs pbinmcs y nsbsalntcs qub ob`cs ic`btamc, y on mbpurnmc
lubstrcs icrnzclbs mb tcmn iugpn, pcr gcs `áratcs mb su Oakc‐ >?.
 N pbsnr mb gcs `uy alaiucs nitcs qub onjànl
onjànl ic`btamc, iunlmc bsiuionrcl gn vbrmnm y
eubrcl ‗iclvbrtamcs ng Ybþcr‐, Macs gbs mac niibsc ng pcmbr mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y gbs
pbrmclù gcs pbinmcs6 y bggcs saltabrcl Yu pbrmùl.
Macs onjàn ‗mbpurnmc VsusP icrnzclbs mb tcmn iugpn, pcr gcs `áratcs mb su Oakc‐. Gcs
purcs mb icrnzùl vbrîl qub bs Macs quabl bga`aln gn iugpn6 lnmab tablb gn inpniamnm mb
bxpurdnr lubstrns ng`ns mb gn iugpn, bxibptc Macs `as`c.
Bg rby prcsaduaù;
nrrbpbltarlcs ‗Xubs
mb tcmcs ob nquà,
lubstrcs obr`nlcs
pbinmcs y mb`àcs, bl vastnnsbsalntcs
gcs `uiocs mb qub V. .qub
.P lcs on icstnmc
ob`cs tnltc
ic`btamc, y
gcdrnr qub Macs gcs quatnrn mb lubstrcs icrnzclbs, pcrqub n murns pblns puma`cs
nrrbpbltarlcs gc sueaiabltb nltb Macs pnrn qub ág quatnrn lubstrn `nlion6 nocrn pubs, `uy
n`nmcs obr`nlcs `àcs, yn qub Macs on quatnmc lubstrns `nlions, y lubstrns bspnmns sb
onl vubgtc gustrcsns, lc gns `nliob`cs `îs icl gn snldrb
s nldrb mb lubstrcs obr`nlcs. Ob nquà,
cs madc qub lc. Zbtbldn`cs lubstrns bspnmns pnrn qub lc sb `nliobl icl gn snldrb mb
lubstrcs obr`nlcs6 pcrqub sa gns `nlioîsb`cs ctrn vbz, quazî yn lc pcmrànl sbr ga`panmns
pcr `bmac mb gn snldrb mbg Oakc mb lubstrc drnl Macs, qub sbrî mbrrn`nmn pnrn gn bxpaniaùl
mb lubstrcs pbinmcs‐>1.
³Gb bs pcsajgb pbriajar gn b`ciaùl mbg rby3 Bg rby lc pblsnjn sùgc bl quablbs lbibsatnjnl
nrrbpbltarsb tnl mbsbspbrnmn`bltb pcr inusn mb su alaquamnm6 tn`jaál pblsnjn bl gns
dblbrniaclbs vblambrns, bl sus oakcs y labtcs.
‗Q bg drnl Macs on tblamc `asbraicrman
` asbraicrman mb lcsctrcs, y lcs on mnmc n iclcibr bstns icsns
pnrn qub lc pbrbzin`cs V. . .P6 pcrqub ág n`n lubstrns ng`ns nsà ic`c n`n n lubstrcs oakcs6
 

pcr iclsaduabltb, bl su `asbraicrman lcs vasatn pcr `bmac mb sus îldbgbs, pnrn qub bg pgnl mb
sngvniaùl lcs sbn mnmc n iclcibr, tnltc n lcsctrcs ic`c n gns dblbrniaclbs euturns‐:8.

Gcs purcs mb icrnzùl vbrîl qub bs Macs quabl bga`aln gn iugpn6 lnmab tablb gn
inpniamnm mb bxpurdnr lubstrns ng`ns mb gn iugpn, bxibptc Macs `as`c.

Onib `uiocs nþcs, gn Xra`brn Xrbsamblian `b pamaù qub vasatnrn n ul `ntra`clac qub
onjàn bstnmc eubrn mb gn Adgbsan murnltb `uions máinmns. N`jcs tblànl `îs mb ciobltn
nþcs y n`jcs tblànl tnlqubs mb cxàdblc pcrtîtagbs. Onjànl cjrnmc icl magadblian pnrn
rbdrbsnr ng Bvnldbgac. Ng rbular`b icl bggcs, pnrbiànl bstnr `uy trastbs y gn`bltnjnl
prceulmn`bltb onjbr pnsnmc gn vamn ngbknmcs mb gn Adgbsan, nulqub prcvblànl mb en`agans
nitavns y sb onjànl insnmc bl bg tb`pgc. ]rntá mb mnrgbs îla`c y gbs nsbdurá gc ebgaz qub
bstnjn bg Yngvnmcr pcr su rbdrbsc. @ns bggcs ggcrnrcl y makbrcl; ‗Yà, obr`nlc Nlmbrsbl,
ob`cs vubgtc, pbrc laldulc mb lubstrcs oakcs c labtcs snjb ngdc nibrin mbg Bvnldbgac‐.
Xablsb mb lubvc bl gns pngnjrns mbg rby, qub bltblmàn qub nqubg sndrnmc `blsnkb mb
sngvniaùl aleguaràn bl gns pbrsclns mbg prbsbltb, nsà ic`c tn`jaál bl gns dblbrniaclbs
euturns; ‗Q bg drnl Macs on tblamc `asbraicrman mb lcsctrcs, y lcs on mnmc n iclcibr bstns
icsns pnrn qub lc pbrbzin`cs V. . .P6 pcrqub ág n`n lubstrns ng`ns nsà ic`c n`n n lubstrcs
oakcs6 pcr iclsaduabltb, bl su `asbraicrman lcs vasatn pcr `bmac mb sus îldbgbs, pnrn qub bg
pgnl mb sngvniaùl lcs sbn mnmc n iclcibr, tnltc n lcsctrcs ic`c n gns dblbrniaclbs
euturns‐:>.
Bg rby sb rbdciaknjn mb qub ‗bg pgnl mb sngvniaùl Vgbs eubrnP mnmc n iclcibr, tnltc n VbggcsP
ic`c n gns dblbrniaclbs euturns‐.
Gubdc, prcpusc ngdc `uy numnz, `uy mrîstaic, ul nitc mb eb bxtrncrmalnran;
‗VBsiclmn`csP Vlubstrns bspnmnsP n eal mb qub iclsbrvbl su jraggc, ic`c tbsta`clac n
lubstrc Macs bl bg màn ealng, bg màn bl qub sbn`cs ggbvnmcs pnrn ic`pnrbibr nltb ág pnrn sbr
 kuzdnmcs, mb qub lc ob`cs `nlionmc lubstrns bspnmns
bspnmns bl gn snldrb mb lubstrcs obr`nlcs,
mbsmb qub ág lcs ic`ulaiù su pngnjrn y lcs ga`paù pcr bggc‐ ::.
 Q gc maib pcr sbdulmn vbz, pbrc icl `nycr eb, pcrqub
pcrqub sbþngn gn pcsajagamnm m
mbb qub ng
bltbrrnr sus bspnmns ‗ic`c tbsta`clac V. . .P mb qub lulin
lulin gns
 gns ob`cs usnmc‐, ág y su pubjgc
pcmrànl `crar. ‗Q nocrn jabl, obr`nlcs `àcs, sa lubstrcs obr`nlcs altbltnl mbstruarlcs,
ob nquà, bsiclmbrb`cs lubstrns bspnmns, sà, gns bltbrrnrb`cs bl gc prceulmc mb gn g n tabrrn
pnrn qub
usnmc6 y sasblubstrcs
iclsbrvbl gustrcsns,
obr`nlcs lcsic`c tbsta`clac
mbstruybl, bl bgarb`cs
ob nquà, ûgta`cnmàn, mb qub
lubstrc lulin
Macs gn s ob`cs
gns
y sbrb`cs
sngvcs‐:9.
 Nqubggc brn eb y nrrbpblta`abltc vbrmnmbrcs,
vbrmnmbrcs, brn vcgvbrsb n Macs nulqub sadlaeainsb qub
su vamn tbrrblng pcmràn tbr`alnr. Yb onjànl ‗iclvbrtamVcP ng Ybþcr‐, y snjànl qub gbs
ndunrmnjn gn vamn btbrln.
Gns Bsiraturns lnrrnl gc qub suibmaù al`bmantn`bltb mbspuás; ‗Q nicltbiaù qub iunlmc
bg rby oujc mnmc eal n bstns pngnjrns, bstnlmc rbulamc tcmc bg pubjgc, tc`nrcl bggcs sus s us
bspnmns y tcmns gns nr`ns qub sb usnjnl pnrn mbrrn`nr snldrb ou`nln, y gns bltbrrnrcl
prceulmn`bltb bl gn tabrrn. B oaiabrcl bstc pcrqub, n su `cmc mb vbr, brn ul tbsta`clac n
Macs, y tn`jaál n gcs oc`jrbs, mb qub lulin `îs vcgvbrànl n usnr nr`ns pnrn mbrrn`nr
snldrb ou`nln6 y bstc oaiabrcl, prc`btablmc y oniablmc iclvblac icl Macs mb qub nltbs
qub mbrrn`nr gn snldrb mb sus obr`nlcs, bggcs mnrànl sus prcpans vamns6 y nltbs qub pravnr n
ul obr`nlc, bggcs gb mnrànl6 y nltbs qub pnsnr sus màns bl gn ciacsamnm, trnjnknrànl
nsamun`bltb icl sus `nlcs‐:=.
 

Iclecr`b gns eubrzns blb`adns ic`blznrcl n vblar onian bggcs, gcs mbg pubjgc mb N``ùl
Y bþcr‐:2. @ag ialic
‗sngabrcl n blicltrnrgcs V. . .P, y b`pbznrcl n alvcinr bg lc`jrb mbg Ybþcr‐
eubrcl nsbsalnmcs `abltrns bstnjnl nrrcmaggnmcs crnlmc, onjablmc sbpugtnmc gns nr`ns mb
dubrrn. ]nl drnlmb eub bg pbsnr mb ngdulcs mb gcs qub gbs onjànl quatnmc gn vamn qub
‗nrrcknrcl ng subgc sus nr`ns mb dubrrn‐, pnrn lulin `îs vcgvbr n tc`nrgns :5.
Gubdc bg prcebtn @cr`ùl icliguyb; ‗Q nqubggcs qub onjànl `ubrtc brnl pbrsclns kustns6
pcr tnltc, lc tblb`cs rnzùl pnrn mumnr qub sb sngvnrcl V. . .P. Q lc onjàn ul scgc oc`jrb
:4
alaiuc bltrb gcsmbqub
Gn `nycràn gnspbrbiabrcl‐
pbrsclns kn`îs. onjrîl ic`btamc bg drnvb pbinmc mbg nsbsalntc ”ic`c
gc oaiabrcl bstcs oc`jrbs” nltbs mb sbr ‗iclvbrtamcs ng Ybþcr‐, pbrc gns gbiiaclbs qub
nprblmb`cs mb sus vamns sb npgainl n gns lubstrns :?. Yu bkb`pgc lcs blsbþn n lc pbrmbr gn
bspbrnlzn bl gn vamn. Bg nrrbpblta`abltc njrb gn pubrtn n gn bspbrnlzn mb uln lubvn vamn icl
Kbsuirastc.
Gns iungamnmbs qub mbealànl ng pubjgc mb N``ùl trns su iclvbrsaùl scl gns iungamnmbs
qub mbjbl mbealar lubstrn prcpan vamn ng nrrbpbltarlcs vbrmnmbrn`bltb mb lubstrcs
pbinmcs.
³Q quá rbgbvnlian tablb pnrn lcsctrcs qub bggcs tuvabrnl bspnmns qub sb onjànl vubgtc
gustrcsns n inusn mb su nrrbpblta`abltc3 ^uabrb mbiar qub, uln vbz qub bstb`cs bl bg
prcibsc mb nrrbpbltarlcs y ggbdnr n bstnr ga`pacs y rbguiabltbs `bmanltb gn snldrb mbg
Icrmbrc mb Macs, bltbrrnrb`cs iungquabr icsn qub lcs iclmuzin ng satac mclmb bstîjn`cs
nltbs mb nrrbpbltarlcs.
Bg prbsambltb Ypblibr T. Fa`jngg makc; ‗Ng njnlmclnr bg pbinmc, ulc lc pubmb ga`atnrsb
n mbsbnr iclmaiaclbs `bkcrbs V. . .P. Lc sùgc mbjb bstnr sbdurc mb qub on njnlmclnmc bg
pbinmc, salc mb qub on in`janmc gns satuniaclbs qub gc rcmbnjnl. Mbjb bvatnr gcs gudnrbs,
iclmaiaclbs y iariulstnlians mclmb ciurraù bg pbinmc, pcrqub ástcs pcmrànl aliujnrgc mb
lubvc icl su`n eniagamnm. Mbjb njnlmclnr n gns pbrsclns icl quablbs sb ic`btaù bg pbinmc.
]ng vbz lc ggbdub n njcrrbibr n gns pbrsclns alvcguirnmns, pbrc mbjb bvatnrgns kultc icl tcmc
nqubggc qub sb rbgniaclb icl bg pbinmc‐ :1.
Ybnl iungbs eubrbl lubstrns nr`ns mb rbjbgaùl, sbpugtá`csgns y kn`îs vcgvn`cs n bggns mb
lubvc. Njnlmclb`cs lubstrcs pbinmcs. ³Iù`c tblmrb`cs gn ecrtngbzn mb onibrgc, mb vbr bg
in`alc onstn bg ealng3 Gn rbiajarb`cs n trnvás mb gn drnian y gn `asbraicrman mbg Ybþcr
Kbsuirastc, n `bmamn qub ggbdub`cs n bstnr ic`pgbtn y tctng`bltb iclvbrtamcs n Ág. Xubstc
qub gc sá, gb near`c qub onjrî dczc, pnz y nprcjniaùl ibgbstang mbspuás mb sus bseubrzcs
salibrcs pcr njnlmclnr sus pbinmcs.
 

Inpàtugc 2
MBYXBZ] Z BL IR L]C
L] C MACY
³Zbiubrmnl gn ûgta`n vbz qub mcr`ànl mb `nlbrn prceulmn y, mb rbpbltb, sal nvasc y bl
ul alstnltb, sb onggnrcl tctng`bltb mbspabrtcs3
Onib pcic,
bstrambltb n `atnm
sclamc mb gnmb gn lciob
ngnr`n y `abltrns
mb insn. mcr`àn`cs ng
Lcs mbspbrtn`cs prceulmn`bltb, sb maspnrù bg
alstnltb y mb al`bmantc
iclsambrá gns pcsajagamnmbs; ³Ngduabl altbltnjn bltrnr pcr ngdûl trndnguz mbg sùtnlc3 ³Bg
 vabltc onjàn mbsiclbitnmc ngdûl sblscr mb gns pubrtns3
pubrtns3 ³Iù`c pcmàn nsbdurnr`b
nsbdurnr`b mb qub gcs
qub bstnjnl bl insn bstuvabrnl jabl3
Lc bs mb scrprblmbr qub bltrb `as pra`brcs pblsn`abltcs lc sb onggnrn bg ga`atnr`b
ga` atnr`b n
npndnr gn ngnr`n y vcgvbr n mcr`ar rîpamn`bltb.
Gns Bsiraturns utagaznl nqubg icrrabltb nitc mb mbspbrtnr mbg subþc pnrn sa`jcgaznr bg
mbspbrtnr bsparatung qub lbibsatn`cs n eal mb rbiclcibr lubstrc gbdnmc mavalc, gcs
prcpùsatcs mb lubstrn vamn, gn lbibsamnm qub tblb`cs mb ic`ulainrlcs icl lubstrc Xnmrb
Ibgbstang, y bg almbsiraptajgb mcl mbg Yngvnmcr qub sb on mnmc pnrn nyumnrlcs n rbdrbsnr n
insn>.
Bl cinsaclbs, maioc mbspbrtnr bl iunltc n Macs ggbdn ic`c uln ruamcsn ngnr`n iunlmc
`blcs gc bspbrn`cs, y lcs mbspabrtn pnrn qub bltblmn`cs qub ngdûl altrusc bsparatung
pcmràn onibrlcs mnþc c quatnrlcs gc qub bs `îs prbianmc pnrn lcsctrcs. Ctrns vbibs, sb trntn
mb ul mbspbrtnr `îs trnlquagc, ic`c iunlmc bg scg nsc`n n trnvás mb gn vbltnln mbg
mcr`atcrac, y lc bs tnl bstrb`bibmcr ic`c uln ngnr`n, nulqub bs ul mbspbrtnr adung`bltb
rbng y lbibsnrac.
‗Q mbspbrtnrcl bl iunltc n Macs V. . .P. Yb onggnjnl bl `bmac mb gn cjsiuramnm ViunlmcP gn
guz mb gn sb`patbrln pngnjrn agu`alù sus ng`ns :.
]ng mbspbrtnr bsparatung suibmbrî n inmn oakc b oakn mb Macs, pcr mbiasaùl prcpan nquà bl gn
tabrrn, c jabl mbspuás mb bstn vamn, iunlmc bg mbspbrtnr yn lc pubmb mb`crnrsb `îs.
Gcs prcebtns sab`prb alvatnl n gcs oakcs mb Macs n mbspbrtnrsb bl iunltc n Ág. Bg Yngvnmcr
blsbþù; ‗N`nrîs, pubs, ng Ybþcr tu Macs icl tcmc tu icrnzùl, y icl tcmn tu ng`n, y icl tcmn
tu `bltb y icl tcmns tus eubrzns‐ 9. Bg npùstcg Xnjgc bxocrtù icl n`cr n nqubggcs iuycs ckcs
bstnjnl ibrrnmcs, eadurntavn`bltb onjgnlmc; ‗Mbspaártntb,
‗Mbspaártntb, tû qub mubr`bs V. . .P, y tb
ngu`jrnrî Irastc‐ . Gns pngnjrns altrcspbitavns mb Lbea iclstatuybl ul bgciubltb
=

rbicrmntcrac mb gn lbibsamnm
rbitns; ‗¡Mbspabrtn, ng`n `àn!mbg
Lcnrrbpblta`abltc
mbsenggbzins `îsmanrac, nul bl bg2. insc mb gns pbrsclns
bl bg pbinmc‐

Mclmbquabrn qub lcs onggb`cs bl lubstrn sblmn mbg masiapugnmc, njrn`cs gcs
ckcs y mbspbrtb`cs bl iunltc n Macs mb `nlbrn `îs injng.

Bg rby Jblkn`àl nmvartaù bl iunltc n gn ngnr`n btbrln mb gn mavaln kustaian n quablbs

mbiambl mb`crnr su mbspbrtnr; ‗Ya bsb oc`jrb V. . .P pbr`nlbib y `ubrb blb`adc mb Macs,
gns mb`nlmns mb gn mavaln kustaian mbspabrtnl bl su ng`n al`crtng ul vavc sblta`abltc mb su
prcpan iugpn qub gc onib rbtrcibmbr mb gn prbsblian mbg Ybþcr, y gb ggbln
gg bln bg pbioc mb iugpn,
mcgcr y nldustan‐ .
5

Mclmbquabrn qub lcs onggb`cs bl lubstrn sblmn mbg masiapugnmc, njrn`cs gcs ckcs y
mbspbrtb`cs bl iunltc n Macs mb `nlbrn `îs injng. Bg prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl makc;
 

‗Ng b`pbznr n inptnr saquabrn ul mbstbggc mbg `cmc bl qub bg Xnmrb Ibgbstang gcs vb y gc qub
Ág icleàn qub ustbmbs onrîl pcr Ág, su vamn kn`îs sbrî gn `as`n‐ 4.
Bg pgnl mb rbmbliaùl mb lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang
]cmc ic`blzù nltbs mb gn irbniaùl mbg `ulmc, iunlmc lubstrc jclmnmcsc y n`crcsc
Xnmrb Ibgbstang prbpnrù gn vàn pnrn qub Yus oakcs ggbdnrnl n sbr `îs sb`bknltbs n Ág, y
prc`btaù qub, n quabl rbiajabrn ng Xnmrb y ng Oakc, gb sbràn
s bràn mnmc tcmc gc qub bg Xnmrb tablb ?.
Lc sb trntnjn
n`crcsc, mb iungquabr
dblbrcsc y suprb`cpgnl6 brnonyn
qub sb bg pgnl `îs ydrnlmacsc,
irbnmc, `nkbstucsc,
sb gb iclcib jclmnmcsc,
ic`c bg pgnl mb sngvniaùl,
bg pgnl mb `asbraicrman, bg pgnl mb ebgaiamnm y ”ic`c sb gb ggn`n icl `îs erbiublian bl bg
Gajrc mb @cr`ùl” bg pgnl mb rbmbliaùl 1. Gn sngvniaùl,
sngvniaùl, gn `asbraicrman,
`asbraicrman, gn ebgaiamnm  y
 y gn
rbmbliaùl lcs
rbmbliaùl  lcs nyumnl n ic`prblmbr gn `ndlatum mb gc qub bg XnmrbX nmrb on pgnlaeainmc pnrn
lcsctrcs.
Bg mbsadlac mavalc mb lubstrc Xnmrb rbqubràn ic`jalnr mb `cmc ic`pgbtc Yu
bspgblmcrcsc n`cr onian lcsctrcs icl gn lbibsamnm mb qub cjbmbiaárn`cs gn gby mb `nlbrn
njscgutn. Yal n`cr, gn gby lc tblmràn sbltamc6 y sal gby, bg n`cr lc sbràn mb prcvbioc. Bg
prbsambltb Mnggal O. Cnfs makc; ‗Bg n`cr mb Macs lc sustatuyb Yus gbybs la Yus
`nlmn`abltcs, y bg bebitc mb ástcs lc mas`aluyb bg prcpùsatc la bg bebitc mb Yu n`cr‐ >8.
Bl gn vamn prbtbrrblng, sb bltblmàn qub bg pbinmc almavamung brn ul enitcr albgumajgb mb
lubstrn euturn vamn tbrrblng6 inmn ulc mb lcsctrcs pbinràn. Bg pgnl mb lubstrc Xnmrb
rbqubràn ul Zbmbltcr,
`crtngamnm, ngduabl
nsà ic`c mb qubpbinmcs
lubstrcs lcs rbsintnrn mb gn>>`ubrtb
pbrsclngbs . y mb gn alkustaian mb gn
Bg Icliagac mb gcs Iabgcs prbtbrrblng
Xnrn ic`prblmbr gn vamn `crtng qub vava`cs y gn vamn al`crtng qub lcs ndunrmn, ony qub
ic`blznr mbsmb bg Icliagac prbtbrrblng qub ciurraù nltbs qub sb irbnrn bg `ulmc.
 Ngdulcs marîl; ‗Xbrc yc lc rbiubrmc lalduln vamn vamn prbtbrrblng‐.
 Qc tn`pcic rbiubrmc `a vamn prbtbrrblng,
prbtbrrblng, pbrc tn`jaál mbjc nm`atar qub
qub lc rbiubrmc bg
màn bl qub lnià. ³Rstbm gc rbiubrmn3
 Nulqub pubmn onjbr ul nitn mb lnia`abltc
lnia`abltc c ectcdrneàns qub mbl eb mbg màn bl qub ustbm
lniaù ”aligusc gc qub su `nmrb, pnmrb c njubgcs lnrrbl ng rbspbitc”, mbjb rbiclcibr qub
lc tablb rbiubrmc ngdulc mb su prcpac lnia`abltc. Yal b`jnrdc, pcmb`cs near`nr qub su
lnia`abltc sà ciurraù, ³vbrmnm3
Lubstrc lnia`abltc, lubstrn laþbz, nsà ic`c lubstrcs nþcs mb nmcgbsiblian y gcs
pcstbracrbs, lcs mnl uln ambn scjrb quaálbs sc`cs, iuîgbs scl lubstrns bspbrnlzns y
subþcs, bl quá mbsbn`cs bsecrznrlcs y quá qubrb`cs gcdrnr, y lubstrn maspcsaiaùl n onibr
icsns qub scl maeàiagbs bl pcs mb ul `nycr jablbstnr n gnrdc pgnzc.
]ng ic`c suibmb icl bg màn bl qub lnia`cs, lc rbicrmn`cs lubstrn vamn prbtbrrblng. Mbg
`as`c `cmc bl qub iclean`cs bl mciu`bltcs ceaiangbs c bl pnrabltbs salibrcs pnrn
iclcibr icl eambgamnm gc qub ciurraù bg màn bl qub lnia`cs, mbpcsatn`cs lubstrn icleanlzn
bl gn vbrmnm y eambgamnm mb gns pngnjrns mb gns Bsiraturns, ic`c tn`jaál bl gcs prcebtns
`cmbrlcs, n eal mb gcdrnr uln lciaùl qub bs iruiang bl lubstrn vamn tbrrblng.
Bg pcbtn Taggan` Tcrmswcrto bsirajaù bstns obr`csns pngnjrns; ‗]nl sùgc ul subþc y ul
cgvamc bs bg lnia`abltc‐>:.
Bl bg Icliagac mb gcs Iabgcs prbtbrrblng, bg Oakc pra`cdálatc mb Macs sb cerbiaù n sà `as`c
pnrn sbr lubstrc Zbmbltcr; ‗Ob`b nquà6 blvàn`b‐ >9. Guiaebr, ctrc oakc prcirbnmc bl bspàratu,
rbionzù bg pgnl mbg Xnmrb y cerbiaù bl su gudnr ul `ngaiacsc nrmam pnrn sngvnrlcs
aliclmaiaclng`bltb, ‗sal
mbmainiaùl vcgultnran‐ >=, ytblbr
bl bgbl iubltn
qub bxadàngctcmc
qubbg
prbearabrn inmnsàulc,
`áratc pnrn la bgGuiaebr
`as`c. ngjbmràc la gn
makc;
 

‗Blvàn`b n `à. Ybrá tu oakc y rbma`ará n tcmc bg dálbrc ou`nlc, mb `cmc qub lc sb pbrmbrî
la uln scgn ng`n, y mb sbdurc gc onrá6 mn`b, pubs, tu oclrn‐ >2. Guiaebr lc qubràn lnmn qub
tuvabsb qub vbr icl gbybs, `nlmn`abltcs, cjbmablian la rbspclsnjagamnm, y sal bggc, lc
pcmràn onjbr ngjbmràc.
Gn`bltnjgb`bltb, bsns eagcsceàns engsns tn`jaál sb onl bxtblmamc bl lubstrc `ulmc.
Fcraocr gasclkbnjn n gns pbrsclns maiaálmcgbs qub lc lbibsatnjnl ul Irastc, la gn Bxpaniaùl
la gn rb`asaùl mb sus pbinmcs, yn qub ‗lc brn laldûl ira`bl bg qub ul oc`jrb oaiabsb icsn
>5
iungquabrn‐
in`alc‐ . Nûl
y ‗vavn su onggn`cs bltrb lcsctrcs
prcpan vbrmnm‐, dbltb qub
y qub mbsprbian ibgbjrn qubgns
gn nutcramnm, inmn ulc ‗sadn su
near`niaclbs prcpac y
njscgutns
gn rbspclsnjagamnm scjrb gcs nitcs6 pbrc tngbs blulianmcs scl vbrsaclbs ernumugbltns mb gn
 vbrmnmbrn ebgaiamnm.
Lcsctrcs vavàn`cs nltbs mb gn ebion mb lnia`abltc qub sb mciu`bltn bl gns nitns mb
lnia`abltc mb bstb `ulmc>4. Lubstrn ambltamnm almavamung bstî drnjnmn bl lcsctrcs pnrn
sab`prb. Ya bxastabrn ul nitn mb lnia`abltc prbtbrrblng, bl bggn iclstnràn qub Macs bg Btbrlc
Xnmrb bs bg Xnmrb mb lubstrc bspàratu >?. Lubstrc irbia`abltc bsparatung nggî bl bg `ulmc
prbtbrrblng aleguyb bl quaálbs sc`cs nquà mb `nlbrns qub lc bltblmb`cs pcr ic`pgbtc >1.
Lcsctrcs nibptn`cs bg pgnl mb Macs. Ynjàn`cs qub bxpbra`bltnràn`cs maeaiugtnmbs, mcgcrbs
 y pbsnrbs bl gn tabrrn:8. ]n`jaál snjàn`cs qub bg Yngvnmcr vblmràn y qub, iclecr`b
euárn`cs madlcs, ng gbvnltnrlcs bl gn rbsurrbiiaùl lcs ‗sbrVànP nu`bltnmn dgcran scjrb
VlubstrnP injbzn pnrn sab`prb kn`îs‐:>.
Lubstrc Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc
Ic`c pnrtàiapbs bl bg `ulmc prbtbrrblng,
p rbtbrrblng, lcs rbdciakn`cs mb qub Kbsuirastc, bg
Xra`cdálatc mbg Xnmrb, eubrn lubstrc Zbmbltcr ::. ]blablmc uln ‗eb bxibpiaclng y jublns
cjrns‐:9, bstîjn`cs prbpnrnmcs pnrn vblar n ul `ulmc mclmb onjràn drnl cpcsaiaùl, pbinmc
 y `ubrtb. ]blmràn`cs qub vblibr n Yntnlîs
Yntnlîs bl bstb `ulmc, pbrc, ³iù`c pcmràn`cs
pcmràn`cs
onibrgc3 Bg npùstcg Kunl mbignrù; ‗Bggcs gb onl vbliamc pcr `bmac mb gn snldrb mbg Icrmbrc y
mb gn pngnjrn mb su tbsta`clac‐ :=. ‗Bstcs scl gcs qub onl sngamc mb gn
g n drnl trajugniaùl6 y onl
gnvnmc sus rcpns y gns onl jgnlqubnmc bl gn snldrb mbg Icrmbrc‐ :2. Gn bsblian mbg pgnl mb
rbmbliaùl rbqubràn qub lubstrc n`nmc Yngvnmcr ‗mbsiblmaVbrnP mbjnkc mb tcmc‐ :5, b oaiabrn
bg sniraeaiac suprb`c mb suerar pcr tcmcs gcs pbinmcs, alkustaians y `ubrtb mb ul `ulmc
inàmc.
Bg `cmc bl qub vb`cs lubstrn vamn in`jan n `bmamn qub mbspbrtn`cs bl iunltc n Macs
bsparatung`bltb y bl vbrmnm irbb`cs bl Ág, bg Yngvnmcr mb tcmc bg dálbrc ou`nlc, nsà ic`c
bl bg pgnl mb rbmbliaùl. Uava`cs gn vamn mb `cmc maebrbltb iclecr`b irbb`cs bl gcs
susurrcs npniajgbs qub lcs rbiubrmnl quaálbs sc`cs bl rbngamnm y icl iuîltn vngbltàn
npcyn`cs bg pgnl mb lubstrc Xnmrb bl bg `ulmc prbtbrrblng. Gcs `nlmn`abltcs, qub nltbs
pnrbiànl rbstraitavcs, yn lc scl uln inrdn, salc uln jblmaiaùl pnrn nyumnrlcs n onggnr bg
in`alc n insn. ‗Xcr tnltc, mbspuás mb onjbrgbs mnmc n iclcibr bg pgnl mb rbmbliaùl, Macs gbs
mac `nlmn`abltcs‐:4.
Lubstrc prcpùsatc bl bstn vamn bs rbiajar ul iubrpc eàsaic y tblbr bxpbrablians tbrrblngbs,
bltrb bggns, gns tbltniaclbs y gn cpcsaiaùl prcpans mb ul `ulmc inàmc, n eal mb prcjnrlcs.
Lubstrc cjkbtavc ealng bs ggbdnr n sbr `îs sb`bknltbs n lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang :?. ]bstaeaic bl
inrîitbr mb ulc mb gcs tbstadcs mbg Ybþcr qub lc ony lnmn `îs a`pcrtnltb bl bstn vamn qub bg
dczc bsparatung y gns jblmaiaclbs btbrlns qub sb rbiajbl ng tblbr eb bl lubstrc
lubs trc Xnmrb
Ibgbstang, y bl Kbsuirastc y Yu bxpaniaùl6 ng rbiajar bg pbrmùl mb lubstrcs pbinmcs6 ng
mb`cstrnr lubstrn vngàn `bmanltb bg dunrmnr Yus `nlmn`abltcs y nyumnr n gcs mb`îs6 y ng
onggnr gn ebgaiamnm
rbdciàkbsb bl gnmben`agan
bl Yu pgnl y bl ctrcs gnzcs mb n`cr. Mbspabrtb bl iunltc n Macs y
rbmbliaùl.
 

Inpàtugc 5
GBKCY MB LRBY]ZC OCD Z IBGBY]A G
Onjaálmcsb bsicdamc bg Yngvnmcr, onjaálmcsb bstnjgbiamc bg pgnl mb rbmbliaùl y
onjaálmcsb irbnmc bg `ulmc pnrn lubstrn vamn tbrrblng, gcs prcpùsatcs mb gn tabrrn bstnjnl n
pultc mb ic`blznr
Bltblmb`cs `uynpcic
iu`pgarsb.
bl iunltc ng `cmc bl qub tcmn gn cjrn mbg Xnmrb iu`pgb icl uln
gby mavaln qub dcjabrln bg ulavbrsc. Ony rnzclbs qub bxibmbl lubstrn inpniamnm mb
ic`prblsaùl tbrrblng qub bxpgainl pcr quá iabrtcs nicltbia`abltcs tc`nl bg iursc qub
tablbl mbstalnmc.
Yb bsicdaù n Nmîl y n Bvn, mcs mb gcs bspàratus `îs sbgbitcs mbg Xnmrb, pnrn mnr ic`ablzc
n gn en`agan ou`nln>. Nltbs mb gn ‗inàmn mb Nmîl‐, lc onjàn oakcs, la `ubrtb, la pbinmc scjrb
gn tabrrn:. Iunlmc Nmîl y Bvn ic`abrcl mbg ‗erutc prcoajamc‐, tcmcs gcs bgb`bltcs vavabltbs
mb gn tabrrn sb vcgvabrcl `crtngbs, rbquaraálmcsb trnjnknr n eal mb vavar y scjrbvavar, y
scjrbvalabrcl gn `ubrtb, bg pbinmc, gn tbltniaùl, gn alkustaian, gns prubjns eàsains y
bsparatungbs, y tcmns gns maeaiugtnmbs prcpans mb gn iclmaiaùl `crtng.
Lc cjstnltb, kultc icl bscs vbrmnmbrcs cjstîiugcs, gn inàmn mb Nmîl pbr`ataù uln
 jblmaiaùl alicl`blsurnjgb; Xcmrànl
Xcmrànl lnibr gcs oakcs. Lubstrn alvngunjgb cpcrtulamnm
cpcrtulamnm mb
 vblar n gn tabrrn, cjtblbr ul iubrpc y ggbdnr n sbr `îs sb`bknltbs
sb`bknltbs n lubstrcs pnmrbs
ibgbstangbs sb vcgvaù uln rbngamnm. ‗Nmîl inyù pnrn qub gcs oc`jrbs bxastabsbl‐ 9.
Gcs nicltbia`abltcs iruiangbs qub iclmukbrcl n gn inàmn mb Nmîl y Bvn y ng ic`ablzc mb
gn rnzn ou`nln sb prbvbànl ng mbtnggb bl bg pgnl mb lubstrc Xnmrb6 pnrn Macs lc bxastbl gns
scrprbsns.
 Nltb bg `ulmc pnrn bltclibs inàmc y nltb gn cpcrtulamnm
cpcrtulamnm mb gn vamn tbrrblng, oujc mcs
rbngamnmbs `uy icltulmbltbs qub icjrnrcl a`pcrtnlian;
Bl pra`br gudnr, gn vamn tbrrblng lc sbràn sbliaggn =. Yb lcs prbsbltnrànl bgbiiaclbs y
mbiasaclbs iclstnltb`bltb, y lubstrc rbtc sbràn bgbdar bg jabl y rbionznr bg `ng. Rl vbgc mb
cgvamc lujgnràn gcs rbiubrmcs mb lubstrn vamn prbtbrrblng y, n vbibs, lcs pnrbibràn qub gn
 vamn tbrrblng bs lubstrn ûlain vamn. Yb lcs prc`btaù
prc`btaù qub ‗n tcmc oc`jrb sb mnVrànP bg
Bspàratu mb Irastc pnrn qub sVupabrnP masibrlar bg jabl mbg `ng‐ 2 y qub ‗gcs
oc`jrbs sVbrànlP sueaiabltb`bltb alstruamcs pnrn Vqub pumabrnlP masibrlar bg jabl mbg `ng‐ 5.
Ycjrbvavar rbqubraràn mbsbc, bseubrzc y trnjnkc. Uavaràn`cs bl ul `ulmc mb mbsagusaclbs,
mbsnstrbs
alkustaians,lnturngbs,
trnaiaclbsniiambltbs, blebr`bmnmbs,
y gcs bebitcs mcgcr
mb gns nitcs mb y `ubrtb.
oc`jrbs Bxpbra`bltnràn`cs
y `ukbrbs `ngvnmcs. Bg mcgcr lc
sùgc sbràn eàsaic, salc tn`jaál bsparatung.
Gn cpcsaiaùl
Bg `as`c nmvbrsnrac qub iclciàn`cs ic`c Guiaebr bl bg `ulmc prbtbrrblng lcs tbltnràn
 y lcs prcjnràn. Bg prbsambltb
prbsambltb Dbcrdb Ngjbrt Y`ato blsbþù; ‗]cmcs sbrb`cs tbltnmc
tbltnmcs6
s6 laldûl
oc`jrb bstî gajrb mb gn tbltniaùl. Bg nmvbrsnrac utagaznrî tcmc `bmac pcsajgb pnrn
bldnþnrlcs‐4.
Bg prbsambltb @. Zussbgg Jnggnrm bxpgaiù; ‗Yntnlîs prciurnrî tbltnrlcs bl gns cinsaclbs c
bl gns ecr`ns bl qub pubmn sninr vbltnkn mb lubstrns `nycrbs mbjagamnmbs c mbstruar
lubstrcs pultcs eubrtbs. Xbrc bg pgnibr qub ág prc`btb scl bldnþcs eudnibs6 su altbliaùl
`ngadln bs tbltnrlcs n pbinr, pcrqub snjb qub iunlmc pbin`cs lcs sbpnrn`cs mb lubstrc
Xnmrb Ibgbstang y mbg Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc‐?.
 

Yu mbsbc bs mbstruarlcs bsparatung`bltb y bvatnr qub rbdrbsb`cs n lubstrc ocdnr

ibgbstang1. Xbrc, ³pcr quá bg Xnmrb Ibgbstang onjràn mb pbr`atar qub Yntnlîs saduabrn guionlmc
icltrn gn rbitatum y qub lcs tbltnrn n tcmcs
tc mcs lcsctrcs ng bltrnr bl gn vamn tbrrblng3 Gns
Bsiraturns lcs rbspclmbl; ‗Q bs `blbstbr qub bg manjgc tabltb n gcs oakcs mb gcs oc`jrbs, mb
ctrn `nlbrn bstcs lc pcmrànl sbr sus prcpacs ndbltbs6 pcrqub sa lulin tuvabsbl gc n`nrdc,
lc pcmrànl iclcibr gc mugib‐>8. ‗Bg Ybþcr Macs gb iclibmaù ng oc`jrb qub cjrnrn pcr sà
`as`c. Mb `cmc qub bg oc`jrb lc pcmàn nitunr pcr sà n `blcs qub gc ntrnkbrn gc ulc c gc
>>
Xcr.ûgta`c, snjàn`cs qub rblmaràn`cs iubltns mb lubstrn vamn y mb gns mbiasaclbs qub
ctrc‐
tc`îrn`cs. Bg npùstcg Kunl bxpgaiù; ‗Q va n gcs `ubrtcs, drnlmbs y pbqubþcs, mb pab mbgnltb
mb Macs6 y gcs gajrcs eubrcl njabrtcs6 y ctrc gajrc eub njabrtc, bg iung bs bg gajrc mb gn vamn. Q
eubrcl kuzdnmcs gcs `ubrtcs pcr gns icsns qub bstnjnl bsiratns bl gcs gajrcs, sbdûl sus
cjrns‐>:.
Ya ástn eubrn gn mbsirapiaùl ic`pgbtn mb lubstrn vamn gbkcs mbg ocdnr ibgbstang, jabl
pcmràn`cs onjbr mbsenggbiamc icl iclstbrlnmn mbsbspbrnlzn.
Bg Zbmbltcr
Yal b`jnrdc, onjàn uln sbdulmn y icltulmbltb rbngamnm qub jralmnjn icleanlzn y
bspbrnlzn; ]blmràn`cs ul Zbmbltcr, n ^uabl iclciàn`cs jabl, qub qubjrnltnràn gns
gadnmurns mb gn `ubrtb, gc iung sbràn ul mcl drntuatc pnrn inmn ulc mb lcsctrcs, y nsbdurnràn
gn rbsurrbiiaùl
 vavaárn`cs bl gnmbtabrrn
lubstrc
>9. Yaiubrpc y gn al`crtngamnm
bsicdàn`cs mb bg
nrrbpbltarlcs, lubstrn ng`n,
Zbmbltcr mbspuás
pndnràn mb qub pcr
bg rbsintb
lubstrcs pbinmcs6 bs mbiar, bga`alnràn gcs brrcrbs y pbinmcs qub sb onggnsbl bl lubstrc gajrc
mb gn vamn ic`c pnrtb mb Yu bxpaniaùl alealatn >=. Yus blsbþnlzns lcs `cstrnrànl gn `nlbrn
mb vavar lubstrn vamn, y n `bmamn qub iugtavîrn`cs gn eb bl Ág, lcs nrrbpaltaárn`cs mb
lubstrcs pbinmcs y lcs jnutazîrn`cs pcr Yu nutcramnm, rbiajaràn`cs bg mcl ibgbstang mbg
Bspàratu Ynltc>2. Q `bmanltb gn alegublian mb lubstrc Yngvnmcr y mbg Bspàratu Ynltc,
ggbdnràn`cs n sbr `uioc `îs mb gc qub árn`cs bl bg `ulmc prbtbrrblng>5.
 Ng `c`bltc mb bltrnr bl gn vamn tbrrblng y rbiajar ul iubrpc `crtng, lcs iclvbrta`cs bl
oc`jrbs y `ukbrbs lnturngbs. Gns Bsiraturns mbknl bl ignrc qub ‗bg oc`jrb Vc gn `ukbrP
lnturng bs blb`adc mb Macs, y gc on o n samc mbsmb gn inàmn mb Nmîl, y gc sbrî pnrn sab`prb
 kn`îs, n `blcs qub sb sc`btn ng alegukc mbg Ynltc Bspàratu,
Bspàratu, y sb mbspckb mbg oc`jrb lnturng,
 y sb ondn snltc pcr gn bxpaniaùl mb Irastc bg Ybþcr,
Ybþcr, y sb vubgvn ic`c ul laþc; su`asc,
`nlsc, ou`agmb, pniabltb, ggblc mb n`cr y maspubstc n sc`btbrsb n iunltc bg Ybþcr kuzdub
iclvblabltb alegadar scjrb ág, tng ic`c ul laþc sb sc`btb n su pnmrb‐>4.
Gn inàmn mb Nmîl y Bvn
 Nmîl y Bvn tuvabrcl su prcpac mbspbrtnr bl bg pgnl mb rbmbliaùl. ]rns bxpugsîrsbgbs mbg
 knrmàl, trnjnknrcl pnrn
pnrn pcmbr scjrbvavar eàsain`bltb bl gn tabrrn, tng ic`c maibl gns
Bsiraturns, ‗icl bg sumcr mb su rcstrc‐>?, iugtavnlmc bg subgc y iuamnlmc mb sus rbjnþcs. Yu
lubvn vamn tblàn ul `nrinmc icltrnstb icl gn vamn bl bg Knrmàl mb Bmál. @uiocs màns brnl
mcgcrcscs y maeàiagbs iclecr`b gcs nprb`anjnl gns inrdns mb gn vamn.
Mbjamc ng vbgc mb cgvamc, lc ic`prblmànl pcr ic`pgbtc gcs praliapacs mbg pgnl mb
rbmbliaùl. Lc cjstnltb, dunrmnjnl gcs `nlmn`abltcs
` nlmn`abltcs qub onjànl rbiajamc nltbs mb
njnlmclnr bg Knrmàl. Gns Bsiraturns bxpgainl qub ‗mbspuás mb `uiocs màns‐, ul îldbg sb
npnrbiaù n Nmîl>16 trns bxpgainr qub gcs sniraeaiacs qub onjànl bstnmc cerbiablmc brnl ul
sà`jcgc mbg sniraeaiac mbg Yngvnmcr y mb Yu rbmbliaùl prc`btamn, bg îldbg makc; ‗Onrîs tcmc
iunltc oaiabrbs
Oakc pnrn bl kn`îs‐
sab`prb bg lc`jrb mbg Oakc,
:8. Nulqub y tb nrrbpbltarîs
onjànl trnlsdrbmamcb alvcinrîs n Macs
gn gby mb Macs, bl bgy lc`jrb
Nmîl mbg
Bvn ggbdnrcl
 

n bltblmbr icl `îs ignramnm qub bggcs y tcmn su pcstbramnm pcmànl sbr rbma`amcs. Bg
prbsambltb Mnggal O. Cnfs almain pcr quá bg `blsnkb mbg îldbg brn tnl a`pcrtnltb pnrn
lubstrcs pra`brcs pnmrbs; ‗Gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc pubmb altbribmbr y masapnr gns
tbrrajgbs mb`nlmns mb gn kustaian ”bg bstnmc mb mbsmaion y tcr`bltc qub sb mbsirajb bl gnsgn s
Bsiraturns” bl nqubggcs qub onynl vacgnmc gns gbybs mb Macs. Bsn rbgniaùl bltrb gn kustaian
pcr ul gnmc, y gn `asbraicrman y gn Bxpaniaùl pcr bg ctrc bs bg iclibptc ibltrng mbg bvnldbgac
mb Kbsuirastc‐:>.
 Nmîl
inàmc. y Bvn
Nmîl sb rbdciaknrcl
makc; ‗Jblmatc sbnnltb gn bspbrnlzn
bg lc`jrb mb qub
mb Macs, pubssbn gbs rbsintnrn
inusn mb su bstnmc sb
mb `a trnlsdrbsaùl `crtng
o nl y
onl
njabrtc `as ckcs, y tblmrá dczc bl bstn vamn, y bl gn inrlb mb lubvc vbrá n Macs‐ ::6 y Bvn
bxign`ù; ‗Mb lc onjbr samc pcr lubstrn trnlsdrbsaùl, lulin V. . .P oujaárn`cs
o ujaárn`cs iclciamc
V. . .P bg jabl y bg `ng, la bg dczc mb lubstrn rbmbliaùl, la gn vamn btbrln qub Macs iclibmb n
tcmcs gcs qub scl cjbmabltbs‐:9.
Oclrn y gccr sbnl n lubstrcs pra`brcs pnmrbs. Lcs mabrcl ul bkb`pgc mb rbitatum n sbduar
 y ecr`nrcl pnrtb mbg pgnl mavalc qub trnkc n gcs oakcs b oakns oakns mb Macs n gn tabrrn, y tng ic`c sb
almain ignrn`bltb bl lubstrc sbdulmc nrtàiugc mb eb, lcsctrcs ‗irbb`cs qub gcs oc`jrbs
sbrîl instadnmcs pcr sus prcpacs pbinmcs, y lc l c pcr gn trnlsdrbsaùl mb Nmîl‐:=.
 Nocrn ustbm sb onggn nquà bl gn tabrrn, y bs ul dgcracsc oakc c uln dgcracsn oakn mb mb Macs. On
 vblamc n ul `ulmc `crtng icl tcmns gns inrblians,
inrblians, tbltniaclbs y sbmuiiaclbs qub prbsbltn
bstn bxastblian sbiulmnran bl gn qub sb pbr`atb qub Yntnlîs y sus sbduamcrbs gc tabltbl,
:2

sbmuzinl
ustbm6 blrbmbl .lc
n suy ambltamnm Nulqub onyngcs
gn mbealbl ic`btamc
pbinmcsbrrcrbs,
mb bstb bscs pbinmcs
`ulmc6 `îs lc mbealbl
jabl, quaál
gn mbealb gn bs
rbitatum mb ctrc `ulmc. Ng onggnrsb nquà, icl gcs pbinmcs y mbebitcs mb bstb maeàiag bstnmc mb
prcjniaùl, su ng`n alvcin gn nyumn mavaln6 bl gc prceulmc mbg ng`n, nlobgn ul Zbmbltcr, ul
Yngvnmcr, pnrn blicltrnr bg in`alc mb rbdrbsc n su ocdnr ibgbstang :5. Gn Inàmn lc gb mbealb,
salc qub nyumn n rbealnrgb.

 Nulqub onyn ic`btamc brrcrbs, bscs pbinmcs lc mbealbl quaál bs ustbm6 n su

ambltamnm lc gn mbealbl gcs pbinmcs mb bstb `ulmc6 `îs jabl, gn mbealb gn
rbitatum mb ctrc `ulmc.

 Ng altbltnr ic`prblmbr gn Inàmn, mbjb`cs

mbjb`cs rbicrmnr sab`prb quaálbs sc`cs
sc`cs bl rbngamnm.
Yc`cs
Kbeerby gatbrng`bltb
Z. Ocggnlm onoakcs mavalcs‗Mbjamc
blsbþnmc; prcirbnmcs blbstn
n qub bspàratu pcr pnmrbs
mcitraln ibgbstangbs.
Vmb gn InàmnP bs tnlBgjîsain
ágmbr pnrn
bg pgnl mb sngvniaùl, y tn`jaál mbjamc n qub bs tnl susibptajgb n sbr `ngaltbrprbtnmn,
mbjb`cs mbstninr qub bstns rbebrblians n bsn `ngmnm ‟lnturng‑  lc  lc sb rbeabrbl n qub gcs
oc`jrbs y `ukbrbs sbnl ‟altràlsbin`bltb `ngcs‑ . Ony uln drnl maebrblian. Ic`c oakcs b
oakns prcirbnmcs bl bspàratu pcr Macs, tcmcs gcs oc`jrbs y `ukbrbs `crtngbs scl mavalcs bl
su cradbl y bl su mbstalc pctbliang V. . .P. Ya jabl bs iabrtc qub ic`c iclsbiublian mb gn Inàmn
nocrn VlcsP onggnV`csP bl ul `ulmc ‟lnturng‑ (inàmc) mclmb bg manjgc ‟mbspckn n gcs oakcs mb
gcs oc`jrbs mb gn guz‑ y mclmb iabrtcs bgb`bltcs mb gn lnturngbzn
”aliguyblmc gn lnturngbzn tb`pcrng ou`nln” rbquabrbl masiapgaln, ic`pcsturn y
rbealn`abltc‐:4.
 Uava`cs bl ul `ulmc mb pbinmc y, sal a`pcrtnr
a`pcrtnr iuîl jublcs mbsbb`cs sbr, sbr, bg pbinmc
bltrn bl gn vamn mb inmn ulc mb lcsctrcs. Bg npùstcg Xnjgc makc; ‗]cmcs pbinrcl y bstîl
mbstatuamcs mb gn dgcran mb Macs‐:?. Bg npùstcg Kunl, n su vbz, blsbþù; ‗Ya mbia`cs qub lc
 

tblb`cs pbinmc, lcs bldnþn`cs n lcsctrcs `as`cs, y gn vbrmnm lc bstî bl lcsctrcs‐ :1.
Asnàns makc; ‗]cmcs lcsctrcs lcs ob`cs mbsinrranmc ic`c cvbkns‐98.
Ony `uions ignsbs y drnmcs mb pbinmc, pbrc bg pbinmc bl ngduln mb sus ecr`ns
pbr`nlbibrî icl lcsctrcs bl bstn vamn tbrrblng. Jradon` Qculd makc; ‗Lc supcldnl qub bl
ngdûl `c`bltc bstnrb`cs gajrbs bl gn inrlb mb gn tbltniaùl mb pbinr V. . .P. Irbc qub mb uln
ecr`n u ctrn sbltarb`cs gcs bebitcs mbg pbinmc `abltrns vavn`cs‐ 9>.
Lc pcmb`cs bsinpnrlcs pcr ic`pgbtc mbg `ulmc
` ulmc qub lcs rcmbn. Ya sc`cs snjacs,
 vbrb`cs qub pra`brn`bltb
gn `crtngamnm y n vcgvbrlcs nglcs iclmuib
iclmuib
Yngvnmcr n mnrlcs
icl àltbdrciubltn mb lubstrns
prcpùsatc mae
maeaiugtnmbs
mb icrnzùl.aiugtnmbs rbgntavns n
Icl erbiublian,
ony ng`ns `uy lcjgbs negadamns pcr sus mbjagamnmbs tbrrblngbs. Lbea sb gn`bltn; ‗¡Co,
`asbrnjgb oc`jrb qub scy! Yà, `a icrnzùl sb bltrastbib n inusn mb `a inrlb. @a ng`n sb
negadb n inusn mb `as alaquamnmbs. @b vbc iariulmnmc n inusn mb gns tbltniaclbs y pbinmcs
qub tnl eîiag`bltb `b nsbmanl‐9:.
@cr`ùl bsirajaù gc saduabltb scjrb quablbs bsiuionrcl gns g ns blsbþnlzns mbg rby Jblkn`àl;
‗Q sb onjànl vastc n sà `as`cs bl su prcpac bstnmc inrlng, nûl `blcs qub bg pcgvc mb gn
tabrrn. Q tcmcs n uln vcz ign`nrcl, maiablmc; ¡Co, tbl `asbraicrman, y npgain gn snldrb
bxpantcran mb Irastc pnrn qub rbiajn`cs bg pbrmùl mb lubstrcs pbinmcs, y sbnl puraeainmcs
lubstrcs icrnzclbs!‐99.
]cmcs lbibsatn`cs bg nrrbpblta`abltc

Bg nrrbpblta`abltc
oakcs, qub bs prbiasc qublctcmcs
bs bg pgnl mb b`brdblian6
gcs oc`jrbs, bs pnrtbs,
bl tcmns bg ûlaicsbpgnl. ‗Blsáþngc,
nrrbpabltnl, c mbpubs, n tus
lalduln
`nlbrn obrbmnrîl bg rbalc mb Macs, pcrqub lalduln icsn al`ulmn pubmb `crnr nggà, la
`crnr bl su prbsblian‐9=.
Zbiubrmc qub bl `a ûgta`n btnpn mb nmcgbsibltb ic`bliá n bltblmbr gns bgciubltbs
pngnjrns mbg rby Jblkn`àl; ‗^uasabrn qub rbicrmnsbas y rbtuvabsbas sab`prb bl vubstrn
`b`cran gn drnlmbzn mb Macs, y vubstrn prcpan lugamnm, y su jclmnm y gcldnla`amnm pnrn
icl vcsctrcs, almadlns iranturns‐92. Oniàn rbebrblian n qub lcsctrcs bstîjn`cs bl uln
iclmaiaùl alsadlaeainltb y inàmn6 y prbdultù; ‗³lc sc`cs tcmcs `blmadcs3‐95.
]rns rbegbxaclnr, blicltrá iclvalibltbs sus blsbþnlzns. Bg rby bxpgaiù; ‗VMacsP cs bstî
prbsbrvnlmc màn trns màn, mîlmccs ngabltc pnrn qub pcmîas vavar, `cvbrcs y cjrnr sbdûl
 vubstrn prcpan vcgultnm, y nul sustbltîlmccs `c`bltc
`c`bltc trns `c`bltc‐94.
Xblsá; ‗Bs iabrtc qub `a inpniamnm mb rbsparnr, mb vavar y mb `cvbr bg iubrpc, y mb onibr
sbdûl `a vcgultnm, lc prcvablb mb `as prcpans onjagamnmbs, salc qub `b bs mnmn ic`c ul
mcl mb Macs‐. Ic`pnrá gn iubstaùl icl ul pbqubþatc qub ic`b bl gn `bsn mb sus pnmrbs sal
mnrsb iubltn mb gcs bseubrzcs qub ástcs mbjbl onibr pnrn prcvbbr bg nga`bltc inmn màn.
Gubdc, bg rby Jblkn`àl nþnmb nul `îs rnzclbs pnrn ndrnmbibr lubstrn mbpblmblian mbg
Xnmrb6 y sb rbeabrb n ‗gn bxpaniaùl qub on samc prbpnrnmn mbsmb gn eulmniaùl mbg `ulmc, n eal
mb qub pcr bsb `bmac ggbdnrn gn sngvniaùl n nqubg qub pusabrn su icleanlzn bl bg Ybþcr‐ 9?. Bg
nibptnr gn nm`claiaùl mbg rby Jblkn`àl mb ‗nrrbpbltarVlcsP mb VlubstrcsP pbinmcs, y
njnlmclnrgcs, y ou`aggnrVlcsP nltb Macs, y pbmaVrP icl salibramnm mb icrnzùl qub ág VlcsP
pbrmclb‐91 lcs nibrin `îs n Macs. Q mbspuás onggn`cs bstb pblbtrnltb `blsnkb vbrnz; ‗Q
nocrn jabl, sa irbáas tcmns bstns icsns, `arnm qub gns ondîas‐ =8.
Yá icl tctng iclvaiiaùl qub tcmcs lcsctrcs y tcmns lubstrns vamns lbibsatnl mbg
nrrbpblta`abltc. Lubstrn eb bl Irastc y lubstrn maspcsaiaùl n sbduargc lcs jralmnl
bspbrnlzn, pnz, y n`cr pcr Macs y pcr Yus oakcs. Lc tblb`cs qub sbltarlcs mbsnla`nmcs
iunlmc altua`cs qub lubstrc prcdrbsc bsparatung pnrbib mb`nsanmc gbltc la iunlmc
sbdua`cs
gc jublc‐=>vablmc gnsbl
6 ‗sá eabg mbjagamnmbs mb lubstrc
Irastc6 y qub l ubstrc
gns icsnsinrîitbr. Kn`îslc
qub ob bsiratc lmbjb`cs ‗inlsVnrlcsP
c tb negaknl, pnrn mb onibr
 

npbsnmu`jrnrtb onstn gn `ubrtb6 salc Irastc tb nla`b, y sus pnmbia`abltcs y `ubrtb, y gn

`nlaebstniaùl mb su iubrpc n lubstrcs pnmrbs, y su `asbraicrman y gcldnla`amnm, y gn
bspbrnlzn mb su dgcran y mb gn vamn btbrln, rbpcsbl bl tu `bltb pnrn sab`prb‐ =:. Kbsûs makc;
‗Bl bg `ulmc tblmráas negaiiaùl. Xbrc icleanm6 yc ob vbliamc ng `ulmc‐ =9.
 

Inpàtugc 4
BG DC[C C BG ZB@CZMA@ABL]C MB ICLIABLIA
Bg pbinmc sab`prb sbrî pnrtb mb bstb `ulmc tbrrblng, lcs ngbkn mb Macs, mas`aluyb
lubstrn pnz y lubstrn maion, y lcs pravn mb rbiajar iclsubgc ibgbstang y gn duàn mbg Ynltc

 yBspàratu. Bg pbinmc
lc prciurn`cs ga`atn
scicrr
scicrrc lubstrc prcdrbsc.
c `bmanltb Icl bg tab`pc,
lubstrc Yngvnmcr sa lcs nggblmb
y Zbmbltcr, nicstu`jrn`cs ng pbinmc
bg vbgc, lcs
onggnrb`cs bxiguamcs mb vavar icl Macs y icl Yu Oakc N`nmc, pubstc qub ‗lalduln icsn
a`purn pubmb `crnr icl Macs‐ >.
Bg pbinmc sbrî pnrtb mb gn vamn mb inmn ulc mb lcsctrcs6 Macs gb onjgù n Nmîl bl iunltc n
gn euliaùl mbg pbinmc bl bg pgnl mb rbmbliaùl. Gb makc; ‗Xcr iunltc sb icliajbl tus oakcs bl
pbinmc, mb adung `nlbrn, iunlmc b`pabznl n irbibr, bg pbinmc lnib bl sus icrnzclbs, y
prubjnl gc n`nrdc pnrn snjbr nprbianr gc jublc‐:.
Gubdc, bg Ybþcr bxpgaiù uln mb gns gbiiaclbs bgb`bltngbs qub sb onl mb nprblmbr bl gn
 vamn tbrrblng; ‗Gbs bs iclibmamc masibrlar
masibrlar bg jabl mbg `ng6 mb `cmc qub, scl sus prcpacs
ndbltbs, y ctrn gby y `nlmn`abltc tb ob mnmc‐9.
Ealng`bltb, bg Ybþcr `nlmù n Nmîl qub blsbþnrn n sus oakcs qub ony uln `nlbrn mb
rbdrbsnr n gn prbsblian mb Macs pcr `bmac mb gn `asbraicrman mb Yu Oakc N`nmc =. Makc;
‗Blsáþngc, pubs, n tus oakcs, qub bs prbiasc qub tcmcs gcs oc`jrbs, bl tcmns pnrtbs, sb
nrrbpabltnl, c mb lalduln `nlbrn obrbmnrîl bg rbalc mb Macs, pcrqub lalduln icsn
al`ulmn pubmb `crnr nggà, la `crnr bl su prbsblian6 pcrqub V. . .P su lc`jrb bs Oc`jrb mb
Ynltamnm, y bg lc`jrb mb su Rladálatc bs bg Oakc mbg Oc`jrb, sà, Kbsuirastc‐ 2.
Bg pbinmc y gns gbybs mb Macs
Ya jabl ngdûl pbinmc pubmb prcvcinr sblta`abltcs mb ngdnrnjàn tb`pcrng, kn`îs jralmnrî
ebgaiamnm murnmbrn5. Bg pbinmc lcs sbpnrn mb Macs y lcs mbsvàn mb lubstrc mbstalc mavalc4.
Yal lc sb icrradb, gns pbrsclns pubmbl alsblsajagaznrsb, tng ic`c bxpgaiù bg npùstcg Xnjgc, ng
tblbr ‗inutbraznmn gn icliablian‐?. Bg pbinmc pubmb sbr ic`c gn obrcàln c gn icinàln, y
cinsaclnr uln buecran alaiang, pbrc, ng adung qub bsns mrcdns, sùgc trnb trastbzn y mbsagusaùl bl
bg euturc. ‗Gn pndn mbg pbinmc bs `ubrtb‐ 1.

Ya jabl ngdûl
jralmnrî pbinmc
ebgaiamnm pubmb prcvcinr sblta`abltcs mb ngdnrnjàn tb`pcrng, kn`îs
murnmbrn.

Bg prcebtn Ng`n sb rbeabrb n quablbs sb ngbknl inmn vbz `îs mb Macs; ‗Q n gcs qub
blmurbibl sus icrnzclbs gbs bs mnmn gn `blcr pcriaùl mb gn pngnjrn, onstn qub lnmn snjbl
iclibrlabltb n sus `astbracs6 y bltclibs bg manjgc gcs ggbvn inutavcs y gcs duàn sbdûl su
sadlaeainl gns inmblns mbg aleabrlc‐>8.
 vcgultnm onstn gn mbstruiiaùl. Bstc bs gc qub sadlaeainl
Bg pbinmc tablb iclsbiublians.
]cmcs ob`cs pbinmc>>. Bg npùstcg Kunl makc; ‗]cmn `ngmnm bs pbinmc‐>:6 y bg npùstcg
Ynltandc blsbþù; ‗Bg pbinmc V. . .P bstî bl nqubg qub snjb onibr gc jublc y lc gc onib‐>9.
Bxastbl maebrbltbs drnmcs mb pbinmc y lc mbjb`cs icgcinr tcmcs gcs pbinmcs kultcs bl uln
`as`n intbdcràn. Bg rby Jblkn`àl nþnmaù; ‗Lc pubmc mbiarcs tcmns gns icsns `bmanltb gns
iungbs pcmáas ic`btbr pbinmc6 pcrqub ony vnracs `cmcs y `bmacs, tnltcs qub lc pubmc
blu`brnrgcs‐>=. Gcs brrcrbs, bg pbinmc, uln rblcvnmn eb bl bg Ybþcr y bg nrrbpblta`abltc
iclstnltb scl pnrtb mbg prcdrbsc onian gn btbrlamnm pnrn tcmcs lcsctrcs.
 

Bg Ybþcr onjgn blárdain`bltb bl iunltc n gcs nsbsalcs, nmûgtbrcs, ecrlainracs y

‗quablquabrn qub n`n y cjrn `bltarn‐ >2. Altbrebrar mb `nlbrn alnprcpanmn bl gn sndrnmn
irbniaùl mb gn vamn bs `uy drnvb pnrn Macs.
Onib `uioc tab`pc qub nprbiac ul vbrsàiugc mbg inpàtugc vbaltalubvb mb Ng`n. Ng`n
utagazn bgb`bltcs icltrnpubstcs pnrn rbinginr gns iclsbiublians mb lubstrns mbiasaclbs; ‗Bg
qub iclcib bg jabl y bg `ng, n bstb gb bs mnmc sbdûl sus mbsbcs, sbn qub mbsbb bg jabl c bg `ng,
gn vamn c gn `ubrtb, bg dczc c bg. . .‐. G
Gcc pra`brc qub sb `b ciurraràn n `à pnrn ic`pgbtnr gn
ernsb sbràn qub gc cpubstc ng dczc bs bg pbsnr, c quazîs gn trastbzn. Lc cjstnltb, gn bxprbsaùl
qub Ng`n utagazn bs ‗bg dczc c bg rb`crma`abltc mb icliablian‐>5.
]cmcs ob`cs sbltamc pbsnr y lcs l cs ob`cs mbibpiaclnmc n lcsctrcs `as`cs mbjamc ng
pbinmc. ]cmcs ob`cs sueramc pcr gn iugpn y ob`cs gn`bltnmc lubstrcs nitcs6 n bggc sb gb
ggn`n ‗rb`crma`abltc mb icliablian‐6 ciurrb ng lc dunrmnr gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs y bs
gc cpubstc ng dczc.
Bg rb`crma`abltc mb icliablian bs ul `nbstrc `ndlàeaic, aligusc bl gcs pbqubþns engtns
mb lubstrn kuvbltum, sa nprblmb`cs mb gcs brrcrbs. Bg ágmbr Zclngm N. Znsjnlm bxpgain qub
‗lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang snjàn qub lbibsatnràn`cs nyumn y pcr tng rnzùl lcs mac bg praliapac
mbg nrrbpblta`abltc. Bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs bg praliapac puraeainmcr mbg Bvnldbgac, y bs bg
`bkcr n`adc qub tblb`cs‐>4.
Uavar sal rb`crma`abltcs

Bg ágmbr Zaionrm
prbsambltb D. Oalifgby,
Dcrmcl J. Oalifgby sb blrbearaù
iunltcn nuln gbiiaùl
vavar qub nprblmaù mb su pnmrb, bg
sal rb`crma`abltcs.
Iunlmc brn laþc, `a pnmrb (Dcrmcl J. Oalifgby) scgàn onibro nibr ul iuracsc pbmamc ng
cerbibr gn crniaùl en`aganr. Mbiàn; ‗Xnmrb Ibgbstang, pcr envcr, jblmàiblcs pnrn qub vavn`cs
v avn`cs
sal gn`bltnr lubstrcs nitcs‐. Murnltb `uiocs nþcs, lc bltblmà gc qub nqubggns pngnjrns
sadlaeainjnl. Xbrc bltclibs, iunlmc tblàn ulcs mabz nþcs mb bmnm, tuvb uln bxpbrablian
qub `b nyumù n bltblmbrgc `bkcr.
Iabrtn lciob, trns bg
b g ntnrmbibr, ulc mb `as n`adcs prcpusc qub bxpgcrîrn`cs gns insns
lubvns qub bstnjnl bl iclstruiiaùl ng ctrc gnmc mb uln oclmclnmn. Bl gn bsqualn mb uln
insn, blicltrn`cs uln pagn mb tnjgns mb `nmbrn qub pnrbiànl pbrebitns pnrn iclstruar
lubstrns ioczns. Gns `nmbrns sb onjànl usnmc pnrn bg blicernmc mclmb sb vbrtàn bg
ib`bltc pnrn gcs ia`abltcs mb gn insn. Lcs iclvblia`cs n lcsctrcs `as`cs mb qub gcs
cjrbrcs gns mbsinrtnrànl6 `as n`adcs y yc tc`n`cs gns tnjgns y gns nrrnstrn`cs
nrr nstrn`cs onstn gn
oclmclnmn, `abltrns iclvbrsîjn`cs pcr bg in`alc scjrb gn ignsb mb ioczn qub
iclstruaràn`cs
VNg saduabltbPicl
eal bggns.
mb sb`nln V. . .P, lcs rbula`cs bl gn oclmclnmn y pusa`cs `nlcs n gn
cjrn pnrn iclstruar lubstrn lubvn ioczn. Yal b`jnrdc, irbc i rbc qub tcmcs lcs sbltàn`cs
nvbrdclznmcs mb gc qub onjàn`cs obioc.
 Nqubg sîjnmc, `a pnmrb
pnmrb eub n gn ceaialn pnrn nmbgnltnr trnjnkc. ]ng ic`c gc oniàn n
`blumc gcs sîjnmcs, `b alvatù n nic`pnþnrgc. Xcr bsb bltclibsb ltclibs brn b`pgbnmc mb gn
Adgbsan, y bg mbspnioc mbg prbsambltb
prb sambltb Mnvam C. @iFny bstnjn ng ealng mbg pnsaggc.
VBsbP sîjnmc, V`abltrnsP sngàn`cs mbg bmaeaiac, bg prbsambltb @iFny lcs mbtuvc bl bg
pnsaggc, VpbrcP yc lc pcmàn `arnrgc n gcs ckcs.
c kcs. Ng nibrinr`b pnrn bstrbionrgb gn `nlc, sbltà
ic`c sa bg prbsambltb gbybrn gn ernsb ‗gnmrùl mb `nmbrn‐ bl `a erbltb. ¡Iù`c gn`bltá
onjbr tc`nmc nqubggns tnjgns! ¡Gns crniaclbs mb `a pnmrb p nmrb ealng`bltb icjrnrcl sbltamc
pnrn `à! Yupb qub qubràn sbltar`b madlc iunlmc `b ggbdnrn bg `c`bltc mb ic`pnrbibr
nltb bg Ybþcr>?.
 

Bg npùstcg Xnjgc maib qub gcs erutcs mb ggbvnr uln vamn rbitn scl ‗n`cr, dczc, pnz,
gcldnla`amnm, jbladlamnm, jclmnm, eb, `nlsbmu`jrb VyP tb`pgnlzn‐ >1. Bsns `as`ns
iungamnmbs sb ntrajuybl n gcs kustcs bl bg `ulmc mb gcs bspàratus mbspuás mb su vamn tbrrblng;
‗Bstnjnl ggblcs mb dczc y mb ngbdràn, y sb rbdciaknjnl kultn`bltb pcrqub bstnjn prùxa`c bg
màn mb su gajbrniaùl‐:8.
Ybltar iugpn y gn`bltnr lubstrcs nitcs
Xcr ctrn pnrtb, gns Bsiraturns tn`jaál onjgnl scjrb quablbs pnmbibl gn iugpn mbg
pbinmc; ‗@a ng`n bstnjn ntrajugnmn bl su`c drnmc, y ntcr`bltnmn pcr tcmcs `as pbinmcs.
Yà, `b nicrmnjn mb tcmcs `as pbinmcs b alaquamnmbs, pcr inusn mb gcs iungbs yc brn
ntcr`bltnmc icl gns pblns mbg aleabrlc6 sà, vbàn qub `b onjàn rbjbgnmc icltrn `a Macs y qub
q ub
lc onjàn dunrmnmc sus snltcs `nlmn`abltcs‐ . :>

Ya gn rbjbgaùl icltrn Macs y Yus `nlmn`abltcs prcsadub sal nrrbpblta`abltc, gns pblns y
gn iugpn nu`bltnl bl gn vamn vblambrn, iunlmc quablbs lc scl rbitcs sb mnl iubltn mb gns
`ndlàeains jblmaiaclbs qub bg Xnmrb y bg Yngvnmcr onl mnmc. ‗Xcrqub ob nquà, iunlmc sb cs
ondn vbr vubstrn mbslumbz mbgnltb mb Macs, y tn`jaál gn dgcran mb Macs y gn snltamnm mb
Kbsuirastc, bggc bliblmbrî uln ggn`n mb eubdc albxtalduajgb bl vcsctrcs‐ ::. ‗Q VustbmbsP
sbrîl iclsadlnmcs ng ocrrblmc bspbitîiugc mb su prcpan iugpn y njc`alniaclbs, qub gcs
onrî rbtrcibmbr mb gn prbsblian mbg Ybþcr n ul bstnmc mb `asbran y tcr`bltc sal eal‐ :9.
Ony iclstnlian y pbrmurnjagamnm bl gns gbybs mb Macs6 gns Bsiraturns lcs almainl qub
maions gbybs scl
nrrbpbltarsb, tnl btbrlns
n `blcs ic`c gn
qub pbinrn3 vamn mbg
³Iù`c ng`n.pbinr,
pcmràn ‗Q, ³iù`c pcmràn bggby3
sa lc oujabsb oc`jrb
Q, ³iù`c pcmràn
onjbr uln gby sal qub oujabsb ul instadc3 @ns sb eakù ul instadc, y sb mac uln gby kustn, gn
iung trnkc bg rb`crma`abltc mb icliablian ng oc`jrb‐ :=. Kcsá Y`ato makc; ‗Bg oc`jrb bs su
prcpac vbrmudc y su prcpac kubz. Xcr bsc sb maib qub arî ng gndc nrmabltb mb eubdc y nzuerb
Vvánsb Npcingapsas :>;?P. Bg tcr`bltc mb gn `bltb mbibpiaclnmn bs pnrn bg oc`jrb tnl
altblsc ic`c ul gndc nrmabltb mb eubdc y nzuerb‐ :2.
Bg Yngvnmcr lcs on mnmc uln a`pnitnltb pbrspbitavn mb lubstrc prcdrbsc btbrlc6 Ág makc;
‗^uasabrn qub eubsbas pbrebitcs nsà ic`c yc, c ic`c vubstrc Xnmrb qub bstî bl gcs iabgcs bs
pbrebitc‐:5. Bg prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl lcs on blsbþnmc
bl sbþnmc qub gn pngnjrn drabdn mb gn qub
prcvablb bg tár`alc pbrebitc
tár`alc pbrebitc sadlaeain
 sadlaeain ngdc n ic`pgbtnr c n tbr`alnr :4. Iabrtn`bltb, tng
prcibsc mb ninjnmc mb lubstrns ng`ns lc icliguarî bl bstb `ulmc, pbrc mbjb`cs sbduar
 vcgvaálmclcs mb `nlbrn iclstnltb `îs sb`bknltbs
sb`bknltbs ng Xnmrb y n Yu Oakc `bmanltb bg pcmbr
mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y gn bxpaniaùl mbg Yngvnmcr.
Bg Ybþcr mbsirajb bg nu`bltc c gn mas`aluiaùl mbg pcmbr bsparatung bl tár`alcs mb guz g uz y
csiuramnm; ‗Gc qub bs mb Macs bs guz6 y bg qub rbiajb guz y pbrsbvbrn bl Macs, rbiajb `îs guz,
 y bsn guz sb onib `îs y `îs rbspgnlmbiabltb onstn bg màn pbrebitc‐
pbrebitc‐:?. Q ony ul nspbitc
cpubstc; ‗Q nqubg alaiuc vablb y mbspckn n gcs oakcs mb gcs oc`jrbs mb gn guz y gn vbrmnm, pcr
`bmac mb gn mbscjbmablian‐:1.
Yab`prb ob onggnmc drnl iclsubgc bl bstns blsbþnlzns mbg prbsambltb Jcym F. Xnifbr; X nifbr;
‗Icl bxibpiaùl mb ulcs pcics qub onl cptnmc pcr sbduar gn vàn mb gn pbrmaiaùl, lc bxastb bg
oîjatc, gn nmaiiaùl, gn rbjbgaùl, gn trnlsdrbsaùl, gn npcstnsàn la bg mbgatc qub qubmb bxbltc mb
gn prc`bsn mb ul pbrmùl ic`pgbtc. Ásn bs gn prc`bsn mb gn bxpaniaùl mb Irastc V. . .P. Lc sb
mbl pcr vbliamcs sa erninsnl bl bg pra`br altbltc V. . .P. Lc sb mbl pcr vbliamcs; bsn `nþnln
gu`alcsn ggbdnrî‐98.
Bg prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl on nþnmamc; ‗ Yab`prb
‗ Yab`prb ony
 ony ul in`alc mb rbdrbsc V. . .P.
Lc onl ic`btamc laldûl pbinmc tnl drnvb ic`c pnrn bstnr `îs nggî mbg nginlib mbg n`cr y
gn drnian
Macs, bxpantcran nmbg
¡ic`blznrîl Yngvnmcr.
sbltar Ng mnr
gc `uioc qubgcsbgpnscs
Xnmrbpnrn nrrbpbltarsb
Ibgbstang y Yu Oakcy sbduar
N`nmcgns gbybs mb
quabrbl qub
 

rbdrbsbl n insn icl bggcs! V. . .P. Bggcs onrîl tcmc gc qub bstá n Yu nginlib qub lc vuglbrb la bg
Bggcs pnrn nyumnrgcs n rbdrbsnr‐9>.
ngjbmràc mb ustbmbs la gns gbybs mb Bggcs pnrn
Gcs pbinmcs mb ic`asaùl y mb c`asaùl
Bl cinsaclbs, onjgn`cs mb pbinmcs mb ic`asaùl y mb pbinmcs mb c`asaùl. Onibr nqubggc
qub lc mbjb`cs onibr bs pbinmc mb ic`asaùl, y bg lc onibr gc qub mbjb`cs bs pbinmc mb
c`asaùl. Bl rbebrblian n bsns mcs ignsbs mb pbinmc, bg ágmbr Lbng N. @nxwbgg blsbþù; ‗Rln
 vbz qub sb mbknl mb gnmc y sb bvatnl gcs pbinmcs ‗tbgbstangbs‐ Vgcs
Vgcs mb ic`asaùlP, sb mbjb
prbstnr `îs ntbliaùl n gcs pbinmcs mb c`asaùl. ]ngbs c`asaclbs cinsaclnl qub lc rbuln`cs
pgbln`bltb gcs rbquasatcs pnrn bltrnr bl bg Zbalc Ibgbstang. Yùgc uln `nycr iclsndrniaùl
pcmrî icrrbdar bsns c`asaclbs, qub tablbl iclsbiublians tnl rbngbs ic`c gns mb ggcs cs pbinmcs
mb ic`asaùl. Nsà, pubs, `uiocs mb lcsctrcs tblb`cs gn eb sueaiabltb pnrn bvatnr gcs pbinmcs
mb ic`asaùl drnvbs, pbrc lc gn jnstnltb pnrn sniraeainr gns cjsbsaclbs qub lcs mastrnbl la
pnrn iclibltrnrlcs bl lubstrns c`asaclbs.
‗Gn `nycràn mb gns c`asaclbs ciurrbl pcr lubstrn alinpniamnm mb mbknr mb ibltrnrlcs bl
lcsctrcs `as`cs6 bstn`cs tnl ciupnmcs tc`îlmclcs lubstrn prcpan tb`pbrnturn qub lc
lctn`cs gn eabjrb nrmabltb mb ctrns pbrsclns, nul iunlmc pcmb`cs cerbibrgbs ngdulcs mb gcs
rb`bmacs lbibsnracs, tngbs ic`c mnr ngabltc, `cstrnr jclmnm y mbiar pngnjrns mb blic`ac‐ 9:.
Bl bg Bvnldbgac rbstnurnmc, n bsc gc mblc`aln`cs ‗`alastrnr‐.
Bg Yngvnmcr makc; ‗Ynjáas qub gcs dcjbrlnltbs mb gcs dbltagbs sb blsbþcrbnl scjrb bggcs, y
gcs
qubqub sclonibrsb
quabrn drnlmbsdrnlmb
bkbriblbltrb
scjrbvcsctrcs
bggcs pctbstnm. @ns bltrb
sbrî vubstrc vcsctrcs
sbrvamcr6 lc sbrî
y bg qub nsà,sbr
quabrn salc
bg qub bg
pra`brc bltrb vcsctrcs sbrî vubstrc sabrvc, nsà ic`c bg Oakc mbg Oc`jrb lc valc pnrn sbr
sbrvamc, salc pnrn sbrvar y pnrn mnr su vamn bl rbsintb pcr `uiocs‐ 99.
Rln mb gns `nycrbs pabmrns mb trcpabzc pnrn rbiajar bg mcl mavalc mbg pbrmùl bs trntnr mb
nrrbpbltarlcs mb ul  pbinmc y lc nrrbpbltarlcs mb pbinr9=. Gn bsblian mbg nrrbpblta`abltc lc
ul pbinmc
bs npnrtnrsb mb iabrtn trnlsdrbsaùl, salc tcrlnr tcmc bg icrnzùl n Macs mb lubvc. Lcs sbràn
`bkcr lc blinsaggnr mb`nsanmc lubstrcs pbinmcs, salc `îs jabl, bsecrznrlcs pcr mnr gc
`îxa`c bl tcmc gc qub Macs lcs on pbmamc. Bg npùstcg Ynltandc bxpgain; ‗Iungquabrn qub qub
dunrmn tcmn gn gby, pbrc ceblmb bl ul pultc, sb onib iugpnjgb mb tcmcs. Xcrqub bg qub makc;
Lc ic`btbrîs nmugtbrac, tn`jaál on maioc; Lc `ntnrîs. Nocrn jabl, sa lc ic`btbs nmugtbrac,
pbrc `ntns, yn tb ons obioc trnlsdrbscr mb gn gby‐g by‐92.
Bg prbsambltb Ypblibr T. Fa`jngg nþnmaù bstns pngnjrns mb snjamuràn; ‗Bg
nrrbpblta`abltc mbjb aliguar uln bltrbdn tctng y ic`pgbtn ng prcdrn`n mbg Ybþcr. Lc sb s b on
nrrbpbltamc ic`pgbtn`bltb bg trnlsdrbscr qub mbkn mb pndnr su mabz`c, engtn n sus
rbulaclbs, qubjrnltn bg màn mb rbpcsc, mbsntablmb sus crniaclbs en`aganrbs, lc scstablb n gns
nutcramnmbs mb gn Adgbsan, mbscjbmbib gn Xngnjrn mb Ynjamuràn, lc n`n ng Ybþcr la n sus
sb`bknltbs V. . .P. Macs lc pubmb pbrmclnr n `blcs qub bg trnlsdrbscr `nlaeabstb ul
nrrbpblta`abltc vbrmnmbrc qub sb bxtablmn n tcmc nspbitc mb su vamn‐ 95.
³Iù`c pcmràn sbltarsb ngduabl pbrmclnmc mb ul pbinmc mb ic`asaùl drnvb sa c`atb
cerbibr sus crniaclbs, nsastar n gn Adgbsan, snltaeainr bg màn mb rbpcsc, pndnr sus mabz`cs y
cerblmns, gbbr gns Bsiraturns, y sbrvar y `alastrnr n gcs mb`îs3 Bg prbsambltb Zussbgg @.
Lbgscl mbignrù; ‗Nulqub bg Ybþcr alsastb bl lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc, gn `nycràn mb gn dbltb
lc sabltb tng lbibsamnm a`pbracsn. Iclsambrnl qub scl pbrsclns qub trntnl mb sbr jublns6
bsn dbltb lc tablb `ngns altbliaclbs6 sal b`jnrdc, bg `blsnkb mbg Ybþcr ignrn`bltb almain
qub tcmcs
tcmcs mbjbl
 mbjbl nrrbpbltarsb, lc sùgc mb gcs pbinmcs mb ic`asaùl
ic`asaùl,, salc tn`jaál mb gcs
c`asaùl‐‐ .
pbinmcs mb c`asaùl 94

Mbjb`cs nprblmbr
rbpudlnlian `bmanltb
iclstnltb`bltb bg nrrbpblta`abltc
9?6 kn`îs y bg pbrmùl
mbjb`cs pbr`atar qub bg npnmrb
vbr bgmbpbinmc icl`bltarns
tcmns gns ic`pgbtn
 

lcs iabdub la lcs blmurbzin bg icrnzùl6 lulin ob`cs mb nsu`ar gn pcsturn mb adlcrnr la
`ala`aznr lubstrcs pbinmcs91. Bg pbinmc pubmb nmcr`bibrlcs gcs sbltamcs bsparatungbs,
nlbstbsanrlcs y iclmuiarlcs n mbknr mb sbltar bl bg nspbitc bsparatung =8.
 Nulqub vblibr bg pbinmc pubmn pnrbibrlcs
pnrbibrlcs uln blcr`b `cltnþn pcr bsingnr, kn`îs
kn`îs sb
lcs makc qub onjràn`cs mb onibrgc scgcs . Gn jubln iclmuitn, sal
=> s al a`pcrtnr iuîl salibrn y
mbtbr`alnmn sbn, lc pcmrî jcrrnr lulin gcs pbinmcs mbg pnsnmc. Laldûl sbr ou`nlc pubmb
bga`alnr bg icstc, pndnr bg prbiac la sntasenibr gns mb`nlmns mb gn kustaian =:.

 Nulqub vblibr bg pbinmc pubmn pnrbibrlcs uln blcr`b `cltnþn pcr bsingnr,
 kn`îs sb lcs makc qub onjràn`cs mb onibrgc scgcs.

Ic`c ulc mb gcs npùstcgbs mbg Ybþcr, gb prc`btc qub su bspbrnlzn bl Kbsuirastc, kultc
icl su mbiasaùl mb nrrbpbltarsb mb sus pbinmcs, lc sbrî bl vnlc. Yc`cs rbsintnmcs pcr
`bmac mb Yus `áratcs, y lc pcr `bmac mb gcs lubstrcs=9. Ng mbpcsatnr lubstrn icleanlzn bl
Ág, gn bsingnmn mb gn `cltnþn lc sùgc
s ùgc bs pcsajgb, salc tn`jaál b`ciaclnltb. Ág lcs ggbvn bl
 jrnzcs6 sc`cs rbma`amcs
rbma`amcs `bmanltb Yu rbitatum==. Ág lcs cerbib n inmn ulc bg mcl mavalc mbg
pbrmùl.
 

Inpàtugc ?
BG MCL MB YR XZBIA MC OAKC
@abltrns Xcliac Xagntc iclsambrnjn su mbiasaùl entàmain, bxprbsù bl vcz ngtn su magb`n
altbracr; ‗³^uá, pubs, onrá icl Kbsûs, qub bs ggn`nmc bg Irastc3‐ >. Yb trntn mb uln prbdultn
qub tcmn
nquà c `îsng`n
nggîqub
mbg onyn
vbgc :.vavamc c vavarî scjrb
Bs gn prbdultn gn tabrrn
praliapng pnrnmbjbrî rbspclmbr
quablbs ngdûl màn, ynnpbgnr
bstîl iclsambrnlmc sbn ng
pcmbr mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y ng mcl mbg pbrmùl.
Bg nrrbpblta`abltc lc sb gcdrn tnl sùgc `bmanltb gn mbtbr`alniaùl qub tbldn`cs mb
icrrbdar bg iursc mb lubstrn vamn. Bg nrrbpblta`abltc rbquabrb qub rbiurrn ou`agmb`bltb ng
Yngvnmcr y pbr`atn qub Yu drnian mbsinlsb scjrb ustbm iclecr`b ggbdn n sbr uln ‗lubvn
iranturn‐9 bl Irastc.
 Qc irbc bl Kbsuirastc6 y irbàn bl Ág iunlmc brn laþc. Aligusc murnltb `a ápcin mb
iubstacln`abltcs ic`c nmcgbsibltb, `abltrns bstumanjn y crnjn mb `nlbrn icliablzumn bl
iunltc ng Gajrc mb @cr`ùl y ng prcebtn Kcsá Y`ato, irbàn bl Kbsuirastc sal gudnr n mumns. Gn
irbblian bl bg Yngvnmcr mb `a alenlian sb neanlzù `bmanltb bg pctbltb tbsta`clac mb Yu
mavalamnm qub rbiajà ng gbbr bg Lubvc ]bstn`bltc y bg Gajrc G ajrc mb @cr`ùl. Zbiajà uln
iclvaiiaùl nul `îs ear`b icl bg trnlsiursc mb gcs nþcs ng alvcinrgc pnrn pbmar pbrmùl pcr
`as pbinmcs, ng bsecrznr`b pcr dunrmnr Yus `nlmn`abltcs, ng vbr cjrnr Yu `nlc bl `a vamn
 y bl gn mb pbrsclns mb tcmc bg `ulmc, y ng tblbr gn jblmaiaùl mb bkbribr Yu snltc snltc snibrmciac.
 Nocrn, bl inrîitbr mb ulc mb Yus npùstcgbs crmblnmcs,
crmblnmcs, ob tblamc bxpbrablians nul `îs
ic`pgbtns, bsparatungbs y pbrsclngbs qub `b onl jralmnmc ul tbsta`clac sbdurc y ibrtbrc mb
qub Ág bs bg Oakc mb Macs. Ág bs bg Irbnmcr mb lubstrc `ulmc, bg Oakc N`nmc mb lubstrcl ubstrc
Xnmrb, lubstrc Yngvnmcr b Altbribscr, bg Zby mb rbybs. Ág vavaù uln vamn pbrebitn y sal
pbinmc. N trnvás mbg alic`pnrnjgb mcl mb Yu bxpaniaùl, qub sb bebituù bl bg @cltb mb gcs g cs
Cgavcs, bl Dbtsb`nlà6 bl bg Dùgdctn, scjrb gn iruz6 y ng gbvnltnrsb mb gn tu`jn, lcs mac gn
 jblmaiaùl mb lubstrn rbsurrbiiaùl
rbsurrbiiaùl euturn6 y `bmanltb lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc,
nrrbpblta`abltc, lcs mac gn
cpcrtulamnm mb rbdrbsnr ng rbalc mb lubstrc Xnmrb, ga`pacs y purcs, y pbrmclnmcs mb
lubstrcs pbinmcs. Qc sá qub Kbsuirastc bs ul Ybr rbsuiatnmc qub tablb ul iubrpc eàsaic y
dgcraeainmc mb inrlb y oubsc. Ág vavb ocy. Ág bs bg Zbmbltcr y bg Yngvnmcr mbg `ulmc.
Xnrn `à, lc ony pngnjrns bl laldûl amac`n qub mbsirajnl vbrmnmbrn`bltb gn `nkbstnm, bg
pcmbr, gn dgcran la bg n`cr mbg Oakc mb Macs. Gc qub snjb`cs scjrb Ág ic`ablzn icl Yu
mbignrniaùl n Yu Xnmrb,
dgcran pnrn sab`prb‐ bl bg `ulmc prbtbrrblng; ‗Ob`b nquà6 blvàn`b V. . .P y sbn tuyn gn
=6 icltalûn murnltb Yu vamn sal pbinmc bl gn `crtngamnm y Yus pngnjrns

maradamns n Yu Xnmrb ng icliguar Yu `alastbrac tbrrblng; ‗Bl tus `nlcs blic`ablmc `a

bspàratu‐26 y nlulian Yu rbdrbsc dgcracsc, iunlmc ‗vblmrVîP V. . .P bl gns lujbs
l ujbs mbg iabgc,
rbvbstamc mb pcmbr y drnl dgcran, icl tcmcs gcs snltcs îldbgbs‐ .
5

Iunlmc bg Kbsûs rbsuiatnmc mbsiblmaù mbg iabgc y sb npnrbiaù n gcs qub onjànl samc
prbsbrvnmcs bl gns N`árains, bxtblmaù Yus `nlcs obramns y makc; ‗Ob nquà, yc scy Kbsuirastc,
mb quabl gcs prcebtns tbstaeainrcl qub vblmràn ng `ulmc. Q ob nquà, scy gn guz y gn vamn mbg
`ulmc6 y ob jbjamc mb gn n`nrdn icpn qub bg Xnmrb `b on mnmc, y ob dgcraeainmc ng Xnmrb,
tc`nlmc scjrb `à gcs pbinmcs mbg `ulmc, icl gc iung `b ob sc`btamc n gn vcgultnm mbg
Xnmrb bl tcmns gns icsns mbsmb bg praliapac‐ 4.
 

Ág bs bg Zbmbltcr y bg Yngvnmcr mbg

mb g `ulmc. Xnrn `à, lc ony pngnjrns bl laldûl
amac`n qub mbsirajnl vbrmnmbrn`bltb gn `nkbstnm, bg pcmbr, gn dgcran la bg n`cr
mbg Oakc mb Macs.

 N`crcsn`bltb, bg Yngvnmcr pbr`ataù qubqub inmn oc`jrb, `ukbr y laþc sb nibrinrn,

nibrinrn, ulc pcr
ulc, y pngpnrn gn obramn mb gn gnlzn bl Yu icstnmc, y gns `nrins mb gcs ignvcs bl Yus `nlcs y
pabs. Yu mbsbc brn qub bggcs ‗sVupabrnlP qub VÁg bsP bg Macs mb Asrnbg, y bg Macs mb tcmn gn
tabrrn, y qub oVnP samc `ubrtc pcr gcs pbinmcs mbg `ulmc‐ ?.
 Nqubggcs ou`agmbs snltcs ggcrnrcl ng ic`prblmbr
ic`prblmbr qub Ág brn bg pra`brc bl rbsuiatnr,
nsbdurnlmc nsà qub sb vcgvabrnl n ular bg iubrpc y bg bspàratu mb inmn oakc y mb inmn oakn mb
Macs mbspuás mb gn `ubrtb. Ág gbs bxpgaiù qub onjàn tc`nmc scjrb sà gn `îs n`nrdn y
mcgcrcsn ic`asaùl mb Yu Xnmrb n eal mb pndnr pcr tcmcs gcs pbinmcs mbg `ulmc ”gcs mb
ustbm y gcs `àcs” y gbs iclear`ù qub, tng ic`c Njalnmà onjàn prcebtaznmc, Yu vcgultnm onjàn
samc njscrjamn bl gn vcgultnm mb Yu Xnmrb1.
Lubstrc n`cr pcr Macs nu`bltn n `bmamn qub iclsambrn`cs icliablzumn`bltb lubstrcs
prcpacs pbinmcs, y ggbdn`cs n rbiclcibr lubstrn ic`pgbtn y njscgutn mbpblmblian mb
Kbsuirastc pnrn lubstrn rbmbliaùl pbrsclng. Ng bltblmbr saquabrn gn pnrtb `îs pbqubþn mbg
prbiac qub pndù pcr lubstrcs pbinmcs, lcs alvnmb ul n`cr altbr`alnjgb pcr Ág. Nlobgn`cs
iclcibr `îs
iu`pgaù blgby
icl gn iunltc
mb gn nkustaian.
lubstrcIclZbmbltcr y ng `cmc
uln drntatum bl qub Ág, mbsbn`cs
albxprbsnjgb, icl n`cr ynrrbpbltarlcs
sniraeaiac,
nrrbpbltarlcs ng
mnrlcs iubltn mbg vngcr alingiugnjgb qub bg Xnmrb y bg Oakc mabrcl n lubstrns ng`ns.
‗Zbicrmnm qub bg vngcr mb gns ng`ns bs drnlmb n gn g n vastn mb Macs6 pcrqub ob nquà, bg Ybþcr
 vubstrc Zbmbltcr pnmbiaù gn `ubrtb bl gn inrlb6 inrlb6 pcr tnltc, sueraù bg mcgcr mb tcmcs gcs
oc`jrbs, n eal mb qub tcmc oc`jrb pumabsb nrrbpbltarsb y vblar n ág‐ >8.
@uioc nltbs mb vblar n gn tabrrn, bstuva`cs prbsbltbs iunlmc ‗ngnjnjnl tcmns gns
bstrbggns mbg ngjn, y sb rbdciaknjnl tcmcs gcs oakcs mb Macs‐ >>. Bl lubstrn vamn prbtbrrblng, bg
Xnmrb Ibgbstang prbsbltù Yu pgnl pnrn lcsctrcs, bl bg qub cjtblmràn`cs ul iubrpc eàsaic,
prcdrbsnràn`cs bl eb y bxpbra`bltnràn`cs gn vamn tbrrblng. Yal b`jnrdc, maion vamn tbrrblng
 y sus mbiasaclbs trnbrànl bg pbinmc6 sùgc sùgc `bmanltb bg sniraeaiac `asbraicrmacsc
`asbraicrmacsc mb ul
Yngvnmcr pcmràn`cs sbr rbma`amcs mb gn trnlsdrbsaùl qub almumnjgb`bltb ciurraràn y ggbdnr
n sbr `îs sb`bknltbs n lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang. Nqubg qub eub bg ‗N`nmc y V. . .P Bsicdamc
mbsmb bg praliapac‐>: sb cerbiaù ic`c vcgultnrac y makc; ‗Ob`b nquà6 blvàn`b‐ >9, ‗Xnmrb,
dg cran pnrn sab`prb‐>=. Nqubg, qub brn ‗bg `nycr mb tcmcs‐ >2,
oîdnsb tu vcgultnm, y sbn tuyn gn dgcran
snjàn qub sb rbqubraràn mb Ág `îs mb gc qub iungquabr sbr `crtng pcmàn gcdrnr; ggbvnr uln vamn v amn
sal pbinmc y tblbr gn maspcsaiaùl mb pnmbibr pcr tcmcs gcs pbinmcs, mcgcrbs, prubjns,
maeaiugtnmbs, blebr`bmnmbs b alkustaians mb tcmcs gcs qub valabrnl n gn tabrrn. Lc bs mb
scrprblmbr, bltclibs, qub lcs ‗rbdciakîrn`cs tcmcs gcs oakcs o akcs mb Macs‐.
Ág valc n gn tabrrn bl bg `bramanlc mb gcs tab`pcs y bl gns iclmaiaclbs `îs ou`agmbs.
@nràn, Yu vardbl `nmrb, eub uln `ukbr purn y vartucsn. Mbjamc n qub Yu Xnmrb brn Macs
`as`c, Kbsûs pcmàn bxpbra`bltnr gns prubjns y gns tbltniaclbs mb gn iclmaiaùl `crtng sal
bstnr sukbtc n gcs bebitcs ic`pgbtcs mb gn Inàmn >5, y tblàn bg pcmbr mb tc`nr scjrb sà ‗`îs mb
gc qub Viungquabr `crtngP pVcmrànP suerar‐ >4.
Yu vamn sal pbinmc
Ynjb`cs qub sa Kbsûs lc oujabrn ggbvnmc uln vamn sal pbinmc y oujabrn rbngaznmc Yu
bxpaniaùl
ng manjgc>?.alealatn,
N inusnlcmbonjràn onjamc
lubstrcs rbsurrbiiaùl
pbinmcs, bstn`cs ysukbtcs
lubstrcs
n gnsbspàratus
mb`nlmnsonjrànl
mb gn bstnmc gsukbtcs
gby mb gn
n
 

 kustaian bl su pgblatum>1. Xubstc qub Ág eub sal pbinmc, gn kustaian lc pcmàn rbign`nrgb lnmn,
gc qub gb mnjn gn inpniamnm mb pndnr pcr lubstrcs pbinmcs. Yùgc pcmb`cs sbr rbma`amcs
mbjamc n Yu rbitatum. Yu pndc y instadc pcr bg pbinmc pubmbl sntasenibr gns mb`nlmns mb gn
 kustaian pcr lubstrcs pbinmcs:8. Lc a`pcrtn iuîl jublcs sbn`cs, sab`prb sbrb`cs
‗sbrvamcrbs a`prcmuitavcs‐:>, yn qub kn`îs pcmrb`cs pndnr n Macs gn mbumn pcr gc qub Ág
lcs on mnmc.
Iuîl alic`prblsajgb y `nrnvaggcsc n gn vbz bs qub Irastc lc onyn ibmamc lulin n lalduln
mb gns tbltniaclbs icl gns qub Yntnlîs gc nicsnjn ::. Bg nutcr mb gn bpàstcgn n gcs Objrbcs sb
rbearaù n Irastc ic`c lubstrc Yu`c Ynibrmctb ng bsirajar; ‗Xcrqub lc tblb`cs ul su`c
snibrmctb qub lc pubmn ic`pnmbibrsb mb lubstrns egnqubzns, salc ulc qub eub tbltnmc bl
tcmc sbdûl lubstrn sb`bknlzn, pbrc sal pbinmc‐:9. Bg rby Jblkn`àl lcs blsbþù qub Ág
‗suerarVànP tbltniaclbs‐:=. Q bg Yngvnmcr `as`c makc qub ‗mbsiblmaù mbjnkc mb tcmc, pcr gc
qub ic`prblmaù tcmns gns icsns‐ :2.
I. Y. Gbwas bxprbsù gn saduabltb ambn; ‗Yùgc quablbs trntnl mb rbsastar gn tbltniaùl snjbl
iuîl eubrtb bs V. . .P. Ggbdn`cs n iclcibr gn pctblian mbg vabltc ng in`alnr bl icltrn mb ástb,
 y lc ng ndnionrlcs. Bg oc`jrb qub ibmb n gn tbltniaùl trns ialic
ialic `alutcs sbliaggn`bltb lc
snjb iù`c oujabrn samc mbspuás mb uln ocrn. Bs pcr bggc qub, bl iabrtc sbltamc, gns pbrsclns
`ngns iclcibl `uy pcic scjrb gn `ngmnm. Onl ggbvnmc uln vamn ‟n`pnrnmn mbg vabltc‑ ng
ibmbr sab`prb. Kn`îs iclcibrb`cs gn eubrzn mbg a`pugsc `ngvnmc qub onyn bl lubstrc
altbracr onstn qub trntb`cs mb ic`jntargc6 y pubstc
y  pubstc qub Irastc eub bg ûlaic oc`jrb qub
lulin ibmaù
qub ástn n gn tbltniaùl,
sadlaeain
sadlaeain‐ ‐:5. tn`jaál bs bg ûlaic
ûla ic oc`jrb qub iclcib tcmn gn `ndlatum mb gc
Xcic mbspuás mbg jnutas`c mb Irastc, iclecr`b sb prbpnrnjn pnrn Yu `alastbrac tbrrblng,
Yntnlîs prbsbltù ng Yngvnmcr mb `nlbrn marbitn ngdulns tbltniaclbs qub scl ic`ulbs pnrn
tcmcs lcsctrcs; bg npbtatc eàsaic, bg crduggc, y bg pcmbr y gn raqubzn:4. Iuîl drnlmb bs gn
tb`pgnlzn qub Kbsûs `cstrù iunlmc bg nmvbrsnrac gb cerbiaù ‗tcmcs gcs rbalcs mbg `ulmc y gn
dgcran mb bggcs‐:?6 rbionzù tcmns gns tbltniaclbs mb Yntnlîs mbsmb Yu lnia`abltc onstn Yu
`ubrtb. ¡Iuîl bxtrncrmalnran bs gn jclmnm y gn altbdramnm mb Kbsuirastc! Uavaù icl
`nkbstucsamnm n eal mb pcmbr niumar n lubstrc rbsintb.
Bg Dbtsb`nlà
Icl ic`pnsaùl y `asbraicrman, blsbþù gn vbrmnm, snlù n gcs blebr`cs, y lcs alvatù n
tcmcs n nrrbpbltarlcs y n vblar n Ág. Mbspuás mb trbs nþcs, bl Yu ûgta`n sb`nln, Kbsûs sb
maradaù n Kbrusngál. Gîznrc, n quabl onjàn gbvnltnmc mb bltrb gcs `ubrtcs, bstnjn icl Ág.
@uiocs sngabrcl n rbiajargc y ign`njnl; ‗¡Ocsnlln! ¡Jblmatc bg qub vablb bl bg lc`jrb mbg
Ybþcr, bg Zby mb Asrnbg!‐ :1. Yu pcpugnramnm nzcrù n gcs
g cs praliapngbs snibrmctbs, y ástcs
‗nicrmnrcl `ntnr Vn Kbsûs yP tn`jaál n Gîznrc‐ . Kbsûs makc n Yus masiàpugcs; ‗On ggbdnmc gn
98

ocrn mb qub bg Oakc mbg Oc`jrb sbn dgcraeainmc‐9>. Ng `bmatnr bl gc qub tblàn pcr mbgnltb,
Kbsûs crù; ‗Nocrn bstî turjnmn `a ng`n, ³y quá mará; Xnmrb, sîgvn`b mb bstn ocrn3‐ 9:6 y
bltclibs, bxprbsnlmc Yu mbtbr`alniaùl, ndrbdù; ‗Xbrc pnrn bstc ob ggbdnmc n bstn ocrn‐ 99.
 Ng ntnrmbibr mbg kubvbs, Irastc sb onggnjn icl gcs Mcib Npùstcgbs bl bg npcsbltc ngtc9=6
alstatuyù gn Ynltn Ibln bl `b`cran mbg sniraeaiac qub sb bstnjn prbpnrnlmc pnrn cerbibr 926
gbs gnvù gcs pabs y bxpgaiù; ‗Bkb`pgc cs ob mnmc, pnrn qub nsà ic`c yc cs ob obioc, vcsctrcs
tn`jaál ondîas‐956 gbs `nlmù qub sb ‗n`VnrnlP gcs ulcs n gcs ctrcs‐ 946 crù, inltnrcl ul
oa`lc y gcs iclmukc eubrn mb gns `urnggns mb gng n iaumnm onstn Dbtsb`nlà9?, qub gatbrng`bltb
sadlaeain ‗gndnr mb cgavcs‐.
 Ng ggbdnr n Dbtsb`nlà, bl gn jnsb mbg `cltb mb gcs Cgavcs, mbkù n cioc mb Yus masiàpugcs
masiàpugcs y
ggbvù iclsadc
mastnlian n Xbmrc,
mb Ág, Ynltandc
y qub vbgnrnl VKnicjcP
y crnrnl y Kunl91Ág. Gbs
`abltrns ajn pamaù qub`îs
ul pcic sb qubmnrnl n uln
gbkcs, mclmb icrtn
pumabrn
 

bstnr scgc y crnr=8. @ntbc, qub bstnjn icl Kbsûs nqubggn lciob, rbdastrù bg sndrnmc
nicltbia`abltc; ‗Q V. . .P ic`blzù n bltrastbibrsb y n nldustanrsb bl drnl `nlbrn. Bltclibs
Kbsûs gbs makc; @a ng`n bstî `uy trastb, onstn gn `ubrtb6 qubmncs nquà y vbgnm icl`adc. Q
 yálmcsb ul pcic `îs nmbgnltb, sb pcstrù scjrb
scjrb su rcstrc, crnlmc‐=>. @nrics, jnsîlmcsb bl
gcs rbiubrmcs mb Xbmrc, rbdastrù gns
gn s pngnjrns mb Kbsûs; ‗Njjn, Xnmrb, tcmns gns
gn s icsns scl
pcsajgbs pnrn ta6 npnrtn mb `à bstn icpn6 pbrc lc gc qub yc quabrc, salc gc qub quabrbs tû‐=:.
Guins, qub lc bstnjn prbsbltb, pbrc qub onjàn onjgnmc icl tbstadcs prbsbliangbs, nþnmaù;
‗Bltclibs sb gb npnrbiaù ul îldbg mbg iabgc pnrn ecrtngbibrgb. Q bstnlmc bl ndclàn, crnjn `îs
altblsn`bltb6 y brn su sumcr ic`c drnlmbs dctns mb snldrb qub inànl n tabrrn‐ =9. Bl bg
oubrtc mb gcs cgavcs, bl bg `cltb mb gcs Cgavcs, ibrin mbg gndnr mb cgavcs (Dbtsb`nlà), gb
scjrbvalabrcl tcmcs gcs pbinmcs, trastbzns, pbsnrbs, blebr`bmnmbs y suera`abltcs mb tcmcs
gcs qub onjànl vavamc c qub vavarànl scjrb gn tabrrn, y snldrù pcr ‗inmn pcrc‐==. Ng`n makc qub
bg Yngvnmcr tc`ù scjrb sà lubstrns mbjagamnmbs ‗n eal mb qub sbdûl gn inrlb sbpn
iù`c scicrrbrVlcsP Vbl `bmac mb lubstrnsP mbjagamnmbs‐ =2. Lubstrc mavalc Zbmbltcr lcs
ic`prblmb ic`pgbtn`bltb.
Murnltb bg tbrrajgb suera`abltc bl bg Dbtsb`nlà, @nrics makc qub Kbsûs bstnjn
negadamc=5 ”bl drabdc sb usù uln bxprbsaùl qub sadlaeain ‗scrprblmamc‐ c ‗scjrbicdamc‐”
Kbsûs onjàn snjamc mbsmb lubstrn vamn prbtbrrblng qub tc`nràn scjrb sà gcs pbinmcs mb
tcmcs, pbrc kn`îs onjàn bxpbra`bltnmc gn Bxpaniaùl nltbs6 gn ndclàn y bg mcgcr brnl
alicl`blsurnjgbs=4. Bl lubstrcs màns, Ág mbsirajaù Yu bxpbrablian ic`c ‗bg gndnr mbg eurcr
=?
mb gn arn mbg
tb`jgnrn Macs C`lapctbltb‐
n inusn , ‗pnmbia`abltc
mbg mcgcr y snldrnrn quby oazc
pcr inmn pcrc qub yc,tnltc
pnmbiabrn, Macs,blbgbg`nycr mbic`c
iubrpc tcmcs,bl
bg bspàratu‐=1. Kbsuirastc eub ‗`cgamc pcr lubstrns alaquamnmbs‐28.
Gn ndclàn njscgutn qub gb oazc sumnr drnlmbs dctns mb snldrb onjàn mbknmc su iubrpc
mbjagatnmc `îs nggî mb gn ic`prblsaùl mb gcs `crtngbs, lc cjstnltb, icltaluù. Gn trnaiaùl mb
ngduabl qub onjàn in`alnmc icl Ág, Yu rcstrc njcebtbnmc y bsiupamc ng ic`pnrbibr nltb gcs
gàmbrbs kumàcs, Yu iubrpc nzctnmc y gn icrcln mb bspalns qub Yus inptcrbs rc`nlcs gb
ignvnrcl bl gn injbzn, tcmc bggc sb suibmaù bl gns saduabltbs
s aduabltbs ocrns2>. Ealng`bltb, ng
blin`alnrsb onian bg Dùgdctn, sb gb bioù bg pbsnmc `nmbrc blia`n mb gn inrlb mbsdnrrnmn mb
gn bspngmn2:.
Gn Iruiaeaxaùl y gn iruz
Xcliac Xagntc, trns mbignrnr qub ‗laldûl mbgatc onggVnjnP bl VKbsûsP‐ 29, ibmaù mb `nlbrn
icjnrmb ng ign`cr mbg pcpugnioc; ¡Ybn iruiaeainmc! ¡Ybn iruiaeainmc!2=. N gns 1;88 mb gn
`nþnln, bl bg Dùgdctn, qub sadlaeain ‗gudnr mb sbpugturn‐ 22, Kbsuirastc eub ignvnmc bl gn iruz.
talabjgns scjrb tcmn gn tabrrn‐25. Bl gn iruz,
 N pnrtar mbg `bmacmàn y murnltb trbs ocrns, ‗oujc talabjgns
‗sb VrbpataùP gn ndclàn mbg Dbtsb`nlà, altblsaeainmn `îs mb gc qub bg pcmbr ou`nlc pcmàn
scpcrtnr. Bl VgnP ocrn `îs Vn`nrdnP, Vscjrb gn iruz, ngP Irastc ndclaznltb sb Vgb mbkù suerarP n
scgns V. . .P. N eal mb qub bg sniraeaiac suprb`c mbg Oakc pumabrn iclsu`nrsb bl tcmn su
pgblatum, pnrbib qub bg Xnmrb rbtarù bg npcyc mb Yu Xrbsblian al`bmantn, mbknlmc ng Yngvnmcr
mb Vtcmc bg dálbrc ou`nlcP gn dgcran mb uln vaitcran ic`pgbtn scjrb gns eubrzns mbg pbinmc y
gn `ubrtb‐24.
Mbspuás mb sbas ocrns bl gn iruz, Kbsûs bxign`ù; ‗Iclsu`nmc bs, sb on obioc tu
 vcgultnm‐2?. Bg Yngvnmcr mac vubgtn gn ûgta`n
ûgta `n pîdaln mb Yu vamn tbrrblng. Yu sniraeaiac pcr
lcsctrcs sb onjàn iu`pgamc6 bg icstc alic`pnrnjgb qubmù sntasebioc6 ¡sb iu`pgaù icl gns
bxadblians mb gn gby mb gn kustaian!
Iunlmc gns Bsiraturns sb rbeabrbl ng Dbtsb`nlà y ng Dùgdctn, tblb`cs gn prumblian mb
pbr`atargbs
iug`alù bl sa`jcgaznr
gn iruz y sb gn tctngamnmiunlmc
ic`pgbtù mb Yu sniraeaiac,
sb gbvnltù bg
mbiung ic`blzù
gn tu`jn. Iclbldrnl
bg Dbtsb`nlà,
erbiublian, bg
 

Yngvnmcr sb rbeabrb n Yu iruiaeaxaùl ng onjgnr mb Yu bxpaniaùl pbrebitn. Ág on maioc; ‗Ycy

Kbsuirastc, bg Oakc mb Macs, qub eua iruiaeainmc pcr gcs pbinmcs mbg `ulmc, sà, pcr iunltcs
irbnl bl `a lc`jrb‐21. ‗Q `a Xnmrb `b blvaù pnrn qub eubsb gbvnltnmc scjrb s cjrb gn iruz6 y qub
mbspuás mb sbr gbvnltnmc scjrb gn iruz, pumabsb ntrnbr n `à `as`c n tcmcs gcs oc`jrbs‐58.
Bg ágmbr Lbng N. @nxwbgg blsbþù; ‗Iunlmc Kbsûs vubgvn bl `nkbstucsamnm y pcmbr
bxtrncrmalnracs, bl pcr gc `blcs uln mb Yus npnraiaclbs, vblmrî icl vbstamurns rckns, pnrn
rbicrmnrlcs qub Ág mbrrn`ù Yu snldrb pnrn bxpanr lubstrcs pbinmcs (vánlsb Mcitraln y
Iclvblacs >99;=?6 Asnàns 59;>). Yu vcz sb bsiuionrî ng mbignrnr, mb lubvc, iuîl scgc bstuvc
uln vbz; ‟Ob pasnmc yc scgc bg gndnr
g ndnr V. . .P y lnmab bstuvc icl`adc‑ (Mcitraln y Iclvblacs
>99;28).
‗Iunltc `îs sbpn`cs nibrin mb gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsûs, tnltc `îs gc dgcraeainrb`cs n Ág, y
tnltc `îs dgcraeainrb`cs Yu bxpaniaùl alealatn y Yu lnturngbzn icl ou`agmnm y ngbdràn.
Lulin lcs inlsnrb`cs mb rblmargb oc`blnkb pcr Yu jclmnm y Yu n`crcsn jblbvcgblian.
³Murnltb iuîltc tab`pc onjgnrb`cs mb bsn `nlbrn mb lubstrn drntatum pcr Yu bxpaniaùl3
Gns Bsiraturns lcs almainl qub ‟pnrn sab`prb kn`îs‑ (vánsb Mcitraln y Iclvblacs >99;2:)‐5>.
Yu `ubrtb y rbsurrbiiaùl
 Ng sbr bg Oakc mb Macs, Kbsuirastc `as`c mbiamaù
mbiamaù mnr Yu vamn pnrn pcmbr
pcmbr gbvnltnrlcs6
lnmab pcmàn quatîrsbgn . Ág eub bg pra`brc bl tcmn gn oastcran mbg dálbrc ou`nlc bl
5:

gbvnltnrsb mb gn tu`jn.
Bg pra`brqub
nrc`îtains mànonjànl
mb gn sb`nln, ngdulns
prbpnrnmc pnrn `ukbrbs eubrclGnngpabmrn
Yu sbpugturn. sbpugirc n eal mb rb`cvamn
sb onggnjn ggbvnr gns bspbians
y bg
sbpugirc bstnjn vniàc. Blicltrnrcl n mcs vnrclbs icl vbstamurns rbspgnlmbiabltbs. Iunlmc
gns `ukbrbs inybrcl n tabrrn, gcs îldbgbs gbs prbdultnrcl; ‗³Xcr quá jusiîas bltrb gcs
`ubrtcs ng qub vavb3 Lc bstî nquà, salc qub on rbsuiatnmc‐59. Xcic mbspuás, sb npnrbiaù n Yus
npùstcgbs y gbs jralmù ul tbsta`clac almavamung mb Yu rbsurrbiiaùl; ‗@arnm `as `nlcs y `as
pabs, qub yc `as`c scy6 pngpnm y vbm, pcrqub ul bspàratu lc tablb inrlb la oubscs ic`c vbas
qub yc tbldc‐5=. Mbspuás, ‗npnrbiaù n `îs mb qualabltcs obr`nlcs n gn vbz‐ 52. ]rns Yu
rbsurrbiiaùl, sb npnrbiaù y `alastrù n mcs `ag qualabltcs oc`jrbs, `ukbrbs y laþcs bl gns
 N`árains. Mbjamc n qub Ág vavb y sb gbvnltù mb gn tu`jn, tcmc tcmc bg dálbrc ou`nlc rbsuiatnrî.
‗³Mùlmb bstî, co `ubrtb, tu nduakùl3 ³Mùlmb, co sbpugirc, tu vaitcran3‐ 55.
Gn rbsurrbiiaùl mb lubstrc n`nmc Yngvnmcr lcs gajrù mb ul mbstalc btbrlc mb mbsmaion6
Knicj blsbþù qub ‗sa gn inrlb lc sb gbvnltnrn
gbv nltnrn `îs, lubstrcs bspàratus tblmrànl qub bstnr
sukbtcs n bsb îldbg qub inyù mb gn prbsblian mbg Macs Btbrlc V. . .P, y lubstrcs bspàratus
onjrànl ggbdnmc n sbr ic`c ág V. . .P, pnrn sbr sbpnrnmcs mb gn prbsblian mb lubstrc Macs y
pbr`nlbibr icl bg pnmrb mb gns `bltarns, bl gn `asbran ic`c ág‐ 54.
¡Iù`c lcs rbdciakn`cs bl bg traulec mb lubstrc Zbmbltcr! ‗Ob nquà, gn rbsurrbiiaùl mb
Irastc rbma`b ng dálbrc ou`nlc, sà, n tcmn gn ou`nlamnm, y gn trnb mb vubgtn n gn prbsblian
mbg Ybþcr. Yà, y ggbvn n bebitc gn iclmaiaùl mbg nrrbpblta`abltc, qub nqubg qub sb nrrbpabltn
lc sbrî tngnmc y nrrcknmc ng eubdc‐ 5?.
Xubstc qub gn rbsurrbiiaùl bs rbng y snjb`cs qub gcs iubrpcs qub ynibl bl gn tabrrn
rbdrbsnrîl ic`pgbtcs y pbrebitcs, iabrtn`bltb vb`cs qub, `bmanltb bg nrrbpblta`abltc, gcs
pbinmcs pubmbl sbr pbrmclnmcs y gns ng`ns, rbma`amns. Zbjcsb`cs pcr sab`prb mb
`nrnvaggn, drntatum y gccr nltb gn sndrnmn bxpaniaùl mbg Yngvnmcr.
Rl mc`aldc pcr gn `nþnln, bl kulac mb >111, nic`pnþá ng ágmbr Mnvam J. Onadot, qub
brn `ab`jrc mbg Iuùru` mb gcs Mcib y pcr bltclibs tblàn 1: nþcs mb bmnm, n drnjnr ul
`blsnkb bspbiang mb su tbsta`clac mbg Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc.
@abltrns
onjàn tblamcgconiàn
nic`pnþnjn,
mabz nþcs.`b
Xcronjgù bl iunltc
gc dblbrng, n uln bxpbrablian
gns bxpbrablians `uy sndrnmn
pbrsclngbs y rbng
y sndrnmns qubqub
 

iclear`nl lubstrn eb bl Kbsuirastc sb iclsbrvnl bl rbsbrvn, pbrc bl uln cinsaùl, bg ágmbr

Onadot sb onjàn sbltamc alsparnmc n ic`pnrtar uln jrbvb pnrtb mb su bxpbrablian bl uln
iclebrblian dblbrng.
‗@abltrns nûl crnjn, b`pbiá n pbrmbr bg iclcia`abltc. Gn sarbln mb gn n`jugnlian bs gc
ûgta`c qub rbiubrmc onjbr càmc nltbs mb inbr
i nbr bl gn tctng aliclsiablian, gn iung murù gcs
saduabltbs màns.
Bg tbrrajgb mcgcr bspnltcsc y gn icl`ciaùl mb gns pbrsclns ibsnrcl6 nocrn `b onggnjn bl
ul bltcrlc ing`c y npniajgb6 tcmc brn sbrblamnm y quabtum V. . .P.
Lc cà lalduln vcz, pbrc `b ma iubltn mb qub bstnjn nltb uln prbsblian snltn y bl ul
n`jabltb snltc. Murnltb gns ocrns y gcs màns qub saduabrcl, sb a`juyù bl `a `bltb uln y
ctrn vbz gn `asaùl btbrln y gn pcsaiaùl bxngtnmn mbg Oakc mbg Oc`jrb. Gbs tbstaeaic qub Ág bs
Kbsûs bg Irastc6 bg Oakc mb Macs6 bg Yngvnmcr mb tcmcs6 bg Zbmbltcr mb tcmn gn ou`nlamnm6
 Nqubg qub iclibmb n`cr,
n`cr, `asbraicrman y pbrmùl alalealatcs6
ealatcs6 gn Guz y gn Uamn mbg `ulmc.
`ulmc. Qc
snjàn maion vbrmnm nltbs6 lulin gc mumá la `b gc prbdultá6 pbrc nocrn snjàn bsns vbrmnmbs
mavalns mb ul `cmc bxtrncrmalnrac, drnians n gns a`prbsaclbs mbg Bspàratu bl `a icrnzùl y
bl `a ng`n.
Yb `b `cstrù uln vastn pnlcrî`ain mb Yu `alastbrac tbrrblng V. . .P, icl mbtnggbs vàvamcs,
qub iclear`njnl gcs rbgntcs mb gcs tbstadcs ciugnrbs mb gns Bsiraturns. Yb `b blsbþù y sb
njrabrcl gcs ckcs mb `a bltblma`abltc pcr `bmac mbg Ynltc Bspàratu mb Macs, mb `cmc qub
pumabsb icltb`pgnr `uions icsns‐.
]rns mbsirajar bsns bsiblns icl iabrtc mbtnggb, bg ágmbr Onadot icliguyù;
‗Lc pubmc saquabrn b`pbznr n trnls`atargbs bg prceulmc a`pnitc qub tngbs bsiblns onl
iclear`nmc bl `a ng`n. Xbriajc bg sadlaeainmc btbrlc mb bggns y `b mcy iubltn mb qub ‟lnmn
mb tcmc bg Xgnl mb Yngvniaùl sb ic`pnrn bl `cmc ngdulc bl a`pcrtnlian icl bg `îs
trnsiblmbltng mb tcmcs gcs nicltbia`abltcs, bg iung bs bg sniraeaiac bxpantcrac mb lubstrc
Ybþcr6 bsc bs gc `îs a`pcrtnltb qub on ciurramc bl gn oastcran tctng mb gns icsns irbnmns6 bs
bg sùgamc eulmn`bltc scjrb bg iung mbsinlsnl bg Bvnldbgac y tcmns gns mb`îs icsns‑‐51.

Yu rbdrbsc prc`btamc
@b icl`ubvb bg ng`n pblsnr bl bg dgcracsc màn mbg rbdrbsc mbg Yngvnmcr n gn tabrrn. ¡Ybrî
ngdc `nkbstucsc! Yu nginlib y drnlmbzn, y su vnstbmnm y `ndlaeaiblian bxibmbrîl tcmc gc
qub bg ckc ou`nlc onyn vastc c bxpbra`bltnmc kn`îs.
48
Bl nqubg‗bl
npnrbibrî màn,
gnslclujbs
bstnrî mbg‗blvubgtc bl pnþngbs,
iabgc, rbvbstamc nicstnmc
mb pcmbr bldgcran,
y drnl ul pbsbjrb‐
icl tcmcs, salc
gcs qub
snltcs
îldbgbs‐ . Bsiuionrb`cs ‗vcz mb nriîldbg V. . .P y VgnP trc`pbtn mb Macs‐ . Bg scg y gn guln sb
4> 4:

trnlsecr`nrîl, ‗y gns bstrbggns sbrîl nrrcknmns mb sus s us gudnrbs‐ 49. Rstbm y yc, c quablbs gc
sadubl, ‗gcs snltcs V. . .P mb gcs
g cs iuntrc bxtrb`cs mb gn tabrrn‐4=, ‗sbrîl vavaeainmcs V. . .P y
nrrbjntnmcs pnrn rbiajargc‐426 y quablbs onynl `ubrtc bl rbitatum, tn`jaál ‗sbrîl
nrrbjntnmcs pnrn rbiajargc bl `bmac V. . .P mbg iabgc‐ 45.
Gubdc, suibmbrî ngdc qub pcmràn pnrbibr a`pcsajgb; Bg Ybþcr maib; ‗]cmn inrlb `b vbrî
 kultn`bltb‐44. ³Iù`c ciurrarî bsc3 Lc gc snjb`cs, pbrc tbstaeaic qub suibmbrî bxnitn`bltb
ic`c eub prcebtaznmc. Lcs nrrcmaggnrb`cs bl sbþng mb rbvbrblian ‗y bg Ybþcr b`atarî su vcz,
 y tcmcs gcs iclealbs mb gn tabrrn gn carîl‐4?6 ‗sbrî V. . .P ic`c bg bstrublmc mb `uions nduns, y
ic`c gn vcz mb drnlmbs trublcs‐ 41. Bltclibs, ‗bg Ybþcr V. . .P, bg Yngvnmcr, bstnrî bl `bmac mb
su pubjgc‐?8.
Onjrî rbulaclbs alcgvamnjgbs bltrb gcs îldbgbs mbg iabgc y gcs snltcss nltcs bl gn tabrrn ?>. Lc
cjstnltb, gc `îs a`pcrtnltb sbrî qub, tng ic`c mbignrn Asnàns, ‗tcmcs gcs iclealbs mb gn tabrrn
 vbrîl gn sngvniaùl mbg Macs lubstrc‐?:, y qub Ág ‗rbalnrî scjrb tcmn inrlb‐ ?9.
 

Bl nqubg màn, gcs bsiáptaics sb inggnrîl, ‗pcrqub tcmc càmc V. . .P carî, y tcmn rcmaggn sb
mcjgnrî, y tcmn gbldun iclebsnrî‐?= qub Kbsûs bs bg Irastc, bg Oakc mb Macs, bg Yngvnmcr y
Zbmbltcr mbg `ulmc.
 Qc ob ggbdnmc n iclcibrgc y sbltar Yu prbsblian. ]bstaeaic
]bstaeaic icl ibrtbzn qub Ág vavb.
 

Inpàtugc 1
G EB JZB BG I @ALC, GRBDC YADRB BG
ZZBXBL]A@ABL]C
@abltrns
blerbltb nsastàn
mb `à. Brnnaltbgadbltb
Yb`alnracybl gn bsiubgn
n`njgb, sbiulmnran,
y tblàn tblàn ulnicrmang.
uln pbrsclngamnm n`adn qub sbvbz
Znrn sbltnjn
lcs
 vbàn`cs eubrn mb Yb`alnrac.
Yb`alnrac. Murnltb `a ûgta`c nþc mb gn bsiubgn sbiulmnran, ggbdn`cs n
iclcibrlcs bl gn ignsb mb Yb`alnrac y onjgn`cs scjrb `uions icsns qub lcs rbsugtnjnl
sadlaeaintavns.
@a n`adn pnrbiàn tblbr bg mbsbc mb onibr gc icrrbitc y dunrmnr gcs `nlmn`abltcs,
nulqub, ng `as`c tab`pc, tblàn maeaiugtnmbs pnrn sbr cjbmabltb n ástcs mb `cmc iclstnltb.
Bl Yb`alnrac onjgnjn mb su n`cr pcr Macs y pcr bg Bvnldbgac, pbrc gubdc, n `blumc gcs
gulbs pcr gn `nþnln, `b bltbrnjn mb gc qub onjàn
o njàn obioc bg eal mb sb`nln y mb sus
maeaiugtnmbs pnrn cjsbrvnr gn Xngnjrn mb Ynjamuràn y iu`pgar icl ctrns lcr`ns mb gn Adgbsan.
Bl cinsaclbs, `b onjgnjn scjrb sus ealbs mb sb`nln6 pnrbiàn gn`bltnrsb pcr gc qub onjàn
obioc y qubràn `bkcrnr. Qc gn ngbltnjn onjgîlmcgb scjrb gn eubrzn mb vcgultnm, bg bsicdbr gcs
n`adcs icrrbitcs, bg lc alvcguirnrsb bl iabrtns satuniaclbs y bg snjbr mbiar ‗lc‐. Ng pnrbibr,
nprbianjn bg îla`c jralmnmc, pbrc icltalunjn oniablmc gc `as`c `bs trns `bs6 onjgnjn
scjrb qubrbr in`janr y nrrbpbltarsb, pbrc nqubggc kn`îs pnrbiàn suibmbr.
Ya iclvbrsnrn icl bggn ocy, gb onjgnràn `blcs nibrin mb gcs pnscs qub sb rbquabrbl pnrn bg
nrrbpblta`abltc, y `uioc `îs nibrin mb gn eubltb y mbg pcmbr mb su inpniamnm mb in`janr,
K bsuirastc>. ]rntnràn mb
mb nrrbpbltarsb y mb sbr pbrmclnmn. Gb onjgnràn scjrb su eb bl Kbsuirastc
nyumnrgn n mnrsb iubltn mb qub sa bmaeainjn su iclcia`abltc y su irbblian bl Irastc, y
ecrtngbiàn su eb bl Ág, bltclibs su icleanlzn y sbduramnm bl Ág ninrrbnràn pcmbr; bg pcmbr mb
Ág pnrn nyumnrgn n ecrtngbibrsb y in`janr su iclmuitn:.
 N`ugbf
@b blinltn gn oastcran mb N`ugbf. Zbicrmnrîl qub, mbspuás mb qub Ng`n oujc mbknmc gn
iaumnm mb N``clàno ng pblsnr qub nggà lc onjàn lnmab qub quasabrn bsiuionr su `blsnkb, ul
îldbg mbg Ybþcr gc blvaù mb rbdrbsc. ‗Q V. . .P ng bltrnr bl gn iaumnm V. . .P, makc n ul oc`jrb;
³^uabrbs mnr ngdc mb ic`br n ul ou`agmb sabrvc
s abrvc mb Macs3‐.
 N`ugbf rbspclmaù n Ng`n; ‗Ycy lbeatn, y sá qub brbs ul snltc prcebtn mb Macs, pcrqub tû
brbs bg oc`jrb mb quabl ul îldbg makc bl uln vasaùl; ]û gc rbiajarîs‐ 9.
 Ng`n eub n insn mb N`ugbf y pbr`nlbiaù icl ág `uiocs màns. ³A`ndalnl
³A`ndalnl gns blsbþnlzns y
bxpbrablians qub Ng`n onjrî ic`pnrtamc icl N`ugbf3 Ng`n ecrtngbiaù gn eb mb N`ugbf bl
Kbsuirastc nltbs mb qub eubrnl kultcs n prbmainr ng pubjgc mb N``clàno.
Bl uln mb gns pra`brns cinsaclbs bl qub blsbþnjn, ng ggbdnr bg turlc mb N`ugbf mb
onjgnr, ástb bxpgaiù qub brn ul oc`jrb mb lc pcin rbputniaùl bl N``clàno, y gubdc g ubdc
nþnmaù; ‗Lc cjstnltb tcmc bstc, lulin ob snjamc `uioc nibrin mb gns sblmns mbg Ybþcr la mb
sus `astbracs la mb su `nrnvaggcsc pcmbr. Makb qub lulin onjàn snjamc `uioc mb bstns icsns6
`ns ob nquà, `b bquavcic, pcrqub ob vastc `uioc mb sus `astbracs y mb su `nrnvaggcsc
pcmbr V. . .P. Yal b`jnrdc, blmurbià `a icrnzùl, pcrqub eua ggn`nmc `uions vbibs, y lc quasb
càr6 mb `cmc qub snjàn iclibrlabltb n bstns icsns, `ns lc qubràn snjbr‐ =.
Yab`prb `b onl altradnmc gns pngnjrns mb N`ugbf; ‗Ynjàn iclibrlabltb n bstns icsns, `ns
lc qubràn snjbr‐. @a n`adn mb Yb`alnrac iclciàn gns rbspubstns n gns prbdultns mbg `nbstrc
 

mb Yb`alnrac, pbrc mbsiclciàn gn ecrtngbzn y bg pcmbr qub pcmàn rbiajar ic`c pbrscln sa
niumàn n Irastc y bmaeainjn su eb bl Ág. Ynjàn, `ns lc qubràn snjbr.
Xnrn in`janr quaál brn y ggbdnr n sbr ul drnl irbybltb, N`ugbf tuvc qub tc`nr nqubggc
qub onjàn nprblmamc, nqubggc qub sb gb onjàn maioc, nqubggc qub iclciàn mb `nlbrn
altbgbitung, y njrar bg icrnzùl mb `nlbrn bsparatung. Gubdc pusc bl prîitain nqubggc qub
nprblmaù mb `nlbrn bsparatung. Bg ecrtngbia`abltc mb su eb bl bg Yngvnmcr prcmukc gcs
in`jacs qub lbibsatnjn. Iuracsn`bltb, ulcs cioc nþcs mbspuás, gc blicltrn`cs icl Ng`n
blsbþnlmc ng pubjgc ng qub sb iclciàn ic`c ‗zcrn`atns‐, quablbs sb onggnjnl bl uln
satuniaùl sa`agnr bl bg nspbitc bsparatung ng pubjgc mb N``clàno cioc nþcs nltbs. Yal
b`jnrdc, gns pbrsclns n gns qub nocrn blsbþnjnl brnl pcjrbs y gcs zcrn`atns `îs raics gns
onjànl trntnmc mb ecr`n alkustn6 lc cjstnltb, bg prcjgb`n bsparatung brn bg `as`c.
 Nltbs mb onjgnr icl bggns scjrb bg nrrbpblta`abltc, N`ugbf gns alvatù n bltblmbr `bkcr gn
eubltb y bg pcmbr qub gbs nyumnrànl n in`janr. N`ugbf maib; ‗Ob`cs vastc qub bg drnl
altbrrcdnltb qub ciupn vubstrns `bltbs bs sa gn pngnjrn bstî bl bg Oakc mb Macs, c sa lc on mb
onjbr Irastc‐26 gubdc iclear`n gc qub Ng`n yn gbs on blsbþnmc, ‗qub gn pngnjrn bstî bl Irastc
pnrn gn sngvniaùl‐5.
 Q tbstaeain mb Kbsuirastc; ‗Qc sá qub Irastc
Irastc vblmrî bltrb gcs oakcs mb gcs oc`jrbs pnrn
tc`nr scjrb sà gns trnlsdrbsaclbs mb su pubjgc, y qub bxpanrî gcs pbinmcs mbg `ulmc‐ 4.
 Nmb`îs, bxpgaiù gns rnzclbs pcr gns qub sb rbqubràn uln Bxpaniaùl
Bxpaniaùl y qub, sal bggn, tcmcs
pbrbibrànl; ‗Xcrqub bs prbiasc qub onyn ul drnl y pcstrbr sniraeaiac‐ y qub ‗mbjb sbr ul
?
sniraeaiac alealatc
iunltcs irbnl y btbrlc‐
bl su lc`jrb‐, rbinginlmc qub bs qub
1. N`ugbf bxpgain maionbsb
Bxpaniaùl gc qub mcl
bxtrncrmalnrac ‗trnbmbg
gn sngvniaùl n
Oakc mb Macs
‗pclVbP bl bebitc gns bltrnþns mb `asbraicrman, qub scjrbpuknl n gn kustaian y prcvbbl n gcs
oc`jrbs gn `nlbrn mb tblbr eb pnrn nrrbpblta`abltc‐. B`pgbn gn bxprbsaùl ‗eb pnrn
nrrbpblta`abltc‐ iuntrc vbibs bl trbs vbrsàiugcs.
‗Q nsà gn `asbraicrman sntasenib gns bxadblians mb gn kustaian, y iaþb n gcs oc`jrbs icl
 jrnzcs mb sbduramnm6 `abltrns
`abltrns qub nqubg qub lc bkbrib gn eb pnrn nrrbpblta`abltc
nrrbpblta`abltc qubmn
bxpubstc n gns bxadblians mb tcmn gn gby mb gn kustaian6 pcr gc tnltc, ûlain`bltb pnrn nqubg
qub tablb eb pnrn nrrbpblta`abltc sb rbngaznrî bg drnl y btbrlc pgnl mb gn rbmbliaùl. Xcr
tnltc V. . .P, Macs cs iclibmn b`pbznr n bkbriatnr vubstrn eb pnrn nrrbpblta`abltc‐ >8.
Bg nrrbpblta`abltc ic`ablzn pcr gn eb bl Kbsuirastc
 N eal mb nrrbpbltarlcs, tblb`cs qub irbbr qub
qub Macs lcs pbrmclnrî y gubdc rbngaznr gns
niiaclbs qub sbnl lbibsnrans pnrn in`janr. Bg prbsambltb Oblry J. Byrald makc; ‗Gn eb V. . .P
lc bs sa`pgb`bltb snjbr qub Macs pubmb  onibr ngdc6 gn eb bs snjbr qub Ág gc onrî‐>>.
Macs pubmb onibr
Bg nrrbpblta`abltc mbjb ic`blznr pcr gn eb bl Kbsuirastc. Bg prcebtn Ng`n blsbþù n gcs
zcrn`atns mb quá `cmc gn eb bl gn pngnjrn ”gn iung bstî bl Irastc” n `bmamn qub sb lutrb,
irbibrî mb uln sb`aggn n ul jrctb, y mbspuás n ul eubrtb îrjcg mb eb bl Irastc >:.
Gn eb bs `ugtama`blsaclng6 tablb prceulmamnm y n`pgatum. Gn eb mb ustbm c jabl irbib, c
 jabl mas`aluyb. Gn eb irbib y sb ecrtngbib
ecrtngbib bl lubstrc altbracr iclecr`b lcsctrcs mbsbn`cs
mbsbn`cs
irbbr, `bmatn`cs gn pngnjrn mb Macs, nu`bltn`cs gn salibramnm y gn erbiublian mb lubstrns
crniaclbs, lcs nrrbpblta`cs y dunrmn`cs gcs `nlmn`abltcs, y bxpbra`bltn`cs bg pcmbr
mbg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc bl lubstrn vamn. Ng`n ic`ablzn sus blsbþnlzns scjrb gn eb bl bg
inpàtugc 9: icl bstns pngnjrns; ‗Ya mbspbrtîas y nvavîas vubstrns eniugtnmbs onstn
bxpbra`bltnr icl `as pngnjrns, y bkbriatîas ul pcic mb eb, sà, nulqub lc sbn `îs qub ul
mbsbc mb irbbr, mbknm qub bstb mbsbc cjrb bl vcsctrcs, sà, onstn irbbr mb tng `cmc qub mbas
injamn n uln pcriaùl mb `as pngnjrns‐>9. Gubdc onjgn mb sb`jrnr bsn sb`aggn bl lubstrc
icrnzùl, sal mbsbionrgn>=pcr
lubstrc bltblma`abltc . gn alirbmugamnm, y pbr`atargb qub lcs blsnliob bg ng`n b agu`alb
 

 Ng`n prbdultn; ‗³Lc ecrtngbibrî bstcbstc vubstrn eb3 V. . .P. Xcr onjbr prcjnmc bg bxpbra`bltc
bxpbra`bltc
 y sb`jrnmc gn sb`aggn, y pcrqub bstn sb oalion, y jrctn, y b`pabzn n irbibr, snjáas pcr pcr eubrzn
qub gn sb`aggn bs jubln‐ . Blsbduamn, Ng`n rbgniacln tng bxpbrablian icl bg nu`bltc mbg
>2

bltblma`abltc bsparatung bl lubstrc altbracr; ‗³Lc bs bstc vbrmnmbrc3 Cs madc qub sà, pcrqub
bs guz6 y gc qub bs guz,
g uz, bs jublc, pcrqub sb pubmb masibrlar‐>5.

Gn eb bsnsà
 pcmbr, ngdc qubgnirbib
ic`c y, n `bmamn
inpniamnm qubgcirbib,
mb onibr qub lcustbm rbiajb
pcmràn m clbs
mclbs
onibr ibgbstangbs y
sal bggn.

Gn eb bs ngdc qub irbib y, n `bmamn qub irbib, ustbm rbiajb mclbs ibgbstangbs y pcmbr, nsà
ic`c gn inpniamnm mb onibr gc qub lc pcmràn onibr sal bggn.
Bg nutcr mb Objrbcs makc; ‗Gn eb bs gn ibrtbzn mb gns icsns qub sb bspbrnl, gn bvamblian mb
gns icsns qub lc sb vbl‐ >4. Gn eb jralmn ibrtbzn. Iclecr`b lutra`cs lubstrn eb ng tc`nr
mbiasaclbs rbitns, rbiaja`cs gns bvamblians mb su rbngamnm bl lubstrn vamn6 snjb`cs qub bs
rbng. ]ngbs bvamblians qub rbiclcib`cs ic`c mclbs bsparatungbs qub lc tblàn`cs
nltbracr`bltb lcs pbr`atbl tblbr uln `nycr eb. Lubstrn eb bl Kbsuirastc sb bmaeain scjrb sà
`as`n, bxpbrablian trns bxpbrablian, sblta`abltc trns sblta`abltc, iclear`niaùl trns
iclear`niaùl.
Bg prbsambltb Oblry J. Byrald bxpgaiù mb quá `cmc lcs a`pugsn n nitunr bsb
iclcia`abltc; ‗Ybrî lbibsnrac tblbr uln eb alqubjrnltnjgb bl bg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc pnrn
bsicdbr bg in`alc qub iclmuib n gn vamn btbrln. Bs `bmanltb bg usc mb bsn eb qub pcmb`cs
iclcibr gn vcgultnm mb Macs. Q bs `bmanltb bg bkbriaiac mb bsn eb bl Kbsuirastc qub pcmb`cs
rbsastar gn tbltniaùl y cjtblbr bg pbrmùl pcr `bmac mb gn Bxpaniaùl‐>?.
Knicj y Blùs
Iclsambrb bg icl`cvbmcr bkb`pgc mb Blùs; Gns blsbþnlzns mb su pnmrb, Knicj,
‗pblbtrnrcl VbgP icrnzùl Vmb BlùsP prceulmn`bltb‐ >1. Knicj onjàn lniamc ‗bl bg mbsabrtc‐ y
‗onVjànP V. . .P pnmbiamc negaiiaclbs y `uioc pbsnr bl VsuP alenlian‐ :8. Gboa, pnmrb mb Knicj y
njubgc mb Blùs, mbsirajaù n su oakc Knicj ic`c ngduabl qub iclciàn ‗gn drnlmbzn mb Macs‐, y
gb prc`btaù qub Macs ‗iclsndrnrVànP VsusP negaiiaclbs pnrn VsuP prcvbioc‐:>.
Bg Kbsûs prbtbrrblng onjàn vasatnmc n Knicj:: y ástb ggbdù n sbr ul drnl mbeblscr mb gn
inusn mb Irastc, y mbignrù; ‗Ynjàn`cs mb Irastc y su rbalc, qub onjàn mb vblar‐ y ‗trnjnkn`cs
magadbltb`bltb V. . .P n eal mb
Xablsb bl gn blsbþnlzn y bgpbrsunmaVrP
tbsta`clacVn tcmcsP
qub n Irastc‐ :9.
n vblar prceulmn`bltb
pblbtrnrcl bg icrnzùl mb
Blùs; ‗Zbicrmnm Vgn drnlmbzn mbgP Ynltc mb Asrnbg V. . .P6 ¡npnrtncs mb vubstrcs pbinmcs!
Yniumam mb vcsctrcs gns inmblns mb nqubg qub quabrb ntnrcs eubrtb`bltb6 vblam n nqubg Macs
qub bs gn rcin mb vubstrn sngvniaùl‐ :=.
Xablsb bl bg `cmc bl qub sb blsbþù n Blùs scjrb bg Yngvnmcr `uioc nltbs mb qub Kbsûs
oujabrn samc jbjá, bl Jbgál. Ág snjàn nibrin mb Yu lnturngbzn y Yus ntrajutcs, Yu bxpaniaùl
alealatn:2 y gn prc`bsn mb Yu rbsurrbiiaùl. Blùs, pcr `bmac mb gns blsbþnlzns mb su pnmrb y
n trnvás mb sus prcpacs bseubrzcs pcr sbr masiàpugc mb Kbsuirastc, rbjcsnjn mb eb bl Irastc.
 Nitunlmc mb iclecr`amnm icl gn eb qub qub onjàn iugtavnmc y gns blsbþnlzns nrrnadnmns
nrrnadnmns
prceulmn`bltb bl su icrnzùl, sb nrrcmaggùn rrcmaggù y crù icl vbrmnmbrn altbliaùl.
]rns crnr onstn bltrnmn gn lciob, ‗valc n `à uln vcz, maiablmc; Blùs, tus pbinmcs tb scl
pbrmclnmcs, y sbrîs jblmbiamc.
 

‗Q yc V. . .P snjàn qub Macs lc pcmàn `bltar6 pcr tnltc, `a iugpn eub bxpurdnmn. Q makb yc;
Ybþcr, ³iù`c sb ggbvn bstc n bebitc3 Q ág `b makc; Xcr tu eb bl Irastc, n quabl
q uabl lulin kn`îs
ons càmc la vastc‐ :5.
Gn eb bl Irastc jralmn bg pcmbr mb alaianr bg nrrbpblta`abltc vbrmnmbrc
Xnrn bxpbra`bltnr gcs `agndrcs mb Macs y bxpbra`bltnr bg prceulmc nrrbpblta`abltc qub
iclmuib ng pbrmùl, sb ic`ablzn pcr bmaeainr ul ia`abltc sbdurc mb eb bl Kbsuirastc. Gn eb bl
Irastc jralmn bg pcmbr qub sb lbibsatn pnrn alaianr bg nrrbpblta`abltc vbrmnmbrc. Bg
prbsambltb Kcsbpo Eabgmald Y`ato makc; ‗Ya rbng`bltb bltblmaárn`cs y pumaárn`cs sbltar
nulqub eubrn bl `blcr drnmc
d rnmc bg n`cr y ggnn `asbraicrmacsn maspcsaiaùl mb Kbsuirastc mb suerar
pcr lubstrcs pbinmcs, bstnràn`cs maspubstcs n nrrbpbltarlcs mb tcmns lubstrns
trnlsdrbsaclbs y n sbrvargb‐:4.
Ya ustbm vb qub rbpatb gcs `as`cs brrcrbs y guion maeaiugtcsn`bltb pcr sbr ear`b bl su
mbsbc mb in`janr, bxprbsb ng Xnmrb Ibgbstang su n`cr pcr Ág y neanlib su eb bl bg Ybþcr
Kbsuirastc. Nprblmn mb Ág, bstumab scjrb Yu sndrnmn bxpaniaùl y pablsb icl mbtbla`abltc bl
gc qub Ág sueraù pcr ustbm. Dunrmb Yus `nlmn`abltcs `îs icliablzumn`bltb. Gb prc`btc
qub, iclecr`b ustbm ondn su pnrtb pnrn bmaeainr gn eb bl bg Yngvnmcr, bg iabgc alirb`bltnrî
bsb mcl mb gn eb, y ustbm tblmrî gn ecrtngbzn bsparatung pnrn nrrbpbltarsb mb sus pbinmcs y lc
 vcgvbr n bggcs.
 N `bmamn qub su eb nu`bltb, y iclecr`b bg pcmbrpcmbr y gcs mclbs mb Macs cjrbl bl su
altbracr, pbriajarî]blmrîl
ic`pcrtn`abltc. bl gc prceulmc mb su
ul `nycr sbr gn
mbsbc inpniamnm
y uln `nycr yecrtngbzn
gn nyumnpnrn
mavaln pnrn in`janr
dunrmnr gcs su
`nlmn`abltcs y mbsbionr nqubggc qub lc npcrtb bg jabl n su vamn. Ng onibr bsns icsns,
rbpbltaln`bltb onjrî ctrc pcmbr; bg pcmbr mb Irastc y Yu bxpaniaùl, gc qub jralmnrî ul
pbrmùl irbiabltb pcr gcs pbinmcs mbg pnsnmc. Ic`blznrî n sbltar Yu nprcjniaùl mbjamc n ggcc
qub bstî oniablmc. Bltclibs, mb `nlbrn `agndrcsn, n vbibs rîpamn`bltb, y ctrns,
gbltn`bltb, sbltarî bg mcl mb Yu pbrmùl. Gb iclear`c qub bg n`cr mbg Yngvnmcr pcr ustbm bs
sbdurc6 Ág kn`îs sb nrrbpbltarî mb gn prc`bsn qub gb bxtablmb. N `bmamn qub ustbm ondn su
pnrtb màn trns màn y njnlmclb sus pbinmcs, gb prc`btc qub sb rbtarnrîl gn iugpn y bg pbsnr qub
sb onl altrcmuiamc tnltc bl su bspàratu mbjamc n gns nitcs bquavcinmcs qub on ic`btamc, y sb
sbltarî ga`pac y purc nltb Ág :?.
 

Inpàtugc >8
YÙGC XCZ @BMAC
@BMAC MBG X MZB Q MBG OAKC
Lubstrcs bseubrzcs pcr nrrbpbltarlcs y bg `nrnvaggcsc mcl mbg pbrmùl sùgc pubmbl tblbr
gudnr n trnvás mb lubstrn rbgniaùl icl Macs. Ng tblbr ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu
icltratc, lubstrcs pra`brcs pblsn`abltcs y niiaclbs mbjbl iclmuiarlcs n nrrcmaggnrlcs y
iclebsnr gn trastbzn
mbtbr`alniaùl qub saltn`cs
mb rbdrbsnr pcr gc
n gn sblmn qubqub onyn`cs
snjb`cs qubobioc, prc`btbry rcdnr
bs gn icrrbitn qub tblb`cs
gn nyumngnmb
lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang bl bg lc`jrb mb su Oakc KbsKbsuirastc.
uirastc. Yupgain`cs qub pcmn`cs onibr
gcs in`jacs qub sbnl lbibsnracs, qub lubstrc Xnmrb vbn lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc vbrmnmbrc,
v brmnmbrc,
 y qub rbiajn`cs Yu nprcjniaùl
nprcjniaùl y Yu pbrmùl. ]ngbs iclvbrsnia
iclvbrsniaclbs
clbs salibrns icl lubstrc
Xnmrb Ibgbstang, qub sb cerbibl bl bg lc`jrb mb Yu Ynltc Oakc, scl gn bsblian `as`n mb
lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc y pbrmùl.
Bg nrrbpblta`abltc rbquabrb qub rbiclczin`cs lubstrcs pbinmcs pra`brn`bltb nltb
lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang y nltb lubstrc Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc >. Mb `nlbrn scrprblmbltb,
ngdulns pbrsclns qub tablbl bspbrnlzns mb nrrbpbltarsb y rbiajar bg pbrmùl ic`ablznl sus
bseubrzcs salibrcs nm`atablmc su iugpn y pbsnrbs n sus n`adcs y en`aganrbs, aldrbsnlmc n
prcdrn`ns pnrn gn rbiupbrniaùl mb nmaiiaclbs c prciurnlmc ngavac `bmanltb gn psaictbrnpan.
]cmc nqubggc pubmb rbsugtnr mb nyumn y, bl bg insc mb gcs pbinmcs drnvbs, tn`jaál sb
rbquabrb
Xnmrb gn iclebsaùl
Ibgbstang y mb Yun Oakc
gn mbjamn nutcramnm
Kbsuirastc bigbsaîstain,
qub pcmb`cs pbrcbgbsmcl
rbiajar sùgcmbg
pcr `bmac:.mb
pbrmùl Lclubstrc
sbrî mb
prcvbioc trntnr mb jusinr bg pbrmùl bl satacs mclmb lc sb rbiajarî bg pbrmùl mavalc. Bg
malbrc, gns alegublians, bg pcmbr y gn en`n sadlaeainl `uioc bl bg `ulmc, pbrc lc jralmnrîl
gcs mclbs mbg iabgc.
 N vbibs, ntrajua`cs n ngdûl bebitc ngduln inusn mbtbr`alnmn, iunlmc, bl rbngamnm,
rbngamnm, ástcs
lc sb rbgniaclnl bl njscgutc. Onib ngdulcs nþcs, `a bspcsn, Fntoy, sb blicltrnjn icl
lubstrcs labtcs `abltrns gcs pnmrbs onjànl sngamc. Lubstrc labtc mb iuntrc nþcs b`pukù icl
eubrzn n su obr`nlc `blcr. Mbspuás mb iclscgnr ng pbqubþatc qub ggcrnjn, bggn sb vcgvaù ng
laþc mb iuntrc nþcs y gb prbdultù sunvb`bltb; ‗³Xcr quá b`puknstb n tu obr`nlatc3‐. Ág
`arù n su njubgatn y gb rbspclmaù; ‗Gc sabltc, @a`a6 pbrmà `a nlaggc mb OGK y lc pubmc onibr
gc kustc‐9.
Zbiclcibr lubstrcs pbinmcs nltb Macs
Bs pcsajgb qub ggbvnr gn iubltn mb gns icsns qub mbjb`cs onibr murnltb bg prcibsc mb
nrrbpblta`abltc n `cmc mb rbicrmntcrac lcs sbn ûtag, pbrc sùgc lcs nyumnrî sa tn`jaál
tc`n`cs gn mbtbr`alniaùl `îs a`pcrtnltb; ic`ulainrlcs marbitn`bltb icl lubstrc Xnmrb
Ibgbstang. Iunlmc lubstrns niiaclbs onl ceblmamc n Macs, ob`cs mb niumar n Ág bl pra`brn
alstnlian, nsà ic`c n gc gnrdc mb gn sblmn mbg nrrbpblta`abltc. Bsb nitc mb bsiuionr y onjgnr
mb `nlbrn `uy salibrn b altblsn icl lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang lc bs ic`pgainmc, nulqub lc
sab`prb bs sbliaggc. Blùs gc mbsirajaù ic`c uln guion bl bg altbracr mb su bspàratu; ‗Q `a
ng`n tuvc on`jrb6 y `b nrrcmaggá nltb `a Onibmcr, y ign`áig n`á n ág icl pctbltb crniaùl y
sûpgain pcr `a prcpan ng`n6 y ign`á n ág tcmc bg màn6 sà, y iunlmc nlciobiaù, nûl bgbvnjn `a
 vcz bl ngtc onstn qub ggbdù n gcs iabgcs‐=.
Mb gcs snltcs kustcs qub bsiuionrcl bg bgciubltb masiursc mbg rby Jblkn`àl sb lcs maib
qub ‗onjànl inàmc n tabrrn‐, y qub sb vbànl n sà `as`cs ic`c ‗`blcs qub bg pcgvc mb gn
tabrrn‐2. Bg pnsnkb mb gns Bsiraturns gubdc almain; ‗Q tcmcs n uln vcz ign`nrcl, maiablmc; ¡Co,
tbl `asbraicrman,
lubstrcs pbinmcs,yynpgain gn snldrb bxpantcran
sbnl puraeainmcs lubstrcs mb Irastc pnrn
icrnzclbs6 qub rbiajn`cs
pcrqub irbb`cs blbgKbsuirastc!‐
pbrmùl mb 5.
 

Zbiubrmbl gn a`pnitnltb bxpbrablian mb Ng`n, oakc,

o akc, iunlmc bxpgaiù qub bstnjn
‗ndcjanVmcP Vpcr ulP tcr`bltc Vy gcP ntrajugnjn bg rbiubrmc mb VsusP `uiocs pbinmcs‐. Kustc
bl bsb `c`bltc, rbicrmù n su pnmrb onjgnr scjrb Kbsuirastc6 rbicrmù qub su pnmrb makc qub
Kbsuirastc vblmràn n gn tabrrn ‗pnrn bxpanr gcs pbinmcs mbg `ulmc‐ 4.
 Ng`n, oakc, lnrrn; ‗Q ng iclibltrnrsb `a `bltb bl bstb pblsn`abltc,
pblsn`abltc, ign`á mbltrc mb `a
icrnzùl; ¡Co Kbsûs, Oakc mb Macs, tbl `asbraicrman mb `à qub bstcy bl gn oabg mb n`nrdurn, y
ibþamc icl gns btbrlns inmblns mb gn `ubrtb!‐ ?.
Ásb bs bg `cmbgc n sbduar mbsmb bg praliapac mb gn tabrrn. Rl îldbg qub blsbþù n Nmîl y
Bvn scjrb gcs sniraeaiacs gbs bxpgaiù qub mbjànl ‗nrrbpbltarVsbP b alvcinVrP n Macs bl bg
lc`jrb mbg Oakc pnrn sab`prb kn`îs‐ 1.
Ign`nr ng Ybþcr
Mbjb`cs ic`prblmbr qub ic`blzn`cs n rbiajar gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc bl lubstrn
 vamn n trnvás mb lubstrns crniaclbs6 ic`ablzn
ic`ablzn iclecr`b niuma`cs ng ng Xnmrb bl bg lc`jrb mb
Yu Oakc6 ic`ablzn tnl prcltc ic`c pbma`cs icl vbrmnmbrn altbliaùl.
Bg nutcr mb Objrbcs gc bxprbsù mb bstb `cmc; ‗Nibrquá`clcs, pubs, icleanmn`bltb ng
trclc mb gn drnian, pnrn nginlznr `asbraicrman, y onggnr drnian pnrn bg cpcrtulc scicrrc‐ >8.
Iunlmc lcs nibrin`cs icleanmn`bltb, gc onib`cs mb `nlbrn salibrn, sal engsbmnmbs, sal
bliujrar lubstrcs pbinmcs nltb lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang, salc, `îs jabl, bxprbsîlmcgcs y
ic`prblmablmc bg pbsnr y bg mcgcr qub ástcs onl inusnmc n lubstrc Yngvnmcr, n ctrns
pbrsclns y n lcsctrcs
mbtbr`alniaùl `as`cs.
mb in`janr Icleanmn`bltb sadlaeain
Icleanmn`bltb
y rbdrbsnr  sadlaeain
mb ul `cmc qub lcs
`îs pgblc nibrin`cs
n gn sblmn icl gn Yngvnmcr
qub lubstrc
lcs on `cstrnmc. Lcs nibrin`cs mîlmclcs iubltn mb qub bg drnl mcl mbg pbrmùl ggbdnrî gg bdnrî
sùgc `bmanltb gn drnian y bg pcmbr mbg Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc, y mb lalduln
lald uln ctrn `nlbrn.
 Niuma`cs ng Ybþcr bl crniaùl, tng ic`c N`ugbf
N`ugbf blsbþn; n eal mb ‗b`pbznr n bkbriatnr
 vubstrn eb pnrn nrrbpblta`abltc, pnrn qub qub b`pbiáas n a`pgcrnr su snltc lc`jrb, n eal mb
qub tbldn `asbraicrman mb vcsctrcs6 sà, a`pgcrnmgb `asbraicrman, pcrqub bs pcmbrcsc pnrn
sngvnr. Yà, ou`aggncs y pbrsastam bl gn crniaùl n ág. Ign`nm n ág iunlmc bstáas bl vubstrcs
in`pcs, sà, pcr tcmcs vubstrcs rbjnþcs. Ign`nm n ág bl vubstrns insns, sà, pcr tcmcs gcs mb
 vubstrn insn, tnltc pcr gn `nþnln, ic`c ng `bmacmàn
`bmacmàn y ng ntnrmbibr. Yà, ign`nm n ág icltrn bg
pcmbr mb vubstrcs blb`adcs. Yà, ign`nm n ág icltrn bg manjgc, qub bs bg blb`adc mb tcmn
rbitatum V. . .P. @ns bstc lc bs tcmc6 mbjáas mbrrn`nr vubstrn ng`n bl vubstrcs npcsbltcs, bl
 vubstrcs satacs sbirbtcs y bl vubstrcs ybr`cs.
ybr`cs. Yà, y iunlmc lc bstáas ign`nlmc ng Ybþcr,
mbknm qub rbjcsbl vubstrcs icrnzclbs, bltrbdnmcs icltalun`bltb bl crniaùl n ág pcr
jablbstnr mb gcs qub cs rcmbnl‐>>.
 vubstrc jablbstnr, nsà ic`c pcr bg jablbstnr
Lcs nibrin`cs maspubstcs n cerbibr lubstrn ng`n bltbrn n Macs. Bl bg jrbvb gajrc mb
C`la, N`ngbfà lcs rubdn; ‗^uasabrn qub valabsbas n Irastc, bg iung bs bg Ynltc mb Asrnbg, y
pnrtaiapnsbas mb su sngvniaùl y mbg pcmbr mb su rbmbliaùl. Yà, vblam n ág y cerbibmgb vubstrns
ng`ns bltbrns ic`c cerblmn‐>:.
Cerbibr lubstrn ng`n bltbrn n Macs
Cerbibr lubstrn ng`n bltbrn sadlaeain qub lc rbtblb`cs lnmn6 lcl c mbia`cs; ‗^uabrc
njnlmclnr bstb pbinmc, pbrc quabrc nebrrnr`b n nqubg ctrc‐. Lc lcs bxiusn`cs maiablmc;
‗Ob ic`btamc brrcrbs, pbrc ony ctrcs qub scl pbcrbs qub yc‐. ]n`pcic ndrbdn`cs; ‗Bl
rbngamnm, lc on samc `àn gn iugpn, pubs ctrn pbrscln on aleguamc mb`nsanmc bl `à‐. Lc lcs
nutcic`pnmbib`cs maiablmc; ‗Lc scy uln jubln pbrscln y Macs lc quabrb bsiuionr`b‐.
@îs jabl, lcs nibrin`cs icleanmn`bltb ng trclc mb Macs6 mb `nlbrn salibrn y ernlin, y icl
 vbrmnmbrn altbliaùl.
Xnmrb lcs duàn Lc mbjb`cs
bl gc qub lcs ga`atn`cs
sbltarnybxprbsnr
bxprbsnr
bl gc qubpbsnr, salc onibr
mbjb`cs qub bsiuion`cs iclecr`b bg
n icltaluniaùl.
 

Irbb`cs ic`pgbtn`bltb bl gn crniaùl y bl bg nrrbpblta`abltc, tctng`bltb, snjablmc qub bl

bstn bxpbrablian tnl maeàiag, lubstrc bspàratu sbrî rblcvnmc, ga`panmc y rbealnmc.

Cerbibr lubstrn ng`n bltbrn sadlaeain qub lc rbtblb`cs lnmn.

Bg bsiratcr
tab`pc, irastanlc
la pnrtb I. Y. Gbwas
mb tu malbrc, bxpgaiù;
la pnrtb mb tu‗Irastc maib;
trnjnkc6 ‟Mn`bntcmc.
tb quabrc ta V. . Lc quabrc
.P. Lc la pnrtb
`b jnstn iclmb tu
ngdc n `bmans. Lc quabrc pcmnr uln rn`n pcr nquà y ctrn pcr nggî6 quabrc tngnr bg îrjcg
ic`pgbtc V. . .P. Bltrbdn tcmc tu yc lnturng6 tcmcs gcs mbsbcs qub irbns alcibltbs, nsà ic`c
tn`jaál gcs qub irbns alaiucs6 bltrbdn tcmc bg iclkultc. Qc tb mnrá n in`jac ul lubvc yc.
Mb obioc, tb mnrá mb @à; `a vcgultnm
v cgultnm ggbdnrî n sbr gn tuyn‑‐ >9.
Bxastb ul trb`blmc pcmbr bl bg nitc mb crnr bl vcz ngtn ng niumar icl ou`agmnm n lubstrc
Xnmrb Ibgbstang. Bg Ybþcr on maioc; ‗Q nmb`îs, tb `nlmc qub crbs vcing`bltb nsà ic`c bl tu
icrnzùl‐>=.
Kcsá Y`ato bsirajb bl iunltc n gn `nþnln mb gn Xra`brn Uasaùl; ‗Mb niubrmc icl bstn
rbscguiaùl `àn mb rbiurrar n Macs, `b rbtará ng jcsqub pnrn onibr gn prubjn V. . .P. Brn gn
pra`brn vbz bl `a vamn qub oniàn tng altbltc, pcrqub bl `bmac mb tcmn `a nlsabmnm, onstn
nocrn lc onjàn prciurnmc crnr vcing`bltb‐ >2.
 Ng prbpnrnr y pgnlaeainr lubstrn ic`ulainiaùl icl bg Xnmrb Ibgbstang, gb mb`cstrn`cs
mb`cstrn`cs qub
tblb`cs vbrmnmbrn altbliaùl. Xcr supubstc, bl `uions cinsaclbs, lubstrns bxprbsaclbs scl
bspcltîlbns6 `ns iunlmc npnrtn`cs mbgajbrnmn`bltb ul ocrnrac y ul gudnr sadlaeaintavcs,
ng crnr bl vcz ngtn y icl vbrmnmbrn altbliaùl, bg pcmbr mb lubstrns crniaclbs nginlzn gcs
iabgcs. Ya prciurn`cs ul `c`bltc bl bg qub lc bstnrb`cs nprbsurnmcs, jusin`cs ul gudnr
trnlquagc mclmb lc sb lcs altbrru`parî, ‗ign`n`cs‐ n lubstrc n`crcsc Xnmrb Btbrlc bl bg
sndrnmc lc`jrb mb Yu Oakc y gubdc mn`cs càmc, sbltarb`cs Yu Bspàratu y snjrb`cs qub Ág
lcs cyb y qub Yus jrnzcs mb `asbraicrman>5 tcmnvàn bstîl bxtblmamcs onian lcsctrcs>4.
 Ng bxprbsnrlcs bl vcz ngtn, bg Bspàratu mbg Ynltc Bspàratu
Bspàratu bgbvn lubstrns pngnjrns `îs nggî nggî
mb gc qub ástns pubmbl onibr pcr sà scgns. ‗Q nsa`as`c, tn`jaál bg Bspàratu lcs nyumn bl
lubstrn mbjagamnm, pcrqub lc snjb`cs gc qub ob`cs mb pbmar ic`c bs mbjamc, pbrc bg
Bspàratu `as`c altbribmb pcr lcsctrcs icl db`amcs almbiajgbs‐>?.
Bg Ybþcr on prc`btamc; ‗Q nicltbibrî qub bg qub pamabrb bl bg Bspàratu, rbiajarî bl bg
Bspàratu V. . .P. Bg qub pamb bl bg Bspàratu, pamb sbdûl gn vcgultnm mb Macs6 pcr tnltc, bs obioco bioc
>1
iclecr`b
Iclecr`bn gcnþnma`cs . drnl ou`agmnm y eb n lubstrns crniaclbs, pcmb`cs bxpbra`bltnr
qub pamb‐bsn
gc qub bxpbra`bltnrcl gcs masiàpugcs bl bg Lubvc @ulmc, iunlmc npnrbiaù Irastc; ‗Q V. . .P
icltalunjnl crnlmc n ág sal ibsnr V. . .P6 y lc
l c `ugtapgainjnl `uions pngnjrns, pcrqub gbs brn
`nlaebstnmc gc qub mbjànl supgainr, y bstnjnl ggblcs mb nlobgc‐ :8. Yus nlobgcs brnl sbr
ga`pacs y purcs nltb bg Ybþcr, y rbiajar gn nprcjniaùl mb Ág.
Bg Ybþcr rbspclmb lubstrns crniaclbs. Bl bg rbgntc mb >?9: mb gn pra`brn vasaùl mb Kcsá
Y`ato, ástb lnrrn iù`c sb saltaù mbspuás mb qub Irastc gb makc qub sus pbinmcs brnl
pbrmclnmcs; ‗@a ng`n sb ggblù mb n`cr y pcr `uiocs màns `b rbdciaká icl drnl dczc y bg
Ybþcr bstuvc icl`adc‐:>.
Mbjb`cs rbicrmnr qub iabrtcs pbinmcs drnvbs rbquabrbl tnltc ign`nr
ig n`nr n Macs ic`c
iclebsnrsb n ul kubz ic`ûl bl Asrnbg6 gc iung sb trntnrî bl ul inpàtugc pcstbracr, pbrc kn`îs
ob`cs mb cgvamnr qub gn iclebsaùl lc bga`aln gn lbibsamnm
l bibsamnm iruiang`bltb a`pcrtnltb mb
ic`ulainrlcs mb `cmc marbitc icl lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang.
Bg ágmbr Lbng N. @nxwbgg blsbþnjn icl erbiublian bl iunltc n sc`btbr lubstrn vcgultnm
vcg ultnm n
gn vcgultnm mbg Xnmrb Ibgbstang. Makc; ‗Gn su`asaùl mb lubstrn vcgultnm bs gn ûlain icsn
 

bxigusavn`bltb pbrsclng qub tblb`cs pnrn icgcinr scjrb bg ngtnr mb Macs6 gns `uions ctrns
icsns qub gb ‟mn`cs‑ V. . .P scl, bl rbngamnm, gns icsns qub Ág lcs on mnmc c prbstnmc n
lcsctrcs. Yal b`jnrdc, iunlmc ustbmbs y yc ealng`bltb lcs sc`btb`cs n lcsctrcs `as`cs
ng pbr`atar qub lubstrn vcgultnm sbn njscrjamn bl gn vcgultnm mb Macs, bs bltclibs iunlmc
bl vbrmnm gb mn`cs ngdc6 ¡bs gn ûlain pcsbsaùl qub vbrmnmbrn`bltb bs lubstrn y, pcr tnltc,
pcmb`cs mnr!‐::.
Yá pcr `à `as`c, almbpblmabltb`bltb mb iungquabr ctrn pbrscln mb gn tabrrn, qub n
`bmamn qub niuma`cs n lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang mb `nlbrn ernlin y salibrn, icl ul mbsbc
prceulmc mb icliaganr lubstrn vcgultnm icl gn vbrmnm, sblta`cs Yu nprcjniaùl y Yu n`cr, y
Yu Bspàratu lcs alstn n nvnlznr.
 

Inpàtugc >>
G D ZD L] MBG MA JGC
 Nulqub lc mbjb`cs prbciupnrlcs
prbciupnrlcs mb ecr`n bxibsavn pblsnlmc bl Yntnlîs y sus
prcpùsatcs, ng iclsambrnr mb `nlbrn salibrn lubstrc mbsbc mb nrrbpbltarlcs y mb sbduar ng
Yngvnmcr
trntnrîl mbmberustrnr
ul `cmc `îs bstrbioc,
lubstrn tblb`cs qub bltblmbr qub gns eubrzns mbg nmvbrsnrac
mbtbr`alniaùl.
‗]cmc gc qub bs jublc vablb mb Macs, y gc qub bs `ngc vablb mbg manjgc6 pcrqub bg manjgc bs
blb`adc mb Macs, y guion icltrn ág icltalun`bltb, b alvatn b almuib n pbinr y n onibr gc qub
bs `ngc sal ibsnr‐>. Nulqub gns tbltniaclbs n pbinr mb Guiaebr sb prbsbltnl onjagamcsn`bltb
mb `cmc qub pnrbzinl rnzclnjgbs, bl rbngamnm, ‗ág lc pbrsunmb n laldûl oc`jrb n onibr gc
 jublc, lc, la n ulc scgc6 la gc onibl sus îldbgbs6 la gcs qub n ág sb sukbtnl‐:.
 Nltb lubstrcs bseubrzcs pcr nrrbpbltarlcs
nrrbpbltarlcs y rbiajar mb `nlbrn `îs p pgbln
gbln bg n`cr mb Macs
 y bg pbrmùl mb lubstrcs pbinmcs, bg alaiuc bxtablmb
bxtablmb sus bldnþcs icl gn bspbrnlzn mb
onibrlcs vcgvbr n lubstrcs pbinmcs. Bg prcebtn Kcsá Y`ato blsbþù; ‗Iunltc `îs sb nibrqub
ng Ybþcr gn pbrscln, `nycr pcmbr `nlaebstnrî bg nmvbrsnrac pnrn a`pbmar qub sb iu`pgnl
Yus prcpùsatcs‐9.
Bg sbr n quabl ggn`n`cs Guiaebr brn ‗ul îldbg mb Macs qub tblàn nutcramnm mbgnltb mb
=
Macs‐,mbignrù
Kbsûs pbrc ‗sbqub
rbjbgù
ástbicltrn
‗lc onMacs y prciurùbl
pbr`nlbiamc usurpnr bg rbalc
gn vbrmnm V. . .P,mb lubstrc
pcrqub bs Macs y su Irastc‐
`bltarcsc‐ 26 .
Yntnlîs quabrb qub sbn`cs ‗`asbrnjgbs ic`c ág‐ 5.
Iclecr`b ic`blzn`cs n alvcinr n Macs bl crniaùl pamablmc qub bg pcmbr mb gn bxpaniaùl
mbg Yngvnmcr bltrb bl lubstrn vamn, Yntnlîs, icl gn ntrnybltb y sbmuitcrn vcz mbg pbinmc,
trntn mb bvatnr qub sadn`cs nmbgnltb.
Gcs bldnþcs
Yu pra`brn tbltniaùl bs mbiarlcs qub lc ony l lbibsamnm
bibsamnm mb nrrbpbltarsb6 y susurrn; ‗Bsns
niiaclbs n gns iungbs ggn`nl pbinmcs lc scl pbinmcs bl gc njscgutc, salc, `îs jabl, scl
suibscs ic`prblsajgbs bl bg `ulmc qub lcs rcmbn‐. ‗Q n ctrcs gcs pniaeainrî y gcs
nmcr`bibrî icl sbduramnm inrlng, mb `cmc qub marîl; ]cmc vn jabl V. . .P y gbs iubltn qub lc
ony aleabrlc6 y V. . .P maib; Qc lc scy bg manjgc, pcrqub lc gc ony‐ 4.
Xnrn quablbs mbsbnl nrrbpbltarsb, bsns nstutns pngnjrns icl erbiublian scl albeainibs,
pubs onl vastc gn trastbzn y bg pbsnr qub sus pbinmcs onl prcmuiamc, y onl sbltamc gn iugpn y
bg mcgcr mb onibr gc `ngc. Ynjbl qub sb lbibsatn ul in`jac.
Bg bldnþnmcr tablb ctrns nsbvbrniaclbs, y susurrn sutag`bltb n gn pbrscln qub mbsbn
nrrbpbltarsb qub ástn lc bs inpnz mb onibr gc lbibsnrac pnrn trnbr n bebitc bg pbrmùl, c pbcr
nûl, gb maib qub lc bs madln mb gn nyumn mb Macs. Bg nmvbrsnrac alstadn sblta`abltcs mb mbsbs-
pbrniaùl, mb engtn mb bspbrnlzn, gn ambn mb qub ‗bsc quazî euliaclb pnrn ngdulcs, pbrc yc scy
tnl májag, ob enggnmc tnltc bl gn vamn, qub bs a`pcsajgb pnrn `à6 yc bstcy mbstalnmc n qubmnr
bxiguamc mb gn vamn btbrln icl `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang y icl ic l Kbsuirastc‐.
Xnrn vblibr tngbs mbsngbltnmcrns pngnjrns mb mbsbspbrnlzn, mbjb`cs niumar n lubstrc
Xnmrb Ibgbstang bl crniaùl y n gns pngnjrns mb lubstrc Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc; ‗³Lc cs vcgvbráas
n `à nocrn, y cs nrrbpbltaráas mb vubstrcs pbinmcs, y cs iclvbrtaráas pnrn qub yc cs snlb3 Yà,
bl vbrmnm cs madc qub sa vblàs n `à,` à, tblmráas vamn btbrln. Ob nquà, `a jrnzc mb `asbraicrman
sb bxtablmb onian vcsctrcs6 y n iungquabrn qub vbldn, yc gc rbiajará6 y jblmatcs scl gcs qub
?
 vablbl n `à‐ .
 

Ya ustbm tablb gn mbtbr`alniaùl salibrn mb rbdrbsnr n su Xnmrb Ibgbstang, lc sb gb a`pbmarî

niibmbr ng mcl mavalc mbg pbrmùl. Icl bg mbsbc mb jralmnrgb gn bspbrnlzn qub lbibsatn, Kbsûs
lnrrù gn pnrîjcgn mbg oakc prùmadc. Ou`aggnmc pcr bg vniàc mb ‗vavaVrP pbrmamn`bltb‐, bg oakc
‗vcgvaVùP bl sà‐1. Ic`prblmaù su brrcr6 supc qub mbjàn in`janr. Makc; ‗@b gbvnltnrá b ará n
`a pnmrb y gb mará; Xnmrb, ob pbinmc icltrn bg iabgc y icltrn ta‐ >8.
Gns Bsiraturns almainl qub bltclibs ‗sb gbvnltù y eub n su pnmrb. Q iunlmc nûl bstnjn
gbkcs, gc vac su pnmrb y eub `cvamc n `asbraicrman, y icrraù, y sb bioù scjrb su iubggc y gb
 jbsù‐>>.
Gb prc`btc qub, sal a`pcrtnr bg vniàc y gn almadlamnm qub sabltn, lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang y
Yu Oakc N`nmc gb bspbrnl>:. Bg suera`abltc mbg Yngvnmcr, bg pndc qub Ág oazc pcr bg pbinmc,
eub pcr ustbm, nsà ic`c pcr quablbs iclsambrb qub scl `îs madlcs qub ustbm. Gn bxpaniaùl
mb Kbsuirastc pubmb bgbvnrgb mb gns prceulmamnmbs mb su iclmaiaùl nitung.
Gn tbltniaùl mb mb`crnr bg nrrbpblta`abltc
Ctrn tbrdavbrsniaùl qub bg nmvbrsnrac b`pgbn icltrn gn pbrscln qub mbsbn nrrbpbltarsb bs
su bldnþcsn alvatniaùl n pcstbrdnr c mb`crnr bg nrrbpblta`abltc. Bg prbsambltb Oblry J.
Byrald makc; ‗Bsn tbltniaùl mb mb`crnr prcibmb mb lubstrc blb`adc Guiaebr. Ág snjb qub
lulin pcmrb`cs sbr vbrmnmbrn`bltb ebgaibs n `blcs qub tbldn`cs bspbrnlzn bl bstn vamn,
 y mbspuás, bl gn saduabltb, gn rbngazniaùl mb gn vamn btbrln, bg `nycr mb tcmcs gcs mclbs mb
Macs V. . .P. Q nsà, Yntnlîs lcs tabltn icl gn mbsaman tcmcs gcs màns mb lubstrn prcjniaùl.
Iungquabr
mb mbiasaùl
ulc mb gcs mb mb`crnrbl
oakcs prcirbnmcs bg nrrbpblta`abltc g b mnXnmrb
gb
bspàratu pcr lubstrc gn cpcrtulamnm
c pcrtulamnm
Ibgbstang‐ >9mb
. rcjnr gn ebgaiamnm
Bl bg gajrc mb I. Y. Gbwas
G bwas ]ob Yirbwtnpb Gbttbrs,
Gbttbrs, bg tàc Bsirutcpc, ul sbiunz mbg manjgc,
blsbþn n su scjralc, Crudnrac, quabl bs ul tbltnmcr albxpbrtc, iù`c bvatnr qub ul `crtng
qub ic`ablzn n iclsambrnr bg nrrbpblta`abltc prcsadn bl tng sblmn mb rbitatum. ‗Engtn
iclsambrnr iù`c pcmb`cs rbvbrtar bsn intîstrceb. Gc `bkcr bs bvatnr qub ondn ngd ngdc6
c6 `abltrns
lc gc ggbvb n gn
g n prîitain, lc a`pcrtn iuîltc pablsb scjrb bsb lubvc nrrbpblta`abltc. Mbkn
qub bg nla`ngatc sb ntcr`bltb ng rbspbitc V. . .P. Mákngb onibr gc qub sbn, sngvc nitunr6 pcr
blcr`b qub sbn gn pabmnm qub a`ndalb c sabltn, lc lcs l cs pbrkumainrî n lcsctrcs, bl tnltc gn
`nltbldn`cs npnrtnmn mb su vcgultnm. Ic`c on maioc ulc mb gcs ou`nlcs, o u`nlcs, gcs oîjatcs
nitavcs sb ecrtngbibl `bmanltb gn rbpbtaiaùl, `abltrns qub gcs pnsavcs sb mbjagatnl. Iunltc
`îs erbiubltb`bltb sabltn sal nitunr, `blcs inpnz sbrî mb ggbdnr n nitunr ngduln vbz y, icl
bg tab`pc, `blcs inpnz sbrî mb sbltar‐>=.
Xbmrc mbsirajaù ng tbltnmcr vngaálmcsb mb uln `btîecrn a`pnitnltb; ‗Ybm scjracs, y vbgnm,
pcrqub vubstrc nmvbrsnrac bg manjgc, iung gbùl rudabltb, nlmn ngrbmbmcr jusinlmc n quabl
mbvcrnr‐>2.
Gn alegublian mbg nmvbrsnrac lc bs lnmn bl ic`pnrniaùl icl bg pcmbr mb Macs
Ob pblsnmc bl iù`c ic`pnrn Xbmrc n Guiaebr icl ul gbùl rudabltb. Rl gbùl rudabltb bl
bg zccgùdaic bs pbgadrcsc, pbrc sùgc sa bltrn`cs bl gn knugn icl ág. Yal lubstrn vcgultnm, bg
pcmbr mbg nmvbrsnrac bs `uy ga`atnmc.
Ya sbdua`cs gn sblmn mb gn rbitatum, lc mbjb`cs prbciupnrlcs mb`nsanmc pcr gn
alegublian mbg nmvbrsnrac. Lbea bxpgaiù qub ‗VYntnlîsP lc tablb pcmbr scjrb bg icrnzùl mbg
pubjgc, pcrqub bg pubjgc `crn bl rbitatum‐>5. Ág lc tablb laldûl pcmbr qub pubmn b`pgbnr
icltrn lcsctrcs, n `blcs qub gc pbr`atn`cs. Bg npùstcg Ynltandc VKnicjcP blsbþù;
‗Yc`btbcs, pubs, n Macs6 rbsastam ng manjgc, y ouarî mb vcsctrcs‐ >4.
Bg pnmrb mb gns `bltarns nign`n su alegublian, pbrc lnmn sb ic`pnrn icl bg pcmbr mb
Macs. Mbspuás
eàsain`bltb, mb Yntnlîs
valc gn bxpbrablian
y makc;qub tuvc @casás
‗@casás, o akc mb ng
oakc bstnr inrn
oc`jrb, n inrn icl Macs y mbsenggbibr
nmùrn`b‐.
 

Rl gbùl rudabltb bl bg zccgùdaic bs pbgadrcsc, pbrc sùgc sa bltrn`cs bl gn knugn

icl ág. Yal lubstrn vcgultnm, bg pcmbr mbg nmvbrsnrac bs `uy ga`atnmc.

‗@casás `arù n Yntnlîs, y gb makc; ³^uaál brbs tû3 V. . .P Lc oujabrn pcmamc vbr n Macs, n
`blcs qub su dgcran `b oujabrn iujabrtc y oujabrn samc trnlseadurnmc nltb ág. Xbrc yc pubmc
 vbrtb n ta sbdûl bg oc`jrb lnturng‐>?.
@casás, pcr `bmac mbg pcmbr mbg snibrmciac, `nlmù n Guiaebr; ‗Zbtàrntb mb `à, Yntnlîs,
pcrqub scgn`bltb n bstb ûlaic Macs nmcrnrá, bg iung bs bg Macs mb dgcran. Bl bg lc`jrb mbg
Rladálatc, rbtàrntb mb nquà, Yntnlîs V. . .P6 y sb npnrtù mb nggà‐ >1.
Gn Dnrdnltn mbg Manjgc
@abltrns vavàn`cs bl Jrnsag, `a bspcsn Fntoy y yc vasatn`cs gns Intnrntns mbg Adunzû bl
 vnrans cinsaclbs, n gns qub sb mbsirajb
mbsirajb ic`c bg `nycr sastb`n mb sngtcs mb ndun mbg `ulmc.
Xcsbb bltrb >28 y 988 sngtcs sbpnrnmcs, mbpblmablmc mb gn ápcin mbg nþc y mbg egukc mbg
ndun. Ibrin mb gn `atnm mbg ndun mbg ràc qub gns
g ns lutrb inb pcr ul inþùl mb ulcs ciobltn c
lcvbltn `btrcs mb nlioc, y ulcs sbtbltn u ciobltn `btrcs mb prceulmamnm, qub sb
mblc`aln ‗gn Dnrdnltn mbg Manjgc‐. Zbsugtn scjrbicdbmcr cjsbrvnr gns intnrntns mbsmb gn
pnrtb alebracr y sbltar gn alirbàjgb inltamnm mb ndun qub inb pcr bg inþùl onstn
o nstn bg ràc qub bstî
njnkc.
 Ng prbdultnr n `as n`adcs jrnsagbþcs ng rbspbitc,
rbspbitc, lulin sb `b on icltbstnmc
iclirbtn`bltb bl iunltc n iù`c c pcr quá nqubggn a`prbsaclnltb pnrtb mb gns Intnrntns mbg
Adunzû on rbiajamc bg lc`jrb ‗gn Dnrdnltn mbg Manjgc‐. Xcr gc tnltc, obo b nquà `a prcpan
altbrprbtniaùl. Al`bmantn`bltb blia`n mbg sngtc, gns nduns scl ing`ns bl bxtrb`c6 sa lc sb
cybrn bg sclamc mb gn ibrinln intnrntn, pcmràn`cs irbbr qub bstn`cs nltb gn trnlquagamnm mb
ul gndc mb `cltnþn. Xbrc bltclibs, mb rbpbltb, bg ndun nginlzn bg jcrmb y `aggclbs mb gatrcs
sb mbspgc`nl scjrb gns rcins mb njnkc.
 Nsa`as`c, Guiaebr cjrn mbmb uln `nlbrn `uy nstutn y sutag6 sus aliatniaclbs sbm
sbmuitcrns
uitcrns scl
tnl ntrnitavns, y sus bldnþcsns prc`bsns mb ebgaiamnm scl tnl inutavnmcrns, qub lc pcmb`cs
a`ndalnr qub sus tbltniaclbs lc lcs mnrîl la pnz la scsabdc. Mb rbpbltb, gns iclsbiublians
mb su sbmuiiaùl sb mbspgc`nl scjrb lcsctrcs y lcs onggn`cs bl gn Dnrdnltn mbg Manjgc.
Icl eb bl lubstrc Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc, gns tbltniaclbs mb Guiaebr sb mbsvnlbibl nltb
lcsctrcs y, icl bg tab`pc, gns vb`cs njcrrbiajgbs. Kbsuirastc ggbdn n sbr lubstrc ia`abltc, gn
rcin scjrb gn iung bstn`cs bmaeainmcs. ‗Zbicrmnm, V. . .P rbicrmnm qub bs scjrb gn rcin mb
lubstrc Zbmbltcr, bg iung bs Irastc, bg Oakc mb Macs, mclmb mbjáas bstnjgbibr vubstrc
eulmn`bltc, pnrn qub iunlmc bg manjgc gnlib sus a`pbtucscs vabltcs, sà, sus mnrmcs bl bg
tcrjbggalc, sà, iunlmc tcmc su drnlazc y euracsn tcr`bltn cs nzctbl, bstc lc tbldn pcmbr pnrn
nrrnstrnrcs ng njas`c mb `asbran y nldustan sal eal, n inusn mb gn rcin scjrb gn iung bstîas
bmaeainmcs, qub bs ul eulmn`bltc sbdurc, ul eulmn`bltc scjrb bg iung, sa gcs oc`jrbs
bmaeainl, lc inbrîl‐:8.
Bl vartum mb gn ic`asaùl qub ob rbiajamc mb Kbsuirastc, gb nsbdurc qub bg Yngvnmcr tablb bg
pcmbr mb bgbvnrgb pcr blia`n mb gns alegublians mbg nmvbrsnrac. Rstbm bs ul oakc c uln oakn mb
Macs6 Ág gb n`n mb `nlbrn njscgutn. Yu prcpùsatc bs njrnznr bg mcl mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y
rbiajar gn sndrnmn jblmaiaùl mbg pbrmùl. Lc mbsbspbrb6 sbn magadbltb bl su eb bl Irastc y bl
su mbtbr`alniaùl mb nrrbpbltarsb y, `bmanltb gn drnian mb Irastc, ggbdnrî n sbr gn pbrscln qub
mbsbn ggbdnr n sbr.
 

Inpàtugc >:
G MCJGB ]AZ LÀ ^RB ^RABZB A@XBMAZ LRBY]ZC
ZZBXBL]A@ABL]C
 Ng iclsambrnr gn lbibsamnm qub tblb`cs mb nrrbpbltarlcs,
nrrbpbltarlcs, gns vcibs mbg tb`cr y mbg
crduggc lcs aliatnl n adlcrnr c pcstbrdnr gc qub snjb`cs bl lubstrc altbracr qub mbjb`cs
onibr.
³On niumamc n su `bltb ngdulc mb gcs saduabltbs pblsn`abltcs3
• Lc irbc qub pubmn onibrgc. 
onibrgc.  
• @as n`adcs `b njnlmclnrîl.
njnlmclnrîl.  
• Ob ggbdnmc mb`nsanmc gbkcs ic`cic `c pnrn pcmbr in`janr.
in`janr.  
• @as brrcrbs lc scl tnl `ngcs. 
`ngcs.  
• Ony ctrns pbrsclns qub scl `uioc pbcrbs qub yc.  yc.  
• Lc quabrc iclebsnrgc tcmc. 
tcmc. 
• Lc quabrc pnsnr vbrd÷blzn erbltb n gcs mb`îs. 
mb`îs.  
• Xubmc ga`atnr`b n b`pbznr onibr gc icrrbitc6 bg pnsnmc mbsnpnrbibrî. 
mbsnpnrbibrî.  
• Lc icleàc mbg tcmc bl quablbs
quabl bs mbsbnl nyumnr. 
nyumnr. 
• Icl eubrzn mb vcgultnm, pubmc gcdrnrgc pcr `a iubltn. 
iubltn.  
• In`janrá `îs nmbgnltb, iunlmc `a vamn sbn maebrbltb. 
maebrbltb.  
• ]bldc qub onibrgc scgc. 
scgc. 
• Ya gc altbltc y erninsc, bstnrá pbcr mb gc qub bstcy nocrn. 
nocrn.  
• Gcs mbtnggbs mb gc qub tblmrá
t blmrá qub iclebsnr sbrîl mb`nsanmc mbibpiaclnltbs pnrn
`as sbrbs qubramcs. 
qubramcs. 
Ony `uions pngnjrns qub mbsirajbl gns jnrrbrns qub surdbl iunlmc iclsambrn`cs vblar n
Irastc mb `nlbrn `îs pgbln; kustaeainiaùl, engtn mb salibramnm, adlcrnlian, aldrntatum, eb
alsueaiabltb. Xnrn sa`pgaeainr iù`c vb`cs tngbs jnrrbrns y pcmbr mbs`nltbgnrgns y nibgbrnr
lubstrc prcdrbsc, pcmb`cs ndrupnrgns icl ngdulc mb gcs mcs tarnlcs qub guionl pcr a`pbmar
lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc; bg tb`cr y bg crduggc. Yb trntn mb uln mcjgb tarnlàn, pubstc qub gcs
mcs cjrnl bl iclkultc icl gn bspbrnlzn mb bvatnr qub tc`b`cs gns a`pcrtnltbs mbiasaclbs
qub lcs iclmuiarîl n Kbsuirastc. Mb al`bmantc, bg tb`cr y bg crduggc altbltnl lbutrngaznr gcs
pblsn`abltcs pcsatavcs mb eb y mb crniaùl, nsà ic`c lubstrn mbtbr`alniaùl mb ggbdnr n sbr gn
pbrscln qub Macs quabrb qub sbn`cs.
Bg crduggc engsc y gcs tb`crbs brrùlbcs sb rbgniaclnl pcr inusn mb lubstrns alsbduramnmbs
tbrrblngbs, gns iungbs Yntnlîs trntn mb bxpgctnr icltrn lcsctrcs mb `nlbrn iclstnltb. Bg
crduggc pubmb dblbrnr c nu`bltnr lubstrcs tb`crbs6 y n gn vbz, n `blumc rbniiacln`cs n
gcs tb`crbs icl crduggc, bquavcinmn`bltb. Xcr gc dblbrng, gns pbrsclns qub `ubstrnl
`uioc crduggc bstîl icg`nmns mb drnlmbs tb`crbs y, icl erbiublian, bg tb`cr nu`bltn gn
ou`nln npnraiaùl mbg crduggc.
Bsn ic`jalniaùl pbrkumaiang lcs a`pamb sbltar bg Bspàratu mbg Ybþcr6 sa lc iuamn`cs
lubstrcs pblsn`abltcs y sblta`abltcs, gcs tarnlcs
ta rnlcs ‗tb`cr‐ y ‗crduggc‐ pcmrànl icltrcgnrlcs.
Iabrtc bs qub lc sab`prb bgbda`cs sbltar maions b`ciaclbs lbdntavns, pbrc pcmb`cs
nprblmbr n dcjbrlnrgns y icltrcgnrgns.
icltrcg nrgns. Xcmb`cs nprblmbr iù`c bvatnr gcs pblsn`abltcs y
gns b`ciaclbs alicrrbitns qub Yntnlîs pclb bl lubstrc in`alc n eal mb a`pbmar qub lcs
nrrbpaltn`cs c saltn`cs bg n`cr y bg pbrmùl mb Macs.
 

Bg tb`cr
Rln mb gns mbealaiaclbs mbg tb`cr bs `uy pcsatavn; bg tb`cr mbg Ybþcr. ‗Yu `asbraicrman bs
mb dblbrniaùl bl dblbrniaùl n gcs qub gb tb`bl‐>6 ‗Bg praliapac mb gn snjamuràn bs bg tb`cr n
Kbocvî‐:. ]ng ic`c gc bxpgain gn Duàn pnrn bg Bstumac mb gns Bsiraturns, maioc tb`cr sadlaeain
nm`arniaùl c rbvbrblian9.
Xcr ctrn pnrtb, bl gns Bsiraturns sb lcs `nlmn `îs mb iabl vbibs;
v bibs; ‗Lc tb`îas‐ c ‗Lc
tbldîas y`abmc‐.
`abmc, qub maiocGn pra`brn
`abmc gcrbspubstn mb Nmîl mbspuás
ggbvù n bsiclmbrsb mb Macs mbbl onjbr trnlsdrbmamc
gudnr mb eubpbinmc
jusinrgc =. Bg qub tuvc
cjstniugazn gn icleanlzn qub lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang quabrb qub rbiajn`cs mb Ág y qub
tbldn`cs bl Ág. Iclsambrb bg saduabltb iclsbkc mbg Ybþcr;
‗Lc tb`ns V. . .P, yc tb scicrrbrá, maib Kbocvî, tu Zbmbltcr, bg Ynltc mb Asrnbg‐ 2.
‗Kbocvî V. . .P vn mbgnltb mb ta6 ág bstnrî icltadc6 lc tb mbknrî la tb mbsn`pnrnrî6 lc tb`ns
la tb alta`ambs‐5.
‗¡]blbm îla`c! ¡Qc scy, lc tbldîas `abmc!‐ 4.
‗Lc tb`ns, irbb scgn`bltb‐?.
‗Lc lcs on mnmc Macs bspàratu mb icjnrmàn‐1.
‗Bl bg n`cr lc ony tb`cr‐ >8.
‗Lc tb`îas, y mbsbionm tcmc pbinmc‐>>.
o c`jrb ondn‐>:.
‗Lc tb`c gc qub bg oc`jrb
‗Lc mbjastb onjbr tb`amc ng oc`jrb `îs qub n Macs‐ >9.
‗Lc tb`îas, rbjnþatc6 onibm gc jublc6 nulqub sb ic`jalbl bl icltrn mb vcsctrcs gn tabrrn
 y bg aleabrlc, pubs sa bstîas bmaeainmcs
bmaeainmcs scjrb `a rcin, lc pubmbl prbvngbibr V. V. . .P. @arnm onian
`à bl tcmc pblsn`abltc‐>=.
‗Bxastànl tb`crbs bl vubstrcs icrnzclbs, y bl vbrmnm, bstn bs gn rnzùl pcr gn qub lc V. . .P
rbiajastbas V. . .P6 mbspckVncsP mb tcmn blvaman y tb`cr‐ >2.
Bg ‗n`cr bion eubrn bg tb`cr‐
³Xcmb`cs vblibr bg tb`cr qub sblta`cs3 Xcr supubstc qub sà. Bg rb`bmac pnrn bg tb`cr
sb bliubltrn tnltc bl bg Lubvc ]bstn`bltc ic`c bl bg Gajrc mb @cr`ùl; ‗Bg pbrebitc n`cr
bion eubrn bg tb`cr‐>5.
Bg ágmbr Mabtbr E. Riotmcre bxpgaiù; ‗Bg n`cr pbrebitc mb Irastc lcs pbr`atb nlmnr icl
ou`agmnm, madlamnm y uln ear`b sbduramnm ic`c sbduamcrbs mb lubstrc n`nmc Yngvnmcr.
Yngv nmcr. Bg
n`cr pbrebitc mb Irastc lcs mn sbduramnm pnrn supbrnr lubstrcs tb`crbs y pclbr tcmn
>4
lubstrn icleanlzn bl bg pcmbr y gn jclmnm mb lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang y Yu Oakc Kbsuirastc‐ .

Bg rb`bmac pnrn bg tb`cr sb bliubltrn tnltc bl bg Lubvc ]bstn`bltc ic`c bl bg

Gajrc mb @cr`ùl; ‗Bg pbrebitc n`cr bion eubrn bg tb`cr‐.

Bg ágmbr Mnvam N. Jbmlnr sb on rbebramc n iù`c ing`nr y masapnr lubstrcs tb`crbs. Ing`nr
lubstrcs tb`crbs a`pgain qub, nulqub tng vbz ástcs lc mbsnpnrbzinl pcr ic`pgbtc, pubmbl
npgninrsb y icltrcgnrsb. ‗Yb masapn bg `abmc
` abmc `bmanltb ul iclcia`abltc icrrbitc mbg Ybþcr
Kbsuirastc y gn eb bl Ág V. . .P. Bg iclcia`abltc icrrbitc mbg Ybþcr y gn eb bl Ág lcs mnl gn
eubrzn pnrn ing`nr lubstrcs tb`crbs, pcrqub Kbsuirastc bs gn ûlain eubltb mb pnz murnmbrn.
Ág mbignrù; ‟Nprblmb mb `à y bsiuion `as pngnjrns6 in`aln bl gn `nlsbmu`jrb mb `a
Bspàratu, y bl `à tblmrîs pnz‑ (M. y I. >1;:9) V. . .P.
‗³Xcmb`cs
`ulmc ing`nr gcs Gn
icltb`pcrîlbc3 tb`crbs qub tnl
rbspubstn eîiag`bltb
n bstn prbdultnybs
icl
ulerbiublian lcs nicsnl
sà albquàvcic. bl lubstrc
]rbs praliapacs
 

 jîsaics scl eulmn`bltngbs pnrn

pnrn rbiajar bsn jblmaiaùl bl lubstrn vamn; (>)
(>) niumar n Irastc,
b l Irastc‐ >?.
(:) bmaeainr scjrb bg eulmn`bltc mb Irastc y (9) sbduar nmbgnltb icl eb bl
Ing`nr lubstrcs tb`crbs bs bg pra`br pnsc pnrn ealng`bltb pcmbr bionrgcs eubrn
`bmanltb bg n`cr pbrebitc mb Irastc.
³Iù`c tablb gudnr bsc3 N `bmamn qub nprblmb`cs bsparatung`bltb mb Ág y scjrb Yus
mclbs btbrlcs pnrn lcsctrcs, sblta`cs bg n`cr qub Ág lcs tablb6 y gc n`n`cs6 ‗lcsctrcs gb
n`n`cs n ág, pcrqub ág lcs n`ù pra`brc‐ >1. ]ng n`cr bldblmrn bspbrnlzn y eb bl Kbsuirastc
 y bl Yu bxpaniaùl. Zbiaja`cs Yu Yu pcmbr pnrn nyumnrlcs n in`janr
in`janr lubstrn vamn.
Ic`prblmb`cs qub lc sb trntn sùgc mb qub pubmn pbrmclnr lubstrcs pbinmcs, salc mb qub
iabrtn`bltb gcs pbrmclnrî
gcs pbrmclnrî ng
 ng lcsctrcs vblar n Ág mb uln `nlbrn `îs pgbln. Bg iclsbkc mb
Lbea icjrn vamn bl lcsctrcs; ‗Mbjáas sbduar nmbgnltb icl ear`bzn bl Irastc, tblablmc ul
eugdcr pbrebitc mb bspbrnlzn y n`cr pcr Macs y pcr tcmcs gcs oc`jrbs‐ :8. Q ‗pbmaV`csP ng
Xnmrb icl tcmn gn blbrdàn mb VlubstrcsP icrnzclbs, qub sbVn`csP ggblcs Vmbg n`cr purc mb
vbrmnmbrcs mb su Oakc Kbsuirastc‐ :>.
IrastcP qub ág on ctcrdnmc n tcmcs gcs qub scl masiàpugcs vbrmnmbrcs
Bg crduggc
Bg crduggc tn`jaál pubmb tblbr `îs mb ul sadlaeainmc. Bl tnltc sbn`cs ou`agmbs, bg
tblbr crduggc pcr gcs gcdrcs mb gcs oakcs c bg bgcdac mb gcs gcdrcs nginlznmcs scl sbþngbs mb
n`cr y mb ngabltc. Nqubg qub bs Xnmrb mb tcmcs lcsctrcs
l csctrcs blic`aù n Yu Oakc icl bstns
pngnjrns; ‗Bstb bs `a Oakc n`nmc, bl quabl `b ic`pgnzic‐::.
Bg ctrcblvnlbiamc
iclibptc nspbitc mbg mbcrduggc, bg mbg
lcsctrcs crduggc`abltrns
`as`cs ic`c tarnlc mbsndrnmnjgb,
`nltblb`cs sb rbeabrb
uln cpalaùl n tblbr
alebracr ul
scjrb
Macs6 bs mbiar, gn pbrscln scjrbvngcrn su prcpan a`pcrtnlian:9. Bg crduggc lcs mastnlian mbg
pra`br `nlmn`abltc mb n`nr n Macs icl tcmc lubstrc icrnzùl, ng`n y `bltb6 nsà ic`c mbg
sbdulmc, bg mb n`nr ng prùka`c ic`c n lcsctrcs `as`cs :=, y ibltrn lubstrc n`cr `îs
marbitn`bltb bl lubstrn prcpan pbrscln.
Xcmb`cs vbr bg drnl mbebitc mbg crduggc iunlmc Yntnlîs onjgù bl lubstrc icliagac
prbtbrrblng, maiablmc; ‗Ob`b nquà, blvàn`b n `à. Ybrá tu oakc y rbma`ará n tcmc bg dálbrc
ou`nlc, mb `cmc qub lc sb pbrmbrî la uln scgn ng`n, y mb sbdurc gc onrá6 mn`b, pubs, tu
oclrn‐:2. Bl ul scgc vbrsàiugc, pcmb`cs vbr bg usc bxibsavc mb gns g ns ngusaclbs n gn pngnjrn yc;
yc;
‗Ob`b Vn `àP V. . .P. VQcP sbrá
s brá tu oakc y V. . .P VycP rbma`ará n tcmc bg dálbrc ou`nlc V. . .P6
VycP gc onrá V. . .P, mn`b Vn `àP tu oclrn‐. Yb trntn mb uln gbiiaùl
g biiaùl qub tcmcs mbjb`cs
nprblmbr y mb ul pbgadrc qub on mb `nltblbrlcs ntbltcs pnrn qub lc jnkb`cs gn dunrman
murnltb gn vamn. Bl bg `c`bltc bl bg qub pblsn`cs qub bg crduggc yn lc iclstatuyb ul
prcjgb`n, tng bs bg `c`bltc bl bg qub sb iclvabrtb bl ul prcjgb`n.
Bg ágmbr ^ubltal G. Iccf bxpgain iù`c bg crduggc nebitn gn `nlbrn mb pblsnr mbg `ulmc;
‗Rlc mb gcs nspbitcs saldugnrbs y prcjgb`îtaics mb lubstrn ápcin bs qub `uions pbrsclns
pnrtaiapnl bl iclmuitns pbin`alcsns pbrc rboûsnl iclsambrnrgns ic`c tngbs. Lc tablbl
rb`crma`abltc la gn vcgultnm mb rbiclcibr su iclmuitn ic`c `crng`bltb alicrrbitn.
Aligusc ngdulcs qub prcebsnl uln irbblian bl bg Xnmrb y bg Oakc nsu`bl brrùlbn`bltb gn
pcsturn mb qub ul Xnmrb
X nmrb Ibgbstang n`crcsc lc mbjb a`pclbr iclsbiublians n iclmuitns qub
scl icltrnrans n Yus `nlmn`abltcs‐:5.
Gubdc nþnmb bstns pngnjrns qub sb ntrajuybl n Zcjbrt Gcuas Ytbvblscl; ‗]nrmb c
tb`prnlc, tcmc bg `ulmc tablb qub blerbltnr gns iclsbiublians‐ :4.
Bg prbsambltb Bzrn ]net Jblscl on maioc qub bg crduggc, bl sus ecr`ns `îs drnvbs, icgcin
‗lubstrn vcgultnm bl icltrn mb gn mb Macs. Iunlmc marada`cs lubstrc crduggc icltrn Ág,
tblb`cs gn nitatum mb mbiar; ‟^ub sb ondn `a vcgultnm y lc gn ]uyn‑. Ic`c makc Xnjgc;
‟jusinl gc suyc prcpac, lc gc qub bs mb Irastc Kbsûs‑‐ :?.
 

Bg prbsambltb Jblscl prcsadub y bxpgain qub bg crduggc pubmb a`pbmarlcs nibptnr gn

nutcramnm mb Macs y pbr`atar qub lcs jralmb marbiiaùl bl lubstrn vamn. Maib; ‗Gcs crduggcscs
quabrbl qub Macs bstá mb niubrmc icl bggcs6 lc tablbl altbrás bl in`janr mb cpalaùl pnrn
qub gn suyn bstá mb niubrmc icl gn mb Macs‐ :1.
Kbsûs makc; ‗Qc ondc sab`prb gc qub n VMacsP gb ndrnmn‐ 98. Xcr ctrn pnrtb, Kunl sb rbearaù n
ngdulns pbrsclns pnrn gns iungbs ‗gn dgcran mb gcs oc`jrbs Vsadlaeain `îsP qub gn dgcran mb
Macs‐9>.
Gc cpubstc ng crduggc bs gn ou`agmnm. Bg snibrmctb nldgainlc Kcol Z. T. Ytctt `nlaebstù;
‗Bg crduggc bs vubstrc `nycr blb`adc6 y gn ou`agmnm, vubstrc `bkcr n`adc‐.
 N nqubggcs n quablbs bg Ybþcr n`n, Ág masiapgaln
masiapgaln9:. Ng rbiajar masiapgaln, tcrln`cs lubstrn
ntbliaùl `îs onian Ág y `blcs onian lcsctrcs `as`cs. Iunlmc brn prbsambltb mb `asaùl bl
Ernlian, icl erbiublian bsiuionjn bg mcgcr mb gcs kùvblbs `asaclbrcs qub ninjnjnl mb ggbdnr
ng in`pc `asaclng. Gn `asaùl sadlaeainjn ctrn iugturn, ctrc amac`n, bg rbionzc erbiubltb y ul
radurcsc irclcdrn`n n sbduar. Murnltb gns pra`brns sb`nlns, n vbibs gcs `asaclbrcs
bxprbsnjnl sus b`ciaclbs n trnvás mb gns gîdra`ns; ‗Xrbsambltb, lc irbc qub pubmn gcdrnrgc.
Lc bstcy nicstu`jrnmc n bstc6 bs mb`nsanmc maeàiag. Bxtrnþc n `a en`agan. Lc sá bg amac`n.
Lc `b ndrnmn tcmc bstb rbionzc. Lc `b nicstu`jrc n gn ic`amn. Qc . . . Qc . . . Qc . . .‐
 Npnrbiànl gns bxprbsaclbs bl pra`brn
pra`brn pbrscln. Ng crnr pcr nqubggcs `asaclbrcs,
`asaclbrcs, sbltàn qub bg
Ybþcr `b mbiàn; ‗Lbag, lc tb gn`bltbs pcr bggcs. ]û lc gcs ggn`nstb6 Qc gc oaib. Iclecr`b sb
ou`aggbl y vbldnl n @à, onrá mb bggcs `îs mb gc qub pcmrànl ggbdnr n sbr pcr su iubltn‐. Q
bsc brn prbiasn`bltb gc qub suibmàn.
Ggbdnr n sbr ic`c ul laþc pbqubþatc
Murnltb Yu `alastbrac tbrrblng, Kbsûs onjgù bl iunltc ng `cmc bl qub mbjb`cs ggbdnr n
sbr ic`c ul laþc; ‗Q ggn`nlmc Kbsûs n ul laþc, gc pusc bl `bmac mb bggcs, y makc; Mb iabrtc
cs madc qub sa lc cs vcgváas y cs oniáas ic`c laþcs, lc bltrnráas bl bg rbalc mb gcs iabgcs. Nsà
qub, iungquabrn qub sb ou`aggb ic`c bstb laþc, bsb bs bg `nycr bl bg rbalc mb gcs iabgcs‐ 99.
@b rbsugtn ensialnltb qub, ng vasatnr n gcs lbeatns, bg Yngvnmcr onjgnrn scjrb bg vcgvbrsb
ic`c ul laþc pbqubþc tnltc nltbs ic`c mbspuás mbg jnutas`c. Nquà npnrbib nltbs; ‗Q
tn`jaál cs madc qub mbjáas nrrbpbltarcs, y vcgvbrcs ic`c ul laþc pbqubþatc,
pbqubþatc , y sbr
 jnutaznmcs bl `a lc`jrb, c mb lalduln `nlbrn rbiajaráas bstns icsns‐.

Q iclecr`b lcs ou`aggn`cs, lcs prbciupn`cs inmn vbz `blcs pcr sustbltnr
lubstrc prcpac bdc y inmn vbz `îs pcr sc`btbr lubstrn vcgultnm n gn vcgultnm
mbg Xnmrb.

 Q bl bg saduabltb vbrsàiugc, `bliacln bsn nm`claiaùl mbspuás

mbspuás mbg jnutas`c; ‗Q ctrn vbz
cs madc qub mbjáas nrrbpbltarcs, y sbr jnutaznmcs bl `a lc`jrb, y vcgvbrcs ic`c ul laþc
 pbqubþatc,, c mb laldûl `cmc obrbmnráas bg rbalc mb Macs‐ 9=.
 pbqubþatc
Bg tblbr gn ou`agmnm mb ul laþc pbqubþatc nltbs y mbspuás mbg jnutas`c, ng rbiclcibr gn
drnlmbzn mb lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang y lubstrn lbibsamnm mb sbduar n Yu Oakc y dunrmnr
d unrmnr Yus
`nlmn`abltcs, lcs pbr`atb vbr gns icsns ic`c bl vbrmnm scl. Q iclecr`b lcs ou`aggn`cs,
lcs prbciupn`cs inmn vbz `blcs pcr nga`bltnr lubstrc prcpac bdc y inmn vbz `îs pcr
sc`btbr lubstrn vcgultnm n gn vcgultnm mbg Xnmrb.
 Njalnmà mbsirajaù bg `cmc
`cmc bl qub bg Yngvnmcr saduaù n Yu Xnmrb. Makc; ‗Nul
‗Nul mb bstb `cmc
sbrî ggbvnmc,
Oakc iruiaeainmc
sablmc njscrjamn blygn`ubrtc, gn inrlb
vcgultnm qubmnlmc
mbg Xnmrb‐ 92. Ásbsukbtn onstn gnqub
bs bg bkb`pgc `ubrtb, gn vcgultnm
mbjb`cs sbduar. mbg
 

Iclecr`b rbgntc gn oastcran mb Xoagappb @crbnu95, mbtbr`alb iuîgbs scl gns bxpbrablians
mb ástb bl gns qub bg tb`cr y bg crduggc gc mbtuvabrcl, y rbegbxaclb bl gns bxpbrablians bl gns
qub bg n`cr mb ág pcr bg Yngvnmcr, bg n`cr mbg Yngvnmcr pcr ág, y su prcpan ou`agmnm gb
mabrcl ecrtngbzn.
Bl >1?1, sb `b ggn`ù ic`c prbsambltb mb gn @asaùl Ernlian Jurmbcs, y ggbdn`cs n maion
iaumnm bl bg `bs mb kugac. Gn `asaùl npblns sb onjàn njabrtc, y árn`cs gn pra`brn en`agan bl
 vavar bl gn insn mb gn `asaùl, n gn qub nûl sb bstnjn n`cjgnlmc bl nqubg
nqubg `c`bltc. Bl gn
insn mb gn `asaùl sb lbibsatnjn ul panlc, y sb lcs rbic`blmù vasatnr gns tablmns mb `ûsain
gcingbs bl jusin mb ulc. Lcs pnrbiàn ic`c sa bl inmn tablmn qub bltrîjn`cs, bg prcpabtnrac,
ng vbr lubstrns pgnins `asaclngbs qub almainjnl ‗Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs
Ûgta`cs Màns‐, lcs mbiàn; ‗Iclczic n ulcul c mb sus `ab`jrcs6 sb ggn`n
g gn`n Xoagappb @crbnu‐.
Xoagappb brn ul iclibrtastn mb panlc mb jnstnltb rbputniaùl bl Jurmbcs, y `b ggn`ù gn
ntbliaùl qub eubrn tnl ernlic bl iunltc n sus irbblians. Mbsbnjn vbrgc prcltc. Ng lc vbrgc,
prbdultá n gcs gàmbrbs mb Jurmbcs bl iunltc n Xoagappb @crbnu. Iunlmc gc oaib, sb
bltrastbiabrcl mb `nlbrn vasajgb y `b almainrcl qub yn lc brn `ab`jrc mb gn Adgbsan.
Adg bsan. @b
bxpgainrcl qub sb onjàn ulamc n gn Adgbsan bl gn nmcgbsiblian y qub onjàn samc ul ebrvabltb
masiàpugc mbg Yngvnmcr, pbrc qub gubdc sb onjàn npnrtnmc mb gns blsbþnlzns mbg Ybþcr.
 Ngdulcs `bsbs mbspuás, rbiajà uln ggn`nmn
ggn`nmn tbgbeùlain bl gn insn mb gn `asaùl. Gn vcz ng
ctrc gnmc mb gn gàlbn almaiù; ‗Ocgn, obr`nlc Nlmbrsbl. Ycy Xoagappb @crbnu‐. Gb makb qub
bstnjn `uy ebgaz mb bsiuionrgc, pubstc qub onjàn càmc su lc`jrb `uions vbibs. Lcs alvatù n
Fntoy y n `à
Yaleùlain n ul icliabrtc
mb Jurmbcs. bl bg qubsatcinràn
@b prbdultù pcmrànbg panlcicl`adc
onjgnr icl bg nic`pnþn`abltc
bl ngduln cinsaùl mbpcstbracr
gn Crqubstn
ng
icliabrtc. Nsasta`cs ng icliabrtc y lcs icl`cva`cs nltb su nsc`jrcsc tngbltc `usaing.
Xumb rbular`b icl ág pcic mbspuás. Bl gn bltrbvastn, `b makc qub snjàn qub gn Adgbsan brn
 vbrmnmbrn y qub bspbrnjn ngdûl màn tblbr bg vngcr pnrn rbdrbsnr n bggn, pbrc qub, bl bsb
`c`bltc, sb blicltrnjn bl uln rbgniaùl y lc bstnjn gastc pnrn vcgvbr.
vcgv br. Gb makb qub bg Ybþcr gc
n`njn, qub lcsctrcs gc n`îjn`cs y qub bspbrîjn`cs qub rbdrbsnrn icl lcsctrcs.
 Ngdulcs `bsbs mbspuás mb nqubggn pra`brn
pra`brn bltrbvastn, sb pusc bl icltnitc icl`adc mb
lubvc. Yb gb lctnjn `uy sbrac bl bsn iclvbrsniaùl y, nulqub lc `b makc qub bstnjn
blebr`c, brn bvambltb qub qubràn in`janr su vamn. @b `nlaebstù qub su vamn onjàn samc `uy
ebgaz iunlmc brn ul kcvbl iclvbrsc6 onjgù scjrb bg pcmbr qub bg Bspàratu onjàn mbrrn`nmc bl
su vamn y makc qub gb blinltnjn ic`pnrtar bg Bvnldbgac. Almaiù qub rbiajaù gn jblmaiaùl
pntranring y qub bl ástn sb `bliaclnjn gn `asaùl. Makc; ‗Brn ul panlastn icl ul euturc `uy
prc`btbmcr, y `as prcebscrbs sbþngnrcl qub sa lc icltalunjn, pbrmbràn bg à`pbtu pnrn
prcdrbsnr bl gc `usaing. Zbioniá gn cpcrtulamnm mb sbrvar bl uln `asaùl. Bltclibs ndrbdù;
‗Obr`nlc Nlmbrsbl, gn`bltnjgb`bltb, lc prcdrbsá bl njscgutc ic`c iclibrtastn mb panlc
mbsmb bg `c`bltc bl qub rbioniá gn cpcrtulamnm mb sngar n gn `asaùl. Bl gudnr mb bggc, `b va
inmn vbz `îs ntrnàmc pcr sblta`abltcs y pcr ul bstagc mb vamnv amn qub snjàn qub brnl
alicrrbitcs, pbrc qub onggnjn maeàiagbs mb rbsastar. Xcic mbspuás, `b blicltrnjn eubrn mb gn
Adgbsan‐. @b bxpgaiù su mbsbc mb nrrbpbltarsb. ‗Ob pubstc eal n gn rbgniaùl qub tblàn. Bstcy
trntnlmc mb dunrmnr gcs `nlmn`abltcs. ³^uá mbjc onibr nocrn3‐. Xusb n Xoagappb, `a lubvc
n`adc, bl icltnitc icl su prbsambltb mb rn`n, Kbnl Inussá, quabl brn bg pnmrb mb Dárngm
Inussá, máia`c qualtc Cjaspc Xrbsambltb mb gn Adgbsan. Eub ul drnl gàmbr y ul jubl n`adc
pnrn Xoagappb.
Murnltb gns sb`nlns bl qub bstuvb bl gn rn`n, va n Xoagappb @crbnu prbstnr sbrvaiac
ic`c panlastn `abltrns gcs `ab`jrcs inltnjnl gcs oa`lcs. Yab`prb `b sbltàn ebgaz mb vbrgb,
 y pcmàn pbriajar qub ág onggnjn dczc bl sus bseubrzcs
bseubrzcs pcr vcgvbr n su eb.
 Ngdûl tab`pc mbspuás, rbiajà uln ggn`nmn mbg mbg prbsambltb mb gn rn`n, bg obr`nlc Inussá.
@b makc; ‗³]blmràn ngdc mb tab`pc pnrn ar ng ocspatng icl`adc n vbr n Xoagappb3 Ág on pbmamc
 

 vbrgb‐. Nltbs mb vasatnr bg ocspatng, adlcrnjn gn drnvbmnm mb gn blebr`bmnm

blebr`bmnm mb Xoagappb. Bg
prbsambltb Inussá `b almaiù qub Xoagappb tblàn YAMN y qub sb nprcxa`njn ng ealng mb su
 vamn. Bl nqubggn ápcin, brn `uy
`uy maeàiag trntnr bg YAMN.

 Nulqub mbsbb qub su iclmaiaùl nitung eubrn maebrbltb, lc pabrmn gn bspbrnlzn.

Kn`îs bs mb`nsanmc tnrmb pnrn jusinr
ju sinr ng Yngvnmcr.

@abltrns lcs blicltrîjn`cs kultc n su in`n, gb tc`á gns `nlcs y va iù`c gn trastbzn y gn
mbsagusaùl gb alvnmànl gcs ckcs. @b makc; ‗Obr`nlc Nlmbrsbl, `b bstcy `urablmc. ³^uá
a`pgain bsc pnrn `à3‐ (nûl brn ul oc`jrb kcvbl, mb ulcs vbaltatnltcs nþcs). Ndrbdù; ‗@a
 jblmaiaùl pntranring onjgn scjrb
scjrb oakcs y labtcs, pbrc yc lc tblmrá laldulc. ³^uá sadlaeain
bggc bl iunltc n `a vamn vblambrn3 ³^uá sadlaeain bggc bl iunltc n `a euturc3 Gb maka`cs qub
bg Yngvnmcr gc n`njn y qub lcsctrcs gc n`îjn`cs. Xrbdultù; ‗³Iuîlmc pcmrá jnutaznr`b
mb lubvc3‐. Onjablmc mangcdnmc yn scjrb bg tb`n bl bg trnybitc ng ocspatng
o cspatng icl bg prbsambltb
Inussá, bg prbsambltb mb rn`n, rbspclmà n Xoagappb qub sa sb rbiupbrnjn gc sueaiabltb ic`c
pnrn pcmbr jnutaznrsb, gc nyumnràn`cs n vcgvbr n sbr `ab`jrc mb gn Adgbsan. Bl insc
icltrnrac, bebitunràn`cs gns crmblnlzns pcr ág bl bg tb`pgc.
Xoagappb ic`pnrtaù su tbsta`clac mb Kbsuirastc y mbg Bvnldbgac rbstnurnmc, y lcs onjgù mb
su mbsbc
‗Xnrn gcsmb d unrmnrbstc
dunrmnr
oc`jrbs gcs bs
`nlmn`abltcs.
a`pcsajgb, `nsGbpnrn
rbicrmá
Macsgns obr`csns
tcmc pngnjrns
bs pcsajgb‐ mbg Yngvnmcr;
94. Crn`cs kultcs y lcs
mbspbma`cs.
Bg obr`nlc Xoagappb @crbnu enggbiaù n gcs pcics màns. Yus crmblnlzns sb bebitunrcl n
envcr mb ág mbspuás mbg enggbia`abltc.
Ony bxpbrablians trastbs qub lcs onibl mbsbnr qub pumaárn`cs rbdrbsnr ng pnsnmc pnrn
in`janr gns mbiasaclbs qub onl rbsugtnmc bl mbsagusaclbs. Nulqub mbsbb qub su iclmaiaùl
nitung eubrn maebrbltb, lc pabrmn gn
g n bspbrnlzn. Kn`îs bs mb`nsanmc tnrmb pnrn jusinr ng
Yngvnmcr. ]bstaeaic qub Yu n`cr, Yus jrnzcs qub sb bxtablmbl pnrn rbiajargb y Yu
prbciupniaùl btbrln pcr bg ng`n mb ustbm scl njscgutcs y eambmadlcs.
Kbsûs makc; ‗Qc scy gn rbsurrbiiaùl y gn vamn6 bg qub irbb bl `à, nulqub bstá `ubrtc, vavarî.
 Q tcmc nqubg qub vavb y irbb bl `à lc `crarî kn`îs‐9?.
 

Inpàtugc >9
GCY MBYUÀCY BL BG I @ALC ^RB ICLMRIB G XBZMÙL
]cmcs ob`cs bstnmc ngduln vbz bl ngduln inrrbtbrn a`pcrtnltb bl marbiiaùl n ngdûl
mbstalc mbtbr`alnmc, iunlmc mb rbpbltb, mbjamc n cjrns mb iclstruiiaùl, n ngdûl niiambltb
mbsnecrtulnmc c n iclmaiaclbs nmvbrsns bl bg in`alc, lcs blicltrn`cs icl ul inrtbg qub
almain; ‗Mbsvàc‐. Bltclibs, njnlmcln`cs gn inrrbtbrn praliapng icl gn bspbrnlzn mb qub gcs
in`alcs mbg mbsvàc tbldnl almainiaclbs ignrns y lcs iclmuzinl prcltc mb rbdrbsc n mclmb
pcmn`cs prcsbduar bg vankb icl áxatc y ggbdnr ng mbstalc mbsbnmc.
Bl uln cinsaùl, `a bspcsn Fntoy y yc vasatn`cs n gcs snltcs mb gn iaumnm mb Jnduac, bl gn
rbdaùl lcrtb mb Eagapalns. Bg mc`aldc, trns onjbr ealngaznmc gn iclebrblian mb gn Bstnin Ynl
Ebrlnlmc, b`prblma`cs bg vankb jabl pnsnmc bg `bmacmàn kultc ng ágmbr Fbato Bmwnrms y gn
obr`nln Kumato Bmwnrms, icl gn ambn mb ggbdnr n gn insn mb gn @asaùl Eagapalns Îldbgbs
ngrbmbmcr mb gns :8;88 o. Ng iclcibr bg inrîitbr bl cinsaclbs ‗tcmctbrrblc‐ mb gn iclmuiiaùl
bl Eagapalns, icltîjn`cs icl ul inpniatnmc iocebr pnrn gn eurdclbtn. Ástb trnjnknjn oniàn
`uioc tab`pc bl gn ceaialn mbg Îrbn y onjàn rbicrramc nqubggns inrrbtbrns `uions vbibs.
B`prblma`cs ul ndrnmnjgb vankb n trnvás mbg obr`csc pnasnkb rurng, pbrc mbspuás mb ngdc mb
tab`pc, nltb bg nu`bltc mbg trîeaic, mbtbr`aln`cs qub tc`nràn`cs ul mbsvàc, irbyblmc qub
bscLclcscjstnltb,
ggbvnràn nsuibmaù
mbstalctcmc
`uioc `îs rîpamn`bltb.
gc icltrnrac. Blsbduamn csiurbiaù6 y gn inrrbtbrn bl gn qub
 vankîjn`cs lc tblàn lalduln agu`alniaùl. Bg in`alcin`alc lcs brn `uy pcic en`aganr y lcslcs
sbltàn`cs rblubltbs n sngar mb gn eurdclbtn, la saquabrn pnrn ul jrbvb mbsinlsc.
 Ng pbriajar iabrtc pbgadrc, bg iclmuitcr sb mbtuvc
mbtuvc rbpbltaln`bltb, y bliblmaù gns guibs
gnrdns pnrn agu`alnr gn inrrbtbrn `îs nmbgnltb. Kustc erbltb n lcsctrcs, onjàn ul ecsc
blcr`b bl `bmac mbg in`alc. Ya oujaárn`cs prcsbduamc tnl sùgc ulcs `btrcs `îs, lubstrn
trnvbsàn lciturln onjràn tbr`alnmc icl gn eurdclbtn mbltrc mb nqubg drnl ecsc. Lc onjàn
agu`alniaùl, la insns, la inrtbgbs qub almainrnl bg pbgadrcsc ocyc bl gn inrrbtbrn. Iunlmc
ealng`bltb ggbdn`cs n gn insn mb gn @asaùl Îldbgbs bsn lciob, brnl gns ::;88 o. Bstîjn`cs
inlsnmcs, tblàn`cs on`jrb y lcs sbltàn`cs aliù`cmcs, pbrc bstîjn`cs n sngvc. Bg
iclmuitcr sb sbltàn `uy `ng pcr onjbr tc`nmc bg mbsvàc. Murnltb gcs nþcs saduabltbs, tcmcs
rbàn`cs ng onjgnr mb nqubggn mbsnecrtulnmn bxpbrablian. Bg mbsvàc lcs onjàn a`pbmamc gg ggbdnr
bdnr
n tab`pc n lubstrc mbstalc y lcs onjàn
o njàn inusnmc cjstîiugcs qub kn`îs oujaárn`cs
oujaárn`cs
a`ndalnmc.
Bg in`alc qub iclmuib ng pbrmùl bs uln sblmn bsparatung. Bg prcebtn Knicj gc mbsirajaù mb
bstn `nlbrn; ‗Ublam ng Ybþcr, bg Ynltc. Zbicrmnm qub sus sblmns scl kustns. Ob nquà, gn vàn
pnrn bg oc`jrb bs nldcstn, `ns sb onggn bl gàlbn rbitn nltb ág6 y bg dunrmaîl mb gn pubrtn bs bg
Ynltc mb Asrnbg6 y nggà ág lc b`pgbn laldûl sarvabltb, y lc ony ctrn bltrnmn salc pcr gn
pubrtn6 pcrqub ág lc pubmb sbr bldnþnmc, pubs su lc`jrb bs bg Ybþcr Macs‐ >.
 N vbibs, ng ic`blznr lubstrc in`alc onian bg pbrmùl
pbrmùl `bmanltb bg nrrbpblta`abltc, lcs
 vb`cs mastrnàmcs pcr ngdulcs mbsvàcs6 nulqub
nulqub ástcs lc jgcqubbl tctng`bltb lubstrc
trnybitc ng pbrmùl, pubmbl rbtrnsnrgc mb `nlbrn iclsambrnjgb. Ya lc tblb`cs iuamnmc, gcs
cjstîiugcs lcs masunmarîl, lcs mbsngbltnrîl y lcs npnrtnrîl mb gn marbiiaùl bl gn qub
mbsbîjn`cs ar. Xbr`àtn`b `bliaclnr iuntrc mbsvàcs qub mbjb`cs bvatnr. bv atnr.
Mbsvàc lrc. >; Bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs bg instadc mbg
m bg pbinmc

Lcsctrcs lc tblb`cs
nrrbpblta`abltc gn inpniamnm
bs bxnitn`bltb mb pndnr
gc cpubstc pcr lubstrcs
ng instadc6 prcpacs pbinmcs.
bg nrrbpblta`abltc Bggn iugpn, bg
ngavan
 

pbsnr y bg suera`abltc qub inusn bg pbinmc. Kbsuirastc pndù pcr tcmcs gcs pbinmcs mbg
`ulmc6 lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc lc pndn la uln pazin mb gcs qub lcsctrcs ob`cs ic`btamc.
Gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc iu`pgaù icl tcmns gns bxadblians mb gn kustaian mb `nlbrn pbrebitn
 y injng. Mbjb`cs ibltrnr lubstrn
lubstrn ntbliaùl bl Ág y bl vngcrnr Yu suera`abltc. Ya lcs
prbciupn`cs pcr onjbr pndnmc c pnmbiamc gc sueaiabltb c lc pcr lubstrcs pbinmcs, sb
trulinrî lubstrn inpniamnm mb nrrbpbltarlcs y mb sbltarlcs pbrmclnmcs, gc iung ninrrbnrî
ul mcgcrcsc mbsngabltc.

Lalduln pbrscln pubmb suerar pnrn pndnr pcr sus pbinmcs, nulqub sà suerarî n
inusn mb bggcs. Yab`prb ony ul instadc ng pbinr, `ns bg instadc, bg suera`abltc y
bg pbsnr scl cinsaclnmcs pcr bg pbinmc, y lc pcr bg nrrbpblta`abltc.

Lalduln pbrscln pubmb suerar pnrn pndnr pcr sus s us pbinmcs, nulqub sà suerarî n inusn mb
bggcs. Yab`prb ony ul instadc ng pbinr, `ns bg instadc, bg suera`abltc y bg pbsnr scl
cinsaclnmcs pcr bg pbinmc, y lc pcr bg nrrbpblta`abltc. Iunlmc ngduabl pnmbib iîlibr y
lbibsatn sc`btbrsb n iarudàn, gn iarudàn lc bs gn inusn mbg suera`abltc, salc bg iîlibr. Gn
cpbrniaùl bs uln maeaiugtnm tb`pcrng, pbrc bg vaggnlc bs bg iîlibr, lc gn cpbrniaùl. Bs bg
pbinmc gc qub cinsacln bg suera`abltc, y lc bg nrrbpblta`abltc.
Bg nrrbpblta`abltc
bg prbiac njrb gnBgvbltnln
mb lubstrc pbinmc. n gn guz y ngbspcmbr,
nrrbpblta`abltc pbr`atablmc
gn ecr`n qub bg Yngvnmcr
bl gn qub vbla`cs pndub
ng Yngvnmcr y
gb pbr`ata`cs n Ág pndnr bg prbiac mb lubstrc pbinmc y nsu`ar bg instadc bl lubstrc gudnr.
 Ng`n blsbþù n su oakc Icranltùl; ‗@ns bg nrrbpblta`abltc
nrrbpblta`abltc lc pcmàn ggbdnr n gcs oc`jrbs n
`blcs qub sb eaknrn ul instadc, adung`bltb btbrlc ic`c gn vamn mbg ng`n, cpubstc ng pgnl mb
gn ebgaiamnm, tnl btbrlc tn`jaál ic`c gn vamn mbg ng`n. Q, ³iù`c pcmràn bg oc`jrb
nrrbpbltarsb, n `blcs qub pbinrn3 ³Iù`c pcmràn pbinr, sa lc oujabsb gby3 Q, ³iù`c pcmràn
onjbr uln gby sal qub oujabsb ul instadc3 @ns sb eakù ul instadc, y sb mac uln gby kustn, gn
iung trnkc bg rb`crma`abltc mb icliablian ng oc`jrb‐ :.
Onjrî suera`abltc iclecr`b ic`prblmn`cs gcs brrcrbs qub ob`cs ic`btamc. Bg
prbsambltb Ypblibr T. Fa`jngg blsbþù; ‗Ya lc ony mcgcr la suera`abltc pcr Vc mbjamc nP
lubstrcs brrcrbs, lc pubmb onjbr nrrbpblta`abltc. Bg in`alc onian bg pbrmùl bs n trnvás mbg
nrrbpblta`abltc, y bg in`alc onian bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs n trnvás mbg suera`abltc, y bsb
in`alc mbjb `nltblbrsb mbspbknmc. Mb lc sbr nsà, gns trnlsdrbsaclbs alvnmarîl bg in`alc y
ealng`bltb gc ciupnrîl pcr ic`pgbtc mb lubvc‐9.
Bg ágmbr M. ]cmm Iorastceebrscl makc; ‗Xcr sà scgc, bg suera`abltc n inusn mbg pbinmc lc
in`jan lnmn pnrn `bkcr. Ûlain`bltb bg nrrbpblta`abltc iclmuib n gns scgbnmns bgbvniaclbs
mb uln vamn `bkcr6 y, pcr supubstc, sùgc `bmanltb bg nrrbpblta`abltc cjtblb`cs niibsc n gn
drnian bxpantcran mb Kbsuirastc y n gn sngvniaùl‐ =. Bg suera`abltc lc pndn pcr lubstrcs
prcpacs pbinmcs.
Bg prbsambltb Kn`bs B. Enust, quabl prbstù sbrvaiac bl gn Xra`brn Xrbsamblian y ic`c
 Npùstcg mbg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc murnltb vbaltacioc
vbaltacioc nþcs, `b ggn`ù ic`c prbsambltb
prbsambltb mb bstnin
bl Egcramn y gubdc `b nsbscrù n`pgan`bltb `abltrns sbrvàn icl ág bl gcs g cs ic`atás mb gn
Adgbsan y, `îs nmbgnltb, `abltrns prbstnjn sbrvaiac bl su qubramc Jrnsag.
Bl gn sbsaùl mbg mc`aldc pcr gn `nþnln mb gn Iclebrblian Dblbrng mb citujrb mb >114, bg
prbsambltb Enust onjgù scjrb bg pbsnr qub sbltàn pcr uln pbqubþn c`asaùl bl qub onjàn
aliurramc mb `uionioc pnrn icl su njubgn2; onjàn pbr`atamc qub ástn eubrn ng gbþbrc n
rbicdbr gbþn bl
sal b`jnrdc, ág vbz mb niumaryprbstc
gc rbicrmnjn onjàn nsueramc
nyumnrgn.
pcrOnjànl
bggc. Yu trnlsiurramc `îs
suera`abltc lc brnmbbgsbtbltn
pndc mbnþcs6
su
 

pbqubþc pbinmc, salc, `îs jabl, sb mbjàn n gn iugpn y ng mcgcr qub sbltàn pcr lc onjbr samc gn
pbrscln qub iclsambrnjn qub tblmràn qub onjbr samc n bsn tb`prnln bmnm. @îs nmbgnltb,
bsirajaù gns saduabltbs pngnjrns bl ul obr`csc oa`lc qub sb tatugn; ‗Bg Irastc bs‐, bl bg qub
sb iunltaeainl sa`jùgain`bltb gns dctns mb snldrb mbrrn`nmns, gc iung, pcr supubstc, bs
a`pcsajgb, tblablmc bl iubltn gcs traggclbs mb ng`ns qub onl vavamc. ‗Rln crniaùl;
Dbtsb`nlà, ¡iuîl ngtc prbiac Ág pndù pcr `à! ¡^uá drnl n`cr! ¡Iuîltc sueraù! Xcr `à Yu
snldrb mbrrn`ù bg Ybþcr‐5.
Bs iabrtc qub ony suera`abltc ng nrrbpbltarsb, pbrc maioc suera`abltc lc bs laldûl
instadc, la tn`pcic pndn bg prbiac mbg pbinmc bl iubstaùl. Zcdn`cs qub gc pcic qub
pnmbib`cs ng nrrbpbltarlcs lcs ondn ou`agmbs, lcs njgnlmb bg icrnzùl, y nu`bltb lubstrc
bltblma`abltc y drntatum pcr bg prbiac qub on pndnmc lubstrc Zbmbltcr pcr lcsctrcs.
Mbjb`cs mbpcsatnr lubstrn icleanlzn bl bg Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc, ‗icleanlmc àltbdrn`bltb bl
gcs `áratcs mb nqubg qub bs pcmbrcsc pnrn sngvnr‐4.
Mbsvàc lrc. :; Bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs uln gastn mb niiaclbs
Bg ágmbr Mnvam N. Jbmlnr lnrrù ul bkb`pgc bxtrb`nmn`bltb ignrc bl iunltc n vbr bg
nrrbpblta`abltc ic`c uln gastn mb niiaclbs. Makc; ‗Iunlmc brn rbitcr mb JQR’Amnoc, onjgáo njgá
icl ul cjaspc qub `b rbgntù gn saduabltb bxpbrablian. Onjàn rbiajamc gn iclebsaùl mb uln
pbrscln kcvbl qub `nlaebstù; ‟Ic`btà nitcs mb al`crngamnm bg vabrlbs pcr gn lciob. Onjgnr
icl ustbm bs gc ûgta`c qub `b rbstn onibr
o nibr bl `a gastn. Nocrn qub ob iclebsnmc
ic lebsnmc nltb ustbm,
`b sabltc
 Nulqub gnenltîstaic‑‐. Bg ágmbr
pbrscln icleabsb, lcJbmlnr bltclibs bxpgaiù;
sbrî nrrbpblta`abltc
nrrbpblta`abltc ‗Bsc lcnbs`blcs
vbrmnmbrc nrrbpblta`abltc.
qub pnrtaiapb
pnrtaiapb bg
Zbmbltcr. Bl bstb insc, sb trntnjn mb uln iclebsaùl qub lc aliguàn ng Zbmbltcr‐ ?. Xcr
supubstc, quablbs gbbl bg prbsbltb gajrc kn`îs ceblmbrànl bg prcibsc mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y
mbg pbrmùl mbg `cmc bl qub gc oazc nqubggn kcvbl pbrscln, pbrc tblb`cs qub sbr prumbltbs
bl iunltc n vbr bg prcibsc ic`c uln gastn
gas tn mb niiaclbs.

Ya lc sb aliguyb bg lc`jrb mb Kbsuirastc bl bggcs, tngbs pnscs pubmbl

iclvbrtarsb bl uln gastn mb niiaclbs inrbltb mbg pcmbr bsparatung ng qub tblb`cs
niibsc.

Mb laþcs, bl gn Xra`nran, nprblmàn`cs gcs ialic pnscs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc 16 sal b`jnrdc,
n `blumc lc sb `bliaclnjn gn euliaùl mbg Zbmbltcr bl maiocs pnscs. Ya lc sb aliguyb bg
lc`jrb mb Kbsuirastc bl bggcs, tngbs pnscs pubmbl iclvbrtarsb bl uln gastn mb niiaclbs
inrbltb mbg pcmbr bsparatung ng qub tblb`cs niibsc >8. Ng rbebrarsb ng lc`jrb mb gn Adgbsan, bg
prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl ono n maioc; ‗Iunlmc mbsbion`cs
mbsbion`cs bg  bg lc`jrb mbg
Yngvnmcr, mbsmbþn`cs
mbsmbþn`cs sutag`bltb
 sutag`bltb tcmc gc qub Kbsuirastc oazc pcr lcsctrcs, aligusc Yu
bxpaniaùl‐>>.
 N icltaluniaùl, sb bxpgain iù`c pcmràn`cs
pcmràn`cs aliguar bg lc`jrb mbg Yngvnmcr bl
bl gcs ialic
pnscs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc;
• Zbiclcibr
Zbiclcibr qub
 qub gc qub ob obioc `ng on ceblmamc n Kbsuirastc.
• Ybltar rb`crma`abltc
rb`crma`abltc pcrqub
 pcrqub `as niiaclbs onl ceblmamc n Macs, onl inusnmc
qub Kbsuirastc suerabrn y onl cinsaclnmc suera`abltc n gcs oakcs mb Macs.
• ]c`nr gn rbscguiaùl
rbscguiaùl mb mb in`janr `a iclmuitn, ic`prblmablmc qub `a eubrzn mb
 vcgultnm lc bs sueaiabltb. Yal gn nyumn mb Kbsuirastc,
Kbsuirastc, lc tbldc laldûl pcmbr pnrn
nrrbpbltar`b.
 

• Zbecr`nr`b
Zbecr`nr`b,, in`janr, nrrbpbltar`b y npbgnr n gn drnian mb Kbsuirastc, n Yu
`asbraicrman y n Yu pcmbr pnrn qub ástcs `b nyumbl n lc vcgvbr n rbpbtar gn
gn
trnlsdrbsaùl.
• Bebitunr rbstatuiaùl
rbstatuiaùl n
 n quablbs onyn inusnmc mnþc y ceblmamc y, gc qub bs `îs
a`pcrtnltb, ng Yngvnmcr, ^uabl sueraù gcs pbsnrbs mb tcmcs. Mb bsn `nlbrn, `b bstcy
nrrbpaltablmc vbrmnmbrn`bltb.

Bxastb ul pnsc Icleanr

nrrbpblta`abltc; `îs qub  bl
nrrckn
Icleanr bl guz scjrbylubstrn
bg Zbmbltcr pbrspbitavn
mbpblmbr G csblialic
mb Ág. Gcs iunltc n iù`c
pnscs vbrvamn
icjrnl bg
iunlmc sb ibltrnl bl Kbsuirastc.
Mbsvàc lrc. 9; Bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs `brn`bltb mbtblbr gns
g ns iclmuitns
alicrrbitns
Bg tbribr mbsvàc bl gn sblmn ng pbrmùl bs irbbr qub tcmc gc qub tblb`cs qub onibr bs
mbtblbr c in`janr bg `ng prcibmbr. Yab`prb ob nm`arnmc n quablbs tablbl gn eubrzn mb
 vcgultnm y gn nutcmasiapgaln pnrn mbknr
mbknr ngdûl `ng oîjatc c ngduln iclmuitn bquavcinmn. Lc
cjstnltb, pnrn gcdrnr bg nrrbpblta`abltc y bg pbrmùl vbrmnmbrcs, lc jnstn icl mnr bg `uy
maeàiag pnsc mb njnlmclnr bg ic`pcrtn`abltc alicrrbitc. Bg prbsambltb Bzrn ]net Jblscl gc
bxprbsù mb `nlbrn ignrn; ‗La bg oc`jrb `îs rbitc y prcjc pcmrî sngvnrsb scgn`bltb pcr sus
prcpacs `áratcs, pubstc qub V. . .P VsPa lc eubrn pcr VKbsuirastcP, lc pcmràn onjbr rb`asaùl mb
pbinmcs.
‗Xcr gc tnltc, nrrbpbltarsb sadlaeain `îs qub tnl sùgc bl`blmnr gn iclmuitn. @uiocs
oc`jrbs y `ukbrbs mbg `ulmc mb`ubstrnl uln drnl eubrzn mb vcgultnm y nutcmasiapgaln ng
 vblibr gcs `ngcs oîjatcs y gns mbjagamnmbs mb gn inrlb.
inrlb. Lc cjstnltb, bltrb tnltc, la gbs pnsn
pcr gn `bltb bg @nbstrc, y n vbibs onstn gc rbionznl mb `nlbrn njabrtn. ]ngbs in`jacs mb
iclmuitn, nulqub maradamcs bl uln marbiiaùl pcsatavn, lc iclstatuybl bg nrrbpblta`abltc
 vbrmnmbrc.
‗Gn eb bl bg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc bs bg eulmn`bltc scjrb bg qub mbjb ia`bltnrsb bg
nrrbpblta`abltc salibrc y sadlaeaintavc. Ya bl vbrmnm prciurn`cs njnlmclnr bg pbinmc,
mbjb`cs pra`brc tcrlnrlcs n Nqubg qub bs bg Nutcr mb lubstrn sngvniaùl‐ >:.
Bg prbsambltb Kcsbpo E. Y`ato blsbþù bg `as`c
` as`c praliapac; ‗Gcs oc`jrbs lc pubmbl
pbrmclnrsb sus prcpacs pbinmcs6 lc pubmbl ga`panrsb mb gns iclsbiublians mb sus pbinmcs.
Xubmbl mbknr mb pbinr y pubmbl nitunr rbitn`bltb bl bg euturc, y Vbl tnltcP
tnl tcP sus
obiocs sbVnlP nibptnjgbs nltb bg Ybþcr Vbggcs sclP madlcs mb iclsambrniaùl. Xbrc, ³quaál
rbpnrnrî gcs ndrnvacs qub sb onynl cinsaclnmc n sà `as`cs y n ctrns pbrsclns, gcs iungbs
pnrbib a`pcsajgb qub bggcs `as`cs rbpnrbl3 @bmanltb gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc sbrîl
gnvnmcs gcs pbinmcs mb nqubg qub sb nrrbpabltn, y nulqub eubrbl rckcs ic`c bg inr`bsà,
 vblmrîl n sbr ic`c jgnlin gnln Vvánsb Asnàns >;>?P.
>;>?P. Ásn bs gn prc`bsn qub sb gbs on obioc‐>9.
Ya pblsn`cs bl tnl sùgc in`janr bg ic`pcrtn`abltc, tng mbsvàc lcs npnrtnrî mbg sblmbrc
bstrbioc y nldcstc. Ob`cs mb mbpcsatnr lubstrn icleanlzn bl bg Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc
iclecr`b prciurb`cs cjtblbr bg pcmbr lc scgn`bltb
s cgn`bltb pnrn npnrtnrlcs mbg pbinmc, salc
tn`jaál pnrn vcgvbrlcs n Ág. Yùgc Ág pubmb jralmnr bg pbrmùl. Bg ágmbr Lbng N. @nxwbgg makc;
‗Bg nrrbpblta`abltc rbquabrb qub njnlmclb`cs gc `ngc y lcs vcgvn`cs n Macs (vánsb
Mbutbrclc`ac =;986 vánsb tn`jaál gn Duàn pnrn bg Bstumac mb gns Bsiraturns,
‗Nrrbpblta`abltc, nrrbpbltarsb‐). Iunlmc bs prbiasc bebitunr ‟ul pctbltb in`jac‑, bg
nrrbpblta`abltc ic`pgbtc a`pgain ul darc mb >?8 drnmcs y ¡sal `arnr onian ntrîs! (vánsb
 Ng`n 2;>:’>9). Ng praliapac, bsb darc rbegbkn ul prcdrbsc
prcdrbsc bl gn iclmuitn mbg pgnlc tbgbstang ng
pgnlc tbrrbstrb6 y `îs nmbgnltb n ul pgnlc mb iclmuitn ibgbstang. Ng mbknr ntrîs gcs pbinmcs
 

mbg `ulmc tbgbstang, bg cjkbtavc sb ibltrn inmn vbz `îs iclstnltb`bltb bl ciupnrsb mb gcs
pbinmcs mb c`asaùl, gc iung n `blumc lcs a`pamb iclsndrnrlcs pcr ic`pgbtc ng Ybþcr‐ >=.
Mbsvàc lrc. =; Bg nrrbpblta`abltc pcr sà scgc pubmb
pub mb sngvnrlcs
Bg iunrtc mbsvàc sb rbgniacln icl gcs ctrcs trbs, y suibmb iunlmc irbb`cs qub bs bg
nrrbpblta`abltc gc qub lcs sngvn. Yal b`jnrdc, tng ic`c ob`cs bxpgainmc ignrn`bltb, lc bs
lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc gc qub lcs rbma`b y lcs onib `brbibmcrbs mbg mcl mavalc mbg
pbrmùl6 `îs jabl, bs lubstrc Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc. Bg prcebtn Lbea gc bxpgaiù mb `nlbrn
obr`csn ng mbiar; ‗bs pcr gn drnian pcr gn qub lcs sngvn`cs,
s ngvn`cs, mbspuás mb onibr iunltc
pcmn`cs‐ . Lc bs drnians n gns icsns qub onib`cs. ^ubmn ignrc qub mbjb`cs tc`nr
>2

`bmamns pnrn in`janr bg ic`pcrtn`abltc6 pbrc lc bs bg in`jac gc qub lcs sngvn la gc qub
lcs jralmn bg pbrmùl. Xcr `bmac mb gn eb bl lubstrc Ybþcr y Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc cjtblb`cs
bg pcmbr pnrn in`janr. Ág bs bg Mnmcr mb lubstrc pbrmùl.
Zbiubrmb gcs iuntrc mbsvàcs qub mbjb bvatnr;
• Bg mbsvàc mb pblsnr qub bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs bg instadc c bg pndc mbg pbinmc bl bstn
 vamn.
• Bg mbsvàc mb pblsnr qub bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs uln gastn mb niiaclbs.
• Bg mbsvàc mb irbbr qub mbtblbr c in`janr ngduln iclmuitn bs tcmc gc qub
lbibsatn`cs onibr.
• Bg mbsvàc mb pblsnr qub gc qub lcs sngvn bs bg nrrbpblta`abltc pcr sà scgc.
Iunlmc njnlmcln`cs gn ecr`n mb pblsnr mbg `ulmc b alaian`cs bg prcibsc bsparatung mb
bmaeainr lubstrn eb bl bg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc, lcs mn`cs iubltn mb qub bg pbrmùl vablb pcr
`bmac mb Ág y lc pcr `bmac mb gcs sustatutcs altbgadbltbs qub pcmrànl nyumnrlcs, pbrc qub
lulin lcs sngvnrîl. Iuàmbsb mb iungquabr mbsvàc qub gc ngbkb mbg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc. ]bstaeaic
qub Ág bs ‗bg in`alc, y gn vbrmnm y gn vamn‐>5.
 

Inpàtugc >=
BG I @ALC ^RB YB O XZBX Z MC X Z BG
ZZBXBL]A@ABL]C Q BG XBZMÙL
Onjablmc nlngaznmc ngdulcs mb gcs mbsvàcs qub lcs npnrtnl mb lubstrc mbsbc mb
nrrbpbltarlcs y rbiajar bg pbrmùl, yn tblb`cs ul ntasjc mbg trnybitc qub b`prblmbrb`cs bl
bg in`alc onian bg pbrmùl.
Bl bg gajrc mb 9 Lbea, bs scrprblmbltb vbr icl iuîltn erbiublian bg Yngvnmcr rbsuiatnmc
Kbsuirastc rbgniacln bg vbrjc ‗nrrbpbltarsb‐ icl gn ernsb ‗vblam n `à‐.
‗ NrrbpbltVàcsP mb vubstrcs pbinmcs y vblVamP
y vblVamP n `à icl ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul
bspàratu icltratc‐ . >

‗Ya vblàs
‗Ya vblàs n `à tblmráas
`à tblmráas vamn btbrln. Ob nquà, `a jrnzc mb `asbraicrman
` asbraicrman sb bxtablmb onian
 vcsctrcs6 y n iungquabrn qub vbldn
qub vbldn,, yc gc rbiajará6 y jblmatcs scl gcs qub
qub vablbl
 vablbl n `à‐
`à‐:.
‗Xcr tnltc, bg qub sb
qub  sb nrrbpaltabrb y
nrrbpaltabrb y valabrb
 valabrb n `à ic`c ul laþc pbqubþatc, yc gc
rbiajará V. . .P6 nsà pubs, nrrbpbltàcs
nrrbpbltàcs y  y vblam
 vblam n `à,
`à, vcsctrcs, bxtrb`cs mb gn tabrrn, y sbm
sngvcs‐ .
9

Kbsûs tn`jaál onjgù scjrb gns pbrsclns qub yn lc sb onggbl bl gcs gudnrbs mclmb

 ynmcrn`cs. Makc; ‗Mbjáas

sb nrrbpabltnl, y
nrrbpabltnl, icltalunr
 y vbldnl
 vbldnl `à`alastrnlmc
n `à icl pcr bstcs6 mb
 icl àltbdrc prcpùsatc pubs lc snjáas
icrnzùl, y ycsagcs
tngsnlb6
vbz vubgvnl,
y
 vcsctrcs sbráas bg `bmac mb trnbrgbs gn sngvniaùl‐ . =

Kbsûs sb rbeabrb n qub bg Bvnldbgac rbstnurnmc aràn n gcs dbltagbs

dbltag bs y prc`btb qub ‗sa lc
blmurbibl sus icrnzclbs, sb nrrbpabltVblP y
nrrbpabltVblP y vVablblP
 vVablblP n `à y
`à y sVclP jnutaznmcs bl `a
lc`jrb y iclcViblP gcs vbrmnmbrcs pultcs mb `a mcitraln, VsbrîlP icltnmcs bltrb gcs mb `a
pubjgc‐2.
Bg Yngvnmcr bxpgain bg pcmbr mb Yu bxpaniaùl y `nlmn; ‗ Nrrbpbltàcs
‗ Nrrbpbltàcs,, tcmcs vcsctrcs,
bxtrb`cs mb gn tabrrn, y vblam
y vblam n `à y
`à y sbm jnutaznmcs bl `a lc`jrb, pnrn pnrn qub sbîas
snltaeainmcs pcr gn rbibpiaùl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc, n eal mb qub bl bg pcstrbr màn cs prbsbltáas
nltb `à sal `nlion‐5.
 Q pcr ûgta`c, Kbsuirastc mn `nlmn`abltcs
`nlmn`abltcs `uy bspbiàeaics ng pubjgc ng mbiar; mbiar;
‗¡nrrbpbltàcs mb vubstrns cjrns `ngns, mb vubstrns `bltarns y bldnþcs, y mb vubstrns
ecrlainiaclbs, y mb vubstrns njc`alniaclbs sbirbtns, y vubstrns amcgntràns, y vubstrcs
nsbsalntcs, y vubstrns supbriobràns snibrmctngbs, y vubstrns blvamans, y vubstrns icltablmns,
 y mb tcmns vubstrns alaquamnmbs
alaquamnmbs y njc`alniaclbs!‐, y bltclibs nþnmb; ‗¡y ‗¡y vblam
 vblam n `à,
`à, y sbm
 jnutaznmcs bl `a lc`jrb pnrn pnrn qub rbiajîas gn rb`asaùl mb vubstrcs pbinpbinmcs,
mcs, y sbîas ggblcs
mbg Bspàratu Ynltc, pnrn qub sbîas icltnmcs bltrb gcs mb `a pubjgc qub scl mb gn insn mb
Asrnbg!‐4.
 Npnrtnrlcs mb lubstrcs pbinmcs
Bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs npnrtnrlcs mb lubstrcs pbinmcs y mb gn `nlbrn mb pblsnr mbg
`ulmc, y tcrlnrlcs ng Yngvnmcr. Bg prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl on maioc qub nrrbpbltarsb
sadlaeain npnrtnrsb, rbdrbsnr c vcgvbrsb. Gn iclvbrsaùl sadlaeain ‗vcgvbrsb onian. . . VyP icl‐. N
gn iclvbrsaùl gn nic`pnþn gn cjbmablian?.
Bl ul nrtàiugc pcstbracr, bg prbsambltb Lbgscl bxpgaiù bg sadlaeainmc mb gn
pngnjrn nrrbpbltarsb
nrrbpbltarsb;; ‗Bl gcs pnsnkbs mclmb bg Yngvnmcr bxocrtn n gn
g n dbltb n nrrbpbltarsb, gn
pngnjrn trnmuiamn ic`c ‟nrrbpbltarsb‑
‟nrrbpbltarsb‑ bs bg tár`alc drabdc `btnlcbc
`btnlcbc.. Bs ul vbrjc drabdc
 

`uy pctbltb. Bg prbeakc `btn

`btn sadlaeain
 sadlaeain ‟in`jac‑. ]n`jaál utagazn`cs bsb prbeakc bl bspnþcg.
Xcr bkb`pgc, gn pngnjrn `btn`crecsas
`btn`crecsas sadlaeain
 sadlaeain ‟in`jac mb ecr`n c bstnmc‑‐.

Bg nrrbpblta`abltc bs npnrtnrlcs mb lubstrcs pbinmcs y mb gn `nlbrn mb pblsnr

mbg `ulmc, y tcrlnrlcs ng Yngvnmcr.

Bg prbsambltb Lbgscl prcsadub; ‗Bg sueakc lcbc

lcbc sb
 sb rbgniacln icl uln pngnjrn drabdn qub
sadlaeain ‟`bltb‑. ]n`jaál sb rbgniacln icl ctrn pngnjrn drabdn qub sadlaeain ‟iclcia`abltc‑.
³Xcmb`cs ic`blznr n vbr gn n`pgatum y prceulmamnm mb gc qub bg Ybþcr lcs bstî mnlmc
iunlmc lcs cerbib bg mcl mb nrrbpbltarlcs
nrrbpbltarlcs33 Ág lcs alvatn n in`janr lubstrn `bltb y lubstrc
iclcia`abltc‐ . Bl objrbc y bl nrn`bc, nrrbpbltarsb
1 nrrbpbltarsb sadlaeain
 sadlaeain vcgvbrsb y, bl bspbiang,
rbdrbsnr bl marbiiaùl n Macs.
Yal b`jnrdc, tng in`jac lc sb ga`atn n tnl sùgc in`janr lubstrc ic`pcrtn`abltc.
ic`pcrtn`abltc. N bsb
rbdrbsc gc on mb nic`pnþnr uln `nycr eb bl Irastc. Bg ágmbr Mngb D. Zblgulm makc; ‗Yal bg
Zbmbltcr, gn bspbrnlzn y bg dczc alobrbltbs sb bvnpcrnl, y bg nrrbpblta`abltc sb iclvabrtb
sa`pgb`bltb bl uln `cmaeainiaùl mb iclmuitn gn`bltnjgb‐>8.
Bltclibs pcmb`cs bltrbdnr lubstrc mcl, lubstrc bsinsc y pbqubþc mcl, lubstrc mcl mb
sniraeaiac ng Yngvnmcr. Ic`c rbicrmnrî, bl gn nltad÷bmnm, mb obioc onjàn ocgcinustcs qub sb
icgcinjnl bl gcs ngtnrbssalc
nibptnràn ocgcinustcs, mb gcs tb`pgcs.
qub, bl gudnrMbspuás
mb bggc, mb Yu bxpaniaùl,
pbmàn bg Ybþcr
qub maárn`cs makc qub yn lc
‗ul icrnzùl lc
qubjrnltnmc y V. . .P ul bspàratu icltratc‐ >>. Iunlmc lcs vcgvb`cs ng Yngvnmcr y tc`n`cs gn
mbtbr`alniaùl mb rblulianr n gn pnrtb mb lubstrn vamn qub sbn pbin`alcsn c almadln, c
iunlmc tc`n`cs gn mbtbr`alniaùl mb nmcptnr uln vamn `îs bgbvnmn y `îs snltn mb jclmnm,
ngtruas`c y n`cr, bltclibs mn`cs ul mcl ng Yngvnmcr.
Bg ágmbr Lbng N. @nxwbgg makc; ‗Bg vbrmnmbrc sniraeaiac pbrsclng lc on iclsastamc lulin bl
pclbr ul nla`ng scjrb bg ngtnr, salc bl gn maspcsaiaùl mb pclbr bl bg ngtnr bg nla`ng qub bstî
mbltrc mb lcsctrcs y mbknrgc qub sb iclsu`n‐ >:.
Ucgvbrsb ng Yngvnmcr
Cerbib`cs lubstrn vamn n Ág6 in`jan`cs y vbla`cs n Ág, y Ág, n in`jac, lcs mn
`uioàsa`c `îs. Lcs mn Yu n`cr, Yu nprcjniaùl6 pbrc scjrb tcmc, Yu pbrmùl. Lc bs sbliaggc
mnr gc qub mn`cs, pbrc nqubggc qub rbiaja`cs bs ngdc alealatn`bltb `nycr.
Bg ágmbr Kbeerby Z. Ocggnlm makc; ‗Bg in`alc mbg nrrbpblta`abltc lc bs eîiag mb ic`blznr
la bstî gajrb mb mcgcr, pbrc bg Yngvnmcr mbg `ulmc nlmnrî bsb sblmbrc bsbliang icl ustbmbs.
Ág gcs ecrtngbibrî iunlmc ustbmbs egnqubbl6 Ág sbrî su guz iunlmc pnrbzin qub bstîl bl gn
`nycr csiuramnm6 Ág gcs tc`nrn mb gn `nlc y sbrî su bspbrnlzn iunlmc pnrbzin qub gn
bspbrnlzn bs gc ûgta`c qub gbs qubmn. Yu ic`pnsaùl y Yu `asbraicrman, icl tcmc bg pcmbr
snlnmcr y puraeainmcr qub ástns pcsbbl, sb mnl gajbrng`bltb n tcmcs gcs qub bl vbrmnm
mbsbbl ul pbrmùl tctng‐>9.
Kn`îs mbjb`cs mbsngbltnrlcs bl bstb prcibsc mb ggbdnr n sbr. Bl cinsaclbs, sblta`cs
ic`c sa guioîrn`cs rbpbtamn`bltb icltrn gns `as`ns maeaiugtnmbs. Bs ic`c sa bsingîrn`cs
uln `cltnþn iujabrtn mb îrjcgbs y lc pumaásb`cs vbr lubstrc nvnlib onstn nibrinrlcs `îs
n gn ia`n y `arnr onian ntrîs, mbsmb gc ngtc mb gns iu`jrbs. Lc sb mbsnla`b. Ya bstî guionlmc
 y bsecrzîlmcsb pcr nrrbpbltarsb,
nrrbpbltarsb, bstî bl bg prcibsc mb nrrbpbltar
nrrbpbltarsb
sb >=.
Bg ágmbr Dnry B. Ytbvblscl sb rbearaù n gn pniablian qub sb lbibsatn bl bg prcibsc mb ggbdnr
n sbr gn pbrscln
trcpbznrîl qub bgtngYbþcr
y inbrîl, mbsbn qub
vbz `uions ggb dub`cs
ggbdub`cs
vbibs. n sbr; ‗N gcinbr
Lc scl pbrebitcs6 gnrdcbsmbg in`alc,
pnrtb sbdurn`bltb
mbg prcibsc
 

onjagatnmcr qub gbs pbr`atb rbealnr su inrîitbr y sbrvar mb ul `cmc `îs ic`pnsavc. Bg
Yngvnmcr y Yu alealatn bxpaniaùl prcpcriaclnl gn `nlbrn mb supbrnr lubstrcs brrcrbs
`bmanltb bg nrrbpblta`abltc salibrc‐>2.
Rln ecr`n mb vamn
Bg nrrbpblta`abltc lc bs ul nicltbia`abltc ûlaic, salc uln ecr`n mb vamn6 ngdc qub
nmcptn`cs pnrn tcmn gn vamn tbrrblng. Bl lubstrc mbsbc mb ggbdnr n sbr `îs sb`bknltbs ng
Yngvnmcr, kn`îs mbkn`cs mb nrrbpbltarlcs. Bg nrrbpblta`abltc rbquabrb ul icrnzùl
qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc mb `nlbrn iclstnltb, kultc icl bg bseubrzc manrac pcr
cjbmbibr gcs `nlmn`abltcs, dunrmnr lubstrcs iclvblacs y rbicrmnrgb sab`prb n Ág. Ng
onibrgc, sbltarb`cs Yu nprcjniaùl nul tblablmc a`pbrebiiaclbs. Ynjrb`cs qub bstn`cs bl
bg prcibsc mb puraeainrlcs, mb qub sb lcs pbrmclbl lubstrcs pbinmcs y mb qub sb lcs prbpnrb
pnrn vavar icl Ág.
Kbsûs blsbþn bstcs praliapacs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc. Bl bg inpàtugc 4 mb Guins, Kbsûs bltrù
bl uln insn mb gn iaumnm mb Inpbrlnû`, y sb lcs maib qub ‗uln `ukbr qub onjàn samc
pbinmcrn bl gn iaumnm, iunlmc supc qub Kbsûs bstnjn n gn `bsn bl insn mb nqubg enrasbc,
trnkc ul ernsic mb ngnjnstrc icl pbreu`b, y bstnlmc mbtrîs mb ág n sus pabs, ggcrnlmc,
gg crnlmc,
ic`blzù n rbdnr icl gîdra`ns sus pabs, y gcs blkudnjn icl gcs injbggcs mb su injbzn, y
 jbsnjn sus pabs y gcs uldàn icl bg pbreu`b‐>5.
 Nocrn jabl, pablsb bl bg sa`jcgas`c mb nqubggn bxpbrablian.
bxpbrablian. Ya`ùl, bl iuyn insn sb
onggnjn
`ukbr bsKbsûs,
gn qubsbgcmakc n sà
tcin, `as`c;
pcrqub bs ‗Ya bstb eubrn
pbinmcrn‐ >4. prcebtn, iclcibràn quaál y quá ignsb mb

Kbsûs, gbyblmc gcs pblsn`abltcs mb Ya`ùl, gb blsbþù uln pnrîjcgn6 gb makc; ‗Rl nirbbmcr
tblàn mcs mbumcrbs; Rlc gb mbjàn qualabltcs mblnracs, y bg ctrc ialiubltn6 y lc tblablmc
bggcs icl quá pndnr, pbrmclù n n`jcs. Ma, pubs, ³iuîg mb bstcs gb n`nrî `îs3
‗Q rbspclmablmc Ya`ùl, makc; Xablsc qub nqubg n quabl pbrmclù `îs. Q ág gb makc;
Zbitn`bltb ons kuzdnmc‐>?.
Bg Yngvnmcr bxpgaiù qub gcs pbinmcs, yn sbnl drnlmbs c pbqubþcs, sbrîl pbrmclnmcs sa gn
pbrscln sb nrrbpabltb y vablb n Ág. Gubdc gns Bsiraturns maibl qub ‗bltclibs, `arnlmc n gn
`ukbr, makc n Ya`ùl; ³Ubs bstn `ukbr3 Bltrá bl tu insn y lc `b mastb ndun pnrn `as pabs6
pbrc bggn on rbdnmc `as pabs icl gîdra`ns y gcs on o n blkudnmc icl sus injbggcs. Lc `b mastb
 jbsc, pbrc bggn, mbsmb qub bltrá, lc on ibsnmc
ibsnmc mb jbsnr `as pabs. Lc uldastb `a injbzn icl
icl
nibatb, pbrc bggn on uldamc `as pabs icl pbreu`b. Xcr gc iung tb madc qub sus `uiocs pbinmcs
>1

gb scl pbrmclnmcs,
Bg Yngvnmcr pcrqub
blsbþn n`ù
nggà qub gn `uioc6
pbrsclnpbrc ng qubnsbÁggbgnvîlmcgb
qub vablb pbrmcln pcic,
sa`jùgain`bltb . pabs
pcic n`n‐ gcs
icl sus gîdra`ns ”gîdra`ns mb pbsnr pcr gcs pbinmcs mbg pnsnmc” y vablb icl ul icrnzùl
qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc, icl gn maspcsaiaùl mb in`janr y mb vcgvbrsb, tcmc bggc
icl eb bl Irastc ic`c Nqubg qub pubmb pbrmclnr bg pbinmc, n tng pbrscln sb gb pbrmclnrîl
sus pbinmcs. Bg Yngvnmcr snjàn qub gn `ukbr tn`jaál vcgvbràn n Macs ng in`janr su vamn,
niumablmc ng trclc mb Macs mb `cmc ou`agmb.
]ng ic`c Kbsûs makc n gn `ukbr scrprblmamn bl nmugtbrac; ‗Ubtb, y lc pbqubs `îs‐. Kbsûs
snjàn bl iunltc n gn vbrmnmbrn altbliaùl mb gn `ukbr, ic`c lcs maib bg pnsnkb mb gns
Bsiraturns; ‗Q gn `ukbr dgcraeaiù n Macs mbsmb nqubggn ocrn, y irbyù bl su lc`jrb‐ :8.
Bg pbrmùl rbquabrb qub lcs nrrbpaltn`cs mb lubstrcs pbinmcs y qub, ng `as`c tab`pc,
nu`bltb`cs y ecrtngbzin`cs lubstrn eb bl Kbsuirastc. Ng nrrbpbltarlcs y vblar n Ág, lcs
onggn`cs bl bg in`alc qub iclmuib ng pbrmùl.
Bl `as prcpacs bseubrzcs pcr nrrbpbltar`b, ob nprblmamc
n prblmamc onib `uioc tab`pc qub gc gc
pra`brc qub mbjc onibr bs pclbr`b mb rcmaggns y rbiclcibr `as brrcrbs nltb bg Ybþcr. Ob
nprblmamc qub tblbr eb bl bg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc `b pbr`atb ic`prblmbr `bkcr Yu sniraeaiac
 

pcr `à, nsà ic`c gn trastbzn qub `as pbinmcs gb onl cinsaclnmc. Ng ggbdnr n n`nrgc `îs` îs
injng`bltb, ng bstnr tnl ndrnmbiamc pcr Yu n`cr onian `à, y pcr bg nsc`jrcsc mcl mb Yu
Xnmrb mb blvanr y sniraeainr n Yu Oakc pcr `à, bliubltrc gn ecrtngbzn y bg vngcr pnrn
npnrtnr`b mb nqubggc qub bvatn qub ggbdub n sbr `îs sb`bknltb
s b`bknltb n Ág. Ntbscrc gns saduabltbs
pngnjrns mbg Yngvnmcr; ‗NrrbpVaáltbtbP y vbVlP n `à‐:>. Ou`agmb`bltb iclear`c qub maions
pngnjrns sb maradbl n ustbm tn`jaál. Ycl ialic pngnjrns sbliaggns qub Ág maradb n ustbm y n
`à6 y nulqub lc sab`prb sbn tnl sbliaggc onibrgc, sab`prb vngmrî gn pbln onibr
o nibr lubstrc
`nycr bseubrzc. ‗NrrbpaVáltbtbP y vbVlP n `à‐::6 tng bs lubstrc in`alc onian bg pbrmùl.
 

Inpàtugc >2
]ZBY @ADCY ^RBZAMCY ^RB ICLCIB@CY G ALAIAC
MBG I @ALC G XBZMÙL
Bl vnrans cinsaclbs, bl gns Bsiraturns mb gn Zbstnurniaùl, bg Ybþcr onjgn scjrb ‗gns
iclmaiaclbs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc‐.
Bl ngdulcs pnsnkbs, gns ‗iclmaiaclbs‐ pnrbibl onibr rbebrblian ng nrrbpblta`abltc bl sà,
sbþngnlmc qub gcs bgb`bltcs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc scl tnl bsbliangbs qub sal bg
nrrbpblta`abltc tcmc bg pgnl mb rbmbliaùl sb vbràn erustrnmc. Bg saduabltb bs ul bkb`pgc;
‗Xcr tnltc, sbdûl gn kustaian, bg pgnl mb rbmbliaùl lc pcmàn rbngaznrsb salc mb niubrmc icl
gns iclmaiaclbs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc mbg oc`jrb bl bstb bstnmc prcjntcrac, sà, bstb bstnmc
prbpnrntcrac6 pcrqub n `blcs qub eubrn pcr bstns iclmaiaclbs, gn `asbraicrman lc pcmràn
surtar bebitc‐>.
Bl ctrcs pnsnkbs mb gns
g ns Bsiraturns, gns ‗iclmaiaclbs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc‐ pnrbibl rbebrarsb
n gns iungamnmbs qub iclstatuybl gcs ia`abltcs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc, bs mbiar, bscs rbquasatcs
prbvacs y bsns iariulstnlians qub scl almaspblsnjgbs pnrn qub ciurrn bg nrrbpblta`abltc.
Onstn iabrtc pultc, b`prblmbr bg prcibsc mbg nrrbpblta`abltc mbpblmb mb icltnr icl tngbs
iungamnmbs.
‗Q on rbsuiatnmc mb bltrb gcs `ubrtcs, pnrn trnbr n tcmcs gcs g cs oc`jrbs n ág, `bmanltb gns
iclmaiaclbs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc‐ . :

Ony trbs qubramcs n`adcs qub icltrajuybl n iu`pgar icl gcs rbquasatcs prbvacs y gns
iariulstnlians almaspblsnjgbs qub scl gns iclmaiaclbs prbpnrntcrans mbg nrrbpblta`abltc
pnrn quablbs b`prblmbl bg vankb onian bg pbrmùl; sb trntn mb ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc, ul
bspàratu icltratc y gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs.
 N icltaluniaùl sb onggnl gns mbealaiaclbs qub yc mnrànmnràn mb maiocs n`adcs prbianm
prbianmcs.
cs.
]blbr ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc; Ybr
qubjrnltnmc; Ybr ou`agmb, icltratc y `nlsc, nsà ic`c
nlobgcsn`bltb rbibptavc n gn vcgultnm mb Macs.
]blbr ul bspàratu icltratc; Mbknr
icltratc; Mbknr bg jablbstnr prcpac bl `nlcs mb Macs.
Ybltar gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs; Ybltar
Macs; Ybltar drnl pbsnr y rb`crma`abltc pcr gcs
ic`pcrtn`abltcs qub onynl nu`bltnmc bg mcgcr y bg suera`abltc ng Yngvnmcr, iclecr`b
lubstrn ng`n bga`aln iungquabr lbdniaùl c bxiusn.
Xbr`àtnl`b bxpgainr iù`c bstcs n`adcs ggbdnl gg bdnl n nic`pnþnr n gn pbrscln nrrbpbltamn.
Bg sbr ou`nlc qub prciurn iclcibr gcs prcpùsatcs mb gn vamn ic`ablzn n mbsiujrar qub bs
ul n`nmc oakc c oakn prcirbnmc ic`c bspàratu pcr pnmrbs ibgbstangbs, alvbstamc mb uln
lnturngbzn y ul mbstalc mavalcs. Lubstrc Xnmrb, qub lcs on irbnmc n Yu a`ndbl, prbsbltù ul
pgnl `bmanltb bg iung pcmràn`cs cjtblbr ul iubrpc eàsaic, tblbr bxpbrablians tbrrblngbs y, ng
tc`nr mbiasaclbs rbitns, rbdrbsnr n lubstrc ocdnr ibgbstang `uioc `îs sb`bknltbs n lubstrc
o njàn`cs pnrtamc9.
Xnmrb Ibgbstang qub iunlmc onjàn`cs
Gn vamn tbrrblng lc sbràn ul pbràcmc mb pbrebiiaùl njscgutn, salc ul pbràcmc bl bg qub
onjràn qub bgbdar bg jabl bl vbz
v bz mbg `ng, nsà ic`c nprblmbr pcr bxpbrablian y pcr bg pcmbr mb
lubstrc bspàratu n icleanr bl Macs, sbduargc y bmaeainr gn eb bl Ág. Ybràn ul bstnmc mb
prcjniaùl bl bg qub ic`btbràn`cs brrcrbs.
Bg pbinmc bstnràn icl lcsctrcs bl gn vamn tbrrblng y lcs a`pbmaràn rbdrbsnr n lubstrc
Xnmrb Ibgbstang, bxibptc pcr gn pnrtb `îs dgcracsn mbg pgnl, qub eub irbnmn pnrn rbsintnrlcs
mbg pbinmc.
pbinmc, Lubstrc Yngvnmcr
Yu suera`abltc Kbsuirastc,
y Yu sniraeaiac pcrbgtcmcs
@nycr mb tcmcs,
lubstrcs pndnràn
brrcrbs `bmanltb
y pbinmcs, Yugnvamn
icl sal
iclmaiaùl
 

mb qub lcsctrcs bstuvaárn`cs maspubstcs n nibptnrgc y nrrbpbltarlcs mb lubstrcs pbinmcs.

 Ng ic`prblmbr y njrnznr Yu bxpaniaùl,
bxpaniaùl, sc`cs pnrtàiapbs mb
mb gns ‗iclmaiaclbs mbg
nrrbpblta`abltc‐. Ng bltblmbr bsparatung`bltb Yu bxpaniaùl, ic`blzn`cs n vbr Yu n`cr
alealatc, Yu `asbraicrman y gn alic`pnrnjgb jblmaiaùl mb qub pcmn`cs rbdrbsnr n lubstrc
ocdnr ibgbstang. Bs bltclibs qub iclcib`cs n gcs mcs pra`brcs y qubramcs n`adcs bl lubstrc
 vankb onian bg nrrbpblta`abltc; ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc
qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc. Bstcs
Bstcs mcs
n`adcs ggbdnl mbjamc n qub lcs mn`cs iubltn mb `nlbrn icltulmbltb qub sal Ág lc
tblb`cs lnmn6 lc sc`cs lnmn6 bs Ág quabl lcs onjagatn tcmns gns pcsajagamnmbs btbrlns.
^uazîs bg `nycr mbspbrtnr bl bstn vamn `bmanltb bg iung ggbdn`cs
g gbdn`cs n sbr oakcs c oakns mb
Macs bsparatung`bltb pbribptavcs sbn ic`prblmbr mb `cmc saldugnr y pbrsclng qub bg pndc
qub Kbsuirastc oazc pcr bg pbinmc bs `uy rbng, y qub Yu suera`abltc lc bs tnl sùgc pcr tcmcs
gcs mb`îs, ¡salc tn`jaál pcr ustbm y pcr `à! Q nquà bs mclmb sb lcs ulb lubstrc tbribr
n`adc; gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs. Iclecr`b bltblmb`cs mb `nlbrn bsparatung qub Ág on
pnmbiamc pcr lubstrcs pbinmcs, sblta`cs trastbzn pcr gn pnrtb mb Yu mcgcr qub lcsctrcs
inusn`cs. Lcs mn`cs iubltn mb qub nqubggc bs pnrtb mbg pgnl mb lubstrc Xnmrb, pbrc bg mcl
qub Ág lcs cerbib lcs scjrbicdb6 bsb nsc`jrc, bsb ndrnmbia`abltc, bsn nmcrniaùl mbg
Yngvnmcr qub on obioc bstc pcr lcsctrcs, lcs onib oalinr gn rcmaggn iclecr`b lubstrc
bspàratu sb ggbln mb gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs, y rbiajb bg sbltar mb ul icrnzùl
qubjrnltnmc y mb ul bspàratu icltratc. Kultc icl bstcs trbs n`adcs, prcsbdua`cs lubstrn
trnvbsàn mb nrrbpblta`abltc.
Rl icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc
‗Ob nquà, ág sb cerbib n sà `as`c bl sniraeaiac pcr bg pbinmc, pnrn sntasenibr gcs ealbs mb gn
gby, pcr tcmcs gcs mb icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y mb bspàratu icltratc6 y pcr lnmab `îs sb pubmbl
sntasenibr gcs ealbs mb gn gby‐ =.
Xcstbracr`bltb n Yu rbsurrbiiaùl, bg Yngvnmcr vasatù bg ob`asebrac ciiambltng. @abltrns
blsbþnjn n Yus masiàpugcs nggà, bg Yngvnmcr mbsirajaù quá cerblmn mbjànl mnr; ‗Q ` `bb
cerbibráas ic`c sniraeaiac ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc
qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc. Q ng qub vbldn
vbld n n
`à icl ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc, gc jnutaznrá icl eubdc y icl bg
Bspàratu Ynltc V. . .P. Ob nquà, ob vblamc ng `ulmc pnrn trnbr rbmbliaùl ng `ulmc, pnrn
sngvnr ng `ulmc mbg pbinmc. Xcr tnltc, ng qub sb nrrbpaltabrb y valabrb n `à ic`c ul laþc
pbqubþatc, yc gc rbiajará, pcrqub mb gcs tngbs bs bg rbalc mb Macs. Ob nquà, pcr bstcs ob mnmc
`a vamn, y gn ob vubgtc n tc`nr6 nsà pubs, nrrbpbltàcs y vblam n `à, vcsctrcs, bxtrb`cs mb gn
2

tabrrn, y sbmbxpgain
Bg Ybþcr sngvcs‐qub
. tcmc nqubg qub mbsbb jnutaznrsb on mb sbduar bstb prcibsc; ‗]cmcs
gcs qub sb ou`aggbl nltb Macs, y mbsbbl jnutaznrsb, y vbldnl icl icrnzclbs qubjrnltnmcs y
icl bspàratus icltratcs, y tbstaeaqubl nltb gn adgbsan qub sb onl nrrbpbltamc vbrmnmbrn`bltb
mb tcmcs sus pbinmcs, y qub bstîl maspubstcs n tc`nr scjrb sà bg lc`jrb mb Kbsuirastc, icl
gn mbtbr`alniaùl mb sbrvargb onstn bg eal, y vbrmnmbrn`bltb `nlaeabstbl pcr sus cjrns qub
onl rbiajamc mbg Bspàratu mb Irastc pnrn gn rb`asaùl mb sus pbinmcs, sbrîl rbiajamcs bl su
adgbsan pcr bg jnutas`c‐5.
Bg Ybþcr lcs on maioc qub sa vbla`cs icl ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc,
lc sb ga`atnrî n tnl sùgc rbpnrnrlcs bg icrnzùl y ga`panrlcs bg bspàratu, salc qub lcs mnrî ul
icrnzùl lubvc. ‗Q cs mnrá ul icrnzùl lubvc y pclmrá ul bspàratu lubvc mbltrc mb vcsctrcs6
 y quatnrá mb vubstrn inrlb bg icrnzùl mb pabmrn
pabmrn y cs mnrá ul icrnzùl mb inrlb. Q pclmrá
mbltrc mb vcsctrcs `a bspàratu, y onrá qub nlmáas bl `as bstntutcs‐ 4.
Bscs qubramcs n`adcs, n snjbr, bg icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y bg bspàratu icltratc, lc lcs
 vasatnl tnl sùgc uln vbz, salc, `îs jabl, scl n`adcs iclstnltbs
iclstnltbs murnltb lubstrn bxpbrablian
tbrrblng y dblbrnl uln drntatum btbrln n lubstrc Yngvnmcr pcr gajrnrlcs mb gns gadnmurns mbg
 

pbinmc y mb gn `ubrtb. Lcs mn`cs iubltn mb qub lubstrc Yngvnmcr lc sùgc bstnjn maspubstc
n pnmbibr pcr lcsctrcs, salc qub, nmb`îs, pnmbiaù pcr inusn mb lcsctrcs y pnmbiaù pnrn
sngvnrlcs6 nqubggc sb tcrln eulmn`bltng pnrn bg `cmc bl bg qub vb`cs lubstrn vamn manran y
lubstrcs prcpùsatcs nquà bl gn tabrrn.

Bg Ybþcr lcs on maioc qub sa vbla`cs icl ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu

icltratc, lc sb ga`atnrî n tnl sùgc rbpnrnrlcs bg icrnzùl y ga`panrlcs bg bspàratu,
salc qub lcs mnrî ul icrnzùl lubvc.

Iabrtc `asaclbrc lc onjàn samc salibrc icl su cjaspc la icl su prbsambltb mb bstnin6
onjàn rbstnmc a`pcrtnlian n gn drnvbmnm mb sus pbinmcs6 sal b`jnrdc, bl bg Ibltrc mb
Inpniatniaùl @asaclng, su icrnzùl sb vac icl`cvamc pcr gns icsns qub bsiuionjn. Yupc qub
 yn lc pcmàn sbduar vavablmc uln `bltarn. Mbspuás
Mbspuás mb qub oujc iclebsnmc sus pbinmcs,
pbinmcs, sb
mbtbr`alù qub onjràn qub pcstbrdnr su `asaùl. Bl uln bltrbvastn prbvan ng rbdrbsc mbg
`asaclbrc n insn, bg prbsambltb mb rn`n mbg II@ pbriajaù qub bg `asaclbrc sbltàn `îs
prbciupniaùl pcr tblbr qub vcgvbr n insn qub pcr sus pbinmcs6 y makc ng kcvbl ágmbr qub
 kn`îs pcmràn rbdrbsnr y icltalunr su `asaùl onstn qub ggbdnrn n tblbr ‗ul icrnzùl
qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc‐.
Bg `asaclbrc prbdultù icl ou`agmnm; ‗Xrbsambltb, ³iù`c pubmc qubjrnltnr `a
icrnzùl3‐.
Yb trntnjn mb uln prbdultn salibrn. Bg prbsambltb mb rn`n rbspclmaù; ‗Ágmbr, iunlmc
ggbdub n bltblmbr bg prbiac qub Kbsuirastc pndù y bg sniraeaiac qub oazc mbjamc n sus pbinmcs,
su icrnzùl sb qubjrnltnrî y su bspàratu bstnrî `uy icltratc‐.
Iunlmc bg `asaclbrc rbdrbsù ng II@ `uiocs `bsbs mbspuás, bg prbsambltb mb rn`n sb
rbdciakù ng vbr bg in`jac bl bg kcvbl, aligusc bl su sb`jgnltb. Iunlmc su gàmbr mbg snibrmciac
gb prbdultù quá onjàn `nrinmc gn maebrblian, bg ágmbr bxpgaiù qub ng bstumanr
bstumanr bg
 bg Gajrc mb
@cr`ùl bl vbz mb tnl sùgc gbbrgc
gbbrgc,, ic`blzù n bltblmbr gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc. Yu
icrnzùl sb qubjrnltù y su bspàratu sb vcgvaù icltratc. Bg nrrbpblta`abltc sb iclvartaù bl
dczc y bg pbrmùl ggbdù n su
s u vamn.
Gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs
Bg ic`prblmbr lubstrn mbpblmblian tctng mbg Yngvnmcr y bg snjbr qub lubstrcs pbinmcs
almavamungbs nu`bltnrcl Yu suera`abltc y Yu mcgcr prcmuib uln trastbzn oclmn y salibrn. Gn
trastbzn qub sbdûl Macs sb bstî iclvartablmc bl lubstrn n`adn. Bg npùstcg Xnjgc onjgù
o njgù scjrb
bscs sblta`abltcs tnl jblávcgcs qub iclmuibl ng nrrbpblta`abltc; ‗Nocrn `b rbdciakc, lc
pcrqub onyîas samc icltrastnmcs, salc pcrqub euastbas icltrastnmcs pnrn nrrbpblta`abltc,
pcrqub onjáas samc icltrastnmcs sbdûl Macs V. . .P. Xcrqub gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs
prcmuib nrrbpblta`abltc pnrn sngvniaùl V. . .P, pbrc gn trastbzn mbg `ulmc prcmuib `ubrtb‐ ?.
Bg prbsambltb Bzrn ]net Jblscl bxpgaiù; ‗Bs ic`ûl blicltrnr bl bg `ulmc n oc`jrbs y
`ukbrbs qub sabltbl rb`crma`abltc pcr gc qub onibl `ng. N vbibs sb mbjb n qub sus nitcs
gbs inusnl drnl pbsnr y mbsmaion n bggcs c n sus sbrbs qubramcs. N vbibs bg pbsnr sb mbjb n qub
sb gcs on mbsiujabrtc y instadnmc pcr sus niiaclbs. ]ngbs sblta`abltcs `ulmnlcs lc
iclstatuybl ‟gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs‑ (: Icraltacs 4;>8) V. . .P.
‗Gn trastbzn sbdûl Macs bs ul mcl mbg Bspàratu. Bs bg ignrc rbiclcia`abltc mb qub lubstrns
niiaclbs onl ceblmamc n lubstrc Xnmrb y Macs. Bs gn vàvamn y pgbln icliablian mb qub lubstrn
iclmuitn cinsaclù
scjrbggbvnrn qubybgbgYngvnmcr,
gn ndclàn Nqubg
suera`abltc6 qub lcpbinmcs
lubstrcs iclciaùoaiabrcl
pbinmc, qub
sà, bgsnldrnrn
`nycr mbpcr
tcmcs,
inmn
 

pcrc. Bsn negaiiaùl `bltng y bsparatung, qub bs `uy rbng, bs gc qub gns Bsiraturns mblc`alnl
tblbr ‟ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc‑ (M. y I. :8;94). ]ng nitatum bs bg
rbquasatc prbvac almaspblsnjgb pnrn bg vbrmnmbrc nrrbpblta`abltc‐ 1.
Bstcs trbs n`adcs ”ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc, ul bspàratu icltratc y gn trastbzn qub bs
sbdûl Macs” bl iclkultc, lcs njrnznl y lcs duànl onian bg nrrbpblta`abltc y bg pbrmùl.
Zbiubrmb, tblbr ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc sadlaeain sbr ou`agmb, icltratc y `nlsc, nsà
ic`c nlobgcsn`bltb rbibptavc n gn vcgultnm mb Macs >8. Bg bspàratu icltratc mbkn bg jablbstnr
prcpac bl `nlcs mb Macs, ng irbbr qub bs gn vcgultnm
vcg ultnm mb Ág, y lc gn lubstrn, gc qub lcs
nyumnrî n ggbdnr n sbr quablbs mbjb`cs ggbdnr n sbr. Bg Yngvnmcr bs lubstrc bkb`pgc n sbduar.
‗Yà, nul mb bstb `cmc sbrî ggbvnmc, iruiaeainmc y `ubrtc V. . .P6 gn vcgultnm mbg Oakc sablmc
njscrjamn bl gn vcgultnm mbg Xnmrb‐>>. Gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs ic`ablzn ng rbiclcibr gc
`ngc qub onyn bl lubstrn vamn. Ng adung qub bg oakc prùmadc, qub ‗vcgvaVùP bl sà‐ >:, lubstrn
ng`n sb ggbln mb trastbzn y rb`crma`abltc iclecr`b bga`aln`cs iungquabr lbdniaùl c
bxiusn, y mbsbn`cs b`prblmbr bg in`alc ng nrrbpblta`abltc y ng pbrmùl sal oapcirbsàn.

Zbiubrmb, tblbr ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc sadlaeain sbr ou`agmb, icltratc y `nlsc,

nsà ic`c nlobgcsn`bltb rbibptavc n gn vcgultnm mb Macs.

@abltrns
rbsu`aù prbstnjn
gn ecr`n sbrvaiac
bl qub ic`c
gns trbs Ybtbltn mb
iungamnmbs Nutcramnm Dblbrng,
prbpnrniaùl pnrnbgbgágmbr Jruib M. Xcrtbr
nrrbpblta`abltc
 jblmaibl lubstrn vamn; ‗Iunlmc pbin`cs
pbin`cs y nlsan`cs bg pbrmùl, tblbr ul icrnzùl
icrnzùl
qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc sadlaeain bxpbra`bltnr ‟gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs Vy
qubP prcmuib nrrbpblta`abltc‑ (vánsb : Icraltacs 4;>8). Maion trastbzn scjrbvablb iunlmc
lubstrc mbsbc mb sbr ga`pacs mbg pbinmc bs tnl altblsc qub sblta`cs mcgcr bl bg icrnzùl pcr
bg pbsnr y nlsan`cs sbltarlcs bl pnz icl lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang. Gcs qub tablbl ul icrnzùl
qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc bstîl maspubstcs n onibr tcmns y inmn uln mb gns icsns
qub Macs gbs pamn, sal rbsastarsb la `cgbstnrsb. Mbkn`cs mb onibr gns icsns n lubstrn `nlbrn
 y nprblmb`cs n onibrgns sbdûl gn `nlbrn mb Macs.Macs. Ng ggbdnr n bsb pultc mb su`asaùl, gn
Bxpaniaùl Vmb KbsuirastcP pubmb surtar bebitc y pubmb tblbr gudnr bg nrrbpblta`abltc
 vbrmnmbrc6 bltclibs, gn pbrscln nrrbpbltamn
nrrbpbltamn bxpbra`bltnrî bg pcmbr snltaeainmcr
snltaeainmcr mbg
Bspàratu Ynltc, bg iung gn ggblnrî mb pnz mb icliablian y mbg dczc mb gn rbicliaganiaùl icl
Macs. Bl uln ic`jalniaùl drnlmacsn mb ntrajutcs mavalcs, bg `as`c Macs qub lcs blsbþn n
nlmnr icl ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc lcs alvatn n rbdciaknrlcs y n sbr mb jubl îla`c‐ >9.
Rln lubvn iclvbrsn
Gn saduabltb oastcran vbrmnmbrn bs ul bkb`pgc mb iù`c lubstrcs trbs qubramcs n`adcs
 jblmakbrcl n uln `ukbr qub mbsbnjn bg pbrmùl. Gn iclcià onib `uiocs nþcs, iunlmc
prbstnjn sbrvaiac ic`c prbsambltb mb gn @asaùl Ernlian Jurmbcs. Gcs `asaclbrcs gb onjànl
blsbþnmc bl iunltc ng Bvnldbgac y gn `ukbr onjàn nibptnmc jnutaznrsb. Bg màn mb su
bltrbvastn jnutas`ng, nm`ataù icl salibramnm ng `asaclbrc qub gn bltrbvastnjn qub, nþcs
nltbs, onjàn mbiamamc prnitainrsb ul njcrtc. Ng suibmbr nqubggc, sb rbqubràn qub yc, ic`c
prbsambltb mb `asaùl, tuvabrn qub bltrbvastnrgn pnrn tblbr gn ibrtbzn mb qub gn `ukbr sb onjàn
o njàn
nrrbpbltamc y mb qub onjàn
on jàn njnlmclnmc bsn drnvb trnlsdrbsaùl.
Xumb vbr qub gn obr`nln sb onjàn prbpnrnmc icl ou`agmnm pnrn bg jnutas`c6 onjgn`cs
scjrb bg Yngvnmcr y scjrb bg pcmbr mb Yu bxpaniaùl. Ng onjgnr`b bl iunltc ng njcrtc qub sb
onjàn prnitainmc
nprblmablmc `uiocs
icsns qub lcnþcs ntrîs, bxprbsù
ic`prblmàn iunlmcsubrn
pbsnr
`îssalibrn`bltb
kcvbl. Onjàn yrbiajamc
nm`ataùul
qubtbsta`clac
bstnjn
 

mbg Bspàratu mb qub bg Bvnldbgac rbstnurnmc brn vbrmnmbrc y sb onjàn nrrbpbltamc mb sus
pbinmcs. Xbriajà qub bstnjn prbpnrnmn
prbpnrnmn pnrn bg jnutas`c6 y ng icliguar gn bltrbvastn, `b sbltà
ndrnmbiamc pcr gn jclmnm mb nqubggn `ukbr. @b sbltà icleanmc mb qub kn`îs iclsambrnràn
rbngaznrsb ul njcrtc bl bg euturc, nulqub rbiubrmc onjbr pblsnmc qub su bltblma`abltc brn
ga`atnmc. Yb jnutazù ic`c `ab`jrc mb Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs g cs Ûgta`cs
Màns y rbiajaù bg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc.
Ibrin mb ul nþc mbspuás, rbiajà uln ggn`nmn tbgbeùlain mb nqubggn `nrnvaggcsn obr`nln.
Yb onjàn `umnmc n gn rbdaùl lcrtb mb Ernlian6 onjàn nsastamc n gn rbulaùl snirn`bltng
sb`nlng`bltb, onjàn samc magadbltb bl dunrmnr gcs `nlmn`abltcs y onjàn alicrpcrnmc n su
 vamn gcs praliapacs mbg bvnldbgac rbstnurnmc
rbstnurnmc mb Kbsuirastc. Yu n`cr pcr bg Yngvnmcr
Yngvnmcr onjàn
nu`bltnmc y bl bsb prcibsc mb nibrinrsb `îs n Macs, bg Bspàratu Ynltc gb onjàn blsbþnmc.
Mbsmb bg ctrc gnmc mb gn gàlbn
g àlbn tbgbeùlain, b`pbzù n scggcznr. @b prbdultá sa gb onjràn
suibmamc ngdc drnvb n bggn c n su
s u en`agan. Xbrc bltclibs, bltrb gîdra`ns, makc ngdc qub lulin
cgvamnrá; ‗Xrbsambltb Nlmbrsbl, ³rbiubrmn `a bltrbvastn jnutas`ng3 Gb onjgá scjrb ul
njcrtc qub `b rbngaiá onib `uiocs nþcs6 `b sbltàn `ng pcr gc qub onjàn obioc. Lc
cjstnltb, bstb ûgta`c nþc `b on in`janmc6 bl vbrmnm ob sbltamc ul oclmc b altblsc pbsnr
pcr gc qub oaib. ³Iù`c pumb onjbr obioc ngdc nsà3 ³Iù`c pumb onjbr samc tnl alsblsajgb
bsparatung`bltb3 @a icrnzùl sb on vubgtc ng Yngvnmcr y ob iclsambrnmc Yu suera`abltc pcr
`à. Bstcy `uy npbsnmu`jrnmn pcr gn drnvbmnm mb `a pbinmc, pcr bg iung lc pubmc bebitunr
lalduln rbstatuiaùl‐. Yb gn càn `uy icl`cvamn y icg`nmn mb salibramnm.
 Nqubg màn bl Ernlian, sbltà bg al`blsc n`cr mbg Ybþcr onian uln `ukbr qub tblàn ul
icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc. Yu bspàratu rbjcsnjn mb gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl
Macs6 n`njn ng Yngvnmcr y su icrnzùl onjàn in`janmc. Ng in`janr, onjàn ggbdnmc n sbltar su
n`cr pcr Ág `îs prceulmn`bltb qub lulin nltbs. Bg prbsambltb Jcym F. Xnifbr makc;
‗Zbstnurnr gc qub lc sb pubmb rbstnurnr, iurnr gns obramns aliurnjgbs, rbpnrnr gc qub sb on
qubjrnmc y lc tablb nrrbdgc, bs bg prcpùsatc praliapng mb gn bxpaniaùl mb Irastc. Iunlmc
lubstrc mbsbc bs ear`b y bstn`cs maspubstcs n pndnr onstn ‟bg ugta`c iunmrnltb‑ (vánsb
@ntbc 2;:2’:5), gn gby mb rbstatuiaùl qubmn sal bebitc6 lubstrn mbumn sb trnlseabrb ng Ybþcr.
Bg sb onrî inrdc mb lubstrns mbumns‐>=.
Gb rbnear`á bg n`cr qub bg Yngvnmcr gb tblàn, y `b rbdciaká pcr onjbr iclciamc n nqubggn
ou`agmb oakn mb Macs.
³Xubmb vbr gn ecr`n bl qub bg Ybþcr jblmakc n bsn kustn
k ustn obr`nln mbspuás mb su
 jnutas`c3 Bg Ybþcr lc sùgc supra`aù
supra`aù su pbinmc6 tn`jaál ecrtngbiaù y rbealù su bspàratu.

mbgBg prbsambltb Mnggal

nrrbpblta`abltc pcrO.gnsCnfs bxpgain; ‗³Xcr
trnlsdrbsaclbs quá bs]blmb`cs
drnvbs3 lbibsnracnqub suern`cs
pblsnr qub gcsblrbsugtnmcs
bg in`alc
mbg nrrbpblta`abltc sa`pgb`bltb lcs ga`panl mbg pbinmc, pbrc bsb bs ul pultc mb vastn
alic`pgbtc. Rln pbrscln qub pbin bs ic`c ul îrjcg qub sb mcjgn eîiag`bltb nltb bg vabltc.
Iabrtc màn vbltcsc y gguvacsc, bg îrjcg sb aligaln tnltc icltrn bg subgc qub gns ockns sb
blsuianl mb jnrrc, ic`c bg pbinmc blsuian. Ya lcs iclibltrn`cs scgn`bltb bl ga`panr gns
ockns, gn mbjagamnm qub pbr`ataù qub bg îrjcg sb mcjgnrn y gns blsuianrn pubmb icltalunr bl
ág6 mbg `as`c `cmc, gn pbrscln qub sùgc sabltb pbsnr pcr onjbrsb blsuianmc icl bg pbinmc
pubmb pbinr mb lubvc icl bg prùxa`c vabltc eubrtb. Gn susibptajagamnm n gn rbpbtaiaùl
icltalûn onstn qub bg îrjcg sb onyn ecrtngbiamc.
‗Iunlmc gn pbrscln on pnsnmc pcr bg prcibsc qub mn ic`c rbsugtnmc gc qub gns Bsiraturns
ggn`nl ‟ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc‑, bg Yngvnmcr onib ngdc `îs qub
ga`panrgn mbg pbinmc; gb mn lubvn ecrtngbzn. Bsb ecrtngbia`abltc bs bsbliang pnrn qub lcs
mb`cs iubltn mbg prcpùsatc mb gn puraeainiaùl, qub bs vcgvbr n lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang. Xnrn
sbr nm`atamcs bl Yu prbsblian, mbjb`cs bstnr `îs qub ga`pacs6 tn`jaál mbjb`cs o onjbr
njbr
 

in`janmc mb uln pbrscln `crng`bltb májag qub on pbinmc, n uln eubrtb qub tbldn gn
bstnturn bsparatung pnrn `crnr bl gn prbsblian mb Macs‐ >2.
Gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs prcmuib ngdc `uy maebrbltb bl ul ng`n nrrbpbltamn n gc qub
prcmuib gn trastbzn mbg `ulmc. Bs uln mb gns ‗iclmaiaclbs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc‐ mb Macs.
³^uá bs gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs3 Yb trntn mb ngdc qub ustbm mbjb mbsiujrar pcr su
prcpan iubltn. Ng ggbdnr n bsb pultc icl ou`agmnm,
o u`agmnm, gc sbltarî y gc snjrî6 sbrî ngdc dblualc. Bg
sblta`abltc pubmb ggbdnr iunlmc `blcs gc bspbrb, trns guionr pcr sbr ou`agmb y pcr
rbiclcibr bg n`cr qub Macs gb tablb n ustbm, nsà ic`c bg n`cr inmn vbz `nycr qub ustbm gb
tablb n Ág. Iunlmc suibmn, gc snjrî. Gc sbltarî bl su altbracr y sbrî maebrbltb mb gc qub brn
nltbs.
Rln kcvbl qub sb prbpnrnjn pnrn bg `ntra`clac
Onib `uiocs nþcs, sb prcmukc ul jrbvb vambc pnrn ic`pgb`bltnr bg prcdrn`n mb
bstumacs mb Yb`alnrac scjrb bg Lubvc ]bstn`bltc. Yb ggn`njn; ‗Gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl
Macs prcmuib nrrbpblta`abltc‐. Xubmb onggnrgc bl bg satac IourioceKbsusIorast.crd. Gns
saduabltbs pngnjrns scl ngdulcs ernd`bltcs mb gn trnlsirapiaùl mbg vambc, pbrc ástb bs
`uioc `îs bgciubltb ng vbrgc. Lctnrî gn trnlsecr`niaùl bsparatung mb Fa` iclecr`b
mbsiujrb gn maebrblian bltrb gn trastbzn mbg `ulmc y gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs.
Gn pra`brn bsibln bs uln iclvbrsniaùl bltrb Fa` y su cjaspc bl gn ceaialn mb ág.
CJAYXC; Ástb bs ul `c`bltc a`pcrtnltb mb tu vamn, Fa`. Zbiubrmc jabl iunlmc yc `b
insá. ³Iù`c tb sabltbs3
FA@; ¡@uy jabl! Ob bstnmc bspbrnlmc bstb `c`bltc pcr tnltc tab`pc, qub insa lc pubmc
irbbr qub yn bstá nquà. @a `n`î bstî `uy ebgaz, pcrqub scy su oakn `blcr.
CJAYXC; @b onl mnmc `uy jublcs mntcs nibrin mb tu lcvac; bx`asaclbrc, `uy jubl
ngu`lc, y quabrb ggbvnrtb ng tb`pgc icl ág.
FA@; @ntt lc gc onràn mb ctrc `cmc. Q yc tn`jaál quabrc insnr`b bl bg tb`pgc.
CJAYXC; Bg insn`abltc bl bg tb`pgc bs ul pnsc a`pcrtnltb, Fa`.
Fa` y bg cjaspc onjgnl scjrb vnracs tb`ns, y bg cjaspc prbdultn sa bxastb ngduln ctrn icsn
qub bggn tbldn qub mbiar.
CJAYXC; ³Ony ngdc bl tu vamn, Fa`, qub mbjabrn onjbrsb rbsubgtc `bmanltb gn mbjamn
nutcramnm mbg snibrmciac3
FA@; Nltbs mb qub @ntt rbdrbsnrn mb su `asaùl, yc sngàn icl ctrc kcvbl, y prcjnjgb`bltb
lcs qubmîjn`cs `uioc tab`pc n scgns.
CJAYXC; Icltalûn.
FA@; ^uazîs. . . oaia`cs ngdc alnmbiunmc.
CJAYXC; Fa`, yc sá qub lc bs eîiag onjgnr mb bstns icsns, pbrc lbibsatc snjbr iuîl sbrac bs
bg prcjgb`n, sa ob mb nyumnrtb n rbscgvbrgc.
Yal `cstrnr tcmn gn bltrbvastn, bg vambc trnls`atb gn ambn mb qub Fa` onjgn ng cjaspc bl
iunltc n qub sb onl ic`btamc pbinmcs drnvbs.
FA@; Yà, pbrc yn lc tbldc lnmn qub vbr icl bsb kcvbl. Lc
L c bs prcjgb`n yn.
CJAYXC; Bg nrrbpblta`abltc vbrmnmbrc lc bs sa`pgb`bltb mbknr mb onibr
o nibr gc `ngc6 bs
`uioc `îs qub bsc.
FA@; Xbrc nocrn bs maebrbltb icl @ntt6 yc gc n`c, cjaspc, lulin nltbs ob sbltamc
s bltamc bstc icl
lnmab `îs. ³Lc on mb mnr`b gn rbic`blmniaùl3 ¡Xbrc bg màn mb gn jcmn bstî prùxa`c! ¡Gn
ob`cs nlulianmc yn! ¡Qn tbldc `a vbstamc!
CJAYXC; Fa`, irbc qub ic`btbràns ul drnl brrcr bl ar ng tb`pgc sal rbscgvbr bstb
prcjgb`n.
FA@; ³^uá gb mará n @ntt3 ³^uá mará n `as pnmrbs3
 

CJAYXC; Màgbs qub tû, yc y bg Ybþcr lbibsatn`cs tab`pc pnrn rbscgvbr bstc. ³Ynjbs, Fa`3
Ons bstnmc tnl prbciupnmn pcr gns iclsbiublians sciangbs mb tus brrcrbs y bg bebitc
`ulmnlng qub ninrrbnl qub lc ons iclsambrnmc gns iclsbiublians btbrlns.
FA@; ³^uá bs gc qub `b maib3
CJAYXC; ^ub lc tb ons nrrbpbltamc.
FA@; ¡Xbrc yn lc tbldc lnmn qub vbr
vb r icl bsb kcvbl, bs pcr bsc qub bstcy nquà!
CJAYXC; Mákn`b qub tb gc bxpgaqub; Nocrn, ³quá bs gc qub `îs tb prbciupn3
FA@; ³^uá arî n mbiar gn dbltb3
d bltb3
CJAYXC; ³Lc tblmràns qub prbdultnrtb; ‗³^uá pblsnrî bg Ybþcr3‐3 Yùgc pnrbibs
prbciupnmn pcr ‗Gc qub marîl‐. Mbjbràns sbltar trastbzn nltb Macs6 bsc b`pabzn ng
icltb`pgnr lubstrcs pbinmcs ic`c Ág gcs vb6 lc ic`c lcsctrcs gcs vb`cs. Icl gn trastbzn
tr astbzn
qub bs sbdûl Macs, ic`prblmb`cs qub lubstrns niiaclbs onl ceblmamc n Macs.
FA@; ³Nsà qub lc ará ng tb`pgc3
CJAYXC; Xnrtb mb gc qub ob`cs onjgnmc nquà bstî bl sbr madlcs mb bltrnr bl ág y yc quabrc
nyumnrtb n iclsbduargc. VIcl drnl prbciupniaùl, prcsadubP. Mbjbs ic`blznr pcr
rbiclcibr qub eubrcl lubstrns niiaclbs gns qub inusnrcl qub bg Yngvnmcr pnmbiabrn tnltn
ndclàn y suera`abltc. Gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs lc bs ul instadc6 tablb ul prcpùsatc,
bs ul mcl mbg Bspàratu ”bs ul sblta`abltc” qub prbibmb ng vbrmnmbrc nrrbpblta`abltc.
FA@; Lc irbc bltblmbrgc.
CJAYXC; Nmb`îs mb n nrrbpbltarlcs, lcs nyumn n icrrbdar lubstrcs brrcrbs y n rblcvnr
lubstrc vàliugc icl Macs, y lubstrn rbgniaùl icl Ág.
 Ngdûl tab`pc mbspuás, uln vbz qub Fa` bl vbrmnm vbrmnm on ggbdnmc n ic`prblmbr gn bxpaniaùl
mbg Yngvnmcr, bg pcmbr mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y bg obr`csc sblta`abltc mbg pbrmùl ic`pgbtc,
@ntt y Fa` npnrbibl iclvbrsnlmc.
FA@ sb maradb n @N]]; ³Ynjbs3 Iunlmc bstuvb bl gn bltrbvastn icl bg b g cjaspc, bstuvb n
pultc mb lc mbiar lnmn. ¡Onjràn samc tnl eîiag! Xbrc bs alirbàjgb6 lulin `b onjàn sbltamc
tnl ebgaz ic`c ocy.
@N]]; ³Yb tb eub bg mcgcr3
FA@; ¡Mbg tcmc!

 Near`c uln vbz `îs qub bg pbrmùl bstî ng nginlib mb inmn oakn y mb inmn oakc mb Macs6 sá
qub bs vbrmnm. Bg Ybþcr on bstnjgbiamc gns iclmaiaclbs pnrn qub lcsctrcs rbiajn`cs bsb mcl
mavalc.
pbr`atblBg ic`blznr
icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc, bg bspàratu
n sbltar bg pcmbr icltratc y bgmîmavn
mb gn `nrnvaggcsn pbsnr mb
qub`asbraicrman
bs sbdûl Macs
mblcs
lubstrc
Yngvnmcr. Lcsctrcs lc pcmb`cs maitnr gcs tab`pcs ng Ybþcr6 sblta`cs bg pbsc mb lubstrcs
pbinmcs, supgain`cs Yu drnian, y gubdc sb lcs mn rbvbgniaùl y bltblma`abltc iclecr`b bg
Ybþcr mbtbr`aln iuîlmc y iù`c Ág lcs snlnrî bg ng`n.
 

Inpàtugc >5
XZBX Z ZYB X Z XZBY] Z YBZUAIAC
Ialiubltn nþcs nltbs mb bsirajar bstns pngnjrns, `b prbpnrnjn pnrn sbrvar ic`c
`asaclbrc mb tab`pc ic`pgbtc mb Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs Ûgta`cs Màns.
]rns onjbr ic`blznmc gn `asaùl bg := mb citujrb mb >148, y mbspuás mb rbiajar inpniatniaùl
bl bg amac`n, ggbduá n Xnràs, Ernlian, bg :1 mb maiab`jrb.
Mbsmb qub sb `b ggn`ù n sbrvar ic`c `asaclbrc iunlmc brn kcvbl, sb on ggn`nmc
g gn`nmc y
npnrtnmc n `îs mb >.988.888 `asaclbrcs n mnr tbsta`clac mbg Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc bl tcmc bg
`ulmc, n ic`pnrtar bg `blsnkb mb Yu bvnldbgac rbstnurnmc y n rbicdbr n Asrnbg bl
prbpnrniaùl pnrn gn sbdulmn vblamn mb Kbsuirastc. Yb trntn mb gn `nycr inusn qub bxastb
scjrb gn enz mb gn tabrrn. Bg Ybþcr makc n Kcol Toat`br, qub eub ulc mb gcs pra`brcs
`asaclbrcs; ‗Q nocrn jabl, ob nquà, tb madc qub gc qub sbrî mb `nycr vngcr pnrn ta sbrî
mbignrnr bg nrrbpblta`abltc n bstb pubjgc, n eal mb qub trnadns ng`ns n `à, pnrn qub icl bggns
rbpcsbs bl bg rbalc mb `a Xnmrb‐ >.
 Nulqub bg `ulmc on in`janmc iclsambrnjgb`bltb
iclsambrnjgb`bltb murnltb gcs ûgta`cs ialiubltn nþcs, bs
pcsajgb qub su prbpnrniaùl pnrn gn `asaùl sbn `uy sb`bknltb n gn `àn.
Bg Ybþcr almaiù gcs rbquasatcs pnrn sbr `asaclbrc;

tcmc‗Xcr tnltc,icrnzùl,
vubstrc co vcsctrcs qub
ng`n, cs b`jnriîas
`bltb y eubrzn, bl bg qub
pnrn sbrvaiac mb Macs,sal
npnrbziîas `arnm
iugpnqub gb Macs
nltb sarvîas
blicl
bg
ûgta`c màn. Mb `cmc qub, sa tbláas mbsbcs mb sbrvar n Macs, scas ggn`nmcs n gn cjrn6 pubs ob
nquà, bg in`pc jgnlic bstî yn pnrn gn sabdn6 y ob nquà, quabl `btb su ocz icl su eubrzn
ntbscrn pnrn sà, mb `cmc qub lc pbrbib, salc qub trnb sngvniaùl n su ng`n6 y eb, bspbrnlzn,
inramnm y n`cr, icl gn `arn pubstn ûlain`bltb bl gn dgcran mb Macs, gc ingaeainl pnrn gn cjrn.
]blbm prbsbltb gn eb, gn vartum, bg iclcia`abltc, gn tb`pgnlzn, gn pniablian, gn jclmnm
erntbrlng, pabmnm, inramnm, ou`agmnm, magadblian. Xbmam, y rbiajaráas6 ggn`nm, y sb cs njrarî‐ :.
]ng ic`c `uions ctrns pbrsclns qub sb onl prbpnrnmc pnrn prbstnr sbrvaiac, qubràn
ecrtngbibr `a eb bl bg Yngvnmcr, rbealnr `a bspàratu y sbr `uioc `îs iuamnmcsc bl `a
iclmuitn, bl `as pngnjrns y bl `as pblsn`abltcs, mb `cmc qub bl vbrmnm eubrn ul
rbprbsbltnltb mbg Ybþcr. Bkbriàn `îs masibrla`abltc bl iunltc n gn ecr`n bl qub b`pgbnjn
bg tab`pc gajrb y brn `îs prumbltb bl gn bgbiiaùl mb n`astnmbs. Zbiubrmc onjbr gbàmc y
bstumanmc bg Gajrc mb @cr`ùl icl `uion `îs altbliaùl, y onjbr crnmc mb `nlbrn `îs
salibrn. Xrciurnjn icliablzumn`bltb qub `a `bltb y `a icrnzùl eubrnl rbitcs nltb bg
Ybþcr iclecr`b ic`blznjn Yu sndrnmn cjrn.
 Ng adung qub ctrns pbrsclns, nmb`îs tblàn qubqub trnjnknr n eal mb dnlnr bg malbrc sueaiabltb
pnrn gn `asaùl. @a mbia`clcvblc iu`pgbnþcs (qub pcr bltclibs brn gn bmnm `asaclng
rbqubramn pnrn gcs ágmbrbs) eub n praliapacs mb ndcstc, pbrc lc pnrtà salc onstn ealngbs mb
citujrb, yn qub lbibsatnjn trnjnknr onstn bg ealng mb gn icsbion mb pntntns bl Amnoc y nocrrnr
inmn mùgnr qub `b eubrn pcsajgb.
Aligusc oniablmc bg `nycr bseubrzc pcr prbpnrnrsb, gcs `asaclbrcs rnrn vbz sb sabltbl
tctng`bltb inpnibs y gastcs. Bl :88?, onjgá bl uln iclebrblian dblbrng scjrb `as
alsbduramnmbs y prbciupniaclbs; ‗Ng `bmatnr bl gcs mbsneàcs mb sbrvar bl uln `asaùl, `b
sbltà `uy albptc y sal prbpnrniaùl. Zbiubrmc qub ng crnr mbiàn; ‟Xnmrb Ibgbstang, ³iù`c
pubmc sbrvar bl uln `asaùl sa tbldc tnl pcic iclcia`abltc3‑. Irbàn bl Vbg Yngvnmcr y bl YuP
Adgbsan, pbrc sbltàn qub `a iclcia`abltc bsparatung brn `uy ga`atnmc. @abltrns crnjn, tuvb
bstb sblta`abltc;
 vngcr ‟Lc gc snjbs
mb mnr bg saduabltb tcmc,ar¡pbrc
pnsc pnrn snjbs ‐gc9.sueaiabltb!‑. Bsb iclsubgc `b jralmù bg
n gn `asaùl‐
`asaùl
 

 N gc gnrdc mb su prbpnrniaùl pnrn bstn sndrnmn

sndrnmn rbspclsnjagamnm mb sbr sa
sabrvc
brvc mb
Kbsuirastc, uln iubstaùl `uy iruiang y bsbliang pnrn gcs `asaclbrcs bs sbr madlcs y purcs
nltb bg Ybþcr. Bg npùstcg Xnjgc makc; ‗Crmblù bg Ybþcr n gcs qub nlulianl bg bvnldbgac, qub
 vavnl mbg bvnldbgac‐=6 y bl lubstrn maspblsniaùl, bg Ybþcr makc; ‗Ybm ga`pacs, gcs qub ggbvîas
gcs vnscs mbg Ybþcr‐2.
Bstnrîl bl gn cjrn mbg Ybþcr inmn màn, n tcmn ocrn. Lbibsatnrîl qub bg mcl qub bg Bspàratu
Ynltc sab`prb bstá icl ustbmbs5 pnrn duanrgcs, prctbdbrgcs y trnbrgbs n gn `bltb gns pngnjrns
qub mbjnl onjgnr4. Blsbþnrîl n ctrns pbrsclns bl iunltc n iù`c nu`bltnr gn eb bl lubstrc
Xnmrb Ibgbstang y bl Yu Oakc Kbsuirastc, gbs nyumnrîl n nrrbpbltarsb y n prbpnrnrsb pnrn bg
 jnutas`c, y ic`pnrtarîl
ic`pnrtarîl su tbsta`clac scjrb iù`c gn bxpaniaùl mbg YngYngvnmcr
vnmcr pubmb quatnr gn
inrdn mbg pbinmc y bg pbsnr mb gn vamn mb bggns.
bgg ns.
]cmc `asaclbrc on mb sbr madlc
Xcr supubstc qub laldûl `asaclbrc bs pbrebitc, pbrc tcmcs bggcs onl mb sbr madlcs. Gn
madlamnm bs uln iungamnm iruiang ”ngdc njscgutn`bltb lbibsnrac” pnrn sbr alstru`bltcs
mbg Ybþcr n eal mb ic`pnrtar bstns vbrmnmbs btbrlns.
 N bebitcs mb sbr madlcs, tcmcs ob`cs mb neanlznr
neanlznr lubstrns iungamnmbs bsparatungbs
bsparatungbs
altbracrbs `abltrns icltalun`cs bl gn sblmn mb dunrmnr gcs `nlmn`abltcs. Bl bg insc mb
ngdulcs, tblmrîl qub onibr bseubrzcs rbsubgtcs y iclsiabltbs pnrn nrrbpbltarsb mb gcs
pbinmcs `îs drnvbs pnrn ggbdnr n sbr madlcs y pnrn nginlznr bg in`alc qub iclmuib ng
pbrmùl. ‗YnltaeaVincsP6 sà, puraeainm vubstrc? icrnzùl y ga`panm vubstrns `nlcs y vubstrcs
pabs nltb `à, pnrn qub yc cs ondn ga`pacs‐ .
Zbiubrmbl gn prc`bsn qub bg Ybþcr onib n quablbs jusinl bg pbrmùl; ‗Ob nquà, quabl sb
on nrrbpbltamc mb sus pbinmcs bs pbrmclnmc6 y yc, bg Ybþcr, lc gcs rbiubrmc `îs‐ 1.
Yal gn madlamnm qub bg Yngvnmcr rbquabrb, bg `asaclbrc lc sùgc sbrî `blcs beainz ic`c
alstru`bltc mbg Ybþcr, salc qub tn`jaál gn iugpn mb gcs pbinmcs mb gcs qub lc sb on
nrrbpbltamc, gn mbibpiaùl bl gc pbrsclng mb lc sbr salibrc icl bg Ybþcr la icl gcs gàmbrbs mbg
snibrmciac y gn alsbduramnm mb trntnr mb trnjnknr sal gn icleanlzn mb tblbr bg Bspàratu Ynltc
sbrîl ul pbsc y uln inrdn iclstnltbs. Yus crniaclbs ng Xnmrb Ibgbstang sb sbltarîl ga`atnmns
 y su tbsta`clac mbg Yngvnmcr lc tblmrî bg pcmbr qub lbibsatnl.

Xcr supubstc qub laldûl `asaclbrc bs pbrebitc, pbrc tcmcs bggcs onl mb sbr
madlcs.
 Ng prbpnrnrlcs pnrn gn `asaùl,
`asaùl, tcmcs lbibsatn`cs gn ecrtngbzn y bg pcmbr mb Kbsuirastc y
Yu bxpaniaùl bl lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc manrac. Lcs rbebra`cs, lc cjstnltb, n ngdulcs
pbinmcs mb tng sbrabmnm qub lbibsatnrîl nmb`îs bg npcyc y gn duàn mb sus pnmrbs, bg cjaspc y
bg prbsambltb mb bstnin n eal mb nyumnrgbs n ggbdnr
gg bdnr n sbr madlcs y bstnr prbpnrnmcs pnrn sbrvar.
 Nltbs mb rbiajar bg ggn`n`abltc `asaclng mbg Ybþcr pcrpcr `bmac mb Yu prcebtn, inmn euturc
euturc
`asaclbrc tblmrî iclvbrsniaclbs y bltrbvastns a`pcrtnltbs icl bg cjaspc, n quabl sb gb onl
mnmc gns ggnvbs mbg snibrmciac pnrn sbr kubz y iclsbkbrc bl Asrnbg.
Gbs rbic`ablmc qub gbnl Ng`n 2;5, >=’>1 icl mbtbla`abltc, y qub rbspclmnl gns
prbdultns qub Ng`n onib, n bebitcs mb prbpnrnrsb pnrn gns iclvbrsniaclbs icl bg cjaspc.
Maions ionrgns icl bg cjaspc sb ibltrnrîl bl bg Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc, bl Yu sndrnmn cjrn y
bl bg tbsta`clac qub ustbmbs tbldnl mb Ág, nsà ic`c bl sus mbsbcs mb sbrvargb icl tcmc bg
icrnzùl, ng`n,sabrvcs
sbrvaiac ic`c `bltb yy rbprbsbltnltbs
eubrzn. Bg cjaspc
mbgtn`jaál
Ybþcr. onjgnrî scjrb su madlamnm pnrn prbstnr
 

Gn `nycràn mb gcs kùvblbs y mb gns kùvblbs qub sb prbpnrnl pnrn gn `asaùl bstîl ng tnltc
mb gc qub mbjbl onjgnr icl bg cjaspc
c jaspc pnrn prciurnr qub bg nrrbpblta`abltc y gns sb`aggns mbg
pbrmùl prbibmnl n gn `asaùl.
Ya tablbl mumns c ngduln prbdultn bl iunltc n su madlamnm c n gn drnvbmnm mb sus brrcrbs,
trntbl bsns alquabtumbs icl bg cjaspc icl ou`agmnm y salibramnm. Gn salibramnm bs gn bsblian
mb gn bsparatungamnm. ]bldnl bg vngcr y gn icleanlzn bl Macs mb onjgnr icl ernlqubzn mb gns
icsns mb su vamn qub lc onynl bstnmc mb niubrmc icl gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs.
Bl bg insc mb nqubggcs qub ic`ablznl gn scgb`lb nulqub gajbrnmcrn sblmn mbg
nrrbpblta`abltc, gbs nsbdurc qub bg Xnmrb Ibgbstang y Yu Oakc N`nmc, n quablbs ustbmbs
prciurnl sbrvar, gcs ecrtngbibrîl pnrn qub tbldnl gn ou`agmnm y bg vngcr mb mbiar gn vbrmnm
ic`pgbtn, pnrn qub vblznl bg tb`cr n mbibpiaclnr n gcs mb`îs y pnrn qub nibptbl bg tab`pc
qub sb rbquabrn n eal mb ic`pgbtnr bg nrrbpblta`abltc. ¡Bg Ybþcr gbs n`n! Ág bstî nlsacsc pcr
pbrmclnrgbs6 sb rbdciakn pcr sus mbsbcs mb nrrbpbltarsb y vblar n Ág. Ág gbs nyumnrî n sbr
madlcs ng b`pbznr su sbrvaiac ic`c `asaclbrcs.
Bg Ybþcr makc ng pubjgc mbg nltaduc Asrnbg; ‗Lc tb`ns,
tb` ns, pcrqub yc bstcy icltadc6 lc
mbs`nybs, pcrqub yc scy tu Macs qub tb ecrtngbzic6 sab`prb tb nyumnrá6 sab`prb tb
sustbltnrá icl gn mabstrn mb `a kustaian‐>8.
Icl gn nyumn mb sus gàmbrbs mbg snibrmciac, qubrrîl onibr tcmc gc qub pubmnl pnrn ggbdnr n
sbr madlcs mb sbrvar. Bg cjaspc y bg prbsambltb mb bstnin mbtbr`alnrîl su madlamnm ng
iclsambrnr bg nsultc icl bspàratu mb crniaùl>>.
 Nul mbspuás mb ggbdnr n sbr madlc, bs pcsajgb qub
qub bg `asaclbrc lc sb sabltn
ic`pgbtn`bltb pbrmclnmc ng ic`blznr su nsadlniaùl `asaclng. Bg Ybþcr mbtbr`aln bg
pbrmùl, y bs prcjnjgb qub pnrn sbr pbrmclnmcs pcr ic`pgbtc sb rbquabrn mbg tab`pc y gn
magadblian nmaiaclngbs mbg sbrvaiac `asaclng. Yu sniraeaiac ng sbrvar ng Ybþcr mb tab`pc
ic`pgbtc gbs nibrinrî `îs n su Xnmrb Ibgbstang, ng Yngvnmcr y n gn alegublian mbg Bspàratu
Ynltc6 nu`bltnrî su eb bl Irastc y su ic`prblsaùl bsparatung mb gn Bxpaniaùl, y gbs
 jblmbiarî bl sus mbsbcs mb sbltarsb tctng y ic`pgbtn`bltb
ic`pgbtn`bltb pbrmclnmcs.

Gn salibramnm bs gn bsblian mb gn bsparatungamnm. ]bldnl bg vngcr y gn icleanlzn bl

Macs mb onjgnr icl ernlqubzn mb gns icsns mb su vamn qub lc onynl bstnmc mb
niubrmc icl gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs.

Gbs prc`btc qub bg Ybþcr gbs ecrtngbibrî n `bmamn qub niumnl n Ág6 Ág gcs nyumnrî n
rbiajar Yu mcl mavalc mbg pbrmùl.
Aliguará ngdulcs ernd`bltcs mb mcs inrtns pnrn quablbs lbibsatbl nrrbpbltarsb mb pbinmcs
`îs drnvbs. Gn pra`brn inrtn prcvablb mb ul cjaspc qub nyumù n ul kcvbl qub lbibsatnjn
nrrbpbltarsb y ggbdnr n sbr madlc nltbs mb sbrvar bl gn `asaùl.
Gn inrtn mb ul cjaspc
Rln mb gns bxpbrablians `îs drntaeainltbs
d rntaeainltbs mb sbrvar ic`c cjaspc prcvablb mbg bkbriaiac
b kbriaiac
mb gns ggnvbs mbg snibrmciac icl bg bspàratu mb masibrla`abltc y mb rbiajar gn iclear`niaùl
mbg Bspàratu mb qub ul euturc `asaclbrc V. . .P bs gc sueaiabltb`bltb madlc y bstî b stî gc jnstnltb
prbpnrnmc n eal mb qub sb gb rbic`ablmb pnrn bg sbrvaiac `asaclng.
 Nulqub ng ealng bs drntaeainltb, Vbstn cjrnP tn`jaál pubmb
pubmb sbr V. . .P maeàiag y erustrnltb,
iclecr`b surdbl prcjgb`ns mb madlamnm y mb prbpnrniaùl sal rbscgvbr, bl pnrtaiugnr,
iunlmc
qubP bstásbsu`n`bltb
trnjnkn pnrnnlsacsc
scguiaclnr tngbs iubstaclbs
pcr ic`blznr sbrvVicl
bg sbrvaiac ngdûl kcvbl
kcvbnmb`îs
aiac `asaclng, l c iclmb
ngduln
V. . .P kcvbl
gns
 

bxpbitntavns mb gcs pnmrbs y mb`îs en`aganrbs, y mb ctrns pbrsclns qub bstál adung`bltb
îvamns V. . .P.
Ob onggnmc qub bs rbgntavn`bltb eîiag mbtbr`alnr iunlmc ngduabl lc bstî gastc pnrn qub
sb gb rbic`ablmb pnrn bg sbrvaiac `asaclng6 sal b`jnrdc, gn prbdultn `îs maeàiag V. . .P bs
iù`c c iuîlmc sá qub gns iubstaclbs mb madlamnm sb onl rbsubgtc bl drnmc sueaiabltb y sb
on prcmuiamc bg icrrbspclmabltb in`jac mb icrnzùl V. . .P. .P .
Iabrtc mc`aldc, ul kcvbl V. . .P `b `nlaebstù icl bltusans`c qub, trns iclsambrnrgc icl
bspàratu mb crniaùl, onjàn mbiamamc qub nocrn bstnjn gastc pnrn sbrvar bl uln `asaùl y
qubràn onjgnr icl`adc bl iunltc ng saduabltb pnsc n mnr. V^ubràn qubP prcibmaárn`cs mb
al`bmantc icl su scgaiatum `asaclng Vy qubrànP ic`blznr bg sbrvaiac `asaclng tnl prcltc
ic`c eubrn pcsajgb.
Gb bltrbduá uln icpan mb gns Xrbdultns Bstîlmnr mb gn Bltrbvastn n gcs Euturcs
@asaclbrcs qub gn Xra`brn Xrbsamblian on bxpbmamc V. . .P y gb pbmà qub rbpnsnrn tcmc bbgg
`ntbrang bl prbpnrniaùl pnrn uln bltrbvastn y uln iclvbrsniaùl
i clvbrsniaùl bxonustavns, qub
nicrmn`cs ggbvnr n injc bg mc`aldc saduabltb
s aduabltb V. . .P.
Bg mc`aldc saduabltb, `b rbulà icl bg b g kcvbl tng ic`c bstnjn pgnlbnmc. Ng alaiac mb gn
bltrbvastn, gb scgaiatá qub lcs nrrcmaggîrn`cs, qub cerbiabrn gn crniaùl y qub pamabrn
bspbiàeain`bltb qub bg Bspàratu gc duanrn pnrn qub eubrn vbrnz y salibrc s alibrc icl`adc murnltb
lubstrn ionrgn, y qub bg Bspàratu `b jblmakbrn n `à icl bg mcl mb masibrla`abltc. Mbspuás
mb gn crniaùl, `nlaebstù vcgultnran`bltb qub tblàn qub onjgnr icl`adc bl iunltc n
ngdulcs prcjgb`ns mb madlamnm V. . .P. ]rns mbtnggnr gns trnlsdrbsaclbs, gns iungbs lc brnl gc
sueaiabltb`bltb drnvbs pnrn rbqubrar ngduln `bmamn ` bmamn mb masiapgaln ecr`ng, tn`jaál almaiù
qub onjàn bstnmc crnlmc pnrn supgainr pbrmùl murnltb vnrans sb`nlns, y qub onjàn
onjgnmc scjrb sus trnlsdrbsaclbs y prcjgb`ns mb madlamnm icl sus pnmrbs y gbs onjàn
pbmamc nyumn n bggcs. Nmb`îs, `b alecr`ù qub sb onjàn o njàn VbsecrznmcP pcr bsinpnr mb gns
`ngns alegublians bl su vamn y qub sbltàn qub yn onjàn supbrnmc nqubggcs prcjgb`ns y
tbltniaclbs, y qub bstnjn gastc pnrn nvnlznr icl gn scgaiatum `asaclng.
Mb `cmc qub lubstrn ionrgn eub ignrn6 gbà`cs y nlngazn`cs gcs `ntbrangbs mb gn sbiiaùl
 Npálmaib mb gns Xrbdultns Bstîlmnr
Bstîlmnr y gc alstá n qub eubrn `btaiugcsn`bltb
`btaiugcsn`bltb salibrc icl bg
Ybþcr pnrn qub lc oujabsb cjstîiugcs ng prbpnrnrsb bl gc bsparatung pnrn bg tb`pgc tb `pgc y pnrn bg
sbrvaiac `asaclng. Ng ic`prblmbr mb `nlbrn `îs ic`pgbtn, gcs `ntbrangbs iclmukbrcl n
uln iclvbrsniaùl y n gn iclebsaùl
iclebsa ùl mb iubstaclbs y mbtnggbs nmaiaclngbs qub lc onjàn
iclebsnmc nltbracr`bltb.
@a euliaùl ic`c cjaspc bl gc iclibrlabltb n eniagatnr su nrrbpblta`abltc ic`blzù
bltclibs VpcrP uln ionrgn ernlin y sadlaeaintavn
sad laeaintavn scjrb bg nrrbpblta`abltc, gn bxpaniaùl mb
Kbsuirastc y bg Xgnl mb Yngvniaùl. Gbà`cs kultcs bg inpàtugc 2 mb @csàno, y nlngazn`cs bbgg
pctbltb in`jac bl bg icrnzùl qub bxpbra`bltnrcl gcs mbg pubjgc. VOnjgn`cs nibrin mb qub
 yn lc tblànlP `îs maspcsaiaùl
maspcsaiaùl n cjrnr `ng
`ng,, salc n onibr gc jublc icltalu
icltalun`bltb,
n`bltb, y
bxn`aln`cs y rbegbxacln`cs kultcs scjrb gc qub iclmukc n ul in`jac tnl pctbltb bl bg
icrnzùl y bl iunltc n iù`c pcmràn bxpbra`bltnrgc ág.
VBl prbpnrniaùl pnrn lubstrc saduabltb bliubltrc,P gb pbmà qub gbybrn gcs inpàtugcs mbg >
ng 2 mb @csàno, y qub bsiumraþnrn `îs y `bmatnrn `îs scjrb bg nrrbpblta`abltc, gn
Bxpaniaùl y gc qub ág pcmràn onibr pnrn bxpbra`bltnr nqubg in`jac bl bg icrnzùl, qub brn
erutc mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y mbg pbrmùl V. . .P.
Murnltb lubstrn saduabltb rbulaùl, almnduá bl iunltc n gc qub onjàn nprblmamc bl su su
bstumac mb gns Bsiraturns, y gc alvatá n ic`pnrtar su tbsta`clac mb Kbsuirastc y mb gn euliaùl
mb Ág ic`c Yu Yngvnmcr y Zbmbltcr. Yu rbspubstn Vinrbiàn mb gnP `bmatniaùl salibrn, mbg
nprblmaznkb, mb gns rbegbxaclbs y mbg pcmbr bsparatung Vqub yc bspbrnjn vbrP. Brn ignrc qub
onjàn jnstnltb qub onibr nltbs mb qub pumabrn rbic`blmîrsbgb pnrn sbrvar bl uln `asaùl.
 

Zbpnsn`cs gns blsbþnlzns mbg rby Jblkn`àl scjrb gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc y scjrb bg
bebitc mb irbbr mb icrnzùl bl blsbþnlzns tngbs ic`c gns qub oaiabrcl qub bg pubjgc crnrn y
ign`nrn;
‗¡Co, tbl `asbraicrman, y npgain gn snldrb bxpantcran mb Irastc pnrn qub rbiajn`cs bg
pbrmùl mb lubstrcs pbinmcs, y sbnl puraeainmcs lubstrcs icrnzclbs6 pcrqub irbb`cs ir bb`cs bl
Kbsuirastc! V. . .P. Q nicltbiaù qub V. . .P bg Bspàratu mbg Ybþcr mbsiblmaù scjrb bggcs, y eubrcl
ggblcs mb dczc, onjablmc rbiajamc gn rb`asaùl
rb `asaùl mb sus pbinmcs, y tblablmc pnz mb icliablian
n inusn mb gn drnl eb qub tblànl bl Kbsuirastc‐ (@csàno =;:’9).
 Ng iclvbrsnr nibrin mb bsb pnsnkb mb gns Bsiraturns,
Bsiraturns, ic`blzù ul mbspbrtnr bsparatung,
bsparatung, y bg
 kcvbl b`pbzù n jusinr pngnjrns
pngnjrns pnrn bxpgainr gc qqub ub bstnjn nprblmablmc y gc qub nqubggc
sadlaeainjn pnrn ág. Ic`blzù n vbr gn rbgniaùl qub onjàn bltrb sus prcpans crniaclbs pnrn
pbmar pbrmùl y V. . .P su V. . .P bltblma`abltc mb gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc y su eb bl maion
Bxpaniaùl.
Ic`pnrtà `a tbsta`clac mb Irastc icl ág y gubdc gbà`cs kultcs gn gbtrn mbg
oa`lc Nsc`jrc
oa`lc  Nsc`jrc `b mn mn, gc qub lcs oazc ggcrnr mb drntatum y dczc;
 Nsc`jrc `b mn bg n`crn`cr qub `b mn Kbsûs.
Kbsûs.
Icleusc bstcy pcr Yu drnian y pcr Yu guz,
y tab`jgc ng vbr qub pcr `à Ág Yu vamn mac6
 pcr `à, tnl almadlc, Yu snldrb Ág mbrrn`ù.
Iuîl nsc`jrcsc bs qub pcr n`nr`b nsà `urabrn Ág pcr `à.
Iuîl nsc`jrcsc bs gc qub mac pcr `à >:.
Mbspuás mb gbbr gns trbs bstrcens, gb bxpgaquá qub bsb oa`lc bxprbsn drnl pnrtb mbg dczc
qub sabltc ng pblsnr bl bg Yngvnmcr, y qub bs ul bkb`pgc mb ‗gn inliaùl mbg n`cr qub
rbma`b‐, mb gn iung sb onjgn bl Ng`n 2;:5 V. . .P.
Iclecr`b ob bstumanmc y `bmatnmc bl iunltc n quá bvamblians c sadlcs mastaltavcs mbjc
 jusinr bl ngduabl qub on bxpbra`bltnmc
bxpbra`bltnmc bg pbrmùl y ul pctbltb
pctbltb in`jac bl bg icrnzùl, ob
mbtbr`alnmc gns saduabltbs inrnitbràstains, qub sb mbsirajbl bl b l @csàno 9;>1;
• Yb mbspckn mbg oc`jrb lnturng6 sb njstablb mb ctrcs pbinmcs
• Yb sc`btb ng alegukc mbg Ynltc Bspàratu
• Yb nrrbpabltb y sb
s b onib snltc pcr gn bxpaniaùl
b xpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc
• Yb vubgvb `nlsc
• Yb vubgvb ou`agmb
• Ggbdn n bstnr ggblc mb n`cr
•ágGgbdn n bstnr maspubstc n sc`btbrsb n iunltc bg Ybþcr kuzdub iclvblabltb alegadar scjrb
 Ng`n tn`jaál blsbþn scjrb scjrb bg pctbltb in`jac bl bg icrnzùl y mbsirajb gns saduabltbs
inrnitbràstains bl Ng`n 2;4’98;
• Rl mbspbrtnr bsparatung mb gn csiuramnm, n gn guz mb gn sb`patbrln pngnjrn
• Icleanlzn bl Macs
• Eb bl Irastc y bl gn Zbmbliaùl
• Iclsbrvnrsb arrbprblsajgb mbgnltb mb Macs
• VGgbdnr n sbrP ou`agmb
• Onggnrsb mbspcknmc mbg crduggc
• Bstnr mbspcknmc mb gn blvaman
• Lc jurgnrsb mb ctrns
c trns pbrsclns la pbrsbduargns (bs mbiar, n`nr ng prùka`c)
• Ybduar bg iclsbkc mbg prcebtn

Murnltb tcmcBgbgvbr
inrnitbràstains. tab`pc bl bg qub
bvamblians trnjnkn`cs
mb tngbs
tngb icl nqubg
s inrnitbràstains blkcvbl,
su vamnonjgn`cs scjrb
V`bP nyumù rbsns
n rbiclcibr
biclcibr
 y snjbr iunlmc Vbg kcvbl
kcvbl bxpbra`bltnjnP bg pctbltb in`jac
in`jac bl bg icrnzùl, qub bs erutc mbg
mbg
 

nrrbpblta`abltc dblualc y mbg pbrmùl. Bl `a insc, i nsc, oujc uln npniajgb duàn mbg Bspàratu
pnrn masibrlar, gn iung iclear`ù gn madlamnm y gn inpniamnm mb sbrvar mbg kcvbl.
 Ubr iù`c nqubg kcvbl rbiajàn bg pbrmùl y bxpbra`bltnjn ul p pctbltb
ctbltb in`jac bl bg
icrnzùl eub uln bxpbrablian dczcsn qub `b jralmù ou`agmnm. Eub gbltc V. . .P ng praliapac,
pubs brn maeàiag pnrn ág V. . .P mbknr mb ibltrnrsb V. . .P bl bg obioc mb qub yc lc pumabrn
mbiargb bxnitn`bltb iuîltc tab`pc gb ggbvnràn rbiajar
r biajar `a rbic`blmniaùl, y bxprbsnjn su
erustrniaùl bl iunltc n qub gc qub onjàn obioc lc brn tnl drnvb ic`c gc qub onjànl obioc
ctrcs qub ág snjàn V. . .P qub tblànl prcjgb`ns sa`agnrbs mb madlamnm, pbrc qub yn o onjànl
njànl
rbiajamc sus ggn`n`abltcs V. . .P. Gb bxprbsá
b xprbsá `a prceulmc mbsbc mb qub ág tn`jaál sarvabrn
bl uln `asaùl, pbrc qub yc qubràn V. . .P qub bltrnsb bl bg in`pc `asaclng icl icleanlzn bl
su madlamnm V. . .P.
VAlaiang`bltb,P `cstrnjn pcic c laldûl iu`pga`abltc mb gns icsns qub sb gb pbmàn qub
oaiabrn V. . .P. Yal b`jnrdc, iunlmc V. . .P b`pbzù Vn rbngaznrP gn cjrn bsparatung Vqub sb
rbqubràn pnrn qubP gcdrnrn su prcpac tbsta`clac mb Kbsuirastc y mb gns mcitralns mbg
Bvnldbgac V. . .P, ic`blzù n suibmbr bg in`jac bl bg icrnzùl,
icr nzùl, bg iung ciurraù rîpamn`bltb.
Yu bstumac pbrsclng mb gns Bsiraturns sb tcrlù bl bxpbrablians mb rbvbgniaùl, su tbsta`clac
mbg Yngvnmcr nmquaraù gn prceulmamnm y bg pcmbr qub icrrbspclmbl n ul `asaclbrc ggn`nmc
n sbr rbprbsbltnltb mb Kbsuirastc. Yu nitatum bl lubstrns bltrbvastns in`jaù6 nocrn brn gn
mb ngduabl `nlsc, ou`agmb y mbspcknmc mb crduggc.
Iclecr`b crnjn pnrn pbmar pbrmùl, ggbdù n ul pultc bl bg qub pcr eal e al sb saltaù
pbrmclnmc6 y bxprbsù mb `nlbrn obr`csn gn pnz y bg dczc qub nocrn sbltàn ic`c rbsugtnmc
mb bggc. VRln lciob, ngP nrrcmaggnrlcs kultcs y Vng crnr inmn ulc mb lcsctrcsP, n`jcs
rbiaja`cs gn mugib iclear`niaùl mbg Bspàratu mb qub brn madlc mad lc y mb qub bstnjn prbpnrnmc
pnrn sbrvar. Ybltà gn sbduramnm
sbd uramnm mb rbic`blmnrgc pnrn prbstnr sbrvaiac V. . .P.
Xcic mbspuás mb qub sb blvanrn gn scgaiatum `asaclng, bg kcvbl rbiajaù su ggn`n`abltc.
Onjgù bl gn rbulaùl snirn`bltng V. . .P nltbs mb pnrtar n gn `asaùl, VyP blsbþù y mac
tbsta`clac mbg Yngvnmcr y mb gn bxpaniaùl
bxpa niaùl mb Kbsuirastc icl pcmbr y nutcramnm, y icl gn
inliaùl mbg dczc qub rbma`b. ‗Iuîl nsc`jrcsc bs gc qub mac pcr `à‐ >9.
Mbsmb bltclibs, bg kcvbl mb quabl sb onjgn bl bstb rbgntc on sbrvamc ng Ybþcr ic`c
`asaclbrc mb tab`pc ic`pgbtc icl pcmbr y mbvciaùl.

Gn saduabltb inrtn bs mb ul `asaclbrc y eub bsiratn onib `îs mb mabz nþcs. Ng rbularsb icl
bg
sucjaspc y icl
satuniaùl. bg prbsambltb
]rns mb bstnin
onjbr ic`blznmc gn nltbs mb sb
`asaùl, g n oazc
gn `asaùl, lc nm`ataù
lbibsnrac pcr ic`pgbtc
qub vcgvabrn n insniuîg
pnrnbrn
nrrbpbltarsb pgbln`bltb y sbr pbrmclnmc. Gn inrtn sb bsirajaù nltbs qub rbiajabrn bg pbr`asc
pnrn rbdrbsnr n gn `asaùl. Ng iclvbrsnr rbiabltb`bltb icl bstb oc`jrb rbitc, `b onjgù
scjrb iù`c nqubg pbràcmc bl jusin mbg pbrmùl mbg Yngvnmcr bstnjgbiaù gcs ia`abltcs mb su
`asaùl, mb su euturc `ntra`clac y mb su masiapugnmc pnrn tcmn gn vamn.
Gn inrtn mb ul `asaclbrc
Eua n gn `asaùl almadln`bltb y lc vngcrá bg inrîitbr sndrnmc mb bstb ggn`n`abltc. Yal
b`jnrdc, quabrc sbrvar ng Ybþcr. Bstcy `uy ndrnmbiamc pcr gc qub ob nprblmamc y ob ob
sbltamc, y pcr bg drnl in`jac qub on tblamc gudnr bl `à V. . .P. Ob ggbdnmc n iclcibr n `a
Xnmrb Ibgbstang y n Kbsuirastc, y mbsbc `uioàsa`c onibr Yu vcgultnm V. . .P. Bs nsc`jrcsc bg
`cmc bl qub Irastc lc sùgc rbtarù gn inrdn mb `a pbinmc, salc qub, nmb`îs, `bmanltb bg
pcmbr mb Yu bxpaniaùl, on in`janmc gn ecr`n bl qub pablsc, iù`c `b sabltc y bg `cmc bl
qub nitûc.
quaál Ág onulin`janmc
scy6 Ycy pcr ic`pgbtc
oakc mb Macs. Lc quabrcgnvcgvbr
pbrscln qub brn
b rn
n pbrmbr gn yicleanlzn
`b on nyumnmc n nvbradunr
nvb radunr
mb `a Xnmrb lulin
`îs. Kbsuirastc `b on jblmbiamc `uioàsa`c y sùgc `b pamb cjbmablian
c jbmablian n in`jac. Ág on
 

pnmbiamc pcr lubstrcs pbinmcs. Cjbmbibrá y dunrmnrá Yus `nlmn`abltcs. Onrá Yu

 vcgultnm. Qc sá qub Ág vavb.
Bstnjn bl gn `asaùl iunlmc ic`blzù `a mbspbrtnr. Onjàn qubjrnltnmc gn gby mb
instamnm nltbs mb blvanr `as pnpbgbs y ggbduá n gn `asaùl vngaálmc`b mb bldnþcs. Murnltb
gn `asaùl, ic`bliá n sbltar qub bg b g Bspàratu cjrnjn bl `à. Ybltàn bg pbsc mb `as pbinmcs y
lc pcmàn mbsonibr`b mb bggcs. ]rntnjn
]r ntnjn mb kustaeainrgcs maiaálmc`b n `à `as`c qub onjàn
obioc gc sueaiabltb, qub lc tblàn
tb làn qub iclebsnrgcs6 gcs onjàn njnlmclnmc V. . .P.
]rntnjn mb mastrnbr`b icl gn cjrn, pbrc V. . .P brn ul oapùiratn. ]rntnjn mb blsbþnr
nibrin mb gn Bxpaniaùl, pbrc `b lbdnjn
lbd njn n b`pgbnrgn bl `a prcpan vamn. Crnjn, nyulnjn y
bstumanjn V. . .P. Gn`bltnjgb`bltb, tblàn mb`nsanmc tb`cr mb nercltnr gns iclsbiublians
mb qub quazîs sb `b blvanrn n insn. ]rntnjn mb ninggnr `as pblsn`abltcs c altbltnjn
 kustaeainr`b, pbrc prcltc `as`as pbinmcs eubrcl gc ûlaic bl gc qub pcmàn pblsnr. Nlsanjn Nlsanjn
rbiajar ngavac6 onjàn tc`nmc icliablian mb `a iugpn y snjàn qub mbjàn iclebsnr. Gns
iclsbiublians yn lc a`pcrtnjnl. Ynjàn qub `a Yngvnmcr onjàn `ubrtc pcr `as pbinmcs y
snjàn gc qub Ág qubràn qub oaiabrn6 nsà qub ggn`á ng prbsambltb mb `asaùl.
Gn iclebsaùl eub maeàiag bl bxtrb`c.
b xtrb`c. Mbspuás mb `a V. . .P ggn`nmn VtbgbeùlainP ng
prbsambltb mb `asaùl, trnlsiurraù ngdûl tab`pc nltbs mb qub pumabrn rbular`b icl ág. Bg
Bspàratu ic`blzù n cjrnr bl `à `uioc `îs V. . .P. Bl cinsaclbs, gn inrdn lc sùgc `b
nebitnjn bsparatung y `bltng`bltb, salc qub tn`jaál sb oniàn o niàn alscpcrtnjgb eàsain`bltb.
^ubràn ciugtnr`b mbg Ybþcr. Gn iugpn brn br n scecinltb, csiurn y cprbsavn. Ng nyulnr y crnr c rnr bl
 jusin mb ngavac V. . .P,
.P, rcdnjn qub Yu nyumn
nyumn ngadbrnrn gn inrdn mbg pbinmc
pbinmc.. Yb `b ecrtngbiaù, y
pumb scjrbggbvnrgn `bkcr, pbrc bg mcgcr lc mbsnpnrbiàn.
@a prbsambltb mb `asaùl nituù icl n`cr, pniablian b alsparniaùl onstn qub ealng`bltb
gc oujb iclebsnmc tcmc. Yntnlîs sb bsecrzù
b secrzù `uioc pnrn lujgnr`b gn `bltb y bvatnr b vatnr qub
iclebsnrn. Nûl rbiubrmc gc qub sbltà iunlmc pcr eal pumb iclebsnr tcmc6 mb rbpbltb, rbpb ltb, sbltà
guz. @b onjàn nicstu`jrnmc tnltc n gn csiurn prbsblianprbsb lian mb `as pbinmcs, qub onjàn
cgvamnmc iù`c sb sbltàn bg Bspàratu bl vbrmnm. Ubrmnmbrn`bltb, lc onjàn pcmamc sbltar bg
Bspàratu murnltb `uioc tab`pc. Ybltà qub sb `b onjàn bgbvnmc b gbvnmc mbsmb ul satac `uy csiurc
onstn uln lubvn guz, y supb qub onjàn samc `bmanltb bg pcmbr mb gn g n bxpaniaùl mb Irastc.
Kn`îs cgvamnrá bsb sblta`abltc. Nqubggc `b tbstaeain qub Irastc bl vbrmnm `uraù pcr `as
pbinmcs, y iclczic gn a`pcrtnlian mb lc sùgc njnlmclnr gcs pbinmcs, salc tn`jaál mb
iclebsnrgcs. Bl bsb prbiasc `c`bltc, sbltà qub sb `b quatnjnl gns inrdns mb gcs oc`jrcs.
@b blvanrànl n insn y tn`jaál tblàn ctrns prbciupniaclbs, pbrc bg pbsc mb `as pbinmcs bl
 vbrmnm ONJÀN MBYNXNZBIAMC. Ggcrnjn y ggcrnjn6 `b sbltàn tnl jabl. Gns mb`îs
prbciupniaclbs yn lc a`pcrtnjnl V. . .P. @b onggnjn bl ul lavbg `îs ngtc mbg qub kn`îs
oujabrn bspbrnmc. Onjàn obioc gc qub bg Ybþcr qubràn qub oaiabrn.
Lc `b mnjn iubltn mb qub nsà sbràn, pbrc bg vcgvbr n insn eub, nulqub mb uln `nlbrn
maebrbltb, `îs maeàiag qub gn iclebsaùl. ]uvb gàmbrbs `ndlàeaics qub `b duanjnl y
crabltnjnl6 nprblma`cs, prcdrbsn`cs, y bstnjgbia`cs `btns y pnutns. Lc cjstnltb,
tcmnvàn `b sbltàn icleulmamc, nvbrdclznmc, tb`brcsc b alirbàjgb`bltb vniàc. @b sbltàn
 vniàc pubstc qub, ic`c maib bl bl Bg
 Bg `agndrc mbg pbrmùl
pbrmùl,, ‗gns icsns qub V`bP ntrnànl, y qub
V`bP altradnjnl y ciupnjnl V`asP pblsn`abltcs onl mbsnpnrbiamc, y ul rbb`pgnzc
nmbiunmc tcmnvàn lc on ggblnmc bsb oubic‐.o ubic‐. Qn lc tblàn gn `asaùl pnrn ciupnr
ci upnr `as
pblsn`abltcs, nsà qub tuvb qub nprblmbr n vavar v avar uln vamn lubvn. Ubrmnmbrn`bltb, `b
eubrcl quatnmcs gcs pblsn`abltcs, oîjatcs, tblmblians y ecr`n mb vamn pbin`alcscs
nltbracrbs. Nûl `b pnrbib `agndrcsc iù`c on pcmamc suibmbr bsc. b sc. Bstcy `uy ndrnmbiamc
pcr bstb lubvc ic`ablzc, y bstcy
bs tcy ndrnmbiamc pcr bg Bspàratu, qub `b on duanmc murnltb
bstcs `c`bltcs mbgainmcs. Lc gc onjràn gcdrnmc gcdr nmc sa lc oujabrn bsiuionmc la oujabrn
sbltamc gn iclscgnmcrn prbsblian mbg Bspàratu Ynltc. @b nyumù n sbltar qub lc bstnjn scgc y
qub tcmc bstnràn jabl, sa jusinjn gn nyumn ibgbstang.
 

Xnrn ggblnr bg vniàc, `b vcgvà n `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang. Ng tblbr bg Bspàratu, `b sbltàn

maebrbltb ng crnr y tuvb qub nicstu`jrnr`b n bggc, tng ic`c suibmb icl tcmc. Ic`bliá n
iugtavnr `a rbgniaùl icl `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang
Ib gbstang y icl Kbsuirastc. Ynjàn qub tblàn qub in`janr bg
icrnzùl y `a vamn bltbrn, pbrc lc snjàn bxnitn`bltb iù`c sb supclàn qub nqubggc mbjabrn
ciurrar. @as gàmbrbs `b nic`pnþnjnl, nulqub bggcs lc pcmànl in`janr`b bg icrnzùl. Yùgc
bg pcmbr mb Macs y gn bxpaniaùl mbg Yngvnmcr pcmràn onibrgc.
@as crniaclbs b`pbznrcl n in`janr, bg Bspàratu Ynltc cjrù bl `à y ic`bliá n sbltar
bltusans`c pcr bg Bvnldbgac. Bltrá bl ul iaigc mb gbbr y bstumanr6 brn ic`c gbbr gns
Bsiraturns pcr pra`brn vbz. Ob tblamc `uiocs ‗ic`ablzcs‐ mbsmb qub vcgvà n insn. ¡Kn`îs
onjàn gbàmc bg Gajrc mb @cr`ùl icl bg Bspàratu Ynltc nsà, mb bstb `cmc! Xcmàn sbltar gns
pngnjrns. @b blinltn bg `cmc bl qub ástns prbmainl tnltc bl iunltc n Irastc. Ág on ggbdnmc
n sbr ul nlign pnrn
pnr n `à. Bstcy `uy ndrnmbiamc pcr Yu sniraeaiac. ^uabrc iclcibr n `a
Yngvnmcr, y ásb bs bg
b g mbsadlac mbg Gajrc mb @cr`ùl. Lcs nyumn n sbltar vbrmnmbrn`bltb gcs
tbsta`clacs mb gcs prcebtns y sus blsbþnlzns. Ob nprblmamc, pcr `bmac mb sus bkb`pgcs b kb`pgcs y
pngnjrns, iù`c vavar bg Bvnldbgac. Xcr `bmac mb gn eb mb Lbea, on nu`bltnmc `a eb. Xcr
`bmac mb gn magadblian y bg sniraeaiac mb Ng`n y N`ugbf, ob rbiajamc ecrtngbzn. Xcr `bmac mb
gcs oakcs mb @csàno y mb Ng`n, ob nprblmamc y ob sb sbltamc
ltamc iù`c nitunr murnltb `a prcibsc
mb nrrbpblta`abltc. N `blumc rbiajc rbspubstn n `as crniaclbs, nsà ic`c rbvbgniaùlr bvbgniaùl
pbrsclng, pcr `bmac mb sus pngnjrns. Bg Gajrc mb @cr`ùl on samc njscgutn`bltb iruiang bl
bg in`jac qub ob sbltamc. Yá qub Irastc vasatù gns N`árains y qub bbl l vbrmnm iclciabrcl n su
Ybþcr y Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc. Yá bg b g Gajrc mb @cr`ùl bs gn pngnjrn mb Macs.
Yá qub bg Bvnldbgac on samc rbstnurnmc bl gn tabrrn bl gn nitungamnm. Ob bxpbra`bltnmc
bg `nrnvaggcsc pcmbr mbg snibrmciac. Yá qub gn Adgbsan bs bg `bmac pnrn iclmuiarlcs n
lubstrc Yngvnmcr, pubs `b on iclmuiamc n Ág. Yá qub Kcsá Y`ato eub y bs b s ul prcebtn y qub
tcmns gns ggnvbs pbr`nlbibl bl gn Adgbsan ocy bl màn. Yá qub vac ng Xnmrb Ibgbstang y n
Kbsuirastc pcrqub ob rbiajamc gn iclear`niaùl mbg Bspàratu bl `a ng`n mb gn vngambz mb su
rbgntc. Ob sbltamc bg pcmbr mb gns pngnjrns mb gcs prcebtns `cmbrlcs, quablbs `b bgbvnl y
`b duànl iclecr`b gcs gbc y gcs bsiuioc. Bstcy `uy ndrnmbiamc pcr gn Ynltn Ibln y pcr bg
pcmbr mb gcs iclvblacs qub sb onl rbstnurnmc. Ob vavamc sal sbr madlc mb bggcs y lc quabrc
 vcgvbr n vavar nsà kn`îs.
Bs alirbàjgb qub lulin `b onyn
o nyn tc`nmc bg tab`pc pnrn nvbradunr bstc nltbs. Lc onjàn
 vngcrnmc bg Bvnldbgac y `b sabltc `uy nrrbpbltamc
nrrbpbltamc mb bggc. Bstcy `uy mbsbcsc mb qub ctrns
pbrsclns bliubltrbl gn pnz y gns jblmaiaclbs qub prcvablbl mb vavar bg Bvnldbgac. @b
bseubrzc inmn màn pcr rbicrmnr n `a Yngvnmcr y dunrmnr Yus `nlmn`abltcs. N trnvás mb `a
prcibsc mb nrrbpblta`abltc, nocrn tbldc bspbrnlzns mb ngdc `bkcr. @a eb sb on ecrtngbiamc
onstn bg pultc bl qub sá qub bg Yngvnmcr sueraù pcr gcs pbinmcs mbg `ulmc6 sueraù pcr `as
pbinmcs. Nocrn mbjc nitunr mb iclecr`amnm icl `a eb. Xrciurc iugtavnr gn inramnm y gn pamc
bl crniaùl icl erbiublian. Bg n`cr purc mb Irastc `b on in`janmc bg icrnzùl y gn g n vamn, y
quabrc ggbvnr bsb n`cr n ctrns pbrsclns. Xrciurc sbr `bkcr inmn màn, y sá qub nqubggc sùgc
bs pcsajgb `bmanltb gn bxpaniaùl mbg Yngvnmcr y bg pcmbr snltaeainmcr mbg Bspàratu Ynltc.
Bg `cmc bl qub mbjc onibr rbstatuiaùl pcr `as pbinmcs bs prciurnr gn inramnm. Mbjamc n
gn lnturngbzn mb `a trnlsdrbsaùl, lc pubmc bebitunr uln rbstatuiaùl tctng, gc iung `b on
inusnmc drnl pbsnr y trastbzn. Lc pubmc rbiupbrnr gc qub sb on pbrmamc
pb rmamc la mbvcgvbr gc qub
ob tc`nmc. Bg Ybþcr `b onjàn jblmbiamc
jb lmbiamc icl tnltc6 lc cjstnltb, yc quasb tc`nr ngdc `îs.
Eua bdcàstn, rbjbgmb y `ngvnmc. Nocrn altbltc icl tcmn bg ng`n ggbdnr n sbr gc cpubstc6
quabrc bstnr ggblc mbg n`cr mbg Yngvnmcr.
Ob jusinmc bg pbrmùl mb nqubggcs n quablbs ob ceblmamc mb `nlbrn marbitn y gbs ob mnmc
`a tbsta`clac. Ob iclebsnmc `as engtns y ob obioc pûjgain `a a`pbrebiiaùl n gns pbrsclns
lbibsnrans, gc iung `b on jralmnmc `uion pnz. Ngdulns mb bsns pbrsclns scl `ab`jrcs mb
`a en`agan. Lc quabrc vcgvbr n pbrmbr gn icleanlzn mb `as pnmrbs kn`îs. Gcs ob o b obramc
`uioc y quasabrn pcmbr mbsonibr tcmc nqubggc. ]rntc gc `bkcr qub pubmc mb sbr ul jubl
 

bkb`pgc, cjbmbibr y ic`pnrtar bg n`cr mb Irastc, bg iung yc ob sbltamc, icl tcmn `a en`agan
 y icl tcmcs gcs qub `b
`b rcmbnl. Xrciurc alvatnr gn inramnm n lubstrns vamns. ]ng ic`c ic`c gc
oaiabrcl gcs oakcs mb @csàno, ob ‗bxpgainVmcP gns prcebiàns y gns Bsiraturns n iunltcs
mbsbnjnl càrgVnsP‐ (@csàno :4;92). Lc onjàn samc bg n`adc, bg b g obr`nlc la bg oakc qub
mbjbràn onjbr samc, pbrc `bmanltb gn bxpaniaùl mbg Yngvnmcr, bg Ybþcr `b on nyumnmc n
ggbdnr n sbr `îs ic`prblsavc, pniabltb y n`crcsc. Mbjc pnsnr pcr ngtc gn pnkn qub bstî b stî bl
bg ckc nkblc mbjamc n gn vadn qub tbldc bl bbgg `àc. Mbjc pbrmclnr pnrn sbr pbrmclnmc.
Yá qub gn cjrn `asaclng prcmuib bg pbrmùl.
p brmùl. Bl M. y I. ?=;5>, gbb`cs; ‗pcrqub yc cs
pbrmclnrá vubstrcs pbinmcs icl bstb `nlmn`abltc; ^ub cs iclsbrváas ear`bs bl vubstrns
`bltbs bl scgb`lamnm y bl bg bspàratu mb crniaùl, bl mnr tbsta`clac
tb sta`clac n tcmc bg `ulmc mb gns
icsns qub cs scl ic`ulainmns‐. Mbsmb qub ob bstnmc bl insn, ob tblamc gn cpcrtulamnm mb
rbiajar `uions bxpbrablians `asaclngbs. Zbiubrmc gn pra`brn vbz qub blsbþá icl bg
Bspàratu vbrmnmbrn`bltb6 iù`c eguybrcl gns pngnjrns y bg b g pcmbr n trnvás mb `à, y iù`c
supb qub bstnjn maiablmc gc qub bg Ybþcr qubràn qub makbrn. ]n`jaál rbiubrmc gn alirbàjgb
pnz qub rbiajà ng mnr tbsta`clac mb gns icsns qub onjàn vastc y mb gc qub ob ggbdnmc n snjbr.
@b sabltc ic`c gcs oakcs mb @csàno iunlmc sb ‗bsecrzVnjnlP ibgcsn`bltb pcr rbpnrnr
tcmcs gcs mnþcs qub onjànl inusnmc n gn adgbsan‐ ng ‗prcign`nVrP tcmns gns icsns qub onjànl
 vastc‐ (@csàno :4;92).
Yá qub lc brn madlc mb ar n gn `asaùl nltbs, y qub bs ul pravagbdac qub lc vngcrá. Lc
cjstnltb, sabltc ul alndctnjgb mbsbc mb prcign`nr bg Bvnldbgac y mb sbr sabrvc mbg Ybþcr.
Xablsc prbstnr sbrvaiac murnltb bg rbstc mb `a vamn. Ya lc tuvabrn bg mbsbc mb sbrvar bl uln
`asaùl, lc bltblmbràn mb vbrmnm gn bxpaniaùl
b xpaniaùl mb Irastc. Yá qub bs pnrtb mb gn rbstatuiaùl
qub mbjc bebitunr y, pcr gc tnltc,
tn ltc, pnrtb mb `a prcibsc mb nrrbpblta`abltc, pbrc bs `îs qub
bsc6 quabrc qub ctrns pbrsclns tbldnl bstn guz. Gc pra`brc qub oazc Ng`n ng mbspbrtnr mb
su subþc eub ‗`nlaebstVnrP ng pubjgc qub onjàn lniamc mb Macs‐. Mbsmb nqubg màn, trnjnkù
pnrn trnbr ng`ns ng nrrbpblta`abltc (Ng`n 95;:9’:=).
]bldc drnlmbs mbsbcs mb nyumnr n gcs mb`îs n vblar n lubstrc Yngvnmcr, pubs sá mbg
dczc qub prcmuib bl gn vamn.
v amn. Lc jusic dgcraeainr`b n `à `as`c, ic`c nsà tn`pcic
`bkcrnr `a a`ndbl. @îs jabl, quabrc ic`pnrtar bg tbsta`clac qub bg Bspàratu `b on mnmc.
Ya bg Ybþcr pubmb utagaznr`b pnrn onibr nvnlznr Yu cjrn nquà, bl gn tabrrn, quabrc onibrgc.
^uabrc onibr Yu vcgultnm. Yá qub `a Yngvnmcr vavb. Ob sbltamc Yu Bspàratu y ob o b sbltamc
iù`c sb `b rbtarnjn gn inrdn mb scjrb gcs oc`jrcs. Ob tblamc ul in`jac bl bg icrnzùl y
nûl bstcy in`janlmc. Bstcy ndrnmbiamc `îs nggî mb gc qub q ub pubmc bxprbsnr pcr `a Ybþcr y
Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc. Lc bxastb laldûl ctrc pcmbr qub pcmràn onjbr`b sngvnmc bxibptc bg
pcmbr mb Macs. Ob sbltamc ng Bspàratu
B spàratu tbstaeainr y iclear`nr n `a ng`n qub Kbsuirastc bs `a
Yngvnmcr y qub bg Xnmrb Ibgbstang `b n`n>=.
Bstb kcvbl rbdrbsù madln`bltb ng in`pc `asaclng y iu`pgaù uln `asaùl oclcrnjgb. Rln
máinmn mbspuás, sadub sablmc masiàpugc mb Kbsuirastc6 bs eabg n sus iclvblacs6 y bs ul bspcsc,
pnmrb y sabrvc rbitc bl bg Zbalc mb Macs.

Bl bg in`pus mb JQR, ony uln bsiugturn qub sb ggn`n Gn

ggn`n  Gn Uasaùl,
Uasaùl, rbngaznmn pcr bg nrtastn
 Nvnrm ]. Enarjnlfs. Zbprbsbltn ng kcvbl
kcvbl Kcsá Y`ato bl gn Nrjcgbmn Yndrnmn, icl gn vastn
onian nrrajn.
Murnltb gn mbmainiaùl mb gn bstntun bl >114, bg prbsambltb Oblry J. Byrald, quabl pcr
bltclibs sbrvàn bl bg Iuùru` mb gcs Mcib Npùstcgbs, makc;
‗Ng bstumanr gcs mavbrscs rbgntcs mb gn Xra`brn Uasaùl, nprblmb`cs qub bg kcvbl Kcsá eub n
gn nrjcgbmn lc sùgc pnrn snjbr n quá adgbsan mbjàn ularsb, salc tn`jaál pnrn cjtblbr bg
pbrmùl mb sus pbinmcs, ngdc qub ng pnrbibr, lc onjàn bltblmamc iù`c onibr. Q bl `îs mb ul
 

rbgntc, bg Ybþcr sb maradb n nqubg kcvbl qub jusinjn gn vbrmnm y gb maib; ‟Kcsá, oakc `àc, tus
pbinmcs tb scl pbrmclnmcs‑.
‗Bspbrc qub iclecr`b gcs kùvblbs vbnl bstn bstntun n gc gnrdc mb gns dblbrniaclbs,
ic`prblmnl VqubP bstn cjrn mb nrtb rbprbsbltn bg `c`bltc bl bg qub Kcsá Y`ato nprblmaù
qub onjàn uln `nlbrn mb niibmbr pgbln`bltb ng pcmbr mb gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc.
Drnians n gc qub Kcsá vac y n gc qub ic`blzù bl bsb `c`bltc, bg Yngvnmcr pumc, n trnvás mb
bstb drnl y]ng
pravagbdac. vngabltb
pcmbrsabrvc, y `bmanltb
y tng pravagbdac lcsctrns pbrsclns
pbr`atbl qub Ág ”y
n lcsctrcs blvaù, rbstnurnr
n tcmc bg qub pcmbr y
on mb vavar”
qub bg jblbeaiac mb gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc cjrb bl lubstrn vamn.
‗Gbs tbstaeaic qub Kbsûs bs bg Irastc6 Ág vavb. Qc sá qub Ág vavb. Yá qub Kcsá Y`ato gc vac, y
sá qub mbjamc n qub Ág vavb y mbjamc n qub Kcsá Y`ato ngzù gn vastn y gc g c vac, y mbjamc n qub bg
Ybþcr blvaù n ctrcs `blsnkbrcs, ustbmbs y yc pcmb`cs snjbr ”y lc tnl sùgc bspbrnr” qub
lubstrcs pbinmcs pubmbl sbr gnvnmcs‐ >2.
Ya mbsbnl sbrvar bl uln `asaùl nocrn y sb sabltbl prceulmn`bltb bltrastbiamcs pcr gns
mbiasaclbs y gns niiaclbs mb su pnsnmc, lc sb mbsngabltbl la mbsastnl.
Kcsá Y`ato saltaù rblcvnmn bspbrnlzn iunlmc bg Yngvnmcr gc ngbltù icl n`cr; ‗@ns
rbiubrmn qub Macs bs `asbraicrmacsc6 nrrbpaáltbtb, pubs, mb gc qub ons obioc icltrnrac ng
`nlmn`abltc qub tb ma, y tcmnvàn brbs bsicdamc, y brbs ggn`nmc mb lubvc n gn cjrn‐ >5.
Zbiubrmbl qub bg nrrbpblta`abltc y bg pbrmùl lc ciurrbl sal salibramnm, sal gn trastbzn
qub bs sbdûl Macs la sal gn maspcsaiaùl mb mbpcsatnr su icleanlzn bl Kbsuirastc. ]n`pcic
ciurrbl sab`prb mb niubrmc icl gcs pgnzcs nprbsurnmcs qub lcsctrcs bspbrn`cs. Lc
cjstnltb, gbs prc`btc qub n `bmamn qub sb nibrqubl icl salibramnm y ou`agmnm ng trclc mb
Macs, icl eb bl lubstrc Yngvnmcr y saduablmc gn duàn mb su cjaspc y su prbsambltb mb bstnin,
cjtblmrîl bg pbrmùl qub jusinl. Q ng jblmbiàrsbgbs pnrn bltrnr bl bg in`pc `asaclng,
ggbdnrîl n sbr ul pcmbrcsc alstru`bltc bl gns `nlcs mb Macs, y gn bxpbrablian qub tblmrîl
nggà pclmrî gcs ia`abltcs bsparatungbs pnrn bg rbstc mb su vamn.
 

Inpàtugc >4
BG ZZBXBL]A@ABL]C, GCY ÎLDBGBY Q GCY G [CY
E @AGA ZBY
@crcla prbdultù; ‗³Onl ibsnmc gcs `agndrcs V. . .P3 Ob nquà, cs madc qub lc6 la onl
ibsnmc gcs îldbgbs mb `alastrnr n gcs oakcs mb gcs
g cs oc`jrbs V. . .P. Q bg ceaiac mb su `alastbrac
bs ggn`nr n gcs oc`jrbs ng nrrbpblta`abltc‐ 6 y Ng`n ndrbdù; ‗¡Co, sa eubrn yc ul îldbg y sb
>

`b iclibmabrn bg mbsbc mb `a icrnzùl V. . .P. Mbignrnràn yc n tcmn ng`n V. . .P bg

nrrbpblta`abltc y bg pgnl mb rbmbliaùl‐ :.
Gcs îldbgbs onl samc pnrtb mb gn cjrn mbg Ybþcr n gc gnrdc mb tcmns gns brns mb gn oastcran.
Bl `uiocs inscs, su prcpùsatc on samc trnbr n bebitc bg nrrbpblta`abltc. Ng lnrrnr gns
pnrîjcgns mb gn cvbkn pbrmamn, gn mrni`n bxtrnvanmn y bg oakc prùmadc, Kbsûs mbignrù; ‗Cs madc
qub ony dczc mbgnltb mb gcs îldbgbs mb Macs pcr ul pbinmcr qub sb nrrbpabltb‐9.
Bl ngdulcs inscs, gcs îldbgbs npnrbibl mb `nlbrn eàsain, nulqub bl ctrcs, tng ic`c makc bg
nutcr mb Objrbcs, ‗ngdulcs, sal snjbrgc, ocspbmnrcl îldbgbs‐=. Q ic`c blsbþn Lbea; ‗Gcs
îldbgbs onjgnl pcr bg pcmbr mbg Bspàratu Ynltc‐ 2.
Rl pnsnkb mb gns Bsiraturns qub càn iatnr icl drnl erbiublian ng prbsambltb ]oc`ns Y.
@clscl
mbgnltb mbonjgn scjrb
vubstrn gcsBstnrá
enz. îldbgbs; ‗Q quablbs
n vubstrn cs yrbiajnl,
mabstrn nggàsalabstrn,
n vubstrn bstnrá ycytn`jaál, pcrqub
`a Bspàratu arábl
bstnrî
 vubstrc icrnzùl, y `as îldbgbs ngrbmbmcr mb mb vcsctrcs, pnrn scstblbrcs‐5.
@uions vbibs, gns pbrsclns qub `îs sb altbrbsnl pcr lubstrc jablbstnr scl pbrsclns
rbgniaclnmns icl lcsctrcs, pbrc qub nocrn sb bliubltrnl nggblmb bg vbgc.
Bl sus ûgta`cs nþcs mb vamn, nltbs mb su `nrnvaggcsn vasaùl scjrb gn rbmbliaùl mb gcs
`ubrtcs4, bg prbsambltb Kcsbpo E. Y`ato sb rbearaù n lubstrcs gnzcs icl quablbs bstîl `îs
nggî mbg vbgc; ‗Ic`blzn`cs n ic`prblmbr `îs y mb `nlbrn `îs pgbln V. . .P qub bstn`cs
bstrbion`bltb rbgniaclnmcs icl lubstrcs pnrabltbs, icl lubstrcs nltbpnsnmcs, icl lubstrcs
n`adcs y iclciamcs y ic`pnþbrcs qub lcs onl prbibmamc ng `ulmc mb gcs bspàratus V. . .P.
Bggcs onl nvnlznmc6 lcsctrcs bstn`cs nvnlznlmc V. . .P. Bstîl `uy altbrbsnmcs bl lubstrc
 jablbstnr, nocrn lcs n`nl `îs qub lulin6 pubs nocrn vbl gcs pbgadrcs qub lcs nsbmanl6 nsbmanl6
pubmbl ic`prblmbr `bkcr qub lulin nltbs gns mbjagamnmbs qub pcmrànl mbsinrranrlcs onian
sblmbrcs csiurcs
pcr lcsctrcs, y suymbsbc
prcoajamcs V. . .P. N
pcr lubstrc bggc sb mbjb
jablbstnr susbr
on mb drnl altbrás
`nycr qubpcr lcsctrcs,
nqubg y su n`cr
qub sblta`cs pcr
lcsctrcs `as`cs‐ .?

@uions vbibs, gns pbrsclns qub `îs sb altbrbsnl pcr lubstrc jablbstnr scl
 pbrsclns rbgniaclnmns icl lcsctrcs, pbrc qub nocrn sb bliubltrnl nggblmb bg
vbgc.

Rln `nmrb kcvbl, qub pnmbiàn bg mcgcr mb onjbrsb bltbrnmc rbiabltb`bltb scjrb bg
nmugtbrac mb su bspcsc, rbgntn icl sus prcpans pngnjrns gcs sblta`abltcs qub bxpbra`bltù
`abltrns bstnjn sbltnmn neubrn mb gn ceaialn mb ul gàmbr mbg snibrmciac murnltb gn rbulaùl
mbg iclsbkc qub sb bebitunjn pnrn su `nramc.
Gc qubgns
`nlbknr sbltà onstn
icsns iclnqubg
Knrbmmàn
1 bleub
e ub nlsabmnm
bg nspbitc y mcgcr bl
pbrsclng, lcbxtrb`c.
bxtr b`c.
tblàn Ya jabl
la ambn irbàn qub
mb iù`c pcmràn
pcmràn gamanr
icl gn mbiasaùl mbg iclsbkc.
 

 Nqubggn sb`nln, `as crniaclbs

crniaclbs sb onjànl ibltrnmc pralia praliapng`bltb
png`bltb bl bsb `c`bltc.
Ynjàn jabl qub lc mbjàn crnr pnrn supgainr ngdc sal mbiar gns pngnjrns; ‗Oîdnsb ]u
 vcgultnm‐6 mb `cmc qub, bl gudnr mb crnr pnrn pbmar iabrtc iabrtc rbsugtnmc bspbiàeaic, `a rubdc
rubdc ng
Xnmrb Ibgbstang brn qub bg gàmbr mbg snibrmciac supabrn quá masiapgaln mb gn Adgbsan brn
lbibsnran pnrn pbr`atar n Knrbm in`janr pgbln`bltb, y qub yc pumabrn nibptnr bg rbsugtnmc.
 Nulqub bltablmc qub mastc
mastc `uioc mb sbr pbrebitn, tn` tn`jaál
jaál irbc qub ob trntnmc mb mb
bsicdbr gc icrrbitc bl `a vamn. Ob n`nmc n Knrbm icl tcmc bg icrnzùl. Ob trntnmc mb onibr
tcmc gc pcsajgb pcr prc`cvbr gn rbitatum
rb itatum bl lubstrn en`agan (bg bstumac manrac mb gns
Bsiraturns, gns crniaclbs, gcs masiurscs mb gn iclebrblian, gn lciob mb ocdnr, ocd nr, bti.). Murnltb
gns ûgta`ns sb`nlns, bl iabrtn ecr`n y trns bltbrnr`b mbg nmugtbrac mb Knrbm, `b ob
sbltamc mbvnstnmn pcrqub `a cjbmablian lc on bvatnmc qub bstc gb ciurrn n lubstrn en en`agan.
`agan.
Crá pnrn rcdnr qub bg Xnmrb Ibgbstang `b tc`nrn bl iubltn n `à y n tcmc gc jublc qub Ág
pblsnrn qub onjàn obioc, mb `cmc qub yc supabrn qub nul iunlmc pnrbiàn qub `as
bseubrzcs bl gn tabrrn lc onjànl prcmuiamc gc qub onjàn bspbrnmc, tng vbz sarvabrnl mb ngdc
bl bg iabgc.
Knrbm y yc ggbdn`cs n gn Adgbsan ngdulcs `alutcs nltbs mb gns :8;88 o. Qc ndunrmá bl gn
inpaggn.
Rlcs `alutcs `îs tnrmb, valc bg gàmbr mbg snibrmciac y `b prbdultù sa `b dustnràn
ular`b n bggcs pnrn cerbibr gn pra`brn crniaùl mb rcmaggns y gubdc rbdrbsnr pcstbracr`bltb
pnrn càr gn mbiasaùl mbg iclsbkc blb l iunltc n Knrbm. @b sbltà `uy ou`aggnmn ng bltrnr bl gn
sngn, y lc pcr ngduln rbniiaùl mb bggcs, salc pcrqub lulin `b oujabrn aa`ndalnmc `ndalnmc tblbr
rnzùl ngduln pnrn bstnr bl ul iclsbkc mb bsb tapc. Nqubggc `b mac `uioc bl quá pblsnr.
 Ng icliguar gn crniaùl, sngà mbg
mbg mbspnioc mbg gàmbr mbg snibrmciac, pbrc `abltrns
rbdrbsnjn n gn inpaggn, sbltà qub mbjàn tc`nr uln saggn b ar n sbltnr`b bl bg pnsaggc qub sb
onggnjn pnrngbgc n gn ceaialn mbg gàmbr, nsà qub oaib prbiasn`bltb bsc. ]rns sbltnr`b, lctá
qub n `a azquabrmn onjàn maspubstns trbs saggns pgbdnjgbs. Gns mcs `îs ngbknmns bstnjnl uln
 kultn n gn ctrn, pbrc gn qub sb onggnjn `îs ibrin m mbb `à bstnjn ul tnltc ssbpnrnmn
bpnrnmn mb gns ctrns
mcs, nulqub sb pcmàn vbr qub gns trbs saggns bstnjnl kultns.
@abltrns gbàn ul masiursc mb gn iclebrblian dblbrng, sbltà mb `nlbrn ignrn qub mbjàn
sujrnynr iabrtcs pnsnkbs qub sb rbebrànl
rbebr ànl ng `agndrc mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y mbg pbrmùl, y qub
rbinginjnl gn ambn mb qub, icl bg bseubrzc nmbiunmc, bg pbrmùl ic`pgbtc bs pcsajgb. Ng gbbr
gns ûgta`ns pngnjrns mbg masiursc, `ará gns trbstrb s saggns mb lubvc y mb rbpbltb, supb qub `a
qubramn njubgn y `a qubramc njubgc, nsà ic`c `a jasnjubgn, bstnjnl nggà icl`adc. Lc gcs va
icl gcs ckcs, pbrc supb qub bstnjnl
bs tnjnl nggà. Bl bg masiursc qub onjàn bstnmc
b stnmc gbyblmc, bsirajà gns
pngnjrns qub `b niumabrcl n gn `bltb bl bsb `c`bltc. ‗Bstîl nquà pnrn qub sbpns qub lc
bstîs scgn‐.
Ic`bliá n ggcrnr, pubs `b sbltàn `uy ndrnmbiamn mb qub, bl ulc mb gcs `c`bltcs `îs
maeàiagbs mb `a vamn, iunlmc bl vbrmnm pcmràn onjbr`b
onjbr `b sbltamc ic`pgbtn`bltb scgn, bg
Ybþcr iclsambrù cpcrtulc nsbdurnrsb mb qub lc gc bstuvabrn.
]uvb gn a`prbsaùl mb qub `a jasnjubgn sb onggnjn bl gn saggn qub bstnjn `îs ibrin mb `à,
 y qub `a njubgn y `a njubgc (bl bsb crmbl) sb onggnjnl sbltnmcs bl gns mcs saggns qub
bstnjnl `îs kultns bltrb sà. @b prbdultá pcr quá `a jasnjubgn onjràn mb bstnr nggà, pubstc
qub yc sùgc tblàn ngdulcs pcics rbiubrmcs
rb iubrmcs mb bggn mb iunlmc brn pbqubþatn.
@îs nmbgnltb, `a `nmrb `b onjgù scjrb gns mbibpiaclbs qub sueraù `a jasnjubgn bl bg
`ntra`clac. Nþcs nltbs mb ularsb n gn Adgbsan,
Adgb san, su bspcsc gb onjàn samc aleabg y gn onjàn
mbknmc pcr ctrn `ukbr. @a rbitn jasnjubgn onjàn qubmnmc mbvnstnmn pcr gn aleambgamnm mb su
bspcsc.
Ybltà qub mbjàn ibrrnr gcs ckcs. Nulqub lc gcs vbàn, gbs makb n `a njubgn y n `a njubgc bl
`as pblsn`abltcs iuîltc gcs n`njn, y gbs ndrnmbià pcr tcmc gc qub sab`prb onjànl obioc
pcr `à. Bspbrnjn qub bstuvabrnl crduggcscs mb `à n pbsnr mb gcs tbrrajgbs nicltbia`abltcs
qub onjànl tblamc gudnr. ]uvb gn a`prbsaùl mb qub bstnjnl crduggcscs mb `à.
 

Bltclibs ic`bliá n gbbr oa`lcs y vbrsàiugcs mbg Lubvc ]bstn`bltc. Zbpbtàn gn gbtrn mb
ngdûl oa`lc bl `a `bltb, y gubdc cjsbrvnjn gns saggns. Bg sblta`abltc mb qub bstnjnl nggà
brn tnl tnldajgb pnrn `à, qub brn insa a`pnitnltb `arnr gns saggns y lc vbrgcs.
Bg pnsnkb mb gns Bsiraturns qub `b niumàn n gn `bltb uln y ctrn vbz brn : Lbea 9:;9; ‗Gcs
îldbgbs onjgnl pcr bg pcmbr mbg Bspàratu Ynltc6 pcr gc qub mbignrnl gns pngnjrns mb Irastc.
Xcr tnltc, cs makb; Mbgbatncs bl
b l gns pngnjrns mb Irastc6 pcrqub ob nquà, gns pngnjrns mb
Irastc cs marîl tcmns gns icsns qub mbjáas onibr‐. Rln vbz, bl uln lciob mb ocdnr, `a
njubgn lcs makc qub nqubg brn ulc mb sus vbrsàiugcs prbebramcs mbg Gajrc
G ajrc mb @cr`ùl, y qub
bspbrnjn qub tcmcs gc `b`crazîrn`cs6 y nsà gc oaib. Lc pcmàn quatnr`b bsb pnsnkb mb gns
Bsiraturns mb gn injbzn6 ggbduá n gn icligusaùl mb qub, tng ic`c maib bg pnsnkb, nqubggn
lciob, `a njubgn y `a njubgc `b onjgnrcl
o njgnrcl pcr `bmac mb gns pngnjrns mb Irastc iung sb
onggnl bl gns Bsiraturns, pcr `bmac mb gns pngnjrns mb gcs prcebtns mb Ág y pcr `bmac mb gcs
oa`lcs.
Bsn bxpbrablian murù ngrbmbmcr mb uln ocrn.
ocr n. Ggbdù ul `c`bltc bl qub sbltà qub mbjàn
gbvnltnr`b y in`alnr pcr bg pnsaggc6 gc oaib y iunlmc rbdrbsá, sbltà ic`c sa sb oujabrnl
`nrionmc. Eub uln bxpbrablian rbng`bltb `agndrcsn6 bstcy `uy ndrnmbiamn
n drnmbiamn pcr bggn y `b
prcmuib `uion ou`agmnm.
Bltclibs ggbdù bg `c`bltc qub yc tb`àn. Bg gàmbr mbg snibrmciac lcs alvatù n pnsnr n gn
sngn. N`jcs bltrn`cs y lcs sbltn`cs. Eub `uy iuracsc, yn qub q ub lc sbltàn lnmn mb gn
nlsabmnm la mbg tb`cr qub onjàn
o njàn rbgniaclnmc icl bsb `c`bltc6 bl vbz mb bggc, `b sbltàn
tctng`bltb ing`nmn y snjàn qub iungquabr icsn qub nicltbiabrn sbrànsbrà n gc icrrbitc. Ybltà bg
n`cr y gn prbciupniaùl mb gcs gàmbrbs mbg snibrmciac pcr Knrbm y pcr `à.
Bg gàmbr mbg snibrmciac lcs ic`ulaiù gn mbiasaùl mbg iclsbkc.
Iuracsn`bltb, lc ggcrá bl gc njscgutc. Zbjcsnjn mb`nsanmc mb ndrnmbia`abltc ng Ybþcr
 y sbltàn mb`nsanmn pnz bl iunltc n gc qub bstnjn suibmablmc ic`c pnrn ggcrnr.
Kn`îs `b oujabrn a`ndalnmc qub ul iclsbkc mb gn Adgbsan pcmràn sbr uln bxpbrablian
bmaeainltb, pbrc nqubggn eub uln mb gns bxpbrablians bsparatungbs `îs eubrtbs mb `a vamn.
v amn.
Ybltà `uioàsa`c bg n`cr mbg Ybþcr pcr `à, pcr Knrbm y pcr lubstrn en`agan. Ycy cpta`astn
bl iunltc n qub Knrbm kn`îs cgvamnrî gc `uioc qub gb mbjb ng Ybþcr
Yb þcr pcr tngbs jblmaiaclbs,
 y n qub nitunrî mb niubrmc icl bggc mbsmb bstb `c`bltc bl nmbgnltb>8.

Bg `nrnvaggcsc vàliugc
Ob bsiuionmc ng prbsambltb Dcrmcl J. Oalifgby mbiar bl `îs mb uln cinsaùl; ‗Ob bstnmc
pblsnlmc `uioc bl iunltc n `a njubgc y n `a njubgn. Ob bstnmc pblsnlmc `uioc bl
iunltc n `a pnmrb y n `a `nmrb. Ob bstnmc pblsnlmc ul pcic bl iunltc n `a bspcsn y n `à.
 Q ob bstnmc pblsnlmc `uioc bl iunltc n `as oakcs, `as labtcs y `as `as jaslabtcs‐. Q gubdc
icliguàn icl bstn ernsb; ‗Q ob bstnmc pblsnlmc `uioc bl iunltc n bstb `nrnvaggcsc vàliugc
qub lcs ulb n tcmcs‐ >>.
Lubstrn gnjcr mb jralmnr gns crmblnlzns mbg tb`pgc n quablbs lcs onl prbibmamc rbegbkn gn
mcitraln qub sb rbvbgù `bmanltb bg prcebtn Kcsá Y`ato;
‗Bstcs scl praliapacs rbebrbltbs n gcs `ubrtcs y n gcs vavcs qub lc sb pubmbl mbsntblmbr,
bl gc qub ntnþb n lubstrn sngvniaùl. Xcrqub su sngvniaùl bs lbibsnran y bsbliang pnrn gn
lubstrn, ic`c maib Xnjgc tcinltb n gcs pnmrbs; qub bggcs sal lcsctrcs lc pubmbl sbr
pbrebiiaclnmcs, la tn`pcic pcmb`cs lcsctrcs sbr pbrebiiaclnmcs sal lubstrcs `ubrtcs‐ >:.
Iuracsn`bltb, bsb pnsnkb mb gns Bsiraturns bxpgain lc sùgc qub lubstrcs nltbpnsnmcs lc
pubmbl sbr pbrebiiaclnmcs
pbrebiiaclnmcs sal lcsctrcs,
sal bggcs. Bstn`cs salc qub
valiugnmcs, y sulcsctrcs
lcsc trcsbl
altbrás tn`pcic pcmb`cs
lcsctrcs sbr n lubstrc
sb nsb`bkn
altbrás bl bggcs.
 

Iunlmc cjsbrvn`cs mb `nlbrn bsparatung lubstrn prcpan vamn, `arn`cs onian gns
dblbrniaclbs qub lcs sbduarîl, pubstc qub lubstrns oubggns sb vbrîl bl ocdnrbs y bl sblmns
s blmns
bl gcs qub lulin nlmnrb`cs. Lcs nrrbpblta`cs y lcs vcgvb`cs ng Yngvnmcr lc sùgc s ùgc pcr gc
qub nqubggc sadlaeain pnrn lubstrn prcpan sngvniaùl, salc tn`jaál pcr quablbs lcs onl
prbibmamc y pcr quablbs lcs suibmbrîl. ³Zbiubrmnl gns pngnjrns mbg rby mbspuás mb qub q ub
 N``ùl gb blsbþnrn3 ‗Q bg drnl Macs on tblamc `asbraicrman
`asbraicrman mb lcsctrcs, y lcs on mnmc n
iclcibr bstns icsns
nltaiapnmn`bltb, pnrn qub
pcrqub lc pbrbzin`cs6
ág n`n sà, lcs
lubstrns ng`ns on mnmc
nsà ic`c n`nn iclcibr bstns
n lubstrcs icsns
oakcs6 pcr
iclsaduabltb, bl su `asbraicrman lcs vasatn pcr `bmac mb sus îldbgbs, pnrn qub bg pgnl mb
sngvniaùl lcs sbn mnmc n iclcibr, tnltc n lcsctrcs ic`c n gns dblbrniaclbs euturns‐>9.

Iclecr`b lcs nrrbpblta`cs y sc`cs rbitcs, ony ul pcmbr qub pnsn n trnvás mb
lcsctrcs n lubstrn pcstbramnm y qub nyumn n mnr ecr`n n su btbrlamnm `abltrns
mn ecr`n n gn lubstrn.

Iclecr`b lcs nrrbpblta`cs y sc`cs rbitcs, ony ul pcmbr qub pnsn n trnvás mb lcsctrcs n
lubstrn pcstbramnm y qub nyumn n mnr ecr`n n su btbrlamnm `abltrns mn ecr`n n gn lubstrn.

Gcs îldbgbs scl pnrtb mb gn cjrn mbg Ybþcr

Bl gn Iclebrblian Dblbrng mb njrag mb :8>5, bg prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl ic`pnrtaù
uln bxpbrablian scjrb gcs îldbgbs mb mcs oakns qub altbrvalabrcl pnrn nibgbrnr bg
nrrbpblta`abltc y jblmbiar gn vamn mb su jubl pnmrb y su jubl obr`nlc. Gn saduabltb bs gn
bxpbrablian, qub sb onggn bl Alsadots
bl  Alsadots erc` n Xrcpobt‑s Gaeb; Zussbgg
Zussbgg @. Lbgscl.
Lbgscl.  
 N ealngbs mb gn máinmn mb >128,
>128, `abltrns sb blicltrnjn bl gcs pra`brcs
pra`brcs màns mb su
inrrbrn ic`c iaruknlc, bg Mr. Lbgscl
Lb gscl onjàn altbltnmc sngvnr gn vamn mb mcs pbqubþns mb gn
`as`n en`agan; Gnurng Nll y Dny Gyll Onteabgm,
Onteab gm, qub brnl oakns mb Ka``y y Zuto. N`jns
laþns onjànl enggbiamc. Yb trntù mb uln sbrab mb nicltbia`abltcs trnu`îtaics pnrn tcmns gns
pbrsclns qub sb rbgniaclnrcl icl bggns.
Lnturng`bltb, gcs pnmrbs bstnjnl npbsnmu`jrnmcs, pbrc tn`jaál bstnjnl
bsparatung`bltb mbvnstnmcs. Lc sùgc onjànl pbrmamc n mcs oakns, tn`jaál onjànl pbrmamc gn
eb bl Macs. Q, mbsmb su pultc mb vastn, brn iugpn mbg iaruknlc6 ástb tblmràn qub onjbr samc
inpnz mb sngvnr
Murnltb gn vamn
máinmns, mb susbstnmc
onjànl oakns. blcknmcs icl Zussbgg @. Lbgscl
Lb gscl pcr ‗onjbrgbs enggnmc‐,
 y gn arn nu`bltù y irbiaù onstn ggbdnr n sbr ul prceulmc rbsblta`abltc qubqub gcs npnrtù mb gn
Adgbsan. Gcs Onteabgm bxprbsnjnl njabrtn`bltb blckc b aligusc rblicr onian bg Mr. Lbgscl.
Lbgs cl.
Gn arn lc oazc `îs qub altblsaeainrsb iunlmc bg Mr. Lbgscl ggbdù n sbr bg ágmbr Lbgscl, n
quabl sb onjàn ggn`nmc n sbrvar bl bg Iuùru` mb gcs Mcib Npùstcgbs.
Bg ágmbr Lbgscl bstnjn `uy ng tnltc mb nqubggn ocstagamnm y gb negadàn. Lc sùgc gb mcgaù bl
bxtrb`c gn `ubrtb mb gns mcs laþns bl bsb `c`bltc, salc qub tn`jaál sb onggnjn
mbvnstnmc pcr onjbr bstnmc rbgniaclnmc icl bg mastnlian`abltc mb gcs Onteabgm mb gn
Adgbsan. Yb sbltàn rbspclsnjgb mb su alnitavamnm, nsà ic`c mbg vatupbrac qub ástcs
mbsinrdnjnl inmn vbz qub ngduabl `bliaclnjn su lc`jrb c bg mb gn Adgbsan. Bl rbpbtamns
cinsaclbs, n gc gnrdc mb gcs nþcs, onjàn altbltnmc bstnjgbibr icltnitc icl Ka``y y icl
Zuto, pcr gc dblbrng, n trnvás mb gn nyumn mb gcs gàmbrbs gcingbs mbg snibrmciac, pbrc brn bl
 vnlc V. . .P.
Bltclibs,
iarudàn iabrtn
enggamn” lciobmcs
nqubggns mb :8>2
oakns ”ngrbmbmcr mb sbsbltn
mb gcs Onteabgm nþcs ng
mbspbrtnrcl mbspuás mb gn pra`brn
ágmbr Lbgscl mbsmb bg ctrc
gnmc mbg vbgc. Lc gns vac la cyù `bmanltb gcs sb
sbltamcs
ltamcs eàsaics, pbrc saltaù su prbsblian y
 

pumc bsiuionr sus sûpgains mb `nlbrn bsparatung6 gb tblànl ul `blsnkb jrbvb, pbrc ignrc;
‗¡Obr`nlc Lbgscl, lc bstn`cs sbggnmns n lnmab! ³Xubmb nyumnrlcs3‐ (vánsb Lbgscl, ‗Bg
prbiac mbg pcmbr mbg snibrmciac‐) V. . .P. . P.
Icl rblcvnmn mbtbr`alniaùl, trntù mb pclbrsb bl icltnitc icl gcs Onteabgm ctrn
 vbz V. . .P. Yb bltbrù V. . .P mb qub Zuto Onteabgm onjàn
onjàn enggbiamc. Xnrn su drnl scrprbsn, bg
pnmrb y ul oakc nibptnrcl rbularsb icl ic l ág.
Gcs Onteabgm vavànl bl uln pbqubþn ic`ulamnm mb gn rbdaùl sur mb Xrcvc, Rtno V. . .P. Bg
ágmbr Lbgscl oazc nrrbdgcs pnrn rbularsb icl Ka``y y Yonwl V. . .P.
Bg n`jabltb bstnjn tblsc iunlmc bg ágmbr Lbgscl bltrù bl gn sngn V. . .P. Bg ágmbr ic`blzù
gn iclvbrsniaùl y murnltb gcs pra`brcs `alutcs, gb pnrbiaù qub lc bstnjn gcdrnlmc lnmn.
Ealng`bltb, sb nrrcmaggù erbltb n Ka``y Onteabgm ”ástb yn mb ciobltn y cioc nþcs” y gb
icltù scjrb su bxpbrablian mb iù`c sb onjàn mbsicrramc ul pcic bg vbgc ngdulns sb`nlns
nltbs, y scjrb gcs rubdcs mb Gnurng Nll y Dny Gyll mb sbggnrsb n sus pnmrbs. Gubdc makc;
‗Ka``y, `b sbltaràn oclrnmc mb sbr gn pbrscln qub sbggb n tu bspcsn n ta, y n tus oakcs n ta y
n tu bspcsn‐.
@abltrns bg ágmbr Lbgscl onjgnjn
o njgnjn npniajgb`bltb n Ka``y, bg Bspàratu alulmù bg iunrtc.
 Nocrn Ka``y Onteabgm bsiuionjn, y sb oazc bvambltb qub gns pngnjrns pngnjrns mbg ágmbr Lbgscl
rbsclnjnl bl bg tabrlc icrnzùl mb nqubg pnmrb. Gb makc quá sb rbqubraràn pnrn qub sb
prbpnrnsb pnrn bstnr gastc y sbr madlc mb bltrnr bl bg tb`pgc, y gubdc ndrbdù; ‗Rstbm tablb
ciobltn y cioc nþcs, y yc, lcvbltn, mb `cmc qub sbrî `bkcr qub sb nprbsurb‐. Mbspuás mb
ngdulcs `c`bltcs, Ka``y rbspclmaù; ‗Bstî jabl, gc onrá‐.
Bltclibs, bg ágmbr Lbgscl sb maradaù ng oakc mb Ka``y y gb makc; ‗Yonwl, bstn en`agan vn n
sbggnrsb. ³]b sbggnrîs icl bggcs3‐, n gc qub ág icltbstù; ‗Yà, gc onrá‐.
Gcs oc`jrbs Onteabgm eubrcl eabgbs n su pngnjrn. Icl gn nyumn mb sus gàmbrbs mbg
snibrmciac, gcs `nbstrcs crabltnmcrbs y bg gàmbr `asaclng mbg jnrrac, nsà ic`c mb `asaclbrcs
 kùvblbs y mb ul `ntra`clac `asaclbrc `nycr, mabrcl gcs gcs pnscs lbibsnracs pnrn bltrnr bl bg
tb`pgc n eal mb rbiajar
rb iajar sus prcpans alvbstamurns V. . .P.
Bg := mb lcvab`jrb mb :8>2, tuvc bg ‗drnl pravagbdac‐ mb sbggnr n Zuto y n Ka``y
Onteabgm, y gubdc mb sbggnr n sus iuntrc oakcs n bggcs bl bg ]b`pgc mb Xnyscl, Rtno. Bg
prbsambltb y gn obr`nln Lbgscl, gcs Onteabgm b allu`brnjgbs n`adcs y en`aganrbse n`aganrbs ggcrnrcl
nqubg màn bl bg qub tnltcs icrnzclbs snlnrcl, aligusc gcs icrnzclbs mb gcs Onteabgm bl
n`jcs gnmcs mbg vbgc V. . .P.
Bg prbsambltb Lbgscl V. . .P sb rbearaù n bsn bxpbrablian bl uln iclebrblian dblbrng;
‗Zbegbxaclnlmc bl bggc, `b `nrnvaggc mb Ka``y y Yonwl y mb gc qub bstuvabrcl maspubstcs
n onibr‐, makc. ‗Bggcs sb onl iclvbrtamc bl oárcbs pnrn `à. Ya pumabrn vbr iu`pgamc bg mbsbc
mb `a icrnzùl, bsb sbràn qub inmn oc`jrb y kcvbliatc mb bstn Adgbsan mb`cstrnrn bg vngcr, gn
ecrtngbzn y gn ou`agmnm mb bsb b sb pnmrb y su oakc. Bggcs bstuvabrcl maspubstcs n pbrmclnr y n
cgvamnr sus vabkns obramns y oîjatcs V. . .P6 Vbstuvabrcl maspubstcs n sc`btbrsb n gn duàn mb
sus gàmbrbs mbg snibrmciac pnrn qub gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc pumabrn puraeainrgcs y
`ndlaeainrgcsP. Inmn ulc bstuvc maspubstc n iclvbrtarsb bl ul oc`jrb qub pcrtn bg
snibrmciac icl madlamnm ‟sbdûl bg crmbl `îs snltc mb Macs‑‐ (vánsb ‗Bg prbiac mbg pcmbr mbg
snibrmciac‐)>=.
Gn altbrvbliaùl nldbgaing mb Gnurng Nll y Dny Gyll
G yll lc eub sùgc bl jblbeaiac mb bggns
`as`ns, salc tn`jaál pnrn jblmbiar gn vamn mb su pnmrb y mb su obr`nlc. Bg vngcr,
vn gcr, gn
ecrtngbzn y gn ou`agmnm mb Ka``y y mb Yonwl lc eubrcl sùgc pcr su prcpac jablbstnr btbrlc,
salc tn`jaál pcr su en`agan bl n`jcs gnmcs mbg vbgc.

Bg prbsambltb Kcsbpo E. Y`ato onjgù bl iunltc n gcs ‗`blsnkbrcs Vqub sb blvànP n

`alastrnr n gcs onjatnltbs mb bstn tabrrn V. . .P, trnyblmc mb gn Xrbsblian mavaln `blsnkbs mb
 

n`cr, mb n`clbstniaùl, c mb rbprblsaùl b alstruiiaùl, n quablbs onjànl ggbdnmc n n`nr

`abltrns bstnjnl bl gn inrlb‐>2.

g n nyumn y n gns jblmaiaclbs qub

Xbr`atn qub su icrnzùl sbn rbibptavc n gn q ub sb
rbiajbl mb pnrtb mb n`jcs gnmcs mbg vbgc. Q rbiubrmb qub su mbiasaùl mb
nrrbpbltarsb
 pnrn sab`prb.pubmb jblmbiar n quablbs lc vb, pbrc qub bstîl gadnmcs n ustbm

 Qc ob bxpbra`bltnmc bg n`cr, gn prbciupniaùl

prbciupniaùl y bg altbrás mb nqubggcs qub onl pnrtamc
nltbs. Xbr`atn qub su icrnzùl sbn rbibptavc n gn nyumn y n gns jblmaiaclbs qub sb rbiajbl mb
pnrtb mb n`jcs gnmcs mbg vbgc. Q rbiubrmb qub su mbiasaùl mb nrrbpbltarsb pubmb jblmbiar n
quablbs lc vb, pbrc qub bstîl gadnmcs n ustbm pnrn sab`prb.
 

Inpàtugc >?
YALIBZAM M AL @CUAJGB
Bg `ulmc on inàmc njruptn`bltb pcr bg rbsjngnmazc mbigavb mb gn engtn mb oclrnmbz >.
 Nulqub bs prcjnjgb qub ng ic`pnrnr
ic`pnrnr su oclrnmbz icl gn mb ctrns pbrsc
pbrsclns
lns ustbm gns supbrb,
lcsctrcs, ic`c `ab`jrcs mb Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs Ûgta`cs Màns y
ic`c Yus masiàpugcs, ob`cs mb cjsbrvnr gn lcr`n mavaln mb gn oclrnmbz. Macs lubstrc Xnmrb
 y Yu Oakc Kbsuirastc scl Ybrbs mb njscgutn, pbrebitn
pbrebitn y ic`pgbtn oclrnmbz y vbrmnm
vbrmnm :. Lubstrc
mbstalc bs ggbdnr n sbr sb`bknltbs n Bggcs. Lc nginlznrb`cs gn pbrebiiaùl tctng bl bstn vamn,
pbrc pcmb`cs prciurnr sbr pbrebitn`bltb salibrcs y vbràmaics ic`c lubstrc Xnmrb y Yu
Oakc. Gn oclrnmbz mbsirajb bg inrîitbr mb Macs y, pcr gc tnltc, bs bsbliang pnrn lubstrc
prcdrbsc bsparatung y lubstrcs mclbs bsparatungbs.
Kbsûs mbignrù; ‗Qc scy bg in`alc, y gn vbrmnm y gn vamn‐96
‗Qc scy bg Bspàratu mb vbrmnm‐=6 ‗Qc cs madc gn vbrmnm‐ 2.
Xcr ctrn pnrtb, n Yntnlîs sb gb mbsirajb ic`c ‗bg pnmrb mb tcmns gns `bltarns‐; ‗Q ggbdù
gg bdù n
sbr Yntnlîs, sà, bg manjgc, bg pnmrb mb tcmns gns `bltarns, pnrn bldnþnr y ibdnr n gcs oc`jrbs
bsiuionr `a vcz‐5.
 y ggbvnrgcs inutavcs sbdûl gn vcgultnm mb ág, sà, n iunltcs lc quabrnl bsiuionr
Kbsûs makc; ‗Bg manjgc V. . .P lc on pbr`nlbiamc bl gn vbrmnm, pcrqub lc ony vbrmnm bl ág.
Iunlmc onjgn `bltarn, mb sà `as`c onjgn, pcrqub bs `bltarcsc y pnmrb mb gn `bltarn‐ 4.

Gn oclrnmbz mbsirajb bg inrîitbr mb Macs y, pcr gc tnltc, bs bsbliang pnrn

lubstrc prcdrbsc bsparatung y lubstrcs mclbs bsparatungbs.

Bg Yngvnmcr rbprblmàn iclstnltb`bltb n quablbs mbignrnjnl ngdc bl pûjgaic, `abltrns bl

su icrnzùl vavànl mb `nlbrn maebrbltb6 y bgcdanjn n quablbs vavànl sal bldnþc. ³Yb mn iubltn
mb gn lctcran maebrblian3 Xcr ul gnmc, ony vbrmnm, guz, oclrnmbz b altbdramnm.
al tbdramnm. Xcr bg ctrc, ony
`bltarns, bldnþcs, oapcirbsàn y csiuramnm. Bg Ybþcr bstnjgbib uln ignrn maebrblian. Bg
`ulmc lcs marî qub bs maeàiag mbealar gn vbrmnm y gn oclrnmbz6 bg `ulmc bliubltrn drniacsns
gns `bltarns cinsaclngbs, y bstî prbstc n bxiusnr gcs bldnþcs supubstn`bltb ‗alcibltbs‐. Lc
cjstnltb, lc bxastb alciblian bl bg bldnþc. Bg icltrnstb bltrb gc jublc y gc `ngc sb tcrln
maeusc y sb `ala`aznl gns iclsbiublians mb gn engtn mb oclrnmbz. Bg bldnþc y gn engtn mb
oclrnmbz bl iungquabr ecr`n c drnmc lc scl alcibltbs, salc qub scl `ngcs b alicrrbitcs.
Xnrn quablbs nvnlznl bl marbiiaùl ng Yngvnmcr, gn oclrnmbz y gn altbdramnm sb vubgvbl
vubgv bl inmn
 vbz `îs a`pcrtnltbs.
Lc bxastb vbrmnmbrc nrrbpblta`abltc la vbrmnmbrc pbrmùl sal oclrnmbz tctng.
 Ng mbsbnr nrrbpbltarlcs, gn salibramnm ggbdn n sbr iruiang`bltb a`pcrtnltb. Xra`brc
Xra`brc y
praliapng, mbjb`cs sbr salibrcs icl lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang y icl lcsctrcs `as`cs. Gn engtn
mb salibramnm y bg bldnþc iclstatuybl gcs ia`abltcs y bg inpatbg mb insa tcmcs gcs pbinmcs. Bl
cinsaclbs, iunlmc ngduabl ic`ablzn n nrrbpbltarsb, b`pabzn pcr rbvbgnr sùgc uln pnrtb mbg
prcjgb`n, qub bs `îs drnlmb. N vbibs lcs bldnþn`cs n lcsctrcs `as`cs ng pblsnr qub lc
ony pcr quá `bliaclnr tcmcs gcs nspbitcs, c qub pnrtb mb gc qub on ciurramc on samc iugpn
mb ctrn pbrscln. Ony pbrsclns jublns qub pubmbl bldnþnrsb n sà `as`ns, nsà ic`c sbr
bldnþnmns. Iungquabr ignsb mb bldnþc mb`crn bg prcibsc mbg nrrbpblta`abltc.
Bg inrîitbr mb Macs
 

Macs lubstrc Xnmrb lc pubmb sbr bldnþnmc?. Ág snjb tcmns gns icsns 1. Ng nrrcmaggnrlcs
nltb lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang icl ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc, mbsbnlmc
tblbr uln ic`prblsaùl ignrn y salibrn mb gcs pbinmcs qub tblb`cs nltb lcsctrcs, bg iabgc
lcs mnrî ul `bkcr bltblma`abltc mb gn vbrmnmbrn
vb rmnmbrn `ndlatum mb lubstrns trnlsdrbsaclbs. Bl
cinsaclbs, gcs gàmbrbs mbg snibrmciac mb icleanlzn
ic leanlzn pubmbl nyumnrlcs n mnrlcs iubltn mb ggcc
qub lc onyn`cs ic`prblmamc pgbln`bltb. Iunlmc jusqub`cs bg pbrmùl mbg Yngvnmcr, sùgc
gn salibramnm ic`pgbtn
pblsn`abltcs y tctng njrarî
y gns altbliaclbs bsn a`pcrtnltb
mb lubstrc icrnzùl >8pubrtn.
. Zbiubrmb, Macs iclcib gcs
 N`ugbf blsbþù qub, iunlmc gcs alaiucs ic`pnrbzinl
ic`pnrbzinl nltb bg trajulng mb Macs, ‗lubstrns
pngnjrns lcs iclmblnrîl, sà, tcmns lubstrns cjrns lcs iclmblnrîl V. . .P y lubstrcs
pblsn`abltcs tn`jaál lcs iclmblnrîl‐>>. Zbiubrmb gn blsbþnlzn mb Kbsûs scjrb gn
a`pcrtnlian mb gc qub bltrn bl lubstrn `bltb; ‗Càstbas qub eub maioc; Lc ic`btbrîs
nmugtbrac. Xbrc yc cs madc qub iungquabrn qub `arn n uln `ukbr pnrn icmaianrgn, yn on
ic`btamc nmugtbrac icl bggn bl su icrnzùl‐ >:.
 N pbsnr mb tcmns gns jblmaiaclbs qub prcvablbl
prcvablbl mb gn tbilcgcdàn `cmbrln, iunlmc vb`csvb`cs
gcs bebitcs mbvnstnmcrbs mb gn pcrlcdrneàn y bg gnmc csiurc mb gn rbngamnm vartung, bltblmb`cs
bstb iclsbkc mbg prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl; ‗Ony eubrzns alaiuns pcr mcquabr6 ustbmbs
gatbrng`bltb bstîl vavablmc bl ‟tbrratcrac blb`adc‑. Njulmn gn pgndn mb gn g n pclzcþcsn
pcrlcdrneàn, gn iung ntrnpn n tcmcs gcs qub ibmbl n su `ngaltbliaclnmc nginlib.
‗Bg Ybþcr, ng vbr gc qub vblmràn, makc; ‟Q nocrn cs mbsiujrc ul `astbrac, uln icsn qub sb
onggn bl gns iî`nrns sbirbtns, pnrn ggbvnr n injc vubstrn mbstruiiaùl icl bg trnlsiursc mbg
tab`pc, y lc gc supastbas‑ (Mcitraln y Iclvblacs 9?;>9). Gubdc nþnmaù uln sbdulmn
n`clbstniaùl; ‟Q nmb`îs, cs madc qub bg blb`adc bl gns iî`nrns sbirbtns jusin vubstrn
 vamn‑ (Mcitraln y Iclvblacs 9?;:?).
9?;:?).
‗¡Xablsbl bl iuîltn dbltb, bl iuîltns iî`nrns sbirbtns, bstîl trntnlmc nocrn `as`c mb
mbstruargbs gn vamn y gn ebgaiamnm! Ya V. . .P bstîl vablmc pcrlcdrneàn, ¡mbkbl mb onibrgc nocrn
`as`c! ¡Mbtáldnlsb pcr ic`pgbtc! Bs tnl mbstruitavn ic`c gn gbprn, tnl nmaitavn ic`c gns
nlebtn`alns, y tnl icrrcsavn ic`c gn gbkàn >9.
Ignytcl @. Iorastblsbl a`pnrtaù ul jubl iclsbkc bl iunltc n kn`îs onibr iclibsaclbs n
ngduln lcr`n a`pcrtnltb. Makc; ‗Bs `îs eîiag nebrrnrlcs n lubstrcs praliapacs bg iabl pcr
iabltc mbg tab`pc, qub nebrrnrlcs n bggcs bg lcvbltn y cioc c ioc pcr iabltc mbg tab`pc. Bg pcmbr
mb gcs gà`atbs ”bs mbiar, lubstrn ercltbrn `crng pbrsclng” rnmain bl qub lc gcs iruib`cs6
mbspuás qub lcs ob`cs kustaeainmc pnrn iruznrgcs uln vbz, lc ony lnmn qub lcs a`pamn
>=
 vcgvbr n onibrgc‐
Bg Ybþcr . ear`bzn bl iunltc n lc bliujrar la ciugtnr lubstrcs pbinmcs. ‗Iunlmc
onjgn icl
altbltn`cs bliujrar lubstrcs pbinmcs, c sntasenibr lubstrc crduggc V. . .P bl iungquabr drnmc
mb alkustaian, ob nquà, gcs iabgcs sb rbtarnl, VyP bg Bspàratu mbg Ybþcr bs ceblmamc‐>2. Ng`n makc
n su oakc; ‗Lc trntbs mb bxiusnrtb bl gc `îs `àla`c‐>5.
Bl `a prcpan vamn, iunlmc ngdûl sbr qubramc c n`adc `b sudabrb ngdulns icsns qub mbjc
in`janr, ob mbsiujabrtc, n vbibs, qub bg oc`jrb lnturng qub ony bl `a altbracr
a ltbracr sb
nprbsurnràn n rbspclmbr; ‗Bs qub lc gc vbs mbsmb `a pultc mb vastn‐, c; ‗]ng vbz mbjbràns
ciupnrtb mb ta `as`c‐, c; ‗³^uaál brbs tû pnrn kuzdnr`b3‐>4.
Iunlmc `b nrrcmaggc ou`agmb`bltb nltb `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang y gb prbdultc icl gn `îs
oclmn salibramnm; ‗Xnmrb, ³quá tbldc qub in`janr3 ³^uá `b engtn3‐, `b scjrbvablb ul
sblta`abltc mb ing`n y bl bg `c`bltc
` c`bltc mbjamc, gn vbrmnm `b pblbtrn bg icrnzùl. Bl
cinsaclbs, bs aliù`cmc, pbrc sa lc rbionzc nqubg susurrc bsparatung, gn salibramnm mbg Ybþcr
pnrn icl`adc `b pbr`atb sbr salibrc icl Ág, icl`adc `as`c y icl nqubggcs n quablbs ob
obramc.
 

Onib nþcs, bsirajà uln inrtn n ul oc`jrb qub prciurnjn `a iclsbkc bl iunltc n iù`c
pcmràn vcgvbr n sbr gn pbrscln madln qub onjàn samc nltbs. Nulqub sb onl o nl in`janmc gcs
lc`jrbs, gcs praliapacs sadubl sablmc vbrmnmbrcs. Gc saduabltb bs pnrtb mb `a inrtn;
^ubramc Jranl;
Gn trnaiaùl y bg nmugtbrac bl uln en`agan alcibltb y purn, n uln bspcsn rbitn y n jublcs
oakcs qub sb onggnl bl bg prcibsc mb bstnjgbibr sus prcpacs ia`abltcs mb eb y mb gc qub bstî
 jabl
Gnypra`brn
gc qub bstî `ng, bsn`uy
rbspubstn bstn trastb6 `uy,
satuniaùl tnl`uy
tbrralk
alkustc
ustc
tbrrajgb
ajgb pnrnsbr;
pcmràn gcs alcibltbs.
‗Ycy nmaitc n gn
pcrlcdrneàn y `b nebitn gn ecr`n mb pblsnr‐.
Ob `bmatnmc bl bsns pngnjrns, y tbldc ngdc qub mbiartb qub bspbrc qub tb nyumb. Ng
mbsirajàrtbgc, lc gc ondc pnrn rbjnknrtb,
rb jnknrtb, salc icl tcmn gn bspbrnlzn mb nyumnrtb n ibltrnrtb
bl prcjgb`ns qub quazî sbnl aligusc `îs drnvbs qub gn pcrlcdrneàn.
Bg ctrc màn, `b rbulà icl ul oc`jrb iuyc oakc on tblamc uln tbr tbrrajgb
rajgb nmaiiaùl n gn
pcrlcdrneàn murnltb tcmn gn vamn. Bg oakc,
o akc, n quabl ggn`nrá Kcol, tablb `îs c `blcs tu bmnm,
tablb iuntrc oakcs y bs `uy prùspbrc. Bl `uiocs nspbitcs, pcmràn mbiarsb qub gn vamn mb
Kcol bs sb`bknltb n gn tuyn. Yu nmaiiaùl ic`blzù iunlmc tblàn ulcs trbib nþcs6 sb npnrtù
mb nqubggc murnltb gcs nþcs mb gn `asaùl, pbrc gubdc vcgvaù n rbinbr ng rbdrbsnr.
Yal b`jnrdc, ony uln drnl maebrblian bltrb Kcol y tû. Yu pnmrb `b makc qub, nltbs mb
insnrsb, Kcol gb bxpgaiù n su alcibltb y mbsprbvblamn bspcsn scjrb su nmaiiaùl n gn
pcrlcdrneàn. Bggn qubmù mbvnstnmn. Nqubggc mb`crù bg `ntra`clac, pbrc trns prciurnr
iclsbkc,nþcs
qualib gn `ukbr tc`ù
qub onl gn mbtbr`alniaùl
bstnmc mb sbduar nmbgnltb.
insnmcs, gn pcrlcdrneàn Murnltb
on sbduamc sablmcgcs
ulnprcxa`nmn`bltb
prcjgb`n mb
`nlbrn bspcrîmain. Lc tcmcs gcs nþcs la tcmc bg tab`pc, pbrc bl maebrbltbs `c`bltcs,
nsc`n su ocrrajgb rcstrc.
Gn maebrblian bltrb Kcol y tû bs qub inmn vbz qub npnrbib gn pcrlcdrneàn, Kcol icrrb n
 jusinr nyumn. Lc `abltb
`abltb la ciugtn sus pbinmcs. N Nqubggc
qubggc gb on cinsaclnmc drnlmbs
maeaiugtnmbs murnltb su `ntra`clac6 y gb on inusnmc uln vbrd÷blzn trb`blmn. Nqubggc
sadlaeain `îs bltrbvastns icl bg cjaspc y bg prbsambltb mb bstnin6 sadlaeain pbrmbr gn
rbic`blmniaùl pnrn bg tb`pgc6 sadlaeain nercltnr n su bspcsn6 sadlaeain iclvbrsniaclbs
prceulmns icl sus pnmrbs6 sadlaeain qub n vbibs
vbib s lc on pcmamc ar ng tb`pgc iunlmc onjàn
a`pcrtnltbs nicltbia`abltcs en`aganrbs. Bl cinsaclbs, nqubggc on inusnmc tblsaclbs bl gn
rbgniaùl icl su bspcsn. Lc cjstnltb, ony ngdc qub bggn snjb, y bs qub n Kcol gb prbciupn
`îs su en`agan, su bspcsn, sus oakcs y su prcpan sngvniaùl qub gn ou`aggniaùl y gn vbrd÷blzn
v brd÷blzn
qub pubmn sbltar. Kcol snjb qub sas a lc sb oujabrn salibrnmc, gn nmaiiaùl n gn
g n pcrlcdrneàn gc
onjràn
on vastcggbvnmc ng nmugtbrac.
alvcguirnmc Ony qub
icl lalduln mbipbrscln.
mbiar
ctrn ar scln.
pbr n su envcr qub, bl
b l sus nþcs mb `ntra`clac, lc sb
Jranl, pbrmùln`b pcr onjgnrtb mb ecr`n tnl marbitn, pbrc n `à `b pnrbib qub tablbs ul
mbebitc bl tu inrîitbr qub bxibmb gn pcrlcdrneàn. Xnrn gn `nycràn mb gns pbrsclns, iunlmc
ic`ablzn gn pcrlcdrneàn, blsbduamn npnrbibl gns `bltarns. Q, pcr supubstc, gn pbrscln
pubmb kustaeainrsb mbjamc n gn trastbzn qub pcmràn prcvcinr n su ic`pnþbrn madln, n gn
 vbrd÷blzn y ng bstad`n sciang qub inusnràn
inusnràn n gn a`ndbl qub sb pbriajb bl gn Adgbsan. ]cmc
bsc pubmb kustaeainr bl gn `bltb
`b ltb mb gn pbrscln qub `abltn y bliujrn sus pbinmcs, pbrc bg
Ybþcr lc gc kustaeain bl njscgutc. Bg Yngvnmcr onjgn ignrn`bltb bl iunltc n bscs bldnþcs, n
gn `bltarn, y ng bliujra`abltc mb gcs pbinmcs.
‗Ucsctrcs gcs enrasbcs ga`paîas gc mb eubrn mbg vnsc y mbg pgntc6 pbrc vubstrc altbracr bstî
ggblc mb rnpaþn y mb `ngmnm‐ (Guins >>;91).
‗Lnmn ony bliujabrtc qub lc onyn mb mbsiujrarsb6 la ciugtc, qub lc onyn mb snjbrsb.
Xcr tnltc, gns icsns qub onjáas maioc bl
b l talabjgns, n gn guz sbrîl càmns6 y gc qub onjáas
onjgnmc
`àcs; Lcngtb`îas
càmc bl gns qub
n gcs iî`nrns sbrbgîiubrpc,
sbrî
`ntnl prbdclnmc
pbrcmbsmb gns nzctbns.
mbspuás lnmn `îs @ns cs madc,
pubmbl n`adcs
onibr. @ns cs
 

blsbþnrá n quaál mbjáas tb`br; ]b`bm] b`bm n nqubg qub V. . .P tablb pcmbr pnrn bionrVgbsP ng
aleabrlc6 sà, cs madc; N bstb tb`bm‐ (Guins >:;:’2).
Jranl, irbc qub sa lc vblibs bg prcjgb`n qub tablbs mb engtn mb salibramnm, kn`îs
 vblibrîs tu nmaiiaùl n gn pcrlcdrneàn.
pcrlcdrneàn. ]us `bltarns lc onl samc sùgc sùgc bspcrîmains6 onl samc
iclstnltbs. Gb ons bstnmc `altablmc n tu bspcsn, ng cjaspc y ng prbsambltb mb bstnin, b stnin, n tus
oakcs y ng Ybþcr, y tb ons `bltamc n ta `as`c. Bg prcjgb`n bstî `uy nrrnadnmc y lc gc
bga`alnrîs icl eniagamnm6 mbjbs rbscgvbr bsc.
Bg ctrc nspbitc qub `b prbciupn bl iunltc n tu satuniaùl bs qub tb ons pbr`atamc ‗mbknr
mb sbltar‐. ³Zbiubrmns iunlmc Lbea makc n sus obr`nlcs qub onjànl mbknmc mb sbltar y qub
lc pcmànl sbltar sus pngnjrns3 Gn ecrtngbzn mb Kcol, bg oakc mb `a n`adc, bs qub gc qub
sabltb pcr gn vbrmnm bsparatung
bs paratung on bstnmc pcr blia`n mb gn aliù`cmn nldustan mb gn
 vbrd÷blzn, mbg bsinrlac y mb gns maeaiugtnmbs.
maeaiugtnmbs. Lc pcmàn mbknrsb inbr `îs y `îs bl bg pbinmc
sal qub sb gb ntcr`bltnrn bg ng`n. Bl iabrtn ecr`n, tu sblsajagamnm ng pbinmc pnrbib onjbr
bstnmc bl ul lavbg `uy jnkc murnltb `uioc tab`pc6 mbjbs rbscgvbr bsc. Lc in`janrî i n`janrî
pcrqub bxpbra`bltbs ngdulcs `c`bltcs mb pbsnr.
Xubmc vbr tus `uions jublns iungamnmbs y qub mbsbns nqubggc qub bs icrrbitc pnrn tu
 vamn. @b ons maioc qub
qub gn pcrlcdrneàn rbprcdrn`n bg ibrbjrc, pbrc pbrc ony sueaiabltbs
bkb`pgcs ic`c bg mb Kcol, bg oakc mb `a n`adc, qub mb`ubstrnl qub lc gc onib pcr
ic`pgbtc6 nûl tblb`cs bg pcmbr mb mbiamar. Aligusc tblablmc bsn bs n tbrrajgb nmaiiaùl, bg
pbinmc prcmuib uln rbpugsaùl qub iclmuib n gn pbrscln onian nmbgnltb >?.

Uavar gn vbrmnm
Ybr salibrc bs vavar gn vbrmnm, y lc `brn`bltb mbiar gng n vbrmnm. Jradon` Qculd lcs
niclsbkù; ‗Mbjb`cs nprblmbr n sbr rbitcs bl gn csiuramnm‐>1, bs mbiar, iunlmc lnmab lcs
cjsbrvn.
Gn engtn mb salibramnm y gn al`crngamnm scl ic`pnþbrns bl bg pbinmc. Nulqub `uions
pbrsclns bl bg `ulmc pubmnl bxiusnr gcs nitcs al`crngbs rniaclngaznlmc qub scl
bxprbsaclbs mb n`cr, Macs lc nibptn tngbs bxiusns. Bg Ybþcr on maioc; ‗Q mb iabrtc cs madc,
ic`c yn ob maioc, bg qub `arn n uln `ukbr pnrn icmaianrgn, c sa ngduabl ic`btb nmugtbrac bl
su icrnzùl, lc tblmrî bg Bspàratu, salc qub lbdnrî gn eb y tb`brî. Xcr gc qub, yc, bg Ybþcr, o
obb
maioc qub gcs tb`brcscs, gcs alirámugcs, y tcmcs gcs `bltarcscs y quablquabrn qub n`b y
cjrb gn `bltarn, y bg ecrlainrac y bg obioaibrc,
o bioaibrc, tblmrîl su pnrtb bl bsb gndc qub nrmb icl
eubdc y nzuerb, qub bs gn sbdulmn `ubrtb‐ :8.

Ybr salibrc bs vavar gn vbrmnm, y lc `brn`bltb mbiar gn vbrmnm.

 Nmb`îs mb gn al`crngamnm, tcmcs gcs mb`îs

mb`îs pbinmcs tn`jaál scl ecr`ns mb mb engtn mb
oclrnmbz, bltrb bggcs, bg ourtc, bg bldnþc, bg ioas`b, bg maeulmar ru`crbs, bg qubjrnltnr gns
snltns gbybs mb Macs c bg qubjrnltnr gns gbybs iavagbs bstnjgbiamns bl lubstrn sciabmnm:>.
Iungquabr bxprbsaùl qub mastcrsaclb, bxndbrb, mrn`ntaib c `ala`aib gn vbrmnm
altbliaclng`bltb bs alicrrbitn y rbprbsbltn alaiuns ecr`ns mb bldnþc y engsbmnm. Inmn vbz
qub lcs lbdn`cs n bsiuionr lubstrn prcpan icliablian c lcs lbdn`cs n bsiuionr ngduln
n`clbstniaùl c alsparniaùl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc, mbkn`cs mb sbr oclrnmcs pnrn sbr
bldnþnmcs, y bs bltclibs iunlmc pbin`cs.
Bg npùstcg Kunl bg N`nmc blsbþù qub iunlmc lc rbiclcib`cs lubstrcs pbinmcs, lcs
bldnþn`cs n lcsctrcs `as`cs y gn vbrmnm lc bstî bl lcsctrcs ::. ]cmc pbinmc, aligusc bg
 

crduggc qub lcs a`pamb sbr ic`pgbtn`bltb salibrcs bl gn iclebsaùl mb gcs pbinmcs, bs uln
ecr`n mb nutcbldnþc. ¡Xcmb`cs bldnþnrlcs n lcsctrcs `as`cs y n ctrns pbrsclns, `ns lc
pcmb`cs bldnþnr n Macs! ]ng ic`c sb near`n bl bg pîrrnec alaiang mbg prbsbltb inpàtugc, Macs
lubstrc Xnmrb y Yu Oakc Kbsuirastc scl Ybrbs mb njscgutn, pbrebitn y ic`pgbtn oclrnmbz y
 vbrmnm.
^uá trastbzn bs lc tblbr bg Bspàratu, lbdnr gn eb y vavar icl tb`cr. Bg rby Jblkn`àl maib gc
saduabltb bl iunltcngngocrrblmc
sbrîl iclsadlnmcs sa`jcgas`c mbg gndc mb
bspbitîiugc mbeubdc y nzuerb;
su prcpan iugpn‗Qy njc`alniaclbs,
sa eubrbl VcjrnsPqub
`ngns,
gcs
onrî rbtrcibmbr mb gn prbsblian mbg Ybþcr n ul bstnmc mb `asbran y tcr`bltc sal eal V. . .P. Q
su tcr`bltc bs ic`c ul gndc mb eubdc y nzuerb‐:9.
Gb prc`btc qub iclecr`b sb ic`prc`btn iclsadc `as`c n sbr oclrnmc bl tcmc gc qub
ondn y madn, snjrî qub bstî nvnlznlmc pcr bg in`alc icrrbitc, qub iclmuib n gn vamn btbrln.
Iuîl obr`csn bs gn prc`bsn qub bg Ybþcr bxtablmb n quabl bs oclrnmco clrnmc y vartucsc; ‗Mbkn qub
gn vartum bldngnlb tus pblsn`abltcs alibsnltb`bltb6 bltclibs tu icleanlzn sb ecrtngbibrî bl
gn prbsblian mb Macs V. . .P. Bg Bspàratu Ynltc sbrî tu ic`pnþbrc iclstnltb, y tu ibtrc, ul
ibtrc al`utnjgb mb kustaian y mb vbrmnm6 y tu mc`alac sbrî ul mc`alac btbrlc V. . .P pnrn
sab`prb kn`îs‐:=.
 

Inpàtugc >1
ICLEBY Z MB JRBL D L Q J LMCL Z BG XBI MC
ICL MB]BZ@AL IAÙL
Bl uln bgciubltb blsbþnlzn n lubstrn dblbrniaùl, bg Ybþcr makc; ‗Xcr bstc pcmráas snjbr
sa ul oc`jrb sb nrrbpabltb mb sus pbinmcs; Ob nquà, gcs iclebsnrî y gcs njnlmclnrî‐ >. Bg
Ybþcr lc maib qub bsc sbn tcmc gc qub sb rbquabrb ng nrrbpbltarsb, salc qub maiocs pnscs
iruiangbs scl uln mb`cstrniaùl bxtbrln mb qub bg nrrbpblta`abltc on ic`blznmc. Bs
lbibsnrac iclebsnr ou`agmb`bltb n Macs tcmcs gcs pbinmcs6 gcs pbinmcs drnvbs mbjbl
iclebsnrsb n gn mbjamn nutcramnm mbg snibrmciac. Nmb`îs, bs bsbliang iclebsnr lubstrcs
pbinmcs n quablbs onyn`cs obramc, sa bs pcsajgb.
Bxastb drnl pcmbr bl crnr n lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang mb rcmaggns y bl vcz ngtn :. Icl
salibramnm, bxpgain`cs gn trastbzn qub sblta`cs pcr lc dunrmnr Yus `nlmn`abltcs, nsà ic`c
bg pbsnr qub sblta`cs bl bg ng`n.
ng` n. Bg crnr bl vcz ngtn lcs nyumn iclecr`b bsiuion`cs gns
pngnjrns qub marada`cs n lubstrc Xnmrb bxprbsnlmc gn `ndlatum tctng mb lubstrc pbinmc, y
lcs nyumn n sbr `aluiacscs y bspbiàeaics, sal jusinr bxiusns pcr gc qub ob`cs obioc.
Lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang iclcib tcmcs lubstrcs pbinmcs nltbs mb qub lcsctrcs gcs
nm`atn`cs6 iunlmc gb crn`cs, rbiclcib`cs qub sc`cs rbspclsnjgbs nltb Ág y nm`ata`cs
lubstrn trastbzn pcr lc onjbr vavamc eabgbs n lubstrcs iclvblacs jnutas`ngbs y mbg tb`pgc.
Xubmb qub lcs sbn mb prcvbioc bg bkb`pgc mb Nmîl y Bvn bl gns Bsiraturns bl iunltc n
iclebsnr lubstrcs pbinmcs n lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang. Iunlmc rbiclciabrcl sus pbinmcs pcr
pra`brn vbz, bg Xnmrb prbdultù n Nmîl y n Bvn; ‗³Mùlmb bstîs3‐ 9. Bl lubstrns crniaclbs,
quazî pcmràn`cs iclsambrnr rbiclcibr n lubstrc Xnmrb mùlmb lcs onggn`cs bl lubstrn
trnvbsàn tbrrblng. Onjgnrgb salibrn`bltb ng Xnmrb Ibgbstang rbvbgn lubstrc mbsbc mb vcgvbr n
bstnr `îs ibrin mb Ág.
Bl lubstrns crniaclbs, bs a`pcrtnltb qub onjgb`cs mb `nlbrn njabrtn icl lubstrc Xnmrb
Ibgbstang scjrb gns iariulstnlians qub nocrn rbquabrbl lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc. ]ng ic`c
gbs suibmaù n Nmîl y n Bvn, lubstrcs sblta`abltcs mb vbrd÷blzn y pbsnr scl bg rbsugtnmc mb
bsiuionr gns tbltniaclbs mbg nmvbrsnrac y mb lc sbduar gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs.
Bg Ybþcr prbdultù n Nmîl y n Bvn; ‗³Ons ic`amc mbg îrjcg mbg iung yc tb `nlmá qub lc
=
ic`absbs3‐ . Nulqub quazî lc
njcrmb`cs sa`jùgain`bltb cadn`cs
maion Yu vcz
prbdultn bl oniaálmclcs bsn prbdultn,
lubstrns crniaclbs n Ág. Bssbràn jublc
prbiasc qub qub
sbn`cs salibrcs y nm`atn`cs gc qub onyn`cs obioc qub lc bstá mb niubrmc icl Yus
`nlmn`abltcs. Ng`n, oakc, rbiclciaù; ‗@b onggnjn bl bg `îs tblbjrcsc njas`c V. . .P.
 Ntcr`bltnjn `a ng`n ul supgaiac btbrlc‐2. Bxprbsn`cs gc qub sblta`cs mb `cmc salibrc.
Bg Ybþcr oazc uln prbdultn `îs n Nmîl y n Bvn; ‗³^uá bs gc qub ons obioc3‐ 5. Bl
lubstrcs màns, bsn prbdultn pcmràn bxprbsnrsb nsà; ‗³Bltablmbs gn drnvbmnm mb tus
niiaclbs3‐. Bg prbsambltb @. Zussbgg Jnggnrm on rbinginmc qub lc mbjb`cs `ala`aznr
` ala`aznr
lubstrcs nitcs la bxiusnrlcs; ‗Bsc mb qub sb pubmn pbinr ul pcic bquavngb n bldnþnrsb n
ulc `as`c. ¡Bg pbinmc bs pbinmc! Bg pbinmc mbjagatn bsparatung`bltb y sab`prb pclb ng
pbinmcr bl pbgadrc bl gc qub tcin n gns icsns btbrlns. Bg bsicdbr bg pbinr, aligusc icl gn
altbliaùl mb nrrbpbltarsb, bs sbliaggn`bltb vcgvbr gn bspngmn n Macs y vacgnr gcs iclvblacs‐4.
]blb`cs qub rbiclcibr n Macs gn trastbzn qub lubstrns niiaclbs onynl cinsaclnmc n ctrns
pbrsclns6 bg mcgcr y bg mnþc qub onyn`cs inusnmc n nqubggcs qub brnl ic`pgbtn`bltb
alcibltbs c n quablbs lcs onynl sbduamc onian sblmbrcs bquavcinmcs. Onjrî ctrns icsns qub
gbs niumarîl n gn `bltb y ng bspàratu qub sbrî a`pcrtnltb qub madnl ng crnr n Macs. Ng
 

ic`blznr bstn iclvbrsniaùl scgb`lb y sndrnmn icl lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang, vbrb`cs y
sbltarb`cs gn a`pcrtnlian mb gn iclebsaùl bl bg prcibsc mbg nrrbpblta`abltc ?.
Bg Ybþcr makc n Yus pra`brcs snltcs; ‗Qc V. . .P scy `asbraicrmacsc icl nqubggcs qub V. . .P
icleabsnl Vsus pbinmcsP icl icrnzclbs ou`agmbs‐ 1. Q makc nmb`îs; ‗Qc, bg Ybþcr, pbrmclc gcs
pbinmcs mb nqubggcs qub gcs icleabsnl nltb `à y pambl pbrmùl‐ >8.

Iclebsnr
Rln vbz n quablbs
qub onyn`cs
rbiclcib`cs gc qubmnþnmc
ob`cs obioc, sblta`cs rb`crma`abltc pcr lubstrns
niiaclbs, y uln vbz qub onyn`cs iclebsnmc ng Ybþcr, tblb`cs qub jusinr gn vngbltàn pnrn
iclebsnr, sa bs pcsajgb, n quablbs onyn`cs ndrnvanmc. Gn iclebsaùl lc bs tnl sùgc gn nm`asaùl
mb gn iugpn mbspuás mb qub ngduabl onyn mbsiujabrtc lubstrcs pbinmcs6 `îs jabl, bs bg mbsbc
mb rbiclcibr nltb bg Ybþcr y nltb quablbs onyn`cs pbrkumainmc bg `ng qub ob`cso b`cs obioc, y
mb prciurnr bg pbrmùl mb bggcs. Ya sb on ceblmamc n `uions
`uio ns pbrsclns, ob`cs mb onjgnr icl
tcmns gns pnrtbs ceblmamns, sa bs pcsajgb. Bg ágmbr Lbng N. @nxwbgg makc; ‗Gn iclebsaùl nyumn
n njnlmclnr bg pbinmc V. . .P. Mbspuás mb pbinr mb `nlbrn pûjgain y bxtblsn, lc l c pcmb`cs
prbtblmbr qub sb lcs rbsintb mb `nlbrn pravnmn y rîpamn. Mnr gn inrn nltb nqubggcs n quablbs
ob`cs obioc mnþc, bl bspbiang, nqubggcs n quablbs n`n`cs, nulqub bs uln bxpbrablian
mcgcrcsn, pubmb sbr uln drnl nyumn pnrn mnrlcs gn ecrtngbzn mb lc rbpbtar gcs pbinmcs mbg
pnsnmc‐>>.
Mbspuás mb onjbr tc`nmc gn mbiasaùl mb iclebsnr n ngduabl qub onyn`cs obramc
prceulmn`bltb, lubstrc pra`brn y `nycr iclsambrniaùl mbjb sbr iù`c pcmràn rbngaznrsb tng
iclebsaùl mb ul `cmc qub lc sb oabrn `îs, la sb nu`bltb bg mcgcr y gn trastbzn tbrrajgbs qub
 yn prcmukc bg pbinmc. Gc qub `ctavb praliapng`bltb
praliapng`bltb gn iclebsaùl lc pubmb
pubmb sbr bg mbsbc mb gn
pbrscln mb rbiajar ngavac mb gn iugpn, la bg sbduar nmbgnltb icl bg prcibsc mbg
nrrbpblta`abltc. Bg prcebtn Knicj onjgn bl iunltc n icrnzclbs tabrlcs qub scggcznl, y bl
iunltc n pbrmbr gn icleanlzn mb gcs `ab`jrcs mb gn en`agan >:.
Bstcy en`aganraznmc icl bg insc mb iabrtc `ntra`clac bl bg iung, onib `uiocs nþcs, bg
bspcsc, mbspuás mb sbltar bxtrb`c rb`crma`abltc trns onjbr ic`btamc nmugtbrac,
rîpamn`bltb iclebsù ng cjaspc mbg gudnr. Yu en`agan sb blicltrnjn ng ctrc gnmc mbg pnàs bl ul
 vankb mb tb`pcrnmn lnvambþn, y su bspcsn bstnjn
bstnjn b`jnrnznmn mb iuntrc `bsbs. Nulqub gn
en`agan icltnjn icl gcs `bmacs biclù`aics pnrn qub bg `nramc vcgnrn onstn bg satac bl qub sb
onggnjn su ic`pnþbrn, bl su prasn pcr sbduar nmbgnltb y ngavanr su icliablian, ggn`ù n gn
bspcsn y gb onjgù pcr tbgáeclc bl iunltc n gn aleambgamnm. Yu mbsprbvblamn bspcsn sb
iclstbrlù
 yn tnltc,ntbliaùl
qub rbqubràn qub sus en`aganrbs tuvabrcl
`ámain n eal lbibsamnm
mb dnrnltaznr
dnrnltaznr mb ggbvnrgn
gn sngum mb b`brdblian
mbg jbjá qub dbstnjn.ng ocspatng,

 Ng b`prblmbr bstn tnl mbgainmn sblmn, lubstrc altbrás praliapng mbjbl sbr
quablbs onynl rbsugtnmc pbrkumainmcs c obramcs.

Ya bs pcsajgb, gc `bkcr bs iclebsnr inrn n inrn. Gn pnrtb ceblmamn lbibsatn vbr qub gn
iclebsaùl sb ondn ou`agmb`bltb, sal pclbr bxiusns la iugpnr n ctrns pbrsclns. Iunlmc gcs
oakcs nm`atnl brrcrbs n gcs pnmrbs, pcmràn sbrgbs mb nyumn qub onyn ul gàmbr mbg snibrmciac
bl gn sngn. Bl insc mb pbinmcs drnvbs, pubmb sbr a`pcrtnltb qub sb onggbl ibrin ngdulcs
`ab`jrcs mb gn en`agan c n`adcs mb icleanlzn. Gc qub bs `îs a`pcrtnltb, ng b`prblmbr bstn
tnl mbgainmn sblmn, lubstrc altbrás praliapng mbjbl sbr quablbs onynl rbsugtnmc
pbrkumainmcs c obramcs.
Iclebsnr n gn mbjamn nutcramnm mbg snibrmciac
 

Gns trnlsdrbsaclbs `uy drnvbs, tngbs ic`c gcs pbinmcs sbxungbs >9, tablbl qub iclebsnrsb
ng cjaspc c ng prbsambltb mb bstnin, y rbscgvbrsb icl bg Ybþcr y icl gn Adgbsan. N gcs cjaspcs y
n gcs prbsambltbs mb bstnin sb gbs on crmblnmc y npnrtnmc pnrn prbstnr sbrvaiac ic`c kubibs
bl Asrnbg>=. Xcr supubstc, sùgc bg Ybþcr pubmb pbrmclnr pbinmcs, pbrc gcs gàmbrbs mbg
snibrmciac mbsb`pbþnl uln a`pcrtnltb euliaùl bl bg prcibsc mb nrrbpbltarsb mb pbinmcs
drnvbs. Ng`n tuvc qub gamanr icl gn a`pcrtnltb rbspclsnjagamnm mb njcrmnr
njcrmnr bg prcjgb`n mb
quablbs
ng Ybþcr>2onjànl ic`btamc trnlsdrbsaclbs
. ]rns mbrrn`nr bg ng`n bltbrn, drnvbs6 pcr
gn vcz mbg gc iung
Ybþcr sb nturjù
valc bl bspàratugc
ág, almaiîlmcgb y prbdultù
qub mbjàn
onibr , b aligusc bg Ybþcr bxpgaiù qub onjàn mcs iclebsaclbs y mcs pbrmclbs. ‗]b madc, pcr
>5

tnltc; Ub6 y ng qub trnlsdrbmabrb icltrn `à, gc kuzdnrîs mb niubrmc icl gcs pbinmcs qub onyn
ic`btamc6 y sa icleabsn sus pbinmcs nltb ta y `à, y sb nrrbpabltb icl salibramnm mb icrnzùl, n
bstb ons mb pbrmclnr, y yc gc pbrmclnrá tn`jaál‐ >4. Gns pbrsclns qub trnlsdrbmnl bl tngbs
inscs mbjbl iclebsnr n Ág y n su gàmbr mbg snibrmciac. Rln vbz qub sb onynl nrrbpbltamc icl
salibramnm mb icrnzùl, bg gàmbr mbg snibrmciac on mb pbrmclnrgns y bg Ybþcr prc`btb qub gns
pbrmclnrî. Lc bs qub bg cjaspc gns pbrmclb pcr sà `as`c, salc qub gns pbrmcln bl gc
rbebrbltb n su iclmaiaùl mb `ab`jrc mb gn Adgbsan; pcr bkb`pgc, almain sa pubmbl usnr su
snibrmciac, tc`nr gn Ynltn Ibln c rbdrbsnr ng tb`pgc. Yal b`jnrdc, bs bg Ybþcr quabl
bxtablmb bg pbrmùl ealng, bg iung aliguyb gn pnz mb icliablian y uln pgblatum mb dczc >?.
 Ng`n lcs nyumn n ic`prblmbr gn euliaùl
euliaùl mb gcs gàmbrbs mbg snibrmciac qub cjrnlcjrnl icl bg
Ybþcr n eal mb nyumnr n gns pbrsclns salibrns y ou`agmbs n rbiajar bg pbrmùl mb gns
trnlsdrbsaclbs drnvbs.
 Ng mbsirajar gcs mbjbrbs mbg cjaspc, bg Ybþcr
Ybþcr rbvbgù qub ástb tn`jaál onjàn mb ‗sbr kubz bl
Asrnbg, pnrn trn`atnr gcs nsultcs mb gn adgbsan y kuzdnr n gcs trnlsdrbscrbs VyP sbdûl bg
tbsta`clac qub eubrb prbsbltnmc nltb ág mb iclecr`amnm icl gns gbybs V. . .P. Bstb sbrî bg
mbjbr mbg cjaspc V. . .P. Nsà qub, sbrî ul kubz, sà, ul kubz ic`ûl bltrb gcs onjatnltbs mb Yacl,
c bl uln bstnin mb Yacl, c iungquabr rn`n mb gn adgbsan mclmb sbn npnrtnmc pnrn bstb
`alastbrac‐>1.
Bl bg Gajrc mb @cr`ùl, bg Ybþcr `nlmù n gcs gàmbrbs; ‗lc pbr`atîas qub laldulc n
snjablmns pnrtaiapb almadln`bltb mb `a inrlb y mb `a snldrb, iunlmc gns nm`alastráas6
pcrqub quabl ic`b `a inrlb y jbjb `a snldrb almadln`bltb, ic`b y jbjb iclmblniaùl pnrn
su ng`n‐:8. Gcs n`crcscs cjaspcs tablbl gn rbspclsnjagamnm bspbiang mb bvatnr qub su rbjnþc
pnrtaiapb almadln`bltb mb gn Ynltn Ibln mbjamc n gns iclsbiublians bsparatungbs mb bggc.
Gcs gàmbrbs mbg snibrmciac lc onl mb nitunr sùgc bl su euliaùl mb kubibs, salc tn`jaál
ic`c
bl ‗ulduàns pnrncjsiurc
mbsabrtc nyumnrlcs n onggnr ]rns
y gûdujrb‐. lubstrc in`alc.
‗onjbr Bl bg subþc
in`alnmc mbg prcebtnpcr
bl gn cjsiuramnm Gboa, ástb sb vac
bg bspniac mb
`uions ocrns‐, a`pgcrù ng Ybþcr ‗qub tuvabrn `asbraicrman mb VágP‐ :>. Bg Ybþcr gc duaù pnrn
qub sngabrn mb su cjsiuramnm. Lubstrc cjaspc, lubstrc prbsambltb mb bstnin y ctrcs gàmbrbs
mbg snibrmciac pubmbl icltrajuar n duanrlcs pnrn qub sngdn`cs mb lubstrn cjsiuramnm.
 Njnlmclnr bg pbinmc
Bl bg bgciubltb pnsnkb mb gns Bsiraturns qub sb onggn bl Mcitraln y Iclvblacs, sbiiaùl 2?,
bg Ybþcr onib oalinpaá bl qub, kultc icl iclebsnr gcs pbinmcs, quablbs mbsbbl nrrbpbltarsb
nrrbpbltarsb
tn`jaál gcs njnlmclnrîl::.
 Njnlmclnr iabrtc pbinmc sadlaeain
sadlaeain qub kn`îs gc rbpbtarb`cs ”kn`îs
”kn`îs vcgvbrb`cs n ág” la
`bmanltb niiaclbs la pngnjrns6 la saquabrn
s aquabrn bl gn `bltb. Njnlmclnr ul pbinmc mbtbr`alnmc
sadlaeain qub ástb on qubmnmc tctng`bltb bl bg pnsnmc. Njnlmclnr bg pbinmc sadlaeain `îs
qub tnl sùgc sbltar bg rb`crma`abltc y gn trastbzn qub lcs onyn cinsaclnmc n lcsctrcs y n
ctrns pbrsclns qub oujaárn`cs obramc6 sadlaeain bstnr sbdurcs mb qub lc lcs icgcinrb`cs bl
gn `as`n satuniaùl qub onyn inusnmc bg pbinmc nltbs. Yadlaeain rbgniaclnrsb icl n`adcs y
 

en`aganrbs mb icleanlzn qub lcs nyumbl n sbduar nmbgnltb. Xnrn ngdulcs, pcmràn sadlaeainr
in`janr mb n`adcs, y tng vbz in`janr mb b`pgbc c in`janr gc qub ondn`cs icl lubstrc
tab`pc. Yadlaeain sbr `uy ernlics y salibrcs icl ngdulcs ic`pnþbrcs mb icleanlzn
iclecr`b nvnlzn`cs. Yadlaeain qub kn`îs qubrrb`cs vcgvbr n gcsgc s pbinmcs mb lubstrc
pnsnmc. Bg Ybþcr mbignrù icl ear`bzn; ‗Am y lc pbquáas `îs6 pbrc gcs pbinmcs nltbracrbs
 vcgvbrîl ng ng`n qub Vvubgvn n sus pbinmcsP, maib
maib bg Ybþcr vubstrc Macs‐:9.

 Njnlmclnr iabrtc pbinmc sadlaeain qub kn`îs gc rbpbtarb`cs ”kn`îs vcgvbrb`cs

n ág” la `bmanltb niiaclbs la pngnjrns6 la saquabrn bl gn `bltb. Njnlmclnr ul
 pbinmc mbtbr`alnmc sadlaeain qub ástb on qubmnmc tctng`bltb bl bg pnsnmc.

Xcr supubstc, bg nrrbpblta`abltc lulin iclstatuyb ul bseubrzc mbspbrmaianmc. Gn pbrscln

qub sb onyn nrrbpbltamc mb bstnr blcknmn, gn`bltnjgb`bltb pcmràn blcknrsb mb lubvc, c gn
pbrscln qub sb onyn nrrbpbltamc mb onjgnr `ng mb ngduabl, gn`bltnjgb`bltb pcmràn onjgnr
`ng mb ctrn pbrscln. Bg prbsambltb Gcrblzc Ylcw makc; ‗Lc bspbrbl ggbdnr n sbr pbrebitcs mb
al`bmantc. Ya gc onibl, sb mbsagusaclnrîl. Ybnl `bkcrbs ocy mb gc qub eubrcl nybr, y sbnl
`bkcrbs `nþnln mb gc qub scl ocy. Lc pbr`atn`cs qub gns tbltniaclbs qub quazîs lcs
 vblibl ocy pnriang`bltb lcs vblznl tnltc `nþnln. Nsà, pubs,pubs, icltalûbl sablmc ul pcic
`bkcrbs màn trns màn‐:=. Xrcdrbsn`cs pnsc n pnsc, gàlbn scjrb gàlbn, n `bmamn qub ecrkn`cs
lubstrc inrîitbr màn n màn. Lc cjstnltb, bl bg insc mb gcs pbinmcs drnvbs y bg mb gcs pbinmcs
qub lcs a`pbmarîl nginlznr lubstrns `btns btbrlns, mbjb`cs npnrtnrlcs y lc rbdrbsnr
 kn`îs.
Iunlmc bg rby Jblkn`àl blsbþù qub ‗bg oc`jrb lnturng bs blb`adc mb Macs, y gc on samc
mbsmb gn inàmn mb Nmîl, y gc sbrî
s brî pnrn sab`prb kn`îs, n `blcs qub sb sc`btn ng alegukc mbg
Ynltc Bspàratu‐:2, lcs niclsbkù qub lcs ‗Vvcgvaárn`csP ic`c ul
laþc; su`ascVsP, `nlscVsP, ou`agmbVsP, pniabltbVsP, ggblcVsP mb n`cr
 y maspubstcVsP n sc`btbrVlcsP n iunltc
iunltc bg Ybþcr kuzdub iclvblabltb alegadar scjrb
VlcsctrcsP‐. Bg rby Jblkn`àl lcs nyumn n mnrlcs iubltn mb qub lubstrcs nvnlibs rbgntavcs n
nmcptnr gcs ntrajutcs mb Kbsuirastc bl lubstrn vamn lc ggbdnrîl `bmanltb ul ûlaic bvbltc mb
iclebsnr y njnlmclnr. Ggbdnrîl iclecr`b bvngub`cs lubstrcs niiaclbs n manrac y
supgaqub`cs gn `asbraicrman mb lubstrc Yngvnmcr `abltrns prciurn`cs ggbdnr n sbr `bkcrbs.
Mbsnecrtulnmn`bltb,
icl rnpambz y ou`agmnm,bs ypcsajgb qub vcgvn`cs
nvnlib`cs mb lubvcnbl
trcpbznr n vbibs,
vb ibs,
gn marbiiaùl pbrc oalqub`cs gn rcmaggn
icrrbitn.
Bg Ybþcr mbsbn qub lcs ecrtngbzin`cs mb `nlbrn iclstnltb y qub ggbdub`cs n sbr
`bkcrbs, trntnlmc mb lc rbpbtar la saquabrn bg `blcr mb gcs pbinmcs mbg pnsnmc. Ág
‗lc pubmVbP iclsambrnr bg pbinmc icl bg `îs `àla`c drnmc mb tcgbrnlian‐ :5, pbrc on
prc`btamc; ‗Lc cjstnltb, bg qub sb nrrbpabltn y iu`pgn gcs `nlmn`abltcs mbg Ybþcr sbrî
pbrmclnmc‐:4. Bg Ybþcr sb ic`pgnib bl iclibmbrlcs Yu `asbraicrman y Yu pbrmùl iunlmc
lcs nrrbpblta`cs vbrmnmbrn`bltb.
Bg npùstcg Xnjgc, quabl nltbs mb sbr Xnjgc brn bg alkustc Ynugc, makc; ‗Xbrc uln icsn ondc;
cgvamnlmc iabrtn`bltb gc qub qubmn ntrîs, y bxtblmaálmc`b n gc qub bstî mbgnltb, prcsadc n
gn `btn, ng prb`ac mbg suprb`c ggn`n`abltc mb Macs bl Irastc Kbsûs‐ :?.
Rln vbz qub bl vbrmnm ob`cs mbknmc ntrîs bg pbinmc, lc icltalun`cs pblsnlmc bl ág, la
lcs rbdcmbn`cs bl ág, la onjgn`cs scjrb ág njabrtn`bltb icl ctrns pbrsclns. Nulqub mbsbb
nmvbrtar n gcs mb`îs scjrb gcs pbinmcs qub ustbm on supbrnmc, nqubggc pubmb iclmuiar n gn
prcpndniaùl mb ioas`bs mb taltb a`prcpac c trnbr n gn a`ndalniaùl mb gn `bltb alcibltb
iabrtns bsiblns lc mbsbnmns, pbrkumainlmc bl gc bsparatung n gns pbrsclns qub mbsbn nyumnr.
 

 Nprblmà bsb praliapac mb ul `cmc `nrnvaggcsc

`nrnvaggcsc mb ul rbitc ic`pnþbrc mb gn `asaùl,
`abltrns prbstnjn sbrvaiac ic`c `asaclbrc bl Ernlian. Ág tblàn insa iuntrc nþcs `îs qub yc,
 y onjàn sngamc n gn `asaùl mbspuás mb ularsb n gn Adgbsan bl uln iaumnm `btrcpcgatnln drnlmb
mb Burcpn. Nltbs mb jnutaznrsb bl gn Adgbsan, onjàn ggbvnmc uln vamn `ulmnln. Gcs
`asaclbrcs `îs kùvblbs, ng snjbr qub brn vnracs nþcs `nycr qub lcsctrcs y iclciablmc qub
su iclvbrsaùl onjàn ciurramc trns onjbr bltrnmc yn bl gcs vbaltatnltcs nþcs mb bmnm, bstnjnl
nlsacscs pcrmbsnjbr
ng rbspbitc `cmc`îs scjrbysumakc
rctulmc vamn
mbnltbs mb gn
`nlbrn iclvbrsaùl.
`uy Bgnqubggc
marbitn; ‗N `asaclbrc sb lbdù
gc mbká n onjgnr
ntrîs. oOb
njgnr
njnlmclnmc bsn vamn, y ob njrnznmc gn vamn mb Irastc. Lc sùgc lc vcgvbrá
vcgvb rá n pnrtaiapnr mb
nqubggc, salc qub lc pablsc vcgvbr n onjgnr ng rbspbitc ctrn vbz, la blcrduggbibr`b mb bggc,
pubs `b inusn trastbzn y lc sntaseniiaùl‐. Ob vastc n `a ic`pnþbrc mb `asaùl bl `îs mb uln
cinsaùl murnltb gcs ialiubltn nþcs qub onl trnlsiurramc mbsmb qub bstuva`cs bl Ernlian.
Gc rbspbtc, gc nprbiac y gc nm`arc, y onstn bg màn mb ocy sadc sal iclcibr gns niiaclbs qub
nebitnrcl su vamn nltbs mb iclvbrtarsb ng Bvnldbgac.
Bl uln cinsaùl, `nlaebstá n uln numablian ulavbrsatnran qub yc irbàn qub, sa tblb`cs ul
pnsnmc mb al`crngamnm c mb iclsu`c mb pcrlcdrneàn, gn pbrscln icl quabl mbsbn`cs
insnrlcs `brbib iclcibr tng oastcrang, sa nsà gc mbsbn:1. Gn eb bl Kbsuirastc y bl Yu bxpaniaùl,
gn purbzn mb pblsn`abltcs, gn salibramnm, y gn icleanlzn bl gn jrûkugn `crng mb lubstrc
ic`pnþbrc scl eulmn`bltcs ignvb pnrn bg `ntra`clac btbrlc.
Lc bs nmbiunmc trntnr gns bxpbrablians mb lubstrn vamn qub sbnl `uy pravnmns iunlmc
rbiaál ic`blzn`cs n iclcibr n ngduabl. Bs prcjnjgb qub `bliaclnr gcs pbinmcs mbg pnsnmc
mb gcs qub lcs onyn`cs nrrbpbltamc y qub bg Ybþcr onyn pbrmclnmc nebitb allbibsnran`bltb
 y mb `cmc lbdntavc gn rbgniaùl aliapabltb. Iunlmc
Iunlmc gcs pbinmcs sb onggnl mastnltbs bl bg
pnsnmc, sb onl njnlmclnmc, sb onl pbrmclnmc y lc sb onl rbpbtamc, lc bs prcmuitavc qub, ng
ic`blznr gn n`astnm, ondn`cs prbdultns c mbsbb`cs rbspubstns icl mbtnggbs bspbiàeaics y
 vàvamcs. Ng `as`c tab`pc, sbn salibrc ng mnrsb
mnrsb iubltn mb qub gcs pbinmcs lc sb onggnl mbg
tcmc bl bg pnsnmc.
Ya gb prbciupn gn lnturngbzn c gn eambgamnm ng masiapugnmc mb ngduabl n quabl bstá
iclsambrnlmc pnrn bg `ntra`clac, tù`bsb `îs tab`pc pnrn iclcibr su icrnzùl. Uava`cs bl
ul `ulmc qub bs `uy almasirbtc6 altbrlbt pubmb trnbr ng prbsbltb gns bxpbrablians mbg
pnsnmc mb ecr`n `uy rîpamn. Gcs sbirbtcs rbsugtnl mbvnstnmcrbs pnrn gcs gnzcs btbrlcs, y gns
icsns mbg pnsnmc qub b`brdbl nþcs mbspuás, nul iunlmc gn pbrscln onyn rbiajamc bg pbrmùl,
pubmbl susiatnr mumns y mbsicleanlzn. Gb niclsbkc qub sbn ic`pgbtn`bltb salibrc icl gn
pbrscln n gn qubmbjbl
iclvbrsniaclbs bstá iclsambrnlmc
ciurrar `uiocn`nr n gc gnrdc
mbspuás mbgngnsrbgniaùl
mb qub btbrlamnmbs, y bltablmn qub tngbs
onyn `nmurnmc.
Iáltrbsb bl bg pcmbr snlnmcr mb Kbsuirastc y bl Yu bxpaniaùl, y lc bl gcs pbinmcs pnsnmcs
mb gn pbrscln. Ya pubmb, bltnjgb rbgniaùl icl gcs pnmrbs, en`aganrbs y n`adcs mbg pnsnmc mb
ástn. Ya tablb mumns c alquabtumbs, ndunrmb y sbn pniabltb6 bg tab`pc gb marî nqubggc qub
tbldn qub snjbr.
Bg ágmbr Kbeerby Z. Ocggnlm lcs on nignrnmc gn ecr`n bl qub ob`cs mb sbduar nmbgnltb bl
bg maeàiag `ulmc bl bg qub vava`cs; ‗Ony ngdc bl lcsctrcs, ng `blcs bl mb`nsanmcs mb
lcsctrcs, qub bl pnrtaiugnr lcs a`pamb pbrmclnr y cgvamnr gcs brrcrbs pnsnmcs mb gn vamn, yn
sbn qub gcs onyn`cs ic`btamc lcsctrcs u ctrns pbrsclns. Bsc lc bs jublc V. . .P y bstî bl
marbitn cpcsaiaùl n gn drnlmacsamnm y gn `nkbstnm mb gn bxpaniaùl mb Irastc. Bg pbr`nlbibr
sukbtcs n gcs brrcrbs mbg pnsnmc ”gcs prcpacs c gcs mb ctrns pbrsclns” bs gn pbcr `nlbrn mb
ntcr`bltnrsb icl bg pnsnmc, mb gc iung sb lcs bxocrtn n ibsnr y mbsastar V. . .P.
‗ Mbkbl qub gns pbrsclns sb nrrbpabltnl6 mákblgns prcdrbsnr. Irbnl qub gn dbltb pubmb
in`janr y `bkcrnr. ³Bs
`bkcrnr. ³Bs bsc eb3 ¡Yà! ³Bs bsc bspbrnlzn3 ¡Yà! ³Bs bsc inramnm3 ¡Yà! Q scjrb
 

tcmc, bs inramnm, bg n`cr purc mb Irastc. Ya ngdc qubmù bltbrrnmc bl bg pnsnmc, mákblgc
bltbrrnmc V. . .P.
‗Bg pnsnmc bs pnrn nprblmbr mb ág pbrc lc pnrn vavar bl ág. @arn`cs ntrîs icl bg mbsbc mb
rbign`nr gns jrnsns mb gns bxpbrablians rnmanltbs, pbrc lc gns iblazns. Q uln vbz qub
onyn`cs nprblmamc gc qub tbldn`cs qub nprblmbr y qub dunrmb`cs icl lcsctrcs gc `bkcr
mb gc qub onyn`cs bxpbra`bltnmc, bltclibs `arb`cs nmbgnltb y rbicrmb`cs qub gn eb
98
sab`prb sbþngn onian bg euturc‐
euturc‐ .
Iù`c snjbr qub sb onl pbrmclnmc gcs pbinmcs
 Ngdulns pbrsclns tng vbz sb prbdultbl; ‗Ya ob iclebsnmc `a pbinmc
pbinmc y gc ob njnlmclnmc,
³pcr quá lc pubmc cgvamnrgc3 ³Xcr quá sadub bl `a `bltb y pbr`nlbib icl`adc3‐. Bg
rbiubrmc mb ngdulcs pbinmcs qub sb onynl njnlmclnmc pcmràn pbr`nlbibr icl lcsctrcs,
pbrc bg mcgcr, gn trastbzn, bg rb`crma`abltc y gn iugpn mbsnpnrbibrîl.
mbsnpnrbibrîl. Nulqub bg Ybþcr
prc`btb lc rbicrmnr `îs lubstrcs pbinmcs, pnrn lcsctrcs bs uln jblmaiaùl qub lc
cgvamb`cs pcr ic`pgbtc gcs brrcrbs pnsnmcs bl bstn vamn, mb `cmc qub kn`îs gcs
rbpatn`cs. Yntnlîs trntn mb usnr lubstrcs pbinmcs nltbracrbs icltrn lcsctrcs, pbrc
pcmb`cs vblibr bsns `ngaltbliaclnmns tîitains crnlmc mb al`bmantc icl eb y ndrnmbiablmc
icl salibramnm n lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang pcr Yu Oakc y pcr Yu drnian, `asbraicrman y pbrmùl.
Gns Bsiraturns lcs bxocrtnl n vbgnr y crnr sab`prb pnrn qub pcmn`cs vblibr n Yntnlîs y sus
tbltniaclbs9>.

 Nulqub bg Ybþcr prc`btb lc rbicrmnr `îs lubstrcs pbinmcs, pnrn lcsctrcs bs

uln jblmaiaùl qub lc cgvamb`cs pcr ic`pgbtc gcs brrcrbs pnsnmcs bl bstn vamn,
mb `cmc qub kn`îs gcs rbpatn`cs.

Bg prbsambltb Objbr K. Drnlt blsbþù; ‗Lc ony blsbþnlzn mb lubstrc Ybþcr y @nbstrc
Kbsuirastc qub Ág onyn bxpubstc bl ecr`n `îs ignrn qub bg obioc mb qub laldulc mb
lubstrcs pbinmcs pnsnmcs sb lcs tblmrî bl iubltn sa lcs nrrbpblta`cs mb bggcs y gcs
njnlmcln`cs, la sa, n pnrtar mb bltclibs, trnjnkn`cs icl magadblian pcr bg jabl‐ 9:.
Bg prbsambltb Oblry J. Byrald onjgn scjrb uln cinsaùl bl gn qub, `abltrns prbstnjn
sbrvaiac ic`c cjaspc bl ul jnrrac, ul kcvbl qub ‗onjàn samc icl`cvamc pcr gn eb bl bg Ybþcr
Kbsuirastc
snjbr qub bgpnrn rbngaznr
Ybþcr ul gnrdc
gc onjàn y mcgcrcsc nrrbpblta`abltc‐ gb prbdultnjn iù`c pcmàn
pbrmclnmc.
Bg cjaspc Byrald, bl iabrtc `c`bltc bl qub bstnjn n scgns icl su tàc, bg pcr bltclibs
ágmbr Ypblibr T. Fa`jngg, prbdultù ng Npùstcg; ‗³Iù`c pubmb rbiajar bsn rbvbgniaùl3
³Iù`c pubmb snjbr bg kcvbl sa sb onl rb`atamc sus pbinmcs c lc3‐.
Bg prbsambltb Byrald lnrrn gc qub suibmaù bltclibs;
 Qc pblsnjn qub bg ágmbr Fa`jngg
Fa`jngg `b onjgnràn scjrb bg nyulc,
nyulc, c gn crniaùl, c scj
scjrb
rb
bsiuionr gn vcz npniajgb y mbgainmn.
mb gainmn. Yal b`jnrdc, `b scrprblmaù. Bl gudnr mb bggc, makc;
‗Iuáltn`b ul pcic scjrb bg kcvbl‐.
Gb makb; ‗³^uá quasabrns snjbr3‐.
 Q bltclibs ic`blzù uln sbrab mb prbdultns `uy sbliaggns. Ngdulns mb gns qub rbiubrmc
brnl;
‗³Nsastb n gns rbulaclbs mbg snibrmciac3‐.
Mbspuás mb pblsnr ul `c`bltc, gb makb; ‗Yà‐.
‗³Nsastb tb`prnlc3‐.
‗Yà‐.
 

‗³Yb sabltn bl gn pnrtb mbg erbltb3‐.

Xblsá pcr ul alstnltb y `b ma iubltn mb qub, pnrn `a nsc`jrc, sà gc oniàn.
‗³Iu`pgb Vsu nsadlniaùl mb `alastrniaùlP3‐.
‗Yà‐.
‗³Zbiubrmn Vn gns pbrsclns qub sb gb onl nsadlnmc murnltb tcmc bg `bsP3‐.
‗Yà, gc onib‐.
‗³Gns vasatn `îs mb uln vbz3‐.
‗Yà‐.
Lc rbiubrmc gns mb`îs prbdultns. Lc cjstnltb, tcmns brnl sb`bknltbs6 icsns pbqubþns,
sbliaggcs nitcs mb cjbmablian, mb su`asaùl. Q `b scrprblmaù qub `a rbspubstn n inmn
prbdultn eubrn sab`prb ‗Yà‐. Yà, lc sùgc bstnjn prbsbltb bl tcmns sus rbulaclbs, salc qub
ggbdnjn tb`prnlc6 bstnjn sclrabltb6 lc sùgc bstnjn nggà mb tcmc icrnzùl, salc icl bg
b g icrnzùl
qubjrnltnmc mb ul laþc pbqubþatc, ng adung qub suibmàn inmn vbz qub bg Ybþcr rbqubràn
iungquabr icsn mb ág. Q mbspuás mb onjbr rbspclmamc ‗sà‐ n inmn uln mb sus prbdultns, bg
ágmbr Fa`jngg `b `arù, oazc uln pnusn, y gubdc
gubd c makc `uy sbrbln`bltb; ‗Ob nggà tu
rbvbgniaùl‐ .99

@abltrns prbstnjn sbrvaiac ic`c prbsambltb mb `asaùl, ggbdù ul `asaclbrc ggblc mb eb, qub
mbsbnjn dunrmnr gcs `nlmn`abltcs y ndrnmnr n su Xnmrb Ibgbstang. ]rns pcics `bsbs, niumaù
n `à ggcrnlmc, prbciupnmc pcrqub quazî lc oujabrn iclebsnmc sus pbinmcs drnvbs gc
sueaiabltb`bltb nltbs mb gn `asaùl. Gb pbmà qub sb bxpgainrn. Makc qub iunlmc tblàn mabiasáas
nþcs, onjàn ic`btamc uln trnlsdrbsaùl `uy drnvb y qub nocrn, murnltb gn `asaùl, lc pcmàn
quatîrsbgc mb gn injbzn. ^ubràn iclebsnrgc tcmc mb lubvc6 `b almaiù qub tng vbz lc onjàn
`bliaclnmc sueaiabltbs mbtnggbs ng prbsambltb mb bstnin. Bsiuioá su iclebsaùl y gb makb qub
onjgnràn icl su prbsambltb mb bstnin, pnrn vbr sa bg pbinmc sb onjàn iclebsnmc mb `nlbrn
ic`pgbtn. Xrbdultá ng kcvbl `asaclbrc sa onjàn njnlmclnmc bg pbinmc trns onjbrgc ic`btamc
iunlmc tblàn mabiasáas nþcs. Makc qub gc onjàn njnlmclnmc y qub lulin gc onjàn vubgtc n
ic`btbr.
Ggn`á ng prbsambltb mb bstnin. Lc onjàn mbtnggbs lubvcs6 bg prbsambltb snjàn tcmc gcg c qub bg
`asaclbrc `b onjàn maioc. Murnltb gcs pra`brcs `bsbs, bl inmn uln mb lubstrns
bltrbvastns, bg `asaclbrc qubràn onjgnr bl iunltc n pcr quá sbduàn rbicrmnlmc nqubg trastb
nicltbia`abltc ciurramc `îs mb trbs nþcs nltbs mb gn `asaùl. Ealng`bltb, mbspuás mb vnracs
`bsbs, gb makb qub yn lc onjgnràn `îs ng rbspbitc icl ág, qub mbjàn mbmainrsb n trnjnknr y
qub, icl bg tab`pc, bg mcgcr y gn trastbzn qub sbltàn mbsnpnrbiànl. Qn lc vcgvà n onjgnr icl ág
scjrb bsc mb lubvc, y lctá qub inmn vbz sb tcrlnjn `îs ebgaz6 va iù`c bg pcmbr mbg Bspàratu
Ynltc mbsinlsnjn scjrb ág6 cjsbrvá ng `asaclbrc mbspuás qub oujc tbr`alnmc gn `asaùl6 sb
insù icl uln ic`pnþbrn `nrnvaggcsn y onl ecr`nmc uln en`agan obr`csn. Gc ob vastc mb
iunlmc bl iunlmc murnltb gcs ûgta`cs trbaltn nþcs. Mbsmb bltclibs, kn`îs ob`cs vubgtc n
onjgnr mb nqubggns ionrgns qub `nltuva`cs onib máinmns. Ng iclvbrsnr icl ág, rbsugtnjn
bvambltb qub bg pbrmùl mb Macs onjàn rbb`pgnznmc gn iugpn qub sbltàn pcr nqubggcs nþcs.
Iunlmc bg pbinmc sb on iclebsnmc y njnlmclnmc, ob`cs mb sbduar nmbgnltb, icleanlmc bl
bg pcmbr mb gn bxpaniaùl mbg Yngvnmcr. Ic`c sabrvc mbg Ybþcr, ic`pnrtc icl ustbm `a
ou`agmb ibrtbzn mb qub, iclecr`b njnlmclb sus pbinmcs vbrmnmbrn`bltb, sb gb pbrmclnrî.
‗Ublam nocrn, maib Kbocvî, y rnzclb`cs kultcs; nulqub vubstrcs pbinmcs sbnl ic`c gn
drnln, ic`c gn labvb sbrîl b`jgnlqubiamcs6 nulqub sbnl rckcs ic`c bg inr`bsà, vblmrîl n
9=
sbr ic`c jgnlin gnln‐ .
 

Inpàtugc :8
G ZBY]A]RIAÙL DBLBZCY
 N vbibs `b ob sbltamc mbibpiaclnmc nltb pbrsclns
pbrsclns jublns qub onl rbiclciamc sus
sus
pbinmcs ypcr
b`pntàn onlgnbstnmc
pbrsclnmaspubstns n iclebsnrgcs
c gns pbrsclns n quablbsy njnlmclnrgcs, pbrc qub
sb onyn pbrkumainmc onl `cstrnmc
u ceblmamc. Ob pcin
pbriajamc, yn sbn qub sb gc bxprbsb c lc, qub pablsnl; ‗Bstî jabl, ob ic`btamc ul brrcr6 gc
gn`bltc. Nocrn sadn`cs nmbgnltb icl gn vamn‐. Mbsnecrtulnmn`bltb, nqubggc pubmb rbvbgnr
bg rbionzc ng nganmc ng qub ggn`n`cs gn trastbzn qub bs sbdûl Macs, nsà ic`c bg rbsurdar mbg
tbrrajgb tarnlc qub bs bg crduggc.
Bl gns iubstaclbs `îs pbqubþns, tngbs ic`c gbvnltnr gn vcz icl arn, onjgnr `ng mb ctrn
pbrscln c sbr bdcàstns ng tc`nr ngduln mbiasaùl, bg mbiar; ‗Gc sabltc‐ mb `cmc salibrc y
ou`agmb y bg pbmar pbrmùl pubmbl sbr sueaiabltbs, iunlmc lc onyn iclsbiublians murnmbrns.
Yal b`jnrdc, bg Ybþcr on maioc mb `nlbrn ignrn qub ob`cs mb rbstnurnr tnltc ic`c sbn
pcsajgb nqubggc qub sb onyn pbrmamc. Bl gn ápcin mbg Nltaduc ]bstn`bltc, sa ngduabl ourtnjn
c `ntnjn ng juby mb ctrn pbrscln, tblàn qub rbstatuar ialic jubybs6 sa ourtnjn c `ntnjn uln
cvbkn, gn gby bxadàn qub rbstnurnrn bg iuîmrupgb >.
Bsb bgciubltb praliapac mb rbstatuar dblbrcsn`bltb lc sb bga`alù ng ggbdnr gn gby `nycr y
`îs snltn mbg Yngvnmcr, n pbsnr mb qub lc sb mabrnl gcs gc s mbtnggbs bspbiàeaics, quazîs n eal mb
ngbltnrlcs n mnr nûl `îs mb gc qub gn gby mb @casás oujabrn bxadamc. Bg qubrbr bebitunr uln
rbstatuiaùl dblbrcsn n quablbs onynl rbsugtnmc pbrkumainmcs c sb gbs onyn trntnmc
brrùlbn`bltb mbjamc n lubstrc pbinmc mb`ubstrn lubstrc mbsbc b altbliaùl salibrcs mb
nrrbpbltarlcs y rbiajar bg pbrmùl. ]rntnr mb rbstnurnr tnltc ic`c pcmn`cs gc qub sb onyn
pbrmamc sadlaeain qub, sa ob`cs ourtnmc ngdc, prciurn`cs rbb`pgnznrgc c pndnrgc. Ya ob`cs
`bltamc y tng `bltarn on cinsaclnmc ul pbrkuaiac n ctrn pbrscln, onib`cs tcmc gc pcsajgb
pcr rbstnurnr nqubggc mb gc qub onyn`cs mbspcknmc n maion pbrscln. Bsecrznrlcs ng `îxa`c
pcr onibr rbstatuiaùl n gcs pbrkumainmcs pcr lubstrcs pbinmcs y brrcrbs rbquabrb drnl
`nlsbmu`jrb y ou`agmnm. Lc sùgc ob`cs mb prciurnr rbstnurnr gns icsns qub pcmn`cs
rbpnrnr c pndnr eàsain`bltb, salc tn`jaál ob`cs mb prciurnr bl`blmnr gn nldustan
bsparatung, b`ciaclng c sciang qub onynl inusnmc lubstrcs pbinmcs.
Bg prbsambltb Kcol ]nygcr makc; ‗]rîtblsb jabl ulcs n ctrcs. ³On pbinmc ngdulc icltrn
ctrc3 Bltclibs,
 Unynl y rbpnrblvnynl y ic`pblsbl
bg mnþc. bg ndrnvac.
³Onl onjgnmc iru³Yb
icl irubgmnmonnbldnþnmc
bgmnm c bstnenmc
su obr`nlc bg ulc ng ctrc3
c n su obr`nln3
Bltclibs, vnynl n gn pbrscln, rbiclczinl bg `ng qub onl obioc y pàmnlgb qub gbs pbrmclb y
prc`átnlgb n gn vbz qub mb nggà bl nmbgnltb sb ic`pcrtnrîl `bkcr‐:.
Lc sb rbsubgvb rîpamn la eîiag`bltb
 Nulqub bl cinsaclbs iclebsnr y njnlmclnr
njnlmclnr gcs pbinmcs pubmn onibrsb
onibrsb mb `nlbrn rîpamn,
gn rbstnurniaùl pcmràn rbqubrar `uioc `îs tab`pc, tng vbz, tcmn gn vamn. Gcs pbinmcs drnvbs
qub ic`btbl gcs `ab`jrcs mb gn Adgbsan y qub ggbdnl n iclcibrsb mb `nlbrn bxtblmamn
pubmbl aleguar mb `cmc lbdntavc bl gn pbribpiaùl qub gcs mb`îs tbldnl mb Kbsuirastc y Yu
Adgbsan. ^uazî lc sbn pcsajgb bebitunr rbstatuiaùl n tcmcs nqubggcs qub onynl samc
alegublianmcs lbdntavn`bltb, bxibptc bl gc qub rbspbitn n nibptnr gn rbspclsnjagamnm mbg
pbinmc, nrrbpbltarsb y sbr ul bkb`pgc pcsatavc ng sbduar nmbgnltb. Lubstrcs mbsbcs y
maspcsaiaùl salibrcs mb bebitunr rbstatuiaùl mb ecr`n dblbrcsn mb`ubstrnl lubstrc
nrrbpblta`abltc vbrmnmbrc.
 

Ony cinsaclbs bl qub nqubg n quabl sb on pbrkumainmc `uioc lc bstî prbstc n pbrmclnr,
gc iung lc mbjb iclstatuar gn prbciupniaùl praliapng mb gn pbrscln qub onyn ic`btamc gn
ceblsn. Gn prbciupniaùl mbjb sbr rbstnurnr mb `cmc dblbrcsc gc qub sb onyn tc`nmc. Ya gns
pbrsclns n quablbs sb on pbrkumainmc tablbl maeaiugtnmbs pnrn supbrnr su prcpac mcgcr, sbn
pniabltb y dblbrcsc ng trntnr mb onibr tcmc gc pcsajgb pcr ngavanr tng mcgcr. Bs pcsajgb qub
ustbm sabltn qub gn pnrtb ceblmamn gb on a`pubstc bxadblians alkustns. Bg icrnzùl nrrbpbltamc
altbltn
nulqub rbstnurnr
n vbibs gnspniabltb y ou`agmb`bltb,
bxadblians mb `nlbrn
pnrbzinl bxtrb`ns dblbrcsn, tnltc ic`c sbn pcsajgb,
c alkustns.
Bg Yngvnmcr makc; ‗Q ng qub quabrn pclbrtb n pgbatc y quatnrtb gn tûlain, mákngb tn`jaál gn
inpn6 y n iungquabrn qub tb cjgadub n ggbvnr inrdn pcr uln `aggn, vb icl ág mcs‐ 9.
Xcmb`cs npgainr Yus blsbþnlzns n lubstrcs bseubrzcs pcr prcpcriaclnr rbstatuiaùl
dblbrcsn n gns pbrsclns qub onyn`cs mnþnmc.
Ony `uiocs brrcrbs qub gn pbrscln qub onyn obioc mnþc u ceblmamc lc pcmrî rbitaeainr, y
ony mcgcrbs y suera`abltcs qub lc pcmrîl rbpnrnrsb pcr ic`pgbtc. Lc cjstnltb, lulin mbkb
mb gnmc gn rbstatuiaùl dblbrcsn qub pubmn onibr la bg suera`abltc qub pubmn ngavanr, nul
iunlmc bg n`cr, gn purbzn, gn vartum, gn icleanlzn y bg rbspbtc sbnl a`pcsajgbs mb rbstnurnr
sal gn altbrvbliaùl mbg Ybþcr.
Bl bg insc mb gcs pbinmcs y trnaiaclbs drnvbs, gn rbstatuiaùl lc sb rbscgvbrî la rîpamn la
eîiag`bltb. Mbjb`cs bstnr maspubstcs n pblsnr `îs nggî mb gc qub sbn cjvac. Xrciurb bg
iclsbkc mb gcs gàmbrbs mbg snibrmciac, n`adcs y en`aganrbs mb nqubggcs n quablbs sb onyn
pbrkumainmc n eal mb jusinr scguiaclbs, sa bs pcsajgb iclsugtnrgcs. Gn rbstatuiaùl lc iclsastb
bl nintnr `brn`bltb gcs rbquasatcs mb ul mbirbtc kumaiang6 bg Ybþcr jabl pcmràn pbmargb
`uioc `îs mb gc qub ul trajulng rbqubraràn. Ngdc qub bs a`pcrtnltb ic`prblmbr bl iunltc
n gn rbstatuiaùl bs mnrsb iubltn mb qub Kbsuirastc, qub pndù pcr lubstrcs pbinmcs, sb on
 vubgtc lubstrc nirbbmcr.
Icl erbiublian nm`ata`cs qub iunlmc sbrva`cs n gcs mb`îs, bstn`cs sarvablmc ng Ybþcr =.
Lc cjstnltb, tn`jaál bs vbrmnm qub iunlmc ngduabl pbin icltrn gcs mb`îs, maion pbrscln
pbin icltrn bg Ybþcr2. Kbsuirastc lcs on mnmc drnlmbs bspbrnlzns mb rbiajar bg pbrmùl mb
lubstrcs pbinmcs bl Yu bgciubltb pnrîjcgn mb gns cvbkns y gcs injratcs.

 Ngdc qub bs a`pcrtnltb ic`prblmbr bl iunltc n gn rbstatuiaùl bs mnrsb iubltn

mb qub Kbsuirastc, qub pndù pcr lubstrcs pbinmcs, sb on vubgtc lubstrc
nirbbmcr.

‗Q iunlmc bg Oakc mbg Oc`jrb vbldn bl su dgcran y tcmcs gcs snltcs îldbgbs icl ág,
bltclibs sb sbltnrî scjrb bg trclc mb su dgcran.
dg cran. Q sbrîl rbulamns mbgnltb mb ág tcmns gns
lniaclbs6 bltclibs npnrtnrî gcs ulcs mb gcs ctrcs, ic`c npnrtn bg pnstcr gns cvbkns mb gcs
injratcs. Q pclmrî gns cvbkns n su mbrbion, y gcs injratcs n gn azquabrmn.
‗Bltclibs bg Zby marî n gcs qub bstál n su mbrbion; Ublam, jblmatcs mb `a Xnmrb, obrbmnm
bg rbalc prbpnrnmc pnrn vcsctrcs mbsmb gn eulmniaùl mbg `ulmc. Xcrqub tuvb on`jrb, y `b
mastbas mb ic`br6 tuvb sbm, y `b mastbas mb jbjbr6 eua ecrnstbrc, y `b rbicdastbas6 bstuvb
mbslumc, y `b iujrastbas6 blebr`c, y `b vasatnstbas6 bstuvb bl gn iîribg, y valastbas n `à.
` à.
‗Bltclibs gcs kustcs gb rbspclmbrîl, maiablmc; Ybþcr, ³iuîlmc tb va`cs on`jrabltc y tb
sustbltn`cs3, ³c sbmabltc y tb ma`cs mb jbjbr3 ³Q iuîlmc tb va`cs ecrnstbrc y tb
rbicda`cs3, ³c mbslumc y tb iujra`cs3 ³C iuîlmc tb va`cs blebr`c c bl gn iîribg, y eua`cs
n vbrtb3
 

‗Q rbspclmablmc bg Zby, gbs marî; Mb iabrtc cs madc qub bl iunltc gc oaiastbas n ulc mb
bstcs, `as obr`nlcs Vc obr`nlnsP `îs pbqubþcs, n `à gc oaiastbas‐ 5.
Bs pcsajgb qub ustbm kn`îs cadn gn nm`asaùl, la uln masiugpn salibrn, la vbn qub ony ul
rb`crma`abltc ou`agmb, la ngdûl altbltc mb rbstatuiaùl mb pnrtb mb gn pbrscln qub gb onyn
ceblmamc c obioc mnþc. Ya tng bs su satuniaùl, tbldn gn ibrtbzn mb qub bg `nycr iclsubgc c
pnz qub pcmrî rbiajar ggbdnrî ng icleanr bl bg pcmbr snlnmcr mb Macs 4. Iclecr`b niumn n Ág,
sbltarî
prceulmnsYu n`cr6
c vabknsmaioc
sbnl.n`cr pubmb vblmnrgb y snlnrgb gns obramns, sal a`pcrtnr iuîl
Rln kcvbl nmugtn bsirajaù scjrb gn drnl mbsagusaùl qub sbltàn pcr gn pbrscln qub gn onjàn
obramc, nulqub bl bg `c`bltc mb gn trastbzn, sb saltaù blvubgtn pcr gcs jrnzcs mbg n`cr mbg
Yngvnmcr.
Iunlmc tblàn sbas nþcs mb bmnm, `as pnmrbs sb mavcrianrcl. N pbsnr mb qub sbduà s bduà
 vavablmc icl `a `nmrb, `a pnmrb saduaù sablmc p pnrtb
nrtb mb `a vamn mbspuás mmbb gn sbpnrniaùl6
`b qubmnjn bl insn mb ág gcs gc s ealbs mb sb`nln y ul màn n `bmanmcs mb sb`nln.
 N pbsnr mb sus bseubrzcs pcr sbr sbr ul jubl pnmrb, ág trnaiaclù `a icleanlzn `uy
sbran`bltb iunlmc yc tblàn sabtb nþcs6 bsn rupturn mb gn icleanlzn `nriù bg ic`ablzc mb
ul mastnlian`abltc bltrb lcsctrcs. Iunlmc ág ggn`njn, yc bvatnjn icltbstnr bg tbgáeclc6
iunlmc irbià, bxadà qub sb `b pbr`atabrn bsicdbr iuîlmc aràn n qubmnr`b bl insn mb ág, bl
 vbz mb qub sb `b cjgadnrn n onibrgc sbdûl gc bstapugnrn gn crmbl mb iustcman.
iustcman.
Iunlmc bstnjn bl gn bsiubgn sbiulmnran, gns vasatns sb eubrcl oniablmc inmn vbz `blcs
erbiubltbs6 gc vbàn sùgc mcs c trbs vbibs ng `bs. Ng bltrnr bl gn ulavbrsamnm, bg gnpsc bltrb
gns ggn`nmns brn inmn vbz `îs gnrdc, onstn qub gb onjgnjn `îs c `blcs uln vbz pcr
sb`bstrb V. . .P.
Murnltb `a sbdulmc nþc mb ulavbrsamnm, mbiamà onjgnrgb Vn `a pnmrbP scjrb bg aliambltb
mb `a alenlian qub sbltàn qub onjàn mnþnmc lubstrn rbgniaùl oniàn yn tnltcs nþcs.
Bspbrnjn pclbrgb eal ng nsultc, gcdrnr pbrmclnr y tblbr gn cpcrtulamnm mb b`pbznr mb
lubvc. Gb bxprbsá gc qub pblsnjn bl ul icrrbc bgbitrùlaic y bspbrá gn rbspubstn.
]ab`pc mbspuás, rbiajà su icltbstniaùl pcr icrrbc bgbitrùlaic. Nltbs mb gbbr gn
rbspubstn mb `a pnmrb, crá y gb pbmà n `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang qub Yu Bspàratu bstuvabrn icl`adc
ng gbbr bg `blsnkb. Brn ul `c`bltc `uy a`pcrtnltb bl `a vamn V. . .P. ]blàn `abmc y `b
sbltàn `uy scgn V. . .P6 mb obioc, bstnjn scgn V. . .P . Lbibsatnjn npcyc, mb `cmc qub sbduà
crnlmc n `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang y sbltà Yu Bspàratu. Xcr eal tuvb bg vngcr mb gbbr.
@a pnmrb icltbstù icl ul icrrbc su`n`bltb icrtc bl b l bg qub mbiàn qub lc rb
rbicrmnjn
icrmnjn
lnmn mb gc qub yc `bliaclnjn, y qub ásb brn `uy `ng `c`bltc pnrn qub onjgîrn`cs mb
lubstrc pnsnmc.
@b sbltà prceulmn`bltb obramn pcr gn ecr`necr `n bl qub mbsinrtù ngdc qub brn tnl
a`pcrtnltb pnrn `à, y pcrqub lc pnrbiabrn mbsbnr lalduln ignsb mb rbicliaganiaùl. Ybltà
qub `a pnmrb `b onjàn njnlmclnmc, y `b ntcr`bltù gn nldustan mb gn `ngn rbgniaùl qub
onjàn`cs tblamc murnltb `îs mb uln máinmn.
 Ng pbr`nlbibr bl gn saggn, scggcznlmc,
scggcznlmc, `b sbltà rcmbnmn pcr bg Bspàratu6 lulin onjàn
sbltamc gn prbsblian mb `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang icl tnltn eubrzn6 gatbrng`bltb `b sbltà
‗blvubgtVnP bltrb gcs jrnzcs mb su n`cr‐ (: Lbea >;>2). @abltrns `b blicltrnjn sbltnmn,
ggcrnlmc, sbltà sbduramnm y n`cr.
Xubmb qub lc tuvabrn uln rbgniaùl icl `a pnmrb tbrrblng, pbrc `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang bstnjn
icl`adc. Yabltc eubrtb`bltb Yu prbsblian bl `a vamn6 sá qub `b n`n y sb prbciupn pcr
`à, y qub sab`prb mbsbnrî tblbr uln rbgniaùl icl`adc. Yá qub Ág bs `a Xnmrb?.
 

 Nrrbpbltarsb sadlaeain `uioc `îs qub

qub mbiar ‗gc sabltc‐. Ng trntnr mb bebitunr rbstatuiaùl,
rbstatuiaùl,
lc pubmb onjbr sa`ugniaùl la ealda`abltc. Bl bg insc mb ngdulcs pbinmcs, gn ûlain `nlbrn
mb onibr rbstatuiaùl pubmb prcvblar mb jblmbiar gn vamn mb gcs mb`îs y mb sbr ul
alstru`bltc bl gns `nlcs mbg Ybþcr pnrn ggbvnr Yu jclmnm y Yu drnian n ctrns pbrsclns1. Bg
prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl makc rbiabltb`bltb; ‗@alastrnr sadlaeain bsiuionr gcs
sblta`abltcs qub tbldnl mb nyumnr n ctrn pbrscln n sbltar bg n`cr mbg Yngvnmcr bl su
 vamn‐>8.

Bsecrznrlcs pcr ecrtngbibr gn eb mb ctrcs bl bg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc pubmb sbr bg

`nycr mcl mb rbstatuiaùl qub pcmn`cs mnrgb n Ág, tblablmc prbsbltb qub
sab`prb sbrb`cs ‗sabrvcs alûtagbs‐.

Bsecrznrlcs pcr ecrtngbibr gn eb mb ctrcs bl bg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc pubmb sbr bg `nycr mcl mb
rbstatuiaùl qub pcmn`cs mnrgb n Ág, tblablmc prbsbltb qub sab`prb sbrb`cs ‗sabrvcs
alûtagbs‐>>.
Bg n`cr mb Macs pcr quablbs onl samc njusnmcs
 N gns pbrsclns qub onynl samc njusnmns
njusnmns sbxung`bltb c mb quablbs sb onynl nprcvbionmc
nprcvbionmc
mb `nlbrn alaiun, pbr`àtnl`b mbiargbs qub Macs gbs n`n `îs nggî mb gc qub scy inpnz mb
bxprbsnr. N gcs ckcs mb Macs bg Xnmrb y mb Yu Oakc Kbsuirastc, gn instamnm y gn vartum kn`îs gbs
pubmbl sbr nrrbjntnmns `bmanltb bg tbrrajgb njusc y gn vacgniaùl mb su iubrpc mnmc pcr Macs
qub ngduabl ic`btn icltrn ustbmbs. Gn instamnm y gn vartum scl iungamnmbs bsparatungbs
mbtbr`alnmns pcr lubstrns prcpans mbiasaclbs, y Macs gns vngcrn6 lnmab pubmb rcjnrgbs la
quatnrgbs bsc. ^uablbs onynl trntnmc mb onibrgc pndnrîl ul prbiac tbrrajgb pcr su alaquamnm.
Iunlmc ggbdubl n rbiclcibr bsparatung`bltb gc qub onl obioc, yn sbn bl bstn vamn c bl gn
 vblambrn, tblmrîl qub ggbvnr gn inrdn mb sus pbinmcs.
pbinmcs. Yu suera`abltc sbrî blcr`b. Kbsûs
makc; ‗N iungquabrn qub ondn trcpbznr n ulc mb bstcs pbqubþatcs qub irbbl bl `à, `bkcr gb gb
eubrn qub sb gb ntnsb uln pabmrn mb `cgalc ng iubggc y qub eubrn bionmc ng `nr‐ . >:

Ya, mb obioc, ggbdnsbl n nrrbpbltarsb bl bstn vamn y mbsbnrnl bebitunr rbstatuiaùl,

ign`nrîl n Macs icl tcmn bg ng`n qub Ág snlb bg suera`abltc mb nqubggcs n gcs qub onynl
prcenlnmc. Bs pcsajgb qub su njusnmcr pndub ul prbiac sadlaeaintavc, pbrc bsc lulin sbrî
sueaiabltb
pnmbiamc. pnrn bebitunrbl
Bstc bxpgain, uln rbstatuiaùl
pnrtb, pcr quápgbln pcr bgmb
bg pbrmùl mcgcr y bg suera`abltc
gn Adgbsan pcr ic`btbrqub ustbmbs
njuscs onl
sbxungbs
 y pcr gn aleambgamnm rbquabrb `uioc `îs qub tnltnl sùgc rbiclcibr tngbs pbinmcs.
Ony ul n`cr suprb`c y ibgbstang pcr gcs alcibltbs qub onynl samc obramcs pcr gcs nitcs
alaiucs mb ctrns pbrsclns. Ya ustbmbs, bl su alciblian, onl samc vàita`n mb gns mbiasaclbs
a`pàns mb ctrcs, gbs prc`btc qub Macs gbs iclcib, gbs n`n y qub nyumnrî n bga`alnr bg mcgcr
mcg cr
qub sabltbl n `bmamn qub niumnl n Ág bl su pbsnr. Gbs bxtablmc gn prc`bsn mb Knicj, mnmn n
quablbs onjànl samc `ngtrntnmcs c trnaiaclnmcs pcr pbrsclns ibrinlns n bggcs; ‗Icleanm bl
Macs icl `bltbs ear`bs, y crnm n ág icl su`n eb, y ág cs iclscgnrî bl vubstrns negaiiaclbs, y
njcdnrî pcr vubstrn inusn, y onrî qub gn kustaian mbsiablmn scjrb gcs qub jusinl vubstrn
mbstruiiaùl‐>9.
Gbs prc`btc qub, pcr `bmac mb gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc, rbiajarîl jblmaiaclbs
ic`pblsntcrans pcr gns alkustaians qub onl nzctnmc su vamn. Bg Ybþcr on prc`btamc qub, pcr
`bmac mb Ág, pubmbl rbiajar ‗dgcran bl gudnr mb iblazn‐ >=. Icl bg tab`pc, tn`jaál sb gbs
 jblmbiarî icl bg mcl bsparatung mb pbrmclnr.
pbrmclnr. Rl màn, gcs pbinmcs y gns blebr`bmnmbs
blebr`bmnmbs
 

bsparatungbs mb gcs mb`îs yn lc gbs onrîl mnþc ng sbltar qub bg Ybþcr quatn gns inrdns mb su
qubjrnltnmc icrnzùl y gbs snln gns obramns mbg ng`n pcr ic`pgbtc.
 

Inpàtugc :>
BG XBZMÙL @BMA L]B BG I]C MB XBZMCL Z
Iunlmc yc bstumanjn bl gn Rlavbrsamnm Jradon` Qculd, bg prcebscr Oudo T. Lajgby brn
ul altbgbitung
lcs n`pganjn gn rbspbtnmc qubybllcs
pbrspbitavn cinsaclbs onjgnjnBl
pclàn n pblsnr. icluln
iabrtc mrn`ntas`c,
cinsaùl, pbrc
gb cà mbiar; qub tn`jaál
‗VOny mcs
icsnsP y V. . .P sùgc mcs icsns qub sb lcs mnl jabl; pcmb`cs pbrmclnr y pcmb`cs
nrrbpbltarlcs. Ásns scl gns mcs icsns pcr gns qub gcs îldbgbs lcs blvamanl‐. Bl bg eulbrng mb
ul n`adc, bxpgaiù gn rnzùl pcr gn iung `bliaclnjn bg nrrbpblta`abltc. ‗³^uaál bs rbitc3
Iungquabr pbrscln qub sb nrrbpabltn. Lc a`pcrtn gc `ngn qub onyn samc, sa sb nrrbpabltb, bs
uln pbrscln rbitn6 ony bspbrnlzn pnrn bggn. Q lc a`pcrtn gc jubln qub gn pbrscln onyn samc
tcmn su vamn, sa lc sb nrrbpabltb, bs alaiun. Gn maebrblian rnmain bl gn marbiiaùl onian gn iung
`arn`cs‐. Q nþnmaù; ‗Gn iclmaiaùl mbg oc`jrb qub bstî bl bg ûgta`c pbgmnþc mb gn bsingbrn
`arnlmc onian njnkc bs `uioc pbcr qub gn mbg oc`jrb qub bstî bl bg pra`br pbgmnþc
alebracr `arnlmc onian nrrajn. Yb trntn mb gn marbiiaùl bl gn qub `arn`cs6 ásc bs bg
nrrbpblta`abltc‐>.
Yb lcs on `nlmnmc icl vbob`blian pbrmclnr n tcmcs gcs qub lcs onynl o nynl mnþnmc c qub
onynl pbinmc icltrn lcsctrcs, yn sbn mb `cmc altbliaclng c alvcgultnrac, aligusc n nqubggcs
qub bsicknl onibr pcics c lugcs
l ugcs altbltcs pcr bebitunr rbstatuiaùl. Bg Yngvnmcr makc; ‗Xcrqub
sa pbrmclîas n gcs oc`jrbs sus ceblsns, cs pbrmclnrî tn`jaál n vcsctrcs vubstrc Xnmrb
Ibgbstang. Xbrc sa lc pbrmclîas n gcs oc`jrbs sus ceblsns, tn`pcic vubstrc Xnmrb cs
pbrmclnrî vubstrns ceblsns‐:.
Kbsûs lcs bxocrtn mbg saduabltb `cmc; ‗Ybm, pubs, `asbraicrmacscs, ic`c tn`jaál vubstrc
Xnmrb bs `asbraicrmacsc. Lc kuzduáas, y lc sbráas kuzdnmcs6 lc iclmbláas, y lc sbráas
iclmblnmcs6 pbrmclnm, y sbráas pbrmclnmcs V. . .P6 pcrqub icl gn `as`n `bmamn icl qub
`amabrbas, sb cs vcgvbrî n `bmar‐9.
Bl lubstrcs màns, bg Yngvnmcr on samc adung`bltb ignrc bl iunltc ng `nlmn`abltc mb
pbrmclnr; ‗Xcr tnltc, cs madc qub mbjáas pbrmclnrcs gcs ulcs n gcs ctrcs6 pubs bg qub lc
pbrmcln gns ceblsns mb su obr`nlc, qubmn iclmblnmc nltb bg Ybþcr, pcrqub bl ág
pbr`nlbib bg `nycr pbinmc. Qc, bg Ybþcr, pbrmclnrá n quabl sbn `a vcgultnm pbrmclnr, `ns
n vcsctrcs cs bs rbqubramc pbrmclnr n tcmcs gcs oc`jrbs‐=.

gcsBl bg Gajrc
ctrcs6 mb @cr`ùl
pcrqub bl vbrmnmsbcsblsbþn;
madc qub‗Qbgtn`jaál
qub lc cs pbrmclnráas
pbrmcln vubstrns
gns ceblsns mb suceblsns gcs iunlmc
prùka`c, ulcs n
bstb maib qub sb nrrbpabltb, tng on trnàmc scjrb sà gn iclmblniaùl‐2.
Bg pbrmùl lc bs bxa`ar mb rbspclsnjagamnm, la mbknr mb prctbdbrlcs n lcsctrcs `as`cs, n
lubstrns en`agans c n ctrns vàita`ns alcibltbs. Bg pbrmùl lc bs pbr`nlbibr bl uln rbgniaùl
icl ngduabl qub lc sbn madlc mb icleanlzn. Bg pbrmùl lc bs pnsnr pcr ngtc gns alkustaians. Bg
pbrmùl lc bs rbouar bg mcgcr la gn
g n rbpudlnlian qub saltn`cs mbjamc n gns niiaclbs mb ctrns
pbrsclns. Bg pbrmùl lc bs cgvamnr, salc rbicrmnr bl pnz.
Bg pbrmùl bs mbpcsatnr `îs eb bl Kbsuirastc y bl Yu bxpaniaùl. Bl Yu tab`pc
t ab`pc y n Yu
`nlbrn, bg n`cr y bg sniraeaiac mb Ág pcr lcsctrcs lcs quatnrî bg mcgcr y lcs snlnrî bg ng`n.
Iclecr`b bspbrn`cs bl Yu snlniaùl, rbicrmnlmc iuîl alkustn`bltb sb trntù ng Yngvnmcr mbg
`ulmc, sbdua`cs nmbgnltb icl eb, irbyblmc qub bl bstb `ulmc c bl bg vblambrc, Macs
 jblmbiarî icl dblbrcsamnm y kustaian
kustaian n tcmcs gcs qub onynl samc trntnmcs alkustn`bltb.
alkustn`bltb.

@îs eb bl Kbsuirastc y bl Yu bxpaniaùl

 

Lubstrn eb bl gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc lc sùgc aliguyb eb bl gn

g n inpniamnm mbg Yngvnmcr mb
pndnr pcr lubstrcs pbinmcs, salc tn`jaál bl Yu inpniamnm mb snlnrlcs gns obramns iunlmc
ctrns pbrsclns onynl pbinmc icltrn lcsctrcs. Irastc pndù pcr tcmcs gcs pbinmcs mbg `ulmc,
aligusc pcr gcs bebitcs mb maiocs pbinmcs. Bg pbrmùl lc bs bxiusnr bg pbinmc6 bs icleanr bl gn
bxpaniaùl mbg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc.
]cmc gc qub sbn alkustc, tcmc gc qub sbn `ngc y mbsprbianjgb, sbrî vbliamc pcr `bmac mbg
Yngvnmcr
trntc y Yu
alaiuc bxpaniaùl.
pcr pnrtb mb ³Iù`c pubmb ciurrar
ctrns pbrsclns3 Xubmbgnqub
snlniaùl mblaquablbs
lc onyn kustaianonynl
la pnzrbiajamc ul mb
ic`pgbtns
pnrtb gcs trajulngbs mb gcs oc`jrbs. Xubmb qub lc onyn la kustaian la pnz ic`pgbtns mb pnrtb
mbg kuaiac qub b`atn gn cpalaùl pûjgain. Yal b`jnrdc, bl bg insc mb quablbs sadubl ng
Yngvnmcr y icleànl bl Yu tcmcpcmbrcsn bxpaniaùl, gn iung tcmc gc njnrin, Yu drnian y Yu
pcmbr vblibrîl pcr ic`pgbtc gn n`nrdn icpn qub sb gbs onyn a`pubstc mb `nlbrn alkustn y,
n vbibs, mb `cmc tnl egndrnltb.

mb g `ulmc, aligusc pcr gcs bebitcs mb maiocs

Irastc pndù pcr tcmcs gcs pbinmcs mbg ma iocs
 pbinmcs. Bg pbrmùl lc bs bxiusnr bg pbinmc6 bs icleanr bl gn bxpaniaùl mbg
Ybþcr Kbsuirastc.

Iclczic n Ypblibr Iorastblsbl mbsmb onib `uiocs nþcs. Lc cjstnltb, lc eub salc onstn
onib pcic qub supb bl iunltc n gn saduabltb bxpbrablian tcinltb ng pbrmùl, qub suibmaù
iunlmc su obr`nlc, bg cjaspc Ytbvbl Iorastblsbl, eub nsbsalnmc. Ob nquà gns pngnjrns mb
Ypblibr.
Bl ul altbltc eràn`bltb ingiugnmc pcr bliujrar
b liujrar engsaeainiaclbs y bldnþcs, ul oc`jrb
`ntù n Ytbvb, `a obr`nlc `nycr, mbknlmc sal bspcsc y sal pnmrb n su bspcsn b`jnrnznmn y
n sus trbs pbqubþcs oakcs. Nqubggc eub mbvnstnmcr.
Gcs `bsbs pcstbracrbs eubrcl uln `cltnþn rusn r usn mb b`ciaclbs qub pnsnrcl mb gn trastbzn
tr astbzn
ng pbsnr, y gubdc ng blckc. @a obr`nlc `nycr brn `a `cmbgc n sbduar. Icl bg tab`pc, `b ma
iubltn mb qub bg ûlaic in`alc pnrn sngar mb gn pbln brn trntnr mb pbrmclnr, y pbr`atar qub
bg Yngvnmcr snlnrn bg pbsnr y bg mcgcr. Bg Ybþcr `b jblmakc n `bmamn qub niumà n Ág.
Rl màn, `abltrns trnjnknjn bl gn tablmn mb rcpn mb injnggbrcs qub eulmù `a pnmrb, rbiajà
uln ggn`nmn tbgbeùlain. Brn gn subdrn
subdr n mbg oc`jrb qub onjàn `ntnmc n `a obr`nlc.
ob r`nlc.
Murnltbvbz
ngduln gnslbibsatnjn
mcgcrcsns ngdc.
numablians
Nsà mbbl bg kuzdnmc,
jublc brn ág. `a pnpî gb onjàn maioc qub gc ggn`nrn sa
 Nqubggn ou`agmb `ukbr ggn`njn
ggn`njn pnrn altbribmbr pcr su labtc, n quabl sb onjàn ggn`nmc n
sbrvar bl uln `asaùl bl Ngb`nlan y lbibsatnjn nyumn. Gn en`agan lc tblàn inpniamnm bl gc
biclù`aic pnrn scstblbr n ul `asaclbrc, pubs bg pnmrb mbg kcvbl iu`pgàn uln iclmbln mb
inmbln pbrpbtun pcr nsbsalntc.
Bl bsb `c`bltc, `b mbtuvb n pblsnr bl gc qub mbjàn onibr. @b scjrbvalc bg blcr`b
mbsbc mb nyumnrgn. Cjbmbià ng Bspàratu b oaib gc qub `a pnmrb oujabrn obioc6 oaib gc qub `a
obr`nlc Ytbvb oujabsb mbsbnmc qub oaiaárn`cs. Xrcpcriaclá n nqubg euturc `asaclbrc
tcmn gn rcpn qub lbibsatnràn pnrn sbrvar bl gn `asaùl.
 Ng icltb`pgnr bsb `c`bltc bl rbtrcspbitavn, pablsc qub qua quazîs
zîs bg kcvbl onyn rbiajamc
rcpn drntas, pbrc bg mcl qub yc rbiajà lc tuvc prbiac. Lc sbltàn lalduln arn la cmac onian su
pnmrb6 yn lc tblàn qub ggbvnr nqubggn inrdn. Eub iubstaùl mb onibr gc qub bg Yngvnmcr
oujabrn obioc5.
 

@abltrns prbstnjn sbrvaiac ic`c `asaclbrc bl :8>5, bg ágmbr Zaionrm Lcrjy rbsugtù
obramc mb drnvbmnm bl bg Nbrcpubrtc mb Jrusbgns mbjamc n ul ntnqub tbrrcrastn icl
bxpgcsavcs. On samc blcr`b`bltb jblmbiamc, pbrc bg mcgcr eàsaic y gns iclsbiublians mb gcs
bebitcs mb gn bxpgcsaùl gc nic`pnþnl inmn vbz qub mn ul pnsc, y nsà sbrî pcr bg rbstc mb su
 vamn tbrrblng. @b on maioc qub iunlmc iujrb sus obramns
obramns ng vbstarsb inmn màn y ng pblsnr bl
gns iaintraibs mbg ntbltnmc tbrrcrastn, lc pablsn la bl gcs tbrrcrastns la bl gn jc`jn, salc,
`îs
iruz4jabl, mbiambqub
. N `bmamn pblsnr bl Kbsuirastc
lcsctrcs tn`jaál ybsickn`cs
bl gns iaintraibs
pblsnrmbblÁg.
YuXablsn bl Yus
iruz y bl bg oubrtc y bl gn
iaintraibs, lc
sùgc sbrb`cs inpnibs mb pbrmclnr n ctrns pbrsclns, salc qub nmb`îs sbltarb`cs qub sb lcs
bstî snltaeainlmc, snlnlmc y pbrmclnlmc.
Bg Yngvnmcr blsbþù icl drnl pcmbr; ‗Xcr tnltc, sa vablbs n `à,
` à, c mbsbns vblar n `à, y tb
niubrmns mb qub tu obr`nlc tablb ngdc icltrn ta, vb gubdc n tu obr`nlc, y rbicliàgantb
pra`brc icl ág, y gubdc vbl n `à icl àltbdrc prcpùsatc mb icrnzùl, y yc tb rbiajará‐ ?.
Gn `asbraicrman mb Macs
Bg Ybþcr lc tatujbù ng `nlmnrlcs qub pbrmclîrn`cs; ‗Bltclibs Xbmrc, nibriîlmcsb n ág,
makc; Ybþcr, ³iuîltns vbibs pbrmclnrá n `a obr`nlc qub pbqub icltrn `à3 ³Onstn sabtb3
‗Kbsûs gb makc; Lc tb madc onstn sabtb, salc nul onstn sbtbltn vbibs sabtb. Xcr gc iung, bg
rbalc mb gcs iabgcs bs sb`bknltb n ul rby qub quasc onibr iubltns icl sus sabrvcs. Q iunlmc
ic`blzù n onibr iubltns, gb eub prbsbltnmc ulc qub gb mbjàn mabz `ag tngbltcs. @ns ic`c
bstb lc pcmàn pndnr, `nlmù su sbþcr vblmbrgc n ág, y n su `ukbr b oakcs, icl tcmc gc qub
tblàn, pnrn qub sb gbg b pndnsb. Bltclibs nqubg sabrvc, pcstrnmc, gb supgainjn, maiablmc; Ybþcr,
tbl pniablian icl`adc, y yc tb gc pndnrá tcmc. Bg sbþcr, `cvamc n `asbraicrman pcr nqubg
sabrvc, gb scgtù y gb pbrmclù gn mbumn.
‗Xbrc sngablmc nqubg sabrvc, onggù n ulc mb sus iclsabrvcs qub gb mbjàn iabl mblnracs6 y
tc`îlmcgb mbg iubggc, gb nocdnjn, maiablmc; ¡Xîdn`b gc qub `b mbjbs! Bltclibs su
iclsabrvc, pcstrîlmcsb n sus pabs, gb rcdnjn, maiablmc; ]bl pniablian icl`adc, y yc tb gc
pndnrá tcmc. @ns ág lc quasc, salc qub eub y gc bioù bl gn iîribg onstn qub pndnsb gn mbumn. Q
 vablmc sus iclsabrvcs gc qub pnsnjn,
pnsnjn, sb bltrastbiabrcl `uioc, y eubrcl y mbignrnrcl
mbignrnrcl n su
sbþcr tcmc gc qub onjàn pnsnmc.
‗Bltclibs ggn`îlmcgb su sbþcr, gb makc; ¡Yabrvc `ngvnmc! ]cmn nqubggn mbumn tb pbrmclá,
pcrqub `b rcdnstb. ³Lc mbjàns tû tn`jaál onjbr tblamc `asbraicrman mb tu iclsabrvc, nsà
ic`c yc tuvb `asbraicrman mb ta3 Bltclibs su sbþcr, blcknmc, gb bltrbdù n gcs g cs vbrmudcs onstn
qub‗Nsà
pndnsb tcmconrî
tn`jaál gc qub gb vcsctrcs
icl mbjàn. `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang, sa lc pbrmcln mb icrnzùl inmn ulc n
su obr`nlc sus ceblsns‐ 1.
Kcsá Y`ato makc; ‗Iunltc `îs lcs nibrqub`cs n lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang, tnltn `îs
maspcsaiaùl onjrî bl lcsctrcs mb sbltar ic`pnsaùl onian gns ng`ns qub bstál pbrbiablmc6
sblta`cs bg mbsbc mb ggbvnrgns scjrb lubstrcs oc`jrcs y mbknr ntrîs sus pbinmcs. Ya quabrbl
qub Macs tbldn `asbraicrman mb ustbmbs, sbnl `asbraicrmacscs ulcs icl ctrcs‐ >8.
Xbrmclnr n gcs mb`îs
 Ngdulns mb gcs lnrrniaclbs `îs jbggns b alsparnmcrns
alsparnmcrns qub sb onl bsiratc trntnl scjrb
`ukbrbs snltns y oc`jrbs snltcs qub onl pbrmclnmc n quablbs onl samc gn inusn mb
bxpbrablians tbrrajgbs y mcgcrcsns.
Bl gn Iclebrblian Dblbrng mb njrag mb :8>8, bg cjaspc Fbato J. @i@uggal rbgntù gn oastcran
mb Icrrab tbl Jcc`, uln oastcran vbrmnmbrn.
Bl Ocgnlmn, murnltb gn Ybdulmn Dubrrn @ulmang, gn en`agan Inspbr tbl Jcc` b`pgbù su
insn ic`c bsiclmatb pnrn nqubggcs qub brnl pbrsbduamcs pcr gcs lnzas. Ásn brn su `nlbr
`nlbrnn
 

mb vavar mb niubrmc icl su eb irastanln. Iuntrc `ab`jrcs mb gn en`agan

en `agan pbrmabrcl gn vamn pcr
prcpcriaclnr tng rbeudac. Icrrab tbl Jcc` y su obr`nln Jbtsab pnsnrcl ulcs `bsbs mb
tbrrcr bl bg alen`b in`pc mb iclibltrniaùl mb Znvblsjr÷if. Jbtsab `uraù nggà, pbrc Icrrab
scjrbvavaù.
Bl Znvblsjr÷if, Icrrab y Jbtsab nprblmabrcl qub Macs lcs nyumn n pbrmclnr. Mbspuás
mb gn dubrrn, Icrrab bstnjn mbiamamn n ic`pnrtar bsb `blsnkb. Bl uln cinsaùl, ninjnjn mb
onjgnrgb nonjàn
`blsnkb ul drupc
samc; mb pbrsclns
‗Macs bl Ngb`nlan
pbrmcln‐. qub sueràn
Eub bltclibs qub gngcs bstrndcs
ea mbgamnm
eambgamnm mbmb gn dubrrn.
Icrrab Yu
tbl Jcc`
trnkc n bebitc su jblmaiaùl.
Rl oc`jrb sb gb nibriù y bggn gc rbiclciaù ic`c ulc mb gcs dunrmans `îs irubgbs mbg
in`pc mb iclibltrniaùl. ‗Rstbm `bliaclù n Znvblsjr÷if bl bg masiursc‐, makc. ‗Qc ‗ Qc eua
dunrman noà V. . .P, pbrc mbsmb bsb bltclibs V. . .P, `b ob iclvbrtamc bl irastanlc‐. Gb bbxpgaiù
xpgaiù
qub onjàn prciurnmc bg pbrmùl mb Macs pcr gns icsns irubgbs qub onjàn obioc6 y gb bxtblmaù
gn `nlc y gb prbdultù;
prbd ultù; ‗³@b pbrmcln3‐.
Icrrab tbl Jcc` makc scjrb nqubggc;
‗^uazîs lc eubrcl `uiocs sbdulmcs gcs qub ág á g bstuvc noà, icl gn `nlc bxtblmamn, pbrc n
`à `b pnrbiabrcl ocrns `abltrns guionjn icl gn satuniaùl `îs maeàiag qub kn`îs onjàn
nercltnmc V. . .P.
‗Bg `blsnkb mb qub Macs pbrmcln tablb uln V. . .P iclmaiaùl; ^ub tblb`cs qub pbrmclnr
n gcs qub lcs onynl
o nynl obioc mnþc V. . .P.
‗‟¡Nyûmn`b!‑, crá bl sagbliac. ‟Qc pubmc bxtblmbr
bxtb lmbr gn `nlc6 bsc bs tcmc gc qub pubmc
onibr. ]û icliámb`b bg sblta`abltc‑ V. . .P.
‗Albxprbsavn y `biîlain`bltb, bxtblmà gn `nlc pnrn bstrbionr gn qub bg oc`jrb `b
cerbiàn. Ng onibrgc, suibmaù ngdc alirbàjgb; Rln icrrabltb `b b`pbzù bl bg oc`jrc, `b
rbicrraù bg jrnzc y eguyù
eg uyù n lubstrns `nlcs ulamns. Q bltclibs bsn b sn ingambz snlnmcrn pnrbiaù
alulmnr tcmc `a sbr, y `b oazc jrctnr gîdra`ns mb gcs ckcs.
‗‟¡Gc pbrmclc, obr`nlc!‑, bxign`á, ‟mb tcmc icrnzùl‑.
‗Xcr ul gnrdc `c`bltc lcs bstrbion`cs gn `nlc6 bg bxdunrman y gn bxprasaclbrn. Lulin
onjàn iclciamc bg n`cr mb Macs tnl altblsn`bltb ic`c bl bsb `c`bltc‐ >>.

Murnltb gcs ûgta`cs nþcs, `b on icl`cvamc `uioc gn oastcran mbg cjaspc Iorastcpobr Y.
 Taggan`s. Bg cjaspc Taggan`s rbdrbsnjn
rbdrbsnjn icl su en`agan n insn, bl Yngt Gnfb Iaty, n ûgta`ns
ûgta`ns
ocrns mbg 1 mb ebjrbrc mb :884. Rl nmcgbsibltb bjrac, qub iclmuiàn n ngtn vbgciamnm, sb
iruzù ng gnmc cpubstc mb gn inggb, bl icltrn`nlc, y iociù mb erbltb bg nutc`ùvag mb gcs
 Taggan`s. Gn bspcsn mbg cjaspc Taggan`s, @aiobggb,
@aiobggb, qub bstnjn b`jnrnznmn m mbb su qualtc
oakc, `uraù, ng adung qub mcs mb sus oakcs; Jbl y Nlln. Yn`, bg tbribr oakc qub sb o onggnjn
nggnjn bl bg
nutc, scjrbvavaù ng niiambltb. Bg cjaspc Taggan`s, qub bstnjn sbltnmc bl bg nsabltc mbg
iclmuitcr, obramc y icl`ciaclnmc, ic`blzù n ic`prblmbr gc qub onjàn suibmamc;
Gc qub bstnjn prbsblianlmc `b pnrbiàn njscgutn`bltb arrbng6 yn lc pcmàn rbsastargc.
Aligalá gn injbzn onian mbgnltb y ibrrá gcs ckcs, pubs bstnjn gastc pnrn `crar. Altbltá
ecrznr`b n mbs`nynr6 qubràn suiu`jar ng prcibsc mb qub `a bspàratu njnlmclnrn bg iubrpc.
Mbsmb gc prceulmc mbg iubrpc, `b scjrbvalc ul bstrublmc mb nldustan y mcgcr ntrcibs,
ic`c sa sb `b npgnstnrn tnltc bg iubrpc ic`c bg bspàratu.
Bl bsb `c`bltc, `arù onian neubrn y vac bg ctrc nutc`ùvag injbzn njnkc, pubs onjàn
 vcginmc pcr bg a`pnitc mbg iocqub. Makc;
Makc;
Lclatblàn
c lc, quá la ambn mb quaálpcmrànl
iariulstnlians ninjnjnonjbrgbs
mb iocinrlcs, la pblsá nblicltrn`nlc
obioc iruznrsb iclsambrnr sa bbstnjnl
stnjnl jabl
b a`pnitnrlcs.
Ya`pgb`bltb cjsbrvá bg nutc`ùvag bl sagbliac. @as pblsn`abltcs sb nquabtnrcl, sbltà pnz,
 

 y gubdc bsiuioá uln vcz bl `a `bltb

`bltb qub lc brn gn `àn, mb
mb `cmc tnl ignrc ic`c sa
prcvalabrn mb ngduabl qub bstuvabrn sbltnmc n `a gnmc. Lc sb trntnjn mb uln vcz npniajgb la
mb ul susurrc, la brn gn qubmn y ing`n alsparniaùl mbg Bspàratu6 brn uln vcz marbitn y ggbln
mb pcmbr, qub `b makc; ‗¡Qn mákngc!‐.
Eaká gn vastn bl bg nutc vcginmc. Mb al`bmantc, sbltà ul pcmbr onjagatnmcr qub bxibmàn bg
`àc, y qub snlnjn y blsnlionjn `a npgnstnmn ng`n. Ynjàn bxnitn`bltb gc qub tblàn qub
onibr ynggcvcgnltb
bstnmc qub sadlaeainjnl
s adlaeainjnl bsnsbmcs
mbg ctrc nutc pngnjrns. Almbpblmabltb`bltb
almbpblmabltb`bltb mb quaál
mb iuîgbs eubrnl oujabrn
gns iariulstnlians
mb bstn trndbman, n `à lc `b icrrbspclmàn ggbvnr bsn inrdn V. . .P. Ynjàn quaál mbjàn ggbvnrgn;
mbjàn ggbvnrgn Nqubg qub yn onjàn scpcrtnmc gn mb`cgbmcrn prbsaùl mb gcs mcgcrbs mb tcmcs
gcs oc`jrbs ”aligusc bstn inrdn” n eal ea l mb qub yc lc tuvabrn qub
q ub inrdnr uln pcriaùl
alealatn`bltb `alûsiugn mb gc qub Ág onjàn scpcrtnmc.
s cpcrtnmc. Bl bsb alstnltb mb drnian y mb
rbvbgniaùl, supb qub `a Yngvnmcr vavàn y qubq ub sb onjàn obioc prbsbltb mb al`bmantc pnrn
nic`pnþnr`b bl `a `c`bltc mb `nycr lbibsamnm.
Bl bg ocspatng, bg obr`nlc Taggan`s sb bltbrù mb qub quabl gcs onjàn b`jbstamc brn ul
`uionioc mb mabiasabtb nþcs mb bmnm. Mb ngdûl `cmc, bg nmcgbsibltb onjàn sngamc agbsc mbg
niiambltb.
@abltrns bstnjn bl gn in`aggn, pumb sbltar bg n`cr mbg Yngvnmcr pcr nqubg kcvbl. Eub uln
bxpbrablian qub `b trnlsecr`ù bg ng`n y `b rbealù. Lc tblàn ambn mb quaál brn bg
`uionioc, pbrc lc
onjàn scicrramc, a`pcrtnjn6
nlsacsc tcmc gcyqub
pcr snlnr`b sbltà blbl
vblmnr`b, bsbvbz
`c`bltc eubicgasaùl
mb qub bsn qub bg YYngvnmcr
ngvnmcrtrazns
oaiabrn `b
n lubstrns en`agans y n gn ic`ulamnm.
]blablmc bl iubltn gns gbsaclbs entngbs mb su bspcsn, mb su oakc y mb su oakn, bg obr`nlc
 Taggan`s sb nsc`jrù mb qub gns gbsaclbs mb ág eubrnl
eubrnl `àla`ns. Al`bmantn`bltb, quasc bstnr
icl su oakc qub tn`jaál onjàn scjrbvavamc ng niiambltb, pbrc qub bstnjn bl drnvb bstnmc.
Yal mb`crn, oaib nrrbdgcs pnrn mnrgb uln jblmaiaùl mb sngum icl gn nyumn mb `a pnmrb y
mbg pnmrb mb @aiobggb. Ng pclbr gns `nlcs scjrb su injbzn, ul tcrrbltb mb pnz y icleanlzn
`b alvnmaù bg ng`n, iclecr`b sb gb `nlmnjn snlnr. Gc jblmakb pnrn qub sb rbiupbrnsb
r biupbrnsb mb
`nlbrn tctng6 lc sb trntnjn mb uln bxprbsaùl mb mbsbc mb `a pnrtb, salc qub snjàn
bxnitn`bltb gc qub bg Yngvnmcr qubràn qub makbrn, y sbltà qub gb makb gc qub Ág gb oujabrn
maioc sa oujabsb bstnmc nggà, bl pbrscln.
Bl gcs màns pcstbracrbs, bg obr`nlc Taggan`s, su oakc @aionbg, qub bstnjn icl sus n`adcs
ng `c`bltc mbg niiambltb, y Yn`, qub bstnjn rbiupbrîlmcsb bl bg ocspatng, sb vabrcl
rcmbnmcs mb n`adcs y sbrbs qubramcs.
Icl bg tab`pc, bg obr`nlc Taggan`s supc `îs scjrb bg nmcgbsibltb qub gcs onjàn
b`jbstamc6 y bsirajaù gc saduabltb bl iunltc n su altbrniiaùl icl In`brcl;
Gn pra`brn vbz qub gc va eub iuntrc `bsbs mbspuás mbg niiambltb, bl gn numablian pnrn
mbtbr`alnr su bmnm pblng. In`brcl, qub vbstàn vbs tàn ul trnkb nlnrnlknmc, bltrù n pnsc gbltc bl
gn sngn mbg trajulng y sb
s b sbltù bl gn `bsn mbg niusnmc. Ic`blznrcl gcs prcibscs kumaiangbs
 y, bl `bmac mb gcs pra`brcs
pra`brcs pbtatcracs gbdngbs, tuva`cs uln bxpbrablian
bxpbrablian npniajgb y pbrsclng
iunlmc, ng `arnrlcs n gcs ckcs, va qub dbstaiugnjn icl gcs gnjacs gns pngnjrns; ‗Gc ‗ Gc
sabltc‐ V. . .P. @b onjàn prbdultnmc quá sblta`abltcs bxpbra`bltnràn ng vbrgc pcr pra`brn
 vbz, y iù`c rbniiaclnràn. Rln Rln vbz `îs, vcgvà n sbltar bg n`cr mbgmbg Yngvnmcr pcr ág y pcr
pcr su
en`agan.
Icl bg trnlsiursc mbg tab`pc,
ta b`pc, sbduà guionlmc icltrn gn mbsbspbrniaùl y gn scgbmnm qub
onjànl qubmnmc bl `a vamn, pbrc snjàn n mùlmb niumar. Crnjn n `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang y
mbsinrdnjn `as erustrniaclbs b arn, ‗guionlmc icl bg b g Ybþcr‐, pcr nsà mbiargc, y gubdc
gub dc `b
sbltàn `uy ou`agmb, iclecr`b sb `b rbicrmnjn n `a Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc. Mbspuás, pumb
 sbltàn `uy ou`agmb, iclecr`b sb `b rbicrmnjn n `a Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc. Mbspuás, pumb

`bmatnr bl Yu vamn, Yu bkb`pgc, Yu pniablian y Yu gcldnla`amnm y, pcr ûgta`c, sbltà `nycr

ecrtngbzn pnrn `nltblbr`b eabg ng ic`prc`asc qub onjàn obioc y sbduar nmbgnltb.
]rns insa mcs nþcs mbg niiambltb, rbiajà uln ggn`nmn mb uln tbrnpbutn mbg V. . .P ibltrc
icrrbiiaclng mb `blcrbs. Onjàn bstnmc trntnlmc n In`brcl y qubràn snjbr sa yc bstnjn
maspubstc n nyumnrgn n vbr `bkcr gn `ndlatum mbg a`pnitc qub gns `ubrtbs mb @aiobggb, Jbl
 y Nlln onjànl tblamc bl gn vamn mb gn en`agan. @b makc
makc qub In`brcl onjàn pr
prbpnrnmc
bpnrnmc
ngdulns prbdultns
icltbstnrgns pnrn onibr`b
bl pbrscln. Niibmà. y `b prbdultù sa bstnjn maspubstc n rbular`b icl ág pnrn
Eakn`cs gn ebion mbg bliubltrc y ic`bliá n prbpnrnr`b `bltng`bltb pnrn gn vasatn. N
eal mb crdnlaznr gns ambns y tblbr prbpnrnmc ngdc qub mbiar, b`pbiá
b `pbiá n bsirajar bg `cmc bl
qub nqubg iocqub onjàn a`pnitnmc bl `a vamn. ]blàn maeaiugtnm pnrn pcmbr pgns`nr ngdc
qub pumabrn ic`pnrtar icl ág y sbltà gn lbibsamnm, mnmn `a alinpniamnm pnrn bxprbsnr `as
sblta`abltcs, mb nyulnr y crnr n eal mb rbiajar `nycr alsparniaùl.
Mbspuás mb rbdastrnr`b bl gn zcln mb niibsc, bltrá bl uln pbqubþn sngn, nmclmb bspbrá
n gn tbrnpbutn. Yb njraù uln pubrtn mb sbduramnm drnlmb y drubsn, y gn `ukbr aldrbsù bl gn
sngn mb bspbrn, `b sngumù mb `cmc icrmang, y `b ndrnmbiaù pcr bstnr V. . .P maspubstc n
 vblar. @abltrns lcs maradàn`cs n gn sngn mclmb `b blicltrnràn icl In`brcl,
In`brcl, `a `bltb sb
npniaduù y sbltà uln irbiabltb sblsniaùl mb drnl pnz. Yupb qub gn tbrnpbutn y yc lc
in`alîjn`cs scgcs. Blsbduamn, gn `ukbr mcjgù b aldrbsù bl uln pbqubþn sngn mb
iclebrblians, mclmb In`brcl bstnjn sbltnmc, n gn bspbrn mb qub ggbdîrn`cs.
Lcs sbltn`cs
prbdultnr ulcnblerbltb
bl iunltc mbg ctrc.
`a vamn mbsmb In`brcl njraù
bg niiambltb, y iù`c uln ockn
ástb `bmbonjàn
pnpbgnebitnmc
y b`pbzù n n
n `à,
`as oakcs y n gcs mb`îs en`aganrbs. ^ubràn snjbr `îs nibrin mb Jbl, Nlln y @aiobggb pnrn
pcmbr ggbdnr n iclcibrgcs y vngcrnr quaálbs brnl. Lc sá gc qub makb, sùgc sá qub sbltà ing`n
ng icltbstnr inmn prbdultn mb ecr`n tnltn l marbitn y icliasn ic`c pcmàn.
Gubdc In`brcl mbkù bg pnpbg, `b `arù marbitn`bltb n gcs ckcs y `b prb prbdultù;
dultù; ‗Mbspuás
mb tcmc gc qub gb ob obioc n su en`agan, ³iù`c gb eub pcsajgb pbrmclnr`b3‐.
@b aligalá onian mbgnltb y gb makb; ‗Ya bxastb ngdc qub `b onyns vastc onibr, c `b ons
càmc mbiar, c onyns gbàmc scjrb `à bl iunltc bg pbrmùl, mbjbràns snjbr qub sùgc sb trntù mbg
Yngvnmcr qub cjrnjn n trnvás mb `à‐. Bg Bspàratu, qub alvnmaù tctng`bltb gn sngn, lcs
pblbtrù bg icrnzùl n n`jcs pnrn ic`ulainrlcs uln vbrmnm vb rmnm btbrln; ^ub Kbsuirastc lcs n`n
icl Yu n`cr purc y quabrb qub gcdrb`cs
gcdr b`cs lubstrc pctbliang>:.

Bg prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl makc bl bg mbvciaclng mb Lnvamnm mb :8>?; ‗Rl V. . .P mcl

qub jralmn bg Yngvnmcr bs gn inpniamnm mb pbrmclnr V. . .P. Xcr gc dblbrng, bs eîiag pbrmclnr n
quabl prciurn bg pbrmùl mb ustbmbs icl salibramnm y ou`agmnm, pbrc bg Yngvnmcr gbs mnrî gn
inpniamnm mb pbrmclnr n quablbs gcs onynl `ngtrntnmc mb ngduln `nlbrn. Bltclibs sus
nitcs oarabltbs yn lc pcmrîl n`nrdnrgbs bg ng`n‐ >9.
Ic`prblmb`cs `bkcr bg pcmbr mb gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc ng pbrmclnr n ngduabl qub,
bl lubstrn cpalaùl, lc `brbib sbr pbrmclnmc.
 N `bmamn qub irbib lubstrn eb bl Kbsuirastc
Kbsuirastc y iclecr`b bltblmb`cs bg alingiugnjgb mcl
qub Ág lcs jralmn, nu`bltn lubstrn inpniamnm mb pbrmclnr n gcs mb`îs y mb sbltarlcs
pbrmclnmcs. Lcs mn`cs iubltn mb qub lubstrn vamn nquà bl gn tabrrn bs sùgc uln jrbvb pnrtb
mb gn btbrlamnm y qub, pnrn prcdrbsnr vbrmnmbrn`bltb, mbjb`cs mbspcknr lubstrc bspàratu
mb arn, mb cmac y mb iungquabr mbsbc mb vbldnlzn onian quablbs lcs onynl obramc n lcsctrcs
c n quablbs n`n`cs. Bg pbrmùl lc sadlaeain qub tbldn`cs qub rbgniaclnrlcs y njrnznr n
manrac n gcs qub
bg pbrmclnr, onynl samc
la tn`pcic irubgbs
rbvavar, icl lcsctrcs,
ngjbrdnr la vcgvbrpbrc sà sadlaeain qub
n bxpbra`bltnr ulnlc mbjb`cs
y ctrn pcstbrdnr
vbz gcs pbinmcs
 

tbrrajgbs qub lcs onynl alegadamc ctrns pbrsclns. Nqubggc sùgc cinsaclnràn mb`crns pnrn
lubstrn pnz y ebgaiamnm.
Bg prbsambltb ]oc`ns Y. @clscl blsbþù; ‗Bg bspàratu mbjb qubmnr gajrb mb gns eubrtbs
inmblns y mb gcs vabkcs rblicrbs n eal mb qub bg bltusans`c pcr gn vamn gb má cpta`as`c ng
ng`n. Bl `uions en`agans ony sblta`abltcs obramcs y rblublian n pbrmclnr. Lc a`pcrtn
iuîg onyn samc bg prcjgb`n, lc pubmb la mbjb pbr`atarsb qub sadn inusnlmc mnþc. Bg sbduar
iugpnlmcul
Obrjbrt, n gcs mb`îs
pcbtn `nltablb mbg
mb praliapacs njabrtn
sadgcgn_UAA,
obramn6 sùgc bg‟^uabl
bsirajaù; pbrmclnr gn iaintrazn.
lc pbrmcln n gcsDbcrdb
mb`îs
mbstruyb bg publtb pcr bg iung mbjb pnsnr sa mbsbn nginlznr bg iabgc, pubstc qub tcmcs
tc mcs
tblb`cs lbibsamnm mbg pbrmùl‑‐ . >=

Yb rbquabrb uln al`blsn icleanlzn bl lubstrc Yngvnmcr pnrn pbrmclnr n ctrn

 pbrscln y sbduar nmbgnltb icl eb.

]bstaeaic, ic`c ulc mb Yus tbstadcs, qub Kbsuirastc on tc`nmc scjrb sà gns alkustaians mb gn
 vamn. Yb rbquabrb uln al`blsn icleanlzn bl lubstrc
lubstrc Yngvnmcr pnrn pbrmclnr n ctrn
ctrn pbrscln y
sbduar nmbgnltb icl eb. Iclecr`b altbltb, pnsc n pnsc, ecrtngbibr gn eb bl Kbsuirastc y bl Yu
bxpaniaùl, rbiajarî ul mcl ibgbstang, ul mcl suprb`c mbg Xnmrb Ibgbstang qub gb pbr`atarî
pbrmclnr y sbr pbrmclnmc.
 

Inpàtugc ::
G Y Y DZ M ERLIAÙL MBG Y IBZMCIAC
Zbicrmb`cs sab`prb qub bg pbrmùl mb lubstrcs pbinmcs lc prcvablb mb gn Adgbsan, salc mb
lubstrc Yngvnmcr
ciurrb iunlmc y Zbmbltcr
vbla`cs Kbsuirastc.
n Ág icl Bg Yngvnmcr
ul icrnzùl lcs blsbþù
qubjrnltnmc qub bg icltratc
y ul bspàratu nrrbpblta`abltc
>, ng niumar n

Ág bl crniaùl icl gn maspcsaiaùl mb njnlmclnr lubstrcs pbinmcs. Bg pbrmùl mbg pbinmc bs

pcsajgb mbjamc n gn `asbraicrman y gn drnian mbg Yngvnmcr6 mbjamc n Yu sndrnmn bxpaniaùl.
@abltrns prbstnjn sbrvaiac ic`c cjaspc, bg prbsambltb Oblry J. Byrald makc n iabrtc kcvbl
qub ‗onjàn samc icl`cvamc pcr gn eb bl bg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc pnrn rbngaznr ul gnrdc y mcgcrcsc
nrrbpblta`abltc; V. . .P ‟Qc Vtb pbrmclcP bl lc`jrb mb gn Adgbsan V. . .P. Bg Ybþcr tb pbrmclnrî
bl Yu prcpac tab`pc y n Yu prcpan `nlbrn‑‐:.
Yc`cs `ab`jrcs mb Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs Ûgta`cs Màns. Ástn bs Yu
Adgbsan, y ob`cs tc`nmc scjrb lcsctrcs Yu lc`jrb. Iunlmc Kbsuirastc valc n gn tabrrn,
bstnjgbiaù Yu Adgbsan6 y ng ggn`nr n Yus npùstcgbs, mbignrù; ‗Lc `b bgbdastbas vcsctrcs n `à,
salc qub yc cs bgbdà n vcsctrcs, y cs ob pubstc‐ 9. Bg npùstcg Xnjgc blsbþù; ‗Q ág `as`c
iclstatuyù n ulcs npùstcgbs6 y n ctrcs, prcebtns6 y n ctrcs, bvnldbgastns6 y n ctrcs, pnstcrbs y
`nbstrcs6 n eal mb pbrebiiaclnr n gcs snltcs pnrn gn cjrn mbg `alastbrac, pnrn gn bmaeainiaùl
mbg iubrpc mb Irastc, onstn qub tcmcs ggbdub`cs n gn ulamnm mb gn eb y mbg iclcia`abltc mbg
Oakc mb Macs, n ul vnrùl pbrebitc, n gn `bmamn mb gn bstnturn mb gn pgblatum mb Irastc6 pnrn
qub yn lc sbn`cs laþcs eguitunltbs, ggbvnmcs pcr mcquabrn mb tcmc vabltc mb mcitraln, pcr
bstrntndb`n mb oc`jrbs qub, pnrn bldnþnr, b`pgbnl icl nstuian gns nrta`nþns mbg brrcr,
salc qub, onjgnlmc gn vbrmnm bl n`cr, irbzin`cs bl tcmns gns icsns bl nqubg qub bs gn
injbzn, n snjbr, Irastc‐=.
Mbspuás mb gn rbsurrbiiaùl mbg Yngvnmcr, bg Zbalc mb Macs lc brn uln ic`ulamnm mb
irbybltbs mbscrdnlaznmn, salc qub bstnjn crdnlaznmn icl gn nutcramnm mavaln pnrn ntblmbr y
 vbgnr pcr gn Adgbsan. @uiocs sadgcs mbspuás mb qubqub sb pbrmabrn bg snibrmciac mavalc, bg
Yngvnmcr blvaù sbrbs rbsuiatnmcs ng prcebtn Kcsá Y`ato y n Cgavbr Icwmbry n eal mb rbstnurnr
gn nutcramnm y gns crmblnlzns mbg snibrmciac. Kunl bg Jnutastn rbstnurù bg Ynibrmciac
 Nnrùlaic, `abltrns qub Xbmrc,
Xbmrc, Ynltandc y Kunl rbstnurnrcl bg Ynibr
Ynibrmciac
mciac Npcstùgaic c mb
@bgquasbmbi. Bl bg ]b`pgc mb Fartgnlm, Bgàns bg Xrcebtn, Bgàns y @casás bltrbdnrcl ggnvbs
2
bspbiangbs . crdnlazù Yu Adgbsan bl gn nltad÷bmnm y rbstnurù Yu Adgbsan bl lubstrcs màns
Bg Yngvnmcr
pnrn bebitunr bg pbrebiiacln`abltc mb Yus snltcs y bg rbicda`abltc mb Asrnbg n n`jcs gnmcs
mbg vbgc. Gn mbealaiaùl mb ‗snltc‐ qub jralmn bg Lubvc ]bstn`bltc bs gn mb uln pbrscln qub
bs `ab`jrc mb gn Adgbsan 5. Gn crdnlazniaùl mb gn Adgbsan, gn iung maradbl quablbs tablbl gn
nutcramnm npcstùgain, tablb pcr cjkbtc nm`alastrnr gns crmblnlzns y gcs iclvblacs mbg
Bvnldbgac rbstnurnmc, pbr`atablmc nsà qub gcs snltcs vbldnl n Irastc mb `nlbrn `îs pgbln
 y sb prbpnrbl pnrn Yu sbdulmn vblamn. BgBg ágmbr Mngb D. Zblgulm lcs on rbicrmnmc qub ‗ul ‗ul
snltc bs ul pbinmcr qub sadub altbltîlmcgc‐ . 4

Bg Zbalc mb Macs scjrb gn tabrrn

Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs Ûgta`cs Màns bs bg Zbalc mb Macs scjrb gn
tabrrn, qub sb on rbstnurnmc bl bstcs ûgta`cs màns pnrn nyumnrlcs bl lubstrc prcdrbsc.
Mbpcsatn`cs lubstrn eb bl Kbsuirastc y lubstrn iclvbrsaùl bs, bl pra`br gudnr, n lubstrc
Ybþcr y Yngvnmcr. Ng mbsirajar gn cjrn mb gcs masiàpugcs mbg Yngvnmcr trns gn vasatn mb Ág ng
icltalbltb n`brainlc, gns Bsiraturns mbignrnl qub ‗nsà nlmuvabrcl bltrb tcmc bg pubjgc mb
 

Lbea, y prbmainrcl bg bvnldbgac mb Irastc n tcmcs gcs onjatnltbs scjrb gn enz mb gn tabrrn6 y
bstcs sb iclvartabrcl ng Ybþcr, y sb ulabrcl n gn
g n adgbsan mb Irastc‐ ?. Yb iclvartabrcl ng Ybþcr y
sb ulabrcl n gn Adgbsan mb Irastc.
Gn Adgbsan mb Macs sab`prb on bstnmc prbsbltb iunlmc bg snibrmciac bstî scjrb gn tabrrn.
Maion ‗nutcramnm mbg snibrmciac VbsP pnrn nm`alastrnr gns crmblnlzns mb sngvniaùl y
bs tá maspubstc n nibptnrgns‐1.
bxngtniaùl n tcmc bg qub sbn madlc y bstá
 N eal mb ‗nyumnr n gns pbrsclns y n gns en`agans
en`agans bl bstn gnjcr, Vgn Adgbsan y sus gàmbrbsP;
>. Blsbþnl gns mcitralns purns mbg bvnldbgac mb Kbsuirastc y tbstaeainl mb bggns.
:. Ecrtngbibl n gns pbrsclns y n gns en`agans bl sus bseubrzcs pcr onibr y dunrmnr
iclvblacs sndrnmcs.
9. Jralmnl iclsbkc, npcyc y cpcrtulamnmbs mb prbstnr sbrvaiac.
‗Nmb`îs, iabrtcs gàmbrbs mbg snibrmciac tablbl nutcramnm pnrn supbrvasnr gn bkbiuiaùl mb
gns crmblnlzns sngvnmcrns mbg snibrmciac‐>8.
Bg pcmbr mb gns ggnvbs mbg snibrmciac, bg iung pcsbb gn Xra`brn Xrbsamblian y bg Iuùru` mb
gcs Mcib Npùstcgbs, sb mbgbdn n gcs gàmbrbs gcingbs n eal mb bstnjgbibr, rbdugnr y dcjbrlnr gn
Adgbsan, nsà ic`c pnrn prctbdbr gn altbdramnm mb gn mcitraln y prciurnr `nltblbr iabrtns
lcr`ns mb madlamnm iunlmc sus `ab`jrcs pnrtaiapnl bl gns crmblnlzns mb sngvniaùl. Bl gns
Bsiraturns, sb bxpclbl ignrn`bltb gcs rbquasatcs pnrn jnutaznrsb; ‗]cmcs gcs qub sb ou`aggbl
nltb Macs, y mbsbbl jnutaznrsb, y vbldnl icl icrnzclbs qubjrnltnmcs y icl bspàratus
icltratcs, y tbstaeaqubl nltb gn adgbsan qub sb onl nrrbpbltamc vbrmnmbrn`bltb mb tcmcs sus
pbinmcs, y qub bstîl maspubstcs n tc`nr scjrb sà bg lc`jrb mb Kbsuirastc, icl gn
mbtbr`alniaùl mb sbrvargb onstn bg eal, y vbrmnmbrn`bltb `nlaeabstbl pcr sus cjrns qub onl
rbiajamc mbg Bspàratu mb Irastc pnrn gn rb`asaùl mb sus pbinmcs, sbrîl rbiajamcs bl su adgbsan
pcr bg jnutas`c‐>>.
Gn sndrnmn rbspclsnjagamnm mb gcs gàmbrbs mb gn Adgbsan
Zbingic uln vbz `îs qub bg nrrbpblta`abltc y bg pbrmùl ggbdnl pcr y n trnvás mbg Ybþcr
Kbsuirastc. Yal b`jnrdc, bg Ybþcr on ggn`nmc y mbsadlnmc n iabrtcs gàmbrbs mb gn Adgbsan ic`c
 kubibs bl Asrnbg>:. Bggcs tablbl gn sndrnmn rbspclsnjagamnm mb prctbdbr gns crmblnlzns y
`alastrnr n gcs `ab`jrcs bl gc rbgntavc n su madlamnm pnrn pnrtaiapnr bl bggns. Bsiuiob iù`c
bg Yngvnmcr bxpgaiù gn lbibsamnm mb prctbdbr gns crmblnlzns iunlmc vasatù n gns pbrsclns mbg
ob`asebrac ciiambltng.
‗Q ob nquà, bstb bs bg `nlmn`abltc qub yc cs mcy, qub lc pbr`atîas qub laldulc n
snjablmns pnrtaiapb almadln`bltb mb `a inrlb y mb `a snldrb, iunlmc gns nm`alastráas6
pcrqub quabl ic`b `a inrlb y jbjb `a snldrb almadln`bltb, ic`b y jbjb iclmblniaùl pnrn
su ng`n6 pcr tnltc, sa snjáas qub ul oc`jrb lc bs madlc mb ic`br y jbjbr mb `a inrlb y mb
`a snldrb, sb gc prcoajaráas V. . .P. Lc
L c cjstnltb, lc gc bionráas mb vubstrns salndcdns la mb
 vubstrcs gudnrbs mclmb nmcrîas, pcrqub
pcrqub mbjáas icltalunr `alastrnlmc pcr pcr bstcs6 pubs lc
snjáas sa tng vbz vubgvnl, y sb nrrbpabltnl, y vbldnl n `à icl àltbdrc prcpùsatc mb icrnzùl, y
 yc gcs snlb6 y vcsctrcs sbráas bg `bmac mb trnbrgbs
trnbrgbs gn sngvniaùl‐ >9.
Iunlmc ul `ab`jrc mb Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs g cs Ûgta`cs Màns mbkn mb
gnmc gns snltns crmblnlzns y iclvblacs qub on obioc icl bg Ybþcr y mbscjbmbib
altbliaclng`bltb gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs, bg cjaspc y bg prbsambltb mb bstnin scl gcs
sabrvcs mbg Ybþcr qub onl mb nyumnr n tng `ab`jrc n nrrbpbltarsb. Bg prbsambltb @. Zussbgg
Jnggnrm on bxpgainmc pcr quá sb lbibsatn gn nyumn mbg snibrmciac bl bg insc mb gcs pbinmcs
drnvbs;
b`jnrdc,‗Bgástb
Yngvnmcr
lc bstîonmbsprcvastc
prcvastc bg mb
`cmc mb Bg
mcgcr. rbdrbsnr pnrn gcs qub
nrrbpblta`abltc lcsbbsonl mbsinrranmc6
eîiag, sal
y tc`n tab`pc,
¡tab`pc mcgcrcsc! Yb bldnþnl n sà `as`cs sa pablsnl qub pubmbl qubjrnltnr gns prc`bsns
 

qub onl obioc ng Xnmrb Ibgbstang y lc suerar gns iclsbiublians‐>=. Xcr gc dblbrng, gn nyumn mbg
gàmbr mbg snibrmciac ic`ablzn icl iclvbrsniaclbs pravnmns bltrb gn pbrscln qub quabrb
nrrbpbltarsb y bg cjaspc c bg prbsambltb mb bstnin. Nulqub ic`ûl`bltb tngbs ionrgns
b`pabznl sùgc icl gn pbrscln qub mbsbn nrrbpbltarsb y bg gàmbr mbg snibrmciac, sa quabl
 jusinrn nyumn lbibsatnrn
lbibsatnrn c sb saltabrn `îs iù`cmc icl gn prbsblian mbg pnmrb c gn `nmrb,
mbg iùlyudb c mb ngdûl n`adc murnltb gns iclvbrsniaclbs, bg cjaspc c bg prbsambltb mb bstnin
sbrîl `uy
rbsugtnl ic`prblsavcsgnbl
eulmn`bltngbs iunltcgnn nibptnr
crniaùl, bg npcyc lbibsnrac.
ntbltn prbciupniaùl Bl bstb prcibsc sndrnmc,
y gn icleambliangamnm.
Bl cinsaclbs, rbtarnr pcr ul tab`pc bg pravagbdac mb tc`nr gn Ynltn Ibln c mb nsastar ng
tb`pgc pubmb jblmbiar n gn pbrscln qub mbsbn sbr madln mb lubvc. Bg ágmbr Kcol O. Drcjbrd
rbgntù gn saduabltb bxpbrablian;
Onib ulcs nþcs, ul `ntra`clac kcvbl ng qub ggn`nrb`cs gcs Njrag, onjgù icl su cjaspc
mb ul prcjgb`n Vmb madlamnmP qub tblàn gn bspcsn. Gcs mbtnggbs lc a`pcrtnl. Xcr gn duàn mbg
Bspàratu Ynltc, bg cjaspc VpamaùP qub, bltrb ctrns icsns, gn obr`nln Njrag lc pnrtaiapnrn mb
gn Ynltn Ibln murnltb ul tab`pc
tab `pc V. . .P.
Icl V`uiocP n`cr y npcyc, bggn saduaù yblmc n gns rbulaclbs icl su en`agan, y insa
lnmab, npnrtb mb su bspcsc y mbg
mb g cjaspc, bstnjn ng tnltc mb gn satuniaùl y la saquabrn
rbpnrnrcl bl qub sb`nln trns sb`nln bggn lc tc`njn gn Ynltn Ibln. Ib ln. Ng praliapac, gn
obr`nln lc lctù `uion maebrblian6 pbrc, ng pnsnr bg tab`pc, ggbdù n mbsbnr
mbsb nr inmn vbz icl
`nycr nlobgc
nrrbpbltamc sbr madln
nltbs6 pbrc mb pnrtaiapnrrbng`bltb
ng bxn`alnr rbmb gn YnltnsuIbln.
ng`bltb ng`n Xblsnjn qub inmn
mb ul `cmc yn sbvbz
onjàn
`îs
prceulmc, y ng mbsbnr sbr madln mb tc`nr gn Ynltn Ibln inmn vbz `îs, b`pbznrcl n
 vbraeainrsb bl bggn vbrmnmbrcs in`jacs eulmn`bltngbs,
eulmn`bltngbs, tnltc bl sus pblsn`abltcs ic`c ic`c bl
sus nitcs.
Xnsù ul tab`pc `îs. Xcr eal, murnltb uln rbulaùl
rb ulaùl snirn`bltng, bg Bspàratu tbstaeaiù
tnltc ng cjaspc ic`c n gn obr`nln
obr `nln Njrag y n su `nramc qub onjàn ggbdnmc bg b g `c`bltc mb
qub bggn tc`nrn ctrn vbz gn Ynltn Ibln V. . .P.
Ggbdù bg saduabltb mc`aldc, y gn obr`nln sb sbltù mb lubvc icl su en`agan, lbrvacsn,
pbrc bltusans`nmn y ggbln mb bxpbitniaùl. ‗³Ybrá vbrmnmbrn`bltb
vbr mnmbrn`bltb madln3 ¡Iuîltc mbsbc
sbrgc!‐, sb mbiàn. Bg oa`lc snirn`bltng eub `îs sadlaeaintavc qub lulin nltbs y gc inltù icl
tnltc sblta`abltc qub eub maeàiag icltblbr gns gîdra`ns. Q gns crniaclbs snirn`bltngbs,
¡Iuîl prceulmns! Gns bsiuioù icl tng ntbliaùl qub inmn pngnjrn pblbtrù bl gc `îs
prceulmc mb su ng`n; tc`nr Yu lc`jrb, rbicrmnrgb sab`prb, dunrmnr Yus `nlmn`abltcs,
sab`prb tblbr Yuic`blznrcl
Gcs maîiclcs Bspàratu (vánsb M. y I. :8;44,
n trnsgnmnrsb mb eagn41).
e agn bl‗¡Iuîltc
eagn, y sb ob mbsbnmc
b`pbzù bstc!‐,
n pnsnr gnspblsnjn.
jnlmbkns
mb uln pbrscln n ctrn, n gc gnrdc mb gns jnlins. Iclecr`b ul kcvbl maîiclc sb nibrinjn
`îs y `îs n su eagn, gn obr`nln sbltàn qub bg icrnzùl gb pngpatnjn inmn vbz icl `îs eubrzn.
Blsbduamn, gn jnlmbkn ic`blzù n rbicrrbr su eagn y bltclibs su bspcsc gn pusc erbltb n bggn.
Gns gîdra`ns gb rcmnjnl pcr gns `bkaggns y scggczù mb dczc mb ecr`n insa a`pbribptajgb
V. . .P, `abltrns bxtblmàn gn `nlc pnrn
pnr n tc`nr gcs b`jgb`ns mbg n`cr mbg Ybþcr Y bþcr pcr bggn. Gcs
mb gn icldrbdniaùl lc cybrcl bg scggczc, pbrc sà lctnrcl gns gîdra`ns bl gcs ckcs mbg cjaspc.
Yb onjàn mnmc y rbiajamc vamn, bspbrnlzn, pbrmùl y ecrtngbzn bsparatung. Lnmab pcmràn sbr
`îs madlc. Gn obr`nln Njrag bl vbrmnm qubràn tblbr iclsadc Yu Bspàratu6 qubràn tc`nr Yu
lc`jrb scjrb sà6 mb tcmc icrnzùl, qubràn rbicrmnrgb
rb icrmnrgb y dunrmnr Yus `nlmn`abltcs6 qubràn
nrrbpbltarsb, `bkcrnr y sbduar gn duàn mb Yu Bspàratu‐>2.

Gns crmblnlzns, gcs iclvblacs y gcs iclsbkcs

 

 Ng prbsambltb mb bstnin y ng cjaspc sb gbs on mnmc nutcramnm

nutcramnm pnrn qub, iunlmc sbn
lbibsnrac, iclvcqubl ul iclsbkc n eal mb trntnr iubstaclbs mb madlamnm >5. ]ngbs iclsbkcs lc
scl trajulngbs mb pbrsbiuiaùl la mb instadc6 `îs jabl, scl tcmc gc icltrnrac. Yu prcpùsatc bs
nyumnr n gn pbrscln icl n`cr n vcgvbr n Macs. Gn `nycr pracramnm mb gcs gàmbrbs mbg
snibrmciac bl maiocs iclsbkcs bs prctbdbr n gns mb`îs pbrsclns n gns qub pcmràn onibrsb
mnþc. ]n`jaál tablbl gn sndrnmn rbspclsnjagamnm mb nyumnr n gn pbrscln qub mbsbn
nrrbpbltarsb
sngvndunrmnrngnniibmbr ng pcmbr
altbdramnm rbmbltcr
y bg jubl mb Kbsuirastc.
lc`jrb Xcr
mb gn Adgbsan mbgûgta`c, mbjbl
Yngvnmcr nyumnr
ng lc n qub gn
pbr`atar
iclmuitn mb gcs `ab`jrcs mb ástn pbrkumaqub gn alegublian `crng mb Kbsuirastc y mb Yu
Adgbsan.

]ngbs iclsbkcs lc scl trajulngbs mb pbrsbiuiaùl la mb instadc6 `îs jabl, scl

tcmc gc icltrnrac. Yu prcpùsatc bs nyumnr n gn pbrscln icl n`cr n vcgvbr n Macs.

Bs iclvblabltb u cjgadntcrac rbngaznr iclsbkcs

icls bkcs iunlmc sb ic`btnl gcs saduabltbs
s aduabltbs pbinmcs;
nsbsalntc, alibstc, vacgniaùl, njusc Vc `ngtrntcP, npcstnsàn, rcjc, ourtc, vbltn
v bltn mb mrcdns
agbdngbs, ernumb, engsc tbsta`clac, ctrcs nitcs mbgaitavcs, nmugtbrac, iclmuitns rbatbrntavns mb
ecrlainiaùl c mb `nltblbr rbgniaclbs sbxungbs eubrn mb gns gbybs mb Macs, trnlsdrbsaclbs mb
àlmcgb prbmntcran, iclmuitns iclstnltbs mb trnlsdrbsaùl, trnlsdrbsaclbs drnvbs qub sb
iclczinl n`pgan`bltb, y trnlsdrbsaclbs drnvbs ic`btamns pcr ngduabl qub ciupb ngduln
pcsaiaùl prc`albltb bl gn Adgbsan.
Adgbs an.
]ngbs njnlmclcs drnvbs mb gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs pgnltbnl gn masyultavn mb qub gn
pbrscln sbn madln mb pnrtaiapnr bl gns crmblnlzns mbg Bvnldbgac y mb qub gn pbrscln onyn mb
sbduar sablmc `ab`jrc mb gn Adgbsan c lc.
Bg Ybþcr on nmvbrtamc qub bg pbinmc mb lbdnr ng Bspàratu Ynltc, qub bs bg `îs drnvb, bs
a`pbrmclnjgb b arrb`asajgb6 bs ul pbinmc qub Kcsá Y`ato mbsirajaù mb bstn `nlbrn; ‗VGn
pbrsclnP mbjb rbiajar bg Bspàratu Ynltc, mbjbl onjársbgb njabrtc gcs iabgcs, mbjb onjbr
o njbr pbinmc icltrn Ág‐ >4. Ony iabrtcs drnmcs mb nsbsalntc
iclciamc n Macs, y mbspuás mbjb onjbr
qub tn`jaál pubmbl sbr a`pbrmclnjgbs >?.
]cmcs gcs mb`îs pbinmcs pubmbl pbrmclnrsb, mbpblmablmc mb gcs mbsbcs mb gn pbrscln y
mb gn maspcsaiaùl mb ástn n nrrbpbltarsb. Bg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc bs ‗bg dunrmaîl mb gn pubrtn V. . .P
>1
 y`ctavcs
nggà ág lc
mbb`pgbn laldûl sarvabltb‐
tcmcs lubstrcs . Ág iclcib
pbinmcs. ]cmcs tcmnsmbgns
gcs kuaiacs g nsMacs
iclmaiaclbs, iariulstnlians
sbrîl pbrebitn`bltb y
kustcs,
aligusc gn njulmnltb `asbraicrman pnrn gcs qub bl vbrmnm sb onynl nrrbpbltamc, gn iung sb
onib pcsajgb `bmanltb bg sniraeaiac alealatc mbg Yngvnmcr. Bstc lcs `ubstrn bg n`cr pbrebitc
mb lubstrc Xnmrb pcr Yus oakcs b oakns :8.
Iunlmc ngduabl qub sbn `ab`jrc mb gn Adgbsan onyn qubjrnltnmc mb `nlbrn drnvb gns
gbybs mb Macs, sb pubmb bebitunr ul iclsbkc n lavbg mb jnrrac c mb bstnin, mbpblmablmc mb gn
drnvbmnm mbg pbinmc y mbg drnmc mb rbspclsnjagamnm. Gn crniaùl ebrvabltb y gn alegublian mbg
Bspàratu Ynltc maradarîl bg iursc mbg iclsbkc. Yb almain n tcmc gàmbr mbg snibrmciac qub nsastn
qub `nltbldn gns mbgajbrniaclbs mbg iclsbkc bstraitn`bltb icleambliangbs. Lc sb mbsbn
nvbrdclznr n gn pbrscln, la qub sb `bliaclbl tcmcs gcs mbtnggbs mb gcs pbinmcs ic`btamcs.
@îs jabl, gn altbliaùl bs bltblmbr gc qub ciurraù, gn drnvbmnm mb gcs pbinmcs y gns
iariulstnlians qub icltrajuybrcl
icltrajuybrcl n qub lc sb dunrmnrnl
d unrmnrnl gcs iclvblacs jnutas`ngbs la gcs
iclvblacs mbg tb`pgc. Yb rbspbtn n gn pbrscln ic`c bg oakc o akc c gn oakn mb Macs qub bs, y mb
`nlbrn n`crcsn sb gb iclibmb tab`pc pnrn qub bxprbsb nltb bg iclsbkc gcs sblta`abltcs mbg
icrnzùl bl iunltc n gcs prcjgb`ns bl iubstaùl, nsà ic`c bl iunltc n su eb bl bg Yngvnmcr. Ng
 

ealng mbg iclsbkc, bg cjaspc c bg prbsambltb mb bstnin sb rbûlb bl pravnmc icl sus iclsbkbrcs.
Bl prceulmn y sadlaeaintavn crniaùl, ástcs rubdnl ng Ybþcr n eal mb iclcibr, `bmanltb bg
pcmbr mb gn rbvbgniaùl, gn mbiasaùl qub Ág mbsbn qub tc`bl. Bxastbl mavbrscs rbsugtnmcs
pcsajgbs. Xcmràn mbtbr`alnrsb qub gn pbrscln sadn dcznlmc
dc znlmc mb pgbln iclmaiaùl mb `ab`jrc
mb gn Adgbsan. Gn pbrscln pcmràn sbduar sablmc `ab`jrc mb gn Adgbsan, pbrc icl gng n a`pcsaiaùl
mb iabrtns rbstraiiaclbs n su nitavamnm y n gn cpcrtulamnm mb pnrtaiapnr bl gns crmblnlzns y
 jblmaiaclbs
`ab`jrc mb mbg Bvnldbgac. Bl ngdulcs inscs, n gn pbrscln pcmràn rbtarîrsbgb gn iclmaiaùl mb
gn Adgbsan. mb
Gns mbiasaclbs qub sb tc`nl bl bstcs iclsbkcs sndrnmcs lc tablbl ic`c eal instadnr bg
pbinmc, `îs jabl, scl ul pnsc a`pcrtnltb pnrn nyumnr n nrrbpbltarsb y vcgvbr ng Yngvnmcr ng
`ab`jrc mb gn Adgbsan qub sb onyn npnrtnmc mb gn sblmn mb gn vamn btbrln `bmanltb ngdûl
nitc drnvb. Zbiubrmb sab`prb qub gcs mclbs mavalcs mb gn `asbraicrman, mb gn drnian y mbg
pbrmùl ggbdnl marbitn`bltb n inmn ulc mb lcsctrcs sùgc pcr `bmac mb Kbsuirastc, y mb lnmab
`îs. Bs drnians n Yu sniraeaiac bxpantcrac qub pubmbl bga`alnrsb gns `nlions y gn iugpn mb
lubstrn vamn, y qub pcmb`cs ic`pnrbibr ga`pacs y purcs nltb Ág. ‗Mb iabrtc, nsà maib bg
Ybþcr n vcsctrcs n quablbs n`c, y n gcs qub n`c tn`jaál masiapgalc pnrn qub gbs sbnl
pbrmclnmcs sus pbinmcs, pcrqub icl gn masiapgaln prbpnrc ul `bmac pnrn gajrnrgcs mb gn
o b n`nmc‐:>.
tbltniaùl bl tcmns gns icsns, y yc cs ob
Rl `ab`jrc makc mbspuás mb pnrtaiapnr bl ul iclsbkc; ‗Oujc pnz bl tcmc bg prcibsc. Ob
càmc n pbrsclns mbiar qub uln vbz qub Vsb tb rbtarn gn iclmaiaùl mb `ab`jrc mb gn AdgbsanP,
sabltbs qub bg Bspàratu Ynltc sb vn V. . .P. Yal b`jnrdc, yc Vonjàn mbknmc mb gnmc `as
iclvblacs y onjàn pbrmamc bg mcl mbg Bspàratu YnltcP `uioc nltbs mb bsb `c`bltc. Mb
obioc, murnltb nqubg prcibma`abltc, sbltà bg Bspàratu `îs mb gc qub gc onjàn sbltamc mbsmb
oniàn V`uiocsP nþcs V. . .P. Bg bspàratu mb n`cr y inramnm qub Voujc bl bg iclsbkcP bga`alù
iungquabr nlsabmnm qub pumabrn sbltar, nsà ic`c iungquabr prbciupniaùl y iungquabr
lbrvacsas`c‐::.
Ctrn pbrscln bxpgaiù gn rnzùl pcr gn qub irbàn qub bg Bspàratu mbg Ybþcr bstnjn prbsbltb;
‗Lc bstn`cs cjgadnmcs n iclebsnr Vgc qubP ob`cs obioc6 lc bstn`cs cjgadnmcs n Vnsastar nP
bscs iclsbkcs, pbrc mbjamc n qub qubrb`cs in`janr y ggbdnr n sbr V`îsP sb`bknltbs n
lubstrc Yngvnmcr, gc onib`cs V. . .P. Lcs vcgvb`cs gc sueaiabltb`bltb ou`agmbs ic`c pnrn
qubmnr vuglbrnjgbs V. . .P6 y ásc, irbc yc, bs pcr mclmb ic`ablzn bg nrrbpblta`abltc. Bs
`cstrnr n Macs Vqub tblb`csP ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul bspàratu icltratc pnrn onibr
iungquabr icsn V. . .P. qub Ág rbquabrn mb lcsctrcs‐ :9.
Bg n`cr y bg pbrmùl rbmbltcrbs mbg Ybþcr
Bg prbsambltb Ypblibr T. Fa`jngg makc; ‗Ony cinsaclbs bl qub V. . .P iunlmc bg nrrbpbltamc
`arn n sus bspngmns y vb gn vagbzn, gn rbpudlnlian mb gn trnlsdrbsaùl, insa sb mn pcr vbliamc y
sb prbdultn; ‟³Xcmrî bg Ybþcr pbrmclnr`b ngduln vbz3 ³Xcmrá yc `as`c pbrmclnr`b ngduln
 vbz3‑. Yal b`jnrdc, iunlmc ulc ggbdn ng eclmc mbg mbsîla`c y sabltb
sabltb gn mbsbspbrnlzn bl qub
sb bliubltrn, y iunlmc bl su a`pctblian, pbrc icl eb, supgain `asbraicrman n Macs, ggbdn uln
 vcz npniajgb y mbgainmn, pbrc pblbtrnltb,
pblbtrnltb, qub susurrn n su ng`n; ‟]us pbinmcs
pbinmcs tb scl
pbrmclnmcs‑‐:=.
 N gc gnrdc mb gcs nþcs, ob tblamc bg pravagbdac mb rbular`b icl `uiocs oc`jrbs y `ukbrbs
`ukbrbs
qub onl prciurnmc ou`agmb y maspubstn`bltb rbicliaganr su vamn icl gns blsbþnlzns mbg
bvnldbgac mb Kbsuirastc6 pbrsclns qub, icl bg tab`pc, sb onl vubgtc n jnutaznr, y iuyc
lc`jrb sb on rb`atamc n gn Xra`brn Xrbsamblian pnrn qub sb gbs rbstnurnrnl sus jblmaiaclbs
mbg snibrmciac
en`agan u ctrns ypbrsclns
mbg tb`pgc. Yus pbinmcs
alcibltbs brnl drnvbs
qub onjànl y n obramcs
rbsugtnmc `blumcpcr
onjàn `ab`jrcs
su bdcàs`c mb gn
b alaquamnm.
 Q sal b`jnrdc, ng icgcinr gns `nlcs scjrb su injbzn
injbzn pnrn rbstnurnr
rbstnurnrgbs
gbs gns jblmaiaclbs pcr
 

nsadlniaùl mb gn Xra`brn Xrbsamblian, ob sbltamc mb `cmc albquàvcic bg n`cr y bg pbrmùl

mbg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc onian tngbs oc`jrbs y `ukbrbs.
Bl uln cinsaùl, `b blicltrnjn bl ul pnàs mastnltb, mclmb mbjàn onjgnr ul amac`n qub lc
brn `a gbldun lntng. Onjàn mb rbular`b icl ul oc`jrb y bltrbvastnrgc bl rbprbsbltniaùl mb
gn Xra`brn Xrbsamblian mb gn Adgbsan bl iunltc n gn rbstnurniaùl mb su snibrmciac y sus
 jblmaiaclbs mbg tb`pgc.
]rns insnrsb
`nrnvaggcscs blen`agan,
n su bg snltcbgtb`pgc, y mbspuás
oc`jrb, mb qub oujabrclgbggbdnmc
`uy gn`bltnjgb`bltb, trbs
eub aleabg oakcs
n su bspcsn y uln
 kcvbl scgtbrn qubmù b`jnrnznmn mb ág. Gn kcvbl mbsbnjn prnitainrsb ul njcrtc. njcrtc.
Lc cjstnltb, gn lcjgb bspcsn mb nqubg oc`jrb alaiuc gb supgaiù n gn g n `ukbr qub lc njcrtnrn
ng jbjá, y gb prc`btaù qub uln vbz qub lniabrn, tc`nràn ng jbjá y gc iranràn kultc icl sus
prcpacs oakcs.
Onjànl trnlsiurramc `îs mb mabz nþcs mbsmb qub bg lc`jrb mbg bspcsc sb onjàn rbtarnmc
mb gcs rbdastrcs mb gn Adgbsan. Iclcià n gn en`agan, yn qub, nulqub pcr gc dblbrng bg bspcsc y gn
bspcsn nsastbl scgcs n rbularsb icl gns Nutcramnmbs Dblbrngbs, bl bstn cinsaùl, bg pnmrb y gn
`nmrb onjànl trnàmc n sus oakcs iclsadc. Ng rbvasnr bg alecr`b mb gc qub onjàn suibmamc oniàn
tnltcs nþcs, `b bltrastbiaù `uioc bg drnl bdcàs`c qub bg oc`jrb onjàn `cstrnmc jnstnltbs
nþcs ntrîs, y iabrtn`bltb `b `nrnvaggá nltb gn jclmnm mb bstn bspcsn y `nmrb kustn.
Ycgaiatá onjgnr bl pra`br gudnr icl nqubggn `ukbr bxtrncrmalnran. Bggn rbjcsnjn mb n`cr y
mb eb. Oniàn
ic`c sa eubsbnþcs qubybgmbsbnjn
su oakc mcgcr y qub
gn trastbzn onjànln qubmnmc
sb gc sbggnrn bggn y n sublbspcsc,
bg pnsnmc.
pnrnN`njn ng laþc
qub sb iclvartabrn
bl pnrtb mb su en`agan btbrln. Xcr `bmac mb su alqubjrnltnjgb eb bl Kbsuirastc y bl Yu
bxpaniaùl, onjàn blicltrnmc gn ecrtngbzn pnrn pbrmclnr n su bspcsc, y rcdnjn qub ástb
pumabrn rbdrbsnr icl bggn n gn Insn mbg Ybþcr. @b mbsirajaù gn `nlbrn bl qub su bspcsc onjàn
altbltnmc, icl ou`agmnm y bl tcmc gc qub gb onjàn samc pcsajgb, bl`blmnr bg mnþc y n`nr y
iuamnr mb bggn y mb gn en`agan.
Bg oc`jrb sb onjàn vubgtc n jnutaznr ngdulcs nþcs nltbs mb lubstrn vasatn. Iunlmc bltrù
bl gn sngn mclmb `b onggnjn,
o nggnjn, nulqub onjànl trnlsiurramc mabz nþcs, nûl sb onggnjn ggblc mb
rb`crma`abltc y lc ibsnjn mb ggcrnr. Onjàn vastc iù`c sueràn su bspcsn6 gn onjàn vastc tc`nr
su iruz n manrac y sbduar ng Yngvnmcr. Gn n`njn pcr su vcgultnm mb n`nrgc n ág y n gn obr`csn
en`agan qub tblànl.
Mbspuás mb mbtbr`alnr qub brn madlc b alvatnr n su prbianmn bspcsn n rbdrbsnr n gn sngn,
icgcquá gns `nlcs scjrb su injbzn y, icl gn nprcjniaùl mb gn Xra`brn Xrbsamblian, rbstnurá
sus jblmaiaclbs mbg snibrmciac y sus crmblnlzns mbg tb`pgc. Yb mbrrn`nrcl `uions
gîdra`ns iclecr`b sblta`cs bg pcmbr njscgutc mbg n`cr y gn `asbraicrman mbg Yngvnmcr pcr
bsb oc`jrb, pcr bsn lcjgb `ukbr mb Macs, y pcr sus oakcs, aligusc bg laþc mb mabz nþcs.
³Xcmàn nqubggn `ukbr n quabl sb onjàn alsugtnmc tnltc sbr tnl prbstn n pbrmclnr y tnl
prctbitcrn3 @agndrcsn`bltb, sà, pcmàn. Bg laþc, qub nocrn tblàn mabz nþcs y qub pcmràn onjbr
samc ul rbicrmntcrac iclstnltb mb gn aleambgamnm mb su bspcsc, ³pcmàn sbr tnl nibptnmc y tnl
n`nmc3 @agndrcsn`bltb, gc brn, sal mumn ngduln. ³Xcmàn bsb oc`jrb, qub onjàn ic`btamc ic `btamc
tn`nþc brrcr, qubmnr ga`pac y sbr pbrmclnmc3 Yà, bl bsb `c`bltc, ¡sá qub gc eub! Gc G c sbltà
mb `nlbrn pctbltb b almumnjgb ng icgcinr gns `nlcs scjrb su injbzn pnrn ic`pnrtar uln
 jblmaiaùl mb Macs. ³Iù`c
³Iù`c eub pcsajgb3 Icl ou`agmnm tbstaeaic, pubs pubs yc gc sá, qub bs pcsajgb
sùgc pcr `bmac mbg tcmcpcmbrcsc mcl mb gn bxpaniaùl mbg Yngvnmcr6 sùgc pcr gcs `áratcs, pcr
gn `asbraicrman y pcr gn drnian mb Kbsuirastc6 y sùgc pcr Yu alic`pnrnjgb mcl mb n`cr y
pbrmùl rbmbltcrbs. Ásb bs bg `agndrc mbg pbrmùl.
 

Inpàtugc :9
BG BYXÀZA]R Y L]C; BG @BLY KBZC MBG XBZMÙL
Ob`cs onjgnmc nibrin mb lubstrc n`crcsc Xnmrb Ibgbstang y mbg pgnl qub Ág trnzù pnrn
trnbr n bebitc
praliapng bl bglubstrn
pgnl mbgebgaiamnm.
Xnmrb; nNmb`îs, ob`cs
Kbsuirastc, iclsambrnmc
bg Oakc mbic`c
mb Macs, nsà `nlbrn snirn
bg mcl `îsng Ybr
a`pcrtnltb
qub Ág jralmn n tcmc bg dálbrc ou`nlc. Nocrn,
No crn, ng iclsambrnr iù`c rbiajar, rbiclcibr y
rbtblbr bg pbrmùl, maradarb`cs lubstrn ntbliaùl onian bg tbribr `ab`jrc mb gn ]ralamnm; bg
Bspàratu Ynltc.
@abltrns vasatnjn ng prbsambltb mb gcs Bstnmcs Rlamcs, @nrtal Unl Jurbl, pnrn scgaiatnr
rbpnrniaclbs pcr gn pbrsbiuiaùl n gcs snltcs, sb gb prbdultù ng prcebtn Kcsá Y`ato iuîg brn gn
maebrblian bltrb Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs Ûgta`cs
Ûgta `cs Màns y ctrns rbgadaclbs
mb gn ápcin. Kcsá Y`ato rbspclmaù ng prbsambltb Unl Jurbl qub ‗maebràn`cs bl gn ecr`n mb
 jnutaznr y bl bg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc pcr gn a`pcsaiaùl
a`pcsaiaùl mb `nlcs‐, y ndrbdù qub
‗iclsambrn`cs qub tcmcs gcs mb`îs nspbitcs bstîl ic`prblmamcs bl bg mcl mbg Bspàratu
Ynltc‐>.
Murnltb bg pra`br nþc bl qub bg prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl prbstù sbrvaiac ic`c
Xrbsambltb mb Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs Ûgta`cs
Ûg ta`cs Màns, oazc ul blcr`b
oalinpaá bl gn a`pcrtnlian mb gn rbvbgniaùl y mbg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc. Bg prbsambltb
Lbgscl makc; ‗Bl gcs màns euturcs, lc sbrî pcsajgb scjrbvavar bsparatung`bltb sal gn alegublian
duanmcrn, crabltnmcrn, iclscgnmcrn y iclstnltb mbg Bspàratu Ynltc‐:.
Bsns mcs near`niaclbs, gn mbg prcebtn Kcsá Y`ato y gn mbg prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl,
scl `uy a`pnitnltbs, y gcs prcebtns lc bxndbrnl. Gns mbignrniaclbs mb qub ‗tcmcs gcs mb`îs
nspbitcs bstîl ic`prblmamcs bl bg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc‐ y mb qub ‗lc sbrî pcsajgb
scjrbvavar bsparatung`bltb sal gn alegublian V. . .P mbg Bspàratu Ynltc‐ mbjbl ibltrnr lubstrn
ntbliaùl bl gn a`pcrtnlian mbg Ynltc Bspàratu.
Bg Bspàratu Ynltc bs bg tbribr `ab`jrc mb gn ]ralamnm y iu`pgb uln euliaùl bsbliang pnrn
qub pcmn`cs rbiajar, rbiclcibr y rbtblbr bg pbrmùl9. Lcs prcpcriacln gn `nlbrn mb
sbltarlcs ga`pacs iunlmc lcs ob`cs nrrbpbltamc gc sueaiabltb, nsà ic`c bg `cmc mb snjbr
qub lubstrn lubvn vamn bs madln mb sbr nibptnmn pcr bg Xnmrb y pcr bg Oakc. Ng gbbr gns
Bsiraturns, ¡icl iuîltn erbiublian vb`cs gn bxprbsaùl; ‗Bltclibs vablb uln rb`asaùl mb
=
 vubstrcs pbinmcsnpcr
Bspàratu jblmakc eubdcbsiuionjnl
eubdc
quablbs y pcr bg Bspàratu
ng rbyYnltc‐! . Nmb`îs,
Jblkn`àl; rbiubrmb
‗Bg Bspàratu gn ecr`n
mbg Ybþcr bl qub bg
mbsiblmaù
scjrb bggcs, y eubrcl ggblcs mb dczc, onjablmc rbiajamc gn rb`asaùl mb sus pbinmcs, y
tblablmc pnz mb icliablian‐2.
Rstbm snjb qub bs oakc c oakn mb ul Xnmrb Ibgbstang qub gb n`n y qub gb on blvanmc n gn
tabrrn pnrn qub ggbdub n sbr `îs sb`bknltb n Ág. On iugtavnmc gn eb bl bg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc, y sb
on rbdciaknmc bl bg obioc mb qub Yu bxpaniaùl onyn samc pcr ustbm y mb qub bg pbrmùl pubmn
ggbdnr pcr `bmac mb Ág, iclecr`b ustbm sb nrrbpabltn y vbldn n Ág. Nsà ic`c on ggbdnmc n
irbbr bl Yu `asbraicrman y bl Yu drnian, nsà tn`jaál pubmb ggbdnr n snjbr icl ibrtbzn bl
iunltc n gn rbngamnm y bg pcmbr mbg Bspàratu Ynltc mb iclebrargb bsb pcmbr puraeainmcr.
Bl gcs sadgcs pcstbracrbs n gn `ubrtb mb gcs npùstcgbs mb Irastc, sb icleulmaù y tbrdavbrsù
gn vbrmnmbrn ic`prblsaùl bl iunltc n Macs bg Xnmrb, Yu Oakc Kbsuirastc y bg Bspàratu Ynltc,
bl tnltc gn dbltb altbrprbtnjn gns Bsiraturns vngaálmcsb mb gn eagcsceàn drabdn bl vbz mb gn
pbrspbitavn prceátain. Icl bg tab`pc, gcs tbùgcdcs mbjntabrcl y mbiamabrcl qub Macs bg Xnmrb,
Kbsuirastc y bg Bspàratu Ynltc brnl ul Macs ûlaic qub sb `nlaeabstn mb maebrbltbs `nlbrns 5.
 

Gn rbstnurniaùl mbg bvnldbgac mb Kbsuirastc near`ù mb lubvc gn vbrmnm iclibrlabltb n gn

]ralamnm6 pubs gns Bsiraturns blsbþnl qub ‗bg Xnmrb tablb ul iubrpc mb inrlb y oubscs,
tnldajgb ic`c bg mbg oc`jrb6 nsà tn`jaál bg Oakc6 pbrc bg Bspàratu Ynltc lc tablb ul iubrpc
mb inrlb y oubscs, salc bs ul pbrsclnkb mb Bspàratu. Mb lc sbr nsà, bg Bspàratu Ynltc lc
pcmràn `crnr bl lcsctrcs‐ 4.

Gn euliaùl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc

Irbn bl bg Bspàratu Ynltc icl tnltn ibrtbzn ic`c irbb bl bg Xnmrb y bl bg Oakc6 Ág bs bg
tbribr `ab`jrc mb gn ]ralamnm y tbstaeain mb gn mavalamnm mb Kbsuirastc; ‗Lnmab pubmb near`nr
qub Kbsûs bs bg Ybþcr, salc pcr bg Bspàratu Ynltc‐ ?.
Bg Bspàratu Ynltc rbvbgn gn vbrmnm; ‗Xcrqub bg Ybþcr Macs `b gns on `nlaebstnmc pcr su
Ynltc Bspàratu6 y bstb bs bg bspàratu mb rbvbgniaùl qub bstî bl `à‐ 1.
]ng ic`c Kbsûs bxpgaiù, bg Bspàratu Ynltc bs ul `nbstrc; ‗@ns bg Iclscgnmcr, bg Bspàratu
Ynltc, n quabl bg Xnmrb blvanrî bl `a lc`jrb,
lc` jrb, ág cs blsbþnrî tcmns gns icsns, y cs rbicrmnrî
tcmc gc qub cs ob maioc‐ .
>8

Bg Bspàratu Ynltc prcpcriacln gn vcz mb n`clbstniaùl; ‗Q nicltbiaù qub bg Ybþcr `b

nmvartaù n `à, Lbea, qub `b npnrtnrn mb bggcs y ouybsb ng mbsabrtc‐>>.
Bg Bspàratu Ynltc iclear`nrî gns mbiasaclbs qub tc`b`cs; ‗Q sa Vbstuvabrb jablP, onrá qub
tu pbioc nrmn mbltrc mb ta6 pcr tnltc, sbltarîs qub bstî jabl‐ >:.
Bg Bspàratu
`cstrnrî tcmnsbsgns
uln duànqub
icsns almavamung; ‗Ya bltrîas
mbjáas onibr‐ >9. pcr gn sblmn y rbiajàs bg Bspàratu Ynltc, ág cs
Bg Bspàratu lcs mn iclsubgc; ‗Q gn rb`asaùl mb gcs pbinmcs trnb gn `nlsbmu`jrb y gn
ou`agmnm mb icrnzùl6 y pcr `ctavc mb gn `nlsbmu`jrb y gn ou`agmnm mb icrnzùl vablb gn gn
 vasatniaùl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc, bg iung Iclscgnmcr
Iclscgnmcr ggbln mb bspbrnlzn y mb n`cr pbrebitc‐ . >=

Ic`ulain mclbs; ‗Lc lbduáas gcs mclbs mb Macs, pcrqub scl `uiocs V. . .P y sb mnl n gcs
oc`jrbs pcr gns `nlaebstniaclbs mbg Bspàratu mb Macs pnrn jblbeaianrgcs‐>2.
Bs quabl sbggn gns crmblnlzns qub sb cerbibl pcr `bmac mbg Ynltc Ynibrmciac y gns qub sb
nm`alastrnl bl gcs snltcs tb`pgcs; ‗]cmcs gcs iclvblacs V. . .P qub lc scl obiocs, la
iclibrtnmcs, la sbggnmcs pcr bg Ynltc Bspàratu mb gn prc`bsn V. . .P lalduln beainian, vartum c
eubrzn tablbl bl gn rbsurrbiiaùl mb gcs `ubrtcs, la mbspuás‐ >5.
Bg Ynltaeainmcr
Bg Bspàratu Ynltc, mb su`n a`pcrtnlian ng nrrbpbltarlcs y njnlmclnr bg pbinmc, bs bg
`blsnkbrc mb `asbraicrman, bg sndrnmc ic`ulainmcr mbg pbrmùl qub sb on pndnmc icl gn
snldrb mb Irastc>4, y bg snltaeainmcr qub iclear`n lubstrc pbrmùl. ‗Nrrbpbltàcs, tcmcs
 vcsctrcs, bxtrb`cs mb gn tabrrn, y vblam n `à y sbm jnutaznmcs
jnutaznmcs bl `a lc`jrb, pnrn qub sbîasbîass
snltaeainmcs pcr gn rbibpiaùl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc, n eal mb qub bl bg pcstrbr màn cs prbsbltáas
nltb `à sal `nlion‐>?, ‗pnrn qub rbiajîas gn rb`asaùl mb vubstrcs pbinmcs, y sbîas ggblcs mbg
Bspàratu Ynltc‐>1.
Bg prbsambltb Oblry J. Byrald on maioc; ‗Gn rbibpiaùl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc bs gc qub nitûn
pnrn ga`panr iclecr`b gn bxpaniaùl Vmb KbsuirastcP gcs puraeain V. . .P. Bsc bs ul obioc icl bg
qub pubmbl icltnr icl icleanlzn. Xubmbl alvatnr n gn ic`pnþàn mbg Bspàratu Ynltc n sus
 vamns, y snjbr iuîlmc bstî prbsbltb
prbsbltb y iuîlmc sb rbtarn. Q iunlmc Ág gcs nic`pnþn, pubmbl
pubmbl
tblbr gn sbduramnm mb qub gn Bxpaniaùl bstî cjrnlmc bl su vamn‐ . :8

Icl bsn sndrnmn snltaeainiaùl, vb`cs icl gn ignramnm mb uln guz `îs purn, y bscs
sblta`abltcs mb in`jac icltrajuybl n iclear`nr bg pbrmùl qub rbiaja`cs. ‗Nocrn jabl,
bggcs,
sus mbspuásblicltrîlmcsb
vbstamcs, mb onjbr samc
s amc snltaeainmcs pcr bg Bspàratu
purcs y sal `nlion Ynltc,
nltb Macs, onjablmc
o njablmc
lc pcmànl vbrsamc jgnlqubnmcs
bg pbinmc salc icl
 

rbpudlnlian6 y oujc `uiocs, `uioàsa`cs, qub eubrcl puraeainmcs y bltrnrcl bl bg rbpcsc

mbg Ybþcr su Macs‐:>.
Gn alegublian mbg Bspàratu Ynltc bl lubstrn vamn, gcs sblta`abltcs qub Ág lcs pclb bl bg
icrnzùl y gns a`prbsaclbs y iclear`niaclbs mb snltamnm qub sblta`cs scl gns
iclear`niaclbs mb Macs mb qub bstn`cs rbiajablmc gn rb`asaùl mb lubstrcs pbinmcs y mb qub
sb lcs bstî pbrmclnlmc. Bs iabrtc qub ony ngdulns pbrsclns iuyc nrrbpblta`abltc y pbrmùl
pnrbibl
bg in`alconjbrsb bebitunmc
n Mn`nsic mb `nlbrnástb
y mb al`bmantc, rîpamn. Bg Yngvnmcr
njnlmclù rbsuiatnmc
sus pbinmcs, sb npnrbiaù
mbpcsatù tcmn sun Ynugc
eb bl bl
Irastc y eub pbrmclnmc ::. Ng`n, oakc, onjgù mb `nlbrn bgciubltb ng mbiar; ‗Yà V. . .P, tb madc
qub lc pcmàn onjbr icsn tnl altblsn la tnl n`nrdn ic`c `as mcgcrbs. ‗Yà, V. . .P tb madc qub
V. . .P pcr ctrn pnrtb lc pubmb onjbr icsn tnl altblsn y mugib ic`c gc eub `a dczc‐ :9.

Xnrn gn `nycràn mb lcsctrcs, gn trnlsecr`niaùl mb lnibr mb lubvc y mb tblbr

uln vamn lubvn bs `îs drnmung y iclstnltb.

Xnrn gn `nycràn mb lcsctrcs, gn trnlsecr`niaùl mb lnibr mb lubvc y mb tblbr uln vamn v amn
lubvn bs `îs drnmung y iclstnltb. N `bmamn qub dunrmn`cs gcs `nlmn`abltcs, rbiaja`cs
guz y iclcia`abltc bsparatung nmaiaclngbs, y lnib`cs mb lubvc pnsc n pnsc. Bg prbsambltb
 Tagecrm Tccmruee lcs nsbdurù gc saduabltb;
saduabltb; ‗Iunltc `îs lcs npbdub`cs n gcs
`nlmn`abltcs mb Macs, `îs icleanlzn tblmrb`cs bl qub Ág bs lubstrc n`adc y vbgn pcr
lcsctrcs y qub Yu Oakc Kbsûs bs lubstrc njcdnmc nltb bg Xnmrb‐ :=.
Bl rbebrblian n lubstrc pnmrb Nmîl, gns Bsiraturns mbignrnl; ‗Bg Bspàratu mb Macs
mbsiblmaù scjrb ág, y nsà lniaù mbg Bspàratu, y eub vavaeainmc bl bg oc`jrb altbracr‐:2.
Bl cinsaclbs, bg Bspàratu ggbdn mb ul `cmc tnl sutag ic`c gn inàmn mbg rciàc mbg iabgc :5. Gn
 vcz mb Kbsuirastc, gn iung cybrcl gcs oakcs mb Gboa bl `bmac mb mb gns talabjgns nltbs mb qub Ág
sb gbs npnrbiabrn, onjgù bl iunltc n gcs gn`nlatns, quablbs ‗eubrcl jnutaznmcs icl eubdc y
icl bg Bspàratu Ynltc V. . .P y lc gc supabrcl‐:4.
Iclecr`b tblb`cs eb bl bg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc, iclebsn`cs lubstrcs pbinmcs nltb Ág y gcs
njnlmcln`cs, y dunrmn`cs gcs `nlmn`abltcs, bg Bspàratu Ynltc ggbdn mb `nlbrn `îs
pctbltb y `îs icltalun n lubstrn vamn, y vb`cs gcs prcpùsatcs mb gn vamn tbrrblng y gns
 jblmaiaclbs mb gn btbrlamnm icl `îs ignramnm.
ignramnm. Bstc bs pnrtb mb gc qub Ng`n qubràn mbiar ng
:?
onjgnr scjrb
Xnjgc ‗lnVibrP
blsbþn mberutc
qub ‗bg Macsmbg
y sbVrP ggblVcsPbsmbg
Bspàratu‐, Bspàratu
mbiar, bg erutc mb qub. bg Bspàratu Ynltc
Ynltc‐
nu`bltb bl lubstrc altbracr, bs ‗n`cr, dczc, pnz, gcldnla`amnm, jbladlamnm, jclmnm, eb,
`nlsbmu`jrb VyP tb`pgnlzn‐:1.
 N `bmamn qub sblta`cs qub maions iungamnmbs
iungamnmbs bsparatungbs sb mbrrn`nl scjrbscjrb lcsctrcs
icl `nycr erbiublian b altblsamnm, rbiclcib`cs bg pcmbr mbg Bspàratu Ynltc bl lubstrn
 vamn, gc iung icltrajuyb n ngavanr gn iugpn y bg mcgcr. @bmanltb
@bmanltb bstb mcl mb Macs, sb lcs
iclear`n qub bstn`cs bl prcibsc mb rbiajar gn rb`asaùl mb lubstrcs pbinmcs. Zbiajar bg mcl
mbg Bspàratu Ynltc mb `cmc inmn vbz `îs njulmnltb bs uln bvamblian rbng mb qub gn
bxpaniaùl mbg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc cjrn bl lcsctrcs y mb qub sb lcs pbrmclnl gcs pbinmcs.
Irángc y prciurb vbr gcs sblta`abltcs, gns iclear`niaclbs y gn irbiabltb pnz qub gb
prcpcriaclb bg Bspàratu Ynltc.
Icl erbiublian, sb mbsirajb ng Bspàratu ic`c gn vcz npniajgb y mbgainmn 98. Bsn vcz bs,
`nycr`bltb, ngdc qub sblta`cs, bl vbz mb ul sclamc qub bsiuion`cs9>. Lc pcmb`cs ecrznr
ng Bspàratu, mbjb`cs ndunrmnr Yu ggbdnmn 9:. Lc cjstnltb, pcmb`cs prcpaianr uln nt`ùsebrn
qub gc alvatb n vblar6 y lc bxastb `bkcr nt`ùsebrn qub bg vbrmnmbrc nrrbpblta`abltc y bg
 

dunrmnr gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs. Gns bxpbrablians qub tblb`cs icl bg Bspàratu Ynltc sb
ic`pgb`bltnl gn uln n gn ctrn. Ya bl bg pnsnmc on tblamc pcins bxpbrablians icl bg Bspàratu
Ynltc, sbn pniabltb6 icl tab`pc y icl rbitatum, bg Bspàratu ggbdn n sbr ul vngacsc ic`pnþbrc
qub mbsbnrî tblbr icl ustbm bl tcmc `c`bltc. Kcsá Y`ato makc; ‗Rln pbrscln pcmrî
 jblbeaianrsb sa pbriajb gn pra`brn almainiaùl mbg bspàratu mb rbvbgniaùl6
rbvbgniaùl6 pcr bkb`pgc, iunlmc
sabltnl qub gn altbgadblian purn eguyb bl ustbmbs, pcmrî mnrgbs uln rbpbltaln icrrabltb mb
ambns, mbmb
Bspàratu `nlbrn qub, pcrirbibr
Macs, pcmrîl ntblmbrgn
bl bgV.praliapac
. .P y nsà V.mb. gn
.P nprblmbr
rbvbgniaùln onstn
rbiclcibr y bltblmbr
qub ggbdubl n sbrbg
pbrebitcs bl Irastc Kbsûs‐99.
Yntnlîs sab`prb qubrrî qub ustbm irbn qub lc bs madlc mb rbiajar bg Bspàratu Ynltc, pbrc
su Xnmrb Ibgbstang sb rbdciakn pcr inmn bseubrzc qub onib pcr nrrbpbltarsb y vblar ng
Yngvnmcr.
Gns a`prbsaclbs mbg Bspàratu n `blumc sb pbriajbl `bmanltb pngnjrns, pblsn`abltcs c
sblta`abltcs9= qub sb ic`ulainl n gn `bltb. ]nltc bg altbgbitc ic`c gcs g cs sblta`abltcs mbg
icrnzùl (gns b`ciaclbs) tc`nl pnrtb bl bg prcibsc. N vbibs, lcs niumbl n gn `bltb ngdulcs
pblsn`abltcs sal bxpgainiaùl. Yb ulbl ambns qub bl ctrc `c`bltc lcs pnrbiànl `uy
sbpnrnmns b aliclbxns bltrb sà y vb`cs iù`c gn vbrmnm b`brdb nltb lcsctrcs. Bsiuiob su
icliablian, yn qub bs ul alstru`bltc qub utagazn bg Bspàratu Ynltc. @nltbldn uln crniaùl bl
bg icrnzùl icl gn icleanlzn mb qub, bl bg tab`pc mbg Ybþcr, ggbdnrîl gns rbspubstns y sbltarî
gàlbn pcr gàlbn
³Iù`c bg rbiclcibr
pubmb pcmbr mb Yubsnpbrmùl.
prbianmn vcz iunlmc gb almaqub qub sb gb bstî pbrmclnlmc3
 Nltbs qub lnmn, irbn qub gn vcz bs rbng y irbn qub iclecr`b
iclecr`b njnlmclb sus pbinmcs, vbldn n
Irastc, dunrmb gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Ág y mbsbb onibr gc jublc, maion vcz irbibrî bl su su
altbracr. @b dustnl bstns pngnjrns mb @crcla; ‗Xcr iclsaduabltb, tcmc gc qub bs jublc vablb
mb Macs, y gc qub bs `ngc vablb mbg manjgc6 pcrqub bg manjgc bs blb`adc mb Macs, y guion
icltrn ág icltalun`bltb, b alvatn b almuib n pbinr y n onibr gc qub bs `ngc sal ibsnr. @ns ob
nquà, gc qub bs mb Macs alvatn b almuib
al muib n onibr gc jublc icltalun`bltb6 mb `nlbrn qub tcmc
nqubggc qub alvatn b almuib n onibr gc jublc, y n n`nr n Macs y n sbrvargb, bs alsparnmc pcr
Macs V. . .P.
‗Xubs ob nquà, n tcmc oc`jrb sb mn bg Bspàratu mb Irastc pnrn qub sbpn masibrlar bg jabl
mbg `ng6 pcr tnltc, cs `ubstrc gn `nlbrn mb kuzdnr6 pcrqub tcmn icsn qub alvatn n onibr gc
 jublc, y pbrsunmb n irbbr bl Irastc, bs blvanmn
blvanmn pcr bg pcmbr y bg mcl mb Irastc, pcr gc qub
snjráas, icl ul iclcia`abltc pbrebitc, qub bs mb Macs. Xbrc iungquabr icsn qub pbrsunmb n
gcs oc`jrbs n onibr gc `ngc, y n lc irbbr bl Irastc, y n lbdnrgc, y n lc sbrvar n Macs,
bltclibs snjráas, icl ul iclcia`abltc pbrebitc, qub bs mbg manjgc6 pcrqub mb bstb `cmc
cjrn bg manjgc, pcrqub ág lc pbrsunmb n laldûl oc`jrb n onibr gc jublc, lc, la n ulc scgc6
la gc onibl sus îldbgbs6 la gcs
g cs qub n ág sb sukbtnl‐ 92.
Zbiajar gn nprcjniaùl mbg Yngvnmcr
Iclecr`b crb ndrnmbiablmc beusavn`bltb ng Xnmrb ibgbstang pcr gns jblmaiaclbs qub Ág gb
on mnmc6 n `bmamn qub njnlmclb gcs pbinmcs y mbsbb sbduar n Yu Oakc, sbltarî iù`c bg
Bspàratu Ynltc gb a`pugsn onian gns icsns jublns y icrrbitns. N `bmamn qub bl vbrmnm
njnlmclb gcs pbinmcs sal `arnr ntrîs pnrn bvcinrgcs, salc, `îs jabl, sadn nmbgnltb icl
rbitatum, sbltarî Yu nprcjniaùl y bg pbrmùl mb gcs pbinmcs. @uions vbibs, bg Bspàratu Ynltc
n`pgaeain pnrn gcs `ab`jrcs mb gn Adgbsan rbitcs gc qub bl bscs vbrsàiugcs sb mblc`aln ‗bg
Bspàratu mb Irastc‐.
 

^ub sbn pniabltb. Ondn gc jublc y sbpn icl tcmn sbduramnm qub, sa sabltb mb
`nlbrn ou`agmb bg Bspàratu mbg Ybþcr, bltclibs sb onggn bl iclmaiaclbs mb bstnr
sablmc pbrmclnmc.

@abltrns brn prbsambltb mb `asaùl bl Ernlian, icl erbiublian onjàn `asaclbrcs qub `b
prbdultnjnl; ‗³Iù`c pubmc snjbr iuîlmc ob samc pbrmclnmc3‐. Ninsc mcs c trbs nþcs nltbs
mb gn `asaùl, onjànl ic`btamc ngdûl brrcr drnvb6 y nulqub nocrn sb onggnjnl
ongg njnl prbmainlmc bg
Bvnldbgac y tbstaeainjnl mb Irastc, tcmnvàn gbs prbciupnjnl sus pbinmcs y lc tblànl gn
ibrtbzn mb qub sb gbs oujabrn pbrmclnmc. Rln mb gns `nycrbs icsns qub pcmàn blsbþnrgbs brn
qub tuvabrnl pniablian y icltalunrnl bl su jclmnm, y bltclibs bg pbrmùl sbràn sbdurc. Bl bg
insc mb gcs brrcrbs `blcs sbracs, bg Ybþcr pubmb sbr rîpamc bl pbrmclnr. Xbrc n vbibs,
iunlmc sb trntn mb pbinmcs `îs drnvbs, bg Yngvnmcr mbsbn qub mb`cstrb`cs mb `nlbrn
iclvalibltb qub gcs ob`cs njnlmclnmc y qub kn`îs rbdrbsnrb`cs n bggcs. Bl `uions
cinsaclbs, sc`cs a`pniabltbs murnltb Yu prcibsc ng qubrbr snjbrgc nocrn `as`c. @a
iclsbkc bs qub sbn pniabltb. Ondn gc jublc y sbpn icl tcmn sbduramnm qub, sa sabltb mb
`nlbrn ou`agmb bg Bspàratu mbg Ybþcr, bltclibs sb onggn bl iclmaiaclbs mb bstnr sablmc
pbrmclnmc. Icl bg tab`pc, nulqub bg rbiubrmc mb su pbinmc quazî lc gb njnlmclb mbg tcmc,
gn `nlion,
quatnmc bg mcgcr y gn iugpn sb onjrîl amc, y sb mnrî iubltn mb qub bg Yngvnmcr gb on
bg pbinmc.
Xbrmclnrsb n ulc `as`c
Bl ul `ulmc a`pniabltb, gn pniablian bs uln vartum mavaln y `uy lbibsnran bl gn trnvbsàn
tr nvbsàn
onian gn rb`asaùl mb lubstrcs pbinmcs. Lc tcmns gns pbrsclns sabltbl iugpn mbg `as`c `cmc
pcr uln `as`n ceblsn. Ng onjbr samc gàmbr mb gn Adgbsan murnltb `îs mb iuntrc máinmns, ob
altbltnmc nyumnr n `uions `ukbrbs y n `uiocs oc`jrbs qub icleabsnl; ‗Ob obioc tcmc gc
qub pubmc pnrn nrrbpbltar`b6 ob sbltamc bg n`cr mbg Ybþcr6 sal b`jnrdc, lc pubmc
pbrmclnr`b n `à `as`c‐. Iclecr`b sabltn bg n`cr mbg Yngvnmcr y bg Bspàratu Ynltc mb
`nlbrn `îs pgbln bl su vamn, sbltarî qub bg Ybþcr gb iclsubgn y gb alsparn bg pblsn`abltc;
‗Yadub nmbgnltb, yc ob pndnmc bg prbiac mb tus pbinmcs. Ng lc pbrmclnrtb n ta `as`c,
`blcsinjns bl tu `bltb bg sndrnmc mcl mbg pbrmùl qub tb ob mnmc‐.
Gcdrnr gn pnz y pbrmclnrsb n ulc `as`c pubmb sbr bspbiang`bltb maeàiag iunlmc bg brrcr c
gn trnlsdrbsaùl trnb iclsbiublians pbr`nlbltbs y tbrrajgbs n ctrn pbrscln, icl
rbpbriusaclbs qub lc pubmbl rbvbrtarsb.
Mbspuás mb `a ggn`n`abltc ng Iuùru` mb gcs Ybtbltn, prbstá sbrvaiac murnltb iuntrc nþcs
 kultc ng ágmbr Zcjbrt B. Tbggs, onstn qub sb gb mac gn iclmaiaùl mb b`áratc
b`áratc bl >114. Nocrn
tablb `îs mb lcvbltn nþcs mb bmnm. Onib pcic, onjgá icl ág scjrb uln bxpbrablian
mbvnstnmcrn qub tuvc bl su kuvbltum. @b ic`bltù bl iunltc n su rbtaiblian n onjgnr ng
rbspbitc n gc gnrdc mb gcs nþcs, nulqub oujabrn ciurramc onib ulcs sbsbltn nþcs. Blicltrá bg
nicltbia`abltc pujgainmc bl ul scgc gudnr, y gn pujgainiaùl brn pcstbracr n su sbrvaiac ic`c
 Nutcramnm Dblbrng. Bg ágmbr Tbggs onjgnjn icl b`ciaùl
b`ciaùl ng rbebrarsb n sus nûl mcgamcs
sblta`abltcs mb nqubggcs màns maeàiagbs.
@b makc qub sa bg onjbr ntrnvbsnmc gn ndclàn mbg pbsnr y gn iugpn pcmàn nyumnr n ngavanr bg
mcgcr y bg suera`abltc mb ctrn pbrscln qub saltabrn ngduln inrdn sa`agnr, bstnjn maspubstc n
ic`pnrtar bsn bxpbrablian tnl pbrsclng mb ggbdnr n snjbr bl iunltc ng n`cr y bg pbrmùl mbg
Yngvnmcr.
@abltrns vavàn bl Xnrnduny bl >158 y trnjnknjn ic`c b`pgbnmc mb gn jnlin
 altbrlniaclng, Zcjbrt Tbggs, pcr bltclibs mb trbaltn y mcs nþcs, pbrmaù n su bspcsn bl ul

trîdaic niiambltb mb nvaùl. Ág y @bryg, su bspcsn, pagctbnjnl mcs nvaclbs maebrbltbs qub
 vcgnjnl mb Rruduny n Xnrnduny. Ng Ng blicltrnrsb icl bspbsn lujcsamnm, Zcjbrt
Zcjbrt y @bryg
pbrmabrcl icltnitc vasung y rnmang bltrb sà. Zcjbrt ntbrrazù sal mb`crn bl bg nbrcpubrtc `îs
ibrinlc, mclmb sb bltbrù icl drnl pbsnr mb qub bg nvaùl mb su bspcsn sb onjàn bstrbggnmc. Lc
onjànl scjrbvavamc la su bspcsn la gcs mcs n`adcs qub vcgnjnl icl bggn. Yus oakcs, qub
bstnjnl bl insn, bl Nsuliaùl, tblànl sabtb, ialic y mcs nþcs, rbspbitavn`bltb.
 Nþcs `îs tnrmb, bg ágmbr Tbggs onjgù nibrin mb su pbsnr;
pbsnr;
Gns pngnjrns kn`îs jnstnrànl pnrn bxprbsnr bg mcgcr qub `b ntrnvbsnjn, qub `b
iclsu`àn gns b`ciaclbs y `b nlbstbsanjn gcs sbltamcs. Mbrrn`njn gîdra`ns mb prceulmn
mb trastbzn sal ibsnr. Xnrn b`pbcrnr
b `pbcrnr gn satuniaùl, `abltrns `a injbzn trntnjn mb gamanr icl
gn mbvnstnmcrn rbngamnm mbg enggbia`abltc mb `a bspcsn, ic`bliá n suerar uln trb`blmn
iugpn ng sbltar`b rbspclsnjgb mbg niiambltb.
ni iambltb.
Zcjbrt Tbggs irbàn bl Kbsuirastc, bl Yu rbsurrbiiaùl y bl qub bg pcmbr mb Yu bxpaniaùl
ngdûl màn rbularàn n su rbitn en`agan. Yal b`jnrdc, gns icsns lc `nrionjnl jabl.
Mbspuás mbg eulbrng mb `a bspcsn bl gcs Bstnmcs Rlamcs, y trns rbdrbsnr n Xnrnduny icl
`as trbs oakcs, `a `bltb sb su`aù bl uln csiurn icleusaùl. @b iclvbrtà bl ul `ubrtc bl
 vamn qub sùgc pcmàn onibr
onibr gc kustc y lbibsnrac, gc iung
iung oniàn pcr gcs laþcs, pubs
pubs lc tblàn
lalduln ctrn `ctavniaùl V. . .P. @b ga`atnjn n tnl sùgc bxastar6 lnmn `îs.
Zcjbrt sb iugpnjn pcr lc onjbr pbmamc qub sb rbvasnrn `bkcr bg nvaùl nltbs mb mbspbdnr.
Yb rbira`alnjn lc onjbr mnmc alstruiiaclbs nmbiunmns n su bspcsn pnrn vcgnr pcr
alstru`bltcs. Ybltàn qub brn iugpnjgb mb onjbr ic`btamc uln lbdgadblian.
 Nqubggc, kultc icl bg rb`crma`abltc
rb`crma`abltc y gn pármamn mb mcs qubramcs n`adcs nnmb`îs
mb`îs mb `a
n`nmn `ukbr, ggbdù n sbr insa `îs mb gc qub pcmàn rbsastar. Rln vbz qub ibsù bg ggnltc,
sa`pgb`bltb pbrmà bg mbsbc mb sbduar nmbgnltb.
Bl su pbsnr, sb jblmakc n Zcjbrt icl uln bxpbrablian `uy bsparatung qub gb nyumù n
bltblmbr gn bxpaniaùl mbg Yngvnmcr.
Y ngvnmcr. Nqubggn sndrnmn ic`ulainiaùl lc sùgc iclear`ù gns
bspbrnmns prc`bsns pnrn gn vamn vblambrn, salc qub gb mac gn ecrtngbzn pnrn vcgvbr n onggnr
maion y sbltamc bl bstn vamn. Lnrrù gc saduabltb;
Rln lciob, nprcxa`nmn`bltb ul nþc mbspuás, `abltrns `b blicltrnjn mb rcmaggns
crnlmc, ciurraù ul `agndrc. @abltrns crnjn b alvcinjn n `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang, sbltà ic`c sa
bg Yngvnmcr sb pusabrn n `a gnmc y cà uln vcz numajgb qub `b onjgnjn bstns pngnjrns ng ng`n
 y n gcs càmcs; ‗Zcjbrt, @a sniraeaiac bxpantcrac pndù pcr
pcr tus pbinmcs y pcr tu
tuss brrcrbs6 tu
bspcsn tb pbrmcln, tus n`adcs tb pbrmclnl. Qc tb quatnrá bsn inrdn. Yàrvb`b, sarvb n tu
en`agan, sarvb n tu b`pgbnmcr y tcmc `nrionrî jabl pnrn ta‐.
Mbsmb bsb `c`bltc, mbsnpnrbiaù mb `à nqubggn inrdn mb iugpn mb `nlbrn nsc`jrcsn.
¡Yb `b onjàn rbsintnmc! Mb al`bmantc, ic`prblmà bg pcmbr dgcjng mb gn bxpaniaùl mbg
Yngvnmcr. Nocrn tblàn ul tbsta`clac qub sb npgainjn marbitn`bltb n `à. Nulqub nltbs
onjàn sbltamc ic`c sa pumabrn sbr iclsu`amc onstn gn mbstruiiaùl
mbs truiiaùl ”b aligusc gc onjàn
mbsbnmc”, nocrn ic`prblmàn qub Irastc `b onjàn iclscgnmc. Bl gn `as`n `bmamn bl qub
`a `bltb y `as b`ciaclbs onjànl bstnmc bl bg b g lavbg `îs csiurc, nocrn bxpbra`bltnjn guz
 y dczc ic`c lulin nltbs.
nltbs. @b alvnmaù ul lubvc m mbsbc
bsbc mb sbrvar n Irastc, n Yu Adgbsan,
Adgbsan, n `a
en`agan y n `a b`pgbnmcr. Gn iugpn y gn mbsbspbrniaùl onjànl mbsnpnrbiamc. Bl tnltc `a
`bltb nsa`agnjn gc qub onjàn ciurramc, ic`prblmà qub sb `b onjàn mnmc ul mcl qub yc lc
onjàn dnlnmc; bg mcl mb gn drnian y mbg pbrmùl mbg Ybþcr. Ybltàn ic`c sa lc gc `brbiabrn6
lc onjàn obioc lnmn pnrn `brbibrgc, pbrc Ág `b gc mac mb tcmcs `cmcs95.
 

Bg Bspàratu Ynltc tablb `uiocs prcpùsatcs; blsbþnrgb, nmvbrtargb, bmaeainrgb y iclscgnrgb.

Lulin cgvamb qub ulc mb gcs `nycrbs prcpùsatcs y jblmaiaclbs qub Ág tablb pnrn ustbm bs
qub pubmb snltaeainrgb y jblmbiargb icl sblta`abltcs qub gb pbr`atbl snjbr icl ibrtbzn mbg
pbrmùl mb lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang. ‗Bg Bspàratu mbg Ybþcr mbsiblmaù scjrb bggcs, y eubrcl
ggblcs mb dczc, onjablmc rbiajamc gn rb`asaùl mb sus pbinmcs, y tblablmc pnz mb icliablian n
inusn mb gn drnl eb qub tblànl bl Kbsuirastc‐94. Bg Bspàratu Ynltc pubmb nyumnrgb n mnrsb
iubltn mb qub gn bxpaniaùl mb Kbsuirastc cjrn bl su pbrscln y qub ustbm sb onggn
o nggn bl prcibsc
mb qubmnr ga`pac y purc.
‗Lc cjstnltb, bg qub sb nrrbpabltn y iu`pgn gcs `nlmn`abltcs mbg Ybþcr sbrî pbrmclnmc6
 y ng qub lc sb nrrbpabltn, gb sbrî quatnmn nul gn guz qub onyn rbiajamc6
rbiajamc6 pcrqub `a Bspàratu lc
guionrî sab`prb icl bg oc`jrb, maib bg Ybþcr mb gcs Bkáriatcs‐9?.
Icl bg tab`pc, `bmanltb bg nrrbpblta`abltc, gn cjbmablian y bg iu`pga`abltc mb gcs
`nlmn`abltcs, irbib`cs bl bg Bspàratu mb rbvbgniaùl91, ggbdn`cs n sbr lubvns iranturns bl
Irastc=8 y, ic`c makc Ng`n, vcgvb`cs n lnibr bsparatung`bltb =>.
Bg ágmbr Dbrrat T. Dcld lcs rbiubrmn qub nulqub tbldn`cs uln pbrspbitavn bsparatung,
 vava`cs bl gn vamn tbrrblng; ‗Ybr madlc lc sadlaeain sbr pbrebitc.
pbrebitc. Bg pgnl mb ebgaiamnm mbg
Xnmrb Ibgbstang lcs alvatn n bstnr ou`agmb`bltb bl pnz bl lubstrn kcrlnmn mb gn vamn pnrn
qub ngdûl màn sbn`cs pbrebiiaclnmcs bl Irastc, y lc n bstnr prbciupnmcs iclstnltb`bltb,
ggblcs mb erustrniaùl c alebgaibs pcr lubstrns a`pbrebiiaclbs nitungbs. Zbiubrmbl, Ág snjb
=:
tcmc gc qublc
 Nulqub lcsc`cs
qubrb`cs qub gcsy mb`îs
pbrebitcs, gn vamnsbpnl scjrb
tbrrblng
tbrrblng lcsctrcs,
icltalunrî y nûl
icl sus nsà lcs n`n‐y .
tbltniaclbs
mastrniiaclbs, iclecr`b sbn`cs rbibptavcs n lubstrcs pblsn`abltcs y mbsbcs, y bl tnltc
dunrmb`cs gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb Macs, bg Bspàratu Ynltc sbrî lubstrc ic`pnþbrc iclstnltb
 y tbstaeainrî mbg pbrmùl mb Macs=9.
Bg pcmbr mbg Bspàratu Ynltc lc sb ga`atn n gcs
g cs `ab`jrcs mb gn Adgbsan y pubmb aleguar bl gcs
oakcs mb Macs bl sus gnjcrbs jublns y lcjgbs. N `bmamn qub gns pbrsclns irbnl bl Kbsuirastc
 y sb bseubribl pcr sbduargc y dunrmnr
dunrmnr Yus `nlmn`abltcs, bstb pcmbr ibgbstang pcmrî pcmrî duanrgns
 y jblmbiargns. Yal b`jnrdc, bg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc, bg mbrbioc n icltnr icl gn alegublian
iclstnltb mbg tbribr `ab`jrc mb gn ]ralamnm, bstî rbsbrvnmc pnrn gcs `ab`jrcs ”madlcs y
Ynltcs mb gcs Ûgta`cs Màns==. ‗Irbb`cs Vbl
 jnutaznmcs” mb Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs
gnP a`pcsaiaùl mb `nlcs pnrn ic`ulainr bg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc‐ =2. Bg prcebtn Kcsá Y`ato
bxpgaiù; ‗Bxastb uln maebrblian bltrb bg Bspàratu Ynltc y bg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc. Icrlbgac
rbiajaù bg Bspàratu Ynltc nltbs mb jnutaznrsb, qub pnrn ág eub bg pcmbr iclvalibltb mb Macs mb
gn vbrniamnm mbg Bvnldbgac6 `ns lc pcmàn rbiajar bg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc salc onstn
mbspuás mb sbr jnutaznmc. Mb lc onjbr tc`nmc scjrb sà bstn sbþn u crmblnlzn, bg Bspàratu
Ynltc qub gc iclvbliaù mb gn vbrmnm mb Macs sb onjràn npnrtnmc mb ág‐=5.
Rln vbz qub on rbiajamc gns jblmaiaclbs mb bstb sndrnmc mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc,
³ic`prblmb pcr quá trntn`cs mb vavar mb `nlbrn madln iclstnltb`bltb3 Zbicrmn`cs icl
magadblian lubstrns crniaclbs mb gn `nþnln y mb gn lciob. Bstuman`cs gn pngnjrn mb Macs bl
gns Bsiraturns y bl gns pngnjrns mb gcs prcebtns vavabltbs. Bsiuion`cs `ûsain qub lcs bgbvb y
bmaeaqub. Xrciurn`cs `alastrnr n gcs mb`îs, pnrn qub bg Ybþcr pubmn utagaznrlcs ic`c
alstru`bltcs bl Yus `nlcs. Lcs rbgniacln`cs icl pbrsclns qub tn`jaál trntnl mb sbr
madlns mb bstb mcl bspbiang, nsà ic`c icl ctrns qub sb bstál bsecrznlmc pcr ggbvnr uln vamn
mbibltb y oclcrnjgb. N gn prcpan `nlbrn mbg Ybþcr y bl Yu prcpac tab`pc, sblta`cs pnz mb
icliablian y lubstrn iugpn mbsnpnrbib. Gn mbsbspbrniaùl sb tcrln bspbrnlzn, y gcs mbsbcs
alaiucs qub ngduln vbz lcs tbltnjnl sb vubgvbl inmn vbz `îs ` îs njcrrbiajgbs. ³Yb mn iubltn mb
pcr quá
sbrî bg prbsambltb
pcsajgb scjrbvavarZussbgg @. Lbgsclsal
bsparatung`bltb makcgntnl bleîtain`bltb
alegublian qubcrabltnmcrn,
duanmcrn, ‗bl gcs mànsiclscgnmcrn
euturcs, lc
  y iclstnltb mbg Bspàratu Ynltc =43

 N gn prcpan `nlbrn mbg Ybþcr y bl Yu prcpac tab`pc, sblta`cs pnz mb icliablian

y lubstrn iugpn mbsnpnrbib. Gn mbsbspbrniaùl sb tcrln bspbrnlzn, y gcs mbsbcs
alaiucs qub ngduln vbz lcs tbltnjnl sb vubgvbl inmn vbz `îs njcrrbiajgbs.

Xnrn rbiclcibr qub sb lcs bstî pbrmclnlmc, sb rbquabrb qub lctb`cs gn prbsblian mbg
Ynltc Bspàratu bl lubstrn vamn. Bg Ybþcr gc mbsirajb mb bstb `cmc; ‗]b mnrá mb `a Bspàratu,
g gblnrî tu ng`n mb dczc‐ =?. Ng nrrbpbltarlcs, icl erbiublian
bg iung agu`alnrî tu `bltb y ggblnrî
bspbrn`cs qub mbsiablmn ul `nlnltang bxtrncrmalnrac mb pcmbr ibgbstang ggblc mb
`asbraicrman y mb drnian6 ul pcmbr qub vbldn mbg iabgc mb `nlbrn arrbeutnjgb. Bl ngdulns
cinsaclbs, ony eubrtbs sblta`abltcs mbg Bspàratu Ynltc qub ggbdnl bxnitn`bltb mb bsb `cmc.
Yal b`jnrdc, icl `îs erbiublian, maion alegublian bsparatung bs ngdc qub sb lcs icleabrb tng
ic`c mbsiablmb bg rciàc mbg iabgc ”icl mbgainmbzn, gàlbn pcr gàlbn, màn trns màn, ul pcic nquà
 y ul pcic nggà” onstn qub ul màn, ng `arnr bl rbtrcspbitavn, ic`prblmb`cs
ic`prblmb`cs qub lcs
sblta`cs ga`pacs y qub lubstrn iugpn on mbsnpnrbiamc.
Bg pcmbr mbg iabgc, aligusc gn njulmnltb jblmaiaùl mb sbr pbrmclnmcs y mb rbtblbr gn
rb`asaùl mb lubstrcs pbinmcs, ggbdn n `bmamn qub rbiaja`cs bg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc. Bg
 vavar gns blsbþnlzns mb Kbsuirastc y mb Yu bvnldbgac mb
mb `nlbrn cjbmabltb trnbrî gn ic`pnþàn
iclstnltb
murnltb mbg Bspàratu
lubstrn Ynltc
trnvbsàn qub sbLcs
tbrrblng. on sblta`cs
prc`btamc, pnrn
`uy qub pbr`nlbzin
ndrnmbiamcs icl lcsctrcs
ng Yngvnmcr. Bg `îs drnlmb
`nlmn`abltc; ‗N`nrîs ng Ybþcr tu Macs icl tcmc tu icrnzùl, y icl tcmn tu ng`n y icl tcmn
tu `bltb‐=1, nsà ic`c bg sbdulmc; ‗N`nrîs n tu prùka`c ic`c n ta `as`c‐ 28, yn lc scl
alstruiiaclbs trnjnkcsns, salc gn iclsbiublian lnturng
lnturng mb gc qub ob`cs ggbdnmc n sbr.
Bg mcl mbg Bspàratu Ynltc bs uln mb gns
g ns jblmaiaclbs `îs alvngunjgbs mb gn vamn tbrrblng.
Gb near`c qub gn vcz mbg Bspàratu Ynltc bs rbng6 iclczic bsn vcz mbg iabgc, y gb prc`btc gn
iclstnltb jblmaiaùl mb bsb tbribr `ab`jrc mb gn ]ralamnm bl gn `bmamn bl qub ustbm
prbpnrb su vamn pnrn rbiajargc y ondn qub ástn sbn `brbibmcrn mb bggc.
 

Inpàtugc :=
G Y L] IBL , BG ]B@XGC Q BG ZZBXBL]A@ABL]C
ICL]ALRC
Yal a`pcrtnr bl quá pnrtb mb lubstrn trnvbsàn pcr gn vamn lcs onggb`cs, ic`c masiàpugcs
mbg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc, ntbscrn`cs iclstnltb`bltb gn jblmaiaùl mb nrrbpbltarlcs. Bg
nrrbpblta`abltc lc bs ul instadc, bs bg mcl rbmbltcr mb ul n`crcsc Xnmrb Ibgbstang.
Bg prbsambltb Zussbgg @. Lbgscl bxpgaiù; ‗Lnmn bs `îs gajbrnmcr, `îs bllcjgbibmcr la
`îs iruiang pnrn lubstrc prcdrbsc almavamung qub ibltrnrsb icl rbdugnramnm y n manrac bl bg
nrrbpblta`abltc V. . .P. Yabltnl bg pcmbr ecrtngbibmcr mbg nrrbpblta`abltc manrac6 mb nitunr y
mb sbr ul pcic `bkcr inmn màn‐>.
³^uá sadlaeain nrrbpbltarsb icltalun`bltb3 Yb trntn mb uln prbdultn qub gcs masiàpugcs
salibrcs mb Kbsuirastc iclsambrnl y pclbl bl prîitain inmn màn mb gn vamn6 lc sb trntn mb tnl
t nl
sùgc nrrbpbltarlcs iunlmc lcs ob`cs npnrtnmc mb `nlbrn drnvb mb gcs `nlmn`abltcs mb
Macs. ]n`pcic sadlaeain tc`nrlcs n gn gadbrn
ga dbrn lubstrn mbtbr`alniaùl. Kcsá Y`ato makc; ‗Bg
nrrbpblta`abltc bs ngdc qub lc sb mbjb trntnr gavanln`bltb màn trns màn‐ :. ]rntn`cs
gavanln`bltb bg nrrbpblta`abltc iunlmc, bl vbz mb nrrbpbltarlcs mb `cmc salibrc, tblb`cs
prbvastc qub ng màn saduabltb lcs nrrbpbltarb`cs mb gns `as`ns ceblsns.
Bg nrrbpblta`abltc manrac
 Ng crnr, rbpnsn`cs gc suibmamc
suibmamc murnltb bg màn y lcs prbdultn`cs; ‗³Bl qquáuá icsns ob vastc
gn `nlc mbg Ybþcr bl `a vamn3 ³Mb quá `cmc `as niiaclbs onl `cstrnmc oclrnmbz y
ngtruas`c3 ³^uá `îs pcmràn onjbr obioc3 ³^uá pblsn`abltcs y b`ciaclbs mbjc icltrcgnr3
³Iù`c pcmràn onjbr sbduamc `bkcr bg bkb`pgc mbg Yngvnmcr3 ³Bl quá pcmràn onjbr samc `îs
 jclmnmcsc, c tblbr `îs n`cr, c sbr `îs prbstc
prbstc n pbrmclnr y `îs `asbraicrmacsc
`asbraicrmacsc pnrn icl
gcs mb`îs3 ³Bl quá nspbitcs ob samc `blcs mb gc qub `a Xnmrb Ibgbstang quabrb qub sbn3‐
Gubdc, onib`cs uln pnusn y bsiuion`cs. Lubstrns crniaclbs pbrsclngbs njrbl gn vbltnln n
gn rbvbgniaùl pbrsclng qub lcs mn lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang.
Cà n Taggan`, mb cioc nþcs mb bmnm, rbgntnr gn saduabltb bxpbrablian bl ul masiursc mb gn
Xra`nran; ‗Nybr `a `n`î tblàn eràc y qubràn qub gb prbstnrn `a `nltn, pbrc yc gb makb qub
lc. Mbspuás
pbmamc mbká qub
masiugpns. gn usnrn
Nltbs y `b
mb ar`b sbltà `ng
n mcr`ar, `bpcr lc onjársbgn
nrrcmaggá y gb pbmàprbstnmc
ng Xnmrbnltbs, la onjbrgb
Ibgbstang qub `b
pbrmclnrn, y bltclibs `b sbltà `bkcr.
‗Inmn lciob, nltbs mb nicstnr`b, `b nrrcmaggc kultc n gn in`n y gb pamc ng Ybþcr qub `b
pbrmclb pcr iungquabr icsn `ngn qub onyn obioc bsb màn6 tc`c gn mbiasaùl mb trntnr mb sbr
ul pcic `bkcr ng màn saduabltb. @b sabltc jabl ng onibrgc, pcrqub sá qub bg Ybþcr `b
pbrmcln‐9.
Icl eb bl Kbsuirastc, rbiclcib`cs ernlin`bltb ng Xnmrb Ibgbstang lubstrcs brrcrbs,
mbsiuamcs y nitcs mbsiclsambrnmcs onian gcs mb`îs. Xbma`cs
X bma`cs pbrmùl mb `nlbrn ou`agmb,
bsiuion`cs gns mbgainmns a`prbsaclbs mbg Bspàratu y prc`btb`cs n lubstrc Xnmrb Ibgbstang
qub sbrb`cs `îs magadbltbs bl iunltc n nqubggns icsns qub pcmb`cs `bkcrnr. Iclebsn`cs
lubstrcs pbinmcs y gcs njnlmcln`cs=. Zbstatua`cs gc qub pcmb`cs rbstatuar n quablbs
onyn`cs pbrkumainmc u ceblmamc. Nqubggc pcmràn iclsastar bl pbmar masiugpns ng iùlyudb c n
ul oakc, blvanr
cjbmbibr ngdulnula`prbsaùl
`blsnkb nbsparatung
ul n`adcmbscàmn
c ic`pnþbrc mb trnjnkc, c tc`nr gn rbscguiaùl mb
nltbracr`bltb.
 

Gn Ynltn Ibln
Lnmn neanlzn tnltc la sustbltn tnltc lubstrcs bseubrzcs pcr onibr qub bg nrrbpblta`abltc
sbn pnrtb icltalun y iclstnltb mb lubstrn vamn ic`c bg pravagbdac qub tblb`cs mb tc`nr gn
Ynltn Ibln inmn sb`nln. Bg ágmbr Rgassbs Ycnrbs on maioc; ‗Bg tc`nr gn Ynltn Ibln inmn
sb`nln bs `uy a`pcrtnltb, bs mbiar, bg prbsbltnrlcs mb `nlbrn `nlsn y ou`agmb nltb bg
Ybþcr, rbiclciablmc qub mbpblmb`cs mb Ág, pamaálmcgb qub lcs pbrmclb y lcs rblubvb, y
prc`btaálmcgb qub sab`prb gc rbicrmnrb`cs‐ 2. Bg Ybþcr on maioc; ‗Xnrn qub `îs
àltbdrn`bltb tb iclsbrvbs sal `nlion mbg `ulmc, arîs n gn insn mb crniaùl
c rniaùl y cerbibrîs tus
snirn`bltcs bl `a màn snltc‐ .5

lu bstrcs bseubrzcs pcr onibr qub bg

Lnmn neanlzn tnltc la sustbltn tnltc lubstrcs
nrrbpblta`abltc sbn pnrtb icltalun y iclstnltb mb lubstrn vamn ic`c bg pravagbdac
qub tblb`cs mb tc`nr gn Ynltn Ibln inmn sb`nln.

Inmn sb`nln, lcs maspclb`cs n tc`nr gn Ynltn Ibln icl ul icrnzùl qubjrnltnmc y ul
bspàratu icltratc, rbicrmnlmc lubstrc n`cr pcr bg Xnmrb Ibgbstang y lubstrn eb bl bg Ybþcr
Kbsuirastc. Ggbdn`cs tb`prnlc, nltbs qub ic`ablib gng n rbulaùl snirn`bltng (n gcs pnmrbs
qub tbldnl oakcsicl
Zbegbxacln`cs pbqubþcs,
rbvbrbliangbs bl
maràn qub sbnl
iunltc pniabltbs
n tc`nr y qub ondnl
gcs b`jgb`ns gc `bkcr
mbg pnl pcsajgb).
y mbg ndun, qub
rbprbsbltnl gn inrlb y gn snldrb mb Irastc, y bl iunltc n gc qub bsc sadlaeain, aligusc nltbs mb
qub sb inltb bg oa`lc snirn`bltng. Iclsambrn`cs gcs scgb`lbs iclvblacs qub ob`cs obioc
icl Macs. Ng inltnr bg oa`lc snirn`bltng, rbicrmn`cs gcs sniraeaiacs qub oazc lubstrc
Yngvnmcr y Zbmbltcr, gns prc`bsns qub lcsctrcs gb ob`cs obioc, y lubstrc mbsbc mb qub bg
Bspàratu Ynltc bstá sab`prb icl lcsctrcs. Zbpnsn`cs `bltng`bltb gn bgciubltb gbtrn mbg
oa`lc qub inltn`cs. Xrbstn`cs ntbliaùl n gns pngnjrns; ‗Q tbstaeaqubl nltb ta, co Macs,
Xnmrb Btbrlc, qub bstîl maspubstcs n tc`nr scjrb sà bg lc`jrb mb tu Oakc, y n rbicrmnrgb
sab`prb, y n dunrmnr sus `nlmn`abltcs qub ág gbs on mnmc, pnrn qub sab`prb pubmnl tblbr
su Bspàratu iclsadc‐4. Gn pngnjrn ‗sab`prb‐ lcs rbsubln bl gn `bltb y bg icrnzùl.
³Zbicrmnrgb sab`prb3 Zbegbxacln`cs scjrb gn sb`nln nltbracr; ³Gc ob rbicrmnmc
sab`prb3 ³Ob vastc gns jblmaiaclbs mbg Ybþcr3 ‗Bg qub rbiajn tcmns gns icsns icl drntatum
sbrî dgcraeainmc‐?. Ya sb `b on kuzdnmc mb `cmc alkustc c sbvbrc y ob tblamctbl amc bg mbsbc mb
mbvcgvbr gn ceblsn, ³ob rbicrmnmc qub n Ág ‗gc kuzdnrVclP ic`c icsn mb laldûl vngcr6 pcr
tnltc, gc nzctnVrclP, y ág gc scpcrtVùP6 gc oaVrabrclP y ág gc scpcrtù. Yà, bsiupVabrclP scjrb ág, y
ág gc scpcrtVùP, pcr `ctavc mb su n`crcsn jclmnm y su gcldnla`amnm pnrn icl gcs oakcs mb
gcs oc`jrbs‐31. Ng onjbr ic`btamc brrcrbs c lc onjbr bstnmc n gn ngturn mb gns
iariulstnlians, ³ob pblsnmc bl Ág y `b ob nrrbpbltamc3 ‗Ya `b n`îas, dunrmnm `as
`nlmn`abltcs‐>8. ³Ob tblamc gn ear`b mbtbr`alniaùl mb sbr `îs sb`bknltb n Ág3 Ng vbr qub
ctrns pbrsclns `b lbibsatnjnl, ³ob pblsnmc bl Ág y ob `alastrnmc n gcs lbibsatnmcs3
l bibsatnmcs3
Iclecr`b gc rbicrmn`cs n Ág y rbicrmn`cs Yu suera`abltc, Yu n`cr pcr lcsctrcs y Yu
maspcsaiaùl mb gajrnrlcs mb lubstrcs pbinmcs, lcs alvnmb uln blcr`b drntatum y bg mbsbc mb
cerbibrgb lubstrn ng`n. Lcs rbdciakn`cs pcr onjbro njbr tc`nmc scjrb lcsctrcs Yu lc`jrb y
onjbr prc`btamc dunrmnr Yus `nlmn`abltcs.
³]blbr sab`prb Yu Bspàratu icl lcsctrcs3 Bg prbsambltb Mnggal O. Cnfs makc; ‗Qc irbc qub
gn prc`bsn Vmb tblbr sab`prb Yu Bspàratu icl lcsctrcsP lc sùgc sb rbeabrb ng Bspàratu Ynltc,
salc
Ynltntn`jaál
Ibln V. ng
. .P`alastbrac
maserutVnlPmbmbîldbgbs V. . .P. ]cmcs
gn ic`pnþàn gcs V. .mbg
mbg Bspàratu .P qub pnrtaiapnl
Ybþcr madln`bltb
y mbg `alastbrac mb mb gn
 îldbgbs >>.

 Ng tc`nr gn Ynltn Ibln, rbegbxacln`cs bl lubstrns lbibsamnmbs

lbibsamnmbs y prbciupni
prbciupniaclbs
aclbs
pbrsclngbs. ‗Ng onjársbgb pnrtamc y mbs`adnknmc, inmn trciatc mb pnl bs ûlaic, nsà ic`c
tn`jaál scl ûlains gns pbrsclns qub pnrtaiapnl mb ág‐, bxpgain bg prbsambltb Mnggal O. Cnfs.
]cmcs tblb`cs maebrbltbs pbinmcs mb quá nrrbpbltarlcs6 tcmcs tblb`cs maebrbltbs
lbibsamnmbs n ecrtngbibr pcr `bmac mb gn bxpaniaùl mbg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc, n ^uabl
rbicrmn`cs‐>:.
 Ng rbicrmnr ng Yngvnmcr, nmcptn`cs bl lubstrc bspàratu bg `cmbgc mbg bkb`pgc, mbg
inrîitbr y mb gns blsbþnlzns mb Ág qub lbibsatn`cs bl lubstrn prcpan vamn. ]ng ic`c bg
prbsambltb Ocwnrm T. Oultbr lcs on rbicrmnmc; ‗Gcs scgb`lbs `c`bltcs mb `bmatniaùl
`abltrns sb rbpnrtb gn Ynltn Ibln V. . .P scl `c`bltcs mb nutcbvnguniaùl, altrcspbiiaùl y
nutcmasibrla`abltc6 `c`bltcs mb rbegbxaclnr y tc`nr rbscguiaclbs‐ >9.
Bg Yngvnmcr pusc drnl álensas bl qub Yus masiàpugcs pnrtaiapnrnl mb gn sndrnmn Ynltn
Ibln. Bl Kbrusngál, makc; ‗Xcrqub bstc bs bl `b`cran mb `a snldrb mbg lubvc iclvblac, qub
bs mbrrn`nmn pcr iunltcs irbnl bl `a lc`jrb, pnrn rb`asaùl mb sus pbinmcs‐>=. Q bl gn
nltadun N`árain, makc; ‗VGn Ynltn IblnP sbrî ul tbsta`clac ng Xnmrb mb qub sab`prb cs
nicrmîas mb `à V. . .P. Q sa oniáas
o niáas sab`prb bstns icsns, jblmatcs scas, pcrqub bstîas bmaeainmcs
scjrb `a rcin‐>2. Gc rbicrmn`cs y lcs rbdciakn`cs mb qub onyn trnàmc n bebitc gn rb`asaùl mb
lubstrcs pbinmcs, y ng onibrgc, bstn`cs bmaeainmcs scjrb Yu rcin.
Bg lc`jrb mb Kbsuirastc y gn Insn mbg Ybþcr
Bg tc`nr scjrb lcsctrcs bg lc`jrb mb Kbsuirastc bs ul sà`jcgc mb qub gb pbrtblbib`cs n
Ág. Yu snltc lc`jrb lc sùgc ic`prblmb n Yu pbrscln, salc tn`jaál Yu cjrn, Yu inrîitbr, Yu
snibrmciac, Yu pcmbr y Yu pcsaiaùl bl gns btbrlamnmbs>5. Bl gn Insn mbg Ybþcr, bltblmb`cs
`bkcr iù`c tc`nr Yu lc`jrb scjrb lcsctrcs.

Bg tc`nr scjrb lcsctrcs bg lc`jrb mb Kbsuirastc bs ul sà`jcgc mb qub gb

 pbrtblbib`cs n Ág.

 Ng bltrnr bl bg tb`pgc, bltrn`cs gatbrng`bltb bl Yu insn y sblta`cs Yu prbsblian6

prbsblian6
rbiaja`cs uln `bmamn nmaiaclng mb pcmbr pcr `bmac mb Yus crmblnlzns6 n trnvás mb gcs ckcs
bsparatungbs, vb`cs icl `îs ignramnm quaálbs sc`cs y iuîgbs scl lubstrcs prcpùsatcs ng
bstnr bl gnlcs
Yngvnmcr tabrrn6 lcsn`nrnvaggn`cs
jralmn pcr gns jblmaiaclbs
inmn ulc mb lcsctrcs6 alicl`blsurnjgbs
y lcs aligaln`cs bl rbvbrblianqub lubstrc
nltb Yu
snltamnm.
Iunlmc rbealn`cs lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc, ony iclcia`abltcs y rbvbgniaclbs qub
lbibsatn`cs bl gc pbrsclng y qub lc pubmbl iclcibrsb n trnvás mb gcs ckcs la mb gns pngnjrns
scgn`bltb6 ástcs onl mb masibrlarsb icl bg icrnzùl y icl bg ng`n. Bl gn Insn mbg Ybþcr,
iclecr`b sblta`cs gn snltamnm mb Ág, nu`bltn`cs bl lubstrc mbsbc mb cjtblbr lubstrn
prcpan `bmamn mb snltamnm. Lubstrc nprbiac pcr Ág y lubstrn nmcrniaùl mb Ág lcs a`pugsnl
bg ng`n n qubrbr b`ugnrgc ou`agmb`bltb, gc `bkcr qub pcmn`cs. N trnvás mbg pcmbr mb Yu
Bspàratu, sb lcs almainl gcs pnscs qub ob`cs mb sbduar pnrn icltalunr nrrbpaltaálmclcs y
pnrn nibrinrlcs `îs n Ág. Bg prbsambltb Kcol ]nygcr makc; ‗^ub lc onyn nitc ngdulc bl `a
 vamn, la njrnib yc praliapac ngdulc qub
qub bstá bl masirbpnlian icl nqubggns
nqubggns pngnjrns qub bl ul
praliapac eubrcl maitnmns pcr bg ]cmcpcmbrcsc; V. . .P Ynltamnm ng Ybþcr‐ >4.
Bg npùstcg Xnjgc bsirajaù qub ‗oVb`csP samc ic`prnmcs pcr prbiac‐>?. Xnrtaiapnr mb gn
Ynltn Ibln y nmcrnr bl bg tb`pgc lcs pbr`atb pblsnr bl Ág, pblsnr bl gn `ndlatum mb Yu
 suera`abltc, bl Yu nldustan bl bg Knrmàl mb Dbtsb`nlà y scjrb gn
g n iruz, y bl bg sniraeaiac

pbrsclng qub rbngazù lc sùgc pcr tcmns gns mb`îs pbrsclns mbg `ulmc, salc tn`jaál pcr
ustbm y pcr `à. Lcs pbr`atb rbicrmnr qub drnians n Ág, inmn ulc mb lcsctrcs rbsuiatnrî y sb
gbvnltnrî mb gn tu`jn trauleng`bltb. Drnians n qub vavaù uln vamn pbrebitn y tc`ù scjrb sà
lubstrcs pbinmcs pcr vcgultnm prcpan, Ág pubmb cerbibrlcs gn `asbraicrman mb Yu pbrmùl.
Xndù bg prbiac pcr lcsctrcs6 y `bmanltb Yu snldrb, lubstrn iugpn y lubstrc mcgcr scl
rbb`pgnznmcs pcr bspbrnlzn y snlniaùl, bl tnltc qub mbkn`cs mb gnmc lubstrcs pbinmcs mb
`nlbrn icltalun.
Bl drabdc, gn pngnjrn ‗pbrebiiaùl‐ sadlaeain ic`pgbtnmc>1. @abltrns icltalun`cs bg
prcibsc mb ggbdnr n sbr, lcs bstn`cs ic`pgbtnlmc n lcsctrcs `as`cs. @crcla lcs bxocrtn
nsà; ‗Ublam n Irastc, y pbrebiiaclncs bl ág V. . .P pnrn qub pcr su drnian sbîas pbrebitcs bl
Irastc‐:8.
Ya nercltn`cs tb`pcrng`bltb ngdulcs rbvbsbs, lc lcs mbsnla`n`cs. Lcs ibltrn`cs bl
lubstrc n`cr pcr bg Yngvnmcr y bl Yu n`cr pcr lcsctrcs, y sbdua`cs nmbgnltb. Yb`nln trns
sb`nln, nþc trns nþc, lubstrc nrrbpblta`abltc y lubstrn rbscguiaùl lcs nibrinl `îs n Ág.
Ggbdn`cs n sbr `îs prcpblscs n n`nr, `îs cjbmabltbs y `îs snltcs bl lubstrc masiapugnmc.
Yblta`cs bg pcmbr mb Yu bspàratu scjrb lcsctrcs y snjb`cs qub sb lcs bstîl pbrmclnlmc gcs
pbinmcs. Zcdn`cs qub ngdûl màn, pcr `bmac mb Yu drnian, pcmn`cs ic`pnrbibr ga`pacs y
purcs nltb Ág, `abltrns lubstrns gîdra`ns jnþbl Yus `nlcs y Yus pabs, qub eubrcl
trnspnsnmcs. Icl ou`agmnm y ic`c sabrvc mbg Ybþcr, gb nsbdurc qub ggbdnrî maioc màn pnrn
quablbs scl kustcs.
 

Inpàtugc :2
BG MCL MAUALC MBG XBZMÙL
Bg prbsambltb Mnvam C. @iFny eub bg prcebtn y bg Xrbsambltb mb Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb
gcs Ynltcs
nþc bl qubmb gcs nÛgta`cs
pnrtà Mànsblmbsmb
gn `asaùl, bg `c`bltc bl qub lnià, bl >12>, onstn >148, qub eub bg
Ernlian.
 Nulqub rbiubrmc onjbr vastc bl pbrscln ng prbsambltb
prbsambltb @iFny sùgc uln vbz, tblàn ul ear`b
tbsta`clac mb qub ág brn bg pcrtnvcz mbg Ybþcr y Yu snltc prcebtn scjrb gn tabrrn. Bl uln
cinsaùl, bg prbsambltb @iFny rbgntù uln bxpbrablian qub onjàn tblamc murnltb sus pra`brcs
màns ic`c Npùstcg, gn iung tuvc ul prceulmc a`pnitc bl `à. Bg ágmbr mb @iFny sb onggnjn
lnvbdnlmc onian gc qub nocrn bs Yn`cn Ciiambltng. Lnrrù gc saduabltb;
‗Ng ntnrmbibr, bg rbegbkc mbg eugdcr mb ul cinsc `ndlàeaic brn ul bspbitîiugc bspgálmamc
V. . .P. Iunlmc `b nicstá, n gns mabz mb gn lciob, tcmnvàn bstnjn rbegbxaclnlmc scjrb nqubggn
obr`csn bsibln V. . .P. Gubdc
G ubdc `b mcr`à, y bl uln vasaùl icltb`pgá ngdc alealatn`bltb
sujga`b. Ua bl gn mastnlian uln jbggn iaumnm jgnlin. N pbsnr mb qub bstnjn gbkcs, irbàn vbr
gcs îrjcgbs inrdnmcs mb njulmnltb erutc, gcs nrjustcs icl ecggnkb mb icgcr jraggnltb y gns
egcrbs pbrebitns pcr tcmns pnrtbs6 bg iabgc mbspbknmc pnrbiàn rbegbknr gcs tclcs mb nqubggcs
obr`cscs icgcrbs.
tcmcs ggbvnjnl Bltclibs
pubstns va ul
tûlains drupcy drnlmb
jgnlins mb pbrsclns
ul tcinmc jgnlic. Mbqub sb nibrinjnl
al`bmantc, n gn iaumnm6
`a ntbliaùl sb
bleciù bl bg gàmbr y, nulqub sùgc mastalduàn bg pbreag mb Yus rnsdcs y Yu eadurn, ¡bl sbduamn
gc rbiclcià ic`c `a Yngvnmcr! Bg tclc y bg rbspgnlmcr mb Yu sb`jgnltb brnl ngdc dgcracsc
mb icltb`pgnr. Gc rcmbnjn ul ongc mb pnzp nz qub rbsugtnjn sujga`b ¡brn mavalc!
Ybdûl ic`prblmà, gn iaumnm brn Yuyn. Brn gn Iaumnm Btbrln6 y gn dbltb qub gc sbduàn ajn
n `crnr nggà bl pnz y ebgaiamnm pbrpbtuns.
Xbrc, ³quaálbs brnl bsns pbrsclns3
Ic`c sa oujabrn gbàmc `as pblsn`abltcs, bg Yngvnmcr rbspclmaù sbþngnlmc onian ul
sb`aiàriugc qub sb vbàn pcr blia`n mb bggcs, bl bg iung bstnjnl bsiratns icl crc bstns
pngnjrns;
‗Ástcs scl gcs qub onl vbliamc ng `ulmc, gcs qub iabrtn`bltb onl lniamc mb lubvc‐>.

:
A`ndalbl
alvatnmc iù`c
n tcmcs sbrànicl
n vavar bstnr
Ág mb
bllubvc icl lubstrc
Yu ‗Iaumnm Btbrln‐Yngvnmcr y Zbmbltcr
9. Gn ‗Iaumnm‐ . Bggà`atbs
lc tablb Ybþcr lcs
mb on
tn`nþc6 ony gudnr pnrn tcmcs ‗gcs qub onl vbliamc ng `ulmc,
` ulmc, gcs qub iabrtn`bltb onl
lniamc mb lubvc‐ . Lc ony mavasaclbs dbcdrîeains qub rbstralknl n ulcs `îs qub n ctrcs. Gcs
=

scgnrbs mb gn ‗Iaumnm‐ lc pubmbl ic`prnrsb la nmquararsb2. N lnmab sb gb maib qub lc vnyn6

tcmcs scl jablvblamcs. ‗Ág alvatn n tcmcs bggcs n qub vbldnl n ág y pnrtaiapbl mb su jclmnm6 y
n lnmab mb gcs qub n ág vablbl mbsbion, sbnl lbdrcs c jgnlics, bsignvcs c gajrbs, vnrclbs c
`ukbrbs6 y sb niubrmn mb gcs pndnlcs6 y tcmcs scl adungbs nltb Macs‐ 5.
Bg prbsambltb @iFny makc; ‗Ybdûl ic`prblmà, gn iaumnm brn Yuyn‐. Kbsuirastc cerbib n
tcmn pbrscln qub onyn vavamc c qub vavarî bl gn
g n tabrrn bg alic`pnrnjgb mcl mb vavar icl Ág bl
gn prbsblian mbg Xnmrb, kultc icl su en`agan rbitn, bl ul bstnmc mb pnz y ebgaiamnm sal eal.
Ûlain`bltb Ág bs bg mnmcr mb maioc mcl. ‗Bg dunrmaîl mb gn pubrtn bs bg Ynltc mb Asrnbg6 y nggà
ág lc b`pgbn laldûl sarvabltb‐4.
‗Ág lc onib lnmn n `blcs qub sbn pnrn bg jblbeaiac mbg `ulmc6 pcrqub ág n`n ng `ulmc,
ng drnmc mb mnr su prcpan vamn pnrn trnbr n tcmcs gcs oc`jrbs n ág. Xcr tnltc, n lnmab `nlmn
?
 ág qub lc pnrtaiapb mb su sngvniaùl ?.

³Q iù`c lcs prbpnrn`cs pnrn rbiajar bsb mcl btbrlc mb lubstrc Xnmrb y mb Yu Oakc3 Bg
prbsambltb @iFny makc qub gns saduabltbs pngnjrns bstnjnl bsiratns bl crc, blia`n mb gn
iaumnm;
‗Ástcs scl gcs qub onl vbliamc ng `ulmc, gcs qub iabrtn`bltb onl
lniamc mb lubvc‐.
Xnrn vblibr ng `ulmc, mbjb`cs vblar n Irastc. Bl `bmac mb tcmn gn icleusaùl, y tcmns gns
maeaiugtnmbs, tbltniaclbs y mastrniiaclbs qub lcs rcmbnl, lubstrn eb y lubstrcs mbsbcs
salibrcs mbjbl ibltrnrsb bl Yu vamn, bl Yu sniraeaiac bxpantcrac y bl Yu mcl ng mbiamar iù`c
pblsn`cs y iù`c nitun`cs. Ob`cs mb rbiajargc n Ág.
Kunl blsbþù; ‗@ns n tcmcs gcs qub gb rbiajabrcl, n gcs qub irbbl bl su lc`jrb, gbs mac
pctbstnm mb ggbdnr n sbr oakcs mb Macs‐ 1.
Xnrn rbiajargc, pnrn vblar n Ág, pnrn iclcibr scjrb Yu alvngunjgb mcl mbg pbrmùl, mbjb`cs
 jusinrgc n trnvás mb lubstrn eb y mbg nrrbpblta`abltc.
nrrbpblta`abltc. Ublibr ng `ulmc sadlaeain qub lc lcs
npcyn`cs bl gns vàns mbg `ulmc, salc qub icl ou`agmnm, njnlmcln`cs lubstrcs pbinmcs y
lcs npcyn`cs bl Ág. Iclecr`b lcsctrcs gc rbiaja`cs n Ág, Ág lcs rbiajb n lcsctrcs. ‗Ng qub
sb nrrbpaltabrb y valabrb n `à ic`c ul laþc pbqubþatc, yc gc rbiajará, pcrqub mb gcs tngbs bs
bg rbalc mb Macs. Ob nquà, pcr bstcs ob mnmc `a vamn, y gn ob vubgtc n tc`nr6 nsà pubs,
sngvc s‐>8.
nrrbpbltàcs y vblam n `à, vcsctrcs, bxtrb`cs mb gn tabrrn, y sbm sngvcs‐
Lubstrn
pubstc qub rbsamblian bl gn ‗Iaumnm
bg mcl bs drntuatc, pbrc nBtbrln‐ lc pubmbtablb
gn vbz, tn`pcic dnlnrsb `bmanltb
prbiac. bg bseubrzc
Yal b`jnrdc, prcpac,
sà pcmb`cs
prbpnrnrlcs y snltaeainr lubstrn vamn mb `cmc qub pcmn`cs rbiajar icltalun`bltb bg mcl
mavalc mbg pbrmùl. Ublibr ng `ulmc `bmanltb bg nrrbpblta`abltc vbrmnmbrc y iclstnltb n gc
gnrdc mb tcmn lubstrn vamn tbrrblng lcs pbr`atb bxpbra`bltnr bg dczc mb rbiajar maioc mcl
ibgbstang>>.
Bg Ybþcr sb rbearaù n quablbs vblibl ng `ulmc y sb s b onggnl bl gn ‗Iaumnm Btbrln‐.
‗Bstcs scl gcs qub rbiajabrcl bg tbsta`clac mb Kbsûs, y irbybrcl bl su lc`jrb, y eubrcl
 jnutaznmcs sbdûl gn `nlbrn mb su sbpugturn
sbpugturn V. . .P pnrn qub, dunrmnlmc gcs `nlmn`abltcs,
`nlmn`abltcs,
eubsbl gnvnmcs y ga`panmcs mb tcmcs sus pbinmcs, y rbiajabsbl bg Ynltc Bspàratu V. . .P6 y scl
quablbs vblibl pcr gn eb, y scl sbggnmcs pcr bg Ynltc Bspàratu mb gn prc`bsn, qub bg Xnmrb
mbrrn`n scjrb tcmcs gcs qub scl kustcs y eabgbs V. . .P. Q vblibrîl tcmns gns icsns V. . .P. Bstcs
`crnrîl bl gn prbsblian mb Macs y mb su Irastc pnrn sab`prb kn`îs‐ >:.

 N `bmamn qub lcs nrrbpblta`cs y sblta`cs bg n`cr y gn drnian mbg Yngvnmcr,

lubstrn pbrspbitavn mb gn vamn sb trnlsecr`n pnrn sab`prb, y lnib`cs mb lubvc.

 N `bmamn qub lcs nrrbpblta`cs y sblta`cs bg bg n`cr y gn drnian mbg Yngvnmcr, lubstrn
pbrspbitavn mb gn vamn sb trnlsecr`n pnrn sab`prb, y lnib`cs mb lubvc. Ic`c blsbþn bg
npùstcg Xnjgc, inmn ulc mb lcsctrcs ggbdn n sbr uln ‗lubvn iranturn Vbl IrastcP‐>96 y ‗mbsmb
bltclibs ob`cs iclciamc n Irastc, y yn lc vava`cs `îs sbdûl gn g n inrlb‐>=. Q Ng`n nþnmb; ‗Bl
VlubstrcsP icrnzclbs tn`jaál sb bebitVûnP ul pctbltb in`jac6 y VlcsP ou`aggnV`csP, y
pVclb`cs lubstrnP icleanlzn bl bg Macs vbrmnmbrc y vavabltb. Q Vsc`csP eabgbs onstn bg eal‐>2.
]ng ic`c Kbsûs makc n Laicmb`c; ‗Bg qub lc lniabrb mb lubvc lc pubmb vbr bg rbalc mb
Macs‐>5.
Mb prcltc, gns icsns mb gn btbrlamnm tc`nl bg gudnr qub gbs icrrbspclmb icl `nycr eubrzn
bl lubstrn `bltb y bl lubstrc icrnzùl. Gns pngnjrns qub bg Ybþcr onjgù
o njgù n Nmîl y qub nltbs
 lcs pnrbiànl icleusns nocrn sb onggnl nlignmns mb `nlbrn ear`b bl lubstrc bltblma`abltc;

‗Xcr inusn mb gn trnlsdrbsaùl vablb gn inàmn, gn iung trnb gn `ubrtb6 y ic`c onjáas lniamc bl
bg `ulmc `bmanltb bg ndun, y gn snldrb, y bg bspàratu qub yc ob obioc, y nsà mbg pcgvc onjáas
ggbdnmc n sbr ng`n vavabltb, nsà adung`bltb tblmráas qub lnibr ctrn vbz bl bg rbalc mb gcs
iabgcs, mbg ndun y mbg Bspàratu, y sbr puraeainmcs pcr snldrb, n snjbr, gn snldrb mb `a
Rladálatc, pnrn qub sbîas snltaeainmcs mb tcmc pbinmc y dciáas mb gns pngnjrns mb vamn btbrln
bl bstb `ulmc, y gn vamn btbrln bl bg `ulmc vblambrc, sà, dgcran al`crtng6 pcrqub pcr bg ndun
dunrmîas bg `nlmn`abltc6 pcr bg Bspàratu scas kustaeainmcs6 y pcr gn snldrb scas
snltaeainmcs‐>4.
Ic`c ulc mb Yus Npùstcgbs, mbignrc icl ibrtbzn qub Kbsuirastc bs bg Oakc mb Macs. Ág vavb.
Ybpn qub Macs gb iclcib y gb n`n6 ustbm bs btbrln`bltb prbianmc pnrn Ág>?. Ybpn qub pubmb
nercltnr iungquabr maeaiugtnm mb gn vamn icl eb bl Kbsuirastc. Ág gb on
o n prc`btamc qub sab`prb
pubmb tblbr Yu Bspàratu icl ustbm . Bg Ybþcr dunrmnrî Yu prc`bsn y gb jblmbiarî icl bg
>1

 vngcr pnrn sbr ga`pac y purc nltb Ág. Yal a`pcrtnr

a`pcrtnr bl quá pnrtb mb gn sblmn mb gn vamn sb onggb
ocy, bl tnltc tbldn ngabltc, pcmrî bxtblmbr gn `nlc bl jusin mb nyumn y onggnr gcs jrnzcs
njabrtcs mbg Yngvnmcr. Ág lcs ggn`n maiablmc; ‗Ublam‐, ‗vblam n `à‐ :8. Gns Bsiraturns mbignrnl
qub bs ‗bg nutcr y iclsu`nmcr mb VlubstrnP eb‐:>. Gc n`c6 y ustbm tn`jaál gc n`n. N `bmamn
qub mbpcsatb su icleanlzn bl Ág, gb prc`btc qub Ág in`alnrî icl ustbm y gb jblmbiarî. Gb
mnrî ecrtngbzn y gb jblmbiarî icl Yus mclbs ibgbstangbs mb gn `asbraicrman y gn drnian. Q
iclecr`b lubstrc Yngvnmcr y Zbmbltcr gb icleabrn bg mcl mavalc mbg pbrmùl, sbltarî Yu n`cr,
bg iung trnlsiablmb n iungquabr ctrc n`cr.
 

  DZ MBIA@ABL]CY
Xcr `îs mb mabz nþcs, ob sbltamc icl mbgainmbzn gn a`prbsaùl bsparatung mb qub mbjàn
 vbrtbr bl ul `nlusiratc ngdulcs mb gcs a`pcrtnltbs praliapacs
praliapacs mbg nrrbpblta`abltc y mbg
pbrmùl. Bstn ûgta`n máinmn, murnltb gn iung ob samc `ab`jrc mbg Iuùru` mb gcs Mcib
 Npùstcgbs, on blsnlionmc blcr`b`bltb `a bltblma`abltc scjrb scjrb bg n`cr mb lubstrc
Yngvnmcr Kbsuirastc y scjrb bg pcmbr mb Yu sndrnmn Bxpaniaùl. Murnltb bsb tab`pc,
ta b`pc, gns
bxpbrablians qub ob tblamc onl nu`bltnmc `a sblsajagamnm n gns jblmaiaclbs mbg
nrrbpblta`abltc y mbg mcl mbg pbrmùl. Ndrnmbzic ng Ybþcr pcr Yu pniablian icl`adc, pcr
Yus gbiiaclbs qub `b onl samc mb duàn, y pcr gn
g n prb`urn mb tbr`alnr bg `nlusiratc qub ob
sbltamc bl gcs ûgta`cs `bsbs. Zbiclczic Yu `nlc bl bg prcibsc mb ic`jalnr bl bg gajrc gcs
praliapacs mavalcs icl gns bxpbrablians tbrrblngbs n eal mb rbinginr Yu n`cr pcr inmn ulc mb
lcsctrcs. Bg inrîitbr `ndlaeaibltb mbg alic`pnrnjgb mcl mbg pbrmùl mbg Yngvnmcr on ggbdnmc
n sbr ul enrc pnrn `a ng`n.
Fntoy, `a bspcsn, bs ul îldbg iuyn sblsajagamnm bsparatung y su masiapugnmc purc onl
 jblmbiamc mb `nlbrn alicl`blsurnjgb
alicl`blsurnjgb `a vamn y lubstrn en`agan murnltb `îs mb iunrb
iunrbltn
ltn y
ialic nþcs. Yu bxibgsc kuaiac y su rbealnmc rnzcln`abltc onl blngtbiamc gcs icltblamcs mb
bstb gajrc. Nmb`îs, on samc alvngunjgb icltnr icl bggn pnrn rbicrmnr y mbsiujrar gns
bxpbrablians
 vavabltb mb gcmbg
qubpnsnmc
bs ulnqub agustrnl
rbitn gcs mb
masiàpugn praliapacs n blsbþnrsb.
Kbsuirastc
Kbsuirastc.. Fntoy bs ul bkb`pgc
]n`jaál ndrnmbzic `uioc n `as oakcs y sus iùlyudbs6 bggcs gbybrcl bg `nlusiratc y
cerbiabrcl a`pcrtnltbs sudbrblians.
Bstcy prceulmn`bltb bl mbumn icl Mnvam Mureby, quabl, onjablmc trnznmc y maitnmc ul
iursc qub sb tatugn; ‗Zbpbltnlib nlm Ecrdavblbss‐ VBg nrrbpblta`abltc y bg pbrmùlP murnltb
mabz nþcs bl Alstatutc, bl gn Rlavbrsamnm Rtno Unggby, `b nyumù mb jubl drnmc n crdnlaznr
gcs praliapacs rbgbvnltbs y icltrajuyù ng `nlusiratc icl a`pcrtnltbs rbegbxaclbs.
 Nsa`as`c, Zaionrm Ocgznpebg,
Ocgznpebg, @nrf Bnst`clm, Igymb Taggan`s, Icry @nxwbgg
@nxwbgg y Jgnfb
Zclby gbybrcl bg `nlusiratc y nþnmabrcl cjsbrvniaclbs sadlaeaintavns y pnsnkbs mb gns
Bsiraturns su`n`bltb rbgbvnltbs.
Mbsbc bxprbsnr ndrnmbia`abltc n gns `ukbrbs, gcs oc`jrbs, gcs kùvblbs y gcs laþcs qub `b
pbr`atabrcl ic`pnrtar sus rbgntcs, gc iung bl cinsaclbs, vcgvaù n njrar mcgcrcsns obramns mbg
pnsnmc, pbrc on agustrnmc icl nutbltaiamnm gns blsbþnlzns mb Kbsuirastc y mb Yus prcebtns.
 Ngasn Ongb, mb su`n inpniamnm,
inpniamnm, on samc `a nsastbltb murnltb gcs ûgta`cs mcib nþcs6 bggn
prbpnrù ul sallû`brc mb jcrrnmcrbs, sb ciupù mb uln alealamnm mb mbtnggbs y npcrtù sus
nptatumbs prcebsaclngbs n gn prbpnrniaùl ealng mb gn cjrn.
Xcr ûgta`c, ndrnmbzic n Gnurbg Iorastblsbl Mny pcr su ngabltc y supbrvasaùl, nsà ic`c bg
drnl tngbltc mb sus icgbdns mb Mbsbrbt Jccf, bl bspbiang, Zaionrm Braifscl y ]rniy Fbif,
quablbs nyumnrcl n iclvbrtar bg `nlusiratc bl ul gajrc ntrnybltb.
Injb nignrnr qub yc scy bg ûlaic rbspclsnjgb pcr gcs icltblamcs mbg prbsbltb gajrc. Mnmc
qub `uions pbrsclns onl rbvasnmc bstn cjrn, ob pubstc iuamnmc bl rbegbknr mb `nlbrn
prbiasn gns blsbþnlzns mbg Ybþcr Kbsuirastc y gn mcitraln mb Yu Adgbsan, Gn Adgbsan mb
Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs Ûgta`cs Màns6 sal b`jnrdc, sa oujabrn brrcrbs, yc scy bg ûlaic
rbspclsnjgb mb bggcs.
 

  IBZI MBG R]CZ

BG ÁGMBZ LBAG G.  N 
N LMBZYBL
LMBZYBL eub scstblamc ic`c `ab`jrc mbg Iuùru` mb gcs Mcib Npùstcgbs
mb Gn Adgbsan mb Kbsuirastc mb gcs Ynltcs mb gcs Ûgta`cs Màns bg = mb njrag mb :881.
:88 1. Yb gb
ggn`ù n sbrvar ic`c Nutcramnm Dblbrng bl njrag mb >119, n gn bmnm mb => nþcs. On prbstnmc
sbrvaiac ic`c prbsambltb mb bstnin bl ]n`pn, Egcramn, BB. RR. y ic`c prbsambltb mb gn
@asaùl Ernlian Jurmbcs. Mb kcvbl, sarvaù ic`c `asaclbrc bl gn @asaùl Ernlian Xnràs.
X nràs. Bg
ágmbr Nlmbrsbl on vavamc mcib nþcs bl Burcpn y Yumn`árain `abltrns on samc `asaclbrc,
prbsambltb mb `asaùl y Nutcramnm Dblbrng. Cjtuvc ul tàtugc mb drnmc bl gn Rlavbrsamnm
Jradon` Qculd y uln `nbstràn bl nm`alastrniaùl mb b`prbsns bl gn Rlavbrsamnm mb
Onrvnrm. On samc marbitcr y prcpabtnrac mb uln ndblian mb pujgaiamnm bl Egcramn, y on
pnrtaiapnmc bl b`prblma`abltcs mb jablbs rnàibs. ]rns su sbrvaiac ic`c prbsambltb mb
`asaùl, ciupù bg pubstc mb vaibprbsambltb bl uln a`pcrtnltb b`prbsn mb sbrvaiacs mb gn
sngum. Bg ágmbr Nlmbrsbl y su bspcsn, Fntoy, tablbl iuntrc oakcs y mabiasabtb labtcs.